text:
This was done
The Roman fort
Story of a discovery
Porta do Xurés
Virtual reconstructions
The Headquarters
The Via Nova
Gates of the Fort
The Barracks
The Horrea
How were Roman roads built? - AquisQuerquennis 3D
How were Roman roads built?
Aquis3D 15 May, 2020 No Comments
Construction of a Roman road, such as the Via Nova.
Before the arrival of the Romans on the Iberian Peninsula and to other regions in Europe, there were no proper roads per se. Perhaps small roads for livestock linking native villages, but little else.
The Roman administration planned the construction of roads only in territories where they had full control, that is, over previously conquered and pacified territories. It is a traditional mistake of historiography to consider road construction as associated with military conquest. Indeed, military engineers constructed occasionally for certain tactical manoeuvres during a battle (e.g. bridges were built to cross rivers, which were then dismantled). However, road construction in the commercial sense was always associated with political planning. There are many Roman roads with inscriptions alluding to certain military legions; however, this does not necessarily mean the road was built by them, as it could very well have been a route simply subject to military administration.
The construction of roads was planned directly from Rome, as it was a matter of strategic importance. The most important ones were the paved ones, and were built and maintained by the State, with the collaboration of cities and owners of the land they crossed. They are called Viae Publicae, public roads, and could have widths of up to 12 metres. Management of the roads was directed by the curator viarum, a state official in charge of the execution of the work, according to a project, as well as of its conservation and repair.
Expert builders always designed the roads according to one fundamental aspect: the longitudinal slope. As vehicles were animal-drawn, an excessive slope would be disastrous for the easy movement of loads. Roman technicians always observed a maximum slope of 8%, and only this high when strictly necessary: in specific cases and for very short sections.
If high points needed to have their slopes lowered, terrain was cleared so that the road was carved out and flanked by slopes (as if it were embedded in the mountain).
Construction techniques:
The first thing to be determined was to lay out the route. This work was assigned to a mensor, the Roman equivalent of surveyors. Once all the measurements had been taken, the mensors indicated the route using milestones and construction was begun, by felling those trees that hindered the path along the route.
The structure of a Roman road
The process of building a Roman road was as follows:
Deforestation of the area where the road was planned.
Levelling: flattening of the surface or terrain.
Demarcation of the road surface: The width of the road was bounded by the construction of kerbs that ran the entire length of the road.
Foundation: In the area between the kerbs, which would be the road itself, there was rough stone, called Herisson, creating a solid, resistant layer that could bear the weight of the traffic that was going to pass over it (e.g. military troops and carriages of merchandise). This layer of rough stones kept the road from being damaged or cracked and from having to be repaired frequently.
Intermediate layers: A sand or gravel filling was spread over the foundation layer, in one or several layers that gradually decreased in thickness as it rose to the most superficial. After each filling, each of the layers was stamped down with sand or gravel filling.
Surface course: This was the final road surface coating of preferably rammed, rounded boulders mixed with sand. Fine-grained materials were also used, such as uncrushed aggregate or natural granite sand. This type of tread allowed for smooth movement, which minimised damage to the wheels of goods wagons or the fittings of horses and battle tanks used by the army. In major cities or roads, the surfaces were paved or laid out with unevenly hewn stones.
The importance of each city depended on its level of accessibility, that is, the degree of centrality within the network of other cities. The exceptional road network allowed speeds of 30 km/day to be reached for marches on foot; and this speed could be doubled when those who were travelling on it were soldiers moving from one point of the empire to another, or if a horse-drawn vehicle was used, such as a carriage or a wagon.
Mutatio: Stops used to rest and service animals used as transport.
As the Roman Empire began to fall, the roads were still used, but there was no maintenance or management of them (the largest construction works, such as bridges, would be in ruins). In medieval times, technical improvements were rare; we would have to wait until the 18th century, when measures were again taken to promote the construction of new roads within the different states of Europe.
You can watch this interesting video made by Arqueomanía to learn more about these constructions:
Aquis Querquennis 3D – Our Project
The Roman camp: A little history
Aquis Architecture (I): Construction and defensive system
Aquis Architecture (II): Main quarters, hospital and granary.
Aquis Architecture (III): Soldiers' barracks, workshops, areas outside the walls and towns.
The Aquis Querquennis 3D project is part of the activities to be carried out by the Diputación de Ourense for the revitalization of the Gerês-Xurés Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (RBTGX), through the Gerês-Xurês Dinámico project, a project co-financed at 75% by the INTERREG VA Spain-Portugal Program (POCTEP) 2014-2020 through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER).
This website has been co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through POCTEP. Opinions are the sole responsibility of the author who issues them.
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Home | U.S. & Worldwide Offices | Staff
Kurt Shultz
Senior Director of Global Strategies
Kurt Shultz is the senior director of global strategies for the U.S. Grains Council, a non-profit organization that promotes the global use of U.S. barley, corn, sorghum and related products including ethanol and distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS).
In this role, Shultz is responsible for the development of long-term planning in support of the Council's domestic and international operations. He oversees strategic planning, program evaluation and special projects, among other assignments.
Shultz joined the Council in 1999 at the headquarters in Washington, D.C., as the manager of international operations for the offices based in Latin America, Africa and the Mediterranean and the Middle East. In addition, he managed the Council's Latin America marketing program activities upon the closure of the regional office in 2001.
In 2003, Shultz assumed the position of regional director for the Council's office in Africa and the Mediterranean, based in Tunis, Tunisia. Shultz later served as the regional director of the Americas, based in Panama, where he was responsible for carrying out market development and trade activities in the Western Hemisphere on behalf of the feed grains and export community.
Prior to joining the Council, Shultz was a senior environmental health and safety specialist with the University of Florida; a senior agricultural research technician with the University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Research Station; and a Peace Corps volunteer in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where he was a freshwater fisheries extension agent.
Shultz received his bachelor's degree in animal science from the University of California, Davis, and later received his master's in business administration from the University of the Virgin Islands.
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Mail us : info@ahrcusa.org
About AHRC
AHRC Executive Board Members
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U.S. Prisions Fact Sheet
American Human Rights Council > Reports
Reports on Human Rights around the World
Human rights organizations publish annual reports and special reports on specific pressing human rights situations.
Amnesty International Report 2013
Governments are using the excuse of 'internal affairs' in shameful attempts to block concerted international action to resolve human rights emergencies.
http://amnesty.org/en/annual-report/2013
Two years into the Arab Spring, much of the excitement of the early days of protest has waned and frustration at the slow pace of change has set in. Those now in power face a daunting task: building rights-respecting democracies that uphold the rule of law and protect the rights of all citizens, even those who are unpopular and suppressed. Governments that support human rights have an important role to play in this critical, transitional period by providing critical, principled support to post-authoritarian regimes to ensure that the promise of the Arab Spring is realized.
http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) produces an extensive range of publications on a variety of topics related to human rights, which provides information of interest to Governments, national institutions, civil society, the general public and the media. The goal of OHCHR's publications programme is to increase knowledge and raise awareness about human rights and fundamental freedoms, and to publicize ways of promoting and protecting them worldwide. OHCHR publications also aim to encourage debate on human rights issues under discussion at the United Nations.
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/PublicationsResources/Pages/Publications.aspx
US State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013
The US State Department's Annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices survey the situation of human rights around the world (outside of the United States).
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper
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Mexican drug kingpin Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzmán Loera has been found guilty on all counts, according to reports.
El Chapo did not offer a reaction during the reading of the verdict and now faces a mandatory sentence of life in prison.
On his way out of the courtroom after his fate was decided, the murderer smiled and waved at his wife, then blew her a kiss. She smiled back and touched her hand to her heart.
The jury deliberated for about 34 hours over their six-day stint.
Naturally, El Chapo's attorneys are unhappy with the verdict.
El Chapo was jailed several times in Mexico but escaped each and every time until his last apprehension. Mexican authorities finally tacitly admitted that they were unable to deliver justice to the drug lord and agreed to extradite the killer to the U.S. for trial.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Toroidal fluid configurations around black holes, known as thick accretion
disks, have been suggested as models of quasars, other active galactic
nuclei, and some X-ray binaries. Recently they have also assumed an
important role in cosmological models of
$\gamma$-ray bursts based on the merging of two neutron stars.
A rather simple mathematical class of
such configurations has been introduced by Fishbone \& Moncrief
(1976), Fishbone (1977), and fully
described analytically by the Warsaw group: Abramowicz, Jaroszy\'nski \&
Sikora (1978), Kozlowski, Jaroszy\'nski \& Abramowicz (1978),
Jaroszy\'nski, Abramowicz \& Paczy\'nski (1980), and Paczy\'nski \& Wiita
(1980). In the last paper, a very practical and accurate Newtonian model
for the gravitational field of a non-rotating black hole, known as the
Paczy\'nski-Wiita potential, was introduced.

The question of stability of such configurations
attracted considerable attention, because it
was recognized that some types of instability could have very direct, and
quite interesting, astrophysical consequences. Obviously, for the same
reason as in the Newton theory, the essentially {\it local\/} Rayleigh
criterion for dynamical stability with respect to axially symmetric local
perturbations demands that the specific angular momentum $l$ should
increase with the distance $R$ from the axis of rotation (Seguin 1975).
Even the Rayleigh-stable tori with $\mbox{d}l/\mbox{d}R>0$ are
dynamically unstable in the
presence of a weak magnetic field (Balbus \& Hawley 1991). The
Balbus-Hawley instability does not destroy the large scale structure of
tori, but instead drives a local turbulence which induces viscosity that
is needed for accretion to occur. Much more threatening for the global
structure was the important discovery by Papaloizou \& Pringle (1987)
that all {\it non-accreting\/} tori are unstable to global
non-axisymmetric perturbations. The consequences of this brilliant work
have been studied by numerous authors, and the present view is that even a
very modest mass loss due to accretion may be sufficient to stabilize the
Papaloizou-Pringle modes (Blaes 1988). Also, it has been
shown that the self-gravity of the disk has a stabilizing effect
(Goodman \& Narayan 1988).

\section{The runaway instability}

A general feature of fluid distribution around a black hole,
is the existence of a self-crossing equipotential surface, similar
to the Roche lobe in binary systems. The circle at which it crosses
itself is called the cusp. The material inside the Roche lobe
is gravitationally bound and only in such a case
is equilibrium possible. Those configurations
that just fill their Roche lobes are
marginally bound and thus could be called critical.
The location of the cusp and the shape of the
relativistic Roche lobe is determined by the combined gravitational
potential of the black hole and the torus, and by the centrifugal
potential due to the disc rotation.

For critical tori, when a small amount of material is accreting
into the hole, a natural question arises (Abramowicz, Calvani \& Nobili 1983):
is the torus stable with respect to the transfer of mass
through its cusp-like inner edge?  To
answer this question, one must determine the new position of the cusp,
the shape of the Roche lobe, and the new equilibrium for the
torus. If the relativistic
Roche lobe shrinks sufficiently enough, matter which was bounded
before the mass transfer will
become unbounded, falling catastrophically into
the hole on a dynamical time scale. This is the runaway instability.
A full answer to the question about the conditions
for the runaway instability to occur is far more difficult
than was originally imagined, and is still unknown today.
The claim by Abramowicz et
al.\ (1983) that sufficiently massive $l={\rm{const}}$ tori are all runaway
unstable, was based on an approximate model in which the gravitational
field of the central black hole was modeled by the Paczy\'nski-Wiita
potential. The self-gravity of the torus was included using Newtonian
gravity. However, using
the Kerr metric for the black hole, but ignoring the self-gravity
of the torus, Wilson
(1984) demonstrated that the {\em{non self-gravitating}\/} tori do not
suffer from the runaway instability.  The reason is that
accreting matter delivers not only mass but also angular
momentum to the black hole in such a way that the ratio $a/M$
(dimensionless specific angular momentum of the black hole)
remains approximatively constant thereby leaving
unchanged the structure of the space time. By applying another approach (a
Newtonian model of a rotating
black hole--ring system) Khanna \& Chakrabarti (1992)
confirmed however that self-gravitating rings are runaway unstable.

It is  obvious that the situation is complex because the self-gravity makes
tori runaway unstable, while rotation of the central black hole
stabilizes them. Thus, both effects are important and neither can be
neglected. To clarify the issue, Nishida et al.\ (1997), using numerically
constructed full general-relativistic models of self-gravitating tori
with $l={\rm{const}}$ found that those that are sufficiently massive
(the ratio ${m_{_{\rm{D}}}}={M_{_{\rm{D}}}}/MBH>0.1$ of the disc mass ${M_{_{\rm{D}}}}$ to the central
black-hole mass ${M}$) are runaway unstable {\em{always}}.
These authors pointed out
that the runaway instability introduces an acute difficulty for the
recently considered models for $\gamma$-ray bursts based on the merging
of two neutron stars by making the lifetime of the torus
(which is a product of the merging) too short to provide
enough energy to power the burst.

Most recently, however, Daigne \& Mochkovitch (1997) made an important
discovery that a non-zero gradient of the angular momentum distribution
inside the torus has a strong stabilizing effect. They used models of non
self-gravitating tori and the Paczy\'nski-Wiita potential to describe the black
hole. In this case, after the mass transfer, the angular momentum content
in the innermost part of the resulting configuration is higher and
therefore provides a stronger gravitational barrier
preventing catastrophic runaway accretion.

To verify that such a stabilizing effect is also present in full general
relativistic regime, one should study the stability of
equilibrium configurations
constructed self-consistently, in a similar way as in Lanza
(1992) and Nishida \& Eriguchi (1994) but for a non-constant
distribution of angular momentum.
Constructing general-relativistic equilibrium configurations with
an arbitrary Eulerian rotation law is not
particularly difficult. Explicit analytic models with general
Eulerian radial
distribution of angular momentum, $l\equiv l(R)$ (for example with a
power-law $l\propto{R^{q}}$) have been constructed by Jaroszy\'nski et al.\
(1978), and later used by Kuwahara (1988), Chakrabarti (1991), and others.
If the equation of state is fixed, each particular model in this class
is determined by the ratio ${m_{_{\rm{D}}}}$ of the disc mass ${M_{_{\rm{D}}}}$ to the central
black-hole mass ${M}$ and by the location of its inner radius.
However, since we want to study the stability of
a torus that is accreting axisymmetrically, it is
necessary to mimic the process by means of a quasi-stationary
sequence of equilibria along which the Lagrangian distribution of
angular momentum per baryon  $j(m)$ is conserved.
From a numerical point of view
this is a difficult task. Already in Newtonian theory finding equilibria
with a given Lagrangian angular momentum distribution demands
a non trivial effort (Ostriker \& Marck 1968, Daigne \& Mochkovitch
1997). The self-consistent
iteration between the Einstein field equations and the equation describing
the equilibrium of matter is complicated by the fact that the assumed
distribution of the angular momentum depends on the Lagrangian coordinate
$m$, whereas the field equations are expressed in terms of Eulerian
coordinates (e.g.\ Kozlowski et al.\ 1978).
(Of course, this problem would disappear if we had spherical
symmetry, since in this case one could easily rewrite Einstein equations
in terms of $m$.) Moreover, in general relativity,
the surfaces where the
specific angular momentum is constant (von Zeipel surfaces) do
not have a trivial cylindrical structure $R={\rm{const}}$,
as in Newtonian theory, but must be determined iteratively.
Their shape is more complicated, given as an
implicit function ${\cal{R}}(R,\theta)={\rm{const}}$, and it is changed
during accretion. This fact is essential for construction of the tori.
It is convenient therefore to explore such complicated iterative techniques
first in a simpler approximation before solving the full problem.

In this Note we have solved a particular technical problem that is
necessary to obtain the full solution, namely we established a method of
finding non self-gravitating equilibria with a given Lagrangian
distribution of angular momentum in general relativity.
Apart from a
straightforward replacement of Newtonian formulae by corresponding
relativistic expressions, the major difference and difficulty in studying
relativistic test-fluid tori which we have faced in this work follows from
the fact that the structure of von Zeipel surfaces is not given a-priori
and must be determined iteratively.

\section{Numerical procedure}

We assume that the spacetime is axially symmetric, stationary,
and described by the Kerr metric $g_{\mu\nu}$
in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates $\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}$
(geometric units with $c=G=1$ in usual notation).
The metric is parameterized by
the black-hole mass ${M}$ and its specific angular momentum $a/{M}$.
The torus is described by a relativistic polytrope
which relates the pressure $P$ to the density of material $\rho$:
$P=\kappa\rho^\gamma$ with $\kappa$ and $\gamma$ constant
(Tooper 1965). The corresponding energy density
$\epsilon=\rho+P/(\gamma-1)$ is related to the energy per
unit mass ${\cal{E}}=(P+\epsilon)\rho^{-1}u_t$ and
to Lagrangian angular-momentum density $j={\cal{E}}l$
($u_t$ denotes the time-component of the four-velocity of the fluid;
cf.\ Kozlowski et al.\ 1978).

\begin{figure}
 \epsfxsize=\hsize
 \centering
 \mbox{\epsfbox{run.eps}}
 \caption{Illustration of the iterative procedure for constructing a model
 of the torus with a prescribed mass. See text for details.
 \label{fig1}}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \epsfxsize=\hsize
 \centering
 \mbox{\epsfbox{qa.eps}}
 \caption{Shading indicates the region in space of parameters
$(q,a/{M})$ in which the tori filling their
Roche lobes are runaway unstable with respect to small
overflow. Dark-shaded area
corresponds to the initial mass of the torus ${M_{_{\rm{D}}}}=0.36M_\odot$,
light-shaded area
refers to ${M_{_{\rm{D}}}}=0.18M_\odot$. Black-hole rotation has apparently
a stabilizing effect. The horizontal line at $q=0.07$ indicates
where the stability boundary is located in the corresponding
pseudo-Newtonian
analysis of Daigne \& Mochkovitch (1997). See text for details.
 \label{fig2}}
\end{figure}

First, an initial critical configuration is constructed, given
the parameters ${M_{_{\rm{D}}}}$, ${M}$, $a$, $\kappa$, and $\gamma$.
The starting  angular-momentum distribution is specified as a power-law
$l\propto{\cal{R}}^q$ with $q\geq0$ constant. The
model is then  determined by  the above-given parameters,
in particular the inner and the outer edges,
and the centre of the torus where the pressure is maximum.
The matter distribution inside the disc is calculated and expressed
in terms of a spline-interpolated function of the von Zeipel coordinate,
$m({\cal{R}})$, where $m({\cal{R}}(r_{\rm{in}}))=0$
and normalisation guarantees
$m({\cal{R}}(r_{\rm{out}}))=1$ at the outer edge. Also the Lagrangian
angular-momentum density
$j$ is expressed as a normalised spline-interpolated function:
${\cal{I}}\equiv{\cal{I}}({\cal{R}})$, $0\leq{\cal{I}}\leq1$.
This initial configuration
is computed with a pre-determined accuracy of ${M_{_{\rm{D}}}}$.
Figure \ref{fig1} illustrates the above-described iterative procedure.
 Each bundle of the curves
 corresponds to a set of surfaces
 with the inner edge fixed and increasing resolution (the effect
 of improving resolution is clearly visible). Construction of the
 models is terminated when the mass of the torus is determined with
 accuracy better than a
 pre-determined value, typicaly $0.1\%$. Location of the inner edge
 is then changed (another bundle of the curves)
 and the code iterates again, producing another configuration
 with a different mass of the torus.
 The whole procedure is repeated (five times in this example)
 with the inner edge bounded
 between the marginally bound and the marginally stable orbits.
 Iterations are terminated when
 the torus has a right mass. The final configuration is
 indicated by shading.

Now we assume that a small amount of material contained near the cusp, between
$r_{\rm{in}}$ and $r_{\rm{in}}+\delta{r_{\rm{in}}}$, is transferred
throughout the cusp to the black hole. The mass ratio ${m_{_{\rm{D}}}}\equiv{{M_{_{\rm{D}}}}/{M}}$
is decreased by $\delta{m_{_{\rm{D}}}}$, typicaly of the order of one percent,
while the angular-momentum parameter of the black hole is changed by
a corresponding value, $\delta{m_{_{\rm{D}}}}{l(r_{\rm{in}})}$. The distribution
of $j$ is conserved during the process of accretion:
$j^\prime(m^\prime)=j(m)$ (primes denote new quantities, after the mass
transfer). The next iteration  starts with a guess for the new function
$l_0^\prime=j^\prime/{\cal{E}}$. The inner edge of the new
critical configuration
is iterated until a configuration with the required ${m_{_{\rm{D}}}}$ is found; at each
iteration $l_0^\prime$ is also updated, so that the final $r^\prime_{\rm{in}}$
and $l^\prime({\cal{R}})$ are known only when convergence has been reached.
This updating induces a corresponding change of the von Zeipel
surfaces, ${\cal{R}}(r,\theta)\rightarrow{\cal{R}}^\prime(r,\theta)$
which provides however only a minor modification and is visible
near the inner edge.
At convergence then one can verify whether the inner edge of the new critical
surface has moved.
If $r_{\rm{in}}+\delta{r_{\rm{in}}}>r^\prime_{\rm{in}}$, then the new
configuration is unstable since the crossing equipotential has shrunk.

\section{Results and Conclusions}
We have adopted the same values of the starting parameters
as Daigne \& Mochkovitch (1997): ${M}=2.44\,M_\odot$,
$\gamma=4/3$, $\kappa=0.5\times10^{15}$ (cgs),
corresponding to the models of presumed massive
tori which are formed in neutron star mergers. The mass of the torus was
chosen to be ${M_{_{\rm{D}}}}=0.36\,M_\odot$ and ${M_{_{\rm{D}}}}=0.18\,M_\odot$, $\delta{m_{_{\rm{D}}}}=1\%$.
We assumed that the torus corotates with the black hole. Figure \ref{fig2}
illustrates the results of the calculation, namely the boundary between
stable and unstable configurations in the plane of parameters
$(q,a/{M})$ of the initial configuration. It can be seen that
{\em{}increasing $q$ and increasing $a/{M}$ both stabilize the
configuration. This is the main result of our present note.}
The boundary between stability and instability is positioned at roughly
the same value of $q$ as found by Daigne \& Mochkovitch (1997)
in their work. The difference is factor of 2 which cannot be considered
too large given the approximate nature of the Paczy\'nski-Wiita
potential and the difference in the iterative procedures.
Naturally, Daigne \& Mochkovitch
could not explore the dependence on $a/M$ which does not appear
in the Paczy\'nski-Wiita potential they adopted.
The horizontal line in Fig. \ref{fig2} indicates
where the boundary is located in the corresponding
analysis of Daigne \& Mochkovitch with ${M_{_{\rm{D}}}}=0.36\,M_\odot$ when
pseudo-Newtonian radial coordinate is formally identified with
Boyer-Lindquist $r$ in our analysis.

It remains to be discussed how self-gravity of the disc
affects this criterion of stability of the accretion process,
and what is the interplay between effects of a rotating
black hole and a self-gravitating torus within full general relativity
(work in progress).

\begin{acknowledgements}
We acknowledge clarifying discussions with F.~Daigne.
V.\,K. thanks for hospitality of the International School for
Advanced Studies in Trieste and support from the grant
GAUK-36/97 of the Charles University in Prague.
\end{acknowledgements}

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text:
Law scholar Akhil Reed Amar to discuss upcoming challenges for the Bill of Rights
by Delaney Van Wey	on July 26, 2017 1.43K views
Although Akhil Reed Amar is a constitutional originalist, he recognizes that change will happen.
Amar will talk about the future of a major aspect of the Constitution — the Bill of Rights — at 10:45 a.m. Thursday in the Amphitheater as part of Week Five's morning lecture theme, "The Supreme Court: At a Tipping Point?" Amar, who is Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science at Yale University, is one of the United States' five most-cited legal scholars under the age of 60.
"The Bill of Rights stands as the high temple of our constitutional order — America's Parthenon — and yet we lack a clear view of it," Amar wrote in his book The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction.
As an originalist, Amar believes that constitutional interpreters should build on the Constitution as it was originally understood when drafted and ratified, he wrote in a March 18 article in The New York Times.
His book recognizes, though, that the modern understanding of the Bill of Rights was really created in the 1860s during Reconstruction. He will explore how the set of amendments might be interpreted for the modern era during his lecture Thursday.
Amar has repeatedly said that Americans are not as familiar with the Constitution as they should be. In an Aug. 25, 2016, interview with Time magazine, he said the average American doesn't understand the Constitution "at all," which is "a shame" because it was meant to be read by the people.
Despite this negative outlook, Amar hasn't stopped trying to help people understand the Constitution. He teaches an extremely popular undergraduate course on constitutional law at Yale, and can frequently be found with multiple copies of the Constitution in his pocket so he can give them away.
This passion and effort have led to a significant body of scholarly work — including seven books — and recognition for Amar. Supreme Court justices of varying ideologies have also favorably cited his ideas in more than 30 cases.
Amar's work hasn't escaped the notice of Chautauqua Institution. Sherra Babcock, vice president and Emily and Richard Smucker Chair for Education, said her department knew they wanted to book Amar as soon as they decided they wanted to address the Bill of Rights because he knows it best. He also delivered the Robert H. Jackson Lecture on the Supreme Court of the United States in 2014.
The department, in partnership with the National Constitution Center, chose to address the Bill of Rights because it is set to be heavily debated in the coming years, Babcock said. She added that they asked Amar and the other speakers to talk about these challenges in the short term because the Supreme Court is at a tipping point right now due to the death of Antonin Scalia and the potential retirement of a few other justices.
Babcock said Amar is squeezing in his lecture between classes at Yale this summer. She said he is driving from New Haven, Connecticut, immediately following a class and will drive back for another right after his lecture Thursday.
"He's really making the effort to be here and we're just thrilled because he was our No. 1 choice for this topic," Babcock said.
Tags : Akhil Reed AmarBill of RightsConstitutionmorning lectureSupreme CourtWeek FiveYale
Symphony Notes for Week Five (Thursday)
Rev. Jacqui Lewis to discuss why we should take care of our neighbors
The author Delaney Van Wey
Delaney Van Wey is reporting on the Interfaith Lecture Series this summer. Although she is from Gowanda, this is her first time at Chautauqua Institution. She is studying journalism and international relations at Syracuse University, where she previously worked as assistant news editor at The Daily Orange. Contact her at dovanwey@syr.edu or on Twitter, @DelaneyVanWey.
Smithsonian curator Curtis talks need for non-white narratives in museums
'We' the People: Ariana Curtis to Speak on Race and Gender in Museum Studies
Bird Runningwater Spotlights Importance of Indigenous Filmmakers and Stories
Runningwater to Talk Sundance Indigenous Program in Lecture
Harvard Professor Sarah Lewis Examines Representation in, and Power of, Art and Images


The query designer in PowerPivot has a few limitations that require the manual modification of the MDX query to get data that are often needed to create a PowerPivot model that compares data from cube with data from other sources (like Excel workbooks or external databases). For example, it is not possible to import the attribute key (the MDX query designer import just the attribute description). These limitations can be overcome by modifying the cube structure, but the point is that a well-designed cube following all the existing best practices results in a hard to use data source for PowerPivot, because it is not easy to import some data that are usually hidden in PivotTables, but important to create a model that relates data from different sources.
It is not so clear how to import just a dimension without any measure. When you select some attributes from a dimension without selecting any measure, you get a message like the one shown in Figure 1.
However, it is not clear that it is sufficient to click on the "Show Empty Cells" button (which is pressed in Figure 2) to show import all the data from a dimension without any measure. While this is clear for a BI developer, it is not intuitive for the Excel user who is trying to import data in PowerPivot.
A possible improvement could be a suggestion in the message shown in Figure 1, by adding the message "Enable Show Empty Cells to import dimension without measures" on the row below "No rows found. Click to execute the query".
A well-designed cube uses the attribute key to store the application key of an item. Sometimes it could be the surrogate key of the lower granularity item of a dimension (this is the case of the Product dimension in Adventure Works, which is not a best practice in cube design even because the application key is not exposed in any dimension attribute in that sample cube). In this way, end user browsing data in PivotTable only sees descriptive information, while all the MDX queries generated underneath make use of the attribute keys to uniquely identify dimension members. With the introduction of PowerPivot, having access to these "internal" data (like the product code, the key for a sales zone and so on) becomes fundamental to make the user able to merge data coming from different sources. It is often the case that the description (like product name) might have some differences in different systems, while the key (like product code) is likely identical even on different systems.
There are a number of scenario where it could be interesting to merge data from different cubes. More generally, it is also interesting to merge data from a cube with data coming from other sources (not only from Analysis Services). A typical example is to compare sales of products with reparations made on the same products. PowerPivot seemed the best way to do that, but the safest way to relate data was using the product code, which is identical in both data sources. Unfortunately, the sales cube does not expose this information because it is used in the attribute key of the Product attribute, just as Adventure Works does.
A possible workaround would be to include the MEMBER_KEY in properties dimension of the query that is created by the designer. Manually adding this clause in the MDX query inhibits any further use of the designer for the same query. Unfortunately, it is hard to explain to Excel users how to make this modification in a safe way for any MDX query. A best workaround would be the automatic creation of calculated members that displays the desired key. A user can do that by hand, but the skill required to write the right formula is still advanced, like the calculated member necessary to display the product key in Adventure Works that you can see in Figure 3.
At the minimum, the creation of such calculated members could be handled by a wizard included in the query designer. The result of using the new calculated member is shown in Figure 4.
A good wizard would also propose valid names (like Key<attributename>) for calculated measures used to import item keys. But until we don't get new versions of PowerPivot, you might consider adding attributes to existing dimension just to expose the keys you need to make the relationship with data from other sources.
When you import ragged hierarchies, the MDX generated by the query designer doesn't show members that are hidden in the lowest levels of the hierarchy. For example, consider the hierarchy Sales Territory which is shown in Figure 5: the ragged hierarchy only browse data up to a certain level, depending on the data that are excluded by the Hide Member If condition.
Now, if you try to import this same hierarchy in the MDX query designer, you can only see rows corresponding to hierarchies which don't hide any member at any level. As you can see in Figure 6, only the North America group is imported in this way.
A possible workaround is to include the single attributes in the dimension without any hierarchy, importing them instead of hierarchy levels, as you can see in Figure 7. However, this requires a change in model design, which is not something that the Excel user can do.
Another workaround is to manually change the generated MDX: each hierarchy level corresponds to an attribute, which can be invisible in metadata showed to the user. Thus, knowing the right name of the underlying attribute, it is possible to create the MDX query by hand, but this is not something that an Excel user can do without any help by the IT department.
The result produced by this MDX query is shown in Figure 8: as you can see, the result is not really the same as in Figure 7, but it might be good enough in many cases (PowerPivot calculated columns can be used to fix the NULL values in Region and the missing NA row can be ignored in PowerPivot, since it is automatically added for unrelated data in PivotTable).
This MDX query is not something that an Excel user will never write, but it could be eventually implemented in MDX generation to handle these special cases. Of course, this is just another suggestion for future improvements of PowerPivot.


text:
Trump's EPA Chief Scott Pruitt Is Now Under Investigation – Could Face Jail time
The Trump administration's fraudulent runaway train is gaining speed towards the cliff of impeachment. One more scandal is threatening another Trump team member after the Oklahoma Bar Association has launched an investigation into an ethics complaint filed against Environmental Protection Agency chief Scott Pruitt.
The complaint accuses Pruitt of breaching Oklahoma Rules of Professional Conduct by misrepresenting the facts when he told a Senate committee at his confirmation hearing that he did not use a personal email address to conduct business while attorney general of Oklahoma, reported KSWO-TV.
It seems that lying under oath is the Trump administration's Modus Operandi. Court documents released through an Open Records Act lawsuit in Oklahoma appear to contradict sworn testimony from Pruitt, the state's former attorney general.
"It appears that Mr. Pruitt misrepresented material facts that bore on the Senate committee's analysis of Mr. Pruitt's fitness to serve as EPA Administrator," states the complaint, filed last week by the nonprofit Center for Biological Diversity, which works to protect endangered species, and University of Oklahoma law professor Kristen van de Biezenbos.
Emails released as part of the lawsuit include a message from an executive of the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers association to Pruitt's me.com address, asking him to use his position as the state's attorney general to help roll back renewable fuel standards set by the Obama administration, according to a statement from the Center for Biological Diversity.
"We have … opened this matter for investigation," said a letter from the bar to van de Biezenbos dated Tuesday. "After the matter has been fully investigated, your grievance and the response of [Pruitt's] attorney will be presented to the Professional Responsibility Commission."
Attorney Amy Atwood from the Center for Biological Diversity said in a statement that she was "very pleased" about the investigation, the Huffington Post reported.
"Lying to Congress is a serious ethical breach, and it doesn't help that Pruitt's use of private emails reflect potential collusion with the very oil and gas industry he's now supposed to be regulating," she said. "He could face jail time if the allegation is proven true."
Pruitt has not commented on the investigation nor on the complaint, according to the report.
Related Topicscorruptionenvironmentepafeaturedgovernment
What Is Nunes Hiding? Top Democrat Set On Probing White House Officials To Get Answers
TAKE A LOOK!: Tina Fey ROASTED Trump And Pence Last Night At ACLU Telethon And It's Hilarious


I find it an interesting coincidence they settled once the AAF unfolded to good ratings. I imagine Kaepernick knew he was going to get hounded with questions like, "If you feel teams are refusing to sign you, then why not play in the AAF?"
Nevermind the fact he turned down the Broncos, but we're not supposed to know that.
I find it an interesting coincidence they settled once the AFL unfolded to good ratings. I imagine Kaepernick knew he was going to get hounded with questions like, "If you feel teams are refusing to sign you, then why not play in the AFL?"
I knew I'd do that, lol. Edited.
i dont believe that writers 100 million claim.
I saw reports that he got $80 mil from the NFL. They don't hand out that kind of money unless they did something wrong.
The NFL has to maintain the right to not sign a player of the owners don't want him. No matter what the reason is.
I think everybody understands the 'tweet heat' that comes down on any team that signs Colin.
The NFL has to maintain the right to not sign a player of the owners don't want him.
Paying him $80 million in a settlement is admitting some wrongdoing. That is quite a bit of money.
Give me $1 million dollars and I will keep my two cents in my pocket. If you refuse, I will never shut up about how you've pretty much admitted that Kap was right.
What do you suspect the NFL did wrong? Eric Reid got paid off too and he just signed a new contract with the Panthers. Sometimes it is just better and cheaper to pay than to let it play out in the court of public opinion.
Paying him $80 million in a settlement is admitting some wrong doing. That is quite a bit of money.
Its a lot of money for Colin but not for the NFL.
Going to trial and losing is losing.
Any team that signed Colin would have undergone a firestorm of 'tweets' and negative comments from outside the league. Understandably. No team wanted that.
So they paid Colin what he would have earned for about 4 seasons as a QB.
The NFL should have the right not to sign someone who would brings controversy.
By settling the case out of court, they avoided losing and setting a precedent that future controversial players can sue to be employed in the league. No league wants that.
Colin got paid. Its a win for everybody and nobody lost the right to do anything.
What do you suspect the NFL did wrong?
Sometimes it is just better and cheaper to pay than to let it play out in the court of public opinion.
You don't settle out of court unless either there's a chance you're going to lose in court, or you're going to win but there's stuff you don't want becoming public in court.
So the NFL was either wrong, or going to be super embarrassed by something the owners said becoming public.
The NFL has lost many times. What makes this different? The NFL does not just give out that much money that easily. Look how long it took them to settle on the case brought on by those who are claiming football-related brain injuries.
They settled this one relatively quickly. It seems that the NFL did not want some information (whatever evidence Kaepernick had) to become public.
Wow, he essentially got franchise QB money for the last few years he's missed.
The NFL settled because there was a chance they would lose in court.
Just seems unlikely to win a collusion case since Kaep opted out of his contract then turned down at least two other contract offers. As far as Eric Reid, he signed a new deal before this settlement.
As I said earlier, it was in the NFL's best interest to settle now, with no wrongdoing, than to string it out and win in court.
The difference is: the NFL cant set a precedent that a controversial player sues them to be in the league when none of the owners want the controversy. They don't want that door opened.
'face of the franchise' as the QB is.
Controversy would surround the team. Every day Tweets and political comments.
We all know how it would be. The Bears wouldn't want that.
NFL owners didn't have to conspire to blackball Colin.
They didnt want him because of the non football attention he would bring, Especially playing QB.
The NFL cant prove they didn't conspire against him even though probably didnt.
$80 mil is great for Colin. Its nickels and dimes for the NFL.
And the next controversial player has no legal precedent to sue the NFL.
You don't settle to give someone $80 mil unless you did something wrong. They didn't explicitly admit to anything, but if they really didn't do anything wrong, they wouldn't have settled. The NFL, and any employer for that matter, has the right to not employ an individual, but for whatever reason. That's the whole basis of this case. The NFL does not have the right to not sign a player because of his political beliefs.
Like I said above, you don't pay someone $80 mil to settle unless you know you did something wrong. There's definitely something going on behind the scenes that the NFL didn't want exposed, so they settled. That could be anything.
Kaepernick is an attention seeking hate monger who deserves all the flak he gets, and deserves to be unsigned by all teams.
Why does he deserve to be unsigned? He's not an elite QB, but he brings a lot to the table. He doesn't throw a lot of picks and he can run as well as. You really want to claim that he doesn't deserve to be on an NFL roster, but Nathan Peterman or Blake Bortles do?
I thought the settlement was confidential. Where did the reports show it was 80 million?
Colin K or Kareem Hunt?
Politics have no place in the workplace, and instead of being discreet about it, he's being as loudmouthed about it as he tries to. And on top of that, manages to swindle $60-80 million from the league for it when he didn't earn that money from the fruits of his own labor.
Businesses do it everyday. It's cheaper just to settle than to pay lawyers millions of dollars to take it through the court system.
Having attorneys on retainer does not mean the lawyers work for that amount.
Plus you have to remember how much the courts systems rake in for having the trials put on in their system. That is above the lawyers fees.
Lawsuits and settlements are the biggest rip offs in history. Everyone involved has their hands in the pie.
With all due respect jvan, I don't think you know how much lawyers and the court systems charge and make.
If 80 million was the number Kaepernick may get 20 million.
Right now a top consulting lawyer makes over $2,000.00 per hour.
Then why doesn't that apply to the owners/GMs? If politics have no place in the workplace, then shouldn't the owners and GMs ignore his politics and sign him regardless? Furthermore, he didn't "swindle" the league. He was treated unfairly and discriminated against, so the league had to compensate him for their own wrongdoing.
The cost to the NFL for the settlement is 80 million. It doesn't matter how much of that Kap will get.
One example is trucking companies. They pay off lawsuits everyday because it's cheaper to payoff than to have their insurance rates go high enough to put them out of business.
Remember this is a sue you sue me world now.
It would have been cheaper for the league to have paid Kaepernick 3rd string money, just saying.
Now, is Eric Reid going to call himself a sell out? Remember this?
Most states are employment at will states. Meaning the employer can fire you for not liking the color of shoes you wear to work, as that is not a protected class, race, gender, disability, or veteran status.
They're in their right not to sign him. Even if it is their absolute mandate to sign him, Kaepernick's loss of income and "civil rights" is a far cry from $80 million after taxes (which is more like $150 million before taxes).
Because he chooses to bring a bunch of baggage with him.
Because he chooses to have a girlfriend who calls an owner a slave owner when Kap was about to sign with his team.
Because his talent level does not outweigh the baggage.


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text:
Sequential Sunday: Ray Zone's 3-D (Part 2)
by John Mueller· December 27, 2010· in Sequential Sunday· 0 comments tags: 3-D, Al Williamson, Alan Moore, Batman, Blackthorne Publishing, Curt Swan, Daniel Clowes, Dave Gibbons, DC Comics, Eclipse Comics, Ego Trip, George Perez, John Byrne, Kitchen Sink, Klaus Janson, League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier, Mike Mignola, Mondo, Ray Zone, Ray Zone's 3-D, Robert Wiliams, Seduction of the Innocent, Sheldon Moldoff, The Show of Violence, The Spirit, Will Eisner's The Spirit, William Stout
Welcome to Part 2 of Sequential Sunday's look at the highly varied and completely mind-blowing work of 3-D processing master Ray Zone! In part 1 we saw numerous examples of depth-defying art from early issues of Zone's self-published title The 3-D Zone. Though this series constitutes a sizable chunk of his 1980's output, Zone applied his skills to the comics of numerous other publishers from the decade of the independent publishing boom as well, including Eclipse Comics.
by John Mueller· December 13, 2010· in Sequential Sunday· 0 comments tags: 3-D, AlexRaymond, Basil Wolverton, Bruce Jones, Dave Steven's, Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Ed "Big Daddy" Roth, Harry Harrison, L.B. Cole, Long Beach Comic Con, Matt Fox, Rat Fink, Ray Zone, Ray Zone's 3-D, Thomas Jane, Timothy Bradstreet, Wally Wood
Christmas is just around the corner and as such the colors red and green are everywhere. Yet, instead of Santa's suit and elves' uniforms, my thoughts are drawn to the signature dual colors of incredible 3-D comics, and the work of third dimension master Ray Zone! I've been looking back upon Zone's work quite a bit recently in light of viewing the 3-D Thomas Jane and Timothy Bradstreet film Dark Country at the 2010 Long Beach Comic Con. Zone worked as the 3-D consultant on the highly entertaining supernatural noir which had, amongst other innovations, the first handheld 360 degree shot ever filmed in 3-D.


text:
Q: How to force entire animation in :hover:after with css3 this is a simple animation in hover
https://codepen.io/riccardomarconato/pen/EQZJEb

body{
  background-color: black;
}

h1 {
  text-align: center;
  margin-top: 50px;
}

a {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #fff;
}

.underlineFromLeft {
  display: inline;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.underlineFromLeft:after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 100;
  right: 0;
  width: 0;
  bottom: -2px;
  background: #fff;
  height: 40px;
  transition-property: width;
  transition-duration: 0.3s;
  transition-timing-function: ease-out;
}

.underlineFromLeft:hover:after {
  left: 0;
  right: auto;
  width: 100%;
}

Hover me

Works great, but only if you don't leave the mouseover before the animations ends. I tried to figure out with the following js but is not working.
$(".underlineFromLeft").bind("webkitAnimationEnd mozAnimationEnd animationEnd", function(){
  $(this).removeClass("underlineFromLeftAnimate:after")
})

$(".underlineFromLeft").hover(function(){
  $(this).addClass("underlineFromLeftAnimate:after");
})

$(".underlineFromLeft").bind("webkitAnimationEnd mozAnimationEnd animationEnd", function() {
  $(this).removeClass("underlineFromLeftAnimate:after")
})

$(".underlineFromLeft").hover(function() {
  $(this).addClass("underlineFromLeftAnimate:after");
})
body{
  background-color: black;
}

h1 {
  text-align: center;
  margin-top: 50px;
}

a {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #fff;
}

.underlineFromLeft {
  display: inline;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.underlineFromLeft:after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 100;
  right: 0;
  width: 0;
  bottom: -2px;
  background: #fff;
  height: 40px;
  transition-property: width;
  transition-duration: 0.3s;
  transition-timing-function: ease-out;
}

.underlineFromLeft:hover:after {
  left: 0;
  right: auto;
  width: 100%;
}

Hover me

Any idea?

A:
Codepen fork

Change your CSS, removing the :hover pseudoclass with a classname, like so
.underlineFromLeft.hovered:after {
   left: 0;
   right: auto;
   width: 100%;
}

and then change your JS: note that the event you're looking for is transitionend (and not animationend since you're triggering a CSS transition)
$(".underlineFromLeft")
   .on("transitionend", function(){
       this.classList.remove("hovered")
   })
   .on('mouseenter', function() {
       this.classList.add("hovered");
   })

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


From governance to accounting, regulation to radically redesigning policy fit for the 21st century, much of the heavy lifting of innovation in this era will be about the dark matter - the boring revolution of reinventing our institutional infrastructure, fit for the 21st century.
Redesign our accounting systems to account for future liabilities, reimagining our institutional infrastructure for the state to account for its long term future costs and liabilities, shifting from organisation and institutional balance sheets to system balance sheets. Reinvent commissioning and procurement focusing on a movement of actors collaboratively driving outcomes. Inspired by Dark Matter Laboratories.
Cities, as places of massive regulatory intersection, present themselves as crucial landscapes for developing the future of public interest governance and institution regulatory infrastructure through place-based regulatory innovation and development of new public "Offices for Regulatory Experimentation".
As the existential threats to our civilization mount, we are reduced to political tinkering such as removing single use straws whilst literally the world burns. Mission capital is required for real moonshots and missions, not only a new public funding formula, but a new political and civic imagination. Inspired by Mariana Mazzucato.
Unlocking new technologies for devolution and decentralisation of one of the most centralised countries in the world.
Experiment with a new 'metrics lab' tasked with understanding successful examples of social impact bonds and what's next after them, whilst also testing innovative models of cross-sector financing, linking cost savings across multiple departments of local government. This would move us away from individual unit savings, or savings within a single service, embedding KPIs that began to test how we can fundamental revalue care in our society.
Imagine if HR contracts invited people to care rather than simply trying to manage future risk associated with human failure, or protected employers from worst case scenarios. We need a series of mini trials where HR contracts are designed to unlock people to do their very work.


text:
Q: Using M2 command on Thales Payshield 9000 HSM to decrypt a message I am provided with an HSM Encrypted message (HEX format), and I'm supposed to implement the decryption using M2 command of that message. I have:

*

*Encrypted data: M1000030DF29D4728FE8365D1FA6ACF96E50A3CFC7F4013A6C8D6624

*Keys:

*

*ZMK clear 1: <32 HEX digit key>

*ZMK clear 2: <32 HEX digit key>

*ZMK clear 3: <32 HEX digit key>

*IWK/ZMK encrypted: <32 HEX digit key> / Key Check Value: <6 HEX digit key>
Provided the above data, how can I implement the decryption in Python?

A: Combine the ZMK key by XOR 3 clear components of ZMK. And use the combined key to Import the IWK (encrypted under LMK). At last use the IWK to decrypt the message from M100.
To form the M2 message, you may refer to the sample structure below:


Lord, show me the beam in my eye. Hold my tongue until I remove the shadow of sin. Show me my hypocrisy. Let me embrace the pain of repentance and feel the relief of confession. Make me fit to be your servant and my brother's friend.


Welcome to the Parent Lab!
HOW DOES THE BRAIN CONTROL EATING BEHAVIOR???
Most studies of the neural basis of ingestive behavior focus on homeostatic (i.e., need-based) and hedonic (i.e. pleasure/reward-based) controls of energy intake.
In the Parent lab, however, we focus on a how cognition controls eating. Our research is revealing a novel brain circuit that inhibits meal initiation and meal size.
These statements reflect the fact that humans and other animals often use autobiographical (i.e., episodic) memory to control energy intake.
Glad to be here. Looking forward to much reading!!
Cignition control eating interesting thesis!!!!!
ingeniero Ernesto Ibáñez (@eeibanez) on Welcome to the Parent Lab!
Marise Parent on Welcome to the Parent Lab!
AD Wingers on Welcome to the Parent Lab!
devries@gsu.edu on Welcome to the Parent Lab!


text:
Cornelis Corneliszoon Nay var en hollandsk navigatør og opdagelsesrejsende, der forsøgte at opdage nordøstpassagen fra Europa til Fjernøsten.

Nay stammede fra Enkhuizen i Nederland. I juni 1594 rejste han ud fra den nederlandske ø Texel med en lille flåde bestående af tre skibe og en fiskekutter til at finde nordøstpassagen. Nay førte skibet De Zwaan. Blandt de andre deltagere var Willem Barents, som førte ledelsen et andet af skibene såvel som fiskekutteren, fulgte Novaja Zemljas kyst, men hans fremfærd blev stoppet af isen. Nay havde mere held med sig og passerede gennem Karastrædet syd for Novaja Semlja og nåede Karahavet.

Nays succes førte til en ny ekspedition det følgende år, i 1595, med en større flåde bestående af syv skibe. Ekspeditionen var under kommando af Nay, hvilket Barents var stærkt imod. Da ekspeditionen først startede sent på sæsonen, blev de opdagelsesrejsende snart stoppet af isen. Barents ønskede at stoppe for vinteren og fortsætter i foråret, men Nay besluttede, at flåden skulle vende hjem.

Det uheldige resultat af denne ekspedition gjorde, at den nederlandske regering nægtede at finansiere en ny ekspedition. Ikke desto mindre kom det til et tredje forsøg i 1596 - denne gang uden Nay. Det var denne berømte ekspedition under hvilken Barents og hans mænd formåede at overleve vinteren på Novaja Semlja, selv om Barents døde på vej hjem.

Selv om Nay og Barents ikke havde formået at finde passagen mod øst via Ishavet, banede de hollandske opdagelsesrejser i Arktis vejen for store hval- og sælfangster, som i høj grad berigede Nederlandene under den hollandske guldalder.

Opdagelsesrejsende fra Nederlandene

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
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    android:id="@+id/main_nav_graph"
    app:startDestination="@id/root_nav_home">

    <!-- HOME -->
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_home"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.home.HomeFragment"
        android:label="@string/home"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_home" />
    <!-- FAVORITES -->
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_favorites"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.favorites.FavoritesFragment"
        android:label="@string/favorites"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_favorites" />
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    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_nearby"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.nearby.NearbyFragment"
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        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_nearby" />
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        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.nearby.NearbyFragment"
        android:label="@string/nearby"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_nearby">
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        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.map.MapFragment"
        android:label="@string/map"
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            app:argType="android.location.Location"
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            app:nullable="true" />
    </fragment>
    <!-- NEWS DETAILS -->
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/nav_news_detail"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.news.NewsListDetailFragment"
        android:label="@string/news"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_news_list_details">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_color"
            android:defaultValue="@null"
            app:argType="string"
            app:nullable="true" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_subtitle"
            android:defaultValue="@null"
            app:argType="string"
            app:nullable="true" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_filter_target_authorities"
            android:defaultValue="@null"
            app:argType="string[]"
            app:nullable="true" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_filter_targets"
            android:defaultValue="@null"
            app:argType="string[]"
            app:nullable="true" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_filter_uuids"
            android:defaultValue="@null"
            app:argType="string[]"
            app:nullable="true" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_agency_authority"
            app:argType="string" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_news_uuid"
            app:argType="string" />
    </fragment>
    <!-- TYPES -->
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/nav_type"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.type.AgencyTypeFragment"
        android:label="@string/ellipsis"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_agency_type">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_type_id"
            app:argType="integer" />
    </fragment>
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_bike"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.type.AgencyTypeFragment"
        android:label="@string/agency_type_bike_all"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_agency_type">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_type_id"
            android:defaultValue="100"
            app:argType="integer" />
    </fragment>
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_bus"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.type.AgencyTypeFragment"
        android:label="@string/agency_type_bus_all"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_agency_type">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_type_id"
            android:defaultValue="3"
            app:argType="integer" />
    </fragment>
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_ferry"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.type.AgencyTypeFragment"
        android:label="@string/agency_type_ferry_all"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_agency_type">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_type_id"
            android:defaultValue="4"
            app:argType="integer" />
    </fragment>
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_light_rail"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.type.AgencyTypeFragment"
        android:label="@string/agency_type_light_rail_all"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_agency_type">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_type_id"
            android:defaultValue="9"
            app:argType="integer" />
    </fragment>
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_subway"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.type.AgencyTypeFragment"
        android:label="@string/agency_type_subway_all"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_agency_type">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_type_id"
            android:defaultValue="1"
            app:argType="integer" />
    </fragment>
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_rail"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.type.AgencyTypeFragment"
        android:label="@string/agency_type_rail_all"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_agency_type">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_type_id"
            android:defaultValue="2"
            app:argType="integer" />
    </fragment>
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/root_nav_module"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.type.AgencyTypeFragment"
        android:label="@string/agency_type_module_all"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_agency_type">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_type_id"
            app:argType="integer" />
    </fragment>
    <!-- POI -->
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/nav_poi"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.fragment.POIFragment"
        android:label="@string/ellipsis"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_poi">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_agency_authority"
            app:argType="string" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_poi_uuid"
            app:argType="string" />
    </fragment>
    <!-- SCHEDULE -->
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/nav_schedule"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.schedule.ScheduleFragment"
        android:label="@string/full_schedule"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_schedule">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_agency_authority"
            app:argType="string" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_poi_uuid"
            app:argType="string" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_color"
            android:defaultValue="@null"
            app:argType="string"
            app:nullable="true" />
    </fragment>
    <!-- RTS ROUTE -->
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/nav_rts_route"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.rts.route.RTSRouteFragment"
        android:label="@string/ellipsis"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_rts_route">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_authority"
            app:argType="string" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_route_id"
            app:argType="long" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_trip_id"
            android:defaultValue="-1L"
            app:argType="long" />
        <argument
            android:name="extra_stop_id"
            android:defaultValue="-1"
            app:argType="integer" />
    </fragment>
    <!-- SEARCH -->
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/nav_search"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.search.SearchFragment"
        android:label="@string/menu_action_search"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_search" />
    <!-- WEB BROWSER -->
    <fragment
        android:id="@id/nav_web"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.fragment.WebBrowserFragment"
        android:label="@string/web_browser"
        tools:layout="@layout/fragment_web_browser">
        <argument
            android:name="extra_url_initial"
            app:argType="string"
            app:nullable="false" />
    </fragment>
    <!-- SETTINGS -->
    <activity
        android:id="@id/nav_settings"
        android:name="org.mtransit.android.ui.pref.PreferencesActivity"
        android:label="@string/settings"
        tools:layout="@layout/activity_preferences" />

    <!-- GLOBAL ACTIONS -->
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_nearby_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_nearby" />
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_map_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_map" />
    <!-- TODO external trip screen <action-->
    <!-- android:id="@+id/nav_to_trip_planner_screen"-->
    <!-- app:destination="@id/nav_trip_planner" />-->
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_news_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_news" />
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_type_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_type" />
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_search_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_search" />
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_poi_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_poi" />
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_schedule_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_schedule" />
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_news_detail_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_news_detail" />
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_rts_route_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_rts_route" />
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_web_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_web" />
    <action
        android:id="@+id/nav_to_settings_screen"
        app:destination="@id/nav_settings" />

</navigation>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
International Dialogue
Participating & Networking
Startseite › Participating & Networking › Posting ›
Krzyzowa - Poland / Event / 15. April 2016 - 21. April 2016
Once upon today... in Europe. An international training on how to work with historical narratives in non-formal youth education
Culture of Remembrance
Content-Author Profile / Contact
Content-Author: Carolin Wenzel
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and to contact the author.
Download (PDF, Powerpoint, Documents, ...)
Call for application and application form
What if it was all just a very good story? Half true, half made up, partly touching on our personal memories and experiences, and partly reflecting the history of our communities and societies. With the project "Once upon today..." we are inviting participants to think about history, memory, and identity in this imaginative way. Not as something given, but as crafted stories.... gripping stories.
In 2016, "Once upon today.. in Europe" focuses on issues of belonging and identity in Europe: What narratives about Europe are prevalent in different local, national or other commemorative cultures? How do they end up being what they are? Which aspects are suppressed and which ones highlighted? And how can institutions for history education and active citizenship deal with these questions in a way that brings people together? With regard to these questions, new methods such as digital storytelling will be applied.
The training consists of two parts. During the first part, 29 participants from Estonia, Germany, Moldova, Poland, Romania and Ukraine will intensively deal with historical narratives about Europe that exist in different local, national or other commemorative cultures. During this training from April 15-21, 2016, they will discuss these issues, exchange their experience and methods and develop new approaches.
After the training, participants will use this expertise to carry out small projects with young people to discover hidden and interesting stories in their home towns. Up to four young people from each country and their trainer (hence a former participant of the international training) will have the possibility to take part in an international youth meeting in Krzyżowa (03.-08.10.2016).
Project venue
Krzyżowa Foundation for Mutual Understanding in Europe Krzyżowa 7
58-112 Grodziszcze
You will finde more informations in the Download section.
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A project by Agentur für Bildung - Geschichte, Politik und Medien e.V.


text:
Review: Oz the Great and Powerful
As a child who was raised without cable TV, I looked forward to viewing a few events on commercial broadcast television every year. "The Wizard of Oz" was a classic that I waited for with great excitement, and each year's viewing never disappointed.
Every year, I got swept away into the magical land of Oz along with Dorothy and Toto in that tornado. I belted out all the songs as Dorothy traveled with The Scarecrow, The Tin Man, and The Cowardly Lion. The yellow brick road, Glinda the Good Witch, and The Munchkins were all sources of fascination. I sighed with delight at spotting the Emerald City after the long journey through the dark forest, and nervously hid under a blanket when the Wicked Witch of the West or her flying monkeys appeared.
Each year's anticipation and satisfaction over the movie created a fierce love of "The Wizard of Oz," one that has continued to this day for me. So it was with some trepidation that I approached the screening of the movie "Oz the Great and Powerful." I was afraid of being disappointed by the prequel, that director Sam Raimi's attempt to tell the story of the man behind the curtain would fall flat.
I need not have worried much. The imagery created by Disney Studios did the original film proud. I was transported to an earlier version of Oz, one that came 30-some years before Dorothy would arrive. James Franco's facial expressions had me believing him as a con man carnie Oscar Diggs, a man who aspires to great glory. The comic relief of Zach Braff's monkey character Finley kept me laughing. China Girl's loyalty and desire for a family was sweet. And the ugliness of two of the witches had me wishing for a blanket to cower under whenever they unleashed their fury (and fireballs).
I am not a movie critic, but I thoroughly enjoyed "Oz the Great and Powerful." As a "Wizard of Oz" lover, I walked away from the movie satisfied and happy with how it was done.
Disclosure: Michelle was invited to see a complimentary press screening of the movie.
Michelle blogs at Wife and Mommy, can be found on Facebook, and very rarely tweets.
By Michelle|2013-03-15T08:10:25-04:00March 15th, 2013|Entertainment, Movies|
About the Author: Michelle
Michelle is a thirty-something year old wife of one husband and mommy to three youngsters. She and her family reside in the DC area, where she grew up. As a former classroom teacher, Michelle keeps her head in education by working part-time as an instructor for homebound students. She is also exploring life on on the other side of the desk as her oldest is an elementary public school student! In her spare time, she enjoys reading, knitting, and playing games with the kids. Michelle blogs at Wife and Mommy and writes for MyBlogalicious, and can be found sporadically on Twitter as @wifeandmommy.


text:
β-Catenin ist ein an Zellkontakten beteiligtes Strukturprotein und beeinflusst die Transkription. Es spielt eine Rolle bei Adhärenskontakten zwischen Zellen, indem es eine Verbindung zwischen α-Catenin und dem Cadherin-Komplex eingeht, was letztendlich zur Verbindung der Aktinfilamente mit den Cadherinen führt. Tatsächlich scheint diese Verbindung zum α-Catenin jedoch keineswegs starr, sondern sehr dynamisch zu sein, wie man 2005 herausgefunden hat.

β-Catenin ist homolog zu Plakoglobin.

Literatur
 Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer: Biochemie. 6 Auflage, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-8274-1800-5.
 Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet: Biochemistry. 3. Auflage, John Wiley & Sons, New York 2004, ISBN 0-471-19350-X.
 Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Peter Walter, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts: Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5. Auflage, Taylor & Francis 2007, ISBN 978-0-8153-4106-2.

Einzelnachweise

Strukturprotein
Codiert auf Chromosom 3 (Mensch)


Sapey Golf & Country Club extends a warm welcome to visitors and societies wishing to play our course.
The professional staff will be glad to help your society with advice regarding the course, equipment, trolley and buggy hire.
We offer full catering facilities with our bar open from 8.00am – 7 days a week.