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Scott of all trades
Posted on 18.11.2021 18.11.2021 by Nimit
When Scott Ainslie was just three years old, his mother found him sitting at the piano playing melodies from records she played around the. Ole Gunnar Solskjaer's long-term future at Manchester United has finally been made clear as the Norwegian was promoted from their caretaker. Get information, directions, products, services, phone numbers, and reviews on Scott-of-All-Trades in Redwood City, undefined Discover more Landscape.
Will the Market Break or Spike? - Roger Scott Market Analysis
: Scott of all trades
FIND FOOD TRUCKS NEAR ME
Paper Trade
What Is Paper Trade?
A paper trade is a simulated trade that allows an investor to practice buying and selling without risking real money. The term dates back to a time when (before the proliferation of online trading platforms) aspiring traders would practice on paper before risking money in live markets. While learning, a paper trader records all trades by hand to keep track of hypothetical trading positions, portfolios, and profits or losses. Today, most practice trading involves the use of an electronic stock market simulator, which looks and feels like an actual trading platform.
What Does Paper Trading Tell You?
The development of online trading platforms and software has increased the ease and popularity of paper trading. Today's simulators allow investors to trade live markets without the commitment of actual capital and the process can help to gauge whether investment ideas have merit. Online brokers such as TradeStation, Fidelity, and TD Ameritrade's thinkorswim offer clients paper trading simulators.
Paper trading is simulated trading that allows investors to practice buying and selling securities.
Paper trading can test a new investment strategy before employing it in a live account.
Many online brokers offer clients paper trade accounts.
Paper trades teach novices how to navigate platforms and make trades, but may not represent the true emotions that occur during real market conditions.
For example, TD Ameritrade's paperMoney® is designed to help customers try options and different investment strategies without the worry of losing any money. Nearly everything about the simulator is the same as their feature-rich thinkorswim trading platform, except the investor is not trading real money. Investopedia provides a free simulator for trading stocks.
To get the most benefits from paper trading, an investment decision and the placing of trades should follow real trading practices and objectives. The paper investor should consider the same risk-return objectives, investment constraints, and trading horizon as they would use with a live account. For example, it would make little sense for a risk-averse long-term investor to practice numerous short-term trades like a day trader.
Also, paper transactions can be applied to many market conditions. As an example, a trade placed in a market characterized by high levels of market volatility is likely to result in higher slippage costs due to wider spreads compared to a market that is moving in an orderly manner. Slippage occurs when a trader obtains a different price than expected from the time the trade is initiated to the time the trade is made.
Investors and traders can use simulated trading to familiarize themselves with various order types such as stop-loss, limit orders, and market orders. Charts, quotes, and news feeds are available on many platforms as well.
Paper Trade Accounts vs. Live Accounts
Paper trading may provide a false sense of security and often results in distorted investment returns. In other words, nonconformity with the real market happens because paper trading does not involve the risk of real genuine capital. Also, paper trading allows for basic investment strategies—such as buying low and selling high—which are more challenging to adhere to in real life, but are relatively easy to achieve while paper trading.
The fact is that investors and traders are likely to exhibit different emotions and judgment when risking real money, which may lead them to different behavior when operating a live account. For example, consider a real trade by a new foreign exchange trader who enters into a long position with the euro against the U.S. dollar ahead of nonfarm payrolls data. If the report is much better than expected and the euro drops sharply, then the trader may double down in an attempt to recoup losses in a paper trade, as opposed to taking the loss as would be advisable in a real trade.
Scott Wykoff's Blog
"Now with WBAL's traffic and weather together on the fives, here's Scott Wykoff," announced Shari Elliker at this morning. Scott Wykoff?
With all that was going on today in preparation of the BlizzardI jumped into the traffic center (pictured above) to help out with some midday traffic reports on WBAL. I hope I didn't startle anyone behind the wheel.
That's the silver lining of a big weather event. You get to be a jack of all trades trying to help out wherever you can. Something as simple as picking up a ringing phone takes on a whole different dynamic during storm coverage at WBAL.
Last weekend I grabbed a call that was ringing in the newsroom and it was Governor O'Malley on the other end. He was calling in to go on-the-air to give a traffic update as a jackknifed tractor trailer had caused a 9 mile backup on southbound
Governor O'Malley even gave WBAL a shout out of sorts as scott of all trades said on-the-air that people rely on the station's traffic reports. Good stuff as the Governor talked about how important WBAL's traffic reports are to folks in Maryland.
This morning I took a stab at being a check out bagger at a grocery store near the station. I was there with a few of my colleagues in the newsroom to pick up some provisions for the next few days. No, not milk and toilet paper. We're talking cold cuts and chips to hold us over in the newsroom for the next couple of days.
Because we had so much in our 2 carts I offered my services to with bagging all of it. I was so psyched when the nice grocery clerk let me help him out. Not as easy as it looks. I ripped several bags and I even spilled a bunch of apples behind the counter. The check out guy was very gracious tho9ugh and said I was doing valley national bank savings rates good job. No snow storm and I wouldn't have had a chance to take a stab at something I have always wanted to do!
After checking in to a hotel nearby the station ahead of the storm today I decided to offer my services at the concierge desk. It looked like the regular concierge couldn't make it in to work because of the snow so I thought I could help out a little.
You don't have to work in a radio station newsroom to know what I mean. Think of all the out of the ordinary things you get to do when these big snow storms roll through the area. Help me here, I'm trying to look at all this snow from the perspective of the glass being half-full rather than half-empty.
I don't know about you, but it helps me get through it all.
Are women graduates jacquelines-of-all-trades? Challenging Lazear's view on entrepreneurship
This study challenges the basic reasoning behind Lazear's theory on entrepreneurship (). Based on the key motive of maximizing one's lifetime income, Lazear posits that individuals with a balanced set of skills should have a higher probability of being self-employed. His "Jack-of-all-trades" hypothesis presumes that entrepreneurs need sufficient knowledge in a variety of areas to succeed, while paid employees benefit from being specialists in a certain area demanded by the labor market. Because most women-led businesses are neither based on the motive of making money nor are they scott of all trades oriented, we argue that maximizing their lifetime income is not the main motivation of many women to start a business. However, we argue that Lazear's theory can be extended to motivations that are mostly stated for women entrepreneurs as well. We apply it to a specific representative sample of women graduates in Germany and test our hypothesis with logit regression. A dichotomized measure indicating whether a women graduate was self-employed (n = ) or not (n = ) served as the dependent variable. Our results widely confirm Lazear's assumption for women graduates who run relatively small businesses in terms of sales and employment: professional training, balanced industry experience, and balanced entrepreneurship-based self-efficacy increase the probability of being self-employed. Solo self-employed tend to have balanced industry experience more often than those being in a team or having employees. Lazear's theory has male as the norm, and as such, does not readily apply to the case of women—but could and should be extended to women's specifics.
There is no entrepreneurship without entrepreneurial knowledge and skills (Lofstrom ). An entrepreneur creates and absorbs knowledge and uses his or her intellectual skills to apply it in business. Knowledge and skills can translate into entrepreneurial ideas, innovations, improvements, new practices, or applications, leading to new business ventures. However, entrepreneurship research has thus far produced insufficient evidence as to whether a particular set of knowledge and skills is needed to successfully exploit business opportunities (Galunic and Rodan ; Simoes et al. ). One important focus concerns the need for expert knowledge versus the need for general and balanced knowledge. That is, should an entrepreneur possess general knowledge and a balanced set of skills or be an expert with a narrow specialization and deep knowledge in a particular field? Edward Lazear made a decisive contribution in this field through his theory of occupational choice (Lazear). Lazear argues that individuals with a balanced and diversified set of skills, gathered from various fields, are more likely to be self-employed than those who do not possess such a balanced skill set. In contrast, paid employees benefit from being specialists in a certain area demanded by the labor market. Lazear's occupational choice theory quickly became one of the most crucial theories in explaining why people choose entrepreneurship, not least because of its persuasive internal logic (Hsieh et al. forthcoming).
This paper starts with a careful examination of the assumptions of Lazear's theory. Lazear argues that individuals seek to maximize their lifetime income in their job or career choices. He proposes that individuals with a balanced set of skills can maximize their lifetime income by choosing entrepreneurship instead of employment, while experts maximize their lifetime earnings by opting for employment. Although income maximization is an important driver for professional choices, there are many other reasons for choosing a job (Carter et al. ; Douglas and Shepherd ). Among women, maximizing lifetime income—as assumed by Lazear—is not among the central motivating factors to become an entrepreneur. Women-led businesses are often not growth oriented (Morris et al. ; Sternberg et al. ; Terjesen et al. ) and less focused on making money compared to men-owned businesses (Borooah et al. ; Clain ; Georgellis and Wall ).
At first glance, it appears that Lazear's theory may not hold true for women; however, this paper builds on occupational choice theory to articulate several arguments for the jacqueline-of-all-trades hypothesis based on women-specific motivations. These arguments relate to women's drive for self-fulfillment, commitment to family responsibilities, or desire to make a social impact. Following these arguments, we assume that Lazear's hypothesis holds true for women—albeit with different assumptions.
In the present study, we used a sample of graduate women entrepreneurs who run relatively small businesses in terms of sales and employment. Entrepreneurship research suggests that individuals with graduate degrees show great potential for entrepreneurship based on their high levels of education (Pinkwart ; Terjesen and Lloyd ; Ucbasaran et al. ). Accordingly, we formulated the following research question: Are graduate women more likely to be self-employed if they have more balanced and less specialized knowledge?
This paper contributes to the existing literature in two ways. First, it explores the origins of Lazear's theory and challenges its assumptions regarding the motivation for career choices. In doing so, the study broadens the scope of Lazear's theory to include motivating factors beyond merely economic ones. We highlight that Lazear's theory can be extended to incorporate some relevant points that have not been considered so far. These include Ahl's () logic that current theories have male as the norm; as such, they do not always readily apply to women but could, and should, be extended to women.
Second, our investigation operationalizes the balanced set of skills. Prior research has mainly measured balanced skills and knowledge by the number of prior job roles (Lazear ; Silva ). Our paper assesses various aspects of education and experience that are particularly relevant for graduates, including professional training in addition to tertiary education, balanced management experience, and balanced industry experience. In addition to factors that reflect an actual set of skills, we include—as proxy measurements—individually perceived skills using balanced entrepreneurship-based self-efficacy in different entrepreneurship-based tasks.
We first present arguments to extend Lazear's theory and discuss its implications for our hypothesis. The subsequent sections describe the methodology and data, and then present our findings. The paper concludes with a discussion of results and their implications for practice and research, particularly for entrepreneurship education.
Theoretical background
The jack-of-all-trades approach
In the field of entrepreneurship, there is a discussion as to whether entrepreneurs need more expert knowledge versus more general and balanced knowledge. Supporters of the former view stress that a balanced and diverse set of skills creates a unique combination that is difficult to imitate (Lippman and Rumelt ); such a profile hones a company's competitive advantage and generates more solutions to the problems the company may encounter. The richness of skills is useful when changes force a company to adapt and find creative solutions (Galunic and Rodan ). In contrast, supporters of the expert knowledge perspective highlight that to understand entrepreneurship, it is necessary to learn more about how an individual becomes an expert entrepreneur (Krueger ). They focus more on the potential of knowledge structures and schemes of expert entrepreneurs (Baron ; Baron and Henry ). These scholars also believe that specialist knowledge equips individuals with a unique set of tools that enables them to create the best solutions to problems and generally helps them connect different areas of knowledge and inspiration when new ideas are needed.
Lazear's () jack-of-all-trades hypothesis assumes that entrepreneurs must be competent in many fields; they must possess balanced skills and have at least basic knowledge in numerous areas. Paid employees, in contrast, gain more from being specialists in a particular area that is desired by the labor market. As Lazear argues,
The idea […] is that entrepreneurs differ from specialists in that entrepreneurs have a comparative disadvantage in a single skill but have more balanced talents that span a number of different skills. Specialists can work for others who have the talent to spot and combine a variety of skills, but an entrepreneur must possess that talent. Although entrepreneurs can hire others, the entrepreneur must be sufficiently well versed in a variety of fields to judge the quality of applicants (, p. ).
Thus, the theory posits that entrepreneurs are jacks-of-all-trades. Their basic knowledge about everything is often complementary to their employees' expert knowledge. In practice, this means that individuals with varied educational and professional backgrounds who play diverse roles in their careers are more likely to become entrepreneurs than individuals who follow one straight path.
Lazear () tested and confirmed his hypothesis with a sample of Stanford MBA alumni. Individuals who have more varied careers (i.e. who have performed more roles) are more likely to become entrepreneurs. Lazear provides two interpretations of his results, both supporting the jack-of-all-trades perspective. The first interpretation suggests that the correlation between the number of roles and entrepreneurship results from endowed differences in skills across populations, as individuals with more general skills are able to perform more roles. The second interpretation states that this correlation is a result of conscious investment: Individuals aspiring to become entrepreneurs try many roles to gain knowledge and skills necessary to start a business venture.
Lazear's theory has also been confirmed in studies by Åstebro and Thompson (), Backes-Gellner and Moog (), Hartog et al. (), Stuetzer et al. (), and Wagner (, ). It is also somewhat supported by Lechmann and Schnabel (), who promote the view of a multi-skilled entrepreneur but do not support Lazear's idea that human capital investment patterns differ between entrepreneurs and paid employees. Oberschachtsiek's () research on balanced skill sets and self-employment duration reveals that combined practical experience and adequate skills are decisive for longevity in self-employment. Although the evidence from most research confirms Lazear's theory, the robustness of former results has also been called into question. For example, Silva () does not find any support for Lazear's theory, indicating a need for new approaches. Table 1 summarizes the foci and key findings of prior studies.
A recent study shows that individuals are motivated to invest in balanced skill profiles due to their risk aversion, which consequently makes them more likely to become entrepreneurs (Hsieh et al. forthcoming). This study argues that risk-averse people fear losing flexibility when specializing in only one area of human capital. Following this argument, risk-averse individuals tend to become entrepreneurs, a finding that unveils mixed evidence in the extant research on risk aversion and entrepreneurship.
A new approach to Lazear's theory
We approach Lazear's theory by questioning its assumptions. Lazear posits that individuals with a balanced set of skills and knowledge can maximize their lifetime income by being self-employed, while specialists can maximize their income by working as paid employees. This reasoning does not consider different motivations for entrepreneurial behavior. Studies show alternative motivations to maximization of lifetime income particularly among women entrepreneurs as their companies are often less growth oriented (Morris et al. ; Sternberg et al. ) and less focused on profits (Borooah et al. ; Clain ; DeMartino and Barbato ; Fischer et al. ; Georgellis and Wall ; Marlow ; Scott ; Wilson et al. ). Moreover, the majority of women-owned businesses have lower revenues and fewer employees and are situated in lower-profit industries than men-owned ones (Bird ; Morris et al. ). There are also significant differences in how women view themselves, their families, their ventures, and the broader environment (Morris et al. ). Women's motives include self-fulfillment, social impact, and helping others (Brush ), along with fulfilling family responsibilities (Morris et al. ; Stevenson ).
Thus, on the one hand, one could argue that Lazear's hypothesis is not applicable to women because these diverse factors are missing in Lazear's underlying assumption. On the other hand, the jack-of-all-trades hypothesis could be seen to hold especially true for women insofar as women add an even broader set of abilities to Lazear's balanced set of skills. In this sense, a balanced set of skills may still have a positive influence on entrepreneurial activity even though women have diverse motives in becoming entrepreneur. Let us look at these alternative motivations in detail.
First, women often indicate self-fulfillment as a key motivation for their career choice (Brush ). It can be assumed that individuals with a balanced set of skills also maximize their personal self-fulfillment better as an entrepreneur than as an employee. Their balanced set of skills may be due to dissatisfaction with former jobs (Kirkwood ) and the need for greater variety in their work. This in turn leads to more self-fulfillment in entrepreneurial activity, which requires engagement in various fields. In this line of thought, women with a more varied set of skills tend to be more satisfied as entrepreneurs, whereas specialists find greater self-fulfillment by pursuing their special skills.
A second women-specific motivation for job decisions is maximizing social impact (Brush ). If we assume that helping others is a principal motive for women, then those with a balanced set of skills can maximize their social impact through a socially conscious business, while the specialists can maximize their social impact by being employed, for example, as a nurse.
Fulfilling family duties is a third strong motive for women's career choices (Morris et al. ; Stevenson ). Even if choices might be more necessity driven in this case, it can be argued that balanced skills lead to a higher probability of self-employment. For a specialist, it will be easier to find a good, secure job that can easily become part-time since it covers narrowly defined tasks in comparison with self-employed work. Individuals with a balanced set of skills do not easily fit into such a specialized area. They might instead maximize their fulfillment of family duties by using their flexibility, which they have learned by building up a variety of skills. In a self-employed position, people have greater freedom to choose and, as a consequence, to reduce working time and intensity, but they need to be an "all-rounder" to still successfully manage the business as well as family tasks. This applies to jacquelines-of-all-trades.
At this point we might ask, does Lazear's hypothesis hold true for women even though they often do not prioritize maximizing lifetime income as a motive for professional choices? Following the arguments above, we assume that Lazear's hypothesis does hold true for women—albeit with different assumptions. Thus, in accordance with Lazear (), our main hypothesis is:
The probability of women being entrepreneurs increases with a balanced set of skills.
The focus on women not only broadens Lazear's view by including women-specific motives but also is an answer to the suggestion of many authors to focus on women specifically instead of considering them as a homogeneous group and as an opposite of men (Ahl ). In our case, this is of particular relevance as women play an increasingly important role in entrepreneurship throughout the world (Acs et al. ; European Commission ; Sternberg et al. ; Terjesen and Lloyd ; Xavier et al. ). We have thus related Lazear's theory to this group of entrepreneurs. We have followed Ahl's () argument that although these current theories are built around male archetypes, they can be extended to account for women entrepreneurs as well. In contrast to former work that uses mixed samples with just a minor percentage of women, we focus our approach purely on women. As suggested in Ahl's work, we seek to capture a richer picture of women entrepreneurship and to use women non-entrepreneurs as a control group, instead of consolidating the masculine interpretation of entrepreneurship (Galloway et al. ; Gupta et al.; Holmquist and Carter ; Jennings and Scott of all trades ).
The sample
To check whether Lazear's theory remains valid without the motivation of maximizing lifetime income, we examined a specific sample of graduate women entrepreneurs who run relatively small businesses in terms of sales and employment. Our study tests Lazear's theory on a representative sample of women graduates in Germany. Despite the theory was tested and confirmed in the German context (see Table 1), prior studies have not focused on entrepreneurial activity by women graduates. The lack of prior studies may be because graduate women entrepreneurs are not adequately represented in large-scale data sets of the German population or in labor statistics, e.g., German Socio-Economic Panel (Heimann-Roppelt and Tegtmeier in press), or the German Microcensus. In consequence, Lazear's theory has never been tested specifically on women with graduate degrees, who exhibit great potential for entrepreneurship based on their high levels of education. Although Germany has recently been ranked number 14 of 77 countries in a recent Female Entrepreneurship Index (Terjesen and Lloyd ), women still start businesses less often than men (e.g., Wagner ; Xavier et al. ).
We scott of all trades only on graduates because this group is homogeneous in terms of education levels (Tegtmeier and Mitra a, b). Accordingly, differences in human and social capital between individuals mainly relate to the balance of skills rather than the level of skills (Hsieh et al. forthcoming). Instead of investigating the intentions of would-be self-employed individuals, we compare individuals who are already self-employed with those who are not. In doing so, we expect scott of all trades reveal more direct insights into the impetuses of self-employment.
TNS Emnid, a leading market research institute, collected the data in order to ensure a Germany-wide representative study (Tegtmeier and Kurczewska in press). TNS Emnid screened through random digit dialing using the German ADM sampling system, the Hoppenstedt company sample, and the German yellow pages (excluding companies that are typically led by non-graduates, e.g., hairdressers). In the screening calls, those contacted were asked if they were currently a self-employed woman graduate () or a non-self-employed woman graduate (). Respondents who fell into either category were then interviewed by telephone.
We scott of all trades a subsample of participants who were older than 20 and younger than 66 (65 was formerly the mandatory retirement age for paid employees) and of entrepreneurs who were running their first business at the time of investigation. This resulted in a subsample of graduate women entrepreneurs and women graduates who were not entrepreneurs. The individual and venture age cut-offs are typical for entrepreneurship research (Reynolds et al. ; Davidsson ).
As the dependent variable, we used an indicator taking the value 1 if the individual was self-employed and 0 if she was not self-employed. In line with Parker (), we consider self-employed (e.g., Bates ; Blanchflower) to constitute entrepreneurs (for a critical analysis about the meaning of entrepreneurship see Audretsch et al. ) and consequently operationalize entrepreneurship as self-employment (see also Åstebro et al. ; Folta et al. ; Hsieh et al. forthcoming). Åstebro and Thompson () show in their investigation of Lazear's theory that there was no substantial difference when entrepreneurship was proxied by self-employment, business creation, or business ownership.
To capture the breadth of experience of the participants, we measured a set of variables as proxies for the diversity of skills and knowledge related to self-employment. To operationalize a balanced set of skills, we assessed aspects of education and experience particularly relevant for women graduates: Additional professional training, balanced industry experience, and balanced management experience. In addition to these factors reflecting a "hard" set of skills, we included individually perceived skills using balanced entrepreneurship-based self-efficacy (ESE). The ESE construct is widely adopted in entrepreneurship research, particularly in relation to entrepreneurial intentions (see, e.g., Piperopoulos and Dimov ). ESE traces back to social cognitive theory, which explains psychosocial functioning as reciprocal causation of behavior, cognition, and environmental events (Wood and Bandura ). Bandura () defines self-efficacy as perceiving a successful execution of behavior for a given outcome. ESE stands for an individual's perception that she is able to successfully accomplish the tasks and roles of an entrepreneur (Chen et al. ).
Independent variables
Following Lazear (), we focused on how knowledge in a variety of areas impacts the probability of becoming self-employed. We applied the following four variables.
Additional professional training
The German Chamber of Industry and Commerce offers professional training as an alternative to an academic education. The 2- to 3-year training is generally a combination of a traineeship at a company and schooling, after which students often enter university. Within the company, the trainee moves from unit to unit, learning about the organizational structure as well as the diverse functions of each area. Completion of such a sophisticated training program was included as an indicator based on the assumption that this training yields a broader set of skills than a regular course of study alone. Indeed, this form of training gives a balance of both scientific knowledge from a university and practical know-how from intensive on-the-job training. This measure is in line with other work on Lazear's theory that was conducted with German data and included professional training programs (Wagner).
Balanced industry experience
We included this measure as it reflects the variety of skills gained through practical experience. Participants indicated how many industries (in German: "Branchen") they had worked in over their careers. Those who had worked in more than three industries were flagged as having balanced industry experience. In line with prior studies (see Wagnerwhich includes changes of profession), we assumed that individuals who possess experience from diverse industries have a more balanced set of skills than those who have worked in fewer industries.
Balanced management experience
A balanced set of skills is also indicated through participants' involvement in diverse fields of management activities before launching a business, including marketing/sales, accounting/controlling, financial management, human resource management, purchasing/supply management, and organization of work processes. The number of applicable fields is a measure of each respondent's diversity of management experience.
Well-balanced ESE
Our measure of well-balanced ESE (Tegtmeier and Mitra a, b) is based on a validated multidimensional scale (McGee et al. ). This measure is superior to its predecessors as it captures the multidimensionality as well as the task and role relevance of the construct. The women are asked to indicate on 5-point Likert scales (1 = very little, 5 = very much) how much confidence they have in their ability to engage in 19 entrepreneurship-related tasks, such as identifying the need for a new product or service or reading and interpreting financial statements. By factor analysis, McGee et al. () have shown that this overall scale can be divided into five sub-scales: searching (Cronbach's α = ), planning (Cronbach's α = ), marshaling (Cronbach's α = ), implementing-people (Cronbach's α = ), and implementing-financial (Cronbach's α = ). Searching includes tasks such as brainstorming (coming up with) a new idea for a product or service, identifying the need for a new product or service, and designing a product or service that will satisfy customer needs and wants. Planning includes estimating customer demand for a new product or service, determining a competitive price for a new product or service, estimating the amount of start-up funds and working capital necessary to start a business, and designing an effective marketing/advertising campaign for a new product or service. Marshaling includes tasks such as getting others to identify with and believe in the vision and plans for a new business, networking (i.e., making contact with and exchanging information with others), and explaining a business idea clearly and concisely in everyday terms, both verbally and frost bank login page writing. Implementing-people includes tasks such as recruiting and hiring employees; training and supervising employees; delegating tasks and responsibilities; dealing effectively with day-to-day problems and crises; and inspiring, encouraging, and motivating employees. Finally, scott of all trades covers tasks such as organizing and maintaining financial records, managing financial assets, and reading and interpreting financial statements (McGee et al. ). In our study, we calculated the mean for each sub-scale and took the standard deviation of the sub-constructs as a measure for the balance of ESE. For example, a woman may indicate a high level of perceived self-efficacy in searching and planning, but a low level in marshaling, implementing-people, and implementing-financial. This would be an unbalanced ESE with regard to the five areas of entrepreneurial roles and tasks. An equal level of ESE in all five areas would indicate a balanced ESE.
We controlled for participant age, the existence of children and a life partner, whether the participant's parents had ever been self-employed, whether the participant's former course of study was mainly related to economics/management, and whether she had completed a university degree (Davidsson ; Reynolds et al. ; Shaver et al. ). The German higher education system distinguishes between research universities, universities of applied sciences, and academies that award at least bachelor's degrees. Accordingly, we controlled for whether the women entrepreneur graduated from a research university or from one of the other institutions. We also controlled for work experience and for whether the participant was ever unemployed in the sense of seeking work, which is mostly researched as a "push" factor into self-employment (see, e.g., Biehl et al. ; Svaleryd ). Work experience is operationalized as the number of years the participant has been employed.
Table 2 presents the means, standard deviations, minima, and maxima of these variables for both groups (graduate women entrepreneurs and graduate women who were non-entrepreneurs) as well as the entire sample.
Self-employed graduate women were on average years older and more likely to have children. Self-employed graduate women were more often likely to have completed an additional professional training program and to possess more balanced industry experience along with a more balanced ESE. However, as compared to their non-self-employed graduate counterparts, self-employed graduate women reported less balanced management experience with regard to diverse management fields. The descriptive evidence in Table 2 indicates some hints in favor of the jack-of-all-trades hypothesis posited by Lazear.
Table 3 presents a correlation matrix for variables used in the analysis and their variance inflation factors (VIFs). The VIFs confirm that multicollinearity is not an issue here.
Primary analysis
We tested the hypothesis using logit regression in STATA version We estimated a model with the dichotomized measure indicating whether a women graduate is self-employed or not as the dependent variable. Logit estimates are reported in Table 4 (Model A).
The estimated Model A had a Pseudo R2 of and was significant at the level (Table 4). The probability of being self-employed increases with the participant's age (<), parental self-employment (<), additional professional training (<), balanced industry experience (<), and well-balanced ESE (<). In contrast, the existence of a life partner (<), work experience in years (<), and balanced management experience (<) correlates with a decrease in probability. Note that unlike the existence of a life partner, the existence of children does not show any statistically significant effect.
Hence, three of four proxies to measure a balanced set of skills confirm that graduate women entrepreneurs are jacquelines-of-all-trades. The probability of self-employment increases with the existence of further professional training (preceding university studies) and with balanced industry experience. Likewise, more balanced ESE (in the areas of searching, planning, marshaling, implementing-people, and implementing-financial) correlates with higher probability of being self-employed. These results mainly confirm the jack-of-all-trades hypothesis. There is no support for the hypothesis concerning the expected positive effect of balanced management experience on self-employment.
Robustness checks
The former analysis is based on an unrestricted sample. We ran several robustness checks. First, we calculated the model only for people who reported having 40 years or less of work experience. This robustness check is motivated by the frequency distribution of the answers to the question about work experience: 50 % of all interviewees reported 8 years or less of work experience, 30 % reported between 9 and 20 years, 19 % reported between 21 and 40 years, and only about 1 % reported over 40 years. Only a handful of responses reported the most years of work experience: 41 (N = 4), 42 (N = 4), 43 (N = 2), 44 (N = 2), 45 (N = 1), 46 (N = 2), and 47 (N = 1). Given that extreme values can have a substantial impact on results (Wagner ), we used a restricted sample of those with 40 years or less of work experience.
The restricted sample consisted of cases ( graduate women entrepreneurs and women graduates who are not entrepreneurs). With a Pseudo R2 ofthis robustness check revealed most similar results to the primary analysis. Accordingly, the outliers do not substantially change the results.
A second robustness check eliminated CEOs from the initial sample. Participants who were non-self-employed provided information about the level of their employment contract within their company's hierarchy. Twenty-two indicated that they were in a CEO position with substantial decision-making and managerial power. Although these participants are not entrepreneurs themselves in the sense of being business owners, their profiles correspond to some extent with entrepreneurs. The restricted sample consists of cases ( graduate women entrepreneurs and women graduates who were not entrepreneurs). Again, with a Pseudo R2 ofthis robustness check revealed quite similar results. Accordingly, neither the outliers in work experience nor the CEOs substantially changed the results. The outcomes of both robustness checks are not reported in a table but are available on request.
Further analysis
As another variation, we divided the sub-sample of women graduate entrepreneurs into two groups: solo entrepreneurs and those who were part of a team of founders. There were solo entrepreneurs, who did not start their scott of all trades with a team and did not have any employees at the time of the investigation. In contrast, entrepreneurs either started their business in a team or had at least one employee. With team members or employees, entrepreneurs can compensate for missing competences more easily. Accordingly, tracing back to Lazear's jack-of-all-trades theory, we assumed that solo entrepreneurs have a higher tendency to be generalists than those with teams or employees.
We estimated a model with the dependent variable being the dichotomized measure of whether a women graduate was a solo entrepreneur or not. Table 5 reports the logit estimates (Model B).
The estimated Model B has a Pseudo R2 of and is significant at the level (Table 5). The probability of being a solo entrepreneur decreases with parental self-employment (<), economics/management as course of study (<), research university education (<), and never having been unemployed (<). In contrast, balanced industry experience (<) correlates with an increase in the probability of being a solo entrepreneur. Note that balanced industry experience barely correlates with participant age (r = , p < ).
It is worth highlighting that the correlation between the age of the business and being a solo entrepreneur is only slightly negative (r = −, p < ). Note that the existence of a life partner as well as the existence of children does not show any statistically significant effect. Descriptive statistics of this variation are not reported in a table but are available on request.
To sum up, this analysis partly confirms that solo entrepreneurs tend to be jacquelines-of-all-trades. Out of four proxies that we used to measure being a generalist, only balanced industry experience is significant and correlates with an increase in the probability of being a solo entrepreneur.
Despite our focus on women only and Lazear's original assumptions about career motives, our results predominantly support Lazear's jack-of-all-trades theory for the sample of graduate women entrepreneurs. Thus, in comparison with other areas of research, which highlights and sometimes overestimate differences between men and women (Ahl ), we theoretically argue and empirically underline that women with a balanced set of skills—like men with this profile—tend to choose entrepreneurial activity more often.
The findings also offer insights into the specific skill sets that lead to a higher probability of self-employment and suggest that women graduate entrepreneurs tend to have a more balanced set of skills derived from additional professional training than non-entrepreneurs. That special 1st security bank seattle of a practice-oriented traineeship at a company and a theory-oriented course of study seems to be an effective education for fostering entrepreneurial intentions. It seems to be a promising approach to not force students to choose between practical or theoretical education, but rather to let them integrate both within a teaching and learning environment that relate the two spheres (Neck and Greene ). The call for less specialized education to foster entrepreneurship is in line with Hsieh et al. (forthcoming), who suggest a less specialized school curriculum. As this educational concept is mainly offered in German-speaking countries at present, we see a need for further analysis of this approach to suggest ways of spreading it to other countries.
The impact of balanced industry experience on the probability of self-employment shows that observing the business world from different perspectives and gaining experience in a variety of branches is important to cultivate entrepreneurial skills. This result shows not only that varied experience increases the probability of self-employment but also that open-minded interest in various (industry) fields scott of all trades be connected to with entrepreneurial activity. Either way, two main implications can be derived from these results. First, those planning to become entrepreneurs should be open to diverse industry fields when gaining skills and experience. Second, individuals who foster entrepreneurial activity (e.g., universities, incubators, entrepreneurship consultants) should integrate various industry perspectives in their approaches. Offering or fostering mixed-industry internships for students is only one approach that universities could consider for relevant study programs.
Moreover, balanced industry experience proves to be more important than experience in different management areas. Interestingly, the analysis does not show a positive impact of balanced management experience on the probability of self-employment. Nevertheless, even though management experience is not correlated to being an entrepreneur, it may have a positive impact on the success of running the business.
While other studies focus on the overall level of ESE (Chen et al. ; Piperopoulos and Dimov ), our analysis underlines the importance of a balanced combination of its components. In our sample, we observe a higher probability of becoming self-employed when there are numerous equal measures within the components of ESE. Importantly, by adding balanced self-efficacy, we not only focused on skills that were actually present but also focused on individually perceived skills as well.
Since ESE is a combination of perceived abilities in a variety of fields that are relevant for founding a business, this finding again strengthens the meaning of being a jacqueline-of-all-trades and broadens the understanding of Lazear's theory by focusing on searching, planning, marshaling, implementing-people, and implementing-financial as the sub-components of ESE. These fields can be integrated in practical or teaching models supporting entrepreneurial intentions. Future research should examine whether and how entrepreneurial skills result from traditional human capital indicators (Stuetzer et al. ).
We additionally controlled for age as a factor influencing self-employment and found a positive impact. This is in line with former work that shows a positive correlation between age and self-employment at decreasing rates (Kautonen et al. ). On the one hand, this finding may be explained by a changing risk perception with age. Even though studies have not yielded consistent evidence, it can be argued that after adolescence risk aversion decreases with age (Cutler ; Hallahan et al. ; Wang and Hanna ). Assuming that risk tolerance influences entrepreneurship (Block et al. ; Caliendo et al. ; Karlsson and Warda ; Nieß and Biemann ; Verheul et al. ), this argument can explain the above result. However, research on risk aversion and entrepreneurship has revealed conflicting results (Miner and Raju ). Recent research that shows a link between risk aversion and the motivation to gain a balanced skill set is promising (Hsieh et al. forthcoming). Future research might investigate the relationship between risk perception, age, and balanced skill sets with regard to women's entrepreneurship in particular. Women are seen as risk averse, which makes fear of failure a central hindering factor for entrepreneurship (Wagner ). On the other hand, our findings on age support the jack-of-all-trades hypothesis in general since it takes time to gain balanced skills in different areas.
Our results also reveal that particularly balanced industry experience is decisive for solo entrepreneurs who cannot easily compensate for missing skills. Future research should include information on team composition (Steffens et al. ) to explain in detail whether a balanced set of skills is related to entrepreneurial persistence and success. In summary, the results support the jack-of-all-trades hypothesis for a database of women only, while most of the existing studies are based on comenity net burkesoutlet data (and therefore mainly men since there are still fewer women entrepreneurs). Thus, our results reveal that there is no gender difference concerning this point, although women tend to make their professional choices based on other motives, such as self-fulfillment, carrying out family responsibilities, and making a social impact. Building on these underlying motivations (in addition to the maximization of lifetime income), we assume that those with a balanced set of skills choose a self-employed position to fulfill these respective motives. Following this line of argumentation, we might derive implications about fostering routes to both self-employment and employee positions: For example, women who are motivated by generating social impact can be advised to find entrepreneurial solutions if they have a more balanced set of skills, while those with expert skills might find greater fulfillment in an employed position with more clearly defined tasks. The argumentation is similar when family duties play a central role within job decisions. Women with a balanced set of skills might successfully leverage the flexibility of self-employment, whereas female experts might be better off choosing, for example, part-time employment. Future research on the Jacqueline-of-all-trades hypothesis should thus be broadened by specifically integrating these alternative underlying motives (including the maximization of lifetime income). This approach will likely generate insights into the interdependencies of these motives with job choice (entrepreneurial or otherwise) and varieties of skills. It would also be interesting to take into account whether the respective decision for or against entrepreneurial behavior leads to the successful fulfillment of goals related to the underlying motives, depending on different skill sets. Such research would also produce additional knowledge relevant for men, but it would be especially relevant for women assuming a broader variety of job motives.
Even though a balanced set of skills and experience increases the probability of becoming an entrepreneur for both men and women, vast gender differences in founding rates still exist (Xavier et al. ). Women in general tend to start a business less often than men. Thus, the question arises whether differences in the skill bases of men and women can explain the differences in founding rates. If so, it could be concluded that the population of women in general possess a narrower skill and experience base and that women tend to be experts. This would be surprising since women are often said oklahoma city national memorial possess a "multitasking talent" and often need a broader variety of skills for managing work and family tasks at the same time. Following this line of argument, women might have even better conditions for becoming entrepreneurs. If this were the case, it would become even more important to foster women's entrepreneurial power. However, there is no evidence in this study as to whether the balance of skills and experiences significantly and positively impacts the success of entrepreneurs. Analyzing the connection between being a jack-of-all-trades and entrepreneurial success would further deepen the understanding of entrepreneurial personalities (Morris et al. ). In this context, although we did not find that balanced management experience impacts women graduates' self-employment, prior research highlights a link between managerial skills and entrepreneurial performance (Lerner and Almor ). Furthermore, our finding about the widely discussed family–work conflict (Kirkwood and Tootell ; Ufuk and Mills v board of education of the district of columbia ; Winn ) deserves attention. Including it as a control variable, we did not find any effect of having children for our sample of women graduates. However, there is an ongoing debate that sees a conflict between being a mother and being an entrepreneur as well as performing well as an entrepreneur (Boden ; Collins-Dodd et al. ; Noseleit ; Shelton ).
In contrast to having children, the existence of a life partner decreases the probability of being self-employed. This result should also be investigated in more detail. While women with self-employed husbands seem more likely to be self-employed themselves (Bruce ), life partners appear to be a hindering factor for self-employment that deserves broader investigation (McGowan et al. ). In the context of the jack-of-all-trades hypothesis, a knowledge spillover effect from the life partner might even be assumed to increase women's probability of becoming self-employed (Özcan ). Future research might explore the human and social capital of the life partners and examine whether a spillover effect broadens women entrepreneurs' skills as well.
We wish to acknowledge some general limitations of our investigation. First, this is a cross-sectional approach measuring balanced ESE only as a snapshot at the time of investigation. Examining potential changes over time would improve the explanatory power of the results. Second, since the data are cross-sectional, unobserved heterogeneity and potential endogeneity issues cannot be taken into account. Thus, in line with most former work, this study does not make any claims of causality. Third, our study focuses on women graduates in Germany, a unique group that may not be generalizable to other populations. Future work might broaden the approach to other groups.
Future research should also combine aspects of diversity in human and social capital with personality characteristics that are widely researched as factors related to self-employment (Caliendo et al. ; Simoes et al. ; Zhao and Seibert ). Moreover, Lazear's theory should be linked with persistence in self-employment and entrepreneurial success. Both are traditionally linked with human capital and personality characteristics (Glaub et al. ; Patel ). We were unable to account for environmental factors, such as family-related institutions (Terjesen et al. ; Terjesen and Elam ). We have left that for future research.
Nevertheless, as we have shown, several implications can be derived from our work. When it comes to entrepreneurship education, our results suggest there is great benefit in collecting experiences in diverse fields. This should include the sub-components of ESE as well as practice-oriented experiences in diverse industries. This diversified approach appears far more fruitful than concentrating on (various) management skills. The results also indicate a need for promoting professional training as a combination of school-based theoretical education with company-based traineeships.
The objective of this study was to apply Lazear's theory to a representative sample of women graduates and to determine whether graduate women entrepreneurs are jacquelines-of-all-trades. We investigated whether Lazear's theory holds true under additional assumptions beyond the mere maximization of lifetime income. Hence, we question whether Lazear's jack-of-all-trades hypothesis holds true for graduate women. Our study suggests that graduate women are more likely to be self-employed if they have more balanced—that is, less specialized—knowledge. Our research indicates that graduate women entrepreneurs indeed show a balanced set of skills, including additional professional training, balanced industry experience, and balanced entrepreneurship-based self-efficacy. Accordingly, Lazear's theory remains valid for women and is therefore gender neutral. Our study also confirms that Lazear's approach can be extended to additional motives beyond purely economic ones.
We also highlight the specifics of solo women entrepreneurs, who tend to have balanced industry experience more often than women who are part of a team or who have employees. This finding is particularly important because in many cases being a solo entrepreneur is the starting point of an entrepreneurial career.
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Link To Article: "10 Times the Turbine"
150 Volt, 240 Volt DC, for running AC grid-tie inverters, available at no extra charge.
Please call 714-992-5594 to order - we accept all major credit cards, Paypal, checks, money orders, cash, etc. For international orders we recommend wiring funds directly to our account, please e-mail for wiring instructions.
Buy Now Online! click button below to select diameter, then click grey bar to order.
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Local customers can pick up their unit here, or we will deliver personally within 100 miles+. Crates are $100 each, suitable for shipping worldwide. Customer responsible for crating and shipping costs. We use ABF Freight, and other carriers, by land, air, and/or sea, worldwide. We can crate and drop off at depot of customer's choice in the greater Los Angeles area, or arrange shipping in concordance with the customer's wishes, as a separate charge. Customer responsible for all duties, taxes, customs fees, etc.
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GRID_TIE INFORMATION: Run YOUR METER BACKWARDS!
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Two Rotors Turn One Generator. The Tail Aims the Turbine, and Pivots for Overspeed Protection. Above is a photo of an experimental unit. The production version that you receive has just 3 wires, very simple.
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note: We are no longer including the yellow and green wires for manual triggering. Please use a proper disconnect/brake switch as per code.
NOTE:Yellow and Green wires for manual braking switch normally left off, unless requested.
Red (+), Black (-): DC Output 60 V, 400 V, 500 V, or 600 V max.
WindyGIRLTM protects the SMA Windy Boy Grid-Tie Inverter. This WindyGIRL brakes the turbine to a stop or crawl before the trigger voltage is reached.
Once stopped, the turbine is allowed to restart. This assumes your turbine can be braked electrically. If not, you may damage your turbine but your inverter will be protected.
SELSAM SuperturbineTM products are protected by U.S. Patents 6616402, 6692230, 7008172, 7063501, other U.S. and International (PCT) Patents Pending. �2007 Doug Selsam SuperturbineTM is a registered U.S. Trademark.
SELSAM WindyGIRLTM connects your SELSAM SuperturbineTM (OR OTHER WIND TURBINE) to your Windy BoyTM (or other) Grid-Tie Inverter.
note: We are no longer including the yellow and green wires for manual triggering unless requested. We want to keep things simple. Please use a proper disconnect/brake switch.
WindyGIRLTM works with any turbine compatible with the Windy BoyTM (DC voltage operating range 139-400 volts) 500 volt version for Windy BoyTM 3000-US, 600 volt version for Windy BoyTM 2500U, 5000-US, 6000-US, 7000-US easy to use - email or call anytime We make Any WindyGIRL, Any Voltage, Any Power Level, with any extra features such as manual triggering, just for you!
You CAN connect to the power grid, reduce peak power use, turn your meter backwards, and lower your electric bill!
= $2698 total Package including delivery to the U.S.
IMPORTANT NOTE: WindyGIRL is intended for turbines that can be electrically braked from full power to a stop. A long distance of wire from the turbine may affect braking performance of any attempt to stop the turbine electrically. A very long run of thin wire between a brake switch and the turbine may in some cases allow the turbine to keep running even when the leads are "shorted out" (brake is on) since the length of wire itself has enough resistance to present an operating voltage to the turbine. Consider this when placing your WindyGIRL since it also acts to brake the turbine electrically. Therefore consider limiting the length of your wire run, using very thick wire, and/or placing the WindyGIRL reasonably close to the turbine for best braking results. Choose an inverter that is big enough to handle your turbine. We want to hear your experience with WindyGIRL so we can continue to make it the best it can be.
Visit the SELSAM ST 1.2 American Twin Dual-Rotor 1 kW SuperturbineTM website!
Prices are subject to change, so act in a timely manner if you really wish to take advantage of these great deals. Thank you.
Inside Distance Between mounting ears of case: 4.130"
This Alternator is the perfect size for a 12-foot diameter Wind Turbine rotor.
The voltage range is perfect for use with a WindyBOY Grid-tie inverter, also available through this seller.
The WindyBOY requires over-voltage protection, (WindyGIRL) also available through this seller.
You can turn your meter backwards using your own home-built wind turbine, based on this SUPER-ALTERNATOR!
Three output wires deliver 3-phase electricity. with both voltage and frequency proportional to RPM.
This SUPER-ALTERNATOR is WAY MORE POWERFUL than the PMA's you are used to seeing on E-Bay.
The Superturbine(R) Alternator weighs a whopping 32 LBS!!!
compare to PMA's based on the Delco 10-si series, weighing in at a mere 10 lbs.
This SuperTurbine(R) Super-Alternator is good for sustained output of 2000 watts, on a tower with wind blowing thru.
For ground-based use, consider a cooling fan.
Ths alternator is capable of 10 kW output in short bursts.
But the factor limiting sustained output of any alternator or motor is temperature, which can quickly start to climb, ending in a burnt-out stator.
We will not be responsible for a burnt-out stator, since this is a SUPER-BEEFY alternator, well-proven for hours of sustained full output.
Since we cannot control what you do with it, you gotta see if it is getting hot and take steps to prevent overheating, cause that is just the name of the game in wind energy.
Perfect for VERTICAL-AXIS Machines, which often turn slower and have trouble reaching useful voltages at low RPM.
We can make you an alternator wound for ANY voltage range, all you gotta do is ask.
Made in USA. Highest quality materials and components, nothing to wear out.
If properly loaded, this machine should last forever.
Extra-heavy-duty sealed bearings can be replaced, but we have never worn out a bearing yet, in years of use, in the harshest arctic and desert environments!
90 Day warranty parts & labor for defects in materials or workmanship.
This sale is FOR THE ALTERNATOR (PMA) ONLY!
You will need a rectifier to turn the 3-phase output to DC, if you want DC output.
Shipping Free in the U.S. & Canada!!!
Good Luck and Thanks for your business!
The SuperAlternator, using High Temp Neodymium SuperMagnets, the most powerful PMA on the market, outweighs and outpowers 3 Delco alternators.
Shipping free in the U.S., Canada. Please call first for overseas orders.


text:
Horst H. Baumann  (* 19. Juni 1934 in Aachen; † 24. Mai 2019) war ein deutscher Künstler, Designer und Fotograf, der in Düsseldorf lebte und arbeitete und vor allem für seine Laser-Kunst bekannt war.

Leben und Werk
Baumann studierte von 1954 bis 1957 Hüttentechnik (und von 1972 bis 1974 Pädagogik) an der RWTH Aachen und als Spätstudent von 1994 bis 2004 Philosophie/Medien an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf.

Seit 1957 arbeitete Baumann als Fotograf und Designer und seit 1966 als Lichtkünstler. Von 1963 bis 1964 war er Gastdozent an der Hochschule für Gestaltung Ulm.

1977 war Baumann Teilnehmer an der documenta 6 in Kassel und installierte dort, assistiert von Peter Hertha, mit seiner Laserscape Kassel die erste permanente Laserskulptur (ab 1979) weltweit.

Andere Installationen von Baumann sind der Lichtzeitpegel am Rheinturm in Düsseldorf (1982), die Neonskulptur "Passkreuz" in Bielefeld-Sennestadt (1988) und der vom Lichtzeitpegel umgestaltete Olympiariegel am Rheinturm Düsseldorf 2003.

In den Jahren 1956, 1958 und 1960 war Horst H. Baumann auf der photokina Köln vertreten und dort auch Preisträger.

Seine Arbeiten wurden international ausgestellt, unter anderem 1965 in der Gallery of Modern Art in New York sowie 1967 und 1969 auf der Biennale des Jeunes in Paris (Preisträger).

Die letzten 25 Jahre seines Lebens bewohnte Baumann ein Wohn-Atelier im Salzmannbau in Düsseldorf.

Sein fotografischer Nachlass wurde im Herbst 2020 der Foto-Galerie ZEPHYR in Mannheim übergeben.

Ausstellungen, Installationen und Projekte
 2014: Beyond Architecture (1950–2014) – Karl Hugo Schmölz, Irmel Kamp u. a. Die Möglichkeiten künstlerischer Betrachtung von Architektur innerhalb exemplarisch fotografischer Positionen., Neuer Aachener Kunstverein in Kooperation mit der RWTH Aachen und der FH Aachen.

Eine ausführliche Liste der Ausstellungen, Installationen und Projekte von Horst H. Baumann findet sich im PDF seines Lebenslaufs von 2010 (mit seinem eigenen Briefkopf), abrufbar auf Yumpu.

Literatur
 Kimpel, Harald; LASERSCAPE KASSEL; Kassel 2005

Weblinks
 Homepage Laserscape von Horst H. Baumann

Einzelnachweise

Lichtdesigner
Fotograf (20. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (21. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (Düsseldorf)
Künstler (documenta)
Deutscher
Geboren 1934
Gestorben 2019
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Try this free frog word work activity, a fun and simple way for kids to practice spelling, reading and writing.
Frogs always hold my kids' interest. I don't know if it's the fact that they hop (being a frog sounds like fun!) or their intriguing life cycle, but everyone here is always excited about all things Frog.
With this freebie, kids can pretend the frogs are hopping up onto the log to spell out words.
I've included letters to make seven of the words in our free Frog Emergent Reader. There's also a page of the entire alphabet for building any other words you'd like to use.
Building words letter by letter can help kids pay attention to the sounds that make up sight words. Writing the words can also reinforce learning, as well as add student accountability, so I've included a recording sheet for you.
The idea here is helping the frogs jump up onto a log to spell out words. Each frog has a letter on its belly. Kids search in the "pond" to find the letters they need. As the child finds each letter, he has that frog jump up onto the log.
Laminate the logs, and write words in dry erase pen to help children with letter matching.
Provide a separate list of words for students to build.
Print out several copies of the full alphabet page, and let the children build their own words.
Use as a letter recognition activity where the kids name letters as they "hop" up on to the log.
Be sure to allow a little extra time for play too! Those frogs will get tired of word building before they're done hopping in and out of the pond. Let the kids have some fun, and soon they'll be ready for even more literacy activities.
Ready to get busy working with words? Grab your copy of the Frog Word Work by clicking the blue button below! Then, hop on over and try this Letter Recognition Grab Bag!
The Alphabet fish are great.
I want to thank you for sharing I don't teach school but I try to keep my grand kids busy with learning during the summer . That way they don't forget so much.