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Carbon footprint explained
A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent.[1] Greenhouse gases (GHGs), including carbon dioxide, can be emitted through land clearance and the production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, transportation and other services.[2]
In most cases, the total carbon footprint cannot be exactly calculated because of inadequate knowledge of and data about the complex interactions between contributing processes, including the influence of natural processes that store or release carbon dioxide. For this reason, Wright, Kemp, and Williams, have suggested to define the carbon footprint as:
Most of the carbon footprint emissions for the average U.S. household come from "indirect" sources, e.g. fuel burned to produce goods far away from the final consumer. These are distinguished from emissions which come from burning fuel directly in one's car or stove, commonly referred to as "direct" sources of the consumer's carbon footprint.[3] The concept name of the carbon footprint originates from ecological footprint, discussion,[4] which was developed by William E. Rees and Mathis Wackernagel in the 1990s. This accounting approach compares how much people demand compared to what the planet can renew. This allows to assess the number of "earths" that would be required if everyone on the planet consumed resources at the same level as the person calculating their ecological footprint. The carbon Footprint is one part of the ecological footprint. The carbon part was popularized by a large campaign of BP in 2005.[5] In 2007, carbon footprint was used as a measure of carbon emissions to develop the energy plan for City of Lynnwood, Washington. Carbon footprints are more focused than ecological footprints since they measure merely emissions of gases that cause climate change into the atmosphere.
Carbon footprint is one of a family of footprint indicators, which also includes water footprint and land footprint.
Measuring carbon footprints
An individual's, nation's, or organization's carbon footprint can be measured by undertaking a GHG emissions assessment, a life cycle assessment, or other calculative activities denoted as carbon accounting. Once the size of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to reduce it, e.g. by technological developments, energy efficiency improvements, better process and product management, changed Green Public or Private Procurement (GPP), carbon capture, consumption strategies, carbon offsetting and others.
For calculating personal carbon footprints, several free online carbon footprint calculators exist,[6] including a few supported by publicly available peer-reviewed data and calculations including the University of California, Berkeley's CoolClimate Network research consortium and CarbonStory.[7] [8] [9] These websites ask you to answer more or less detailed questions about your diet, transportation choices, home size, shopping and recreational activities, usage of electricity, heating, and heavy appliances such as dryers and refrigerators, and so on. The website then estimates your carbon footprint based on your answers to these questions. A systematic literature review was conducted to objectively determine the best way to calculate individual/household carbon footprints. This review identified 13 calculation principles and subsequently used the same principles to evaluate the 15 most popular online carbon footprint calculators. A recent study's results by Carnegie Mellon's Christopher Weber found that the calculation of carbon footprints for products is often filled with large uncertainties. The variables of owning electronic goods such as the production, shipment, and previous technology used to make that product, can make it difficult to create an accurate carbon footprint. It is important to question, and address the accuracy of Carbon Footprint techniques, especially due to its overwhelming popularity.[10]
Calculating the carbon footprint of an industry, product, or service is a complex task, as stated earlier. One tool industry uses is Life-cycle assessment (LCA), where carbon footprint may be one of many factors taken into consideration when assessing a product or service. The International Organization for Standardization has a standard called ISO 14040:2006 that has the framework for conducting an LCA study.[11] Another method is through the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, a set of standards for tracking GHG emissions.
It should also be noted that predicting the carbon footprint of a process is also possible through estimations using the above standards. By using Emission intensities/Carbon intensities and the estimated annual use of a fuel, chemical, or other inputs, the carbon footprint can be estimated while a process is being planned/designed.
Direct carbon emissions
Direct carbon emissions come from sources that are directly from the site that is producing a product. These emissions can also be referred to as scope 1 and scope 2 emissions.
Scope 1 emissions are emissions that are directly emitted from the site of the process or service.[12] An example for industry would be the emissions related to burning a fuel on site. On the individual level, emissions from personal vehicles or gas burning stoves would fall under scope 1.
Scope 2 emissions are the other emissions related to purchased electricity, heat, and/or steam used on site. In the US, the EPA has broken down electricity emission factors by state.[13]
Indirect carbon emissions
Indirect carbon emissions are emissions from sources upstream or downstream from the process being studied, also known as scope 3 emissions.[14]
Examples of upstream, indirect carbon emissions may include:[15]
Transportation of materials/fuels
Any energy used outside of the production facility
Wastes produced outside of the production facility
Examples of downstream, indirect carbon emissions may include:
Any end-of-life process or treatments
Product and waste transportation
Emissions associated with selling the product
Ways to reduce personal carbon footprint
See also: Individual action on climate change.
A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters found that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have one less child (58.6 tonnes CO2-equivalent per year), followed by living car-free (2.4 tonnes CO2-equivalent per year), forgoing air travel (1.6 tonnes CO2-equivalent per trans-Atlantic trip) and adopting a plant-based diet (0.8 tonnes CO2-equivalent per year).[16] The study also found that most government resources on climate change focus on actions that have a relatively modest effect on greenhouse gas emissions, and concludes that "a US family who chooses to have one fewer child would provide the same level of emissions reductions as 684 teenagers who choose to adopt comprehensive recycling for the rest of their lives".[17]
Another option is to drive less. Walking, biking, carpooling, mass transportation and combining trips result in burning less fuel and releasing fewer emissions into the atmosphere.
Choice of diet is a major influence on a person's carbon footprint. Animal sources of protein (especially red meat), rice (typically produced in high methane-emitting paddies), foods transported long distance and/or via fuel-inefficient transport (e.g., highly perishable produce flown long distance) and heavily processed and packaged foods are among the major contributors to a high carbon diet. Scientists at the University of Chicago have estimated[18] "that the average American diet – which derives 28% of its calories from animal foods – is responsible for approximately one and a half more tonnes of greenhouse gasses – as equivalents – per person, per year than a fully plant-based, or vegan, diet."[19] Their calculations suggest that even replacing one third of the animal protein in the average American's diet with plant protein (e.g., beans, grains) can reduce the diet's carbon footprint by half a tonne. Exchanging two thirds of the animal protein with plant protein is roughly equivalent to switching from a Toyota Camry to a Prius. Finally, throwing food out not only adds its associated carbon emissions to a person or household's footprint, it adds the emissions of transporting the wasted food to the garbage dump and the emissions of food decomposition, mostly in the form of the highly potent greenhouse gas, methane.
Options to reduce the carbon footprint of humans include Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse. This can be done by using reusable items such as thermoses for daily coffee or plastic containers for water and other cold beverages rather than disposable ones. If that option isn't available, it is best to properly recycle the disposable items after use.[20] . When one household recycles at least half of their household waste, they can save 1.2 tons of carbon dioxide annually.August 2019.
Yet another option for reducing the carbon footprint of humans is to use less air conditioning and heating in the home. By adding insulation to the walls and attic of one's home, and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows one can lower their heating costs more than 25 percent. Similarly, one can very inexpensively upgrade the "insulation" (clothing) worn by residents of the home.[21] For example, it's estimated that wearing a base layer of long underwear (top and bottom) made from a lightweight, super insulating fabric like microfleece (aka Polartec®, Capilene®) can conserve as much body heat as a full set of clothing, allowing a person to remain warm with the thermostat lowered by over 5 °C.[22] These measures all help because they reduce the amount of energy needed to heat and cool the house. One can also turn down the heat while sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Setting the thermostat just 2 degrees lower in winter and higher in summer could save about 1 ton of carbon dioxide each year.
The carbon handprint movement emphasizes individual forms of carbon offsetting, like using more public transportation or planting trees in deforested regions, to reduce one's carbon footprint and increase their "handprint."[23] [24]
Centre for Environment Education (CEE), Ahmedabad, India - a Centre of Excellence in Environmental Education has played a leading role in global efforts at strengthening the role of education in sustainable development over the years. The Handprint[25] concepts signifying positive action and commitment towards Sustainability was launched at one of CEE's conferences "The 4th International Conference on Environmental Education", in Ahmedabad, in 2007[26] . The Handprint is being used around the world to strengthen action towards fulfillment of the UN SDGs.
SDG Handprint Lab
SDG Handprint Lab of Centre for Environment Education (CEE) is an initiative that involves university students in direct Handprint action towards SDGs and targets through a unique pedagogy that makes them understand the complex and transdisciplinary nature of sustainable development in the context of local area sustainability issues. The programme builds a platform for discussion, and creates conditions for their active engagement and using their skills and knowledge to conduct research and executing Handprint activities. Exploring the themes of the SDGs is an excellent way to get the students to link their education and skill with real life problems in the wider community and environment.[27]
Ways to reduce industry's carbon footprint
A product, service, or company's carbon footprint can be affected by several factors including, but not limited to:
Offsite electricity generation
These factors can also change with location or industry. However, there are some general steps that can be taken to reduce carbon footprint on a larger scale.
In 2016, the EIA reported that in the US electricity is responsible for roughly 37% of Carbon Dioxide emissions, making it a potential target for reductions.[28] Possibly the cheapest way to do this is through energy efficiency improvements. The ACEEE reported that energy efficiency has the potential to save the US over 800 billion kWh per year, based on 2015 data.[29] Some potential options to increase energy efficiency include, but are not limited to:[30]
Insulation for large buildings and combustion chambers
Technology upgrades, ie different light sources, lower consumption machines
Carbon Footprints from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources.
Reforestation, the restocking of existing forests or woodlands that have previously been depleted, is an example of Carbon Offsetting, the counteracting of carbon dioxide emissions with an equivalent reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.[31] Carbon offsetting can reduce a companies overall carbon footprint by offering a carbon credit.
A life cycle or supply chain carbon footprint study can provide useful data which will help the business to identify specific and critical areas for improvement. By calculating or predicting a process' carbon footprint high emissions areas can be identified and steps can be taken to reduce in those areas.
Schemes to reduce carbon emissions: Kyoto Protocol, carbon offsetting, and certificates
Carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and the emissions of other GHGs, are often associated with the burning of fossil fuels, like natural gas, crude oil and coal. While this is harmful to the environment, carbon offsets can be purchased in an attempt to make up for these harmful effects.
The Kyoto Protocol defines legally binding targets and timetables for cutting the GHG emissions of industrialized countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Accordingly, from an economic or market perspective, one has to distinguish between a mandatory market and a voluntary market. Typical for both markets is the trade with emission certificates:
Certified Emission Reduction (CER)
Emission Reduction Unit (ERU)
Verified Emission Reduction (VER)
Mandatory market mechanisms
To reach the goals defined in the Kyoto Protocol, with the least economical costs, the following flexible mechanisms were introduced for the mandatory market:
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Joint Implementation (JI)
The CDM and JI mechanisms requirements for projects which create a supply of emission reduction instruments, while Emissions Trading allows those instruments to be sold on international markets.
Projects which are compliant with the requirements of the CDM mechanism generate Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs).
Projects which are compliant with the requirements of the JI mechanism generate Emission Reduction Units (ERUs).
The CERs and ERUs can then be sold through Emissions Trading. The demand for the CERs and ERUs being traded is driven by:
Shortfalls in national emission reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol.
Shortfalls amongst entities obligated under local emissions reduction schemes.
Nations which have failed to deliver their Kyoto emissions reductions obligations can enter Emissions Trading to purchase CERs and ERUs to cover their treaty shortfalls. Nations and groups of nations can also create local emission reduction schemes which place mandatory carbon dioxide emission targets on entities within their national boundaries. If the rules of a scheme allow, the obligated entities may be able to cover all or some of any reduction shortfalls by purchasing CERs and ERUs through Emissions Trading. While local emissions reduction schemes have no status under the Kyoto Protocol itself, they play a prominent role in creating the demand for CERs and ERUs, stimulating Emissions Trading and setting a market price for emissions.
A well-known mandatory local emissions trading scheme is the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS).
New changes are being made to the trading schemes. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme is set to make some new changes within the next year. The new changes will target the emissions produced by flight travel in and out of the European Union.[32]
Other nations are scheduled to start participating in Emissions Trading Schemes within the next few years. These nations include China, India and the United States.
Voluntary market mechanisms
In contrast to the strict rules set out for the mandatory market, the voluntary market provides companies with different options to acquire emissions reductions. A solution, comparable with those developed for the mandatory market, has been developed for the voluntary market, the Verified Emission Reductions (VER). This measure has the great advantage that the projects/activities are managed according to the quality standards set out for CDM/JI projects but the certificates provided are not registered by the governments of the host countries or the Executive Board of the UNO. As such, high quality VERs can be acquired at lower costs for the same project quality. However, at present VERs can not be used in the mandatory market.
The voluntary market in North America is divided between members of the Chicago Climate Exchange and the Over The Counter (OTC) market. The Chicago Climate Exchange is a voluntary yet legally binding cap-and-trade emission scheme whereby members commit to the capped emission reductions and must purchase allowances from other members or offset excess emissions. The OTC market does not involve a legally binding scheme and a wide array of buyers from the public and private spheres, as well as special events that want to go carbon neutral. Being carbon neutral refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or offset, or buying enough carbon credits to make up the difference.
There are project developers, wholesalers, brokers, and retailers, as well as carbon funds, in the voluntary market. Some businesses and nonprofits in the voluntary market encompass more than just one of the activities listed above. A report by Ecosystem Marketplace shows that carbon offset prices increase as it moves along the supply chain—from project developer to retailer.[33]
While some mandatory emission reduction schemes exclude forest projects, these projects flourish in the voluntary markets. A major criticism concerns the imprecise nature of GHG sequestration quantification methodologies for forestry projects. However, others note the community co-benefits that forestry projects foster.Project types in the voluntary market range from avoided deforestation, afforestation/reforestation, industrial gas sequestration, increased energy efficiency, fuel switching, methane capture from coal plants and livestock, and even renewable energy. Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) sold on the voluntary market are quite controversial due to additionality concerns.[34] Industrial Gas projects receive criticism because such projects only apply to large industrial plants that already have high fixed costs. Siphoning off industrial gas for sequestration is considered picking the low hanging fruit; which is why credits generated from industrial gas projects are the cheapest in the voluntary market.
The size and activity of the voluntary carbon market is difficult to measure. The most comprehensive report on the voluntary carbon markets to date was released by Ecosystem Marketplace and New Carbon Finance in July 2007.
ÆON of Japan is firstly approved by Japanese authority to indicate carbon footprint on three private brand goods in October 2009.
Average carbon footprint per person by country
According to The World Bank, the global average carbon footprint in 2014 was 4.97 metric tons CO2/cap.[35] The EU average for 2007 was about 13.8 tons CO2e/cap, whereas for the U.S., Luxembourg and Australia it was over 25 tons CO2e/cap. In 2017, the average for the USA was about 20 metric tons CO2e.
Mobility (driving, flying & small amount from public transit), shelter (electricity, heating, construction) and food are the most important consumption categories determining the carbon footprint of a person. In the EU, the carbon footprint of mobility is evenly split between direct emissions (e.g. from driving private cars) and emissions embodied in purchased products related to mobility (air transport service, emissions occurring during the production of cars and during the extraction of fuel).[36]
The carbon footprint of U.S. households is about 5 times greater than the global average. For most U.S. households the single most important action to reduce their carbon footprint is driving less or switching to a more efficient vehicle.[37]
The carbon footprints of energy
See main article: Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources.
The following table compares, from peer-reviewed studies of full life cycle emissions and from various other studies, the carbon footprint of various forms of energy generation: nuclear, hydro, coal, gas, solar cell, peat and wind generation technology.
Emission factors of common fuels
Fuel/
(Jth/Je)
Coal align=left B 91.50–91.72 2.62–2.85[38] 863–941
align=left Br 94.33 3.46 1,175
88 3.01 955[39]
Oil [40]
Natural gas align=left cc 68.20 − 577
align=left oc 68.4 751
align=left 599
power align=left T − 0–1
align=left T 91–122
Nuclear power align=left W 0.18 60
align=left W 0.20 65
Hydroelectricity (run of river)
Conc. solar power ±15
Note: 3.6 megajoules (MJ) = 1 kilowatt-hour (kW·h), thus 1g/MJ = 3.6g/kW·h.
B: Black coal (supercritical)–(new subcritical)
Br: Brown coal (new subcritical)
cc: combined cycle
oc: open cycle
TL: Low-temperature/closed-circuit (geothermal doublet)
TH: High-temperature/open-circuit
WL: Light water reactors
WH: Heavy water reactors, estimate.
These three studies thus concluded that hydroelectric, wind, and nuclear power produced the least CO2 per kilowatt-hour of any other electricity sources.These figures do not allow for emissions due to accidents or terrorism. Wind power and solar power, emit no carbon from the operation, but do leave a footprint during construction phase and maintenance during operation. Hydropower from reservoirs also has large footprints from initial removal of vegetation and ongoing methane (stream detritus decays anaerobically to methane in bottom of reservoir, rather than aerobically to CO2 if it had stayed in an unrestricted stream).[41]
The table above gives the carbon footprint per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated, which is about half the world's man-made CO2 output. The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint,[42] much lower than micro-power or heat pumps.
Coal production has been refined to greatly reduce carbon emissions; since the 1980s, the amount of energy used to produce a ton of steel has decreased by 50%.[43]
This section gives representative figures for the carbon footprint of the fuel burned by different transport types (not including the carbon footprints of the vehicles or related infrastructure themselves). The precise figures vary according to a wide range of factors.
See main article: Environmental impact of aviation.
Some representative figures for CO2 emissions are provided by LIPASTO's survey of average direct emissions (not accounting for high-altitude radiative effects) of airliners expressed as CO2 and CO2 equivalent per passenger kilometre:[44]
Domestic, short distance, less than 4630NaN0: 257 g/km CO2 or 259 g/km (14.7 oz/mile) CO2e
Long distance flights: 113 g/km CO2 or 114 g/km (6.5 oz/mile) CO2e
However, emissions per unit distance travelled is not necessarily the best indicator for the carbon footprint of air travel, because the distances covered are commonly longer than by other modes of travel. It is the total emissions for a trip that matters for a carbon footprint, not the merely rate of emissions. For example, a greatly more distant holiday destination may be chosen than if another mode of travel were used, because air travel makes the longer distance feasible in the limited time available.[45]
CO2 emissions per passenger-kilometre (pkm) for all road travel for 2011 in Europe as provided by the European Environment Agency:[46]
109g/kmCO2 (Figure 2)
For vehicles, average figures for CO2 emissions per kilometer for road travel for 2013 in Europe, normalized to the NEDC test cycle, are provided by the International Council on Clean Transportation:[47]
Newly registered passenger cars: 127gCO2/km
Hybrid-electric vehicles: 92gCO2/km
Light commercial vehicles (LCV): 175gCO2/km
Average figures for the United States are provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency,[48] based on the EPA Federal Test Procedure, for the following categories:
Passenger cars: 200gCO2/km (322g/mi)
Trucks: 280gCO2/km (450g/mi)
Combined: 229gCO2/km (369g/mi)
In 2005, the US company Amtrak's carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per passenger kilometre were 0.116 kg,[49] [50] about twice as high as the UK rail average (where much more of the system is electrified),[51] and about eight times a Finnish electric intercity train.[52]
Average carbon dioxide emissions by ferries per passenger-kilometre seem to be 0.12kg (00.26lb).[53] However, 18-knot ferries between Finland and Sweden produce 0.221kg (00.487lb) of CO2, with total emissions equalling a CO2 equivalent of 0.223kg (00.492lb), while 24–27-knot ferries between Finland and Estonia produce 0.396kg (00.873lb) of CO2 with total emissions equalling a CO2 equivalent of 0.4kg (00.9lb).[54]
The carbon footprints of products
Several organizations offer footprint calculators for public and corporate use, and several organizations have calculated carbon footprints of products.[55] The US Environmental Protection Agency has addressed paper, plastic (candy wrappers), glass, cans, computers, carpet and tires. Australia has addressed lumber and other building materials. Academics in Australia, Korea and the US have addressed paved roads. Companies, nonprofits and academics have addressed mailing letters and packages. Carnegie Mellon University has estimated the CO2 footprints of 46 large sectors of the economy in each of eight countries. Carnegie Mellon, Sweden and the Carbon Trust have addressed foods at home and in restaurants.
The Carbon Trust has worked with UK manufacturers on foods, shirts and detergents, introducing a CO2 label in March 2007. The label is intended to comply with a new British Publicly Available Specification (i.e. not a standard), PAS 2050,[56] and is being actively piloted by The Carbon Trust and various industrial partners.[57] As of August 2012 The Carbon Trust state they have measured 27,000 certifiable product carbon footprints.[58] Evaluating the package of some products is key to figuring out the carbon footprint.[59] The key way to determine a carbon footprint is to look at the materials used to make the item. For example, a juice carton is made of an aseptic carton, a beer can is made of aluminum, and some water bottles either made of glass or plastic. The larger the size, the larger the footprint will be.
See main article: Low carbon diet. In a 2014 study by Scarborough et al., the real-life diets of British people were surveyed and their dietary greenhouse gas footprints estimated.[60] Average dietary greenhouse-gas emissions per day (in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent) were:
7.19 for high meat-eaters
5.63 for medium meat-eaters
4.67 for low meat-eaters
3.91 for fish-eaters
3.81 for vegetarians
2.89 for vegans
The precise carbon footprint of different textiles varies considerably according to a wide range of factors. However, studies of textile production in Europe suggest the following carbon dioxide equivalent emissions footprints per kilo of textile at the point of purchase by a consumer:[61]
Cotton: 8
Nylon: 5.43
PET (e.g. synthetic fleece): 5.55
Wool: 5.48
Accounting for durability and energy required to wash and dry textile products, synthetic fabrics generally have a substantially lower carbon footprint than natural ones.[62]
The carbon footprint of materials (also known as embodied carbon) varies widely. The carbon footprint of many common materials can be found in the Inventory of Carbon & Energy database,[63] the GREET databases and models,[64] and LCA databases via openLCA Nexus[65]
Cement production and carbon footprint resulting from soil sealing was 8.0 Mg person−1 of total per capita CO2 emissions (Italy, year 2003); the balance between C loss due to soil sealing and C stocked in man-made infrastructures resulted in a net loss to the atmosphere, -0.6 Mg C ha−1 y−1.[66]
2000-watt society
Avoiding dangerous climate change
Carbon diet
Carbon intensity
Carbon literacy
Carbon lock-in
Climate footprint
Ecosharing
Energy neutral design
Enterprise carbon accounting
Environmental impact of aviation
Greenhouse debt
Greenhouse gas emissions accounting
Greenhouse gas inventory
Hyper-mobile travellers
Land footprint
List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita
List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita
Low carbon diet
Open Carbon World
Weighted average cost of carbon
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Bilek. Marcela. Hardy, Clarence. Lenzen, Manfred. Dey, Christopher. 2008. Life-cycle energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear energy: A review. yes. SLS. 49. 8. 2178–2199. https://web.archive.org/web/20091025164626/http://www.isa.org.usyd.edu.au/publications/documents/ISA_Nuclear_Report.pdf. 25 October 2009. 4 November 2009. dmy.
Fridleifsson. Ingvar B.. Bertani. Ruggero. Huenges. Ernst. Lund. John W.. Ragnarsson. Arni. Rybach. Ladislaus. 11 February 2008. The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. yes. Luebeck, Germany. 59–80. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030340/http://iga.igg.cnr.it/documenti/IGA/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf. 22 July 2011. 6 April 2009. IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources. O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin. dmy-all.
News: Strategic GHG reduction through the use of ground source heat pump technology. Hanova. J. 9 November 2007. Environmental Research Letters. 22 March 2009. IOP Publishing. Dowlatabadi. H. UK. 2. 044001 8pp. 10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/044001. 1748-9326.
Web site: Hydroelectricity. CO2List. 30 September 2013.
Web site: Carbon footprints of various sources of heat - CHPDH comes out lowest - Claverton Group. claverton-energy.com.
Book: Aldridge, Susan . Coal and Steel . Brenda Wilmoth Lerner . K. Lee Lerner . Thomas Riggs . Energy: In Context, vol. 1 . Gale . 2016 . 111–113 . 978-1-4103-1751-3 .
Web site: Average passenger aircraft emissions and energy consumption per passenger kilometre in Finland 2008. lipasto.vtt.fi. 3 July 2009.
Gössling S., Upham P. (2009). Climate change and aviation: Issues, challenges and solutions. EarthScan. 386pp.
Web site: Energy efficiency and specific CO2 emissions (TERM 027) - Assessment published Jan 2013. europa.eu.
Book: EU pocketbook 2014. theicct.org. 28.
Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2014 . October 2014 . yes . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131603/http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/fetrends/1975-2014/420r14023a.pdf . 2015-04-02 . EPA . EPA-420-R-14-023a.
Web site: table 1.1, figures from 2005. Cf. https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034836/http://www.buses.org/files/2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf. 15 May 2013. yes. dmy.
Web site: sheet 8, cell C33 (figures from 2002). 5 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20160112035414/http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls. 12 January 2016. yes.
Web site: figures from 2008–9.. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090324105139/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/pdf/rolling-c9-environ.pdf. 24 March 2009. yes. 23 November 2012.
Web site: figures for 2007. vtt.fi.
Web site: SOx and CO2 Emissions once again Hot Topic at Ferry Shipping Conference. Holthof. Philippe. 10 April 2009. Ferry Shipping Conference 08: Building Bridges in the Industry. 3.
Web site: Archived copy. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224329/http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/vesiliikennee/autolauttae.htm#. 19 July 2011. yes. 5 July 2014. dmy-all.
Web site: CO2 Released when Making & Using Products. 27 October 2009.
Web site: PAS 2050. bsigroup.com.
Web site: Certification - Carbon Trust. carbontrust.co.uk. https://web.archive.org/web/20080516033219/http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/carbon/briefing/carbon_label.htm. 16 May 2008. yes. dmy.
Web site: Footprint measurement. The Carbon Trust. 14 August 2012.
Pasqualino. Jorgelina. Meneses. Montse. Castells. Francesc. 1 April 2011. The carbon footprint and energy consumption of beverage packaging selection and disposal. Journal of Food Engineering. 103. 4. 357–365. 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.11.005.
Scarborough. Peter. Appleby. Paul N.. Mizdrak. Anja. Briggs. Adam D. M.. Travis. Ruth C.. Bradbury. Kathryn E.. Key. Timothy J.. 2014. Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Climatic Change. 125. 2. 179–192. 10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. 4372775. 25834298. 2014ClCh..125..179S.
Book: Berners-Lee, Mike. How Bad are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of Everything (London: Profile, 2010), pp. 93, 112 (table 6.1). 2010-12-09. 978-1847651822.
Book: Berners-Lee, Mike. How Bad are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of Everything (London: Profile, 2010), pp. 93-94. 2010-12-09. 978-1847651822.
G.P.Hammond and C.I.Jones (2011) Embodied energy and carbon footprint database
GREET databases GREET databases and models
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Scalenghe, R.. Malucelli, F.. Ungaro, F.. Perazzone, L.. Filippi, N.. Edwards, A.C.. 2011. Influence of 150 years of land use on anthropogenic and natural carbon stocks in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). Environmental Science & Technology. 45. 12. 5112–5117. 10.1021/es1039437. 21609007. 2011EnST...45.5112S.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Carbon footprint".


This is not a hotel it is more like a home for the family of St Philomena to stay at while visiting their Saint's earthly home. It is attached to the Sanctuary and gives direct access into the Church where the Sacred Altar of St Philomena is situated. The accommodation is of good basic quality, rooms have en-suite bathrooms, some have air conditioning with Southern Italian cuisine being served.
Meals and food served in the Pilgrims centre must be pre-arranged. There are restaurants and pizzeria's with in the town, the closest one is around a 15 minute walk and accessed by a walk down the hill leading to the sanctuary. Directions are available on arrival to the Pilgrims centre.
When arriving for the first time we ask that you check in within the opening hours detailed below. If you are not able to do this let us know in advance, we also need to know if you require a meal on arrival. When staying we ask that you are in before the Sanctuary closes, if you find that you will not be back in time please be courteous and telephone to advise when you expect to return, there is no problem with you doing this . These small details help us greatly.
Your booking helps support the Sanctuary.
As you consider a visit to the Sanctuary you will come to the earthly home of St. Philomena and we ask that you have a devotion or are interested in finding out more about our dear Saint.
Confessions by appointment in Italian only.
The Sanctuary consists of the main church with the Sacred Altar of St Philomena, a museum, devotional item shop and pilgrim center. The pilgrim center has been partly restored and can now host a pilgrimage of up to 50 devotees. The Rector of the Sanctuary, Msgr. Giovanni Braschi, has undertaken the work of the pilgrim center in order that the devotees who come from far and near can be close to St. Philomena in both body and spirit. He views the devotion to St. Philomena as one large family, the head of which is the Sanctuary and should be the home to all who come to visit. The section of the Sanctuary which has not been restored but will soon be with the help and support of donations by worldwide devotees, was once a convent and orphanage. There is a great deal of work and money needed for this section alone. It is the Rector's wish to restore it soon to be able to offer additional pilgrim rooms. There are still adaptations which need to be made to accommodate our devotees who have a handicap and who wish to visit the Sanctuary. There is also ongoing work creating the crypt of St. Philomena, which will be a replica of the catacombs and have the tile stones of St. Philomena laid out as they were when the tomb was discovered. More urgently, donations are required to repair the dome of the Sanctuary from water penetration. You can now see how much the Sanctuary is in need of your help in any way you can. The only funds supporting of the Sanctuary come through the sale of the devotional items, donations, Mass requests, pilgrim reservations and the help and support sent in by private devotees and the official devotional centers.


text:
O Ocarina
Commit e1732701
authored Jun 16, 2015 by yoogx
* Update licence to GPLv3 + runtime exception
For issue #43
parent 9d50953d
tests/test_ocarina_config/test_000.adb
View file @ e1732701
... @@ -6,28 +6,26 @@ ... @@ -6,28 +6,26 @@
-- B o d y --
-- Copyright (C) 2007, GET-Telecom Paris. --
-- Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Telecom ParisTech, 2010-2015 ESA & ISAE. --
-- Ocarina is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify --
-- Ocarina is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify under --
-- it under terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the --
-- terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Soft- --
-- Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any --
-- ware Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later ver- --
-- later version. Ocarina is distributed in the hope that it will be --
-- sion. Ocarina is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but --
-- useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of --
-- WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of --
-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General --
-- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. --
-- Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the --
-- GNU General Public License distributed with Ocarina; see file COPYING. --
-- As a special exception under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted --
-- If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth --
-- additional permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, --
-- Floor, Boston, MA 02111-1301, USA. --
-- version 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation. --
-- As a special exception, if other files instantiate generics from this --
-- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and --
-- unit, or you link this unit with other files to produce an executable, --
-- a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program; --
-- this unit does not by itself cause the resulting executable to be --
-- see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively. If not, see --
-- covered by the GNU General Public License. This exception does not --
-- <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. --
-- however invalidate any other reasons why the executable file might be --
-- covered by the GNU Public License. --
-- Ocarina is maintained by the TASTE project --
-- (taste-users@lists.tuxfamily.org) --
-- Ocarina is maintained by the Ocarina team --
-- (ocarina-users@listes.enst.fr) --
tests/test_ocarina_gpr/test_000.adb
tests/test_ocarina_gpr/test_000.gpr
-- P r o j e c t --

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tue, 26 March 2019
QUACKCAST 419 - The Rating Game
It's the rating game! Yeah!
This Quackcast was inspired by Emma Clare's newspost on Friday about rating levels. On Drunk Duck we have 4 rating levels so they're nice and simple: "E" for everyone, "T+" for teens, "M" for mature, and "A" for Adult! We talk about why ratings exist and how to use them.
But why do ratings exist? Well it's complicated actually…
The main reason is that all cultures have various taboos and things they consider inappropriate to be viewed in certain situations so most countries have ratings systems set up to cater to that. Ratings are partly used to restrict access to some material (eg. stopping children from seeing violent or sexually explicit content), and partly as a way of marketing material: ratings let people have a good idea of the content, so parents will snap up any child rated material for their children to see and adults will know that higher rated things will be more appealing to them. Ratings such as "NC17" and "MA+15" were invented so content creators could sneak in more of what adults want to see in films (sex and violence) and still avoid a higher more restrictive rating which would mean they have less of a market because there are less forums to display and advertise higher rated work.
Ratings on the duck
We only have four ratings levels. These are based on old style film ratings, we do this to try and avoid confusion. Higher ratings mean you have a lot more freedom in what you can show but less freedom in who you show it to: "A" rated work is ONLY visible to adults (not kids) who are logged into the site. Theduckwebcomics is one of the few webcomic hosting sites that allow creators to post very sexually explicit material. Work is self regulated, we expect creators to be responsible adults here. The rating of a comic can be changed by us upon request, but we prefer to ask the creator to do it themselves. Here are our ratings:
E: Everyone
Open to everybody. Non-offensive material in text or imagery. Appropriate for both children and adults.
T+: Teen
Content is suitable for teens or older. Mild violence, slightly mature themes. No obscenities, graphic violence, sex, or nudity.
M: Mature
Content contains mature themes that might not be suitable for children. May contain occasional obscenities, limited graphic violence, implied sex, mild nudity. No sexually explicit material, no graphic sexual acts, no Hentai, no unrelenting violence, or non-stop obscenities.
A: Adult
Content is sexually explicit, exceedingly violent, or an excess use of obscenities. Must be logged on to view.
This week Gunwallace has given us the theme to Blighted The Odyssey: The spirit of exploration, taking you far out into the deep black starlit ocean. St Elmo's fire glows around the mast and yards, swirls of glowing plankton cling and drift away from the sides of the hull as you venture further into the unknown, disappearing into the darkness…
Sunstrike and Bluemist An Origin Story - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/mar/18/featured-comic-sunstrike-and-bluemist-an-origin-story/
Emma Clare's ratings newspost - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/mar/21/rating-your-comic/
DD ratings list - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/about/
Blighted The Odyssey - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/Blighted_The_Odyssey/, by Alpharie, rated M.
Direct download: QUACKCAST_419_-_The_Rating_Game.mp3
QUACKCAST 418 - Many kinds of love
There are many kinds love. Love is a great thing to include in your story for all sorts of reasons: it's an easy way to develop characters, give a character something to strive for, it's universally relatable, You can use it for tension, all sorts of things! There are different kinds of relationships you can use as well, not just heterosexual or homosexual relationships and the common trope of showing the beginning of a relationship, you can show crushes, established relationships, platonic relationships, relationships collapsing and exes coming together.
For this topic we were loosely inspired by Tantz and Emma's great newsposts about romance and platonic love. We chat about luuuurv and tricks like lurv triangles!
This week Gunwallace has given us the theme to Angels of the Fallen. Break on into the other side, smash through the dimensional glass into a world of hot, tasty electro, spicy flamenco, and raw, roaring guitar! Get your body moving to these irresistible sounds. You won't be able to stop yourself.
Bunni and Carot - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/mar/12/featured-comic-bunni-and-carot/
Writing healthy romance - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/feb/28/writing-healthy-romance/
Platonic Freindships 1 - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/mar/01/platonic-friendship-part-1/
Platonic Freindships 2 - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/mar/08/building-platonic-friendships-part-2/
RIGHTEOUS, relationship webcomic - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/RIGHTEOUS/
Angels of the Fallen - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/Angels_of_the_Fallen/, by BustyLaroo, rated T.
Direct download: Quackcast-418-many-kinds-of-love.mp3
QUACKCAST 417 - Can we be better?
This is a big, awkward, contentious and fiery subject. What we're talking about in this Quackcast is the current phenomenon of social marketing and how it fuels and drives the "culture war", or "pop-culture war" to be more correct. Word-of-mouth and viral marketing are old hat now, Social Marketing is in.
But what is it?
Basically its word-of-mouth and viral marketing smashed together and weaponised: Marketing companies hijack hot-button social issues and hitch their client's brand to them in clever campaigns ("We can be better", etc). The purpose isn't really to make a brand seem progressive, modern or new, rather it's another way of getting it trending on social media that's guaranteed to work, unlike the legion of hit or miss but mostly failed "Viral" campaigns. Whether people say negative or positive things about this issue is irrelevant to the marketer, as long as people are talking about the brand is all that matters. Free advertising is the goal, but it has a social cost.
This has led to issues because the so called "culture wars" divide people in artificial ways. The way the social issues are presented in these campaigns is often overly simplified and so can sometimes be harmful to the issue itself. Fallout over community discussion can bring unwanted attention to the brand… People are random factors and can run with things in unexpected ways: actors can go off-message, people can get together and organise campaigns to review bomb things or even hound actors off-of social media, studios can get nervous and throw their weight around using their advertising budget (the threat of withholding it) as a bludgeon to kill websites…
So much for the theory, what are examples of social marketing?
A recent famous example was the "We can be better" video done for the razor company Gillette. The message was didactic and simplistically constructed, but what you'd expect from a marketing company. It was an enormous success though: it was fuel to the fire of the "culture-wars" and massively increased the profile of the Gillette brand. The campaign was trending on all social media, videos were made about it, blog posts, comments, rants, news articles and so on. The Gillette got far more than their money's worth with what they paid their marketing company.
The social marketing of recent movies, the Ghostbusters reboot and the new Captain Marvel film caused problems (not the films themselves). Social marketers wanted us to think they were socially progressive and politically aware, promoting female empowerment, when in reality they're simply big budget, well-produced mainstream entertainment, the same as any other. The social marketing added to their profiles but also caused them to become pawns in the culture wars: by advertising love or hate of them people signal allegiance to a raft of other social issues and positions.
Another early, but good example is the famous "Fearless Girl"
This is a bronze sculpture that was commissioned by an advertising company, its purpose was to market a new female focussed investment fund on Wall street. As an aesthetic piece of art it's awful, looking like a Disney figurine; pure ugly kitsch. It also unfairly re-contextualised the older Charging Bull statue which it was put in front of. It looked like the girl was bravely facing it down which made the bull an evil villain. The bull sculpture had been created by an artist to celebrate the vitality of and dynamism of American business culture while this new sculpture was essentially fake art, a marketing gimmick created by an advertising company. However the unintentional result was that the sculpture became an icon of female empowerment, far beyond the small scope of the investment fund it was promoting. Bad, false art that it was, it actually became a successful "Good" art piece because it resonated and communicated so well with people everywhere, albeit with a far different meaning than was originally intended. It's now world famous.
The problem with social marketing
Companies ARE made up of individuals and they can support whatever ideals they like, as they should. This can genuinely be reflected in the products of those companies, this is perfectly ok. The problem comes when marketers insert issues as an artificial layer as part of a marketing campaign. Progressive issues are too important to be hijacked by marketers.
The world is being divided more and more and the power of the individual is getting smaller, social marketing campaigns usually only exacerbate the problem. They hijack left-wing progressive issues and attempt to manipulate masses of people. They are not a genuine contribution to the cultural discussion, they aren't sincere, they are not organic, and they have more resources and a bigger voice so that they cause imbalance and contention. The web used to be a massive, chaotic, democratic morass, now it is dived amongst a much smaller number of media companies: Google, Apple, Facebook, Twitter etc, so that it's very easy for corporations to manipulate and attempt to control social sentiment while also shutting down the voice of the community.
How can we combat social marketing?
Calling out social marketing for what it is, that's a start: Recognise when something is attempting to manipulate you and instead of engaging with it ("This movie will be amazing because it's about this social issue!" or "This film is horrible because it's about this social issue!") say what it's really doing: "This film is no more an advocate for that social issue than any other, I will see it because I like the content. The marketing campaign attempting to promote it as socially aware is false and manipulative". But simply ignoring fake controversies the same way we do with viral ad campaigns is probably best.
Progressive people should not be fooled into thinking a corporate entity properly represents issues and nor should those who are against them. No one should be tricked into doing the work of a marketing company, you are not being paid and they don't deserve the free help.
This week Gunwallace has given us the theme to The Lightning Orb: Zaps, shocks, sparks, electrified plasma arcing through open air with the hot burning smell of fresh ozone… invisible pulses through flat gold wire circuits printed on green silicon as electrons are exchanged at almost the speed of light.
Redneck - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/mar/04/featured-comic-redneck/
Banes' newspost about Gag orders - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/feb/28/gag-orders/
Banes' comic strip We Can Do Better - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/jan/16/we-can-do-better/
Fearless Girl and the bull - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearless_Girl
The Lightning Orb - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/The_Lightning_Orb/, by AWilsonnn, rated T.
Direct download: QUACKCAST_417__-_Can_we_be_better.mp3
Tue, 5 March 2019
QUACKCAST 416 - Making cuts
The entire team is here this time, no one was cut… So we're chatting about CUTTING, as in cutting out scenes to make a story cleaner, leaner and less flabby, but also NOT cutting because in a webcomic you don't have to, and when you cut badly you end up with a "D movie" effect where story scenes don't follow, don't make sense and plots seem to go nowhere or happen for no reason.
In most stories you can cut out lots of bits and pieces and get a leaner, more streamlined result: the reason is that an audience will interpolate the missing information between two factors and create their own rationalisation for the events that lead from one to the other. Often this can get them a little more involved and invested in the story because of it. You can trick them into thinking it's a better, cleverer story than it is because they did some of the hard work themselves. Introductions and long establishing scenes can be cut, but also the "things" that happen between or lead up to something:
A murder for example. You don't need to show how it was done, just the intent to commit it and the discovery of the body the next day.
You have to be careful when you cut too much though because events and motivations will stop making meaningful sense and your story will turn to garbage as the structure begins to collapse. I'm sure we've all seen the DVD special features where scenes were cut to streamline the story and you realise WHY the finished product didn't quite make sense in its final form and that it would have been SO much better if they haven't cut that bit out…
Webcomics are a unique medium: they thrive on content. Commercial products have a lot of boundaries and rules they have to stick within, especially movies, so cutting content makes much more sense for them than it does for webcomics. But it's still an interesting thing to try, especially if you want to make your work more commercial in future, i.e. write it up as a screenplay, release it in 30 page printed issues, or even just go for a more cinematic feel.
Don't fall into the trap of pruning a story just for the sake of one element like "action" though, or because you want to rush from one scene to another. Stories benefit from having variation in the pacing. This is why action movies like Ronin and Diehard are so awesome: extreme action is beautifully contrasted and set up with slower scenes that let you take stock and rest (- https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/feb/22/the-action-non-action-ratio/ as in Tantz's newspost last week). The film Van Helsing was well made and entertaining but the breaks between the non-action parts were insufficient, meaning that the impact of the action suffered because of it.
You often hear on DVD commentaries "We cut this part because we thought it was diverting from the main plot" among other rationalisations… Well sometimes that works in film and sometimes it doesn't. Webcomics though often benefit from the freedom to explore side-plots so be careful what you choose to cut.
This week Gunwallace has given us the theme to Aikornia! Double, triple, contrabass, octobass cello! The big guns are coming to play for you now, ushering in the footsteps of doom. It's like the knight's dance from Romeo and Juliet by Prokofiev, but as if it were written for ents instead!
My Cute Wish - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/news/2019/feb/26/featured-comic-my-cute-wish/
Aikonia - https://www.theduckwebcomics.com/Aikonia/, by Aikonia, rated E.
Direct download: QUACKCAST_416_-_Making_cuts.mp3


Tim Maul: My first physical encounter with your work was with Rumpus room, across the river in Williamsburg, Brooklyn at Point B's exhibition space. My immediate reaction to the piece was a sense of almost Dada portability and of 'play'. (I am thinking of Duchamp's mutable, rubber Sculpture for traveling, 1918.) Residencies abroad have stymied several artists I know because they are denied access to the familiar in both their workspaces.
Maud Cotter: Your comment prompts fond memories of Williamsburg and the luxury of play in making Rumpus room. Thanks for the introduction to Duchamp's Sculpture for traveling – rubber strips cut from bathing caps, randomly assembled and extended with strings, what a brilliant piece. How did I miss it? Stitching oneself into a changing environment makes perfect sense to me. There is a weblike structure in Rumpus room that is woven together with magnets; this is portable, instantly achievable as a form, not unlike Sculpture for traveling, except that it has an element of self-assembly. It is a connector for me, via Rumpus room, with the changing context of the piece. Magnetism is a new conceptual glue for me, it feigns volition, it has its own impish behaviours, and preserves randomness within the piece. I love working with it.
I think the Dadaist reference is relevant as well: the disruption in Rumpus room is a wish to lift the room and its contents into a mercurial condition, away from the norm, suspending their function and meaning. Yes, Rumpus room carries a Dadaist gene. I like to think of it as an antechamber to the reinvention of how we see and function in the physical world.
As to the disruption of routine in the context of residencies, I think the act of change itself provides a stimulus to look at one's practice as though from a distance. That, to me, is a good place to be, a good place for decision-making and self-criticism. As for the workspace/ laptop scenario, I think of my laptop more as a useful tool; I have come to depend on it for a lot of storage and connection. This is invaluable. I don't think of it as my workspace; actual space, that active, live, relative entity is where I work.
MC: Perhaps the Romantic strain you picked up on is my attitude to material. I do not think of it as finite, something that is rationalised, measured, predictable and controlled. As a visual artist I preserve my right to see the world anew, and for that I could be labelled 'romantic'. One of the consequences of this is that my world is one of skepticism and wonder, odd bedfellows. Skeptical about "how things are going" , and yes, I still have a sense of wonder at the simplicity and beauty of the ordinary. As science unlocks ever-smaller processes – I am thinking of nano technology here – my wonder just extends to a micro level of consideration. I am reluctant to allow my visual universe to get streamlined by the complex of systems and measures within which we live. I cannot help thinking that when the world becomes even more speedily packaged and spent than it is now, decisions informed by individual vision will be one of the more valid ways forward.
As to the origins of Rumpus room, in 2008, while at the Art Fair in Miami, I visited the Wolfsonian Museum. There were two exhibitions on show, the first A Bittersweet decade; The New Deal in America, 1933-43, and the second American streamlined design, the world of tomorrow. Part of the American streamlined design show mentioned the invention of a space called the rumpus room.
TM: Rumpus room has several round stones balanced within it and includes two intricately formed structures that appear attached or 'caught' like kites in a tree – so it's 'look but don't touch'. One of the results of the popularity of the art context as family destination is the increased desire for children to interact with sculpture. In the post-minimal era choreographers produced installations and sculptors began to push material around in public. But back to Dada – I am sure that if confronted with Duchamp's Bicycle wheel (1913) in his studio that one couldn't resist setting it in motion – since a stool is central to Rumpus room would you agree that there is a performative reading to the piece?
MC: The round elements you refer to are egg shapes. I had about a dozen of them turned in wood with a view to using them as joints for the frame. When I unpacked them and allowed them to spill onto the studio floor, I liked the liquid feel they gave to it, so I left them rest in a languid fashion as they were. I also lifted one into an upper joint of the piece, as originally intended. They remind me of a piece by Anna Maria Maiolino, Entrevidas (on the margin of life) installation, 1981, where she is walking barefoot on a cobbled street through a field of eggs, a wonderfully tentative movement forward. I don't think that the tension of the floor in Rumpus room would be right without my considerably larger wooden eggs.
The shifting of weight from the physical elements of Rumpus room is an important part of the piece for me. The woven cardboard element is even more tentatively suspended, and is meant to convey a sense of vulnerability. I imagine interaction with the piece as a meeting place in the fabric of the piece and the fabric of the mind of the viewer. The participation and interaction of the two is a plastic interwoven space, more of "knots of relations (connections)" , than a physical relationship.
MC: Are we as artist up to the task of meeting the future? This is a big question, and one that I regularly ask myself. There are a number of issues within my practice that I think are relevant to these 'perilous times', and I believe that the work I make is worth the time and materials it takes to make it.
My work fits into making shifts in cultural attitude. We have to start at a micro level to enact profound change on a large scale. This focus of realising the unused potential of material by changing the meaning and pattern we attribute to it, is an important part of my work.
Enhancing our intellectual and physical connection to the material world is important.
The insistent waves of experiences that fill our days become more and more vividly commercial, neutralizing our sensitivity and creative energies.
The arts provide a live avenue of reconnection. I am a maker and have chosen to address the object, specifically the domestic object over the last few years. This is an attempt to shift the function and meaning of things at the heart of our everyday lives. This aesthetic process can strip down old meanings and add new ones, remake the given, a sort of aesthetic recycling. Within this idea lies the possibility of slowing down our rate of consumption and production, while formulating new values to govern how we live. Art is slow, well my kind of art is, but I think that the shift in thinking will need to take root in our personal lives and homes.
Another issue that is very much on my mind, and the motivation behind Fallen, one of the pieces from my last one-person show, is our potential to genetically design at a level and rate of change that is unprecedented.
The piece does not offer any answers, but suspends my anxiety around this issue, thereby posing some questions, perhaps giving rise to some discussion. The visual arts have the potential to raise questions in a very intimate and critical way. The nature and context of human intervention with an emphasis on the material world is my area of concern. Maybe a selected list of some of the pieces I have made to address this would provide an appropriate ending to this interview.
Things of no fixed meaning, 2000. Don't touch me, 2000. The evidence of things, 2002. More than anything, 2004. The Cat's pyjamas, 2004. Crying over spilt milk, 2006. Not the full story, 2006. Waiting for the future, 2007. Welcome to other forms of propagation, 2007. Objects in an act of survival, 2008. Console, with object that are no longer themselves, 2008. More than one way out, 2009. Falling, 2009. A gesture of belief in the built world, 2009. Rumpus Room, 2009.
Publication: all stuff is farce (this publication addresses the body of Cotter's work over the last five years, with contributions from Joseph R. Wolin and Matt Packer; it will be launched in New York in autumn 2010).


Building up your own business is not as easy as it seems from the outsider's point of view. It requires a lot of time, effort and money from the entrepreneur along with a "Never Give Up" attitude. If you think you have got a great business idea and you have enough funds or investors to get started with your business then to you must have a look at the following challenges that would definitely be faced by your startup.
Even if you are offering a product or service that is probably liked by most people you still need to have a specified set of people you would target initially. You can specify your initial target customer base on the basis of locality, gender or even their ability to pay. You should not try to up-sell your product to anyone and everyone as it will make you look a little desperate which is surely a negative for your brand identity.
You should always remember that finding a customer and retaining him are two different things. Mostly people would give you the opportunity to sell you a product or service as they would have some curiosity and a willingness to try on new things. But after the first purchase they would start comparing your product or service with the competitors and may not come back to you. So in such situations you should be ready to offer benefits like loyalty points and discounts to make the customers stick to your brand.
Every entrepreneur has to deal with some uncertainties for the initial years of his or her business as there are many things that can't be predicted. If you are thinking of starting up your own venture then you must not panic and should plan extensively to deal with uncertainties. For example: If you are not sure about the number of products that would be sold by you on a special occasion like Christmas then you must be cautious and keep some extra goods in stock so that your customers don't feel disappointed.
If you just started with your business after getting a business idea and funding, then you have missed a crucial stage as an entrepreneur. This stage includes learning about various aspects of business management. You must brush up your knowledge on legal aspects of starting a business along with knowledge on tax regulations of your city so that you don't end up unknowingly breaking a law. Remember nothing is worse for a startup's reputation than to be caught up in a legal tangle.
Most of the entrepreneurs perceive that the day to day operations of their business would always run smoothly and they will never deal with any major problem because they have meticulously planned everything. If you also believe in this perception then you may be wrong. Every business has to deal with contingency situations like lack of or delay in the supply of raw materials, irate customers, key people leaving the venture when there is a financial constraint in the business and so on. In most cases, these problems can't be predicted.


text:
package springInjectionExample;

class Inject {
  private String name;
  private int age;
  private String company;
  private String email;
  private String address;
 public void setAddress(String address) {
  this.address = address;
  }
  public void setCompany(String company) {
  this.company = company;
  }
 public void setEmail(String email) {
  this.email = email;
  }
  public void setAge(int age) {
  this.age = age;
  }
  public void setName(String name) {
  this.name = name;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
  return String.format("Name: %s\n" +
		  "Age: %d\n" +
		  "Address: %s\n" +
		  "Company: %s\n" +
		  "E-mail: %s",
		  this.name, this.age, this.address, this.company, this.email);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The 2008 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season. It was the 132nd season of play for the Quakers. The team was led by Al Bagnoli, in his 17th season as head coach. The Quakers played their home games at historic Franklin Field on the university campus in Philadelphia. Penn averaged 11,284 fans per game.

Schedule

References

Penn
Penn Quakers football seasons
Penn Quakers football

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Bloom's Art Blog
Explore A New World
The World's Weirdest Sculptures
Published by Arthur Waller on December 28, 2020
Sculptures can be found around the world, from residential homes to national museums. Most of them tend to be the normal fare: statues of people, sculptures of religious importance, and of nature. But there are some creations out there that are so out of the ordinary and bizarre that they tend to stop bystanders in their tracks.
Read MoreThe World's Weirdest Sculptures
The Story Behind The Venus De Milo
Next to the Mona Lisa, the Venus de Milo is the piece of art which draws people to the Louvre in the heart of Paris. But what is the story behind this incredible work of art?
Read MoreThe Story Behind The Venus De Milo
Well Known Paintings With Hidden Meanings
Artists are the true definition of the creative type, with their minds, passions, fears, doubts, and hearts sprawled across their canvases. And it's not that surprising to learn that an artist might add a hidden image or text to a piece that they're working on – as an expression of themselves, it makes sense that they would want their viewers to question every inch of their work.
Read MoreWell Known Paintings With Hidden Meanings
All You Need To Know About The Impressionists
Published by Arthur Waller on November 23, 2020
Having gotten its start with a group of artists who were based in Paris in the late 1800s, all art aficionados will be aware of the Impressionists and the significant contribution that they made to art as we know it today.
Read MoreAll You Need To Know About The Impressionists
5 Of The World's Most Famous Art Heists
The world has long admired priceless works of art in museums and galleries, so much so that they may have even had these pieces replicated or reprinted to add to their collection. This is a past-time more often experienced by the wealthy, although it's accessible enough for us ordinary folk too.
Read More5 Of The World's Most Famous Art Heists
Incredible Artists That Taught Themselves
Published by Arthur Waller on November 9, 2020
When we picture the great artists from throughout history, we tend to think of people that spent most of their early life being trained by some of the best masters of the time. The truth is, however, that many of these artists came from poor families that weren't able to afford this kind of training, meaning that they had to go out and do it on their own.
Read MoreIncredible Artists That Taught Themselves
Art Plundered By The Axis
World War 2 was arguably the most violent time in human history, where countless millions lost their lives, entire cities were destroyed, and humanity lost tremendous amounts of history and culture. In particular was the amount of artwork that was plundered during the reign of the Nazis and their war machine, where they took thousands of pieces from museums and collections from around Europe and locked them away for much of the conflict.
Read MoreArt Plundered By The Axis
Michelangelo – The World's Greatest Sculptor
While Leonard da Vinci is considered the greatest painter of all time, Michelangelo is considered by most historians to be the best sculptor that ever lived. His works, which are still admired to this day, changed the art world forever, spawning an entire wave of new artists that wanted to emulate the incredible pieces that he completed during his time.
Read MoreMichelangelo – The World's Greatest Sculptor
How To Become An Actor On Broadway
Published by Arthur Waller on October 27, 2020
Being a famous actor on Broadway is considered a true crowning achievement in a person's acting career. The strip of theatres in New York City have been home to countless well-known actors, many of which eventually moved on to the big screen to become common household names.
Read MoreHow To Become An Actor On Broadway
Famed Artworks That Were Never Completed
When we look at the world's most well known paintings, such as the Mona Lisa, we see a piece that must have taken countless hours to complete in its entirety. It's understood that a painting can't really be put into a museum until it has been finished, and that an incomplete piece of art will usually be locked away until later down the road.
Read MoreFamed Artworks That Were Never Completed


Did you know that our thoughts create our emotions? Since we have total control over our thoughts (I know it might not feel like it sometimes), you also have the power to start your day on a super positive note each and every day. Here are some ways to help you get in the right mindset and enjoy every day as it comes.
1. Go to sleep with your blinds or curtains halfway open.
That way, the natural light of the rising sun will send a signal to your brain to slow its production of melatonin and bump up its production of adrenaline, a signal that it's time to wake up. When the alarm goes off, you'll already be half awake. Even better: Go to bed early enough so that waking up when the sun shines through your window still gives you the recommended seven hours of shut-eye. If you maintain this routine, it's likely that you can start relying on your biological clock rather than an alarm clock.
This way, you don't have to jump out of bed and rush through your morning. You can begin your morning by lying in bed, slowly waking up. Stretching. Listening to the news headlines. Mentally clicking off what you're going to wear, what you're going to do, what you're going to have for breakfast. It's just as important to prepare yourself mentally as physically for your day. These few minutes in bed, before anyone else is up, are all yours.
3. Stretch every extremity for 15 seconds.
4. Stick a chair in the shower and sit in it.
Use one of those plastic chairs you can buy at any hardware store. Let it warm up under the spray for a minute, then sit in it and let the spray beat on your back. It's simultaneously relaxing and energizing, like getting a water massage. After a couple of minutes, you can swing the chair out of the way and commence with washing.
5. Read a motivational quote every morning.
Keep a multivitamin out on the kitchen counter right by the coffeepot so you remember to take one every morning. More than 20 years of research led to a major recommendation in one of the country's premier medical journals suggesting that every American take a multivitamin as part of a healthy lifestyle.
For truly relaxing mornings, reduce the number of choices and decisions you make to zero. Go about this two ways: First, make your morning decisions the night before: what clothes to wear, what breakfast to eat, what route to take to work, and so on. Second, routinize as much of your morning as possible. Really, there's no need to vary your breakfast, timetable, or bathroom ritual from one morning to the next.
8. Cuddle with your kids.
Few things are more stressful in the morning than waking up an overtired fifth grader or a snoring high schooler. Yet this is one of the few times you can catch your child still vulnerable. Sit on his bed and gently smooth his hair as you softly waken him. Or, if you're dealing with a very young child, lie beside him and gently hug him awake. Such a moment will send a quiet surge of joy through your entire day and will become all too rare in all too short a time.
9. Spend 5 to 10 minutes each morning listening to music or sitting on the deck or porch just thinking.
This allows the creative thinking that takes place during the night to gel and form into a plan of action, grounding you for the day.
10. Wake to the smell of coffee. Really great coffee.
Buy the absolute best coffee you can afford — fresh beans are preferred — and put twice the amount you've been using into your coffee maker, the one you bought specifically because it has an alarm that can be set to start brewing times. The strong scent of strong coffee will pull you out of bed like a fishhook in the back of your pajamas. Plus, if you're going the caffeine route, morning is the best time for it. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that acts in many ways like other stimulant drugs such as amphetamines, waking you up and increasing your muscular activity. Even better: A study of 18 men found that caffeine improved clear-headedness, happiness, and calmness, as well as the men's ability to perform on attention tests and to process information and solve problems.
11. Brush your tongue for one minute.
There's no better way to rid yourself of morning breath and begin your day minty fresh and clean. After all, more than 300 types of bacteria take up residence in your mouth every night. You think a quick brush over the teeth is going to vanquish them all?
12. Take a baby aspirin.
There. You've just significantly reduced your risk of a heart attack. In one study of 220,000 doctors, those who took an aspirin every day for five years slashed their heart attack risk nearly in half. Of course, check with your doctor first to make sure this is okay for you.
13. Use real sugar in your coffee, or drink a cup of orange juice.
When researchers at the University of Virginia tested the memories of healthy 60- to 80-year-olds, they found those who had a small amount of sugar in the morning (the experimenters compared sweetened to unsweetened lemonade) even before breakfast had better memory recall that day on into the following day. We're talking small amounts, however, about a teaspoon or less; so put down that doughnut.
14. Check your morning calendar.
This is the large calendar or white board you've hung in a prominent position in your kitchen. On it, you write everything you need to know for that particular day, from kids' activities to whether the guy is coming to service the furnace to whether it's time to pay bills. Check it out carefully while you sip that first cup of coffee or morning tea; it will help you structure your day in your mind and avoid the stressful effects of forgetting something important.
15. Swallow 500 mg of calcium citrate.
Your body is better at absorbing this form of calcium than the other commonly used form, calcium carbonate, found in antacids like Tums and Rolaids. You'll need at least another 500 mg before you go to bed.
16. Drink eight ounces of water.
You've been fasting all night and you wake each morning dehydrated.
17. Create a checklist for your kids.
If you don't have kids, skip this one. But if you do, this is a biggie. To cut down on morning chaos, hang a white board in the hallway or kitchen and list all the things that must be done before the kids can leave: brush teeth, eat breakfast, get backpack together, make bed, and so on. Have them check off or erase each item once it's completed. You can do the same thing with lists printed out from your computer. Set a consequence: If all items aren't checked off 5 minutes before you need to leave, there's no TV, PlayStation, dessert, or computer time that night.
18. Split up in the morning.
That means you use one bathroom and your partner uses another. Even if you are still madly in love, bathroom time should be private time. It makes for a calmer, less stressful start to your day.
We spend an average of about 12 minutes in the shower. That's fine when you're preparing for date night. But in the morning, you need to get in and out quickly. If you're not into showering the night before (we do understand about bed head) try using two-in-one products like a cleanser that both cleans and moisturizes or a combination shampoo and conditioner. When you wash your body, just hit the hot spots, i.e., your groin and underarms. Everything else can just be rinsed off. The health benefit: reducing stress by saving time.
20. Prepare an emergency outfit in your closet.
Include socks, jewelry, hose, etc., so on those mornings when you sleep through the alarm or simply need an extra 10 minutes, you can just pluck it off the hanger and go.
Start with an oversized, 100 percent cotton bath sheet for maximum blotting. Towel-dry your hair and let it air-dry while you do your makeup or put on your underwear. Then, if you use a blow-dryer, make it a high-energy one, at least 1,600 watts. Anything else is just wasting precious time.
22. Hop on the treadmill for 30 minutes.
Studies find that people who work out in the morning are more likely to stick with their exercise regimen because they get it out of the way and don't have all day to come up with diversions and excuses. Plus, you will produce endorphins that will last most of the day.
23.Kiss all the people you love in your house (including the dog and cat) before you leave.


text:
Aus Open: Nadal crashes out in second round
Reigning men's singles champion Rafael Nadal crashed out of the Australian Open in the second round. The 22-time Grand Slam winner was labouring with injury in a straight-sets loss to American Mackenzie McDonald at Rod Laver Arena on Wednesday.
Rafael Nadal I AP
Melbourne: Reigning men's singles champion Rafael Nadal crashed out of the Australian Open in the second round. The 22-time Grand Slam winner was labouring with injury in a straight-sets loss to American Mackenzie McDonald at Rod Laver Arena on Wednesday.
Nadal was trailing 4-6, 3-5 when he took a medical time-out after moving to his left to chase a forehand and pulled up in pain with an apparent upper left leg injury.
The 36-year-old Spaniard returned to play out the match but he was clearly not 100 per cent physically fit for the rest of the match and McDonald wrapped up the win 6-4, 6-4, 7-5 in two hours and 32 minutes.
McDonald did not shy away from Nadal's forehand and the Spaniard was not able to consistently put the World No. 65 on the back foot. The American hit 42 winners to just 22 unforced errors to earn the biggest win of his career.
"I'm really happy with how I started that match. I thought I was playing really well, serving great, returning well too. I was really taking it to him," McDonald said after the match. "It was actually pretty tough to stay mentally engaged a little bit there, but I found a way to just pull it out, so I'm happy."
"He's an incredible champion. He's never going to give up, regardless of the situation. Closing it out against a top guy like that is always tough."
McDonald will face the winner of Wednesday's match between Japanese 31st seed Yoshihito Nishioka and Czech qualifier Dalibor Svrcina in the third round on Friday. IANS
Melbourne: Reigning men's singles champion ...
Kerala to become global wedding-honeymoon destination, tourism dept launches ...


Heart shaped red sequins and liquid filled acrylic block with large branding area. Available as plain stock or assembled with a printed insert to one side.
White snow effect liquid filled block with large branding area. Can be supplied as plain stock or assembled with a printed insert to one side.


text:
Q: Can I write a Spark UDF to connect to Oracle Database using spark SQL? Basically, I need to connect to the Oracle Database from the UDF
(param) -> {
                Dataset<Row> df =  spark.read().format("jdbc")
                             .option("driver",driver)
                             .option("url", url).option("user", username)
                             .option("password", password)
                             .option("dbtable", query)
                             .load();
                       String val  = df.select(select fun(param));
                       return val;
    }, DataTypes.StringType);

My select query will make a call to the DB function and returns a varchar

A: You can check the below example if it solves your requirement.
val transform: SparkSession => DataFrame = (spark: SparkSession) => spark.read.format("jdbc")
   .option("driver",driver)
   .option("url", url)
   .option("user", username)
   .option("password", password)
   .option("dbtable", "employee.payroll")
   .load()
  transform(spark).select("name").show()

+----+
|name|
+----+
| ROB|
| VAN|
+----+

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Argentina: the road behind and the road ahead
During 2016, Argentina's foreign policy has been focused on re-establishing its ties with the world and strengthening its insertion into the international arena, stepping up its commitment to address the main global challenges. A review of the path followed by Argentina in 2016 and of the challenges that lie ahead in 2017 helps understand Argentina's international positioning.
The current year has been extremely dynamic for Argentina in terms of foreign policy. The country has focused its actions on repositioning itself as a relevant member of the international community, taking a proactive role in addressing important topics on the global agenda, and strengthening its ties with the main countries of the region and with the rest of the world.
The re-establishment of ties with the United States and Europe and the ratification of China's role as a strategic partner are examples of Argentina's new foreign policy strategy. Additional actions such as the visits of presidents Barack Obama, François Hollande, and Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, in addition to President Mauricio Macri's visit to Germany and the People's Republic of China to participate in the G20 Summit, are proof of this new strategy.
In addition Argentina has launched specific initiatives to strengthen its ties with Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. Among such actions, the re-launch of the National Committee on Asia-Pacific should be underlined.
At the multilateral level, during 2016 Argentina has reaffirmed its commitment to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the main agreement at global level aimed at improving living conditions for the next 15 years. Argentina also signed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and participated in the COP 22 —held in November in Marrakech, Morocco—, thus committing itself to the fight against climate change. Furthermore, Argentina participated in the Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), in which it committed to promoting more integrated cities and better living conditions for their inhabitants.
Argentina's support for the nuclear disarmament initiative "International Partnership for Nuclear Disarmament Verification" is proof of the country's commitment to non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and of the efforts to continue working towards total, verifiable, transparent, and irreversible nuclear disarmament.
As far as investment and trade promotion is concerned, the first edition of the "Argentina Business and Investment Forum" in Buenos Aires marked a milestone in Argentina's comeback to international markets. The forum was attended by senior executives of foreign companies and representatives of foreign government agencies.
At the regional level, Argentina took actions to strengthen economic integration with MERCOSUR and promote its relations with the European Union and EFTA, as well as with the Pacific Alliance, Korea and Japan, among others. The country was also recognized as observer State in the Pacific Alliance and it participated for the first time in such capacity in the last Summit of the Alliance.
In relation to the Question of the Malvinas Islands, Argentina has maintained its claim before the relevant international organizations concerning the usurpation of the islands by the United Kingdom, ratifying its sovereignty and affirming that the recovery of the islands through peaceful means —in keeping with international law and considering the interests of their inhabitants— is a permanent and non-renounceable goal for Argentina.
2016 has been a very busy year at the international level, and 2017 presents itself as a period of even greater challenges. One clear example is the organization of the 11th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, which will be held in Buenos Aires in December 2017. Argentina will use the opportunity to strengthen multilateralism and facilitate specific agreements concerning the new rules governing world trade.
Furthermore, in 2017 Argentina will draw the attention of the international community with three important events to be held in Buenos Aires: the World Economic Forum for Latin America in April; Argentina's Pro Tempore Presidency of MERCOSUR during the first half of the year; and the World Telecommunication Development Conference of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in October.
Over the course of 2017, Argentina will consolidate the work it began in 2016, opening itself up and integrating globally in such a way as to contribute to the development and well-being of its people.