text:
\section{Introduction}
Diffractive processes were intensively studied at HERA
in $\gamma p$ and $e p$ collisions for more than a decade.
On theoretical side, somewhat enigmatically, these are processes
with exchange of pomeron or processes with the QCD amplitude without net
color exchange. In such processes pomeron must be treated rather technically,
depending on the formulation of the approach.
Experimentally such processes are defined by special requirement(s)
on the final state. The most popular is a requirement of rapidity gap
starting from the final proton(s) on one (single-diffrative process) or both
(central-diffractive process) sides. The size of the gap is essentially
experimental observable but it is not easy to calculate theoretically.
Several processes with different final states were studied
at HERA, such as dijet, charm production, etc.
The H1 Collaboration has found a set of so-called
diffractive parton distributions in the proton inspired by
the Ingelman-Schlein model \cite{IS}. In this fit both pomeron
and reggeon contributions were included. We wish to emphasize that
there is no common consensus as far as a model of diffractive production
is considered. However, these open problems go beyond the scope of
the present paper and will be not discussed here.

One can gain a better understanding of the mechanism of the diffractive
production by going from photon-proton to proton-proton or
proton-antiproton scattering.
There, however, some new elements related to nonperturbative interaction
between protons show up, such as absorption effects.
So far only some selected diffractive processes were discussed in
the literature such as diffractive production of dijets \cite{Kramer},
production of $W$ \cite{Collins} and $Z$ \cite{CSS09} bosons,
production of $W^+ W^-$ pairs \cite{LSR} or production of
$c \bar c$ \cite{LMS2011}.
The latter was done there only for illustration of the general situation
at the parton level.
The cross section for diffractive processes are in general rather
small (e.g. the single-diffractive processes are of the order of
a few percent compared to inclusive cross sections).
In order to measure rapidity gap(s) the luminosity cannot be big
to avoid so-called pile-ups \cite{Royon}.
All this causes that for some interesting processes, as for instance
$W$ or $Z^0$ production, the statistics is rather poor and the cross
section is difficult to measure.
Since the cross section for inclusive production of charm
is very large at the LHC \cite{Maciula:2013wg}, one could expect that also single-
and central- diffractive charm production could be measured with
relatively good precision. This is therefore a process one could
use for testing theoretical models. The same shall be true
for diffractive bottom production.

It is the aim of this paper to present predictions including
our knowledge about diffractive parton distributions from HERA
and taking into account absorption effects, specific for proton-proton
collisions. We shall include both pomeron and reggeon contributions.
In addition, we shall include hadronization
of $c$ or $b$ quarks/antiquarks to open charmed and bottom mesons, respectively.
Finally we shall present our predictions for experiments at the LHC.
We hope that our predictions will be verified at the LHC in a near future.
\section{Theoretical framework}
\subsection{A sketch of formalism}
\label{formalism}

The mechanisms of the diffractive production
of heavy quarks ($c \bar c$, $b \bar b$) discussed here are shown in
Figs.~\ref{fig:1} and ~\ref{fig:2}. Both, leading-order (LO)
gg-fusion and $q \bar q$-anihilation partonic subprocesses
are taken into account in the calculations.
\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{flushleft}
{\scriptsize a) \hskip+77mm b)}
\end{flushleft} \vskip-5mm
\includegraphics[height=.13\textheight]{SD1-HQ-glue.eps}\hskip-1mm
\includegraphics[height=.13\textheight]{SD1-HQ-quark.eps}\hskip-1mm
\includegraphics[height=.13\textheight]{SD2-HQ-glue.eps}\hskip-1mm
\includegraphics[height=.13\textheight]{SD2-HQ-quark.eps}
\caption{
The mechanisms of single-diffractive production of heavy quarks.
}
 \label{fig:1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\includegraphics[height=.13\textheight]{CD-HQ-glue.eps}
\includegraphics[height=.13\textheight]{CD-HQ-quark.eps}
\caption{
The mechanisms of central-diffractive production of heavy quarks.
}
\label{fig:2}
\end{figure}
In the following we apply the Ingelman-Schlein approach \cite{IS}.
In this approach one assumes that the pomeron has a
well defined partonic structure, and that the hard process
takes place in a pomeron--proton or proton--pomeron (single diffraction)
or pomeron--pomeron (central diffraction) processes.
In this approach corresponding differential cross sections can be
written as
\begin{eqnarray}
{d \sigma_{SD^{(1)}} \over dy_{1} dy_{2} dp_{t}^2} &=& {1 \over 16 \pi^2 \hat{s}^2} \times \Big[ |{\cal M}_{g g \rightarrow Q \bar{Q}}|^2 \cdot
 x_1 g^{D}(x_1,\mu^2) x_2 g(x_2,\mu^2) \nonumber \\
&+& |{\cal M}_{q \bar{q} \rightarrow Q \bar{Q}}|^2 \cdot \Big( x_1 q^{D}(x_1,\mu^2) x_2 \bar{q}(x_2,\mu^2)
+ x_1 \bar{q}^{D}(x_1,\mu^2) x_2 q(x_2,\mu^2) \Big) \Big] \; ,
\label{SD1}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
{d \sigma_{SD^{(2)}} \over dy_{1} dy_{2} dp_{t}^2} &=& {1 \over 16 \pi^2 \hat{s}^2} \times \Big[ |{\cal M}_{g g \rightarrow Q \bar{Q}}|^2 \cdot
 x_1 g(x_1,\mu^2) x_2 g^{D}(x_2,\mu^2) \nonumber \\
&+& |{\cal M}_{q \bar{q} \rightarrow Q \bar{Q}}|^2 \cdot \Big( x_1 q (x_1,\mu^2) x_2 \bar{q}^{D}(x_2,\mu^2)
+ x_1 \bar{q}(x_1,\mu^2) x_2 q^{D}(x_2,\mu^2) \Big) \Big] \; ,
\label{SD2}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
{d \sigma_{CD} \over dy_{1} dy_{2} dp_{t}^2} &=&  {1 \over 16 \pi^2 \hat{s}^2} \times \Big[ |{\cal M}_{g g \rightarrow Q \bar{Q}}|^2 \cdot  x_1 g^{D}(x_1,\mu^2) x_2 g^{D}(x_2,\mu^2) \\
&+& |{\cal M}_{q \bar{q} \rightarrow Q \bar{Q}}|^2 \cdot \Big( x_1 q^{D}(x_1,\mu^2) x_2 \bar q^{D}(x_2,\mu^2) + x_1 \bar q^{D}(x_1,\mu^2)
\, x_2  q^{D}(x_2,\mu^2) \Big) \,\Big ] \; , \nonumber
\label{DD}
\end{eqnarray}
for single-diffractive (SD) and central-diffractive (CD) production,
respectively.

The diffractive distribution function (diffractive PDF) can be obtained by a convolution of the flux of pomerons
$f_{\bf I\!P}(x_{\bf I\!P})$ in the proton and the parton distribution in the pomeron,
e.g. $g_{{\bf I\!P}}(\beta, \mu^2)$ for gluons:
\begin{eqnarray}
g^D(x,\mu^2) = \int d x_{\bf I\!P} d\beta \, \delta(x-x_{\bf I\!P} \beta)
g_{{\bf I\!P}} (\beta,\mu^2) \, f_{\bf I\!P}(x_{\bf I\!P}) \,
= \int_x^1 {d x_{\bf I\!P} \over x_{\bf I\!P}} \, f_{\bf I\!P}(x_{\bf I\!P})
g_{{\bf I\!P}}({x \over x_{\bf I\!P}}, \mu^2) \, . \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
The flux of pomerons $f_{\bf I\!P}(x_{\bf I\!P})$ enters in the form integrated over
four--momentum transfer
\begin{eqnarray}
f_{\bf I\!P}(x_{\bf I\!P}) = \int_{t_{min}}^{t_{max}} dt \, f(x_{\bf I\!P},t) \, ,
\label{flux_of_Pom}
\end{eqnarray}
with $t_{min}, t_{max}$ being kinematic boundaries.

Both pomeron flux factors $f_{{\bf I\!P}}(x_{{\bf I\!P}},t)$ as well
as parton distributions in the pomeron were taken from
the H1 Collaboration analysis of diffractive structure function
and diffractive dijets at HERA \cite{H1}.
In the following calculation standard collinear MSTW08LO parton distributions are
used \cite{MSTW08}.
The renormalization scale in $\alpha_s$ and factorization scale for the
diffractive PDFs are taken to be equal to heavy quark transverse mass
$\mu = m_t$ as a default and $\mu = \hat s$ for illustration of related
uncertainty. The heavy quark mass in the calculation
is set to 1.5 and 4.75 GeV for charm and bottom, respectively.

\subsection{Results for diffractive $Q \bar Q$ pair production}

Let us start presentation of our results for diffraction mechanisms.
In the present analysis we consider both pomeron and subleading reggeon
contributions. In the H1 Collaboration analysis the pion structure
function was used for the subleading reggeons and the corresponding
flux was fitted to the diffractive DIS data.
The corresponding diffractive parton distributions
are obtained by replacing the pomeron flux by the reggeon flux and
the parton distributions in the pomeron by their counterparts
in subleading reggeon \cite{H1}.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:pt} we show the transverse momentum distribution of $c$ quarks (antiquarks)
and $b$ quarks (antiquarks) for single-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV.
Contributions of the pomeron-gluon (and gluon-pomeron), the pomeron-quark(antiquark) (and quark(antiquark)-pomeron) and the reggeon-gluon (and gluon-reggeon),
the reggeon-quark(antiquark) (and quark(antiquark)-reggeon) mechanisms are shown separately.
Components of the pomeron-gluon (and gluon-pomeron)
are almost two orders of magnitude larger than
the pomeron-quark(antiquark) and quark(antiquark)-pomeron.
The estimated reggeon contribution is
of similar size as the leading pomeron contribution, but still slightly smaller.

The calculation done assumes Regge factorization, which is known
to be violated in hadron-hadron collisions.
It is known that soft interactions lead to an extra production
of particles which fill in the rapidity gaps related to pomeron
exchange.

Different models of absorption corrections
(one-, two- or three-channel approaches)
for diffractive processes were presented in the literature.
The absorption effects for the diffractive processes were calculated e.g.
in \cite{KMR2000,Maor2009,CSS09}.
The different models give slightly different predictions.
Usually an average value of the gap survival probability
$<|S_G|^2>$ is calculated first and then the cross sections for different
processes is multiplied by this value.
We shall follow this somewhat simplified approach also here.
Numerical values of the gap survival probability can be found
in \cite{KMR2000,Maor2009,CSS09}.
The survival probability depends on the collision energy.
It is sometimes parametrized as:
\begin{equation}
<S_G^2>(\sqrt{s}) = \frac{a}{b+\ln(\sqrt{s})} \; .
\end{equation}
The multiplicative factors are approximately $S_G$ = 0.05
for single-diffractive production
and $S_G$ = 0.02 for central-diffractive one for the nominal LHC energy ($\sqrt{s}=$ 14 TeV).

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_charm_contr_mt.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_bottom_contr_mt.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum distribution of $c$ quarks (antiquarks) (left)
and $b$ quarks (antiquarks) (right) for single-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV.
Components of the pomeron-gluon (and gluon-pomeron), the pomeron-quark(antiquark) (and quark(antiquark)-pomeron) and the reggeon-gluon (and gluon-reggeon),
the reggeon-quark(antiquark) (and quark(antiquark)-reggeon) mechanisms are shown separately.
}
 \label{fig:pt}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:pt_CD} we show the transverse momentum distribution of
$c$ quarks (antiquarks)
and $b$ quarks (antiquarks) for central-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV.
The distributions for central-dffractive component is smaller than that for the single-diffractive distributions by almost two orders of magnitude.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_charm_contr_mt_CD_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_bottom_contr_mt_CD.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum distribution of $c$ quarks (antiquarks) (left)
and $b$ quarks (antiquarks) (right) for the central-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV.
Components of the pomeron-pomeron, reggeon-reggeon, Pomerom-reggeon and reggeon-pomeron mechanisms are shown separately.
}
 \label{fig:pt_CD}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:pt_x} we show separately contributions for different upper limits for the value of $x_{\bf I\!P}$ and $x_{\bf I\!R}$. The shape of these distributions are rather similar.
As a default, in the case of pomeron exchange the upper limit in
the convolution formula is taken to be 0.1 and for reggeon exchange 0.2.
Additionally Fig.~\ref{fig:x} shows distribution in pomeron/reggeon longitudinal momentum fraction for $c$ quarks (antiquarks) (left panel) and for $b$ quarks (antiquarks) (right panel) for single-diffractive production. The similar distributions in $\log_{10}x_{{\bf I\!P}}$ and $\log_{10}x_{{\bf I\!R}}$  are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:xlog}.
In our opinion, the whole Regge formalism does not apply above these limits
and therefore unphysical results could be obtained.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_charm_x_mt.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_bottom_x_mt.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum distribution of $c$ quarks (antiquarks) (left)
and $b$ quarks (antiquarks) (right) for single-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV for different maximal $x_{\bf I\!P}$ (solid) and $x_{\bf I\!R}$ (dashed).
}
 \label{fig:pt_x}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dx_charm.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dx_bottom.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small The distribution in $x_{\bf I\!P}$ (solid) and $x_{\bf I\!R}$ (dashed) for
$\sqrt{s}$ = 14 TeV.
The left panel shows distribution in pomeron/reggeon longitudinal momentum fraction for $c$ quarks (antiquarks), the right panel shows similar distributions for $b$ quarks (antiquarks) for single-diffractive production.
}
 \label{fig:x}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dxlog_charm.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dxlog_bottom.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small The distribution in $\log_{10}x_{{\bf I\!P}}$ (solid) and $\log_{10}x_{{\bf I\!R}}$ (dashed) for
$\sqrt{s}$ = 14 TeV.
The left panel shows distribution for $c$ quarks (antiquarks)
and the right panel for $b$ quarks (antiquarks) distribution for single-diffractive production.
}
 \label{fig:xlog}
\end{figure}

For completeness, in Fig.~\ref{fig:pt_scale}
we show separately contributions for different factorization scales: $\mu^2 = m_t^2$ and $\mu^2 = \hat{s}$,
which give quite similar distributions in
transverse momentum.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_charm_scale.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_bottom_scale.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum distribution of $c$ quarks (antiquarks) (left)
and $b$ quarks (antiquarks) (right) for single-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV
for factorization scales: $\mu^2 = m_t^2$ (solid) and $\mu^2 = \hat{s}$ (dashed).
}
 \label{fig:pt_scale}
\end{figure}

Figures~\ref{fig:y} and~\ref{fig:y_CD} show rapidity distributions for
$c$ quarks (antiquarks) (left panels)
and $b$ quarks (antiquarks) (right panels) pair production for single- and central-diffractive mechanisms respectively.
The rapidity distributions for pomeron-gluon (and gluon-pomeron), pomeron-quark(antiquark) (and quark(antiquark)-pomeron) and reggeon-gluon (and gluon-reggeon),
reggeon-quark(antiquark) (and quark(antiquark)-reggeon
mechanisms in the single-diffractive case are shifted
to forward and backward rapidities, respectively.
The distributions for the individual single-diffractive
mechanisms have maxima at large rapidities, while
the central-diffractive contribution is concentrated
at midrapidities. This is a consequence of limiting integration
over $x_{\bf I\!P}$ in Eq.(\ref{flux_of_Pom}) to 0.0 $< x_{\bf I\!P} <$ 0.1
and over $x_{\bf I\!R}$ to 0.0 $< x_{\bf I\!R} <$ 0.2.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dy_charm_contr_mt.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dy_bottom_contr_mt.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Rapidity distribution of $c$ quarks (antiquarks) (left)
and $b$ quarks (antiquarks) (right) for single-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV.
Components of the pomeron-gluon (and gluon-pomeron), the pomeron-quark(antiquark) (and quark(antiquark)-pomeron) and the reggeon-gluon (and gluon-reggeon),
the reggeon-quark(antiquark) (and quark(antiquark)-reggeon) mechanisms are shown separately.
}
 \label{fig:y}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dy_charm_contr_mt_CD.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dy_bottom_contr_mt_CD.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Rapidity distribution of $c$ quarks (antiquarks) (left)
and $b$ quarks (antiquarks) (right) for the central-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV.
Components of the pomeron-pomeron, reggeon-reggeon, pomeron-reggeon and reggeon-pomeron mechanisms are shown separately.
The sum of all contributions is shown by the thick solid line.
}
 \label{fig:y_CD}
\end{figure}

Finally, In Fig.~\ref{fig:Mx} we show the missing mass distribution for
$c$ quarks (antiquarks) (left panel) and
for $b$ quarks (antiquarks) (right panel) for single-diffractive production.
These both contributions have similar shapes of distributions.
Experimentally, measuring the distributions
in invariant mass of $D$ and $B$ mesons
would be interesting and will be discussed in the next section.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dMx_charm.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dMx_bottom.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small The missing mass distribution for
$\sqrt{s}$ = 14 TeV.
The left panel shows distribution for $c$ quarks (antiquarks),
the right panel $b$ quarks (antiquarks) production for single-diffractive production.
}
 \label{fig:Mx}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Heavy quark hadronization effects}

The transition from quarks and gluons to hadrons, called hadronization or parton fragmentation, can be so far approached only through phenomenological models. In principle, in the case of many-particle final states the Lund string model \cite{Andersson:1983ia} and the cluster fragmentation model \cite{Webber:1983if} are usually used, providing good description of the hadronization of the parton system as a whole. However, the hadronization of heavy quarks is usually done with the help of fragmentation functions (FFs) extracted from $e^+ e^-$ experiments (see e.g. Refs.~\cite{Cacciari:2005rk,Cacciari:2012ny,Maciula:2013wg}).

Especially in the case of diffractive production, where one or both protons remain intact, the applicability of the compound hadronization models (implemented in Monte Carlo generators and dedicated to non-diffractive processes) is still an open question. More detailed studies, e.g. of gluonic and quark jet structures in diffractive events, are needed to draw more definite conclusions in this context. In our calculation we follow the fragmentation function technique which seems to be sufficient to make first evaluation of corresponding cross sections. This scheme has been recently successfully used for description of inclusive non-diffractive open charm and bottom data at the LHC \cite{Cacciari:2012ny,Maciula:2013wg}. In the context of diffractive production studies, the uncertainties coming from the process of parton fragmentation seem to be less important than those related to the parton-level diffractive calculation (e.g. uncertainties of diffractive PDFs or gap survival probability).

According to the fragmentation function formalism, in the following numerical calculations,
the differential distributions of open charm and bottom hadrons $h =D, B$, e.g. for single-diffractive production, are obtained through a convolution of differential distributions of heavy quarks/antiquarks and $Q \to h$ fragmentation functions:
\begin{equation}
\frac{d \sigma(pp \rightarrow h \bar{h} \; p X)}{d y_h d^2 p_{t,h}} \approx
\int_0^1 \frac{dz}{z^2} D_{Q \to h}(z)
\frac{d \sigma(pp \rightarrow Q \overline{Q} \; p X)}{d y_Q d^2 p_{t,Q}}
\Bigg\vert_{y_Q = y_h \atop p_{t,Q} = p_{t,h}/z} \;,
\label{Q_to_h}
\end{equation}
where $p_{t,Q} = \frac{p_{t,h}}{z}$ and $z$ is the fraction of
longitudinal momentum of heavy quark $Q$ carried by a hadron $h$.
Technically, in this scheme of fragmentation the rescalling of the transverse momentum is the most important effect. This is because one needs to deal with very steep functions of transverse momenta. Since the rapidity spectra are usually flat, or slowly varying, the approximation assuming that $y_{Q}$ is
unchanged in the fragmentation process, i.e. $y_h = y_Q$, is commonly applied. This approximation is typical for light hadrons, however, is also commonly accepted for heavy quarks, especially in the region of not too small quark $p_{t}$'s. The fragmentation functions for heavy quarks are peaked at large $z$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:z-FF}) so the problematic small-$p_{t}$ region is suppressed.

In all the following numerical calculations the standard Peterson fragmentation function \cite{Peterson:1982ak} is applied. The default set of the parameters for these functions is $\varepsilon_{c} = 0.05$ for charm and $\varepsilon_{b} = 0.004$ for bottom quarks, respectively. This values were extracted by H1 \cite{Aaron:2008ac}, ALEPH \cite{Heister:2001jg} and OPAL \cite{Abbiendi:2002vt} analyses. However, in the similar fragmentation scheme applied in the FONLL framework for hadroproduction of heavy flavours at RHIC \cite{Cacciari:2005rk} and LHC \cite{Cacciari:2012ny}, rather harder functions are suggested. Within the FONLL approach the Braaten-Cheung-Fleming-Yuan (BCFY) \cite{Braaten:1994bz} function with $r_c = 0.1$ for charm and the Kartvelishvili \cite{Kartvelishvili:1977pi} parametrization with $\alpha_b = 29.1$ for bottom are used. In our calculation, to make the shapes of the Peterson functions
closer to those from the FONLL approach, the parameters are fixed to $\varepsilon_{c} = 0.02$ and $\varepsilon_{b} = 0.001$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:z-FF}). In the following numerical predictions of the cross sections for $D^{0}$ and $B^{\pm}$ mesons the fragmentation functions are normalized to the branching fractions
from Refs.~\cite{Lohrmann:2011np,Beringer:1900zz,Aaltonen:2008zd}, i.e. $\textrm{BR}(c \to D^{0}) = 0.565$ and $\textrm{BR}(b \to B^{\pm}) = 0.4$.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{charm_fragmentation.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bottom_fragmentation.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Different models of the fragmentation functions for charm (left) and bottom (right) quarks. The default functions from the FONLL framework are compared to the Peterson functions with different $\varepsilon$ parameters.}
 \label{fig:z-FF}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Cross sections for $D^{0}$ and $B^{\pm}$ mesons production}

Measurements of charm and bottom cross sections at hadron colliders can be performed in the so-called direct way.
This method is based on full reconstruction of all decay products of open charm and bottom mesons, for instance in the
$D^0 \to K^- \pi^+ $, $D^+ \to K^- \pi^+ \pi^+$ or $B^+ \to J/\psi K^+ \to K^+ \mu^+ \mu^-$ channels. The decay products
with an invariant mass from the expected hadron decay combinations, permit direct observation of $D$ or $B$ meson as a peak in invariant mass spectrum. Then, after a substraction of invariant mass continuum the relevant cross section for the meson production can be provided.
The same method can be applied for measurement of charm and bottom production rates for the diffractive events.

\begin{table}[tb]%
\caption{Integrated cross sections for diffractive production of open charm and bottom mesons in different measurement modes for ATLAS, LHCb and CMS experiments at $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV.}
\newcolumntype{Z}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}
\label{table}
\centering %
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabularx}{16.cm}{ZZZZZ}
\toprule[0.1em] %
\\[-2.4ex]
\\[-7.0ex]

\multirow{3}*{Acceptance} & \multirow{3}*{Mode} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\underline{$\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;$ Integrated cross sections, [nb] $\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;$ }}  \\[+0.8ex]
                          &                           &  \multirow{2}*{single-diffractive}  & \multirow{2}*{central-diffractive}  & non-diffractive\\[-2.ex]
                          &                           &                                     &                                     & EXP data\\[-2.ex]

\toprule[0.1em]\\[-4.4ex]
ATLAS, $|y|< 2.5$           &  \multirow{2}*{$D^{0}+\overline{D^{0}}$} &  \multirow{2}*{3555.22 ($I\!R\!: 25\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{177.35 ($I\!R\!: 43\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{$-$}\\[+0.4ex]
$p_{\perp} > 3.5$ GeV                          & & & & \\[-1.ex]
LHCb,$\;$~$2~\!<~\!y~\!<~\!4.5$           &  \multirow{2}*{$D^{0}+\overline{D^{0}}$} &  \multirow{2}*{31442.8 ($I\!R\!: 31\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{2526.7 ($I\!R\!: 50\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{$1488000\pm182000$}\\[+0.4ex]
$p_{\perp} < 8$ GeV                          & & & & \\[-1.ex]
\hline \\[-4.4ex]
CMS, $|y|< 2.4$           &  \multirow{2}*{$(B^{+}+B^{-})/2$} &  \multirow{2}*{349.18 ($I\!R\!: 24\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{14.24 ($I\!R\!: 42\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{$28100\pm2400\pm2000$}\\[+0.4ex]
$p_{\perp} > 5$ GeV                          & & & & \\[-1.ex]
LHCb,$\;$~$2~\!<~\!y~\!<~\!4.5$           &  \multirow{2}*{$B^{+}+B^{-}$} &  \multirow{2}*{867.62 ($I\!R\!: 27\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{31.03 ($I\!R\!: 43\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{$41400\pm1500\pm3100$}\\[+0.4ex]
$p_{\perp} < 40$ GeV                          & & & & \\[-1.ex]

\hline \\[-4.4ex]
LHCb, $2 < y < 4$           &  \multirow{2}*{$D^{0}\overline{D^{0}}$} &  \multirow{2}*{179.4 ($I\!R\!: 28\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{7.67 ($I\!R\!: 45\%$)} & \multirow{2}*{$6230\pm120\pm230$}\\[+0.4ex]
$3 < p_{\perp} < 12$ GeV                          & & & & \\[-1.ex]

\bottomrule[0.1em]

\end{tabularx}
}
\end{table}

Numerical predictions of the integrated cross sections for the single- and central-diffractive production of $D^{0}$ and $B^{\pm}$ mesons, including relevant experimental acceptance of the ATLAS, LHCb and CMS detectors,  are collected in Table~\ref{table}. The kinematical cuts are taken to be identical to those which have been already used in the standard non-diffractive measurements of open charm and bottom production rates at the LHC. The corresponding experimental cross sections for non-diffractive processes are shown for reference. In the case of inclusive production of single $D$ or $B$ meson
the ratio of the diffractive integrated cross sections to the non-diffractive one is about $\sim 2\%$ for single- and only about $\sim 0.07\%$ for central-diffractive mechanism. This ratio is only slightly bigger for $D^{0}\overline{D^{0}}$ pair production, becoming of about $\sim 3\%$ and $0.1\%$, respectively. In addition, the relative contribution of the reggeon-exchange mechanisms to the overall diffractive production cross sections is also shown. This relative contribution is about $\sim 24-31\%$ for single-diffractive ($\frac{I\!R}{I\!P+I\!R}$) and $\sim 42-50\%$ for
central-diffractive processes ($\frac{I\!PI\!R+I\!RI\!P+I\!RI\!R}{I\!PI\!P+I\!PI\!R+I\!RI\!P+I\!RI\!R}$) for both, charm and bottom flavoured mesons. The ratio does not really change for different measurement modes and different experimental acceptance.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_D0mes_diffSD_ATLAS_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_D0mes_diffSD_LHCb_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum distribution of $D^{0}$ meson within the ATLAS (left) and the LHCb (right) acceptance for single-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV. Components of the pomeron-gluon (and gluon-pomeron) (long-dashed line) and the reggeon-gluon (and gluon-reggeon) (short-dashed line) contributions are shown separately.
}
 \label{fig:pt-SD-Dmes}
\end{figure}

Figures~\ref{fig:pt-SD-Dmes} and~\ref{fig:pt-CD-Dmes} show transverse momentum distributions of $D^{0}$ meson at $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV within the ATLAS (left panels) and the LHCb (right panels) acceptance for single- and central-diffractive production, respectively. The contributions of the pomeron- (long-dashed lines) and reggeon-exchange (short-dashed lines) mechanisms are shown separately. These both contributions have similar shapes of the distributions and differ only in normalization. Therefore,  one should not expect a possibility to extract and to test the reggeon component within the special cuts in transverse momentum. The similar distributions (with identical conclusions) but for $B^{\pm}$ meson within the CMS (left panels) and the LHCb (right panels) acceptance are presented in Figs.~\ref{fig:pt-SD-Bmes} and~\ref{fig:pt-CD-Bmes}.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_D0mes_diffCD_ATLAS_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_D0mes_diffCD_LHCb_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum distribution of $D^{0}$ meson within the ATLAS (left) and the LHCb (right) acceptance for central-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV. Components of the pomeron-pomeron, pomeron-reggeon, reggeon-pomeron and the reggeon-reggeon contributions are shown separately.
}
 \label{fig:pt-CD-Dmes}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_Bpmes_diffSD_CMS_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_Bpmes_diffSD_LHCb_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum distribution of $B^{\pm}$ meson within the CMS (left) and the LHCb (right) acceptance for single-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV. Components of the pomeron-gluon (and gluon-pomeron) (long-dashed line) and the reggeon-gluon (and gluon-reggeon) (short-dashed line) contributions are shown separately.
}
 \label{fig:pt-SD-Bmes}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_Bpmes_diffCD_CMS_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_Bpmes_diffCD_LHCb_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum distribution of $B^{\pm}$ meson within the CMS (left) and the LHCb (right) acceptance for central-diffractive production at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV. Components of the pomeron-pomeron, pomeron-reggeon, reggeon-pomeron and reggeon-reggeon mechanisms are shown separately.
}
 \label{fig:pt-CD-Bmes}
\end{figure}

Figures~\ref{fig:pt-SD-DDbar} and~\ref{fig:pt-CD-DDbar} show transverse momentum (left panels) and rapidity (right panels) distributions of $D^{0}$ (or $\overline{D^{0}}$) meson at $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV within the LHCb acceptance in the case of $D^{0}\overline{D^{0}}$ pair production for single- and central-diffractive mechanisms, respectively. The graphical representation of pomeron- and reggeon-exchange contributions is the same as in the previous figures.
The rapidity distributions for pomeron-gluon (or reggeon-gluon) and gluon-pomeron (or gluon-reggeon) mechanisms in the single-diffractive case are shifted
to forward and backward rapidities, respectively. Since the rapidity acceptance of the LHCb detector is not symmetric in rapidity and covers only forward region $2<y_{D^{0}}<4$ these both single-diffractive mechanisms contribute to the $D^{0}\overline{D^{0}}$ pair diffractive cross section in a quite different way. The situation is shown in more detail in Fig.~\ref{fig:2dim-y1y2} where the rapidity correlations between $D^{0}$ and $\overline{D^{0}}$ meson are depicted.
In all the considered cases these distributions show some correlation along the diagonal. Clearly some shifts of the distributions for the single-diffractive
mechanism can be seen, in contrast to the central-diffractive one.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_DDbar_diffSD_LHCb_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dy_DDbar_diffSD_LHCb_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum (left) and rapidity (right) distributions of $D^{0}$ meson within the LHCb acceptance provided that $\overline{D^{0}}$ was registered too, for the single-diffractive mechanisms at $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV. Components of the pomeron-gluon (and gluon-pomeron) (long-dashed line) and the reggeon-gluon (and gluon-reggeon) (short-dashed line) contributions are shown separately.
}
 \label{fig:pt-SD-DDbar}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dpt_DDbar_diffCD_LHCb_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.47\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dsig_dy_DDbar_diffCD_LHCb_new.eps}}
\end{minipage}
   \caption{
\small Transverse momentum (left) and rapidity (right) distributions of $D^{0}$ meson within the LHCb acceptance provided that $\overline{D^{0}}$ was registered too, for the central-diffractive mechanism at $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV. Components of the pomeron-pomeron, pomeron-reggeon, reggeon-pomeron and reggeon-reggeon contributions are shown separately.
}
 \label{fig:pt-CD-DDbar}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{minipage}{0.31\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{map_y1y2_0d_PP_DDbar_LHCb.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.2cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.31\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{map_y1y2_d0_PP_DDbar_LHCb.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.2cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.31\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{map_y1y2_dd_PP_DDbar_LHCb.eps}}
\end{minipage}\\

\begin{minipage}{0.31\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{map_y1y2_0d_RR_DDbar_LHCb.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.2cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.31\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{map_y1y2_d0_RR_DDbar_LHCb.eps}}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.2cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.31\textwidth}
 \centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{map_y1y2_dd_RR_DDbar_LHCb.eps}}
\end{minipage}

   \caption{
\small Double differential cross sections as a function of $D^{0}$ and $\overline{D^{0}}$ rapidities within the LHCb detector acceptance for single- (left and middle panels) and central-diffractive (right panels) production at $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV. The top and bottom panels correspond to the pomeron and reggeon exchange mechanisms respectively.
}
 \label{fig:2dim-y1y2}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
Although there was a lot of theoretical activity in calculating
diffractive production of different objects
(gauge bosons ($W$, $Z$), jets or dijets, Higgs boson, pairs of gauge
bosons ($W^+ W^-$) in proton-proton or proton-antiproton collisions,
almost no detailed experimental studies were performed and presented
in the literature.
Such a study would be interesting and important in order to understand
mechanism of diffractive production. This is partly so as many reactions
considered so far have rather very small cross section.
So far there is no common agreement on what is underlying mechanism
of diffractive production.
Since the underlying dynamics is of nonperturbative nature any
detailed studies would be therefore very helpful to shed new light
on the problem.

In the present paper we discuss in more detail single-
and central- diffractive production of charm and bottom
quark-antiquark pairs as well as open charmed and bottom mesons.
The corresponding cross sections are rather large.

In the present study we have limited ourselves to the most popular
Ingelman-Schlein model of resolved pomeron and reggeon.
Although there is no experimental proof for the model and its underlying
dynamics it has advantage it was used to describe many diffractive
processes at HERA. In the purely hadronic
processes considered in the present paper it must be supplemented
by including absorption effects due to nonperturbative interaction
of hadrons (protons).

In our approach we use diffractive parton distribution in the proton
obtained at HERA from the analysis of diffractive structure function
of the proton and diffractive production of jets. Both pomeron
and reggeon contributions are considered here.

First we have calculated cross sections for $c \bar c$ and $b \bar b$
production in single and central production. Several quark-level
differential distributions are shown and discussed. We have compared
pomeron and reggeon contributions for the first time.

In order to make predictions which could be compared with future
experimental data in the next step we have included hadronization to
charmed ($D$) and bottom ($B$) mesons using a practical method
of hadronization functions known for other processes.
We have shown several inclusive differential distributions for the
mesons as well as correlations of $D$ and $\bar D$ mesons.
In these calculations we have included detector acceptance
of the ATLAS, CMS and LHCb collaboration experiments.

The production of charmed mesons is extremely interesting
because of the cross section of the order of a few microbarns for ATLAS
and CMS and of the order of tens of microbarns for the LHCb acceptance.
We have shown that the pomeron contribution is much larger than
the subleading reggeon contribution.
Especially the LHCb main detector supplemented with
VELO (VErtex LOcator) micro-strip silicon detectors
installed already in Run I and so-called HERSCHEL
(High Rapidity Shower Counters for LHCb)
apparatus to be installed in Run II
could be used to measure $D$ mesons (main detector) and define rapidity
gap nececcesary for diffractive production (VELO and/or HERSCHEL).
On the other hand ATLAS and CMS collaboration could use
ALFA and TOTEM detectors to measure forward protons. Then different
additional differential distributions are possible.

\vspace{1cm}

{\bf Acknowledgments}
We are indebted to Guy Wilkinson from the LHCb collaboration
for discussion of the LHCb possibilities and Wolfgang Sch\"afer
for several interesting discussions of diffractive processes
and heavy quark production in particular.
We wish to thank Rafa{\l} Staszewski and Maciej Trzebi\'nski
for continues interest in our studies.
This work was partially supported by the Polish
NCN grant DEC-2013/09/D/ST2/03724.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
María de los Dolores de Peñalver y Zamora, 7° Marquesa de Arcos1
F, #77941, d. 9 September 1972
Last Edited=17 May 2017
María de los Dolores de Peñalver y Zamora, 7° Marquesa de Arcos was the daughter of Enrique de Peñalver y Zamora, 6° Marqués de Arcos and María de Zamora y Pérez de Urría.1 She married William Topham Sidney Beauclerk, son of Charles Robert Beauclerk and Joaquina de Zamora, on 17 December 1910 at Spain.1 She died on 9 September 1972.1
She succeeded as the 7° Marquesa de Arcos [Spain, 1792].2 Her married name became Beauclerk.
Children of María de los Dolores de Peñalver y Zamora, 7° Marquesa de Arcos and William Topham Sidney Beauclerk
William Nicolas Beauclerk1 b. 12 Jun 1912, d. 10 May 1948
Henry Topham Beauclerk1 b. 19 Nov 1913, d. 7 Mar 1929
Raphael Charles Beauclerk, 6° Marqués de Valero de Urría+1 b. 10 Aug 1917, d. 4 Apr 2007
Diana Mary Ildefonsa Beauclerk1 b. 1 May 1924, d. 30 Mar 2001
[S8313] CompactGen - Spanish Titles, online http://compactgen.com. Hereinafter cited as CompactGen - Spanish Titles.
Enrique de Peñalver y Zamora, 6° Marqués de Arcos1
M, #77942, b. 1857
Enrique de Peñalver y Zamora, 6° Marqués de Arcos was born in 1857. He was the son of Narciso José Peñalver y Peñalver, 2° Conde de Peñalver and María de los Dolores Zamora y Quesada. He married María de Zamora y Pérez de Urría, daughter of Rafael Zamora y Quesada and María de la Concepción Justa Pérez de Urría y de la Cuesta, 2° Marquesa de Valero de Urría.
He succeeded as the 4° Conde de Peñalver in 1914. He succeeded as the 6° Marqués de Arcos [Spain, 1792] in 1916.
Child of Enrique de Peñalver y Zamora, 6° Marqués de Arcos and María de Zamora y Pérez de Urría
María de los Dolores de Peñalver y Zamora, 7° Marquesa de Arcos+1 d. 9 Sep 1972
William Nicolas Beauclerk1
M, #77943, b. 12 June 1912, d. 10 May 1948
William Nicolas Beauclerk was born on 12 June 1912.1 He was the son of William Topham Sidney Beauclerk and María de los Dolores de Peñalver y Zamora, 7° Marquesa de Arcos.1 He died on 10 May 1948 at age 35, unmarried.1
He was educated at Beaumont College, Old Windsor, Berkshire, England.1
Henry Topham Beauclerk1
M, #77944, b. 19 November 1913, d. 7 March 1929
Henry Topham Beauclerk was born on 19 November 1913.1 He was the son of William Topham Sidney Beauclerk and María de los Dolores de Peñalver y Zamora, 7° Marquesa de Arcos.1 He died on 7 March 1929 at age 15.1
Raphael Charles Beauclerk, 6° Marqués de Valero de Urría1
M, #77945, b. 10 August 1917, d. 4 April 2007
Last Edited=15 Jun 2017
Raphael Charles Beauclerk, 6° Marqués de Valero de Urría was born on 10 August 1917.1 He was the son of William Topham Sidney Beauclerk and María de los Dolores de Peñalver y Zamora, 7° Marquesa de Arcos.1 He married Noirine Mary Bowen, daughter of James Bowen, on 24 August 1957 at Saigon, VietnamG.1 He died on 4 April 2007 at age 89.2
He was educated at Downside School, Bath, Somerset, England.1 He fought in the Second World War.1 He gained the rank of Captain in the British Army, attached to the Special Operations Exective.1 He was awarded the Croix de Guerre.1 He was appointed Member, Order of the British Empire (M.B.E.) in 1945.1 He was with Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp before 1970.1 He was with Banque Privée Luxembourg between 1970 and 1974.1 He was awarded the Chevalier, Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur. He succeeded as the 6° Marqués de Valero de Urría [Spain, 1852] on 28 March 1989.1 He was awarded the Knight of Honour and Devotion, Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Children of Raphael Charles Beauclerk, 6° Marqués de Valero de Urría and Noirine Mary Bowen
Dolores Mary Beauclerk+1 b. 11 Jul 1958
William Rafael Joseph Beauclerk, 7° Marqués de Valero de Urría+1 b. 14 Aug 1961
[S266] World War II Unit Histories - Officers, online http://www.unithistories.com/units_index/default.asp?file=../officers/personsx.html. Hereinafter cited as World War II Unit Histories - Officers.
Noirine Mary Bowen1
F, #77946, d. 20 January 1997
Noirine Mary Bowen was the daughter of James Bowen.1 She married Raphael Charles Beauclerk, 6° Marqués de Valero de Urría, son of William Topham Sidney Beauclerk and María de los Dolores de Peñalver y Zamora, 7° Marquesa de Arcos, on 24 August 1957 at Saigon, VietnamG.1 She died on 20 January 1997.1
Her married name became Beauclerk.
Children of Noirine Mary Bowen and Raphael Charles Beauclerk, 6° Marqués de Valero de Urría
James Bowen1
James Bowen died in 1963.
He lived at Bowen's Cross, County Cork, IrelandG.1
Child of James Bowen
Noirine Mary Bowen+1 d. 20 Jan 1997
William Rafael Joseph Beauclerk, 7° Marqués de Valero de Urría1
M, #77948, b. 14 August 1961
William Rafael Joseph Beauclerk, 7° Marqués de Valero de Urría was born on 14 August 1961.1 He is the son of Raphael Charles Beauclerk, 6° Marqués de Valero de Urría and Noirine Mary Bowen.1 He married Margaret Eleanor Mountjoy, daughter of Lesley James Mountjoy, in 1986.1
He was educated at Worth School, Turners Hill, Sussex, England.1 He gained the rank of Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, on H.M.Y. Britannia.1 He was registered as a Member, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (M.R.I.C.S.)1 He lived in 2003 at 15 rue de Breteuil, Medan, France.1 He succeeded as the 7° Marqués de Valero de Urría [Spain, 1852] on 27 November 2008.2
Children of William Rafael Joseph Beauclerk, 7° Marqués de Valero de Urría and Margaret Eleanor Mountjoy
Charlotte Mary Beauclerk1 b. 24 Jul 1987
Alexander Charles Beauclerk1 b. 11 Feb 1990
Cameron William Beauclerk1 b. 25 Mar 1993
Dolores Mary Beauclerk1
F, #77949, b. 11 July 1958
Dolores Mary Beauclerk was born on 11 July 1958.1 She is the daughter of Raphael Charles Beauclerk, 6° Marqués de Valero de Urría and Noirine Mary Bowen.1 She married Dr. Richard Moritz Makower, son of C. S. Makower, in 1981.1
From 1981, her married name became Makower.1 She was registered as a State Registered Nurse (S.R.N.)1 She lived in 2003 at 6 Lache Lane, Chester, Cheshire, England.1
Children of Dolores Mary Beauclerk and Dr. Richard Moritz Makower
Timothy Makower1 b. 27 Aug 1984
Emily Elizabeth Makower1 b. 11 Mar 1987
Oliver William Makower1 b. 12 Mar 1992
Diana Mary Ildefonsa Beauclerk1
F, #77950, b. 1 May 1924, d. 30 March 2001
Diana Mary Ildefonsa Beauclerk was born on 1 May 1924.1 She was the daughter of William Topham Sidney Beauclerk and María de los Dolores de Peñalver y Zamora, 7° Marquesa de Arcos.1 She died on 30 March 2001 at age 76.1
She was with the Women's Royal Naval Service during the Second World War.1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
World Travel Award winners for 2020
Rabia Shireen | December 1, 2020 | Destinations, Travel, Travel News, Travelogue, Uncategorized, World | No Comments
The World Travel Awards, an international initiative to identify and reward excellence in travel and tourism has unveiled its global title winners of 2020.
Maldives leads global winners at World Travel Awards
For the first time in the history of islands, Maldives won the trophy for 'World's Leading Destination' which is one of the most prestigious categories of World Travel Awards. Maldives is a country of islands in the Indian Ocean, that spreads across the equator. The country's unique geography mesmerizes the visitor and coral reefs are the foundation of the islands. These tiny jewel-like islands are fringed with smooth white sand surrounded by the shallow waters. In spite of the big challenges faced by the travel industry this year Maldives has received such an honoured recognition with the phenomenal testimony of love from the tourists around the globe and also the tremendous contribution and constant efforts made by the travel industry stakeholders and partners to ensure the safety of tourists during the pandemic.
Portugal also played dominantly, with Madeira voted 'World's Leading Island Destination' which has been winning this trophy since 2013, only losing it in the year 2015 to Sardinia. Madeira is called Portugal's "pearl of the Atlantic", it is quiet and splendid.
Lisbon, the spectacular capital of Portugal was named 'World's Leading City Break Destination'. Lisbon is a historical city of balconies and sceneries built in a succession of terraces up the slopes of a range of low rolling hills. It is one of the most alluring and lively cities of Europe.
Algarve, the beautiful Southern coastline of Portugal, clinched 'World's Leading Beach Destination'. The region is blissful with marvelous golden beaches, sea caves, steep cliffs and bright climate. It is a surfer's paradise, the oceans are mostly calm and warm almost in every shade of blue.
Russia's magnificent grandeur was recognized with the award for 'World's Leading Cultural Destination' and its cities emerging with top honours. Moscow was voted as the 'World's Leading City Destination' and Saint Petersburg collected 'World's Leading Cultural City Destination' trophy. The Russian culture is very profound and extraordinary. Moscow is the "heart of Russia" and a hidden cultural treasure. The remains of the Soviet state are scattered all around the city. Saint Petersburg's city is Russia's "window on Europe". It is a center of UNESCO World Heritage Site. Architecturally, it ranks as one of the most elegant and harmonious cities of Europe.
The Greek Ministry of Tourism/GNTO was voted the 'World's Leading Tourist Board'. Greece was the cradle of Western Civilization, the birthplace of democracy, Olympic Games, and its ancient history and magnificent temples.
In the hospitality sector, Armani Hotel of Dubai fended off a tough field to emerge as 'World's Leading Hotel', this hotel has been envisioned by fashion icon Giorgio Armani. It is situated in Dubai's iconic skyscraper, Burj Khalifa with a private entrance and occupies 11 floors. It has a deluxe spa and a direct access to the Dubai Mall. Armani Hotel provides subtle dining options in each of its 7 restaurants. Whilst Sardinia's Forte Village Resort claimed the trophy of 'World's Leading Resort' category. The resort is situated in the south of beautiful Sardinia and overlooks an expanse of pristine white sand beaches.
The ecstatic remote Amanpulo in Philippines was named as the 'World's Leading Dive Resort'. It is a private island decorated by white sand beaches, blissfully marooned in the middle of the Sulu Sea. The calm, clear seas are ideal for kite surfing, while divers can explore the coral reef, teeming with marine life just 300metres offshore.
The St. Regis Maldives Vommuli Resort took 'World's Leading Luxury Island Resort' trophy. These luxury resorts are situated between lush rainforests and white-sand beaches overlooking the fascinating picturesque waves of the Indian Ocean.
Vietnam's InterContinental Danang Sun Peninsula Resort gained the recognition for its eco-credentials by being named as 'World's Leading Green Resort'. It is nestled in the heart of Son Tra Peninsula Nature Reserve in Danang City.
Royal Penthouse at Mandarin Oriental Jumeira, Dubai was named 'World's Leading Hotel Penthouse'. The Royal Penthouse is secluded on the top floor of the luxurious beachfront resort. A private lift whisks guests to their 850sqm haven with sweeping views over the Arabian Gulf.
In the newcomer categories, Address Sky View with its captivating panorama of Dubai's skyline, secured the 'World's Leading New Hotel'. The hotel has a wide scenic viewpoint gracing Dubai's skyline with two resplendent towers conjoined at the summit by an architecturally fabulous Sky Bridge, in the heart of Downtown Dubai.
Whilst the barefoot chic paradise Emerald Maldives Resort & Spa picked up 'World's Leading New Resort' trophy. This all-inclusive resort is surrounded by 1.5 km of soft white sand, on a lush private 20 hectares island and features 120 villas with breathtaking views.
Brand winners include Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts ('World's Leading Luxury Hotel Brand'). It is an international luxury hotel and resort company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Four Seasons operates more than 100 hotels and resorts worldwide. Sandals ('World's Leading All-Inclusive Company'), Sandals are the very pinnacle of rich Caribbean all-inclusive vacations and Frasers Hospitality won ('World's Leading Serviced Apartment Brand').
In the aviation sector, Etihad Airways lifted the 'World's Leading Airline', whilst 'World's Leading Airport' went to Dubai International Airport. Aeroflot – Russian Airlines was voted the 'World's Leading Airline – Business Class', Emirates as 'World's Leading Airline – Economy Class', with 'World's Leading Airline – First Class' scooped by Oman Air.
Votes were cast by travel industry professionals and the public, with the nominee gaining the most votes in a category named as the winner. Graham Cooke, founder of the World Travel Awards, said: "Our world winners represent the best in global travel and tourism and my congratulations to each of them. They have all demonstrated remarkable resilience in a year of unprecedented challenges. The World Travel Awards 2020 program received a record number of votes cast by the public. This shows that the appetite for travel has never been stronger. With hope and the tourism bounce on the horizon, our industry can look forward to a resurgent and bright future."
For the full list of global winners, click here.
World Travel Awards was established in 1993 to acknowledge, reward and celebrate excellence across all sectors of the tourism industry.
Today, the World Travel Awards brand is recognized globally as the ultimate hallmark of quality, with winners setting the benchmark to which all others aspire.
Each year, World Travel Awards covers the globe with a series of regional gala ceremonies staged to recognize and celebrate individual and collective success within each key geographical region.
For more information about World Travel Awards, visit the official website.
India Receives Information on Location of its Abducted Citizens in Iraq
Protestors Kill Police Officers, Torch Houses in Nepal
Millions arrive in Mina for Haj


text:
Home› Share Your Work› Creations
Killer Concept: The Tracker
JerZeyCJ Member Posts: 14
August 2019 in Creations
Movement Speed: 110
Alt Movement Speed(When power is initially activated): 100
Alt Movement Speed(Max): 125
Terror Radius: 28m
Height: Tall
Lore: In life, the Tracker was a merciless hunter of escaped prisoners and other runaways, who more often than not brought his prey back dead rather than alive. And while he'd never let those he did business with know it, he relished every second of the hunt and rarely, if ever, intended to bring any of his quarry back alive. It wasn't until he killed the wrong person that he finally got to feel what it was like to be on the other side of the chase, and it only made him love the hunt more; to finally get into the minds of his prey and know exactly how they felt when he chased them. It took him only 4 days to do to his pursuers what none could ever do from him: escape. But by them, he and has hounds were lost deep in the darkest parts of the forest. They wandered for days, with only the scant rays of light that could pierce the canopy above to guide their way. They were exhausted, but more than that... they were hungry. It took only the slightest provocation, a kick in the side to stop one of the hounds' whining, a discipline they were all too used to; except this time, something changed and pushed them over the edge. First one, then another, and soon all of the hounds were upon him, feasting on him. None could hear his screams. None, except, the Entity. As the rays of light faded and the darkness of the forest grew around them, the Entity drew in both Tracker and hounds, into Its realm.
In death, the Tracker is more than merciless, he's a monster, a single minded creature driven only by his urge to hunt and sacrifice to the Entity who will dog Survivors to the ends of Its realm if he has to, hounds now bound to him and never far behind. He still feels the thrill of the hunt, the fright on first contact, the burst of adrenaline as the prey begins to flee. the fear as they can do nothing but cower and wait for the end to come. He knows they feel this way, because he has felt it himself, and he savors every second of it.
Power: Houndmaster
While not in a chase, The Tracker can hold M2 to call and leash one of his hounds and begin tracking his prey. While tracking with his hound, the Tracker's movement speed is slowed and scratchmarks and blood are more noticeable. As the tracker and his hound continue to successfully follow a specific Survivor's tracks, their speed gradually begins to increase. Once they've successfully followed a set of tracks for 10 seconds, they reach their full speed and the Tracker can see the Survivor's scent hanging in the air and continue the hunt if scratch marks fade or the Survivor stops their bleeding. If the Tracker has tracked a single Survivor for more than 15 seconds and has not yet entered into a Chase with them, he can press M2+M1 to lose his movement speed buff and instead unleash his hound, which will sprint off in the Survivor's direction and attempt to grab them. This can be dodged by the Survivor with a well timed skill check. After being grabbed by a hound, the Survivor can break free with another skill check, but will be afflicted with the Mangled and Hemorrhage status effects and will not be put into the Injured or Dying states and cannot be tracked again for 65 seconds; while the Tracker gains the new effect "Taste For Blood" after the grab succeeds. Taste For Blood lasts 75 seconds. While Taste For Blood is active, the next Survivor to be grabbed by the Tracker's hound will be Injured(in which case, they will also be inflicted with Deep Wounds) or put into the Dying State if they are already Injured.
Sound: There is a map wide sound queue whenever the Tracker lets loose one of his hounds. The Survivor being chased by the hound will hear it panting and running wherever it is and it will grow louder as it gets closer to them(Survivors not the target of the hound will hear it if it passes by 10m of them). Right before the hound lunges and the initial dodge skill check begins, the tracked Survivor will hear a distinctive sound queue warning them of the impending attack.
Weapon: The Tracker's weapon is a wicked Mancatcher pole with the shaft snapped in half and the spikes inverted to be facing outwards rather than inwards.
Guard Dog: When a Survivor goes within a 10m radius of a Hooked Survivor, the sound of dogs barking can be heard by the Killer and Survivor who triggered them, revealing the Survivor's location for 2/2.5/3 seconds. This effect can only triggered once on a hooked survivor and they will need to be hooked again to reactivate it.
Unseen Wound: A Survivor becomes your Obsession and has a 5/10/15 percent chance to start bleeding for 2/3/4 seconds every 30/25/20 seconds. Once you hit the Obsession, a new Survivor becomes the Obsession.
Injured Prey: When a Survivor is Injured, they have a 10/15/20 percent chance to leave behind a scratch mark every 25/20/15 seconds.


text:
I think I hear a single: Summer Magic and Modern Space
Flip For It, Modern Space, Sharks and Other Dangers, Summer Magic
The research and development side of this operation is skint. There's just too much music to explore and not enough time to check all the possible sources of great new music. So sometimes I cheat. When I really want some quality I head over to Don Valentine's I Don't Hear a Single to catch up on what he's found. Don's plugged into some secret power pop society that funnels him only the finest jangle-inflected, melody-drenched rock and roll. Seriously, aside from the occasional foray into his prog-influenced youth, Don seldom lets me down. Like these two exhibits: Summer Magic and Modern Space – great albums full of should be hit singles.
Summer Magic's Sharks and Other Dangers combines a late 1970s new wave sensibility with a contemporary power pop sound that could easily be filed next to recent releases like Ruler's Winning Star Champion or Caddy's Ten Times Four. It's all captured on the opening track and obvious single, "Hey." But the whole record is worth getting to know. Check out the killer B52's guitar rumble undergirding "Tracing a Bird on Construction Paper," or the very Beatles Revolver vibe of "Charles de Gaulle," or the late 1960s sunshine pop sound of "Attraction Corridors," or the new wave-meets-Beach Boys aura of "A Certain Little Chord." Another candidate for single would be the hook-riddled "By Your Side," which somehow manages to make the distinctive sax bleat of the 1980s sound cool again.
https://poprockrecord.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/01-hey.m4aHey!https://poprockrecord.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/02-tracing-a-bird-on-construction-paper.m4aTracing a Bird on Construction Paperhttps://poprockrecord.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/07-by-your-side.m4aBy Your Side
Meanwhile right in my own Canadian backyard can be found the stupendous Modern Space who manage to blend melodic guitar rock and roll with an addictive dance groove. Reviewers have drawn comparisons with The Vaccines and I would agree but add Vancouver's Zolas as well as Portugal the Man, particularly on the toe-tapping single "Flip For It" and the relentlessly hooky "Do or Dare." And then there is the melodic standout, "Ship is Sinking," a hip-swaying, arm-waving, crowd sing-along, for sure. And for a more traditional rock and roll approach click on "Come and Get It." Be forewarned, Flip For It is a Saturday night dance party album. https://poprockrecord.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/01-do-or-dare.m4aDo Or Darehttps://poprockrecord.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/05-ship-is-sinking.m4aShip is Sinking
Don and I would love to see these two act explode into super stardom. Why not help us out? Visit Summer Magic and Modern Space online right now and do your part.
2 thoughts on "I think I hear a single: Summer Magic and Modern Space"
steveforthedeaf said:
This is great stuff. Loving the tracks with links.


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text:
#include "config.h"

#if USE(SOUP)

#include "ResourceRequest.h"

#include "GUniquePtrSoup.h"
#include "HTTPParsers.h"
#include "MIMETypeRegistry.h"
#include <wtf/text/CString.h>
#include <wtf/text/WTFString.h>

namespace WebCore {

void ResourceRequest::updateSoupMessageMembers(SoupMessage* soupMessage) const
{
    updateSoupMessageHeaders(soupMessage->request_headers);

    GUniquePtr<SoupURI> firstParty = firstPartyForCookies().createSoupURI();
    if (firstParty)
        soup_message_set_first_party(soupMessage, firstParty.get());

    soup_message_set_flags(soupMessage, m_soupFlags);

    if (!acceptEncoding())
        soup_message_disable_feature(soupMessage, SOUP_TYPE_CONTENT_DECODER);
    if (!allowCookies())
        soup_message_disable_feature(soupMessage, SOUP_TYPE_COOKIE_JAR);
}

void ResourceRequest::updateSoupMessageHeaders(SoupMessageHeaders* soupHeaders) const
{
    const HTTPHeaderMap& headers = httpHeaderFields();
    if (!headers.isEmpty()) {
        HTTPHeaderMap::const_iterator end = headers.end();
        for (HTTPHeaderMap::const_iterator it = headers.begin(); it != end; ++it)
            soup_message_headers_append(soupHeaders, it->key.utf8().data(), it->value.utf8().data());
    }
}

void ResourceRequest::updateFromSoupMessageHeaders(SoupMessageHeaders* soupHeaders)
{
    m_httpHeaderFields.clear();
    SoupMessageHeadersIter headersIter;
    soup_message_headers_iter_init(&headersIter, soupHeaders);
    const char* headerName;
    const char* headerValue;
    while (soup_message_headers_iter_next(&headersIter, &headerName, &headerValue))
        m_httpHeaderFields.set(String::fromUTF8(headerName), String::fromUTF8(headerValue));
}

void ResourceRequest::updateSoupMessage(SoupMessage* soupMessage) const
{
    g_object_set(soupMessage, SOUP_MESSAGE_METHOD, httpMethod().utf8().data(), NULL);

    GUniquePtr<SoupURI> uri = createSoupURI();
    soup_message_set_uri(soupMessage, uri.get());

    updateSoupMessageMembers(soupMessage);
}

SoupMessage* ResourceRequest::toSoupMessage() const
{
    SoupMessage* soupMessage = soup_message_new(httpMethod().utf8().data(), url().string().utf8().data());
    if (!soupMessage)
        return 0;

    updateSoupMessageMembers(soupMessage);

    // Body data is only handled at ResourceHandleSoup::startHttp for
    // now; this is because this may not be a good place to go
    // openning and mmapping files. We should maybe revisit this.
    return soupMessage;
}

void ResourceRequest::updateFromSoupMessage(SoupMessage* soupMessage)
{
    bool shouldPortBeResetToZero = m_url.hasPort() && !m_url.port();
    m_url = URL(soup_message_get_uri(soupMessage));

    // SoupURI cannot differeniate between an explicitly specified port 0 and
    // no port specified.
    if (shouldPortBeResetToZero)
        m_url.setPort(0);

    m_httpMethod = String::fromUTF8(soupMessage->method);

    updateFromSoupMessageHeaders(soupMessage->request_headers);

    if (soupMessage->request_body->data)
        m_httpBody = FormData::create(soupMessage->request_body->data, soupMessage->request_body->length);

    if (SoupURI* firstParty = soup_message_get_first_party(soupMessage))
        m_firstPartyForCookies = URL(firstParty);

    m_soupFlags = soup_message_get_flags(soupMessage);

    // FIXME: m_allowCookies should probably be handled here and on
    // doUpdatePlatformRequest somehow.
}

static const char* gSoupRequestInitiatingPageIDKey = "wk-soup-request-initiating-page-id";

void ResourceRequest::updateSoupRequest(SoupRequest* soupRequest) const
{
    if (!m_initiatingPageID)
        return;

    uint64_t* initiatingPageIDPtr = static_cast<uint64_t*>(fastMalloc(sizeof(uint64_t)));
    *initiatingPageIDPtr = m_initiatingPageID;
    g_object_set_data_full(G_OBJECT(soupRequest), g_intern_static_string(gSoupRequestInitiatingPageIDKey), initiatingPageIDPtr, fastFree);
}

void ResourceRequest::updateFromSoupRequest(SoupRequest* soupRequest)
{
    uint64_t* initiatingPageIDPtr = static_cast<uint64_t*>(g_object_get_data(G_OBJECT(soupRequest), gSoupRequestInitiatingPageIDKey));
    m_initiatingPageID = initiatingPageIDPtr ? *initiatingPageIDPtr : 0;
}

unsigned initializeMaximumHTTPConnectionCountPerHost()
{
    // Soup has its own queue control; it wants to have all requests
    // given to it, so that it is able to look ahead, and schedule
    // them in a good way.
    return 10000;
}

GUniquePtr<SoupURI> ResourceRequest::createSoupURI() const
{
    // WebKit does not support fragment identifiers in data URLs, but soup does.
    // Before passing the URL to soup, we should make sure to urlencode any '#'
    // characters, so that soup does not interpret them as fragment identifiers.
    // See http://wkbug.com/68089
    if (m_url.protocolIsData()) {
        String urlString = m_url.string();
        urlString.replace("#", "%23");
        return GUniquePtr<SoupURI>(soup_uri_new(urlString.utf8().data()));
    }

    GUniquePtr<SoupURI> soupURI;
    if (m_url.hasFragmentIdentifier()) {
        URL url = m_url;
        url.removeFragmentIdentifier();
        soupURI.reset(soup_uri_new(url.string().utf8().data()));
    } else
        soupURI = m_url.createSoupURI();

    // Versions of libsoup prior to 2.42 have a soup_uri_new that will convert empty passwords that are not
    // prefixed by a colon into null. Some parts of soup like the SoupAuthenticationManager will only be active
    // when both the username and password are non-null. When we have credentials, empty usernames and passwords
    // should be empty strings instead of null.
    String urlUser = m_url.user();
    String urlPass = m_url.pass();
    if (!urlUser.isEmpty() || !urlPass.isEmpty()) {
        soup_uri_set_user(soupURI.get(), urlUser.utf8().data());
        soup_uri_set_password(soupURI.get(), urlPass.utf8().data());
    }

    return soupURI;
}

}

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


SALT LAKE CITY — Brian Besser has worked all over the country for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, but when he moved to Utah, he was surprised to find a growing trend regarding opioids.
There were 409 deaths in Utah attributed to opioid overdoses in 2015, according to the state Medical Examiner database. That's a staunch contrast to the 139 reported cases in 2000. Even with a growing population in the state, the number of deaths per 100,000 people has steadily grown from 9.1 in 2000 to 19.6 in 2015 — though 22.2 was the highest amount in 2007 during the 15-year span.
In 2016, the current number is 332 deaths. However, the final 2016 numbers could be higher with several more pending cases, as of Feb. 3. Christensen said it often takes a longer investigation into causes of death regarding opioids because not all cases are obvious.
With the numbers rising, law enforcement officials, health experts and legislatures are scrambling to figure how this problem came about and — more importantly — how to fix it.
The number of illegal opioid deaths has risen through the years. In 2000, the number of deaths related to the drug was 5.3 per 100,000 compared to 6.6 in 2015. That number once previously dipped to 3.8 in 2003.
However, illegal drugs aren't the largest problem in Utah's opioid struggles, and that's what makes finding solutions so puzzling. Even legal opioids have created powerful lessons for Utah law enforcement and emergency responders that are seeing the problem firsthand.
The number of prescription opioid-related deaths ballooned from 60 in 2000 to more than 250 each year from 2012 through 2015, according to the Utah Medical Examiner Database. That's a jump from 3.9 deaths per 100,000 people to 14.6 in 2014 with a jump to 18 per 100,000 once in 2007.
Besser adds the unfortunate aspect of it all, opioid issues are not just affecting certain parts of Utah; it's affecting Utahns across the state in urban, suburban and rural areas.
In Carbon County, for example, the problem of both illegal and prescription drugs are rampant. A report from the Utah Department of Health noted the county had some of the highest prescription opioid death rates compared to the rest of the state.
Opioid deaths are growing nationally as well at an equally alarming rate. In 2015, 33,091 deaths were attributed to legal or illegal opioid overdoses, according to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention — a number the CDC says has tripled since 1999.
Among the problem Utah law enforcement officials are facing is that new forms of opioids are causing emergency responders to scramble to figure out how to handle new situations.
For example, in September last year, two Park City teens died after overdosing on the drug U-47700 — otherwise known as "pink" — which they had obtained online.
"We hadn't heard about it before, and it becomes the drug that takes the lives of two young men," said Park City police Chief Wade Carpenter.
Police seized 40 school computers at the middle school the boys attended searching for clues as to how the two 13-year-olds could find a drug that was shipped from China. A 15-year-old boy has since been charged after prosecutors said he helped the teens get the drug from a private computer.
The unfamiliarity to U-47700 initially left Park City officers unsure how to even handle the drug during the investigation.
"We were very reluctant to put our dogs on it because we didn't know how it would react with the dogs," Carpenter said, noting officers should have treated the home where "pink" was found as a HAZMAT scene.
That's because Christensen said some of the synthetic opioids going around are potent enough that even skin contact can be fatal. The DEA eventually added U-47700 to the list of illegal drugs in November after linking at least 46 deaths to the drug at the time it was banned.
Then, of course, there are problems with counterfeiting opioids.
Another high-profile case involving opioids in Utah came last November when federal agents uncovered a massive drug dealing operation coming from a Cottonwood Heights home that included a "pill press" that had the ability to make thousands of fentanyl pills per hour. Aaron Michael Shamo was arrested and later charged with possession of fentanyl with intent to distribute in that case.
That's another predicament emergency responders face. Counterfeiting drugs is illegal, but not all opioids are illegal or even viewed as bad. Winder says that's likely due to the perception of the person handing out the opioids.
Winder and Besser each agree there appears to be a disconnect somewhere in the community when it comes to opioid drugs.
However, changing the paradigm is difficult when a trusted person such as a doctor is handing out prescriptions.
"It is starting in many incidents very innocent use of these prescription drugs because first of all they're being prescribed widely — I would even argue overprescribed — and in our culture many people view them because they are legitimately received, they take them," Winder said.
And the drugs are everywhere. The department stated nearly one-third of Utah adults aged 18 years or older had been prescribed at least one opioid in 2014. The over-prescription of opioids is a problem that has also led to addiction, officials said.
The national statistics show that prescription opioid deaths are problematic in all sorts of demographics, including ethnicity and age. For example, PBS reported that in 2014 whites had 7.9 deaths from opioids per 100,000 people — nearly double the amount of heroin overdoses. For Native Americans, the differential was doubled the amount of heroin overdoses.
Other ethnicities also had a higher amount of prescription opioid deaths than heroin overdoses, though the numbers weren't as dramatically different.
In age, the largest percentage of heroin-related deaths came from the 25- to 34-age range and 45-54-year-olds were the leading age range in prescription opioid death. However, the numbers from ages 25 to 64 years were still higher than any of the heroin overdose age ranges.
The CDC said from 1999 to 2014, men were more likely to die from prescription drug, but that gap was closing.
The three most common prescription drugs overdosed on nationally are methadone, oxycodone and hydrocodone, the CDC said. The Utah Department of Health noted that 55 percent of prescription deaths involved oxycodone.
Fentanyl, the drug involved in the Cottonwood Heights case, is one of the more potent synthetic opioids that is commonly given to patients with higher amount of pain when it is prescribed. Its high potency makes it a prime drug for abusers as well and it's one of the fastest rising drugs in the U.S.
According to the CDC, many recent overdoses associated to fentanyl come from illegally-made versions of the drug and the number of fentanyl cases encountered by law enforcement nationally jumped from 5,343 in 2014 to 13,882 in 2015.
"It's similar to morphine but it's actually 50 to 100 times more potent than that so you can imagine with the potency going up, the potential abuse that goes on obviously increases," said Tyler Beckstrand, a certified social worker for Next Level Recovery.
Next Level Recovery specializes in discovering the root causes of substance abuse and treating persons addicted to various substances.
In the Cottonwood Heights case, at least 95,000 pills were found, according to federal court documents.
Besser couldn't speak many details of the case since it's still ongoing but said fentanyl's potency is troubling, especially to non-opioid users. He said two milligrams, which is roughly the size as two grains of table salt, is easily lethal to non-opioid users trying the drug for the first time.
Winder recalls a situation in which he responded to a report of a woman overdosing, slumped over near an I-15 onramp in Midvale.
The woman, possibly in her teens or early 20s, still had a needle sticking out of her arm as she rocked back and forth in a seated position. Regardless, passing motorists stopped to hand her money even as she was overdosing.
It's an image that he says perfectly exemplifies how individuals are not correctly dealing with Utah's drug problems. He says, citing information gathered when making arrests, that the average panhandler is making $10 to $15 an hour in Salt Lake County, and the unfortunate part is most of that money goes right back into feeding drug habits.
With a problem affecting so many people across the state and not enough resources to fight the issue, there's certainly a debate on how Utah's opioid crisis should be attacked.
First, there are drugs like naloxone, which can be used to reverse the effects of an opioid overdose. Many emergency responders have begun to carry it in emergency situations.
Another problem with Naloxone is the price. Evzio, the easiest version for the public to access, recently had its price increase 600 percent to more than $4,500. Meanwhile, Utah Naloxone has tried to help by handing out thousands of free kits of the antidote drug since it began.
It is believed the drug has saved hundreds of lives during Utah's growing opioid problem.
For law enforcement officials, the top objective is getting help for those struggling with addiction.
Winder said jails are being filled with the wrong people — the users instead of those supplying the problem. He adds money is being wasted doing nothing instead of investing in solutions.
Besser estimated that recently opioid addiction cost about $78.5 billion nationally in 2013 due to increased healthcare cost, productivity loss and burden on criminal system. On top of that, Winder said Utah's current resources are overmatched by the problem at hand.
"We're jumping over dollars to save dimes," Winder said, regarding the money currently spent trying to fund fighting opioids. "There are significant resources that need to be devoted to this issue to see any real solutions. This idea that we can do with just existing is just naïve. It's like saying we're going to correct the educational deficit by never building another school or hiring a new teacher. It doesn't work like that.
Meanwhile, legislatures and groups have made their push during Utah's legislative session to make changes. On Feb. 9, the House Health and Human Services Committee gave a favorable recommendation for a bill looking to reduce risks of addiction to prescription pills by limiting the time span an opiate can be prescribed for certain patients.
HB50, which is sponsored by Rep. Ray Ward, R-Bountiful, who is also a physician, would require providers to check the controlled substance database for information about patients before writing a first-time prescription for a Schedule II or III opioid.
"This will go a long way to avoid leftover pills in the medicine cabinet," Ward said during the subcommittee meeting. "There are so many things they might discover (on the database). Once and a while they will discover that patient has been to many other providers and they really, really shouldn't provide that prescription."
HB146, sponsored by Rep. Stewart Barlow, R-Fruit Heights, would allow patients and their prescribers to opt to pick up and pay for a smaller number of pills to avoid having excess in the home for a similar reason.
"The goal is to try to keep bottles of pain medications that are nearly full out of the medicine cabinet, as is the habit of many of us. We just don't need them sitting around," Barlow said earlier this month about his bill. The bill has since passed through the Senate.
The Utah Department of Health launched a new awareness campaign last month called "Stop the Opidemic," seeking to bring an end to opioid misuse and addiction. Among other things, the campaign's goal is to educate Utahns on the dangers of all forms of opioids, the signs and symptoms of overdoses and the importance of having antidote medication on hand.
Then there's making sure to attack the root of the addiction, not those who are addicted.
What causes addiction? That's a question that floats around at Next Level Recovery. And it's a question that can truly only be answered individually.
Not all addictions are the same and the same can be said about what fuels an individual's addiction. It's partially the reason why solutions to the addiction problem is so vexing.
"Sometimes people are looking to really escape painful emotions, a lot of people have trauma going on that they're trying to escape the memory of it or those painful feelings that go along with the trauma. A lot of people start out with curiosity," Beckstrand said.
Over at the Odyssey House, another treatment facility, the same types of individuals are coming in to seek help.
"There's an incredible community demand and outcry and the opioid epidemic is absolutely a community crisis that infiltrates every one of our homes, every one of our communities and really demands public attention and resources and action," said Christina Zidow, director of clinical operations at the Odyssey House.
A part of fixing the problem is giving those addicted the right treatment. And then, it's up to the individual to actually want to make a difference. But forcing an individual to try overcome a habit on their own is something professionals believe won't work.
"A true addiction is nearly impossible — I would even go as far as to say it's impossible to get over without help," Beckstrand says.
But there is hope with the proper treatment. At her facility, Zidow said there is a 50 to 60 percent success rate depending on the length of treatment and the will of the individual. She added that external factors such as family or even legal involvement, especially with first-time patients.
For the most part, finding any underlining mental health problems or trauma that fuels an addiction is important in the success rate, she said.
However, there is typically a trait seen in those who do succeed.
"One of the greatest contributors to success is someone's resilience and so that's something that we don't think about very often," Zidow said. "We talk about the symptoms not being as bad as other symptoms, but what it really comes down to is someone being resilient and pretty darn tenacious about changing their lives.
Of course, with a problem such as the opioid situation in Utah and across the U.S., there is no surefire solution.
"The conversation is complicated," Winder said.
Opioid addiction is found everywhere in Utah and the U.S. in all sorts of demographics. And among the difficulties that hinder the fight against opioids is the lack of resources.
In rural Carbon County, where resources are especially slim, there's a community effort to help stop the problem. Wood said a care coalition has formed with hospitals, local businesses, clergy and citizens concerned with the county's opioid issue.
He said among the targeted objectives is educating the youth to not fall into opioid addictions, as well as education physicians. It's a program Wood said he's optimistic will work with the appropriate amount of time.
Creating a solution to a problem as complicated as the current opioid situation weighs on the minds of all sorts of individuals. However, about all sides agree though that awareness to the issue is a major step in the right direction — as long as it doesn't end there.


text:
LPGA St. Louis Women's Invitational Tournament
The St. Louis Women's Invitational (also known as the St. Louis Open) was a pro golf tournament on the LPGA Tour. It was first played in the 1950s, then resumed in the 1960s, and took place in Missouri.
Of the six times this tournament was played during the 1960s, Kathy Whitworth won it three times. And she finished second two other times. ... Carol Mann was a hard-luck loser in St. Louis, never winning but finishing runner-up four different years. Mann was runner-up to Whitworth in all three of Whitworth's wins.
The tournament's 54-hole scoring record (it was played over four rounds only twice, in the 1950s) is Whitworth's 206 in 1968. The largest margin of victory was 12 strokes, by Betsy Rawls over Beverly Hanson in Year 1, 1954. That is also the LPGA's all-time record for largest margin of victory in a 54-hole tournament.
Also known as: This tournament began life as the St. Louis Open the three times it was played in the 1950s. In the 1960s, it was called the Squirt Open, St. Louis Open, Clayton Federal Invitational, St. Louis Women's Invitational and Holiday Inn Classic. In its final year it was the Johnny Londoff Chevrolet Tournament.
Winners of the St. Louis Women's Invitational
1954 — Betsy Rawls, 211
1955 — Louise Suggs, 289
1956 — Fay Crocker, 288
1957-63 — Not played
1964 — Mickey Wright, 215
1965 — Mary Mills, 216
1966 — Kathy Whitworth, 208
1969 — Sandra Haynie, 208
1970 — Shirley Englehorn, 216
Golf courses: The tournament took place at Glen Echo Country Club three times, and the rest of the time it was played at Norwood Hills Country Club. Both courses are in St. Louis proper.
Are Tee Times Required to Play Golf?
Pencil-Whipped: Explaining the Golf Lingo
1973 Walker Cup Winner and Match Scores
Mary Mills, 3-Time LPGA Major Winner
Can Some Drivers Cause Hearing Loss?
Don Cherry: Bio of Golfer, Singer
Major Championship Golf Courses That No Longer Exist
Meet Tommy McAuliffe, the 'World Champion Armless ...
Arnaud Massy: Bio of First French Golf Star, Open ...
Jimmy Johnston, Amateur Star of the 1920s
The Hit Songs of Golfer Don Cherry
1953 Walker Cup Winners and Match Scores
When Are Gimme Putts Allowed in Golf?
Ronnie White: The Homebody of Golf
Ben Hogan in The Masters: Wins, Yearly Scores and ...
Bobby Mitchell, Journeyman Pro Who Beat Nicklaus I...
Bank One Classic Winners (Champions Tour)
Bobby Jones' Yearly Scores and Finishes in The Mas...
Should Golfers Considering a Clubfitting Wait Unti...
Jack Nicklaus' Masters Wins and Yearly Finishes
Kathy Ahern: Profile of LPGA Golfer and Major Winner
Golfers Who Won The Masters 3 Times or More
PGA Championship Playoff Format, Holes and Rules
Curtis Cup Captains: All the Golfers Who've Served
Through the Green (Definition of the Golf Term)
PGA Championship Cut: Who Makes It, Who Doesn't
Curtis Cup Results: Every Match Ever Played
The Golf Champ Who Was Taken Hostage, Used As a Hu...
Philip Perkins: Profile of the British Golf Champ


text:
The objects to keep get method search conditions (execution parameter).
### Service
+ [PlacementUrlListService](../../services/PlacementUrlListService.md)

### Namespace
[PlacementUrlListService#Namespace](../../services/PlacementUrlListService.md#namespace)

| name | type | maxOccurs | minOccurs | response | add | set | remove | description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| accountId| long| 1| 1| -| -| -| -| Search Condition: Account ID |
| urlListIds[0...500]| long[]| unbounded| 0| -| -| -| -| Search Condition: Placement Url List ID |
| paging| Paging| 1| 0| -| -| -| -| Search Condition: Acquired Range |

この 作品 は クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示 - 改変禁止 2.1 日本 ライセンスの下に提供されています。


text:
Looks Like Weezer, Green Day And Fall Out Boy Are About To Announce An Australian Tour Together
UPDATE 07/02/20: It's Official! Weezer, Green Day & Fall Out Boy Announce Joint Australian Tour
As some of rock's most enduring names, Weezer, Green Day and Fall Out Boy could probably all announce a standalone tour to a massive wave of excitement. Well, it now would appear that all three are likely headed down under for an Australian tour sometime this year, if a few cryptic tweets from the bands' official Twitter accounts are to believed.
Earlier today, all three groups tweeted the same string of emojis – an Australian flag, a New Zealand flag, and a smiley fellow covering their mouth with their hand with that classic "I know something you don't" gesture.
🇦🇺🇳🇿🤭
— weezer (@Weezer) February 5, 2020
— Green Day (@GreenDay) February 5, 2020
— Fall Out Boy (@falloutboy) February 5, 2020
Adding it all up, it seems logical that a tour announcement from the trio of punk and emo titans could be imminent.
There's also some pretty substantial evidence to back the theory. All three bands will be joining forces for something called the Hella Mega Tour over in Europe and the States later this year.
Earlier today, the Hella Mega Twitter account posted a screen grab of the three bands' tweets.
pic.twitter.com/J8rVDaPkKm
— Hella Mega (@HellaMegaTour) February 5, 2020
If our prayers have been answered and the tour is indeed on the way, when exactly it might hit Australia is a bit of a mystery. Green Day has dates booked throughout Asia up until the end of March, so it would make sense that they'd maybe try and make the journey over shortly after that? That's just a bit of Googling and some speculation though.
Both Green Day and Weezer are gearing up to release new albums in 2020 – Billie Joe and co will release The Father of All Motherfuckers this week, while Van Weezer is set for release in May. Fall Out Boy's last album was 2018's Mania.
It's been a minute between Australian trips for all bands. Weezer and Fall Out Boy were both out here separately back in 2018, while Green Day last made the jaunt over in 2017.
Crashdiet Announce Aussie Tour With Jizzy Pearl's Love/Hate
Noel Gallagher Has Responded To Liam Gallagher's Claim He Turned Down £100m Oasis Reunion Offer
Fall Out BoyGreen DayWeezer


text:
using namespace std;
using namespace boost;
using namespace boost::random;

namespace nplm
{

    void model::resize(int ngram_size,
        int input_vocab_size,
        int output_vocab_size,
        int input_embedding_dimension,
        int num_hidden,
        int output_embedding_dimension)
{
    input_layer.resize(input_vocab_size, input_embedding_dimension, ngram_size-1);
    first_hidden_linear.resize(num_hidden, input_embedding_dimension*(ngram_size-1));
    first_hidden_activation.resize(num_hidden);
    second_hidden_linear.resize(output_embedding_dimension, num_hidden);
    second_hidden_activation.resize(output_embedding_dimension);
    output_layer.resize(output_vocab_size, output_embedding_dimension);
    this->ngram_size = ngram_size;
    this->input_vocab_size = input_vocab_size;
    this->output_vocab_size = output_vocab_size;
    this->input_embedding_dimension = input_embedding_dimension;
    this->num_hidden = num_hidden;
    this->output_embedding_dimension = output_embedding_dimension;
    premultiplied = false;
}

void model::initialize(boost::random::mt19937 &init_engine, bool init_normal, double init_range, double init_bias)
{
    input_layer.initialize(init_engine, init_normal, init_range);
    output_layer.initialize(init_engine, init_normal, init_range, init_bias);
    first_hidden_linear.initialize(init_engine, init_normal, init_range);
    second_hidden_linear.initialize(init_engine, init_normal, init_range);
}

void model::premultiply()
{
    // Since input and first_hidden_linear are both linear,
    // we can multiply them into a single linear layer *if* we are not training
    int context_size = ngram_size-1;
    Matrix<double,Dynamic,Dynamic> U = first_hidden_linear.U;
    first_hidden_linear.U.resize(num_hidden, input_vocab_size * context_size);
    for (int i=0; i<context_size; i++)
        first_hidden_linear.U.middleCols(i*input_vocab_size, input_vocab_size) = U.middleCols(i*input_embedding_dimension, input_embedding_dimension) * input_layer.W->transpose();
    input_layer.W->resize(1,1); // try to save some memory
    premultiplied = true;
}

void model::readConfig(istream &config_file)
{
    string line;
    vector<string> fields;
    int ngram_size, vocab_size, input_embedding_dimension, num_hidden, output_embedding_dimension;
    activation_function_type activation_function = this->activation_function;
    while (getline(config_file, line) && line != "")
    {
        splitBySpace(line, fields);
	if (fields[0] == "ngram_size")
	    ngram_size = lexical_cast<int>(fields[1]);
	else if (fields[0] == "vocab_size")
	    input_vocab_size = output_vocab_size = lexical_cast<int>(fields[1]);
	else if (fields[0] == "input_vocab_size")
	    input_vocab_size = lexical_cast<int>(fields[1]);
	else if (fields[0] == "output_vocab_size")
	    output_vocab_size = lexical_cast<int>(fields[1]);
	else if (fields[0] == "input_embedding_dimension")
	    input_embedding_dimension = lexical_cast<int>(fields[1]);
	else if (fields[0] == "num_hidden")
	    num_hidden = lexical_cast<int>(fields[1]);
	else if (fields[0] == "output_embedding_dimension")
	    output_embedding_dimension = lexical_cast<int>(fields[1]);
	else if (fields[0] == "activation_function")
	    activation_function = string_to_activation_function(fields[1]);
	else if (fields[0] == "version")
	{
	    int version = lexical_cast<int>(fields[1]);
	    if (version != 1)
	    {
		cerr << "error: file format mismatch (expected 1, found " << version << ")" << endl;
		exit(1);
	    }
	}
	else
	    cerr << "warning: unrecognized field in config: " << fields[0] << endl;
    }
    resize(ngram_size,
        input_vocab_size,
        output_vocab_size,
        input_embedding_dimension,
        num_hidden,
        output_embedding_dimension);
    set_activation_function(activation_function);
}

void model::readConfig(const string &filename)
{
    ifstream config_file(filename.c_str());
    if (!config_file)
    {
        cerr << "error: could not open config file " << filename << endl;
	exit(1);
    }
    readConfig(config_file);
    config_file.close();
}

void model::read(const string &filename)
{
    vector<string> input_words;
    vector<string> output_words;
    read(filename, input_words, output_words);
}

void model::read(std::istream &file)
{
  vector<string> input_words;
  vector<string> output_words;
  read(file, input_words, output_words);
}

void model::read(const string &filename, vector<string> &input_words, vector<string> &output_words)
{
  ifstream file(filename.c_str());
  if (!file) throw runtime_error("Could not open file " + filename);
  read(file);
}

void model::read(std::istream &file, vector<string> &input_words, vector<string> &output_words)
{

    param myParam;
    string line;

    while (getline(file, line))
    {
	if (line == "\\config")
	{
	    readConfig(file);
	}

	else if (line == "\\vocab")
	{
	    input_words.clear();
	    readWordsFile(file, input_words);
	    output_words = input_words;
	}

	else if (line == "\\input_vocab")
	{
	    input_words.clear();
	    readWordsFile(file, input_words);
	}

	else if (line == "\\output_vocab")
	{
	    output_words.clear();
	    readWordsFile(file, output_words);
	}

	else if (line == "\\input_embeddings")
	    input_layer.read(file);
	else if (line == "\\hidden_weights 1")
	    first_hidden_linear.read(file);
	else if (line == "\\hidden_weights 2")
	    second_hidden_linear.read(file);
	else if (line == "\\output_weights")
	    output_layer.read_weights(file);
	else if (line == "\\output_biases")
	    output_layer.read_biases(file);
	else if (line == "\\end")
	    break;
	else if (line == "")
	    continue;
	else
	{
	    cerr << "warning: unrecognized section: " << line << endl;
	    // skip over section
	    while (getline(file, line) && line != "") { }
	}
    }
    file.close();
}

    void model::write(const string &filename, const vector<string> &input_words, const vector<string> &output_words)
{
    write(filename, &input_words, &output_words);
}

void model::write(const string &filename)
{
    write(filename, NULL, NULL);
}

    void model::write(const string &filename, const vector<string> *input_pwords, const vector<string> *output_pwords)
{
    ofstream file(filename.c_str());
    if (!file) throw runtime_error("Could not open file " + filename);

    file << "\\config" << endl;
    file << "version 1" << endl;
    file << "ngram_size " << ngram_size << endl;
    file << "input_vocab_size " << input_vocab_size << endl;
    file << "output_vocab_size " << output_vocab_size << endl;
    file << "input_embedding_dimension " << input_embedding_dimension << endl;
    file << "num_hidden " << num_hidden << endl;
    file << "output_embedding_dimension " << output_embedding_dimension << endl;
    file << "activation_function " << activation_function_to_string(activation_function) << endl;
    file << endl;

    if (input_pwords)
    {
        file << "\\input_vocab" << endl;
	writeWordsFile(*input_pwords, file);
	file << endl;
    }

    if (output_pwords)
    {
        file << "\\output_vocab" << endl;
	writeWordsFile(*output_pwords, file);
	file << endl;
    }

    file << "\\input_embeddings" << endl;
    input_layer.write(file);
    file << endl;

    file << "\\hidden_weights 1" << endl;
    first_hidden_linear.write(file);
    file << endl;

    file << "\\hidden_weights 2" << endl;
    second_hidden_linear.write(file);
    file << endl;

    file << "\\output_weights" << endl;
    output_layer.write_weights(file);
    file << endl;

    file << "\\output_biases" << endl;
    output_layer.write_biases(file);
    file << endl;

    file << "\\end" << endl;
    file.close();
}

} // namespace nplm