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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/04/seven-things-to-know-about-climate-change.html
1.The world is getting warmer.
Global temperature, difference from 20th century average, in degrees Fahrenheit
-0.9° F
1.7° F
Earth's temperature goes up and down from year to year—but over the past half century it has gone up a lot.
The heat in 2016 broke the historic record set in 2015, which broke the one from 2014. Last year's average global surface temperature, compiled from measurements made by thousands of weather stations, buoys, and ships, was 1.69 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the 20th-century average. Satellites probing the atmosphere also have documented a clear warming trend.
Global average surface temperature, difference from 20th century average (in degrees Fahrenheit)
SOURCE: NOAA
2.It's because of us.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide departures from the 19th century average, parts per million
Carbon dioxide warms the planet, and we've increased the amount in the air by nearly half, mostly since the 1960s.
El Niño added to last year's temperature record by temporarily releasing heat from the Pacific. But no natural cause explains the half-century warming trend. The sun's output cycles up and down every 11 years; volcanic eruptions sporadically cool the planet. Only CO2 and other human-emitted greenhouse gases have gone steadily up, forming a thickening blanket that traps heat at the Earth's surface.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide, 1800-2016, in parts per million
SOURCES: NOAA, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
3.We're sure.
These scientists have concluded humans are causing global warming
These scientists haven't
More than nine out of 10 climate scientists agree: Our carbon emissions are the main cause of global warming.
We've known about the greenhouse effect since the 1800s. Swedish physicist Svante Arrhenius even predicted in 1896 that carbon dioxide from coal burning would warm the planet. He saw it as a good thing—and just how bad it will turn out to be is still a matter for debate. But it's real, and it's dangerous.
A 2013 review of 4,014 research papers found that 97 percent (and 98 percent of the authors) said humans cause global warming.
1.9% Reject
1 Uncertain
97.1 Agree
1.2 Reject
0.4 Uncertain
SOURCE: Cook et al. Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature. 2013.
4.Ice is melting fast.
Extent of Arctic sea ice at its annual minimum in September, 1979-2016
Arctic sea ice is shrinking, and glaciers are retreating worldwide. Seas could rise three feet by 2100—or maybe more.
The Arctic has warmed more than the rest of the planet, and its ice cover has thinned and shrunk. Last September, at the end of the summer melt season, the ice extent was about 825,000 square miles smaller than the long-term average—a loss equal to the size of Alaska and California combined. That loss speeds the warming, as sunlight is absorbed by dark ocean instead of reflected into space by ice.
Extent of Arctic ice, September average, millions of square miles
Melting sea ice doesn't raise sea level—it's already in the water—but melting land ice does. Mountain glaciers are in global retreat. The total sea level rise of eight or nine inches since 1900 has contributed to a sharp increase in flooding along coasts. During Superstorm Sandy, for example, floods and winds caused $68 billion in damage on the U.S. East Coast.
The big threat is the ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica. They hold enough ice to raise seas more than 200 feet—and they're losing it. When Earth was just a bit warmer, 125,000 years ago, they seem to have lost a lot: Sea levels were 20 to 30 feet higher. Such a rise today would swamp coastal cities.
SOURCE: National Snow and Ice Data Center
5.Weather is wreaking havoc.
Global natural disasters, 1980 compared to 2016
Floods and landslides
Droughts, heat waves, and forest fires
Worldwide, the number of climate-related disasters has more than tripled since 1980.
In the crapshoot that is our weather, climate change loads the dice. It doesn't cause a particular drought or storm, but it can make such events more likely or intense—a lot more, in the case of heat waves. The extraordinary heat wave that killed some 70,000 people in Europe in 2003 should have been a once-in-500-years event; at the current level of global warming, it has become a once-in-40-years event, according to a study published last year. In Paris alone, that analysis found, climate change caused 506 excess deaths in 2003. If it continues unchecked, another recent study said, by late this century people living along the Persian Gulf may face many days so hot that it will be unsafe to go outside.
It's not just the heat: Global warming adds moisture to the air, removing it from land and ocean. Where rain is lacking, it makes the drought worse. When rain or snow falls, it's more likely to be extreme; think of the 2016 floods in Paris or Houston. How climate change affects hurricanes and other tropical cyclones is less certain. But by heating the ocean—the storms' energy source—it's likely to make them more intense, if less frequent.
Global natural disasters, 1980-2016
Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic activity
SOURCE: Munich RE Natcatservice
6.Species are being disrupted.
Animals and plants are already vanishing from parts of their range that are now too hot. Extinctions come next.
In 2016 scientists announced that the last Bramble Cay melomys, a ratlike rodent found on one low-lying island in Australia's Torres Strait, had vanished, the victim of forces including rising seas. It's being called the first documented case of a mammal being driven to extinction by climate change. More will surely follow.
Of 976 species surveyed in a 2016 study, 47 percent had vanished from areas they had previously occupied on the warm edge of their range.
47% species vanished
Rising temperatures are depressing some plant and animal populations, driving species toward the poles, shifting migrations and behavior. Populations of Adélie penguins on the Antarctic Peninsula have plummeted. An Arctic shorebird called the red knot is getting smaller. Ice loss is forcing walruses by the thousands onto land in Alaska. Entire regions are being transformed: Alpine ecosystems from the Rockies to the Swiss Alps are being squeezed off mountaintops. The exceptional ocean warmth of the past few years has triggered coral bleaching and die-offs at reefs around the world.
There will be winners. For now, humpback whales are thriving in newly ice-free waters off Antarctica. Sea urchins too are proving to be resilient. But climate change isn't the only threat that spreading human populations impose on other species; we're also fragmenting and destroying natural habitats. Some species will adapt to the jarring changes in their world—but how many, and for how long?
SOURCES: John J. Wiens, University of Arizona; Mark C. Urban, University of Connecticut
7.We can do something about it.
Projected growth of energy sources as a percentage of their 1990 totals
Renewables, the fastest-growing energy source, are projected to triple by 2040.
Free markets are often lauded for their efficient results. In this connected age, there's something like a free market of ideas. So ask yourself: If climate change weren't a serious danger, would 195 countries have signed the Paris Agreement, pledging to try to keep the warming below 2°C (3.6°F)?
Though shadowed by the new U.S. administration's threat to withdraw from it, the agreement stands as one hopeful sign. The graph below, right, shows another: The cost of solar energy is plummeting. Even without a carbon tax—the most efficient way to wean an economy off fossil fuels—renewables soon may be cheaper sources of electricity. Worldwide, they accounted for more than half the new generating capacity in 2015. In the U.S., solar now employs more people than coal, oil, and gas combined.
World energy consumption, 1990-2040, quadrillion Btus
Cost by energy type, dollars per megawatt hour
The switch from fossil fuels is still just beginning. Every little bit matters: Every ton of CO² we emit melts 32 square feet of Arctic ice, according to a 2016 study, which means the average American melts 525 square feet a year. Every energy-saving building, retired gas-guzzler, and acre of preserved forest helps. But none of it will help much if the world doesn't switch to a carbon-free energy supply soon.
SOURCES: EIA, Bloomberg New Energy Finance
Design and development: Kennedy Elliott and Jason Treat, text: Rob Kunzig, research: Ryan Williams, NGM staff
Seven things to know about climate change
It's not a myth, hoax or a conspiracy among scientists. As we argue about the path we take, let's recall the facts that compel the journey.
Read more on our Climate Hub.
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National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved


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Consumers Union opposes House FCC bills
Consumers Union – Policy and Advocacy Division of Consumer Reports
WASHINGTON — As a House subcommittee prepares to mark up two bills to restructure the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Consumers Union, the policy and advocacy division of Consumer Reports, is urging members to oppose the legislation.
The House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Communications and Technology is scheduled to hold a markup of the legislation (HR 3309 and 3310) today.
Parul P. Desai, policy counsel for Consumers Union, said, "One of the most important jobs of the FCC is to help protect consumers. This legislation would make the process of considering the public interest for transactions more complicated and confusing, and would ultimately make it harder for the FCC to protect consumers. These bills are being touted as reform measures, but we think they would do more harm than good."
Media contacts: David Butler (dbutler@consumer.org) or Kara Kelber (kkelber@consumer.org), 202-462-6262
IssuesTech & PrivacyMoney
Consumer Reports to deliver petitions to FCC demanding crackdown on robocalls

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have Joico Magenta for an ombre' color on my ends. I live in a home with well water and LOTS of rust (iron). My color started looking more orangey red and my hair was unruly and dry. I used one application of Malibu C Hard Water Wellness Remedy and my color was restored back to beautiful with minimal fade.


Looking for Companies in Valletta? Here you will find 257 companies in Valletta, Malta. For more results, browse business categories or keywords.
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.. _amplapi:

AMPL Python API
===============

Contents
--------

.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 2

   intro
   getting-started
   class-structure
   quick-start
   reference
   examples

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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THE GHOSTFACERS FROM THE HIT SHOW SUPERNATURAL ARE BACK WITH A NEW WEB SERIES
The world's greatest self-proclaimed ghost hunters are back on the case, now in an original digital series for both TheWB.com and CWTV.com. A shortform brand extension of the hit CW/Warner Bros. Television series "Supernatural," "Ghostfacers" will focus on a team of fearless and sometimes comical "professional" ghost hunters who investigate the paranormal and record their own adventures in documentary-style episodes. The team originally made their debut during the first season of "Supernatural" in the episode 'Hell House,' and later appeared in a self-titled episode during season three. In this first installment of the new series, the "Ghostfacers" investigate the haunting of a local theatre by the ghost of a young starlet – played by Kelly Carlson ("Nip/Tuck") – who, according to legend, was murdered in front of her dressing room mirror.The series is currently in production in Los Angeles with an initial run of 10 three-minute episodes. Fans will have access to ancillary content on TheWB.com and CWTV.com, including gag reels and actor confessionals, behind-the-scenes video clips, photo galleries and more. Fans hungry for more "Ghostfacers" mythology can find additional images, character bios and video on the "Ghostfacers" website (www.Ghostfacers.com).
In addition to Carlson guest starring, "Ghostfacers" stars AJ Buckley ("CSI: NY," "Skateland") as Ed Zeddmore, the team's enthusiastic leader. Travis Wester ("Bones," "Euro Trip," "Cold Case," "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation") stars as Harry Spengler, the co-founder of the team and tactical specialist. Brittany Ishibashi ("Supernatural," "Notes From the Underbelly") is Maggie Zeddmore, Ed's adopted sister and the team's tech-genius. Austin Basis ("Life Unexpected," "Curb Your Enthusiasm," "Navy: NCIS") stars as Kenny Spruce, the videographer and occasional shaman.
From Wonderland Sound and Vision ("Supernatural," "Chuck," "Sorority Forever") in association with Studio 2.0, "Ghostfacers" is executive produced by McG, Peter Johnson, Jeff Grosvenor, Eric Kripke and Phil Sgriccia. The series is written by A.J. Buckley, Patrick J. Doody, Chris Valenziano and Travis Wester. "Ghostfacers" characters were created for "Supernatural" by Trey Callaway and first appeared in the first season episode 'Hell House.' The Ghostfacers concept was later expanded upon by "Supernatural" executive producer and writer Ben Edlund in the third season episode, "Ghostfacers."
Seat42F January 27, 2010
Eclipse Movie Trailer
JENNIFER LOPEZ TO GUEST STAR IN AN EPISODE OF HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER


Protests are being organized in multiple cities on 17 June to demand the release of imprisoned Lebanese Communist struggler for Palestine, Georges Ibrahim Abdallah. Called by the Unified Campaign to Free Georges Ibrahim Abdallah, a national demonstration bringing participants from across France will take place in Paris at 3:00 pm on Saturday, 17 June to demand the release of Abdallah, imprisoned for 33 years in French prisons.
Abdallah, sentenced to a life sentence on allegations of complicity with acts of resistance against the Zionist occupation of Lebanon, has been eligible for release since 1999. Despite two orders for release by parole tribunals to return home to Lebanon, his release has been blocked by intervention at the highest political levels, including by former Interior Minister Manuel Valls in response to the requests of then-U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
Abdallah plays an ongoing role in the liberation movement, even behind bars. A photo of him wearing a shirt in support of the movement for Justice for Adama Traore, killed by French police – and his family, facing persecution – was recently sent out from Lannemezan prison. He has repeatedly joined in hunger strikes with other Palestinian prisoners, including joining with the recent Strike for Dignity and Freedom and participating in a solidarity hunger strike with Palestinian prisoner Bilal Kayed. During all of these strikes, he has organized the participation of fellow Arab and Basque prisoners behind bars.
The Unified Campaign to Free Georges Ibrahim Abdallah declared that "This fight of a lifetime is also ours! He is part of our struggle and we are with his struggle! That is why we call upon all who stand with the Palestinian resistance to fight capitalism, imperialism, Zionism, colonialism and the Arab reactionary regimes to join us." Protesters will gather at 3 pm at the Place du Colonel Fabien in Paris.
In Brussels, Secours Rouge organized a group of people to travel together by car to join the protest in Paris; meanwhile, Mouvement Citoyen Palestine and other groups have called for a solidarity protest in the Belgian capital, outside the Consulate General of France. Demonstrators are invited to gather at 3 pm at 42 Boulevard de Regent to stand in solidarity with the Paris demonstration and call for the immediate release of Georges Ibrahim Abdallah.
The demonstrations are being organized in advance of 19 June, the International Day of Revolutionary Prisoners. Samidoun Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network salutes these demonstrations and urges all to participate in building the campaign to free Georges Ibrahim Abdallah, a prisoner of the Palestinian struggle inside French jails.


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Agent Provocateurs: The manipulated manipulators inflaming Ferguson MO.
The agent provocateurs are defrauded fools defrauding and fooling a dumbed-down populace.
Vic Biorseth, OWM; Thursday, November 27, 2014
It's Thanksgiving Day, and not a day to reflect on negative things. We are thankful for so much, but especially for the fact that everyone in America, and everyone in the world, are not being totally fooled. There is and will always be a remnant left to advance the banner.
We just put the turkey in the oven; we're trying Trisha Yearwood's one-hour, no baste, no bother turkey recipe this year. In one hour, we turn the oven off, but then we don't open the oven for another 4 to 6 hours. That's important. We were going to do it last night, and after one hour, turn the oven off and just go to bed.
But we went to Thanksgiving Mass after we both got home from a full day's work, and when we got home from Mass, we were both too tired to mess with it; so we started it this morning. More about that later. I just want to get some things off my chest while the turkey cooks.
Agent Provocateurs were the tools of revolution described by Niccolo Machiavelli, the reputed inventor of "The Ends Justify The Means". If he didn't invent it, he certainly popularized it as a world wide immoral political stratagem. In Machiavelli's strategy for the forcible overthrow of a sovereign, his Agent Provocateurs were necessary sacrificial pawns, needed to make the "New Prince" into a public hero, and the new sovereign, at the same time. It is a strategy of deceit and deception.
The New Prince would quietly and secretly gather his own armed forces, while hiring and/or defrauding the secret spies and agent provocateurs into fomenting discord, inflaming the people against the sovereign or the established order, causing and accentuating strikes, chaos, disorder and even terror. Groups of secret agent provocateurs would purposely foment this discord in multiple localities at once, so that the existing sovereign would be confused, split his forces and not fully comprehend what was going on.
When the whole of the sovereignty was rioting, the New Prince would ride in to the rescue, killing all the rioters, and killing even his own spies and agent provocateurs, to the cheers of the terrified populace, and he would dethrone the ruler and make himself the new ruler.
It works. Sometimes. Karl Marx (or his ideology of conquest) proved it.
Marxism was inspired by the writings of Machiavelli.
I submit that no Communist government, in all of history, ever came to be through purely popular revolution, or through honest and open purely popular election. Marxism, in any form, advances only through deceit, deception, lies and treachery.
America is different than any other sovereignty Marxism ever set its gun-sights on. As the first Constitutionally established classless society, and as the world's absolute center for the growth and spread of the Free Market = Capitalism, it could never be taken by popular revolution, and even deceptive takeover disguised as revolution would be extremely difficult. Because the American people love their unique American liberty, which, in and of itself, creates the Free Market = Capitalism, which is the fraudulent straw-villain so demonized by Marxism.
Marxism absolutely depends upon the "Evil Capitalism" myth it created. Conversely, the Free Market absolutely depends upon a moral, liberated citizenry, the right to private property and the rights of citizens to do honest commercial transaction with each other. Thus, Constitutional America and Marxism are polar opposites.
Even if we disregard the Machiavellian schemes behind it all, the fraudulent utopian ideals of Marxism, designed to draw in and recruit "Useful Idiot" supporters of Marxism are not even possible. Collective property, community property, redistribution of property, all, oppose the right to private property, and human liberty. The promise of worldly perfection - Communist Utopia - is quite impossible.
But, as P. T. Barnum said, there's a sucker born every minute.
Market Power and Political Power are the two forms of power sought by the two sides of the Marxist coin. Market Power is sought by the Corporatists or Fascists who seek to use government power, or any other power, to "corner" a market and create a profitable monopoly, displacing market competition. Political Power is sought by politicians who seek to grow government power at the expense of the liberty and the property of the people. Sometimes, they may be the same people, or, they may become indistinguishable. When they make use of Marxist deceptions, it doesn't make any difference. They are all Marxists. They all do injury to the Free Market = Capitalism.
A huge Lobbying industry exists in Washington DC for almost the sole purpose of advancing Fascism.
The important thing to note here is that Marxism - the fundamental ideology of Marxism - is strongly established in the current government of the United States of America. Marxism owns and drives the Marxocrat Party, has made serious inroads in the Republicrat Party, and Obamunism is, through and through, Marxist. Fascistic lobbying is in operation on both Marxocrat and Republicrat sides of Congress.
So Marxism is advancing here, unlike anywhere else, from the top down.
But nobody sees it. And that's the real problem.
We talked about Treacherous Cronyism recently. We talked about Crony Capitalists, Crony Republicrats, Crony Journalists, and even Crony Catholics and Crony Moslems. But an important other form of Cronyism was left out; the most important Cronyism of all for the recruitment of secret Agent Provocateurs: Crony Criminals.
The earliest examples of Marxist organizing for future revolution involved organized labor. The American docks, as one instance, are dominated by the International Longshoreman's Union, which itself was created, owned, operated and run by equal parts Mafia gangsters and Communist organizers, just as one example.
If you look through the histories of various Marxist "revolutions" you will see that the perpetrators - the Lenins, Stalins, Hitlers, Mussolinis, etc. - always surrounded themselves and colluded with the most ruthless and barbaric misfits, perverts and criminals in society. The criminals were necessary, for what was required was brute force, terror and assassination, sometimes on a grand scale. Ordinary men would not do such things. Marxism draws to itself the dregs of society, because Marxism demands that terrible things be done. The ends justify the means.
Our Agent Provocateurs, here in America, come in many varieties and flavors. All of them are fools. None of them see themselves as someone else's tools, or possibly as mere sacrificial pawns on a larger strategic chess board, but that is all they are. Few if any even see the underlying Marxism, or if they do, they think they are an "important" part of the plot, with value. But they have no real value; only temporary usefulness.
Crony Capitalism's agent provocateurs gin up public animosity against competing businesses and industries, and encourage government regulation, penalties and restrictions against them in the "public interest".
Environmental Whacko agent provocateurs gin up public animosity and government regulation against all business and all industry, and even all people.
Crony Marxocrat Party agent provocateurs gin up public animosity against their straw villain Capitalism = the Free Market, and encourages public favor for Collectivism and government Redistributionism of Private Property. For the "good of the people", of course.
Crony Republicrat Party agent provocateurs gin up public animosity against enemies of their real profession - the profession of running, feeding and growing a political Party - which enemies they see as the Tea Party, and anyone else strictly interested in protecting and re-instituting the American Constitution. Republicrats are more interested in protecting their profession than in anything to do with the American Constitution.
Crony Journalist agent provocateurs are, truth be known, not only in bed with the Marxocrat Party, but actually are a fully functioning, organic part of it, critical to its ultimate success. The whole of the SLIMC1 is Marxist to the core, and is owned and operated by the Marxocrat Party for the greater good of the whole Marxist agenda. Those few Journalists who don't know that are fools; mere Useful Idiots of Marxism, like all the others.
Crony Catholic agent provocateurs, like their Protestant counterparts, gin up animosity against belief in the existence of Objective Truth, in favor of a more relaxed moral code and a more "accepting of the other" non-judgmental religion. They are not smart enough (or they are evil enough) to recognize that denial of Absolute Truth is, in and of itself, denial of the existence of God. The Marxist goal here is the elimination of morality among the people. Marxism - every bit of which is false - cannot survive in any social environment ruled by a fixed and unchanging high moral code. Morality must be destroyed; therefore, religion must be weakened, and controlled, if not destroyed.
That ain't all, not by a long shot. There are all the Divide and Conquer movements invented or commandeered by Marxism. All seek to modify "The System" to satisfy themselves, whether the Constitution likes it or not. The Eco-Nazis, the Femi-Nazis, the Homo-Nazis and the Racial-Nazis all have their own agent provocateurs, and often there is "cross-pollination" across the different kinds.
All of them claim to be victimized by a cruel American "system" that was set up just to victimize them. Right. And they all mean to change it. Having been educated into stupidity by a Marxist-dominated education system, and propagandized all their lives by Marxist-dominated entertainment and news industries, they simply don't know any better. (Or they do know better, and they are evil.)
No one seems to see that the one, single, common thread running through all of it is the destructive, revolutionary, fraudulent, dangerous, stupid and yet brilliant ideology of Marxism. Stupid because it is just plain dumb; brilliant because it just won't die.
All of that stupidity, or much of it, converged on Ferguson MO for the preplanned, orchestrated, choreographed, rehearsed, practically catered race riot. The only thing missing was the carnival food vendors and rides. All the cameras were in place. Leading and feeding the riot frenzy was the Al Sharpton - Jesse Jackson Traveling Race Show, with their bull horns, racist animus against whites, hatred of rule of law, and their Marxocrat Party voter registration forms.
Encouraging the cop-hating, rule-of-law hating, justice hating, pure racist mob incitement were the Obamunist Administration, the Obamunist Justice Department, the Marxocrat Party, the Marxocrat News Media and all the local Marxocrat politicians. It was a lie fest. They competed to tell the biggest whoppers, and nobody called them on any of it. Well, Talk Radio; nobody who could or would do anything about any of it.
"The kid was shot in the back" was a flagrant lie. Nobody was charged with giving false information to the police.
"The poor little kid was surrendering" was a flagrant lie. Again, nobody was charged with anything.
"This has been building for a long time" was a flagrant lie. No such incident had happened in those environs for fifty years or more.
"It ain't just this incident; its the system that causes incidents like this" was a flagrant lie. There is not a damned thing wrong with the rule of law except that some people do not wish to be constrained by it.
"It's a systemic problem all across the whole culture" was a flagrant lie. There is no such systemic problem all across America.
The fact that it was an exceedingly rare incident is what drew the Race Brothers, the Obamunists, the Marxocrats and the Marxist News Media to Ferguson in the first place. So, the "enraged" rioters began gathering from as far away as California and New York, in the build up for the Carnival. I mean Race Riot.
They were said to be "exercising their Constitutional right to demonstrate"; but, demonstrate for what, exactly? Mob justice as opposed to the rule of law? Anti-cop demonstration? Anti-fair trial demonstration? Vengeance for a dead potential cop killer demonstration? Make a hero out of a criminal demonstration? Let's pretend the kid wasn't a criminal and the cop was a racist murderer demonstration?
What, exactly?
"Nobody wants to stop a peaceful demonstration" was heard over and over again. But nobody asked why any peaceful demonstration was even called for.
(Pssst: It was a preplanned, orchestrated race riot. Shhh!)
Non-Marxocrat dominated areas have annual festivals of some sort. Around here, one town has a Strawberry Festival; another has a Sauerkraut Festival; another town has a Blue Grass Festival, etc. In Marxocrat-dominated areas, which just about all inner-city areas and just about all black population centers are, the counterpart to these local festivals is the periodic race riot. It's a chance to go looting and get other people's stuff, and maybe kick some white ass if you get the chance.
Seriously. Every time, you will hear the same old quotations, such as "this has been building for a long time" meaning that there hasn't been a major wild, rampaging stealing spree since the last time. It's how they hope to "get ahead" once in awhile. They keep voting Marxocrat, and they keep on not getting any better off, and they just don't see it. The Race Brothers and the Marxocrats do everything in their power to keep them from simply assimilating into the larger culture, to keep them filled with rage against "the man" and "the system" without letting them know that they are "the Man" and they are "the system".
When better than 90% of American blacks vote Marxocrat, every single time, no matter what, well - I'm sorry, but there's just no kind way to say this. Those people are just dumber than a box of rocks. Voting Marxocrats in, election after election, and getting worse off, election after election, and generation after generation, is not exactly what you would call a mark of brilliance for any population. It is stark, open, sheer stupidity on public parade.
Nobody seems to even be noticing that there were major attempts - mainly unsuccessful, as usual - at getting other race riots going over the same Ferguson issue in other far flung localities. Kind of Occupy Wall Street-ish. Still, nobody sees any underlying Marxist agenda here, or anywhere. Every time, every race "festival", there are always anxious anarchists and Communists hoping that Maybe This Is The Big One; but it never is.
One day, maybe it will be.
There are always real anarchists, Communists and revolutionaries of various spot and stripe peppered among the rioters. Real black businesses are looted, burned and destroyed, and black housing, and black investment. Real bullets are fired; the danger is very real. Black and other people who had nothing whatsoever to do with the "triggering incident" will suffer for it. It's just party time in the city. Marxocrat officials in charge of law and order won't even stop it, or won't stop it sufficiently. The locals who participate are, as I say, just plain stupid.
Anyone who ever said any thing like "Burn that M__F__er down!" is beyond stupid, and all the way into imbecilic. What we're looking at here is irredeemable, near suicidal stupidity. People like this will look at contemporary great American citizens like Herman Cain, Thomas Sowell, Clarence Thomas, Walter Williams and others, and call them "Uncle Tom" and "Acting White" and "Oreo Cooky" and condemn them rather than see them as real life examples of what could be. What actually is. No one gave any of them anything. There they stand, in plain sight. I admire them; black America, stupidly, hates them.
I give up. I have no time for such stupidity.
Well, the turkey is done, and it turned out great. You can Google "Trisha Yearwood no baste no bother turkey" for the full recipe. What we did was rub butter all over the outside and all over the inside, and then salt and pepper all over the outside. We preheated the oven to 500 degrees. While it preheated, we boiled enough water to cover the bottom of the broiler pan about an inch and a half. When the water was boiling good, we poured it into the pan under the turkey, covered it all tight with aluminum foil, and put it into the 500 degree oven.
After one hour, we turned the oven off, but did not open the oven door. That is very important. Six hours later, we took it out, and it was done. There was a very rich broth in the bottom of the pan, and the whole turkey was moist. Usually, I don't like white meat (except on sandwiches with lots of mayonnaise) because it's too dry.
Note that this only works for a small turkey; 12 pounds or less. It might not work if you have a big turkey. Another point is that it is kind of pale; if you really have to have that golden brown skin that you used to see on your mother's or your grandmother's turkey, then you might have to put it back under the broiler for 10 or 15 minutes to crisp it up. It's done, it's just not that deep rich brown.
It was delicious. Perfect size for us, because it's just me, Marcie, Mark and the neighbor lady next door. And we have lots of leftovers.
Once again we gave thanks to God Almighty for our blessings, for the remnants of our Country that are good, for the remnants of our Church that are good, for the opportunity to correct things as best we can, beginning with ourselves. And for a perfect, delicious meal, and for all them leftovers.
Wishing you and yours a blessed Thanksgiving, and praying that you may please God and live forever.
Respond to This Article Below The Last Comment
Treachery aimed at treason, whether aimed at nations, families, spouses, institutions or whatever, always begins with treachery aimed at betrayal of Truth.
Treachery and Treason Pages
All the sneaky, underhanded ways that Evil undoes natural goodness, by convincing good men, first that nothing is black and white; second, that there are many, many shades of gray; and third and finally, that bad is good, and good is bad.
Is it Communist Islamism, or Islamic Communism? As the two dominant globalist political movements active in the world today, Communism and Islam always unite at the top, despite the occasional bloody animosities in the ranks.
Treason against Nation is bad, but Ultimate Treason is against Faith and Morals. Don't just look at Washington as the source of all of our problems; look first at what's being taught from the Pulpit.
The Blind Guides leading Western Civilization toward the pit of Human Barbarity. "Establishment" Party Members and "Establishment" USCCB Bishops are not all Evil Traitors; most of them are Deceived Blind Guides.
Islam Unleashed: The Evil Destroyer of Human Civilization, loosed on the world. Even Saudi Arabia fears it, and builds a wall against it. When Islam is off the leash the whole world is again in great danger.
Leftist Rioters need our empathy; law enforcement against them is a no-no. Leftist rioters and anarchists are publicly sympathized with, even at the expense of civil order, public safety and property rights.
Domestic Enemies of the Judaeo-Christian Ethos and of Constitutional America. Pure Politicians, Political Parties and Social Scientists: the Domestic Enemies working to bring down Constitutional America and Western Civilization.
The Ultimate Betrayal, against Jesus in the Most Blessed Sacrament. Wouldn't you just know it? It was all started by Cardinal Bernardin. No surprise there.
We're all looking for the Candidate who might fix our Anti-American Court. The next President might get to appoint four new Justices; that's all well and good, but why don't we even think about Impeachment for the majority of them right now?
Obamunist Assassins: Could pre-planned assassinations bring him back to power? Does a President of a Capitalist Christian nation, who was raised by Communists and educated by Moslems, really intend to permanently leave office?
The common link between Paris, San Bernardino, 9/11, etc.: Islamic Jihad. It was common, ordinary, every day Jihad. No one was radicalized; nothing was hijacked; no one went berserk.
Our New Wuss Generation, the Predictable Product of Moral Relativism. Once one generation was raised in Moral Relativism, then next generation almost had to be a bunch of Wussies.
Legally Destroying America, through Defining Treason Down. American Political Parties are swiftly dismantling Constitutional government, having first defined treason down to the point of non-existence.
Boehner's Treason is a far Greater Treason than that of Obama. Obama's Treason is now glaringly obvious, and Boehner still pretends to oppose it.
You're gonna hold their feet to the fire? What fire? They're laughing at you. You can't hold Republicrat's feet to the fire. They are the fireproof new political nobility.
Argument: The Good, The Bad and The Pointless. On the Reasoned Argument. (In the absence of reason, there is no valid argument.)
Agent Provocateurs: Manipulated manipulators inflaming Ferguson MO. The agent provocateurs are defrauded fools defrauding and fooling a dumbed-down populace.
Treacherous Cronyism is bringing Western Civilization down, from the inside. America, Christianity, Judaism, ALL, are being laid low from within, via Treacherous Cronyism.
The 2014 Mid-Term Elections Cometh: Here we go again. Next Tuesday, the 2014 Mid-Term Elections are upon us. What are we going to do about it?
Treachery and Treason: where all the lies, deceit and deception are leading us.. Another anniversary of 9/11 approaches; what lies beyond? Treachery and Treason in America.
The Ebola Setup: Another possible trigger for the final revolution? The purposeful government infection of America, through the Ebola setup. Why?
A fallen people must return to Principle to return to Greatness. Returning to Principle is the only path to national salvation.
America's grounds for impeachment need to be expanded and extended. Grounds for impeachment from office: Opposition to America as founded, covering all branches of government.
Is the Constitution now toast? Was this the election that did America in? Is the Constitution now toast, and if not, why not?
Degenerate generations of mal-educated citizens beget even worse generations. Multiple Degenerate Generations of Americans, raised up in iniquity, now displace the Old Way.
How little lies grow up to become treachery and treason. Treachery and treason, and death, patiently waits at the end of the trail of all opposition to Truth.
What are We The People to do with Roberts and his court? Impeach the bastards! Roberts joined four other Justices in direct opposition to our Constitution, and we should impeach the bastards.
The Case for Treason, against the Presidency, many in Congress and in the Court. Presenting the Case for Treason, possible against some violators of their oaths of office.
The End Game; Marxism & Islam join hands beneath the smoke of world chaos. This could be the end game, it could be the beginning of World War Three, or, just another global depression.
American Cultural Linkages, and the fatal Cultural Tipping Point. Religion Plus Politics Makes A Nation. The Fatal Tipping Point is in That Vital Linkage.
The process of becoming a Godless Nation is the sure path to National Insanity. The Godless Nation: Can a totally secularized people even know right from wrong?
Americas Last Stand; Cling to your Bible, Constitution and guns; you will be OK. We The People will make America's Last Stand. Neither Party will defend the Constitution.
My Proposed Constitutional Amendment to neutralize the enemy within. A proposed Constitutional Amendment to get anti-Constitutionalists out of power and authority.
The Godless Left leads the young and naive to their utopian Hell. For an honest comparison of the effects on youth, we need to look to the history of the Godless Left versus the Religious Right.
Rush Limbaough just hit on something big: the Politics of Popularity. The Politics of Popularity explains why so many areas of American life have fallen into error.
The layers of lies that are destroying America; it's like peeling an onion. Our many layers of lies, deceptions, disinformation, treachery and destructive agendas, all aimed at Truth.
The facade of the Smiling Revolutionary hides his evil intentions toward voters. The Moron-Vote is Mesmerized by Smiling Revolutionary, until it is too late.
Absolute Moral Depravity and Our New Marxist Nobility. The American Revolution Eliminated Nobility; Marxist Moral Depravity brought it back.
Casually Crashing America and Innocently Destabilizing the World. Casually Crashing America and Fomenting Foreign Wars, all while appearing disinterested.
Rebirthing America, out of the ashes of Obamunist destruction. Rebirthing America, provided there is enough left to work with.
Our American governmental criminal enterprise. Our governmental criminal enterprise is run much like any crime family.
The Most Beautiful Lies are multifaceted, persuasive and long-lived. Beautiful Lies have more than one purpose; at least two, often more than three.
Who "radicalized" the Boston Marathon Bomber brothers? It's the Koran, Stupid. Yes, it's the Koran, stupid, and it's mainstream Islam, and there's nothing radical about either of them.
The why of it: are our teachers, leaders and our journalists all just stupid? Everything everyone in Washington does these days raises questions about the why of it all.
Try to imagine a post-American world, and how it might treat mankind. A post-American world would return to pre-liberty control and pre-Capitalism plunder.
The Marco Rubio and the Criminal Aliens story shows our intellectual decline. The plan of Marco Rubio and the Criminal Aliens is the path to Republican Party doom.
Fair warning: Beware of the Moslem Liars holding olive branches and smiling. If you have Moslem friends, you need to learn about the religious Moslem Liars.
What's new about the Benghazi story? We may never know it all. There may be too many Marxists and Moslems imbedded in the FBI and CIA to know the truth.
Unrecognized Criminality, like habitual sin, morphs into the new norm. De-emphasis of Constitutional Law led to unrecognized criminality in high places.
The Atheist Obsessions, with sexual obsessions chief among them. On the seemingly universal projection of the atheist obsessions onto believers and the un-obsessed.
On the Superficial Beauty of Evil. The Superficial Beauty of the lie presents the allure and attraction of untruth and falsehood.
Faith alone is not enough; faith without works is dead. There is no more time to prepare, for the battle has begun and the decisive moment is upon you. Get off your ass and fight; faith alone is not enough.
On Demonizing the Loyalty Oath: Marking the end of loyalty? Outlawing all Loyalty Oaths is preparation for Revolution against the status quo and all order.
Multi-Culturalism: Suicidal Diversity. How on earth could hetorgeneity displace homgeneity without destroying culture?
The Republicrat Liars: Cooperating in the Destruction of America. All Marxocrats always lie; therefore, Republicrat Liars are the most treacherous liars.
Politicized Courage: Marxocrat-Party sponsored opposition to nature. Marxist reversal of Vice and Virtue using their new phony politicized courage.
History repeats itself, and then repeats itself, and then repeats itself ... The Ukraine, once again, is being involuntarily flushed down the toilet of Communism.
Multiple acts of high treason keep going by without even being challenged. Another Presidential act of high treason? Ho hum, heavy sigh and here we go again.
Seeking balance in anti-Christian and anti-Constitution American culture. Keeping spiritual and political balance when 1/3 of the culture is evil and 1/3 is not even paying attention.
Why all the homo marriage surprise? There is nothing new under the sun. On the unconstitutional Court legislated homo marriage surprise. Ho hum, heavy sigh and here we go again.
Our Criminal Government and its totally dependent Moron Voter Base. The hearings are a joke. Our Criminal Government is not going to indict anyone in government for anything.


What Does This GI Bill Comment from the VA Mean?
Q: Today is Jan 15, 2011. I am enrolled in Bay State College in MA and I start Jan 18, 2011. I have yet to apply for VA because I don't know which to go with. I need money to pay rent and bills, and I'm unemployed.
I am married with 2 kids (6 yr old and 4 yr old). I will do pre-reqs first then in Sept, I will start my actual program for PTA. VONAPP says " If electing chapter 33 in lieu of chapter 30, my months of entitlement under chapter 33 will be limited to the number of months of entitlement remaining under chapter 30 on the effective date of my election. However, if I completely exhaust my entitlement under chapter 30 before the effective date of my chapter 33 election, I may receive up to 12 additional months of benefits under chapter 33." What does that mean? What is the better choice? Thank you.
A: It means that if you switch to Chapter 33 (Post 9/11 GI Bill) with months left on your Chapter 30 (Montgomery GI Bill), all you will get is the same number of months under the Post 9/11 GI Bill. However, if you first exhaust all your Chapter 30 months before the effective date of your Post 9/11 GI Bill, then you would get the additional 12 months of Post 9/11 GI Bill benefits.
If you have not used any of your Montgomery GI Bill (Chapter 30) and you don't plan to go any further with your post-secondary education than a four-year degree, then switch to the Post 9/11 GI Bill right away.
The VA will pay your tuition and eligible fees and you will get a monthly housing allowance and a yearly book stipend. The housing allowance averages $1,200 per month with the East and West Coasts over double that amount. The Midwest is slightly lower than the average. The book stipend is paid at the rate of $41.67 per credit and maxes out at $1,000 per year.
Chapter 30 currently pays $1,421 per month and you have to pay all your own tuition, fees and other education-related expenses, so from a monetary standpoint, the Post 9/11 GI Bill is a better deal.
I would normally caution you first to ensure your program is degree-producing, as right now the Post 9/11 GI Bill will not pay for non-degree courses. But after August 1st, that won't make a difference as the GI Bill 2.0 will allow the Post 9/11 GI Bill to pay for non-degree programs also.


text:
Sound Tigers Pull out OT Win over Pack
Travis St. Denis' breakaway goal with 33.8 seconds left in overtime gave the Bridgeport Sound Tigers a 3-2 win over the Wolf Pack Saturday night at the XL Center.
Otto Koivula sent St. Denis in alone on Wolf Pack goaltender Dustin Tokarski, after Hartford's Matt Beleskey had a shot blocked in the Sound Tiger end, and St. Denis was able to put the winning shot past Tokarski's stick side.
That was after Tokarski had made five saves in the overtime, and he finished with 29 stops in the game.
"Dustin played real strong and had some key saves," Wolf Pack head coach Keith McCambridge said. "He's giving us a chance to play some hockey, and that's what every coach wants.
"I'm disappointed we didn't get the two full points obviously, but I think we played a good game. I thought we were really aggressive, putting pressure on pucks, a physical style."
The Wolf Pack outshot the visitors 13-6 in the first period, but came out of it down 1-0, thanks to a goal 1:34 in by Kieffer Bellows.
After Parker Wotherspoon shot the puck in, Ryan Bourque passed it out of the right-wing corner to Bellows headed down the slot, and his quick shot got by the catching glove of Tokarski.
That was the only offense for more than two full periods, before Chris Bigras finally got the Wolf Pack on the scoreboard 1:41 into the third. Just as a penalty to Vinni Lettieri was ending, Lias Andersson sent a quick pass to Gabriel Fontaine in the Bridgeport zone, and he found Bigras for a one-timer from the blue line that went off of Sound Tiger goaltender Jeremy Smith's catching mitt and into the net.
Bridgeport regained the lead briefly at 9:28, when St. Denis and Koivula broke into the Wolf Pack zone on a 2-on-1 and Koivula fired a shot past Tokarski's stick side, but the Wolf Pack knotted things back up only 17 seconds later.
Bobby Butler netted his sixth of the year at 9:45 to make it 2-2, taking a cross-ice pass from Bigras and beating Smith with a one-timer from the bottom of the left circle.
"Butler did a good job, staying loose and being ready for that shot," Bigras said.
"Bobby Butler is an offensive player, and I thought he was all over the whole game." McCambridge added. "Bobby and Chris have been playing really well together, and that's working for us."
The Sound Tigers outshot the Wolf Pack 6-2 in overtime, and Tokarski stopped a pair of breakaways before St. Denis' winner.
"It would have been nice to give Tokarski the OT win," Butler said. "They're a good team, we just need to be ready for tomorrow."
The Wolf Pack are right back at the XL Center on Sunday, hosting the Springfield Thunderbirds at 3:00 PM. That is another chance to take advantage of the Wolf Pack's "Click It or Ticket Family Value Pack", which includes two tickets, two hot dogs and two sodas, all for just $40.
Bridgeport Sound Tigers 3 (OT) at Hartford Wolf Pack 2
Saturday, December 29, 2018 - XL Center
Bridgeport 1 0 1 1 - 3
Hartford 0 0 2 0 - 2
1st Period-1, Bridgeport, Bellows 9 (R. Bourque, Hitchcock), 1:34. Penalties-Lettieri Hfd (tripping), 5:25; St. Denis Bri (hooking), 13:23.
2nd Period- No Scoring. Penalties-Hajek Hfd (tripping), 1:49; Leedahl Hfd (tripping), 9:03; Lettieri Hfd (tripping), 19:36.
3rd Period-2, Hartford, Bigras 3 (Fontaine, Beleskey), 1:41. 3, Bridgeport, Koivula 9 (St. Denis, C. Bourque), 9:28. 4, Hartford, Butler 6 (Bigras, O'Gara), 9:45. Penalties-Helgeson Bri (cross-checking), 6:10; St. Denis Bri (misconduct - abuse of officials), 9:28.
OT Period-5, Bridgeport, St. Denis 9 (Koivula), 4:26. Penalties-No Penalties
Shots on Goal-Bridgeport 6-12-8-6-32. Hartford 13-6-12-2-33.
Power Play Opportunities-Bridgeport 0 / 4; Hartford 0 / 2.
Goalies-Bridgeport, Smith 11-5-1 (33 shots-31 saves). Hartford, Tokarski 7-4-2 (32 shots-29 saves).
Referees-Michael Duco (82), Dan Kelly (55).
Linesmen-Brent Colby (7), Luke Galvin (2).


A large number of shop assistants having joined the colours, the work falling upon those left behind has become more arduous, and in many establishments it is difficult for them to obtain proper meal-times. In some towns tradesmen are closing their shops entirely for an hour at mid-day. Several Rugby tradesmen have decided to adopt the system, and Mr GE Over announces in our columns that he will begin on May 17 at his book shops, closing from 1 to 2pm.
After Mr AK Milner had spoken of the 'most sordid business of continual queues of people waiting to be cremated at Canley Crematorium' Rugby Trades Council on Wednesday decided to ask the local authorities to reconsider the possibilities of building a new crematorium in the Rugby district. He said for Coventry alone, Canley was not sufficient and with Rugby and district using it the whole thing was overloaded and becoming a tragedy. It was time a crematorium was set up to serve the town. It would be highly valuable and would pay for itself.
Rugby's American Football club has folded, less than a year after winning British National Gridiron League division one.


text:
Community Foundation Accepting Nominations for the Better Together Award
March 2, 2015. Des Moines, IA The Community Foundation of Greater Des Moines is accepting nominations for the 2015 Better Together Award. The Better Together Award recognizes nonprofit organizations, civic groups, collaborative partnerships and individuals who are building social capital in our community.
Social capital is defined as connections among diverse people or groups that enhance cooperation for mutual benefit. Those who build social capital possess a unique set of skills and attitudes that enable them to collaborate effectively, make connections between diverse sectors, bridge differences and nurture social networks to create change and impact.
Nominees may be nonprofit organizations, civic groups, collaborative partnerships or individuals who have built social capital within Greater Des Moines by leveraging their personal and professional networks to make a difference. Nominees may have mobilized a group to volunteer, organized an event in their neighborhood, or brought a diverse group together to work on a common issue. Nominees may have built social capital by fostering an ethic of civic engagement in their organization or civic group. "The Community Foundation is proud to recognize the amazing work being accomplished in our communities through the Better Together Award. It provides us with an opportunity to lift up those whose efforts exemplify the name of this award by making our community better together," says Kristi Knous, Community Foundation president.
To nominate a nonprofit organization, civic group, collaborative partnership or individual for the Better Together Award visit the Community Foundation's website at www.desmoinesfoundation.org/bettertogetheraward between now and March 31, 2015 to provide brief information regarding the nominee.
Recipients of the Better Together Award will receive funding to support social capital efforts of a local nonprofit organization and will be recognized at the Community Foundation's 2015 Celebration Luncheon & Report to the Community on May 7, 2015.


text:
Q: Which SaaS Subdomains to block I'm working on a SaaS (Software as a Service) web app and I'm using subdomains for separate accounts.
Which subdomains should I prevent the user from using.
The ones I currently have are... admin, administrator, blog, support and help. I remember seeing a question on Quora about it but I can't find it any more.

A: Thanks for your suggestions. I've made a Rubygem for blocking a load of subdomains which can be found here - https://github.com/deanperry/saas_deny_subdomains
Just add deny_subdomains :subdomain (:subdomain) being the field, and it will block/deny a massive list of subdomains.

A: Here is my version in PHP. I added some of mine + ones suggested in the thread + dean perry's.
I was able to cover lots of scenarios by using some regex.
/**
 * Checks if the subdomain is good. e.g. forbidden names are: ssl, secure, test, tester etc.
 * @see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11868191/which-saas-subdomains-to-block
 * @see https://github.com/deanperry/saas_deny_subdomains/blob/master/lib/saas_deny_subdomains/subdomains.rb
 * @return boolean
 */
public function isSubdomainAvailable($subdomain) {
    $banned_subdomains_csv = 'admin, login, administrator, blog, dashboard, admindashboard, images?, img, files?, videos?, help, support, cname, test, cache, mystore, biz, investors?
    api\d*, js, static, s\d*,ftp, e?mail,webmail, webdisk, ns\d*, register, join, registration, pop\d?, beta\d*, stage, deploy, deployment,staging, testers?, https?, donate, payments, smtp,
    ad, admanager, ads, adsense, adwords?, about, abuse, affiliate, affiliates, store, shop, clients?, code, community, forum?, discussions?, order, buy, cpanel, store, payment,
    whm, dev, devel, developers?, development, docs?, whois, signup, gettingstarted, home, invoice, invoices, ios, ipad, iphone, logs?, my, status, networks?,
    new, newsite, news, partner, partners, partnerpage, popular, wiki, redirect, random, public, resolver, sandbox, search, servers?, service,uploads?, validation,
    signin, signup, sitemap, sitenews, sites, sms, sorry, ssl, staging,features, stats?, statistics?, graphs?, surveys?, talk, trac, git, svn, translate, validations, webmaster,
    www\d*, feeds?, rss, asset[s\d]*, cp\d*, control panel, online, media, jobs?, secure, demo, i\d*, img\d*, css\d*, js\d*';

    $regex = $banned_subdomains_csv;
    $regex = preg_replace('#\s#si', '', $regex); // rm new lines, spaces etc
    $regex = preg_replace("#,+#si", '|', $regex); // more than one comma
    $regex = trim($regex, ','); // remove any leading/trailing commas
    $regex = '#^(?:' . $regex . ')$#si'; // let's create a nice regex.

    $status = !preg_match($regex, $subdomain); // without main domain added

    return $status;
}

Slavi
http://orbisius.com

A: To name a view:

*

*www

*help

*support

*admin

*api

*assets0-x

A: In addition to those mentioned:

*

*test

*stage/staging

*dev/development

*status

*mail

*webmail

*ftp

*feeds

*ssl/secure

*demo

*git/svn

*files/docs

Might also want to reserve your own name and any variations.
Edit: Just a thought, and perhaps over the top, but you could also consider reserving something like i.example.com ("i" being for internal) then you've got a whole namespace of *.i.example.com for internal use.

A: Another way of approaching this would be app-tenant.domain.com where tenant is your customer's username or company. Which means you can willcard your users  with something like  app-*.domain.com in your DNS settings. But if you use an application level load balancer that should be easier. This looks prettier IMHO.
Note:  app.**.domain.com is not valid AFAIK

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
In This Site
An international internship is a great opportunity to gain specific career-related, international experience. In order for your international internship to count towards graduation requirements, you must earn academic credit for the internship which needs to be arranged through the Diversity & International Center.
U.S. Department of State Internship Program The U.S. Department of State offers undergraduate student internships in Washington D.C. and at embassies abroad.
U.S. Government Pathways The U.S. government offers internship opportunities for current and recent undergraduate students to work with federal agencies domestically and abroad.
Cultural Vistas Cultural Vistas offers various internship programs in a variety of locations including but not limited to Germany, Russia, Argentina, Chile, Spain, and India.
DAAD The German Academic Exchange Service offers paid internship opportunities for students in the sciences and engineering along with an internship with the German Parliament.
Work and Teach Abroad
If you are looking solely to have the experience of living and working or teaching abroad and you don't need academic credit, there are some options that might be less expensive or appropriate for recent graduates.
Fulbright U.S. Student Program Fulbright grants provide for the international exchange of scholars in order to foster research and advanced study, or undertake teaching assistantships, for one year in a foreign country. Several kinds of grants available include the Teaching Assistantship Program, mtvU Award, and the National Geographic Digital Storytelling Fellowship.
Peace Corps As the preeminent international service organization of the United States, the Peace Corps sends Americans abroad to tackle the most pressing needs of people around the world. Peace Corps Volunteers work at the grassroots level toward sustainable change that lives on long after their service--at the same time becoming global citizens and serving their country.
CIEE Teach Abroad Work overseas and teach English abroad in Chile, China, the Dominican Republic, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, or Vietnam with CIEE.
TaLK (Teach and Learn in Korea) & EPIK (English Teaching Program in Korea) Both TaLK and EPIK provide English teaching opportunities in South Korea at both elementary and secondary levels. The program provides in-country orientation, a monthly stipend, round-trip flight, health insurance, and accommodations for a 6 month or 12-month contract.
HELP! Heslington Language Programs Teach English and earn TESOL certification in Mexico. Experience Mexican culture and language in year-round programs (summer, fall, and winter semesters) with housing, meals, and airfare provided.
JET Programme The Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme aims to promote grassroots internationalization at the local level by inviting young overseas graduates to assist in international exchange and foreign language education in Japan.
Teaching Assistant Program in France The Teaching Assistant Program in France offers you the opportunity to work in France for 7 months, teaching English to French students of all ages. Each year, nearly 1,500 American citizens and permanent residents teach in public schools across all regions of metropolitan France and in the overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion.
North American Language and Culture Assistants in Spain Managed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport, the Language, and Culture Assistants program offers recent graduates the opportunity to teach English in a K-12 classroom in Spain.
Teach for China Teach for China is a two-year fellowship program providing the opportunity to teach in high-need schools in China but to also gain leadership and entrepreneurial skills.
BUNAC BUNAC is the best way to get work permission without a job offer. Work and volunteer abroad placements are available in Britain, Ireland, France, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
United Planet An international non-profit organization that strives to create a world in which all people understand, respect, and support one another. United Planet's global network of leaders and volunteers fosters cross-cultural understanding and addresses shared challenges to unite the world in a community beyond borders.The underlying principle of the programs are the concepts of Relational Diplomacy—recognizing that the relationship between people of diverse backgrounds is the basic building block for uniting the world. United Planet's innovative programs are designed to expose our common human bonds, generate respect and appreciation for our cultural, racial, and religious diversity, and enrich lives of our neighbors worldwide.
Go Abroad.com An organization committed to providing the most comprehensive international education and alternative travel databases. GoAbroad.com utilizes data driven programming to provide the most up-to-date and accurate information. In addition to some of the largest directories of their kind on the internet, GoAbroad.com provides extensive additional information within its dynamically constructed travel guides, currency converter, and embassy directories.
Work Away A database of families, individuals, and organizations in an extensive range of different countries who have registered with the website and are looking for light work in exchange for room and board. This is a good way to tour many countries while interacting with locals and saving money.
WWOF Volunteer on organic farms around the world (work in exchange for food and accommodations).
VSO (Volunteers Overcoming Poverty) Volunteer work abroad, comparable to a British "Peace Corps."
GOA (The Global Outreach Alliance) The mission of GOA is to empower communities by promoting self-reliance through education, mentoring and sustainable development solutions.


Psytronik Software in association with Cyberdyne Systems and www.scaryfish.tv are proud to present ARMALYTE - One of the best shoot 'em ups ever to be released on the C64! For the first time ever the Competition Edition of the game is available as a proper C64 commercial release!
Enter the forbidden zones with ARMALYTE ... Two freedom fighters lost in eight sections of a deadly galaxy, their own determination and control are the only elements standing between them and oblivion!
ARMALYTE: featuring eight levels of frantic shoot 'em up action, requiring nerves of steel and a sharp eye for the invading forces. With stunning and original graphics, animation and tracks of superlative music and sound FX. This is the biggest blast since the big one!
· Brand new full-colour artwork!
· Competition Edition of the game featuring level-select, adjustable enemy bullet speeds, scrolling demo mode + more!
· 8 Massive Scrolling Levels!
· Incredible Multiplexed Enemy Attack Waves!
Armalyte Pic - A stand-alone demo featuring the stunning loading screen by Robin Levy along with the Armalyte loading music by Martin Walker.
Walkers Warbles 1 - A music demo featuring four example tunes by Martin Walker.
Walkers Warbles 2 - Another music demo, this time featuring five tunes by Martin Walker.
Armalyte Demo #1 - A very early demo of Armalyte showing the sprite multiplexor in action along with background graphics that weren't used in the finished game.
Armalyte Demo #2 - A more advanced Armalyte playable demo, once again featuring background graphics that were not used in the final game (although they may have gone on to inspire the crystalline graphics featured in level 6 of the completed game).
Armalyte Demo #3 - A much more advanced demo that looks and plays a lot more like the Armalyte game we know and love.
Armalyte 2 Preview - A demo giving a tantalizing glimpse of the sequel that was not to be.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

\vspace*{-1mm}

Sylvester~\cite{Sylvester} initiated
the study of subposets of the
partition lattice.
He proved that the M\"obius function of
the poset of set partitions
where each block has even cardinality is given
by every other  Euler number, also known as the tangent numbers.
Recall the Euler numbers enumerate  alternating permutations.
Stanley~\cite{Stanley_e_s} extended this result
by considering set partitions where each block has cardinality divisible
by $r$.
In this case the M\"obius function is given
by the number of permutations with descent set
$\{r, 2r, 3r, \ldots\}$.
In this paper we continue to
explore the
connection between
partition lattices and permutation statistics.

To each set partition we can assign a type, which is
the integer partition consisting of the
multiset of cardinalities of the blocks.
Given a set $F$ of integer partitions it is then natural
to ask for the M\"obius function of the associated poset of set partitions
whose types belong to $F$.
We slightly modify this by instead working
with
pointed set partitions
and pointed integer partitions
and letting $F$ be a filter
in the poset of
pointed integer partitions.

In Theorem~\ref{theorem_main} we consider
pointed set partitions whose types
belong to given filter $F$ of pointed integer partitions.
The question of computing the M\"obius function
is reduced to the descent set statistics
and M\"obius functions in the smaller and more tractable
lattice of integer compositions.
In Section~\ref{section_knapsack}
we consider knapsack partitions,
a notion motivated by a well-known cryptosystem.
Theorem~\ref{theorem_M}
allows us to determine the M\"obius function
of the integer composition lattice.
We  obtain explicit expressions for the sought-after M\"obius function
in Theorem~\ref{theorem_three}.

\vspace*{-2mm}

\section{Pointed integer partitions, set partitions
         and compositions}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

\vspace*{-1mm}

Recall that an integer partition
$\lambda =  \{\lambda_{1}, \ldots, \lambda_{k}\}$
of a non-negative integer $n$ is a multiset of positive
integers having sum $n$,
that is,
$n = \lambda_{1} + \cdots + \lambda_{k}$.

\begin{definition}
Let $n$ be a non-negative integer.
A pointed integer partition
of $n$
is a pair
$\{\lambda, \underline{m}\} =
    \{\lambda_{1}, \ldots, \lambda_{k}, \underline{m}\}$
where
$m$ is a non-negative integer
and
$\lambda =  \{\lambda_{1}, \ldots, \lambda_{k}\}$
is an integer partition of $n-m$.
The integer $m$ is called the pointed part.
It  is underlined to distinguish it from the
other parts of the partition.
\end{definition}
Denote by  $I_{n}^{\bullet}$
the collection of all pointed integer partitions
of the non-negative integer $n$.
Partially order the set $I_{n}^{\bullet}$
by the two cover relations
$$
    \{\lambda_{1}, \ldots, \lambda_{k-2},
         \lambda_{k-1}, \lambda_{k}, \underline{m}\}
       \prec
    \{\lambda_{1}, \ldots, \lambda_{k-2},
         \lambda_{k-1} + \lambda_{k}, \underline{m}\}
$$
and
$$
    \{\lambda_{1},
         \ldots, \lambda_{k-1}, \lambda_{k}, \underline{m}\}
       \prec
    \{\lambda_{1},
         \ldots, \lambda_{k-1}, \underline{\lambda_{k} + m}\} .
$$
In words, by adding two parts together we go up in the order.
If one of the parts is the pointed part then the sum becomes the
pointed part in the new pointed partition.
Observe that the poset $I_{n}^{\bullet}$ is not a lattice for $n \geq 3$.

\begin{figure}
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.5mm}
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(90,90)(0,0)

\thicklines

\put(37,0){\small $1 1 1 1 \underline{0}$}

\put(45,6){\line(-1,1){15}}
\put(45,6){\line(1,1){15}}

\put(23,23){{\small $1 1 2 \underline{0}$}}
\put(53,23){{\small $1 1 1 \underline{1}$}}

\put(30,29){\line(-2,1){30}}
\put(30,29){\line(0,1){15}}
\put(30,29){\line(2,1){30}}
\put(30,29){\line(4,1){60}}
\put(60,29){\line(0,1){15}}
\put(60,29){\line(2,1){30}}

\put(-5,46){\small $2 2 \underline{0}$}
\put(25,46){\small $1 3 \underline{0}$}
\put(55,46){\small $1 2 \underline{1}$}
\put(85,46){\small $1 1 \underline{2}$}

\put(0,52){\line(0,1){15}}
\put(0,52){\line(4,1){60}}
\put(30,52){\line(-2,1){30}}
\put(30,52){\line(0,1){15}}
\put(30,52){\line(4,1){60}}
\put(60,52){\line(-2,1){30}}
\put(60,52){\line(0,1){15}}
\put(60,52){\line(2,1){30}}
\put(90,52){\line(-2,1){30}}
\put(90,52){\line(0,1){15}}

\put(-4,69){\small $4 \underline{0}$}
\put(26,69){\small $3 \underline{1}$}
\put(56,69){\small $2 \underline{2}$}
\put(86,69){\small $1 \underline{3}$}

\put(0,75){\line(3,1){45}}
\put(30,75){\line(1,1){15}}
\put(60,75){\line(-1,1){15}}
\put(90,75){\line(-3,1){45}}

\put(43,92){\small $\underline{4}$}

\end{picture}
\end{center}
\caption{The poset $I_{4}$ of pointed partitions of the integer $4$.}
\label{figure_pointed_partitions_4}
\end{figure}

\begin{definition}
A pointed set partition $\pi = (\sigma,Z)$
of a finite set $S$
consists of a subset $Z$ of $S$ and a
partition $\sigma$ of the set difference $S - Z$.
\end{definition}
We call the subset $Z$ the {\em zero block} of
the pointed set partition $\pi$.
Moreover, we denote the number of blocks
(including the zero block) of $\pi$ by $|\pi|$.
Let $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}$ be the poset of all
pointed set partitions on the set $\{1, \ldots, n\}$,
where the partial order is given by
refinement. That is,
for two pointed set partitions $\pi$ and $\pi^{\prime}$,
we have that $\pi \leq \pi^{\prime}$ if every block
of $\pi$ is contained in some block
(possibly the zero block) of $\pi^{\prime}$
and
the zero block of $\pi$ is contained in
the zero block of $\pi^{\prime}$.
Observe that $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}$ is isomorphic to
the partition lattice $\Pi_{n+1}$
by inserting the element $n+1$ into the zero block
and letting the zero block be an ordinary block of the partition.

We define the {\em type} of a pointed partition $(\sigma,Z)$
to be the pointed integer partition $\{\lambda,\underline{m}\}$
where~$m$ is the cardinality of the zero block $Z$
and $\lambda$ is the multiset of the sizes of the blocks of $\sigma$,
that is,
$\lambda = \{|B| \: : \: B \in \sigma\}$.

\begin{definition}
Let $n$ be a non-negative integer.
A pointed integer composition of $n$
is a list $\vec{c} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{c_{k}})$
of non-negative integers with sum $n$
where $c_{1}$ through $c_{k-1}$ are required to be positive.
\end{definition}
Note that the last entry $c_{k}$ is allowed to be $0$,
so we underline it to distinguish it from the other entries.
Let $C_{n}^{\bullet}$ be the collection of all
pointed compositions of $n$.
Partially order
the elements of $C_{n}^{\bullet}$
by the cover relations
$$
   (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{j-1}, c_{j}, c_{j+1}, c_{j+2}, \ldots, c_{k-1},
                                                  \underline{c_{k}})
       \prec
   (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{j-1}, c_{j} + c_{j+1}, c_{j+2}, \ldots, c_{k-1},
                                                  \underline{c_{k}})
,  $$
$$
   (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-2}, c_{k-1}, \underline{c_{k}})
       \prec
   (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-2}, \underline{c_{k-1} + c_{k}})
.  $$
That is, the cover relation occurs by adding two adjacent entries
of the composition.
Observe that the poset~$C_{n}^{\bullet}$ is isomorphic to the
Boolean algebra on $n$ elements.

For a permutation $\tau$ in
the symmetric group on $n$ elements $\hbox{\german S}_{n}$,
the {\em descent set} is a subset of $\{1,\ldots,n-1\}$ defined as
$\{i \: : \: \tau(i) > \tau(i+1)\}$.
Given a permutation $\tau$ in $\hbox{\german S}_{n}$
with descent set
$\{s_{1}, s_{2}, \ldots, s_{k-1}\}$
where $s_{1} < s_{2} < \cdots < s_{k-1}$,
define the descent composition of $\tau$
to be
$(s_{1}, s_{2}-s_{1}, \ldots, s_{k-1}-s_{k-2}, n-s_{k-1})$.
For a composition $\vec{c} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k})$ of $n$
let $\beta(\vec{c})$ denote the number of permutations in
the symmetric group $\hbox{\german S}_{n}$ with descent composition $\vec{c}$,
that is, with the descent set
$\{c_{1}, c_{1}+c_{2}, \ldots, c_{1} + \cdots + c_{k-1}\}$.
For a pointed composition
$\vec{c} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{c_{k}})$
with $c_{k}$ strictly greater than $0$,
let $\beta(\vec{c})$ be as in the non-pointed composition case.
If the pointed composition
$\vec{c} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{c_{k}})$
satisfies $k \geq 2$ and $c_{k} = 0$,
let $\beta(\vec{c}) = 0$.
Lastly, for $\vec{c} = (\underline{0})$ let $\beta(\vec{c}) = 1$.

A uniform way to view the descent composition
statistic independently of the last part
is the following.
For a pointed composition
$\vec{c} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{c_{k}})$
let
$\vec{d}$ be the composition
where the last part is incremented by one, that is,
$\vec{d} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, c_{k}+1)$.
Then $\beta(\vec{c})$
is the number of permutations~$\tau$ in
$\hbox{\german S}_{n+1}$ having
descent composition $\vec{d}$ and
satisfying $\tau(n+1) = n+1$.

The type of an integer composition
$(c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{c_{k}})$
is the pointed integer partition
$\{c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{c_{k}}\}$.
Observe that the last part of the composition
becomes the pointed part.

We remark that the three posets
$I_{n}^{\bullet}$,
$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}$,
and
$C_{n}^{\bullet}$
are graded, and hence ranked.
Throughout we will denote the rank function of
a graded poset by $\rho$
and use
$\rho(x,y)$ to denote the
rank difference
$\rho(x,y) = \rho(y) - \rho(x)$.

\vspace*{-2mm}

\section{The M\"obius function of restricted partitions}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

\vspace*{-1mm}

Recall that a {\em filter} $F$ (also known as an upper order ideal)
in a poset $Q$ is a subset of $Q$ such that if
$x \leq y$ and $x$ belongs to $F$
then $y$ belongs to $F$.
For $S$ a subset of the poset $Q$,
the filter generated by~$S$ is given by
$\{y \in Q \: : \: \exists \, x \in S \mbox{ such that }
                        x \leq y\}$.
Note that
if $f$ is an order preserving map from a poset $P$ to a poset $Q$
and $F$ is a filter of $Q$ then the inverse
image $f^{-1}(F)$ is a filter of $P$.
For further information about posets,
we refer the reader to Stanley's treatise~\cite{Stanley_EC_I}.

Let $F$ be a filter in the pointed integer partition poset $I_{n}^{\bullet}$.
Let $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$ be the filter of the pointed set partition lattice
$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}$
consisting of all set partitions having their types belonging to $F$,
that is,
$$   \Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F)
   =
       \{ \pi \in \Pi_{n}^{\bullet} \:\: : \:\: {\rm type}(\pi) \in F \}
       . $$
Similarly, define
$C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$ to be the filter of pointed compositions
having types belonging to $F$,
that is,
$$   C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)
   =
       \{ \vec{c} \in C_{n}^{\bullet} \:\: : \:\: {\rm type}(\vec{c}) \in F \}   .
$$
Observe that both
$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$ and
$C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$ are join semi-lattices.
Hence after adjoining a minimal element~$\hat{0}$
we have that both
$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$
and
$C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$
are lattices.

\begin{theorem}
Let $F$ be a filter of the pointed integer partition poset
$I_{n}^{\bullet}$.
Then the M\"obius function of the
filter~$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$ with a minimal element $\hat{0}$
adjoined is given by
\begin{equation}
      \mu\left( \Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\} \right)
   =
      \sum_{\vec{c} \in C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)}
             (-1)^{\rho(\vec{c},\hat{1})}
           \cdot
             \mu_{C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}}(\hat{0},\vec{c})
           \cdot
             \beta(\vec{c})              .
\label{equation_main}
\end{equation}
\label{theorem_main}
\end{theorem}
Although $C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$ is not necessarily
graded, the expression
$\rho(\vec{c},\hat{1})$ appearing in the statement of
Theorem~\ref{theorem_main} is well-defined since the
interval
$[\vec{c},\hat{1}]$ is itself graded.

\begin{proof_special_}{{Proof of Theorem~\ref{theorem_main}:}}
For a pointed composition
$\vec{c} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{c_{k}})$
of a non-negative integer~$n$
recall that the multinomial coefficient ${n \choose \vec{c}}$
is defined as $n!/(c_{1}! \cdots c_{k}!)$. Observe that
${n \choose \vec{c}}$ counts the number of permutations
in $\hbox{\german S}_{n}$ having descent set contained in
the set $\{c_{1}, c_{1}+c_{2}, \ldots, c_{1} + \cdots + c_{k-1}\}$.
By the principle of inclusion and exclusion, we have that
$\beta(\vec{c}) = \sum_{\vec{c} \leq \vec{d}} \;
                     (-1)^{\rho(\vec{c},\vec{d})}
                        \cdot {n \choose \vec{d}}$.
Thus the right-hand side
of~(\ref{equation_main}) is given by
$$
      \sum_{\vec{c} \in C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)}
             (-1)^{\rho(\vec{c},\hat{1})}
           \cdot
             \mu_{C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}}(\hat{0},\vec{c})
           \cdot
             \beta(\vec{c})
\hspace*{70 mm}
$$
\begin{eqnarray*}
  & = &
      \sum_{\vec{c} \in C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)}
      \sum_{\vec{c} \leq \vec{d}}
             (-1)^{\rho(\vec{d},\hat{1})}
           \cdot
             \mu_{C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}}(\hat{0},\vec{c})
           \cdot
             {n \choose \vec{d}}    \\
  & = &
      \sum_{\vec{d} \in C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)}
             (-1)^{\rho(\vec{d},\hat{1})}
           \cdot
             {n \choose \vec{d}}
           \cdot
      \sum_{\hat{0} < \vec{c} \leq \vec{d}}
             \mu_{C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}}(\hat{0},\vec{c})  \\
  & = &
   -
      \sum_{\vec{d} \in C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)}
             (-1)^{\rho(\vec{d},\hat{1})}
           \cdot
             {n \choose \vec{d}}    .
\end{eqnarray*}
The last sum can be viewed as follows.
An {\em ordered set partition} is a partition
in $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}$
with an ordering of the blocks
such that the last block is the zero block.
The type of an ordered
set partition is the pointed composition
where one lists the size of each block
in their given order.
Note that given a composition~$\vec{d}$ of $n$,
there are ${n \choose \vec{d}}$
ordered set partitions with $\vec{d}$ as its type. Hence we have that
\begin{eqnarray*}
\hspace*{20 mm}
   -
      \sum_{\vec{d} \in C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)}
             (-1)^{\rho(\vec{d},\hat{1})}
           \cdot
             {n \choose \vec{d}}
  & = &
      \sum_{{\pi \mbox{ \tiny ordered set partition}}
             \atop
            {\mbox{\tiny type}(\pi) \in C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)}}
              (-1)^{|\pi|}    \\
  & = &
      \sum_{\pi \in \Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F)}
              (-1)^{|\pi|}
           \cdot
              (|\pi|-1)!      \\
  & = &
    -
      \sum_{\pi \in \Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F)}
              \mu_{\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}}(\pi,\hat{1}) \\
  & = &
              \mu(\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\})   .
\hspace*{20 mm}
\hspace*{20 mm} \mbox{$\Box$}\vspace{\baselineskip}
\end{eqnarray*}
\end{proof_special_}

\begin{example}
{\rm
We have the following identity
connecting the Stirling numbers of the second kind
with the Eulerian numbers:
\begin{equation}
    - \sum_{j=1}^{k}
          (-1)^{j-1} \cdot (j-1)!
        \cdot
          S(n+1,j)
  =
      (-1)^{k}
    \cdot
      \sum_{j=1}^{k}
          {{n-j} \choose {n-k}}
        \cdot
          A(n,j)     .
\label{equation_Eulerian_Stirling}
\end{equation}
Recall that the Stirling number of the second
kind $S(n,j)$ counts the number of set partitions
of an $n$-element set into $j$ parts,
whereas the Eulerian number $A(n,j)$
counts the number of permutations in~$\hbox{\german S}_{n}$
with $j-1$ descents.
To prove
equation~(\ref{equation_Eulerian_Stirling})
let $F$ be the filter of $I_{n}^{\bullet}$ consisting
of all pointed integer partitions with at most $k$ parts.
Then the filter $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$ consists of
all pointed set partitions with at most $k$ parts.
Using the Stirling numbers of the second kind,
we can write the M\"obius function of
$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$ to be the left-hand side of
equation~(\ref{equation_Eulerian_Stirling}).
Similarly, the filter $C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$ consists of
all pointed compositions
of $n$ with at most $k$ parts.
Let $\vec{c}$ be a composition with $j$ parts.
Then the interval
$[\hat{0},\vec{c}]$ in the poset
$C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$
is a rank-selected Boolean algebra,
more specifically,
the Boolean algebra~$B_{n-j+1}$
with ranks $1$ through $n-k$ removed.
Hence the M\"obius function
$\mu_{C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}}(\hat{0},\vec{c})$
is given by
$(-1)^{k-j+1} \cdot {{n-j} \choose {n-k}}$.
Summing over all pointed compositions $\vec{c}$
consisting of $j$ parts in the right-hand side
in Theorem~\ref{theorem_main},
we obtain
$(-1)^{k} \cdot {{n-j} \choose {n-k}}$
times the number of permutations in $\hbox{\german S}_{n}$
with $j-1$ descents.
Hence the identity follows.
When $k=n$ this identity states that
$\mu(\Pi_{n+1}) = (-1)^{n} \cdot n!$
since
$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\} \cong \Pi_{n}^{\bullet} \cong \Pi_{n+1}$.
}
\end{example}

We have the following corollary.
This result was proved with different techniques in~\cite{Ehrenborg_Readdy}.

\begin{corollary}
Let $n = r \cdot p + m$.
Let $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet,r,m}$ be all the partitions in
$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}$ where the zero block has cardinality
at least $m$ and the remaining blocks have
cardinality divisible by $r$.
Then
the M\"obius function of
$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet,r,m} \cup \{\hat{0}\}$ is given by
$$
      \mu\left(\Pi_{n}^{\bullet,r,m} \cup \{\hat{0}\}\right)
   =
      (-1)^{p + 1}
    \cdot
      \beta(\underbrace{r,r, \ldots, r}_{p}, \underline{m})
  . $$
\label{corollary_Dowling}
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
Let $F$ be the filter of $I_{n}^{\bullet}$ generated by
the pointed partition
$\{r,r, \ldots, r, \underline{m}\}$.
The poset $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet,r,m}$
is exactly the filter $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$.
Observe that $C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$ has a unique atom,
namely
the pointed composition $(r,r, \ldots, r, \underline{m})$.
Thus the M\"obius function
$\mu_{C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}}(\hat{0},\vec{c})$ is
non-zero only for this composition.
Hence the summation in the right-hand side
of~(\ref{equation_main})
has only one term, namely
$(-1)^{p + 1} \cdot \beta(r,r, \ldots, r, \underline{m})$.
\end{proof}

By setting $m=r-1$ in the previous corollary
and using the bijection between
$\Pi^{\bullet}_{n}$ and $\Pi_{n+1}$,
we obtain the following corollary due to
Stanley~\cite{Stanley_e_s,Stanley_EC_II}.
\begin{corollary}[Stanley]
Let $n = r \cdot p$ and let $\Pi_{n}^{r}$ denoted
the $r$-divisible lattice, that is, all partitions
on $n$ elements where the cardinality of each block is
divisible by $r$ and a minimal element
$\hat{0}$ is adjoined.
Then the M\"obius function of $\Pi_{n}^{r}$,
$\mu(\Pi_{n}^{r})$,
is given by the sign $(-1)^{p}$
times the
number of permutations~$\tau$ in $\hbox{\german S}_{n}$
with descent set
$\{r, 2r, \ldots, n-r\}$
and $\tau(n) = n$.
\label{corollary_r_divisible_lattice}
\end{corollary}

\vspace*{-6mm}

\section{Knapsack partitions}
\label{section_knapsack}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

\vspace*{-1mm}

Let $\lambda = \{e_{1}^{m_{1}}, e_{2}^{m_{2}}, \ldots, e_{q}^{m_{q}}\}$
be a partition, that is, a multiset of positive integers,
where $m_{i}$ denotes the multiplicity of the element $e_{i}$.
We tacitly assume that all the $e_{i}$'s are distinct,
that is, $e_{i} \neq e_{j}$ for $i \neq j$.
Since there are $\prod_{i=1}^{q} (m_{i} + 1)$ multi-subsets $\mu$
of $\lambda$, the following inequality holds:
\begin{equation}
       \left| \left\{ \sum_{e \in \mu} e \:\: : \:\:
                \mu \subseteq \lambda \right\} \right|
   \leq
      \prod_{i=1}^{q} (m_{i} + 1)  .
\label{equation_definition_knapsack}
\end{equation}
When equality holds in~(\ref{equation_definition_knapsack}),
we call
$\lambda$ {\em a knapsack partition.}
Observe this is equivalent to
that each integer in the set on the left-hand side
of~(\ref{equation_definition_knapsack})
has a unique representation as a sum of elements from the
multiset $\lambda$.
When all the entries in $\lambda$ are distinct,
that is, $\lambda$ is a set, this definition
reduces to the usual notion
of a knapsack system appearing in cryptography.

\begin{example}
(a) If
$e_{1}, \ldots, e_{q}, m_{1}, \ldots, m_{q}$
are positive integers
satisfying the inequality
$\sum_{i=1}^{j-1} m_{i} \cdot e_{i} \leq e_{j}$
for all $j = 2, \ldots, q$
then
$\{e_{1}^{m_{1}}, \ldots, e_{q}^{m_{q}}\}$
is a knapsack partition.

\noindent
(b)
If $\{\lambda_{1}, \ldots, \lambda_{p}\}$
is a knapsack partition, $q$ a prime greater than
the sum $\lambda_{1} + \cdots + \lambda_{p}$
and $j$ a positive integer less than $q$, then
$\{j \cdot \lambda_{1} \bmod q, \ldots, j \cdot \lambda_{p} \bmod q\}$
is a knapsack partition.
\end{example}
A pointed integer partition
$\{\lambda,\underline{m}\}$ is called a
{\em pointed knapsack partition} if
$\lambda$ is a knapsack partition.

In this section we consider the filter $F$
generated by a pointed knapsack partition $\{\lambda,\underline{m}\}$.
We determine the M\"obius function
of the poset $C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$
and thus obtain an explicit formula
for
$\mu(\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\})$.
Before proceeding
one more definition is needed.
Let $V(\lambda,\underline{m}) = V$ be the collection of all
pointed compositions
$\vec{c} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{m})$ in
the filter $C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$
such that when each $c_{i}$, $1 \leq i \leq k-1$, is expressed
as a sum of parts of $\lambda$, the summands for each $c_{i}$
are distinct.

\begin{example}
{\rm
For the pointed knapsack partition
$\{1,1,1,4,\underline{m}\}$
the set $V$ of pointed compositions is
\begin{eqnarray*}
    V
      & = &
    \{(1,1,1,4,\underline{m}), (1,1,5,\underline{m}), (1,1,4,1,\underline{m}), (1,5,1,\underline{m}),  \\
      &   &
     \:\:\:\:
          (1,4,1,1,\underline{m}), (5,1,1,\underline{m}), (4,1,1,1,\underline{m}) \}  .
\end{eqnarray*}
Observe the composition $(2,1,4,\underline{m})$ does not belong
to $V$ since $2$ is the sum of two equal parts.
}
\label{example_knapsack}
\end{example}

\begin{example}
{\rm
For the pointed knapsack partition
$\{r, r, \ldots, r, \underline{m}\}$
the set $V$ only consists
of the pointed composition
$(r, r, \ldots, r, \underline{m})$.
}
\label{example_knapsack_r_r}
\end{example}

The ordered partition lattice $Q_{p}$ consists of all
ordered partitions of the set $\{1, \ldots, p\}$
together with a minimal element $\hat{0}$ adjoined.
The cover relation in $Q_{p}$ is to merge two adjacent blocks.
The ordered partition lattice is
isomorphic to
the face lattice of the
$(p-1)$-dimensional permutahedron;
see for instance~\cite{Billera_Sarangarajan}
or Exercise~2.9 in~\cite{Oriented_Matroids}.
Hence $Q_{p}$ is Eulerian and has
M\"obius function given by
$\mu_{Q_{p}}(x,y) = (-1)^{\rho(x,y)}$.

\begin{theorem}
Let $F$ be the filter in the pointed integer
partition poset $I_{n}^{\bullet}$ generated by
the pointed knapsack partition
$\{\lambda,\underline{m}\}
   = \{\lambda_{1}, \ldots, \lambda_{p}, \underline{m}\}$
of the integer $n$.
Let
$\vec{c} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{c_{k}})$
be a pointed composition in
the filter $C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$.
Then the M\"obius function
$\mu_{C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}}(\hat{0},\vec{c})$ is given
by
$$
 \mu(\hat{0},\vec{c})
      =
 \left\{ \begin{array}{c l}
    (-1)^{p-k}   & \mbox{ if } \vec{c} \in V, \\
    0            & \mbox{ otherwise.}
         \end{array} \right.  $$
\label{theorem_M}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Consider the lattice
$C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$ and
let $\vec{c}$ be a pointed composition in $C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$.
Assume that the pointed part of
the composition $\vec{c}$ is greater than $m$.
The interval $[\hat{0},\vec{c}]$ in
$C_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$ is itself a lattice
and each atom in this interval has pointed part equal to $m$.
The join of these atoms also has pointed part equal to $m$,
so the join cannot not equal the composition $\vec{c}$.
By Corollary~3.9.5 in~\cite{Stanley_EC_I},
the M\"obius function vanishes, that is, $\mu(\hat{0},\vec{c}) = 0$.

Let $P$ be the ideal of $C_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$
consisting of all pointed compositions with pointed part $m$.
Observe that $P$ has the maximal element
$(\lambda_{1} + \cdots + \lambda_{p}, \underline{m})$.
Hence $P$ is a finite join semi-lattice
and thus $P \cup \{\hat{0}\}$ is lattice.

We first consider the case when all the parts
of $\lambda$ are distinct.
In this case $P = V$.
There is an isomorphism between
the lattice $P \cup \{\hat{0}\}$ and the ordered partition lattice
$Q_{p}$.
The isomorphism $f$ sends the ordered partition
$(B_{1}, B_{2}, \ldots, B_{k})$ to the
pointed composition
$$    f((B_{1}, B_{2}, \ldots, B_{k}))
    =
      \left( \sum_{i \in B_{1}} \lambda_{i},
             \sum_{i \in B_{2}} \lambda_{i},
                  \ldots,
             \sum_{i \in B_{k}} \lambda_{i} , \underline{m} \right)  , $$
and $f(\hat{0}) = \hat{0}$.
Hence we conclude that the
M\"obius function is given by
$\mu(\hat{0},\vec{c}) = (-1)^{p-k}$.

For the general case we allow the partition
to contain multiple entries. The ideal $P$ is then
isomorphic to a filter of the ordered partition lattice $Q_{p}$.
Namely, let $R$ be the collection of all ordered
partitions
$(B_{1}, B_{2}, \ldots, B_{k})$ such that
if $\lambda_{i} = \lambda_{j}$ for $1 \leq i < j \leq p$
then the elements $i$ and $j$ either appear in the same block
or the element $i$ appears in a block before the block containing
the element~$j$. It is straightforward to verify
that $R$ is a filter of $Q_{p}$
and that the map $f$ is again an isomorphism,
this time from $R$ to $P$.

Recall that the boundary of the dual of
the permutahedron is a simplicial
complex $\Delta_{p}$. We view this simplicial complex as
the $(p-1)$-dimensional sphere in $\hbox{\Cp R}^{p}$
cut by the ${p \choose 2}$  hyperplanes
$x_{i} = x_{j}$ for $1 \leq i < j \leq p$.
The geometric picture is the sphere $S^{p-1}$ with
${p \choose 2}$ great spheres on it.
Let ${\cal H}$ be the hyperplane arrangement
in $\hbox{\Cp R}^{p}$ given by
the collection of
the hyperplanes
$x_{i} = x_{j}$
when
$\lambda_{i} = \lambda_{j}$.
Let~${\cal C}$ be the chamber
${\cal C}
  =
    \{(x_{1}, \ldots, x_{p})
           \:\: : \:\:
       x_{i} \leq x_{j} \mbox{ if } i < j \mbox{ and }
                     \lambda_{i} = \lambda_{j}\}$.
Note that ${\cal C}$ is a cone in $\hbox{\Cp R}^{p}$.

The filter $R$ in the poset $Q_{p}$ corresponds to the subcomplex
$\Gamma$ of the complex $\Delta_{p}$ consisting
of all faces $G$ in
$\Delta_{p}$ that are contained in
the chamber ${\cal C}$.
The geometric realization of $\Gamma$ is
the intersection of the unit sphere $S^{p-1}$
and the chamber ${\cal C}$,
and hence
is homeomorphic to a $(p-1)$-dimensional ball.
Let ${\cal L}(\Gamma)$ denote the face lattice of $\Gamma$.

\begin{figure}
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.0mm}
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(75,20)(0,0)

\put(0,0){\circle*{1}}
\put(15,20){\circle*{1}}
\put(30,0){\circle*{1}}
\put(45,20){\circle*{1}}
\put(60,0){\circle*{1}}
\put(75,20){\circle*{1}}

\thicklines

\put(0,0){\line(1,0){60}}
\put(15,20){\line(1,0){60}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,4){15}}
\put(30,0){\line(-3,4){15}}
\put(30,0){\line(3,4){15}}
\put(60,0){\line(-3,4){15}}
\put(60,0){\line(3,4){15}}

\put(11,7){$1114$}
\put(26,13){$1141$}
\put(41,7){$1411$}
\put(56,13){$4111$}

\put(-2,-4){\small $34$}
\put(28,-4){\small $16$}
\put(58,-4){\small $52$}
\put(13,22){\small $25$}
\put(43,22){\small $61$}
\put(73,22){\small $43$}

\put(12,-4){\small $124$}
\put(42,-4){\small $142$}
\put(27,22){\small $241$}
\put(57,22){\small $421$}

\put(3,9){\rotatebox{53}{\small $214$}}
\put(22,12){\rotatebox{307}{\small $115$}}
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\put(52,12){\rotatebox{307}{\small $511$}}
\put(63,9){\rotatebox{53}{\small $412$}}

\end{picture}
\end{center}
\caption{The complex $\Gamma$ corresponding to
the pointed knapsack partition $\{1,1,1,4,\underline{m}\}$.
In this figure the pointed part $\underline{m}$ has been omitted.
Observe the faces not on the boundary of $\Gamma$ correspond to
the set $V$.  Refer to Example~\ref{example_knapsack}.}
\end{figure}

A face $G$ is on the boundary of $\Gamma$
if and only if $G$ is contained in one of the hyperplanes
in~${\cal H}$.
In other words, $G$ is on the boundary of $\Gamma$
if and only if the corresponding pointed composition
$\vec{c} = (c_{1}, \ldots, c_{k-1}, \underline{m})$
has an entry $c_{i}$, $i<k$, such that
when $c_{i}$ is expressed uniquely as a sum of parts of $\lambda$,
two terms are equal.
In this case
the pointed composition $\vec{c}$ does not belong to the set $V$.

For a composition $\vec{c}$ let $G$ be the associated face in
$\Gamma$. Then we have that
$$    \mu(\hat{0},\vec{c})
    =
      \mu_{{\cal L}(\Gamma)}(G, \hat{1})
    =
      \left\{ \begin{array}{c l}
             0
                & \mbox{ if $G$ is on the boundary of $\Gamma$,} \\
             \widetilde{\chi}(\Gamma) = 0
                & \mbox{ if $G$ is the empty face,} \\
             (-1)^{\rho(G,\hat{1})}
                & \mbox{ otherwise,}
              \end{array} \right. $$
where the last step is Proposition~3.8.9 in~\cite{Stanley_EC_I},
proving the theorem.
\end{proof}

Combining Theorems~\ref{theorem_main}
and~\ref{theorem_M}, we have:
\begin{theorem}
Let $F$ be the filter in the
pointed integer partition poset
$I_{n}^{\bullet}$ generated by
the pointed knapsack partition
$\{\lambda,\underline{m}\}
   = \{\lambda_{1}, \ldots, \lambda_{p}, \underline{m}\}$
of the integer $n$.
Then the M\"obius function
$\mu(\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\})$
of the filter~$\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F)$
with a minimal element $\hat{0}$ adjoined
is given by
$$
 \mu(\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\})
      =
  (-1)^{p-1}
      \cdot
  \sum_{\vec{c} \in V} \beta(\vec{c})  ,  $$
that is, $(-1)^{p-1}$ times
the number of permutations in $\hbox{\german S}_{n}$
whose descent composition belongs to the set~$V$.
\label{theorem_three}
\end{theorem}

Observe that Corollary~\ref{corollary_Dowling}
is also a consequence of Theorem~\ref{theorem_three}
using
Example~\ref{example_knapsack_r_r}.
In this case the complex $\Gamma$ is a simplex.

\addtocounter{theorem}{-4}
\begin{continuation}
Let $F$ be the filter in $I_{n}^{\bullet}$ generated
by the pointed knapsack partition $\{1,1,1,4,\underline{m}\}$.
Then
\begin{eqnarray*}
  - \mu\left( \Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\} \right)
  & = &
      \beta(1,1,1,4,\underline{m}) + \beta(1,1,5,\underline{m}) + \beta(1,1,4,1,\underline{m}) \\
  &   &
    + \beta(1,5,1,\underline{m}) + \beta(1,4,1,1,\underline{m}) + \beta(5,1,1,\underline{m}) \\
  &   &
    + \beta(4,1,1,1,\underline{m}) .
\end{eqnarray*}
\end{continuation}
\addtocounter{theorem}{4}

\vspace*{-6mm}

\section{Concluding remarks}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

\vspace*{-1mm}

The poset $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$ raises many natural questions.
When the minimal elements of the filter $F$ have the same rank,
the poset $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$
is graded.  One may ask if this is a shellable poset.
Similarly,
for a general filter, that is,
when the minimal elements of the filter $F$ have different ranks,
the previous question extends to determining if
the order complex of $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$
is non-pure shellable~\cite{Bjorner_Wachs}.
In the case when the poset is
not shellable, can one still determine the homology groups
of the order complex?
One goal here is to obtain a bijective proof of
Theorem~\ref{theorem_three}.

The symmetric group $\hbox{\german S}_{n}$ acts on
the order complex of $\Pi_{n}^{\bullet}(F) \cup \{\hat{0}\}$.
This action is inherited by the homology groups.
Can this representation be determined?
When one considers a pointed knapsack partition
it is natural to conjecture that the poset is indeed
is shellable and hence the homology is concentrated
in the top homology.
Furthermore,
the dimension of the top homology is given by the
M\"obius function and
the action of the symmetric group is given by
the direct sum of Specht modules corresponding
to the skewpartitions associated with the compositions
in the set $V$.
For the pointed knapsack partition
$\{r, r, \ldots, r, \underline{r-1}\}$
corresponding to the $r$-divisible
lattice
(recall Corollary~\ref{corollary_r_divisible_lattice}),
this research program has been carried out.
See the papers~\cite{Calderbank_Hanlon_Robinson}
and~\cite{Wachs} and the references therein.

Finally, an enumerative question is to determine the number
of knapsack partitions of $n$.  This number
seems related to the prime factor decomposition of $n$.
Techniques from analytic number theory may be required.

\vspace*{-2mm}

\section*{Acknowledgments}

We thank the referee for many helpful comments
and the MIT Mathematics Department, where this paper was completed
during the authors' sabbatical year.

\vspace*{-1mm}

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\newcommand{\preprint}[3]{#1, #2, preprint #3.}

{\small

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


but another reached out for mine and held me dear.
of broken biscuits and loose buttons.
her lost hand warmed the bump I still have on the head.
I lost my mother's hand as a teenager in spite….
In spite of which it was always there.
and its rediscovery in a box of old photographs.