text:
A Parcel of Ribbons
Eighteenth Century Jamaican Family History
Tag Archives: negro
Genealogy, General Interest, Jamaican Life
Blocking Legacies to Negroes and Mulattoes
December 17, 2011 Anne M Powers	3 Comments
In December 1761 the Jamaican Assembly passed an Act, which was subsequently ratified in London, "to prevent the inconveniences arising from exorbitant grants and devises, made by white persons to negroes, and the issue of negroes; and to restrain and limit such grants and devises." It is sometimes referred to as the Devises Act.
You can read the full text of the Act here.
Owing in part to the shortage of white women settlers in Jamaica, and to a more relaxed attitude to marriage than would be the case a century later, many white planters and other European migrants formed relationships with non-whites both free and enslaved. The children resulting from these relationships were often brought up in what amounted to a stable family situation, and their education and welfare was provided for in the Wills of their white fathers. In many cases the children were apprenticed to a trade, or sent to England for a liberal education in one of the professions. Many had careers in the Army or Navy, as merchants, or later in the 18th century in the developing colonies of south Asia. Where there were no legitimate offspring to inherit the wealth the father had accumulated in Jamaica, that wealth and property, including slaves, was often left to their illegitimate mixed race children. It was this that the act of 1761 was designed to prevent or at least to limit.
Under the act the amount that a child could inherit was to be limited to £2000 which although it was a large amount of money, equivalent perhaps to £286,000 today using the retail price index, or £2,850,000 relative to average earnings[1], was a mere fraction of the total of some of the larger estates. The act was designed to prevent the leaving of a larger legacy to "any negro whatever, or to any mulatto, or other person not being in their own issue born in lawful wedlock, and being the issue of a negro, and deemed a mulatto." This therefore restricted legacies, even if left to a legitimate child, where that child was mixed race and at least one eighth black. Nor could the restriction be avoided by leaving the property in trust to a white person on behalf of such child. The limitation of £2000 even extended to property left by such a mixed-race person to their children. The only exception related to those mixed race Jamaicans who had already been granted the legal status of white persons.
In the event, until this act was later repealed, it was possible for white planters and others who had made their fortune in Jamaica to apply for a private act of the Jamaican Assembly to permit them to transmit their inheritance to their children, or to remove their property from Jamaica.
Robert Cooper Lee who had four mixed-race children born illegitimate in Jamaica, and was responsible as a trustee and guardian for his illegitimate mixed-race nephews, made such an application in December, 1776, in an Act "to authorize and enable Robert Cooper Lee, late of the Island of Jamaica, but now of the kingdom of Great Britain, esquire, to settle and dispose of his estates, both real and personal in this island, by deed or will as he shall think proper, notwithstanding an Act of the Governor, Council and Assembly of this island, intituled, an Act to prevent inconveniences arising from exorbitant grants and devises made by white persons and the issue of negroes and to restrain and limit such grants and devises."
What is in many ways most interesting, is that three members of the Assembly dissented from the act and a copy of their objections remains at the East Sussex County Record Office at Lewes as part of the Jamaica papers of Fuller family of Rosehill in Brightling – ref: ESRO SAS/RF 20/66. A transcription of this is included at the end of the text of the 1761 Act.
The three dissenters were Norwood Witter, Edward Clarke, and William Wynter. Witter and Clarke were both members of the assembly for Westmorland, and William Wynter served on the Assembly as a member for St Thomas in the Vale, St Thomas in the East, and St Catherine at various times. In 1757 he became a member of the Jamaican Council. He has already been mentioned here as the father of Thomas Wynter, mixed race son of Mary Johnson Rose.
In a clearly set out document they argued that the proposed act was unconstitutional because it restricted the right of a British citizen to leave his property as he wished; that it would encourage vexatious law suits based on the mere suggestion that someone's ancestor was of mixed race; that limiting the financial transactions that could be made by mixed race Jamaicans might encourage them to take their money out of the island and even to emigrate; and that it restricted a father from providing for his children even where they had received a liberal education and looked white. They also regarded it as unreasonable to penalise "a quiet and peaceable people who have ever shown themselves true and faithful to the White Inhabitants" and who had shown themselves highly supportive during the recent slave uprising. In summary, they said:
We think it unreasonable.
As we apprehend it lays the Penalty on the innocent, We deem it severe
As we apprehend it tends to depopulate the Country, it is impolitic
As we apprehend it takes away the Right of Free Born Britons, it is unconstitutional
And as it lays a restraint on the parental affection it is unnatural
And on the whole we think it equally Inconsistent with Liberty, sound Policy, and pure Religion.
Their objections however were overruled and the bill was passed into law on the 19th of December 1761.
Between 1768 and 1790 thirteen private Acts were passed giving the right to dispose of property as the person thought fit, including the example of Robert Cooper Lee above. They included Thomas Wynter, and in some cases also listed the names of the children who were at the same time being granted the rights of white people.
Perhaps the most interesting is that of 1784 granting the right to dispose of her property to a free quadroon, Sarah Morris of Kingston. She left her estate to her natural daughter Charlotte Stirling (daughter of a wealthy Scottish planter Robert Stirling) who was also granted the rights of a white person. During that period she was the only woman to obtain such a right.
The others who obtained the rights were:
1768 William Patrick Bourne of St John
1775 George Brooks of St Elizabeth
1776 Robert Cooper Lee
1777 John Williams of St Ann
1783 Thomas Wynter, and William Wright of Portland
1784 Sarah Morris (as above), Patrick Duncan of St Ann and Thomas Roper of Portland
1787 John Angwin of St Ann
1788 John Russell of Clarendon
1789 George Lesslie of Westmorland
1790 George Bedward
[1] Source: http://www.measuringworth.com
Devises Act, Edward Clarke, illegitimate, mulatto, negro, Norwood Witter, planter, Robert Cooper Lee, Robert Stirling, Sarah Morris, slave, William Wynter
Genealogy, Jamaican Life
What's in a name? – Searching Jamaican Parish Registers
November 19, 2011 Anne M Powers	4 Comments
Old parish registers (OPR for short) are an invaluable source of genealogical information, but sadly are often only as good as the parish clerk or vicar who wrote in them. Some are written in beautiful script and contain additional information about the father's occupation or the street in which the family lived, others are terse to the point of being almost useless without supporting information from another source.
If you have access to Ancestry, take a look at the registers for London where you can view the images of the actual pages. For example the early eighteenth century marriage records for St Lawrence Jewry in the City of London are clearly written and give the parish of both partners, but the later records in the same volume for baptisms and burials are untidy and hastily written although they do give the date of both birth and baptism, and the location of the burial.
Accuracy can be a problem and the record of the baptism of Robert Cooper Lee, whose parcel of ribbons gave this website its title, is doubly inaccurate – for the clerk of St Michael Bassishaw wrote his mother's name as Sarah instead of Frances and his date of birth as the 4th of September when I know from a letter of his daughter Frances that it was the 15th. These problems can be much worse when dealing with the early Jamaican registers.
You can view the images of the early Jamaican parish registers on the Family Search site, which is free. These images are also available on microfilm through local LDS family history centres, although you may have to order them in for your local centre and pay the postage.
The coverage for different parishes varies a lot, with some of the earliest records in St Andrew (from 1664), St Catherine (from 1668) and Vere (from 1694) whereas Kingston only starts in 1721. Time, mould, insect attack, hurricane and fire took their toll on the records and they were sometimes copied to preserve them, not always with a hundred percent accuracy.
Until the Family Search site completes the computerised indexing of the records, you are dependent on either paging through a particular parish and time period, or using the hand compiled indexes whose images are also available. These are not in fully alphabetical order, but are organised by letter of the alphabet with blocks of records covering a period of years. If you are lucky the one you are looking at will have an annotation in the margin telling you what period it relates to, but not always. The index will give you a volume and folio reference in the form 1/23. Because the images cover two pages of the register an entry at 1/23 might be on image 12 or somewhere either side of it. Be aware that not all records are indexed, that marriages are only indexed by the name of the man and that a child's baptism may be indexed under the mother's name if it is illegitimate even if it later took its father's name.
To have a good chance of finding the records you are interested in, it helps to understand family naming conventions in the eighteenth century which often followed a quite regular pattern. Where a couple were married and their children were legitimate, the eldest son was usually named after his father or one of his grandfathers, and the eldest daughter after her mother or grandmothers. It was also common for a surname to be used as a first name and the surname of a grandparent to be used as a middle name. For example Thomas Beckford married Mary Ballard in 1703 in St Catherine, Jamaica, and their eldest son was called Ballard Beckford, as was his son. The second Ballard Beckford's daughter was named Mary Ballard Beckford.
Don't be surprised if you find that a couple use the same name repeatedly – high infant mortality often meant that a father would make several attempts to carry on his name – if you see the same name repeated, look for a corresponding infant burial between the two baptisms. Robert Cooper Lee's father Joseph had two attempts at a namesake before his youngest son survived.
After the eldest son and daughter, children were then named for the siblings of their parents, or after an aunt or uncle or their godparents. Sometimes they were named in honour of a family friend. Robert Cooper Lee, whose eldest son named after his brother John died young, named one son after himself; one after his friend Richard Welch; Matthew Allen Lee after his friend John Allen and Scudamore Cooper Lee after his friend Scudamore Winde. In turn John Allen named his first son John Lee Allen. Name patterns like this can often be helpful in tracing patterns of friendship especially if backed up by bequests in Wills.
In Jamaica the records are complicated by the number of illegitimate children, many born to white fathers and slave or mixed race mothers. In the early history of Jamaica slaves were not usually baptised or married in church as it was feared that if they became Christian they might acquire the rights of Christians. However from the earliest days there were free blacks and free people of mixed race – often the product of liaisons between white planters and merchants and their slaves or housekeepers. The latter were often free women of mixed race who moved between communities having some of the privileges of the white world, and as described in the article about Mary Johnston Rose, sometimes acquiring the status of being legally white.
When it came to recording the baptisms, marriages and burials of black and mixed race Jamaicans the local vicars varied in what they recorded. Some white fathers happily acknowledged their children and their names appear alongside the name of the mother in the register. However the child's surname may be indexed as either the father's or the mother's. For example in 1748 John Lee and Mary Lord had a child baptised as Mary Ann Lord, the name she was buried under soon after.
In the case of the children of Mary Johnston Rose her sons Thomas Wynter and William Fuller took their father's surnames and she was generally known as Mary Rose, although her mother was Elizabeth Johnston. That she used the name Mary Johnston Rose strongly suggests that she was the acknowledged daughter of a man called Rose, albeit not legitimate. In letters she is referred to as Mrs Rose, but beware of assuming that Mrs means that a woman was married – the title Mistress was used for both married and single women, and Mrs was also sometimes a courtesy title rather like Madame in French was used for an older woman.
The Jamaican registers may or may not tell you something useful about the ethnic origin of the person. The St Catherine's register has the marriage of Emanuel Angola and Malina Angola in 1671, which only hints at African origin through their names. In 1677 Peter Moore and Black Betty were married as 'free negroes', but on the same page the marriage record of a mulatto and a negro does not tell us whether they were free. There was no requirement on parish priests to follow a set form in what they recorded, and as a result the records are fragmentary, inconsistent and sometimes very hard to read!
By the middle of the eighteenth century it is becoming more common to record the status of an individual, and children are baptised using all the various categories of colour discussed in an earlier posting. Whereas a legitimate child almost always has both parents named, the illegitimate may have none – but almost always its colour is recorded. Watch out for abbreviations such as 'Mul.' Or simply 'M' for mulatto, a letter Q (which can look like a 2) for a quadroon. Such is the segregation of people according to their colour that some of the Kingston registers actually had separate sections for Whites and People of Colour.
Civil Registration began in Jamaica on the 1st of April 1878 but some districts did not record until up to five years later. The Family Search site has over one and a half million records for Trelawny Parish Civil Registration Births, 1878-1930, and over 280,000 other indexed records from 1752-1920.
The rejoicing will be great on the part of this user when the fully indexed records are finally available online.
So good luck with your searches, and good hunting!
baptism, burial, civil registration, genealogy, Jamaica, Kingston, London, marriage, mulatto, negro, parish register, slave, St Catherine, St Lawrence Jewry
Biographies, Jamaican Life
Mary Johnston Rose – How to become legally white
November 12, 2011 Anne M Powers	1 Comment
Sample of eighteenth century Indian chintz.
The Spanish Town census, featured here recently, listed three people who were described as "free Mulattoes or Descendants from them admitted to the privileges of white people by Acts of the Legislature".
They included Mary Johnston Rose and her son Thomas Wynter. Mary was a free mulatto, the daughter of Elizabeth Johnston who died in 1753 a free negro. Mary may have been born as early as 1700 when there is the baptism of a Mary Elizabeth daughter of Elizabeth Johnston 'a negro wench' on 5th July 1700. If this is the right mother and daughter then Elizabeth was probably a house slave at the time and later freed. It seems probable that Mary's father was one of the Rose family, possibly Francis Rose (1656-1720), or William Rose (d. about 1724).
There is no record of how Mary acquired her education, but that she did so at a time when most women, whatever their colour, were illiterate suggests that she had a favoured upbringing at the hands of her father.
Mary was said to be related to Rose Fuller (a plantation owner and key player in island politics; Francis Rose was his great-uncle and William Rose his cousin) and she was his housekeeper for about twenty years until he returned to England in the summer of 1755, landing at Portsmouth on the 18th August. The role of housekeeper frequently equated to that of common law wife and there was clearly a strong degree of affection between Mary and her employer who was the acknowledged father of her son William.
After Rose Fuller left Jamaica he sent her various items, including a carpet. In May 1756 she wrote that these were "such marks of your esteem for me as I shall never forget" and she forwarded a list requesting calimancoe[1] shoes, coarse linen (probably for servant or slave clothing), chintz (perhaps Indian chintz such as pictured above), tea and a white beaver hat. She sent him some boxes of sweetmeats "which will serve to remind you that you have left here a person who always thinks of you". In a further letter in December 1756 she wrote "I most heartily thank you for all your favours which have been very great to me, but notwithstanding them, I have often known the want of your being here, since your departure. May you long enjoy your health is the sincere wish of your most affectionate honourable servant Mary Rose".
Clearly she missed him, but knew that she would never see him again.
Mary had two sons by different fathers – Thomas Wynter who was probably the son of Dr William Wynter; and William Fuller – born on the 28th of January and baptised on the 18th of April 1735 – who was the son of Dr Rose Fuller. From a letter written by her nephew Robert Kelly to Rose Fuller in 1758 we know that William Fuller was sent to England to be educated at his father's expense, but as nothing further is heard of him it seems he probably died young. Robert Kelly was the son of Mary's sister Ann Rose, and his father was one of the five Kelly brothers whose Wills are on this website, most probably John Kelly who died in 1740.
Mary also had a sister Sarah Johnson, a niece called Peg whose child she took in when Peg was drowned in a storm, and nephew and niece John Schutz Johnson and Ann Rose – Sarah's children.
Thomas Wynter, William Fuller and Robert Kelly were all classified by Jamaican society as quadroons and as such did not have the same rights as white people, although having mothers who were free meant they too were free. However in 1745 Mary applied for herself and her sons to be accorded the same rights as whites, and in 1746 the English parliament confirmed an Act of the Jamaican Assembly granting those rights.
"At the Court of St. James 17.12.1746. Present the King's Most Excellent Majesty in Council. Whereas the Governor and Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's Island of Jamaica with the Council and Assembly of the said Island did in 1745 pass an Act which hath been transmitted in the words following viz An Act to Intitle Mary Johnston Rose of the Parish of St. Catherines in the said Island, a free mulatto woman and her sons Thomas Wynter and William Fuller begotten by white fathers to the same rights and privileges with English subjects born of white parents. The Act was confirmed, finally enacted and ratified accordingly."
This was not a wholly unusual event, there were a handful of such Acts each year from the early eighteenth century onwards, but the proportion of all the mixed race adults and children granted such rights was small and it does indicate that Mary had some influence over her own position, albeit presumably through the fathers of her sons, both of whom were members of the Assembly at the time.
Had her sons been born a few years later their position would have been more difficult, for in December 1761 the Jamaican Assembly, alarmed by the numbers of mixed race illegitimate children of the Plantocracy inheriting from their white fathers, passed an Act to "prevent exorbitant grants and devises to Negroes". William Wynter was one of three men to sign a protest against the Bill.
Nevertheless the Act was made law and so in 1783 Mary's son Thomas was forced to petition for the rights of his own mixed race children William Rose Wynter and Mary Mede. The baptism record for William Rose Wynter lists him as a mulatto so it is possible his mother was black.
Although Thomas Wynter was listed as a Millwright in the 1754 census, by the time of his death in 1789 he was able to leave £1000 to his daughter Mrs Mead, and an annuity to Mrs Hemming the mother of his two children, and to direct that Hampshire Plantation and Prospect Penn and all his other real estate and slaves in Jamaica should be sold by his Executors for the benefit of his children. His estate was valued at £65,820 and the money from the sale was put in trust invested in securities in England.
After a career in the Army, William Rose Wynter ended his days in England dying in Devon in 1846, and his sister married an English vicar and also left Jamaica for England. The descendants of William Rose Wynter through his son Thomas Rose Wynter can be tracked down through the nineteenth century, also in the Indian Army and later in Cornwall. The descendants of Mary Elizabeth Wynter Mead nee Hemmings can be tracked into the late twentieth century.
When Rose Fuller died in 1777 he left his house in Spanish Town to the lifetime use of Mary Johnson (sic) Rose "to whose care and attention under God I conceive my life has been more than once preserved in several dangerous illnesses I had in Jamaica". He left her an annuity of £100 Jamaican currency (worth a bit over £70 sterling) annually for her lifetime, which was the continuance of a similar annuity he was already paying her. She was also left the lifetime use of the contents of the house except for what might be needed for the use of his attorneys managing his property from the Grange, and he requested, but did not require, that she might live at the Grange Pen to assist the attorneys when necessary. Mary was also left the use of six female slaves with any children they might have, again for her lifetime; and mention is made of her chaise and horse. Clearly she was left well provided for, but she later supplemented her annuity by letting out lodgings and she was able to buy her house in Spanish Town. She died a relatively wealthy woman.
On the 19th of March 1783 the parish register for St Catherine recorded the burial of "Mary Rose mulatto Old Age". She had reached the age of over seventy and possibly as much as eighty three, a very good age in Jamaica, after a full life which had seen her and her sons become legally white.
If you would like to know more about women and the African Diaspora, and about Mary Rose, you can find it in Gendering the African Diaspora, Indiana University Press 2010, which contains a paper by Linda L. Sturtz entitled Mary Rose: "White" African Jamaican Woman? Race and Gender in Eighteenth Century Jamaica.
The letters written by Mary Rose and others referring to her are in the collection of the Fuller papers held at the East Sussex County Record Office at Lewes, England.
[1] Calimancoe was a dense, and expensive fabric used for shoes, stiffened petticoats and waistcoats. It was a shiny fabric with a striped or chequered pattern made of wool with silk or mohair.
beaver hat, calimanco, Hampshire plantation, Indian chintz, Jamaica, mulatto, negro, Plantocracy, Prospect Penn, Rose Fuller, slave, Spanish Town, William Wynter
Jamaican Life
Spanish Town Census 1754
October 24, 2011 Anne M Powers	3 Comments
Reproduced by kind permission of the East Sussex County Record Office ref: ESRO SAS/RF 20/7
Held at the East Sussex County Record Office at Lewes as part of the Jamaica papers of Fuller family of Rosehill in Brightling, is a copy of a census of Spanish Town, otherwise known by its Spanish name of St Jago de la Vega; its reference is ESRO SAS/RF 20/7.
In July and August 1754 Charles White undertook the task of surveying the whole of St Jago de la Vega in order to create a census of all the white population and the free Negroes and Mulattoes. The only persons excluded were those gentlemen who were occasional residents during the sitting of the Assembly and the law courts. White attested that he had taken
Particular Account of the Houses and the Annual Rents or Estimate of Rents of the said Houses in and belonging to the said Town and Suburbs of St Jago de la Vega and of the Number of people of free Condition in each Family by going thro the different Streets Lanes Allies and Places thereof and by calling at or enquiring concerning each respective and Distinct Tenement and concerning the Number of People in each Family and that the annexed Account is the most exact he could with his utmost diligence procure of the Number of houses and the Rents of them and of the Number of persons of free Condition that were in the said Town att the time he took the said Account, exclusive of Gentlemen who appear by the said Account to have Houses therein and who come there occasionally to attend the Service of the Country as Members of the Council and Assembly and Judges of the Suprem(sic) Court of Judicature.
In total he recorded 866 white people and 405 free Negroes and Mulattoes. Slaves were of course not included. He also recorded the rental value of each property, the names of the owner and the occupier and the occupation of the latter. Additional notes give us information about the owners, for example that they were normally resident in Kingston or owned a plantation in some other parish than St Catherine.
You can find the full transcription of the census here, but in the meantime here is a quick breakdown.
The occupations of the white residents are recorded as follows:
11 Attorneys, 5 Barristers and one councillor at law
2 Bakers, 2 Barbers, 2 Blacksmiths (one who was also a provision planter)
1 Bookbinder and 3 Bookkeepers
2 Bricklayers (one of whom was also a provision planter)
9 Carpenters, of whom one combined his work with being Coroner, farmer and provision planter
13 Clerks working in offices, for merchants or the courts and two of whom were also planters
1 Deputy Marshall, a Deputy Clerk of the Peace and a Dancing Master
2 Factors, a Fisherman and a Gardener
5 Gentlemen (one a planter and Justice of the Peace)
1 Housekeeper
20 Hucksters (who would have sold their wares on the street or from booths), one also a carpenter
2 Iron Mongers
1 Jew Butcher
8 keeping Lodgings
2 Mantua Makers
6 Merchants (one combining it with being a planter and farmer)
2 Midwives
2 Millwrights (one combining with being a provision and ginger planter)
1 Music Master and Organist (who had died between Charles White taking the census and writing it up)
John Venn the Parish priest who was also a planter
1 Penkeeper and a Peruke Maker
3 Physicians who were also planters; 4 physicians who were also surgeons (2 being provision planters); and 2 Surgeons
85 Planters, of whom one was Island Secretary, one a Member of the Assembly, one combined it with being butcher, one was clerk of the vestry and one a shopkeeper.
2 Provision Traders, a Retailer and a Riding Master
3 Sadlers
4 School Mistresses and 3 School Masters (one also a planter)
3 Seamstresses
3 Shoemakers, one a provision planter
23 shopkeepers, one resident in Kingston, one with a provision mountain and one a provision planter
1 reader to the Synagogue
3 Silver Smiths and a Surveyor
5 Tavernkeepers who variously combined it with being a silversmith, shoemaker, planter and pen keeper
4 Tailors (two of whom were also planters)
1 Upholder (i.e. upholsterer)
3 Watchmakers and a Wheelwright
11 households were made up of Orphans and there were 18 Widows
One man was Blind and 27 Properties were untenanted.
Three people in the survey of whites were recorded as being "free Mulattoes or Descendants from them admitted to the privileges of white people by Acts of the Legislature". They were Mary Rose, her son Thomas Wynter, and Susan Hosier.
Of the free Negro and Mulatto inhabitants their occupations included:
4 Bricklayers
17 Carpenters (including 4 planters and one who was also a cooper), 1 cooper, 1 Sawyer,
1 Coachman, 1 Fisherman, 1 Hawker and 1 keeping Lodgings
2 Doctors, 1 Midwife, 1 Nurse (who was also a provision planter)
1 Cook and 3 Pastry cooks
1 Planter
4 Poulterers,
1 Mantua Maker, 29 Seamstresses and 9 Tailors
1 Schoolmistress, 1 Servant
4 Washers
2 Wheelwrights
4 Widows, 2 Orphans , and 19 persons for whom no occupation is recorded.
64 of the total proprietors in this group are women and 50 are men, but a few appear to be duplicates, with the same or a very similar name owning more than one property. This may reduce the total to 60 women and 45 men.
census, mulatto, negro, planter, slaves, Spanish Town, St Jago De la Vega
Black, White and In Between – Categories of Colour
September 26, 2011 Anne M Powers	2 Comments
The Kneeling Slave – 'Am I not a Man & a Brother' (oil on canvas) English School (18th century)
© Wilberforce House, Hull City Museums and Art Galleries, UK / The Bridgeman Art Library Nationality / copyright status: English / out of copyright
It is only a generation since the ending of apartheid, and not much longer since Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus that December day in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama. In my lifetime rental properties in the UK displayed signs saying "No Irish, Blacks or dogs", and forty years ago I sat with a friend in a rental agency in London as the woman who had just shown us details of several properties turned away a black couple telling them she had nothing on her books. Such is the legacy of slavery and imperialism.
To understand older Jamaican records it can be helpful to know the categories into which people were put for legal and social purposes.
Not all black people, referred to as negroes in old documents, were slaves. Indeed not all white people were free, as a substantial number of indentured servants from Britain sold their labour for a fixed period of years hoping for a better life at the end of it, when if they survived they did become completely free.
There were already free negroes in Jamaica when the British arrived. For example, Peter Moore and Black Betty, free negroes, were married at St Catherine on the 8th November 1677; and Isabella Husee the daughter of Domingo and Maria, free negroes, was baptised at St Catherine on 13th July 1679.
The Spanish conquerors of the island had owned many African slaves whom they freed, or who escaped into the Jamaican interior when the British arrived, becoming the independent and much feared Maroons (probably from the Spanish word cimarrón, meaning wild or untamed). There were also still some of the original Arawak or Taino Indians, and occasionally you will come across a reference in the old parish registers to someone as an 'Indian'. Charles Benoist and Uańah 'an Indian Woman' were married in the parish of St Andrew on the 30th May 1675.
Both the church registers and the slave registers categorised people by their colour, but different vicars varied in the extent to which they entered the racial mix of the person being baptised and whether they were illegitimate. Of course many slaves were not baptised at all and their lives have gone unrecorded unless in slave registers on the plantations they were sold to.
The following explains the categories used throughout the colonial period.
Negro – a black person with two black parents of African origin, but who might have been born in Jamaica and hence might be referred to as a creole.
Creole – any person, whether black, white or mixed race born in a British colony, although over time this has tended to be thought of as referring to someone of mixed race.
Mulatto – a person with one negro and one white parent.
Sambo – a person with one parent a negro and the other mulatto i.e one quarter white.
Quadroon – the child of a white person and a mulatto i.e. one quarter black, with one grandparent of African origin.
Mustee, Mestee or Octaroon – a person who is one-eighth black i.e. with one black great grandparent.
Mesteefeena – a rarely used term for the child of a white parent and a mestee. One-sixteenth black, they were legally regarded as white and free.
You will often come across references in Wills to legacies left for a white man's 'housekeeper'. In the Jamaican context this almost always means a woman living with a man effectively as his wife, but not married to him, and who was the mother of his 'reputed children'. In the case of better-off white men, often they lived with a free mulatto or quadroon woman who might have property of her own including slaves. Another time I will tell some of the stories of their children.
In the mid eighteenth century the Jamaican Plantocracy and Merchants became concerned at the amounts of money being left to the non-white offspring of wealthy whites. Consequently in October 1761 they passed an Act of the Assembly "to prevent the inconveniences arising from exorbitant grants and devises made by white persons to negroes, and the issue of negroes, and to restrain and limit such grants and devises". This limited the amount that could be inherited by a non-white to £2000. However many white planters wished to leave their wealth to their 'reputed' children and consequently took out private Acts in the Jamaican Assembly, which had to be ratified in the London parliament, to enable them to dispose of their property as they wished.
An earlier and more unusual and interesting case is that of Mary Johnston Rose who was 'housekeeper' to Dr Rose Fuller and mother of two sons – Thomas Wynter and William Fuller. William was the son of Rose Fuller born on the 28th January 1734/35 and his paternity was acknowledged at his baptism the following April. I suspect Thomas Wynter was the son of Dr William Wynter and born about 1730. I have not yet found a baptism for him but William Wynter left him £50 for mourning in his Will, which left the bulk of his estate to his legitimate son Edward Hampson Wynter.
Mary, who was a free mulatto, applied to have her sons given full legal rights equivalent to white men. In the 1754 census of Spanish Town she is recorded as being legally white and the owner of a house worth £30 a year.
There is no mention of William Fuller in his father's Will and it is likely that he died before him, as Rose Fuller made generous provision for Mary Rose.
Thomas Wynter became a successful and wealthy man, but in spite of his earlier recognition still had to apply for the rights of his (presumably mixed race) illegitimate children William Rose Wynter and Mary Mede.
Thomas Wynter to settle his estate as he shall think fit notwithstanding the Act to "prevent exorbitant grants and devises to Negroes".
The Act was eventually repealed, but the categorisation of the inhabitants of Jamaica according to their colour and racial mix continued beyond the ending of slavery, made even more complex by the arrival of thousands of Indian 'coolies' imported to provide cheap labour after emancipation.
creole, free, Indian, Maroon, mestee, mesteefeena, mulatto, mustee, negro, quadroon, Rosa Parks, sambo, slave, Taino
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Robert Cooper Lee – The Lost Miniature
hgf on The Maroon War settlement of 1739
Leon may on William May – Vicar, moralist, a father bereft
Anne M Powers on Scotts of Ireland, Jamaica, Dominica and Nova Scotia
Camille on Scotts of Ireland, Jamaica, Dominica and Nova Scotia
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Using the Applegate Partnership as a case study, this paper proposes a number of ways to measure the success of collaborative groups. These measures allow for providing evaluation and feedback, engaging needed participants, and responding to groups critical of the collaborative process. Arguing for the concept of progress in place of success, this paper points out that success is relative and should not be measured in absolute terms; tracking progress gives the sense of movement toward a goal or desired situation.


text:
«Гардемарины — III» — третий фильм о гардемаринах, продолжение фильмов «Гардемарины, вперёд!» и «Виват, гардемарины!», снимавшийся на киностудии «Мосфильм» в 1991 году в течение трёх месяцев (в частности, ряд сцен снимался в дни Августовского путча). Закрытая премьера состоялась в Москве в Центральном доме кинематографистов 20 ноября 1992 года. Большая премьера на всю страну прошла на телеканале «РТР» 7 января 1995 года.

Сюжет
Российская империя, 1757 год. Идёт Семилетняя война, в которой у России нет своих выгод — русские солдаты вынуждены сражаться за интересы Австрии и абсолютистской Франции против Пруссии Фридриха Великого.

Старые друзья — гардемарины — исправно служат Родине, хотя и не в той мере, в какой они себе представляли. Александр Белов — с отрядом на Аляске, Никита Оленев — при дворе, Алексей Корсак — послан императрицей Елизаветой Петровной в Венецию за муранским стеклом.

Во время путешествия в Венецию капитан Корсак спасает якобы потерпевшего кораблекрушение прусского офицера. Капитан не знает, что это — бежавший из-под ареста шпион барон фон Брокдорф: его подрывная деятельность на территории России была раскрыта, но он умудрился совершить побег. Цель Брокдорфа — тоже Венеция: там его ждёт возлюбленная и одновременно резидент прусской шпионской сети — королева Елизавета-Христина (в исторической реальности этого не было).

Никиту Оленева судьба тоже испытывает на прочность — канцлер Бестужев убеждён, что Корсак намеренно помог Брокдорфу бежать, будучи его сообщником. Кроме того, Никита искушаем любовью. Хитрая и вероломная Екатерина Алексеевна, супруга наследника престола, замешана в «шпионских играх» своего дядюшки Фридриха. Чтобы передать резиденту — прусской королеве — сведения о положении дел в русской армии, она использует влюблённого в неё Никиту. С виду всё выглядит вполне буднично: Никите велено передать Елизавете-Христине коробочку с украшением… Никита отправляется в Венецию в компании своего друга — Павла Горина.

А в это время Корсак благополучно прибывает в место назначения. В Венеции — традиционный карнавал, и никто не предполагает, что из-под маски за капитаном Корсаком наблюдает некая дама. Это — мать Екатерины, герцогиня Иоганна-Елизавета, высланная из России за связь с прусской разведкой. Она тоже спешит к шпионке-королеве со своими донесениями. Герцогиня подсылает убийц для расправы с Корсаком — она убеждена, что он послан ей на беду. Капитан успешно отражает все атаки наёмников, но его самого арестовывают по обвинению в убийстве.

Никита Оленев доставляет королеве подарок Екатерины. В подкладку коробочки зашита шифрограмма, повествующая о том, что Елизавета Петровна при смерти, а фельдмаршал Апраксин не склонен воевать с Пруссией…

Иоганна Ангальт-Цербстская спешно едет в Потсдам к своему благодетелю Фридриху Великому. Тот встречает её, как всегда, холодно и насмешливо: ему важны такие люди, как Иоганна, но он их искренне презирает.

Оленев и Горин узнают, что их друг безвинно заточён в тюрьму: их цель — его освобождение. Параллельно выясняется, что Екатерина использовала Никиту в своих шпионских играх. Друзья захватывают Брокдорфа, но ему удаётся скрыться.

По прибытии в Петербург Оленев передаёт императрице ответную шифрограмму, предназначенную Екатерине. Не без его помощи хитрая и умная великая княгиня умудряется ловко провести стареющую Елизавету. Оленев же, однако, окончательно разочаровывается в Екатерине и отказывается от данной ей когда-то клятвы.

А в это время Фридрих наносит удар по русским войскам — ему, победителю Европы, не страшны «какие-то варвары». Он заявляет, что ключи к победе — один лишний выстрел в минуту и внезапность. Гардемарины вопреки приказу Апраксина увлекают за собой кавалерию и разбивают Фридриха, он вынужден спасаться бегством. Среди преследователей Фридриха — Корсак, Оленев и Горин. В лесу происходит и последняя дуэль Корсака и Брокдорфа, закончившаяся поражением второго, но не гибелью. Несмотря на решительную победу в Грос-Егерсдорфском сражении, Апраксин приказывает играть отступление и ссылает попытавшегося этому воспрепятствовать Горина за своеволие на Камчатку.

В ролях
 Дмитрий Харатьян — Алексей Корсак
 Михаил Мамаев (озвучивает Андрей Градов) — князь Никита Оленев
 Александр Домогаров — Павел Горин
 Виктор Раков — барон фон Брокдорф
 Наталья Гундарева — императрица Елизавета Петровна
 Людмила Гурченко — Иоганна, герцогиня Ангальт-Цербстская
 Кристина Орбакайте — Екатерина Алексеевна (Фике), великая княгиня
 Барбара Рудник (озвучивает Лариса Данилина) — Елизавета-Христина, королева Пруссии
 Натя Яман (в титрах — Нахла Джаман; озвучивает Марина Дюжева) — Петра, бродячая актриса
 Евгений Евстигнеев — Алексей Петрович Бестужев, канцлер
  (озвучивает Армен Джигарханян) — Фридрих II, король Пруссии
 Юрий Яковлев — фельдмаршал Апраксин
 Лев Дуров — генерал Денисов
 Алексей Родионов — адъютант Апраксина
 Александр Кулямин — Сизов, помощник капитана
 Владимир Ширяев — лекарь Фридриха II
 Сергей Галкин — тюремщик в Венеции
 Сергей Неробеев (озвучивает Дмитрий Матвеев) — Василий, приятель Горина
 Александр Зуев — Рапп

Съёмочная группа
 Автор сценария: Нина Соротокина, Юрий Нагибин, Светлана Дружинина
 Режиссёр: Светлана Дружинина
 Оператор: Анатолий Мукасей
 Композитор: Виктор Лебедев
 Автор текстов песен: Юрий Ряшенцев
 Постановщик трюков и фехтования: Владимир Балон при участии А. Малышева

Песни, прозвучавшие в фильме
 «Дешева обида на Руси» (исполняет Дмитрий Харатьян)
 «Не вешать нос!» (исполняет Дмитрий Харатьян)

Продолжение

Съёмки новой части 4-го и 5-го фильма начались в мае 2019 и завершились в августе 2020 года. Они проходили в Крыму, Переславле-Залесском, Петергофе, Царском Селе и павильонах киностудии «Мосфильм».

Примечания

Ссылки

 «Гардемарины — III» на сайте «Энциклопедия отечественного кино»

Фильмы России 1992 года
Фильмы студии «Мосфильм»
Приключенческие фильмы России
Исторические фильмы России
Приключенческие фильмы Германии
Исторические фильмы Германии
Фильмы-мелодрамы России
Фильмы-мелодрамы Германии
Молодёжные фильмы России
Фильмы на русском языке
Исторические фильмы о 1750-х годах
Фильмы плаща и шпаги
Фильмы о Российской империи
Фильмы о Семилетней войне

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Driver Easy is a free driver updater tool for Windows that has access to over 3 million device drivers at the click of a button. The program is really easy to use, too.
Because you can download drivers directly from the software, you don't have to worry about searching for them yourself. However, before you get started, there are some disadvantages you should be aware of.
This review is of Driver Easy version 5.6.10. Please let me know if there's a newer version I need to review.
The free commercial use, as well as from-within-the-tool driver downloading, are few things to like, but I sure wish it installed the drivers too.
If searching for drivers manually is confusing or has been difficult, then using Driver Easy should serve as a simpler solution for downloading the right ones for your computer. It's unfortunate, though, that you must manually install the drivers you get through Driver Easy because let's be honest, that can be a pain too.
Something I don't like about many programs, including Driver Easy, is that they'll have lots of features that appear to work for you until you actually try them out, at which point you're asked to pay for a professional version of the software to activate those options.
This is the exact case with Driver Easy when, for example, you try to backup drivers, download multiple drivers at once, or uninstall drivers.
I say above that Driver Easy works without an internet connection, but unlike similar driver update tools that let you use the program normally without a connection, Driver Easy just locates the network driver for you. Once the proper Ethernet or Wi-Fi driver has been installed, and you have a valid network connection, you can then use the program normally to find any other outdated device drivers.
Reading to this point, it might sound like hate this program, but that's not true. Yes, when compared with similar driver updater tools, Driver Easy falls short in many ways. However, there are some things I like.
The scheduler is very helpful, even better than most of the other schedulers I've found in other driver updater tools. With the Driver Easy scheduler, you can set a scan to take place at any time, including when you first log in to Windows or when your computer goes idle. Plus, you can set the schedule to wake up the computer to run the scan as well as to stop the scan if your computer is running on batteries, among other options.
Overall, I definitely recommend Driver Easy if you're not sure where to go to get driver updates, or you're curious which of your device drivers are outdated. I just wouldn't use it as my first choice when looking for a free program that can update drivers, for the simple reason that it requires you to install them yourself.


Savannah.com » When is the Best Season to Visit Savannah?
When is the Best Season to Visit Savannah?
Savannah's not just a city; She's as much of a character as those who live among her history, palm and live oak trees, with Spanish moss hanging like streamers for an eternal party. Like any personality, Savannah has her moods: spring, summer, fall and winter. Though each one is unique, all four of Savannah's seasons provide consistent airs of unpredictability, excitement and authentic southern splendidness. Here is a glimpse of what this year holds for this southern belle of Lowcountry cities.
Savannah's location in the Coastal Empire might mislead guests into thinking the temperature never drops below 60 degrees. What's wonderful about spring is that it features a bit of summer's heat with winter's cooler winds. The stars of spring are the blooming pink azaleas, which decorate the bushes of Savannah's squares, from March to April, and add a dash of vibrancy to events such as the Savannah Tour of Homes and Gardens. Speaking of touring, Savannah's music scene reaches its peak with the Savannah Stopover and the Savannah Music Festival in March.
Spring also signals the unofficial season of luck, with one of the nation's largest St. Patrick's Day parades. You don't know serious celebration dedication until you witness the dying of the Forsyth Park fountain shamrock green. The highlight is the parade to end all St. Paddy's Day parades, which travels across the Historic District, igniting the luck of the Irish throughout Savannah's streets.
Summer in Savannah is (literally) the hottest time of the year to visit, which is a good thing for those looking for a quick getaway. During the hot southern summers, all kinds of businesses, from hotels to sightseeing tours, offer deals and discounts you won't find during the other seasons. Indulge your inner, deprived beach bum by visiting Savannah's beautiful and secluded neighboring islands. Less than an hour drive away, both Hilton Head and Tybee Island offer ideal escapes for weekend or day trips.
The biggest bash of the season arrives in early July, as Tybee's Independence Day fireworks light up the South Beach Pier in tandem with Savannah's own display over the Savannah River. Before night falls, River Street hosts its traditional Fourth of July Celebration with free admission and live music stretched along its iconic cobblestone walkway.
However, you don't have to wait until July for an excuse to enjoy the heat. River Street also entertains jazz enthusiasts and foodies at their Savannah Blues, Jazz & BBQ Festival. Sponsored by the Savannah Waterfront Association, this signature outdoor celebration of deep southern blues and barbeque features renowned local musicians and the city's best BBQ vendors.
Pardon the pun, but there really is no better time to "fall" in love with Savannah than in autumn. Much like spring's balance of hot and cooler, fall, weather-wise, is a pleasant transitional period from the humidity of summer to the slight sweater weather of winter. There may not be an array of leaves changing colors, as evergreen trees dominate the Hostess City of the South, but there certainly is an array of exciting events and fun fall festivals. Compared to summer's calendar of events, fall's itinerary (along with hotel rates) triples thanks to milder forecasts. Next to spring, fall is one of the most active times for Savannah due to the volume of high-profile events, notably the Savannah Film Festival, a weeklong celebration of cinema's next-big-films.
The fall fun commences in September with every meat lover's dream, Bacon Fest on River Street. The Savannah Craft Brew Fest is a great way to wash down the many meals eaten over Labor Day weekend. October welcomes in German beers and bratwurst for Savannah's Oktoberfest as well as buccaneers and extravagant costumes for the Tybee Island Pirate Fest.
The holidays in the South introduce a special lineup of traditions, from Savannah's Lighted Christmas Parade to the Up the Cup New Year's Eve Celebration on River Street. Christmas decorations are taken quite seriously in Savannah, with the city decking the street lights along Broughton Street with garland and a large Christmas tree at the intersection of Bull Street and Broughton near the old Levy's jewelry store. Almost every square is adorned in ornaments, lights, and Southern yuletide splendor. It's an incredible time to enjoy the city, as the crowds all but dissipate, all the tours continue to operate and the weather usually stays in the mid-60s.
Come January, the holiday season evolves into a period of entertaining educational events like the Black Heritage Festival. Timed to coincide with Black History Month, this month-long series of events include performances and an arts festival all throughout February. Also in February, the Savannah Book Festival hosts distinguished keynote speakers and best-selling authors for a weekend dedicated to the power of writing and reading. Two smaller, albeit equally enjoyable, film festivals also make their way down south in January and February, the Telluride Mountainfilm on Tour and the Gray's Reef Ocean Film Festival.


Listed below is a broad range of beautiful fruits and vegetables that are available right now, as well as tips on how to prepare them.
Asparagus is a perennial favorite and is really only worth eating in the springtime. And since asparagus season comes around for a few short weeks every spring try to enjoy this delicious vegetable while it lasts! The fresh flavor of asparagus purchased at the farmers market is at its best when prepared simply. It can be eaten raw, grilled, roasted and sauteed. Think beyond drenching it i Hollandaise sauce. It's lovely with lemon and mint. Shaved asparagus is great in salads and roasted asparagus makes a perfect springtime side dish, whether it is at a barbecue or a formal dinner.
Citrus fruits like grapefruits, lemons, limes oranges, tangerines and mandarins show up every year when the sky goes gray and we are all in desperate need of some bright color on our plates during our winter meals and continues to grace our dinner tables right through spring. Now is the best time where you can find a great selection of citrus fruits in you local grocery stores and super markets right now. Why not use real lemon juice to make your favorite salad dressing, it tastes so fresh and the light acidity will make a salad sing!
Parsnips are root vegetables that look like off-white carrots with parsley-like, leafy tops. Unsurprisingly, they're related to both carrots and parsley. Parsnips are usually served roasted or cooked, but can also be eaten raw.
Look for bright, very firm, relatively smooth parsnips. They should, like most fruits and vegetables, feel heavy for their size. This tip is particularly important when choosing parsnips, since they can get dried out or turn extra woody if not properly stored.If you're lucky enough to buy parsnips with their greens still attached, the greens should look fresh and moist. Remove the greens when you get them home for longer storage.
Store the parsnips chilled and loosely wrapped in plastic. Fresh parsnips will last a week or two properly stored.
When cooked until tender parsnips have a lovely, starchy texture that works beautifully roasted or added to soups and stews. Add parsnips the same way you would add carrots or potatoes to stews, knowing that they'll have a nuttier flavor than carrots and a sweeter, more distinctive, and less starchy flavor than potatoes.


"I have had so many messages on social media, my phone can't really keep up, it has been so amazing". That was Susannah Gill's response to all the reaction received after she had literally conquered the world by running seven marathons on seven continents in seven days – in the fastest ever women's time.
If you think you have just had a hard week training topped off by a breezy cross country league race, as this writer did, it's time to think again. Just try and put yourself in the well worn shoes of a marathon runner who can complete seven 26.2 mile races on seven consecutive days in an average time of 3:28:09 – taking more than four hours off the previous World Marathon Challenge total time record.
The clock starts ticking when the first marathon begins in Antarctica and continues for 168 hours as competitors travel and compete in Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, South America and North America.
Gill, aged 34 and from London, recorded 24:19:09 for her extraordinary "777" endurance challenge, withstanding temperatures from an estimated -35C in Antarctica to +30C only a day later in South Africa. Apart from changes in climate there was plenty of jet lag to cope with as the 40 competitors are flown around the globe on specially chartered planes.
Of course, Gill is no overnight endurance sensation. A runner for 10 years, she has completed more than 40 marathons with a best of 2:58:02 at London in 2017 and will be competing in both London and Manchester marathons in April.
This year's men's champion was Michael Wardian (USA, 20:49:30) with an average 2:58:30, some way short of his own world best average (2:45:57) set in 2017.


TreeZone by Trine Søndergaard and Nicolai Howalt is a photographic exploration of the Nordic landscape and ways in which we relate to it. Thematically and formally this work is a continuation of the previous projects How To Hunt,Dying Birds and Hunting Ground.
In a series of images the artists have captured the barren landscapes found in areas along the Nordic timber line during winter. In this marginal land you see solitary trees weighed down by snow. The trees are bent and stunted by their harsh environment. Human forms may appear, but they seem insignificantly small within the vast, white nothingness.
By looking down I see up.


Like a double edged sword, ruffles can be a friend or a foe. When worn right, these can add that nice and dainty, girly touch to your look but when worn wrong, this can make you look chunkier and bulkier and this that is never flattering on anyone ever. Of course, just as with any other fabric, trend or style, there is always a workaround for this tricky thing. If you love the look of ruffles but aren't sure how you can wear them and look fab, check out these tips for chic ways to wear ruffles.
WEAR IT MINIMALLY – as cute and girly as they may look, try not to get tempted into being decked out in ruffles from head to foot. You'll want to make sure that you're wearing your ruffles minimally so that you end up with an outfit that's chic and stylish. Overdoing it will make your outfit look tacky and cheap.
WEAR IT SUBTLY – ruffles don't have to be in your face to add that softness and feminine touch to your look. in fact, the subtler the ruffle details are, the better the effect is going to be on your outfit. Soft and subtle ruffles never fail to give that gentle touch to any look which is perfect if you're someone who likes to embrace their girly side.
WEAR IT ON AN AREA THAT NEED ENHANCING – got a small bust? Make it look a little bigger and fuller by choosing tops or dresses with ruffles on that area. The ruffles will help add volume to enhance whatever it is that needs enhancing. You can also do the same to other areas that you want to appear bigger or areas that need enhancement size-wise. With that said, I'd also like to remind you to avoid wearing ruffles on areas that you don't want emphasized.
WEAR IT BIG – a few big ruffles will look better and more ladylike compared to a lot of the little ones so unless you're dressing up to match your toddler, opt for the bigger one. This will also ensure you that the ruffled details on your dress / top won't compete for focus and attention with your jewelry, should you be wearing any as well.
WEAR IT CLEAN – as much as possible, try not to wear ruffles on printed clothes. Florals and ruffles together scream tropical vacation while denim and ruffles make for the perfect country singer look and if you're not aspiring for any of those looks, it's better to steer clear of these combos. Instead, choose to wear ruffles with plain colors and clean and simple lines to create a look that's chic and sophisticated.


Mick offers a vast range of vehicle services for all petrol and diesel vehicles from servicing and minor repairs to specialised and complex jobs, including electrical and wiring loom repairs. Mick also subcontracts his services out to classic car restoration companies where a wiring loom specialist is required, and is frequently asked to carry out wiring loom repairs to a range of classic cars including British and American made cars.
If a service is not listed, please ask and we will probably be able to provide the one you require.
Thanks to recent changes in EU legislation Mick Johns Garage Services can service your new vehicle at a fraction of the cost without invalidating the manufacturer's warranty (see under Car Warranty).
Interim, full or major services carried out in accordance to the requirements of the customer and vehicle with the service book stamped on completion.
All servicing and repairs are carried out to meet manufacturer's warranty standards. Genuine/OE quality parts fitted unless the customer states otherwise. If requested Mick will fit reconditioned used parts. (Please see T & C's re. Guarantees).
Motorcycles Mick offers a comprehensive range of services for motorcycles. As an experienced racer and race mechanic, and having been involved in the biking fraternity as a whole for many years, he possesses a wealth of knowledge and skills in all aspects of servicing and repairs. Mick is also able to offer engine and chassis modifications to suit customer's requirements, including dyno-jetting.
Servicing and repairs available for Motor homes, mini plant equipment, quad bikes and garden machinery including most makes and models of push & ride-on lawn mowers.
Registered with the Environment Agency as a 'producer of waste.' All oils, other fluids ie. coolant, and parts removed from vehicles during service and/or repair are documented and recycled/disposed of correctly. https://www.gov.uk/dispose-hazardous-…/producers-and-holders.


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Any Price (957)	 Under $100 (323)	 $100-499 (367)	 $500-4,999 (262)	 $5,000-19,999 (4)	 $20,000 and up (1)
Autographed Signed note (ASN) of Nicholas Joseph Crowley
CROWLEY, Nichola Joseph (1819-1857)
Date Published: 1852 Binding: No binding4-1/2 x 6-3/4 inches flat but was folded. Pass to the Royal Academy exhibition of 1852. "Please let Mr. Green have my pictures." Dated July 29, 1852. Signed N.J. Crowley A 1/4 hole in centre not affecting any hand writing, otherwise in good condition.....	More
Item #5001 Details
George Cruikshank collection
CRUIKSHANK, George (1792-1878)
Date Published: 1831 to 1872 Binding: No binding & hard coverGeorge Cruikshank was a celebrated British caricaturist, book illustrator, and friend of Charles Dickens. The collection consists of 5 items dating from 1831 to 1872, specifically a manuscript, 3 books formerly owned by Cruikshank and a carte-de-visite, 1 Manuscript.....	More
Philip Cunliffe-Owen holograph letter to Frederick Young
CUNFFE-OWEN, Sir Francis Philip (1828-1894)& YOUNG, Sir Frederick (1817-1913) (provenance)
Date Published: 1888 Binding: No binding4 page holograph letter signed. Flat 10 x 8 inches, folded 5 x 8 inches. On Science and Art Department, South Kensington blind embossed letterhead, dated 26 January 1888. Marked "Private". To Sir Frederick Young. Sending congratulations on becoming a Brother 'Knight of Our.....	More
Niagara Historical Society No. 2 Centennial Poem, Fort Niagara and Slave Rescue in Niagara, Sixty Years Ago.
CURZON, Mrs. Sarah Anne [1833 -1898]& BULL, Rev. Canon George A.& CARNOCHAN, Miss Janet [1839 - 1926]
Niagara: Niagara Historical Society Niagara, Times and Job Print, 1897. Place Published: Niagara Publisher: Niagara Historical Society Niagara, Times and Job Print, 1897 Date Published: 1897 Edition: 1st Binding: Soft CoverFirst edition. 24pp., [4], 18 p., [2] leaves of plates plus light brown paper covers. 21.5 cm x 15cm.....	More
Laurier: A Study in Canadian Politics
DAFOE, J.W. (John Wesley) (1866-1944)& AIKINS, Sir James Albert Manning (1851-1929) (provenance)& LAURIER, Sir Wilfrid [1841-1919] (subject)
Toronto: Thomas Allen. Place Published: Toronto Publisher: Thomas Allen Date Published: [1922] Edition: 1st Edition Binding: Hard CoverFirst Edition. 7-3/8 x 4-7/8 inches. pp. [10], 7-182pp Some light spotting on green covers and front and back end papers, otherwise, very good condition. Bookplate of Francis Mathweuson on front endpaper.....	More
Two Daily British Colonist newspapers, April 30, 1879 and July 9, 1879, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Daily British Colonist, Newspaper
Victoria, BC: Daily British Colonist. Place Published: Victoria, BC Publisher: Daily British Colonist Date Published: 1879 Edition: 1st Binding: No bindingTwo Daily British Colonist newspapers, April 30, 1879 and July 9, 1879, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 24"x18". Four pages, some margin tears, otherwise good The Electric Light article. One.....	More
William Telfair Daugherty collection
DAUGHERTY, William Telfair (1890-1958)
Date Published: 1909 to 1912 Binding: 3-Ring BinderThe William Telfair Daugherty collection contains 42 items dating from 1909 to 1912 specifically, approximately 40 letters, 2 postcards, and several pieces of ephemera written to his parents between 1909 and 1912 when Daughterty lived in Ann Arbor and attended the University.....	More
The Fall Of Torngak : Or The Moravian Mission On The Coast Of Labrador
DAVEY, J.W.
London: S.W. Partridge & Co. 8 and 9 Paternoster Row -and- Moravian Mission Agency 32 Fetter Lane. Place Published: London Publisher: S.W. Partridge & Co. 8 and 9 Paternoster Row -and- Moravian Mission Agency 32 Fetter Lane Date Published: 1905 Edition: 1st Edition Binding: Hard CoverSCARCE FIRST EDITION IN.....	More
Norman Davey collection
DAVEY, Norman [1888-1949]
Date Published: 1917-1920 Binding: A literary archive collection includes: 4 manuscript notebooks of poems and a few stories, written in pencil (approximately [410] pp. of written text) and two books, one signed. Circa 1917-20. Many drafts of poems are untitled, and some are crossed out. Approximately [410] pp. of.....	More
Cut signature of William Rufus Day
DAY, William Rufus (1849-1923)
Date Published: ND Binding: No bindingCut signature of William Rufus Day on a 4-1/2 x 2-3/4 inch piece of paper. William Rufus Day was an American diplomat and jurist, who served for nineteen years as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to his.....	More
Hand-written note in French from Mise de Castéras
DE CASTÉRAS, Mise
Date Published: 1821 Binding: 4pp, 12 x 8 inches folded to 5-3/4 x 8 inched and affixed to larger paper and removed from an album. 2 pages of text in French. Dated Mar 11, 1821 Letter from Madame de Castéras Lady in Waiting to S.A. of the French Pringles.....	More
Historia de las operaciones militares, executadas por los exercitos de las potencias beligerantes en Europa, durante la guerra comenzada en el año de 1756.
DE LABARRE, Nicholastranslated by Captain Don Nicholás
Barcelona: In Imprenta de Teresa Piferrer widow, administered by Thomàs Pifererre. Place Published: Barcelona Publisher: In Imprenta de Teresa Piferrer widow, administered by Thomàs Pifererre Date Published: 1759-60 Edition: 1st Edition Binding: Hard CoverFirst edition. First 3 volumes of 5 only. Text in Spanish. Small 4to, 20.5 cm x......	More
Unsigned typed note of William Arthur Deacon to Joan Hollobun
DEACON, WilliamAutographed Signed Letter Arthur [1890-1977]& HOLLOBUN, Joan
Date Published: ND Binding: No binding8 x 6 inches, Typed note, unsigned. Undated. interoffice note, to Joan Hollobun.Left paper edges ragged and missing some paper, agetoned, more so on the left side, old pad along the 8 inch horizontal, otherwise good condition. Note contents; Joan Holobun: Faith of Our.....	More
Warwick Deeping collection
DEEPING, Warwick [George Davidson] (1877-1950)
Date Published: 1913 to 1950 Binding: Trained as a medical doctor at Cambridge University, Warwick Deeping served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I. He abandoned medicine and became a full-time author. Seven of his novels were best-sellers, notably Sorrell and Son. During his career he.....	More
Margaret Deland collection
DELAND, Margaret (1857-1945)
Date Published: 1895 to 1933 Binding: No binding & hard coverDELAND IS CONSIDERED PART OF THE LITERARY REALISM MOVEMENT Margaret Deland was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet. She is generally considered part of the literary realism movement and frequently portrayed small-town life. In 1926 she was.....	More
Four Views of a Sculptur'd (sic) Bone engraving
DENNIE, Joseph [Oliver Oldschool] [1768-1812]
Philadelphia: Port Folio magazine. Place Published: Philadelphia Publisher: Port Folio magazine Date Published: 1814 Edition: 1st Edition Binding: No bindingJAN-JUN 1814 Four Views of a Sculptur'd (sic) Bone (supposed to be the Femur of an Elk) found in an ancient Indian grave, of barrow in the town of Cincinnati.....	More
O.H. Perry Esqr. of the United States Navy engraving
Philadelphia: Port Folio magazine. Place Published: Philadelphia Publisher: Port Folio magazine Date Published: 1814 Edition: 1st Edition Binding: No bindingPERRY'S VICTORY SECURED THE GREAT LAKES REGION FOR USA March 1814, p.204, Port Folio magazine black aquatint engraved print. Black stipple engraved oval portrait. Waldo print, engraved by [David] Edwin.....	More
Wm. Henry Allen Esq. late of the United States Navy engraving
Philadelphia: Port Folio magazine. Place Published: Philadelphia Publisher: Port Folio magazine Date Published: 1814 Edition: 1st Edition Binding: No bindingSCARCE ENGRAVING OF WAR OF 1812 NAVAL COMMANDER December 1814, p.3, Port Folio magazine black stipple engraved print. Engraved by [David] Edwin. Paper: 5" x 8 1/2". Image: 3 1/4".....	More
Richard Dale Esq. late of the United States Navy engraving
DENNIE, Joseph [Oliver Oldschool] [1768-1812]subject Richard Dale (1756-1826)
Philadelphia: Port Folio magazine. Place Published: Philadelphia Publisher: Port Folio magazine Date Published: 1814 Edition: 1st Edition Binding: No bindingJune 1814, p.500, Port Folio magazine black stipple engraved print. Engraved by [David] Edwin after a Wood painting Paper: 5" x 8 1/2". Oval Image: 3" x 3 3/4" Very.....	More
Alexander Murray Esq. of the United States Navy engraving
DENNIE, Joseph [Oliver Oldschool] [1768-1812]subject Commodore Alexander Murray (1755-1821)
Philadelphia: Port Folio magazine. Place Published: Philadelphia Publisher: Port Folio magazine Date Published: 1814 Edition: 1st Edition Binding: No bindingSCARCE ENGRAVING OF WAR OF 1812 NAVAL COMMANDER July 1814 , p.399, Port Folio magazine black stipple engraved print. Engraving by Edwin from the portrait painting of James Wood. Paper.....	More
Napoleon 1st Empereur 1810 print
DERVEAUX, Daniel (1914-2010)
Date Published: ND Binding: No bindingPaper size: 12-3/4 x 18 inches. Image size: 8-3/4 x 12-1/2 inches on light cream wove paper. Very good condition. Colour lithograph "Napoleon 1st Empereur 1810" print. Proably circa 1940's. Uncommon litho of Napoleon engraved by French artist Daniel Derveaux. Daniel Derveaux, was an.....	More
Listen to the Lambs. G. Schirmer's Secular Choral Music. # 5956
DETT, R(obert). Nathaniel. [1882 - 1943]
[New York]: G. SCHIRMER, INC., [nd]. Place Published: [New York] Publisher: G. SCHIRMER, INC., [nd] Date Published: [1914] Edition: 1st Binding: Soft CoverA RELIGIOUS CHARACTERISTIC IN THE FORM OF AN ANTHEM FOR EIGHT PART CHORUS OF MIXED VOICES. Written by Nathaniel Dett 260cm x 175cm ; Sheet music. 8.....	More
The 1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference signed group photo of all 11 attendees.
DIEFENBAKER, John George [1895-1979]
[London]: Photographer unknown. Place Published: [London] Publisher: Photographer unknown Date Published: 1960 Edition: 1st Edition Binding: No bindingThe 1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference was the tenth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations. It was held in the United Kingdom in May 3–13, 1960 hosted.....	More
Unsigned bookplate for Mary E. Dignam
DIGNAM, Mary Ella (née Williams) (1857–1938)
NP. Place Published: NP Date Published: ND Binding: Paper size: 5-3/8 x 7-1/2 inches Image size: 3-1/4 x 5-1/2 inches Unsigned bookplate for Mary E. Dignam Mary Ella Dignam (née Williams) (1857–1938) (Born Mary Ella Williams) was a Canadian painter, teacher, and art organizer best remembered as the founder.....	More
Mary Mapes Dodge Collection
DODGE, Mary (Elizabeth) Mapes (Lizzie) [1831-1905]& STUART, Ruth McEnery (1852-1917) (provenance)& WIGGIN, Kate Douglas [1856-1923] (provenance)
Date Published: 1866-1902 Binding: No binding & hard coverMary Mapes Dodge was an American children's writer best known for her story Hans Brinker (1865). She was also editor of the illustrated magazine Hearth and Home and the phenomenally successful children's periodical, St. Nicholas Magazine. This collection includes 16 items.....	More

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


some seasons of life squeeze in a lifetime's worth of golden memories and significant events in a whirlwind of days. these past spring months have characterized this quite well. I'm currently in denial that March, April, and now May have flown past. I guess graduation will do that to you. that's right, it actually happened….


text:
CO-OP LEGAL SERVICES LIMITED
GILLIAN EDWINA LOVE (Deceased)
Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any parsons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the aforementioned deceased, late of 11 The Street Kirby-le-Soken Frinton-on-Sea Essex C013 OEE, who died on 24/07/2019, are required to send particulars thereof in writing to the undersigned on or before 31/01/2020, after which date the Estate will be distributed having regard only to claims and interests of which they have had notice.
CO-OP LEGAL SERVICES LIMITED Aztec 650 Aztec West Almondsbury Bristol BS32 4SD
(Ref: PARAY/5384130P/Love)
COL1476576.pdf Download
SIMON LODDER CLARK (Deceased)
SIMON LODDER CLARK (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the
RONALD WALLIE LEONARD ALBANY (Deceased)
RONALD WALLIE LEONARD ALBANY (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the
Notice effective from Thu 10 Aug 17 to Sat 9 Sep 17
Notice under Articles 13 and 36 of the Town and Country Planning Development Management Procedure England Order 2015.
Notice under Articles 13 and 36 of the Town and Country Planning (Development Management Procedure) (England) Order 2015. Proposed development
Notice of Confirmation of an Order Highways Act 1980 Essex County Council Public Path Diversion Orders 2019 Footpath 28 Beaumont-Cum-Moze, Footpath 22 Tendring, and Footpath 23 Tendring
Essex County Council Notice of Confirmation of an Order Highways Act 1980 Essex County Council Public Path Diversion Orders 2019 Footpath 28
Notice effective from Thu 10 Oct 19 to Sat 9 Nov 19
JONATHAN RICHARD GRIERSON (Deceased)
JONATHAN RICHARD GRIERSON (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the
SUSAN PAMELA SOUTHARD (otherwise Susan Pamela Shockley) (formerly Susan Pamela Stephens) (Deceased)
SUSAN PAMELA SOUTHARD (otherwise Susan Pamela Shockley) (formerly Susan Pamela Stephens) (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any
KAY LEATHERBY (Deceased)
KAY LEATHERBY (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the aforementioned
Notice effective from Thu 17 Jan 19 to Sat 16 Feb 19
LICENSING ACT 2003 Emma's Kitchen, Ashlyns House, 83, Fourth Avenue, Frinton on Sea, Essex. CO13 9EB
LICENSING ACT 2003 Take notice that Mrs Emma Hart has applied to Tendring District Council as the Licensing Authority for the Tendring
JOHN BERNARD OAKES (Deceased)
JOHN BERNARD OAKES (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the
ELLEN MAY BARTON (Deceased)
ELLEN MAY BARTON (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the
DENNIS HASSELL G ROVER (also known as GEORGE GROVER) (Deceased)
DENNIS HASSELL G ROVER (also known as GEORGE GROVER) (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an
KENNETH WILLIAM LINNEY (Deceased)
KENNETH WILLIAM LINNEY (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the
GRAHAM CECIL WAGSTAFF (Deceas
GRAHAM CECIL WAGSTAFF (Deceas Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the
JOHN DAVID FLEMING
JOHN DAVID FLEMING (Deceased) Pursuant to the Trustee Act 1925 any persons having a claim against or an interest in the Estate of the


text:
Stiller Signs On For Greenburg
Ben Stiller Replacing Mark Ruffalo in Greenburg
Ben Stiller is set to replace Mark Ruffalo in Greenburg, a comedy-drama Noah Baumbach is writing and directing.
Scott Rudin is producing the project, whose logline is being kept under wraps but which is expected to centre on the intimacies of relationships in the manner of Baumbach's other films, such as The Squid and the Whale.
Amy Adams was also set to star opposite Ruffalo, but she too is said to have left the project; talks are being held with a number of other actresses.


Worried about getting soap in their eyes.
It is important to recognise that if your toddler has a genuine fear of the bath, take this seriously and do not to force them when they become upset. Remember to be prepared by having everything you need within arm's reach. Always be near and never leave your toddler unattended in the bath.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.Immutable;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Text;

namespace argparse
{
    public interface ICommandCatagory
    {
        ImmutableArray<ICommand> Commands { get; }

        string CatagoryName { get; }
    }

    public interface ICommandCatagory<TOptions> : ICommandCatagory, IWithCommand<TOptions>
        where TOptions : class, new()
    {
        ICommandCatagory<TOptions> Name(string name);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Android: The default Android gallery app leaves much to be desired. There are plenty of alternatives, but Scalado Album is a gallery app with a lot going for it. The app offers near-instant pan and zoom, loads multiple photo libraries quickly, supports photos and video along with animated video thumbnails, lets you hide photos or entire galleries, and even looks great on Android tablets.
Scalado Album's banner feature is its speed. The app loads photos and albums remarkably fast, can zoom in on images past 100%, and starts playing video with little buffering or loading time. The app supports extended EXIF data and geolocation data associated with your photos, and even has a view where you can browse your photos on a map. You can also view your photos organized by gallery, create folders to make sub-galleries, or browse your photos chronologically like any other gallery tool.
Scalado Album will set you back $0.99, which may be a bitter pill for people who prefer free apps like our favorite for Android, JustPictures!, and previously mentioned QuickPic. Still, if you're willing to part with a dollar, Scalado Album can completely change the way you interact with your photos and video on your phone.


text:
ROSHAN
Select MonthSelect MonthFebruary 2018 (1)September 2017 (1)May 2017 (2)April 2017 (2)March 2017 (2)January 2017 (1)October 2016 (5)September 2016 (2)July 2016 (1)June 2016 (1)April 2016 (1)March 2016 (2)January 2016 (2)December 2015 (3)November 2015 (1)October 2015 (2)
The Roshan Undergraduate Persian Studies Journal is a project initiated by the Roshan Undergraduate Ambassadors as part of University of Maryland's Persian Studies program.
© 2015 by Roshangar.
Feel free to contact us with comments, questions, and feedback below or email us at
roshangar.umd@gmail.com
Special thanks to the Roshan Institute for Persian Studies
Roshan Institute for Persian Studies at the University of Maryland aspires to be the premier center for the learning, understanding, and appreciation of Persian culture in the United States.
On Iranian Tea, and Ways to Drink It
Film Structure: Purposeful Vagueness in Iranian Film
Roshangar's Take: Reciting Farokhzad's Porsesh
Sabk-e Khorasani: The Revival of the Persian Language
Persian Philanthropy and the Dr. Elahe Omidyar Mir-Djalali Lecture Series
Roshangar's Take: Reciting Iraj Mirza's Mother
Roshangar's Take: Qeysar
A Historian's Reflection: Guns, Letters, and National Borders
BaltiLor: a Study of the Lor Diaspora in Baltimore
Gourmet Sabzi: The World of Iranian Food Blogging
In their script writing guide for students, the New York Film Academy outlines a basic screenplay structure that has been used successfully for many years. It is a structure that they encourage students to take into account as they write their screenplays, calling it "the go-to structure for films pretty much since cinematography began." It moves from setup to plot point one, confrontation, plot point two, and finally to resolution. It is a structure that has been used in countless movies. Most movies follow it, just as they did many years ago. It is a structure that transcends genre and time, but it is not the only film structure.
There is an alternate structure, albeit much less common in American cinema, in which a film has no clear resolution. Films of this nature are few and far between in Hollywood, though they exist in abundance in other parts of the world, including much of Europe and Iran. Abbas Kiarostami's Taste of Cherry (طعم گيلاس) is one such film. It follows a Mr. Badii, a man who has decided to kill himself, as he drives through Tehran in search of someone to bury him once he has died. After a lengthy search, he finds a somewhat begrudging assistant, who agrees to fill in the grave if he finds Mr. Badii dead. The audience watches Mr. Badii lie down in the grave he has dug, but the film fades to black without a definitive conclusion.
The same structure is deployed by Asghar Farhadi in A Separation (جدایی نادر از سیمین). The film centers on the divorce proceedings of an Iranian couple, and the custody decision that their daughter must make. She may either leave Iran with her mother or stay with her father. The film ends with Termeh, the daughter, telling the judge that she has made her decision, but that she would like her parents to leave the room before she voices it. The audience is not informed of her decision, and the end credits roll. Both films were international successes, as Taste of Cherry won the Palme d'Or at Cannes, and A Separation won an Academy Award. Both films confused and frustrated audiences. There is something that can be not only shocking, but off-putting about a film that tosses aside a time honored format to take a less traveled path.
These moments of shock and confusion can also be moments of deep contemplation. Viewers are forced to fill in the blanks in the story with their own thoughts. They are forced to decide not only what they think Termeh should do, but what she does. Audience members become more engaged in the story. They are forced to put themselves in Mr. Badii's mind, to decide what he will do. These films are an examination of the minds of their protagonists, for audiences are not told exactly what their protagonist does. Instead they come to a conclusion, or explore multiple conclusions, based upon the information that has been presented to them in the film.
Though the traditional film play structure has produced a wide variety of wonderful films throughout the years, there is something uniquely intriguing about a film with no concrete ending. Films in this vein engage the audience in a way that traditionally structured films are not capable of doing. So go: watch Iranian films and come to your own conclusions on how the story resolves!


text:
HomePoliticsBiden Set to Call for Big Spending on Stimulus and Vaccines
Biden Set to Call for Big Spending on Stimulus and Vaccines
January 14, 2021 Politics Comments Off on Biden Set to Call for Big Spending on Stimulus and Vaccines
WASHINGTON — President-elect Joseph R. Biden Jr. on Thursday is expected to outline proposals for trillions of dollars in government spending to combat the coronavirus pandemic and its effects on the economy, with an initial focus on large-scale expansions of the nation's vaccination program and virus testing capacity.
Mr. Biden will detail his plans, which he and his economic team have been honing for weeks, in an evening speech in Delaware. The efforts will cover the pandemic, the economy, health care, education, climate change and other domestic priorities, Brian Deese, the incoming director of the National Economic Council, said at the Reuters Next conference on Wednesday. Top Democrats in Congress have said in recent days that they are preparing for the efforts to span two bills.
"At this moment the president-elect feels that we need to move aggressively on both rescue and recovery," Mr. Deese said.
Money to complete $2,000 direct payments to individuals and aid to small businesses and local and state governments, components that Mr. Biden has stressed in recent weeks, will be part of the initial package, Mr. Deese said. Others briefed on Mr. Biden's thinking said he would also call for the first piece of legislation to include an extension of supplemental federal unemployment benefits, which are set to expire in March for many workers, and more help for renters.
Plans for the first package also include a significant increase in spending on vaccine deployment, testing and contact tracing, Mr. Deese said, and Mr. Biden will seek enough money to allow most schools to open, in an effort to increase labor force participation.
"We need to get the schools open," Mr. Deese said, "so that parents, and particularly women, who are being disproportionately hurt in this economy, can get back to work."
The Biden Transition
Jan. 13, 2021, 9:42 p.m. ET
Transition team officials would not say on Wednesday how expensive Mr. Biden's proposals were likely to be or whether he would announce a cost estimate on Thursday. Last week, Mr. Biden said he expected his full agenda would cost "trillions" of dollars.
The proposals in the second tranche are likely to be larger than the first, and Democrats plan to pay for all or some of them by raising taxes on corporations and the rich. The second package is expected to be centered on job creation and infrastructure, including hundreds of billions of dollars of spending on clean energy projects like electric vehicle charging stations, along with health care and education spending, Mr. Biden's team and leading congressional Democrats have indicated.
The first bill is likely to be deficit-financed, in keeping with the Covid-19 relief bills that Congress passed last year.
Mr. Biden has said he will work to build Republican support for his plans, and he will need 10 Republican votes in the Senate to overcome a filibuster. But top Democrats in the House and Senate are preparing to pivot quickly to a parliamentary process known as budget reconciliation in the event they can get only a simple majority in the Senate. Republicans used the procedure to bypass a filibuster and approve Mr. Trump's signature tax cuts in 2017.
An Impeachment During a Transition
President-elect Joseph R. Biden Jr. is set to take office during a time of upheaval in the U.S. On Jan. 6, during the certification of the Presidential election, a mob stormed the Capitol building. Later, Trump was accused of inciting the riot. Impeachment proceedings have now begun. Here's some context for understanding what has happened so far:
Democrats on both sides of the Capitol — including Senator Chuck Schumer of New York, who will be the majority leader — have urged Mr. Biden to spend more than he had initially planned in the initial relief bill, people familiar with the conversations said.
Many Democrats in the House and Senate were pressing Mr. Biden this week to add items to the first bill, including targeted aid for restaurants and temporary expansions of the earned-income tax credit and the child tax credit, which could cost just over $100 billion. Economists say expanding those credits could sharply reduce child poverty when many low-income parents have lost work and are turning to food banks for help.
Congressional Democrats may include expansion of those credits in their legislation regardless of whether Mr. Biden calls for it. After Congress passed a $900 billion aid bill that did not include Democrats' full priority list in December, Mr. Schumer told committee members to draft legislation that would include expansion of those tax credits, along with the additional direct payments and aid to state and local governments.
Democrats are also pushing Mr. Biden to include in his proposal provisions to automatically renew federal unemployment benefits and other aid until the unemployment rate falls to a specified level, in case Congress stops approving more rescue bills in the future.
NFL wild-card games show potential for alternate broadcasts
China demands US lift Xinjiang cotton, tomato import ban
The virtual reality church that isn't shutting its doors
March 22, 2020 Comments Off on The virtual reality church that isn't shutting its doors
Justice Dept. Backs Suit Accusing Facebook of Violating Fair Housing Act
August 19, 2018 Comments Off on Justice Dept. Backs Suit Accusing Facebook of Violating Fair Housing Act
Medical marijuana users are driving while high
January 9, 2019 Comments Off on Medical marijuana users are driving while high
Too Much Good Cholesterol Could Raise Risk of Death, Study Suggests
August 25, 2018 Comments Off on Too Much Good Cholesterol Could Raise Risk of Death, Study Suggests
Marvel's First Gay Kiss Reportedly So Moving People Were Crying On Set
February 14, 2020 Comments Off on Marvel's First Gay Kiss Reportedly So Moving People Were Crying On Set


text:
Obama expresses sorrow over S.C. church shooting
Pastor killed was also state senator
Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church is the oldest black church in the south. It is referred to as "Mother Emanuel". Emanuel has one of the largest and oldest black congregations south of Baltimore, Maryland.
The Rev. Clementa Pinckney was also killed in the shooting.
President Obama expressed feelings of anger and sadness about last night's mass shooting at Emmanuel AME Church in Charleston, S.C., during a brief statement today.
The president made it clear that he has made statements like this too many times. This incident also struck close to him, because he and First Lady Michelle
Obama knew the pastor of the church personally. The Rev. Clementa C. Pinckney, also a state senator, was among three men and six women gunned down last night. The suspect, Dylann Roof, was arrested in North Carolina around 11 a.m.
Known as Mother Emmanuel, this church was a place of peace and has deep historical roots, not only in Charleston but also America as the oldest black church in the South. Obama pointed out that the church had been burned down in the past, because it was a place in which former slaves had worked feverishly to end slavery.
The president also spoke briefly on gun control and said this incident brings up the United States' dark history, because this is not the first time that an African-American church had been the target of a hate crime.
"At some point we will have to come to terms with the fact that these crimes don't happen in other advanced countries, especially at this frequency."
Friends, Family Honor Slain Journalist
Councilwoman, Residents Outline Plans for Ward 8
Alyssa Smith
Church shooting
Clementa C. Pinkney
Emmanuel A.M.E. Church
Where Hope Springs: Volunteers Help New Orleans Rise
Danielle Kwateng First disaster strikes. Law enforcement, media and concerned individuals all scramble to help. Then comes a bit of cynicism and a lot of apathy.…
In Honor of Sylvia
Jabari Zakiya received a certificate in honor of his partner Sylvia Robinson by Ward 1's Advisory Neighborhood Commission meeting. Robinson was more than…
50 Cent Releases a Video Game
Explosive gunfire, blazing hip-hop melodies, intense graphics, and mature content-welcome to virtual reality. Vivendi Universal Games (VU)…
DC Power Voting Inside 7-Eleven
HU students Noelle Motley & Vincent Smith speak with Kari Fulton of PowerVote.org about creating Green Jobs and promoting Criminal Justice.
School of America Watch Activists Arrested Last Month
At least 20 people were arrested last month for their involvement in a protest of the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, formally known…
Black Love Day Offers an Alternative to Valentine's Day
Black Love Relationship Ceremony to Be Held at Howard University As Valentine's Day approaches, red and pink colors appear on cue in pharmacies, flower shops and…
The Rise and Fall of the Timberwolves
After a franchise record of 58 wins, a division title and getting past the first round of the playoffs for the first time in franchise history a year ago, it seemed…
States Aid Abortion-Cancer Myth By Giving Out False Info
You've just made one of the hardest decisions of your life. You're sitting at your clinic waiting for a procedure that in all cases you are dreading…
Trump Speech Signals More Disappointment for African Americans
President's State of the Union Address Touts African-American legislators, many already disappointed by President Trump and his administration, expressed even…
Winter Care 101
Winter is in full force and so are the wintry weather blues.Even the nation's HBCUs located in warmer climates are facingthese cold temperature patterns. Students…
Kerry Speaks of "Our Generation" at Morgan State
Sen. John F. Kerry, D-Mass., was asked what he wanted youngvoters at MorganStateUniversity in Baltimore to know about him. "Iwant them to know that I'm a fighter…
Life in Flint; Living with Deadly Water
Flint Water Črisis Alaya Smith, 22, said she uses bottled water to bathe her son, Amarus Jones, 2. FLINT, Mich. -- Life over the past months has changed…
Father Reunites with Family, But Finding Work Is Difficult
The Clemency Project Courtesy Photo: Hundreds…
HU Students Spend Spring Break in Flint for Water Crisis
15 Mar 2016 9.17 am
Alternative Spring Break Howard University…
Biden's Supreme Court Nod to Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson Draws Praise
25 Feb 2022 6.49 pm
By Nyah Marshall Howard University News…


Uttarakhand Teacher Eligibility Test UTET 2015 – Government of Uttarakhand, Department of School Education has issued Notification for the recruitment of Teachers through Teacher Eligibility Test (UTET). This recruitment of teachers is for the schools coming under Department of School education from Classes I to V and Classes VI to VIII.
Graduation with 50% of marks and B.Ed/L.T/Siksha Shastri (Regular) or Graduation with at least 45% marks and passed 1 year Bachelor course (B.Ed/L.T/Siksha Shastri) in Education, in accordance with the NCTE (Recognition Norms and Procedure) Regulations issued from time to time in this regard or Passed D.Ed/B.Ed (Special Education.
Candidates who are in the final year of 2 year or 4 year course are also eligible to apply.
Graduation passed or appearing in final year of 2 years Diploma (B.T.C/ D.El.Ed) in Elementary Education.
Graduation with 50% marks and pass or appearing in 1 year Bachelor (B.Ed/L.T/Siksha Shastri) in Education.
Senior Secondary with 50% marks and pass or appearing in final year of 4 years Bachelor in Elementary Education (B.El.Ed).
Senior Secondary with 50% marks and pass or appearing in final year of 4 years B.A/ B.Sc.Ed or B.A.Ed/ B.Sc.Ed.
Graduation with at least 50% marks and pass or appearing in 1 year B.Ed. (Special Education).
For General and OBC category candidates who are appearing for UTET1 or UTET2 – Rs.600 and for appearing both UTET1 and UTET2 – Rs.1000.
For SC/ST/PWD category candidates who are appearing for UTET1 or UTET2 – Rs.300 and for appearing both UTET1 and UTET2 – Rs.500.
Candidates can obtain the application by payment of Application fee from 5th January 2015 to 24th January 2015 from the selected Post Offices.
Secretary, Uttarakhand Vidhyaleye Siksha Parishad, Ramnagar (Nainital), Pincode-244715.