text:
Michael Bellesiles and Guns in the Early Republic
Guns, Violence, and Hunting Were Commonplace in Early America
Clayton Cramer
Professor Michael A. Bellesiles's Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture makes the claim that hunting with guns was rare in America before the 1830s.1 According to Bellesiles, few Americans hunted, few Americans wanted guns, and few Americans owned guns in the early Republic (the period from the American Revolution to 1846). What guns were present were often old, rusty, or otherwise wall hangers. Similarly, Bellesiles tells us that hunting until the 1840s was done almost entirely by a small number of professional market hunters or by Indians. Most Americans, even on the frontier, Bellesiles claims, did not hunt.2
As evidence for this claim, he reports, "an examination of eighty travel accounts written in America from 1750 to 1860 indicate that the travelers did not notice that they were surrounded by guns and violence."3 In a previous article, I gave examples of four of these accounts, by Baynard Rush Hall, Anne Newport Royall, Ole Rynning, and Charles Augustus Murray, that Bellesiles misrepresented or distorted; all four reported guns and hunting as commonplace–in some cases, nearly universal–activities.4 The present article reports on eight more accounts that Bellesiles claims to have read–and that all portray an early Republic awash in guns and hunting.
One of those "eighty travel accounts" is William N. Blane's An Excursion through the United States and Canada, during the Years 1822-3. Blane mentioned guns and hunting on at least 22 pages, and his remarks make it clear that these were not unusual occurrences. On the road across the Appalachians he described his first encounter with rifles in the hands of some hunters. "As one of them, an old man, was boasting of his skill as a marksman, I offered to put up a half-dollar at a distance of fifty yards, to be his if he could hit it. Accordingly, I stepped the distance, and placed the half-dollar in the cleft of a small stick, which I thrust into the ground. The hunter, slowly raising his rifle, fired, and to my great astonishment, struck the half-dollar."5
Rifles were common in the backcountry. According to Blane, "Go to what house I might, the people were always ready to lend me a rifle, and were in general glad to accompany me when I went out hunting."6 Blane described going squirrel hunting with an American on an island in the Ohio River, and how the Americans were engaged in a losing battle to exterminate these pests: "In parts of Ohio, the people attempted to destroy them by means of guns, dogs, and clubs. One party of hunters, in the course of a week, killed upwards of 19,000. . . . The people are very fond of the flesh of the squirrel, roasting it, and making it into pies, soups, &c. . . ."7
Blane's description of the backwoodsmen of the United States observed: "Every boy, as soon as he can lift a rifle, is constantly practicing with it, and thus becomes an astonishingly expert marksman. Squirrel shooting is one of the favorite amusements of all the boys, and even of the men themselves." Blane wrote an additional two pages about the impressive marksmanship skills of the backwoodsmen, remarking, "in these immense forests, where every tree is a fort, the backwoodsmen, the best sharp shooters in the world, constitute the most formidable military force imaginable."8
Americans hunted birds as well, and Blane described the normal procedure by which Americans hunted the prairie grouse. "They are delicious eating, and are killed in great numbers by the unrivalled marksmen of this country. After driving up a flock of these birds, the hunter advances within fifteen or twenty yards, raises his long heavy rifle, and rarely misses striking the bird on the head." After admitting that he was not as good a shot, and had to resort to shooting the prairie grouse through the body, "the Backwoodsmen regarded my unsportsmanlike shooting with as much contempt, as one of our country squires feels, when a cockney shoots at a covey of partridges on the ground."9 Blane also described the astonishment when he informed Americans that British game laws prohibited hunting deer in public lands, and even limited hunting on one's own land to the wealthy. "Such flagrant injustice appeared to them impossible. . . ."10
Western Journey
Bellesiles read Fortescue Cuming's Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country, which described a journey through Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky from 1807 to 1809, and claims that Cuming was one of these travelers who "did not notice that they were surrounded by guns and violence." Throughout his journey Cuming mentioned, with no surprise, widespread use of guns for sport, subsistence hunting, and self-defense. Cuming also distinguished between subsistence hunting and hunting for market, yet he still suggested that subsistence hunting was common, not rare.11 In Kentucky, Cuming describes how abundant the wildlife of the area remained, even after settlement by reporting "that little or no bread was used, but that even the children were fed on game; the facility of gaining which prevented the progress of agriculture. . . ."12
Even though Cuming was a hunter,13 he expressed his admiration for the superior marksmanship of western Pennsylvanians and Virginians: "Apropos of the rifle. The inhabitants of this country in common with the Virginians, and all the back woods people, Indians as well as whites, are wonderfully expert in the use of it: thinking it a bad shot if they miss the very head of a squirrel, or a wild turkey, on the top of the highest forest tree with a single ball; though they generally load with a few grains of swan shot, with which they are equally sure of hitting the head of the bird or animal they fire at."14
Isaac Weld's account of his travels in North America between 1795 and 1797 is another of those that Bellesiles claims shows an "absence of discussion about guns."15 Weld's account described how rifles worked for his British audience, who would have been unfamiliar with rifled weapons. Weld told how:
An experienced marksman, with one of these guns, will hit an object not larger than a crown piece, to a certainty, at the distance of one hundred yards. Two men belonging to the Virginia rifle regiment, a large division of which was quartered in this town during the war, had such a dependence on each other's dexterity, that the one would hold a piece of board, not more than nine inches square, between his knees, whilst the other shot at it with a ball at the distance of one hundred paces. This they used to do alternately, for the amusement of the town's people, as often as they were called upon. Numbers of people in Lancaster can vouch for the truth of this fact. Were I, however, to tell you all the stories that I have heard of the performance of riflemen, you would think the people were most abominably addicted to lying.16
Weld also discussed rifle manufacturing, the use of rifles for hunting,17 and how in the backcountry, "The people all travel on horseback, with pistols and swords. . . ."18
While discussing hunting, Weld compared Canadian hunters to their American counterparts: "The people here, as in the back parts of the United States, devote a very great part of their time to hunting, and they are well skilled in the pursuit of game of every description. They shoot almost universally with the rifle gun, and are as dexterous at the use of it as any men can be."19 The difference between Americans and Canadians, according to Weld, was that Canadians imported their rifles from England, and preferred larger caliber hunting weapons.
Another of Bellesiles's "eighty travel accounts" is Francis Baily's Journal of a Tour in Unsettled Parts of North America in 1796 & 1797. Yet Baily's account is full of guns and hunting, including not only his own, but also those of the Americans whom he met. Baily portrayed boys hunting-with guns-in what were to become the main streets of the nation's capital,20 and described both Fredericktown and Hagerstown, Maryland, as centers of rifle manufacturing and sales. He bought rifles in Hagerstown.21
Like Cuming, Baily spoke of the Kentuckians as living largely "upon deer and turkeys, which they shoot wild in the woods. . . ."22 He also described Kentuckians' hunting black bears with rifles.23 Baily was surrounded by guns and by hunting. At no point did Baily give any indication that either was unusual.
Sunday Gunning
Bellesiles also cites Caroline Kirkland's A New Home-Who'll Follow? as one of his sources for this gunless America. Yet Kirkland's account gives many indications that guns and sports involving guns were widespread. Discussing the problems of church attendance, "Preachers belonging to various denominations have, from the beginning, occasionally called meetings in the little log school-house, and many of the neighbours always make a point of being present, although a far greater proportion reserve the Sunday for fishing and gunning."24
Kirkland mentions long guns, pistols, and hunting in a manner that suggests that they were normal enough parts of frontier life.25 The only gun described as old or rusty in Kirkland's book belonged to her "neighbour, long Sam Jennings, the slowest talker in Michigan, [who] came sauntering across the yard with his rusty fowling-piece on his shoulder. . . ." It would appear, from the fact that Kirkland described him as heading into the woods with this rusty gun, that it was still functional.26
Kirkland mentioned hunting as unremarkable, commenting on a neighbor whose husband's love of hunting left her alone and neglected.27 She also reported that in the woods, "The division of labour is almost unknown" and "in absolutely savage life, each man is of necessity his own tailor, tent-maker, carpenter, cook, huntsman, and fisherman. . . ."28
Bellesiles included naturalist John James Audubon's Delineations of American Scenery and Character on his list of travel accounts, and this is perhaps the most disturbing example of Bellesiles misreading of a source. On page 3 Audubon described traveling along the Ohio River: "The margins of the shores and of the river were at this season amply supplied with game. A Wild Turkey, a Grouse, or a Blue-winged Teal, could be procured in a few moments; and we fared well, for, whenever we pleased, we landed, struck up a fire, and provided as we were with the necessary utensils, procured a good repast."29
Not surrounded by guns? Audubon described his preparations for a trip in the forests of Pennsylvania, including "25 pounds of shot, some flints . . . my gun Tear-jacket."30 (It would appear that everywhere that Audubon went, his gun was sure to follow.31) His trip included hunting in the forest with a friend: "The juicy venison, excellent bear flesh . . . that daily formed my food, methinks I can still enjoy."32 He depicted what this area must have been like before settlement: "Bears and the Common Deer must have been plentiful, as, at the moment when I write, many of both kinds are seen and killed by the resident hunters."33 Audubon described an incident in which eight bears wandered into a clearing, driving away the woodsmen. "Down they all rushed from the mountain; the noise spread quickly; rifles were soon procured and shouldered; but when the spot was reached, no bears were to be found. . . ."34
Audubon's chapter on "Navigation of the Mississippi" described how boatmen would stop along the way when logs blocked their path. "The time is not altogether lost, as most of the men, being provided with rifles, betake themselves to the woods, and search for the deer, the bears, or the turkeys, that are generally abundant there."35
Audubon described the flood stage of the Mississippi and the Ohio Rivers, and how "Bears, Cougars, Lynxes, and all other quadrupeds that can ascend the trees" were trapped at the top. "Fatigued by the exertions which they have made in reaching the dry land, they will there stand the hunter's fire, as if to die by a ball were better than to perish amid the waste waters. On occasions like this, all these animals are shot by hundreds."36
How common was hunting? Audubon described a squatter's cabin, and how squatters, "like most of those adventurous settlers in the uncultivated tracts of our frontier districts . . . [are] well versed in the chase, and acquainted with the habits of some of the larger species of quadrupeds and birds." Audubon then wrote about going cougar hunting with a party of squatters. "Each hunter now moved with caution, holding his gun ready. . . ."37
Audubon told of a young couple's home in the backwoods, and while he emphasized how their clothes and furniture were "homespun" and "of domestic manufacture," a "fine rifle ornamented the chimney-piece."38 Audubon described another family in the Louisiana bayous, but in this case, runaway slaves. Their food supply came from wild plants and deer. "One day, while in search of wild fruits, he found a bear dead before the muzzle of a gun that had been set for that purpose. . . . His friends at the plantation managed to supply him with some ammunition. . . ."39
Burning Forest
A chapter about how the burning of forests changed the nature of the trees that grew there described an immense forest fire in Maine, and how the settlers responded to the fire that awakened them one night. "We were sound asleep one night, in a cabin about a hundred miles from this, when about two hours before day, the snorting of the horses and lowing of the cattle which I had ranging in the woods suddenly awakened us. I took yon rifle, and went to the door to see what beast had caused the hubbub. . . ."40
A chapter on Kentucky sports described how Virginians moved into the Kentucky frontier. "An axe, a couple of horses, and a heavy rifle, with store of ammunition, were all that were considered necessary. . . ."41 Kentucky sports included target shooting with rifles, and Audubon spent four pages describing practices quite similar to Gosse's account of "driving the nail" in 1830s Alabama.42 This form of target-shooting was apparently not a new practice, nor specific to the New World. Mourt's Relation concerning Plymouth Colony and published in 1622, used this target-shooting practice as a metaphor for his writing: "though through my slender judgment I should miss the mark, and not strike the nail on the head. . . ."43
Audubon was clearly a gun enthusiast. When a new acquaintance offered to show him the new percussion cap method of firing a gun, Audubon was anxious to see it. His friend demonstrated that it could fire under water by loading and firing it in a basin of water-inside the house.44
Guns were a fundamental part of how Audubon was able to produce his beautiful works on natural history. "I drew and noted the habits of every thing which I procured, and my collection was daily augmenting, as every individual who carried a gun always sent me such birds or quadrupeds as he thought might prove useful to me."45
Hunting? Audubon devoted a whole chapter to "Deer Hunting" with rifles, distinguishing "still hunting" from "firelight hunting," and "driving." "Still Hunting is followed as a kind of trade by most of our frontier men. To be practiced with success, it requires great activity, an expert management of the rifle, and a thorough knowledge of the forest. . . ."46 Another section described alligator hunting: "A rifle bullet was now and then sent through the eye of one of the largest. . . ."47 Audubon devoted an entire chapter to "The Moose Hunt" in 1833 Maine, and of course, the hunt was with guns.48 Similarly, an entire chapter is devoted to "A Racoon [sic] Hunt in Kentucky," which was carried out with rifles; it includes a detailed and picturesque description of rifle loading.49 Violence, much of it involving guns in offense or defense, is also not in short supply in Audubon's book.50
Bellesiles might have made the case that Audubon's travels and experiences were atypical, but to list this book by Audubon as an account that shows "the travelers did not notice that they were surrounded by guns and violence" defies explanation.
Bellesiles also cites a travel account by Charles Dickens to prove his claim, and yet Dickens's account, like Audubon's, is awash in guns and gun violence.51 (Space precludes a discussion of gun violence that Bellesiles seems to have missed in his travel accounts.)
Of the 80 accounts Bellesiles claims to have read, I have read 12: Audubon, Baily, Blane, Cuming, Dickens, Hall, Kirkland, Maryatt, Murray, Royall, Rynning, and Weld. Bellesiles quotes selectively and out of context from some, and misreads others. He apparently skipped whole sections of Baily, Blane, Cuming, Murray, and Hall's books, and nearly all of Audubon's.
All 12 show that guns, violence, or hunting were either common or unremarkable, exactly opposite to Bellesiles's claims. It would be interesting to read the other 68 travel accounts to see how many others Bellesiles read so carelessly-but why bother? These 12 clearly demonstrate that the travelers knew that guns, violence, hunting, and combinations of the three surrounded them. You don't have to bite into every chocolate in the box when 12 of the first 12 you pick have worms in them.
When Aaron Burr was tried for his criminal conspiracy in a plot to detach the Southwest into its own country, one of the pieces of evidence used against him was a meeting of one Harmen Blannerhassett with a number of other conspirators–all of them armed. Burr's defense attorney's argument is completely contrary to Bellesiles's claim about the early Republic:
If there were evidence of a merely friendly meeting, it would be the same as if there were no assemblage. If they were to give evidence that Blannerhassett and some of those with him were in possession of arms, as people in this country usually are, it would not be sufficient of itself, to prove that the meeting was military.
Arms are not necessarily military weapons. Rifles, shot guns and fowling pieces are used commonly by the people of this country in hunting and for domestic purposes; they are generally in the habit of pursuing game. In the upper country every man has a gun; a majority of the people have guns everywhere, for peaceful purposes. Rifles and shot guns are no more evidence of military weapons than pistols or dirks used for personal defence, or common fowling pieces kept for the amusement of taking game. It is lawful for every man in this country to keep such weapons.52
It is certainly possible that Burr's defense attorney was mistaken in his characterization of the level of gun ownership and hunting in America. It seems most unlikely, however, that he would make such claims if he did not believe that this argument would be persuasive.
To persuade us that early Americans did not commonly own and use guns, Bellesiles would need powerful evidence of widespread self-delusion. Perhaps Bellesiles is right and dozens of eyewitnesses are wrong. Somehow, I don't think so.
. Michael A. Bellesiles, Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), pp. 320-23.
. Ibid., pp. 320-23.
. Ibid., p. 306.
. Clayton E. Cramer, "Arming America," American Rifleman, January 2001.
. William N. Blane, An Excursion through the United States and Canada, during the Years 1822-3 (New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969 [1824]), p. 88.
. Ibid., pp. 95-96.
. Ibid., p. 95.
. Fortescue Cuming, Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country Through the States of Ohio and Kentucky; A Voyage Down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers . . . (Pittsburgh, 1810), pp. 30, 42, 114, 118, 135.
. Bellesiles, p. 306.
. Isaac Weld, Travels Through the States of North America, and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, During the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797 (London: John Stockdale, 1807), 1:118-19.
. Ibid., 1:117-19.
. Ibid., 1:234.
. Francis Baily, Journal of a Tour in Unsettled Parts of North America in 1796 & 1797, ed. Jack D.L. Holmes (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University, 1969), pp. 39-40.
. Ibid., 91.
. Caroline Matilda Kirkland, A New Home-Who'll Follow? Or, Glimpses of Western Life (New York: C. S. Francis, 1839), pp. 215-16; http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Eaf240.html.
. Ibid., pp. 13, 45, 126, 130, 201, 253.
. Ibid., pp. 108-109, 209.
. John James Audubon, Delineations of American Scenery and Character (New York: G. A. Baker & Co., 1926), p. 3.
. Ibid., p. 6.
. Ibid., pp. 8, 14, 76, 117.
. Ibid., pp. 7-9.
. Philip Gosse, Letters from Alabama (London: Morgan & Chase, 1859), pp. 130-31, 59-63.
. Dwight B. Heath, ed., Mourt's Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Press, 1963), p. 88.
. Audubon, p. 88.
. Ibid., pp. 177.
. Ibid., pp. 281-6.
. Charles Dickens, American Notes for General Circulation (London: 1842), pp. 185-86, 215, 275-82, at http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/DicAmer.html, lists dozens of murders, largely committed with guns.
52. David Robertson, Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron Burr (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969 [1808]), 1:582.
Clayton Cramer is the author of Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic: Dueling, Southern Violence, and Moral Reform (Praeger Press, 1999).
Clayton E. Cramer teaches history at College of Western Idaho.


Why hasn't the 2008-14 shock produced anything like the New Deal?
Ricardo Fuentes gave a staff talk this week on his big new paper (with Nick Galasso) on the links between economic and political power. What struck me was a very serious 'dog that didn't bark'. The 1929 collapse and the Great Depression led to profound reform in the US, with the New Deal and a sharp reversal of rising inequality. A series of shocks prompted similar redistributive transformations in Europe (rise of fascism, World War Two) and East Asia (Chinese revolution, World War Two).
Fast forward to 2008-14. This time around, much more timid radical financial reforms have produced absolutely nothing in terms of redistribution – 95% of US economic growth since 2008 has ended up in the hands of the richest 1%. So why is this time so different, and what can be done about it?
In response, Ricardo highlighted a paradox. The very success of Ben Bernanke who, instead of tightening the tourniquet and triggering a massive depression, as in the 1930s, pumped money into the economy, avoided a global financial meltdown. But that in turn eased the pressure for reform. Sounds a bit Trotskyist (worse is better), but also sounds about right. Just as revolutions in Latin America needed both revolutionaries and a really inept dictator to triumph (Cuba/Batista, Nicaragua/Somoza), maybe New Deal style revolutions require a level of economic self harm that no longer exists. Tricky.
So assuming that killing all the economists is not a feasible policy option (sorry to disappoint you), what might be the political elements that enable us to scale the mountain that the financial elites have assembled to defend their privileges, and redirect economic activity towards a greater goal? What might be some countervailing trends?
Overall, this problem seems most acute in the financial centres, where the financial elites are now so deeply dug in, that, like particularly determined ticks, that they may be impossible to dislodge (in the UK Ha-Joon Chang thinks the Labour Party is still under the financiers' spell).
Outside the US and UK, the balance of forces may be more promising: A surge in levels of democracy, and active citizenship in many countries, (combined with better economic management) underpins the main ray of light in reducing inequality – rapid progress in Latin America over the last 15 years. That message is spreading to other regions.
Reshaping the elite's understanding of its self interest. Once inequality starts to risk social breakdown, the logic of further concentration of wealth starts to unravel. A lot of serious, mainstream players get this, including the IMF and the WEF (currently running the Davos gabfest).
Maybe not enough time has elapsed yet – the New Deal only came four years after the Wall Street crash, and its more radical variant a couple of years after that. Could all the incremental progress since 2008 on transparency, tax dodging, financial transactions taxes, capping bonuses etc reach some kind of tipping point that starts to have a serious impact on inequality?
Could climate change or other environmental risks supply the kind of existential threat previously provided by war and political upheaval ?
Where next – up or down?
– The megarich can't spend all their money on stuff, so the key is how they invest the rest – why not do the research for what constitutes a distributionally progressive/regressive investment portfolio and lobby them to change accordingly?
Sorry if this sounds too lily-livered and gradualist, but the comparison between 2008 and the 1930s suggests that, absent a war or other major shock, a new New Deal isn't going to happen any time soon, at least not anywhere near the financial epicentres.
One final thought, connecting with previous posts on complexity and 'how to campaign when we don't have the solution', I think what Ricardo and Nick so brilliantly (85 individuals owning the same as the poorest half of the world's population – 3.5 billion, is a classic killer fact), is actually the best strategy. It's what Matt Andrews recommends as the right role for outsiders – focus on identifying and amplifying the problem, because the solutions are likely to be complicated, context specific, and discovered through trial and error by those involved, not lifted wholesale from the recommendations shopping lists of thinktanks and NGOs.
I propose, whilst weaving your straws, some of which might contribute to change, wait for the next financial shock. It is true that a radical loosening of monetary policy rode out the last wave but at the cost of displacement – the public assumption of debt (that, deficit reduction aside, most of which will prove unredeemable)- and adding to the sheer volume of money. The next shock (or one after) will overwhelm the system (that is inherently unstable – too much money chasing too little opportunity in a finite world) and we will have to adopt radical solutions. Radical debt forgiveness, exchange controls, negative interest etc. It will be horribly messy but that is a result of missing our opportunity this time round.
You've hit on something there, Duncan. In the US, European and Asian examples from history, inequality was seen as dangerous, a threat to elites and wider stability. By and large, it isn't seen that way now. But surely it should be. What did the new President of the Central African Republic, Catherine Samba-Panza, say on Tuesday? That "when one section of the population see that it doesn't have the same opportunity to access economic resources as others, that creates frustration, identify introversion and an explosion." And what turned the Syria that nobody called 'fragile' into what we see now? Well surely a mixture of very many combustible factors, but one of which was probably the rising inequality between different areas. In short, inequality is dangerous as well as morally contemptible – as Frances Stewart's research in other regions showed a few years ago. Remembering that is surely part of the answer to reshaping the global elite's understanding of self-interest….
Hi Duncan (long time!) – thought-provoking blog. Reflecting on it, I think that in many cases we do know at least part of the solution, but the problem is that it doesn't appear achievable: the power dynamics just look impossible! In these cases what may ultimately be required is action to change social norms from the grassroots up – movement building I suppose – to create the conditions where political elites have the manoeuvrability and space to act. But this is inherently unattractive in an NGO culture often focused on relatively short-term victories. Amplifying the problem -as you say above – is definitely part of movement-building, but so is amplifying hope: highlighting what's working elsewhere and how those involved came up with the idea, to inspire other innovators to come up with their own initiatives.
Thanks for the spur to reflection!
I would go further: the spell is a curse. To be precise, a "Finance Curse," whose symptoms and causes overlap heavily with the better-known "Resource Curse" that afflicts mineral-rich countries. Read about the Finance Curse here.
It seems like the biggest problem isn't convincing elites in any particular country to adopt policies that favor radical redistribution (not to diminish those challenges, of course) but how to counter the flight of capital from those countries which do adopt redistributive policies to those which do not. The incentives for defection (the 'Depardieu defection'?) rise proportionately to the amount of total potential capital flight: the more states that agree to radically redistributive policies, the greater the potential gains for any individual defector. Even when Nicholas' day of reckoning comes, this defection problem remains. The growing wealth of 'emerging markets' may even make the problem worse, creating more legitimate destinations for large-scale movements of capital who become potential defectors. Can the defection problem be overcome by a global network of citizens demanding reform? Do we need some kind of mechanism for the global governance of capital? Are there alternatives to those two? I would say that there's an important role there for Oxfam and other international NGOs as being able to advocate in many countries simultaneously. If only to prevent a Russian remake of 'Le dernier metro'.
The biggest issue I have with this debate in general is the loose use of the word "inequality" – you're never going to have coherent responses to incoherent concepts and whilst I wouldn't expect the word to be abused in this blog it there are too many people out there trying to influence the debate using very different definitions of the word and with very different agendas.


I absolutely love, and look forward to this event every year. I even joined the Tampa Chamber's WOI committee last year! Each year, the Chamber has a huge event with an amazing speaker. This year it was 870 women and a few men:-) gathering for lunch and to hear Viola Davis' story. She began her career on stage, has been in a number of films, and also and played Aibileen Clark in The Help. It's my favorite movie, I just love stories about the underdog winning and I was SO looking forward to meeting Viola. There is a more intimate setting before and after the luncheon where the sponsors and VIPs get spend some time with her and get their photo taken so I got to talk with her quite a bit. Viola is so genuine, and down to earth, as we were talking beforehand she was rehearsing what she was going to say in her head and she told me, she still feels like an actor that hasn't made it yet.
Viola was born on her grandmother's farm, which is what was Singleton Plantation, in South Carolina. Her mother was a maid and her father was a horse trainer. Viola described herself as having "lived in abject poverty and dysfunction" during her childhood. The topic she spoke on was "the hero's path" and her own path to being happy and fulfilled in life and love. My 2 favorite things she said were "The biggest offender to your power is not enjoying who you are" and "The 2 most important days in your life are when you were born and the day you figured out why you were born".
I left feeling so motivated and inspired. I think in our world today where everything is so negative, I mean just look at what happened yesterday, the horrific bombing at the Boston Marathon. It's even more meaningful to hear such an amazing story, and have a glimpse into the life of someone you see on the big screen and then can connect with directly. It was absolutely amazing.


It's Bloody Mary season for me. I don't drink them in the summer. Do you?
In the summer I want something more refreshing. But in the fall, when I'm brunching with my friends and family, I love nothing more than starting the meal off with this classic cocktail.
I'll always have this image from growing up of my father standing behind the bar of our Wichita Falls home. He loved mixing drinks.
At the very first sign of fall, he would walk out to our garage and raid the jars of cucumbers my mother had just finished pickling from summer. He'd twist off a cap, grab a spear, and, after taking a bite, say "mmm, Betty, this is the best batch yet." Each year's batch seemed to outdo the last.
What followed was his Bloody Mary. He was so meticulous about making them; pouring in the Worcestershire sauce, the horseradish, and some pickle juice from my mother's jars.
He'd serve it with a stick of celery and a pickle spear wedged into the glass, and would usually let me have a tiny sip, even at my young age.
It made me feel so grown up being able to taste a Bloody Mary with my daddy on a Sunday morning, and every time I have one, I am brought back to this memory.
Bloody Marys don't need to be complicated, but they do need to be a mixture of flavors – not just a can of tomato juice like you'd get on an airplane.
What makes mine special is the seasoning I use, Jane's Krazy Mixed-Up Seasoning, which is basically just a jazzed-up mixture of salt and spices like dried dill, onion, garlic and curry powder. It adds great flavor but you can always improvise with your own creation if you can't find it at the store.
Whatever you do, don't skip the pickle juice, whether you add it in all on its own or choose to make ice cubes, like I do. It's the tang to the Bloody's tomato tartness that leaves you with your best batch yet, every time you make it.
Pour 1 cup of pickle juice into an 8-cube tray and freeze.
Pour 1-2 tablespoons of the Salt Seasoning onto a plate. Rub a lemon wedge around the rims of 2 large pint glasses and tilt the rims into the seasoning. Place 4 cubes of pickle juice ice into each seasoned pint glass.
In a large mixing glass or cocktail shaker, combine the tomato juice, vodka, dash of Jane's, horseradish, Tabasco, Worcestershire, and lemon juice. Shake and pour into seasoned pint glasses filled with pickle cubes. Garnish with pickle spears and stalks of celery.


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The Platinum Healing Self-Healing Retreat is designed to look at the main factors that, when out of balance, can nurture disease and illness.
Our Self-Healing Retreat is completely holistic and based on our signature Juice Detox Retreat. You will also enjoy private Hypnotherapy, Nutritional Therapy, Acupuncture or Reflexology, Daily Enema's, 2-4 Yoga Classes daily to choose from for ALL levels, Meditation, Pranayama (Yogic Breathing), Educational Talks, NLP and Life Coaching Workshop, use of facilities such as Heated Indoor Pool, Sauna and Rebounder (mini trampoline).
Respiratory issues such as asthma, chronic hay fever, recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia.
Poor immunity; those with frequent coughs/colds/viruses can't seem to recover from an acute illness, chronic hay fever sufferers, post-glandular fever.
What's included in a Platinum Self Healing Retreat Package?
I am definitely feeling the positive effects of my recent retreat. On an emotional level, it is hard to explain how I feel, but I think the best word to describe it is "unburdened". I feel as if a huge, heavy mantle has been lifted from my being. I attribute this hugely to the wonderful healing sessions I had with Nicola – EFT and hypnotherapy. I've long believed in EFT and have used it a couple of times, but the sessions I had with Nicola were extremely powerful. I feel like I have cleared some heavy emotional blocks and am now ready to move forward in a very positive way. The issues that I had been carrying around with me for years have gone. It's a wonderful feeling.
I attended a Platinum Healing retreat last week for some well over due me time. It's one of the best things I've done for years and I don't feel guilty for doing do! It's given me the tools to look after myself, learn how to control my stress levels and just be me.
Emotionally the EFT and hypnotherapy sessions seem to have reached places where nothing else has and I still feel very much at peace with myself and the world.
I have so much gratitude for this experience I have had at Platinum Healing. I flew in from Chicago with one purpose and that was to develop more self love, positivity, and become healthier. I achieved all of this and so much more.


The goal of inpatient rehabilitation is to help patients get back to their lives, families, and friends as quickly as possible – with quality, individualized physical rehabilitation delivered with compassion, dignity, and respect for all.
The Wooster Community Hospital inpatient rehabilitation unit is located on the fourth floor of the main hospital building.
Referrals for inpatient rehabilitation can be initiated by physicians, patients or their families, discharge planners, and allied health professionals. In addition, a patient's stay on the unit may be covered completely or in part by Medicare or private insurance.
Patients receiving inpatient rehab also benefit from 24/7 rehabilitation nursing care and the oversight of a medical director who specializes in neurology and physical medicine and rehabilitation.
Working closely with each patient and their family members, the Wooster Community Hospital rehabilitation team designs a customized treatment plan that focuses on potential rather than limitations. Our progressive approach strives to meet the needs of everyone involved in the rehabilitation process, including patients and their loved ones.
Don't take our word for it: Read what our patients have to say about their inpatient rehabilitation experience.
For more information about inpatient rehabilitation at Wooster Community Hospital in Ohio, call (330) 263-8421.


You can quickly, and easily, solve all of your catering issues by hiring Hog Roast Walthamstow. We provide a great selection of buffet style, carveries and sit-down meals as well as traditional hog roasts.
All you have to do is to scan through our menu pages and select the one that best fits your needs. If, while doing that, you realise that one of your guests cannot eat pork or has a food allergy you can easily add other dishes to your selection. That way you can be sure everyone is properly catered for.
We serve a big range of meats, side dishes, vegetarian foods, salads, desserts and canapés. This makes it really easy to put together the perfect menu for your wedding, party or corporate event.
Everyone who works for Hog Roast Walthamstow is experienced and holds the correct qualifications. As soon as the buffet dishes, spit roast, carvery or barbecue is ready we serve it all, making sure that it is at the right temperature.
If you are hosting an event where you would like your guests served at the table, we can still help. Our team consists of waiters and front of house staff as well as talented chefs. You can order any combination of food from us. So, if you want to serve your wedding guests a hog roast to take them through the time between your ceremony and reception dinner you can do so. Later, we can cook them their main meal, or you can use the venue cooks to do that.


Some 400 hectares (988 acres) in the Etzion Jewish settlement bloc near Bethlehem were declared "state land, on the instructions of the political echelon" by the military-run Civil Administration.
The head of the CSTO says its peacekeepers are ready for any operations, including in Ukraine, but their deployment requires the go-ahead from leaders of all member-countries.
Michael Sam, who is seeking to become the NFL's first openly gay player, was passed over by 31 teams Sunday just one day after being cut by St. Louis, USA Today reported.


1 b The Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 2 "Command the people of Israel to bring you pure oil from beaten olives for the lamp, that a light may be kept burning regularly. 3 Outside the veil of the testimony, in the tent of meeting, Aaron shall arrange it from evening to morning before the Lord regularly. It shall be a statute forever throughout your generations. 4 He shall arrange the lamps on the c lampstand of pure gold 1 before the Lord regularly.
5 "You shall take fine flour and bake twelve d loaves from it; two tenths of an ephah 2 shall be in each loaf. 6 And you shall set them in two piles, six in a pile, e on the table of pure gold 3 before the Lord. 7 And you shall put pure frankincense on each pile, that it may go with the bread as a memorial portion as a food offering to the Lord. 8 f Every Sabbath day Aaron shall arrange it before the Lord regularly; it is from the people of Israel as a covenant forever. 9 And g it shall be for Aaron and his sons, and h they shall eat it in a holy place, since it is for him a most holy portion out of the Lord's food offerings, a perpetual due."
10 Now an Israelite woman's son, whose father was an Egyptian, went out among the people of Israel. And the Israelite woman's son and a man of Israel fought in the camp, 11 and the Israelite woman's son i blasphemed the j Name, and cursed. Then they k brought him to Moses. His mother's name was Shelomith, the daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan. 12 And l they put him in custody, m till the will of the Lord should be clear to them.
13 Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 14 n "Bring out of the camp the one who cursed, and let all who heard him o lay their hands on his head, and let all the congregation stone him. 15 And speak to the people of Israel, saying, Whoever curses his God shall p bear his sin. 16 Whoever q blasphemes the name of the Lord shall surely be put to death. All the congregation shall stone him. The sojourner as well as the native, when he blasphemes the Name, shall be put to death.
17 r "Whoever takes a human life shall surely be put to death. 18 s Whoever takes an animal's life shall make it good, life for life. 19 If anyone injures his neighbor, t as he has done it shall be done to him, 20 fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; whatever injury he has given a person shall be given to him. 21 s Whoever kills an animal shall make it good, r and whoever kills a person shall be put to death. 22 You shall have the u same rule for the sojourner and for the native, for I am the Lord your God." 23 So Moses spoke to the people of Israel, and v they brought out of the camp the one who had cursed and stoned him with stones. Thus the people of Israel did as the Lord commanded Moses.
The table and its utensils, and the pure lampstand with all its utensils, and the altar of incense.
The lampstand of pure gold and its lamps with the lamps set and all its utensils, and the oil for the light.
So Solomon made all the vessels that were in the house of God: the golden altar, the tables for the bread of the Presence.
And over the table of the bread of the Presence they shall spread a cloth of blue and put on it the plates, the dishes for incense, the bowls, and the flagons for the drink offering; the regular showbread also shall be on it.
And Moses said to Aaron and his sons, "Boil the flesh at the entrance of the tent of meeting, and there eat it and the bread that is in the basket of ordination offerings, as I commanded, saying, 'Aaron and his sons shall eat it.
When a man opens a pit, or when a man digs a pit and does not cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it.
Whoever takes an animal's life shall make it good, life for life.


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Kawerau-raised John Rowles was inspired to become a singer after witnessing Māori showbands like The Howard Morrison Quartet. Following varied musical ventures in Australia, he was invited to England by manager Peter Gormley, to join Gormley's roster of ballad singers like Engelbert Humperdinck and Tom Jones. Ballad 'If I Only had Time' got to three on the UK charts in 1968; fourth single 'M'Lady' did best in Aotearoa. In the 1970s Rowles became a nightclub fixture in Honolulu and Las Vegas, punctuated by occasional Kiwi hits and tours. By the 80s he was living in Australia. His autobiography landed in 2012.
John Rowles - 'Cheryl Moana Marie'
These two clips provide a handy introduction to a Kiwi musical classic. The first clip sees John Rowles showing how he can hold the long notes, as he performs 'Cheryl Moana Marie' on a self-titled live special from 1976, made for state television. In the second clip — an excerpt from 2008 Buto Productions documentary The Secret Life of John Rowles — the singer recalls coming up with the chart-topping 1969 ballad, an array of Kiwi musicians provide their own take on it, and Rowles' sister talks about the ups and the downs of finding fame as a child, through someone else's song.
This 1976 concert sees Kiwi entertainment great John Rowles bring his cabaret show to His Majesty's Theatre in Auckland. Back from a hotel residency in Hawaii, Rowles belts out the ballads in his booming baritone. Tanned, in pastel blue flares, wide lapels, and plenty of bling, Rowles (here nearly 30) croons about wahine from Mandy to Sweet Caroline, to his iconic "island sweetheart" Cheryl Moana Marie. Memorable moments include tributes to Norman Kirk and singer Inia Te Wiata, a haka with Dave from Palmerston North, and a rousing finish with 'Mr Bojangles'.
John Rowles, Ladies and Gentlemen
In 1969 Kiwi music legend John Rowles was in his early 20s, and flush with UK success: appearing on Top of the Pops and celebrating a single – 'If I Only Had Time' – which got to number three in the British charts. This fly on the wall documentary records his homecoming tour, complete with cigars, turtlenecks, rehearsals, press interviews, dancing, hongi and a civic reception in Kawerau (where he'd been fired from a mill job five years before, for arriving late). Rowles launches single 'M'Lady', soon to top the NZ charts, and reflects on how he's changed since leaving Kawerau.
The Secret Life of John Rowles
The meteoric career of one of NZ's greatest entertainers is examined in this documentary. John Rowles went from a Kawerau childhood to stardom in London at 21; but, after headlining in Hawaii and Las Vegas, he saw it all slip away. Those roofing ads and near bankruptcy followed, but Rowles has retained his self belief and that voice. A stellar cast of interviewees analyse his strengths and weaknesses, including Sir Cliff Richard, Tom Jones, Neil Finn and late promoter Phil Warren. Amongst the star cameos, John's sister Cheryl Moana explains the downside of his best-known local hit.
Five Decades of NZ Number One Hits
This collection rounds up almost every music video for a number one hit by a Kiwi artist; everything from ballads to hip hop to glam rock. Press on the images below to find the hits for each decade — plus try this backgrounder by Michael Higgins, whose high speed history of local hits touches on the sometimes questionable ways past charts were created.
This NZ Music Month collection showcases NZ music television, spun from a playlist of classic documentaries and beloved music shows. From Split Enz to the NZSO, Heavenly Pop Hits to Hip Hop New Zealand, whether you count the beat or roll like this, there's something here for all ears (and eyes). Plus music writer Chris Bourke gets Ready to Roll with this pop history primer.
John Rowles, Music Video, 1978
By 1978 UK chart success and an extended club residence in Hawaii were behind John Rowles; he was broke and looking for a hit. His earlier smash 'Cheryl Moana Marie' had been named after two of his sisters. For his comeback Rowles reprised the gesture, penning a song to sister Tania. The single topped the New Zealand charts for four weeks. This clip sees him donning a green suit to mime 'Tania' for local music show Ready to Roll. His 1978 album This is My Life did well on both sides of the Tasman, priming a 20 year stint in Australia performing on the Leagues club circuit.
M'Lady
In 1968 John Rowles scored a top three hit in the UK. Late that year he returned to New Zealand to a rapturous welcome. A fly-on-the-wall documentary was made about his homecoming tour, from which this clip of Rowles performing 'M'Lady' is taken. On the tour he launched 'M'Lady' as his next NZ single; he tells an Auckland DJ that it's his best "uptempo" song yet, and the tune scores scenes of Rowles galavanting around a playground with a cigar, pretending to drive a tractor, and licking an ice cream on the beach. 'M'Lady' went on to top the Kiwi charts.
Royal Variety Performance Show 1981
This live TV spectacular documents an 18 October 1981 Royal Variety performance in front of the touring Queen Elizabeth and Duke of Edinburgh. Performers in St James Theatre included Ray Columbus (in That's Country mode), Sir Howard Morrison and John Rowles. Dance is represented by Limbs and the Royal New Zealand Ballet, while McPhail and Gadsby and Billy T James deliver pre-PC gags. There's a show stopping all-singing all-dancing finale, and what seems like the entire roster of NZ showbiz of the time lines up to greet the Queen, including Lyn of Tawa.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Lindsey Vonn: On a Mission to Prove That Female Athletes Are as Strong as Men
Doral Editor 3 years ago No Comments
Throughout her storied skiing career, Lindsey Vonn has overcome her share of obstacles. She's worked through ankle fractures, knee injuries and a severely fractured arm and has repeatedly bounced back — physically and mentally. Now, the four-time World Cup champion is on a mission to prove female athletes are just as strong as their male counterparts. Aside from training, the professional skier is working to convince the world that she is more than qualified to compete against men. During a sitdown with MyFitnessPal, she revealed her current goal is to race against men during one World Cup event in 2018.
We chatted with Vonn about being part of Under Armour's Unlike Any campaign, championing the notion that strong is beautiful, and how she's been able to use past letdowns — such as having to bail out of major global competitions in 2014 — as fuel to keep her moving forward.
"It's all about being yourself and not being limited by anyone else's expectations or standards."
A post shared by L I N D S E Y • V O N N (@lindseyvonn) on Sep 20, 2017 at 7:43am PDT
Q: What does it mean to you to be a part of Under Armour's Unlike Any campaign where you get to represent the strength of female athletes?
Vonn: I think it's awesome. This whole campaign is about being unlike anyone. And my story is my story. I'm strong, I'm powerful, and I've also overcome a lot. It's all about being yourself and not being limited by anyone else's expectations or standards. This resonates with me personally. I'm very proud to be a part of it and I'm glad it shows not just my strengths but my weaknesses as well and that's what makes me different.
Q: Tell us about your mission to prove female athletes are just as fierce as males.
Vonn: Women are just as strong, and we can do whatever we put our minds to. It's not about being subject to a standard that men are the best. We can be just as good. It's about not limiting yourself. Standards don't apply. You can be compared against guys, but we are just as strong as them. I'm trying to shake up the standards by competing against men. I'm pushing to actually be in a World Cup race with men. I just want a one-time exemption. I don't know if it will happen, but I'm sure as heck going to try. For me, that's a really important part of the campaign because that's what I'm trying to do.
A post shared by L I N D S E Y • V O N N (@lindseyvonn) on Oct 9, 2017 at 9:15am PDT
Q: What is driving you to want to race against men?
Vonn: The whole reason I started thinking about it was because I have been training with men for a really long time. When I was training with them, all the way back in 2012, I was beating some of the best male skiers in the world on a very difficult course. And I thought, why can't I race against the men? So I've been trying to do this since 2012. I feel like in some ways I have earned a certain level of respect in my sport where hopefully I am able to do this. I've been on the World Cup for 17 years and I have 77 wins, more wins than any other female in the history of my sport. I think if anyone should be granted an exception, it should be me. But it's basically 100% men who will be controlling the decision so I don't know if they are very keen on my plans, but we'll see.
Q: You talk a lot about the concept of "strong is beautiful." What does that mean to you?
Vonn: I think the most important thing is just to be confident in yourself. No matter what you may look like on the outside, no matter what your body looks like, as long as you are healthy and you are active and you are confident in yourself, that's the most important thing. In my book, Strong Is The New Beautiful, I talk about just being comfortable in your own skin. For me it's been a really difficult thing. I have not always been confident in how I look, but as soon as you accept "this is my body. It can do amazing things for me; I just have to treat it right," it will give a lot back to you; more than you think. So I think it's just believing in yourself and believing in that strength you have and that internal strength will definitely be seen outward as well.
A post shared by L I N D S E Y • V O N N (@lindseyvonn) on Sep 2, 2017 at 3:54pm PDT
Q: Did your insecurity stem from comparing your body type to females outside of the athletic world?
Vonn: Yeah. When I was in the skiing world, we were all very similar body types so I never really thought I was different. After I won major global events, I was on the red carpet and I realized I didn't look like anyone. And I didn't fit in and so that's when I started questioning myself and the way I looked. It definitely got in my head for a really long time, but I got over it and I learned to accept who I am and how I look. No matter what I do, I'm never going to look like the movie stars on the red carpet, but that's fine. I'm beautiful just the way I am and my strong body has allowed me to do incredible things in my life so I respect my body and I respect what it's been able to give me.
READ MORE > ON INSPIRATION, MOTIVATION AND THE DRIVE TO SUCCEED
Q: What do you love most about your body?
Vonn: My legs. They are strong. I like when I've been working out all summer. In the fall, I'm always my biggest leading up to the season because we always lose weight during the season. So in the fall, I'm always really bulky. For some reason, when I get toned in my legs, I feel really strong. It gives me a certain mental confidence and I like that.
Q: You proudly show off your scars in the Unlike Any campaign video. How have you learned to embrace them?
Vonn: Well I think it would be probably a pretty substantial surgery to get rid of this scar (laughs). I put oils and scar creams on it; it doesn't really go away. But at the same time, it's a battle scar. I don't necessarily want it to be completely gone. That's a part of me now. I've got a huge metal rod in my arm that sticks out of my elbow and it's just a constant reminder that I am stronger than I think I am. Now I'm actually a bionic woman. I'm indestructible.
A post shared by L I N D S E Y • V O N N (@lindseyvonn) on Sep 4, 2017 at 11:18am PDT
Q: What's your training routine like? Are you doing anything different?
Vonn: I just have to be smarter with what I do. With all my injuries and the fact I'm just physically getting older, I just have to do everything in a very diligent and smart way. I can't have the super high volume. I have to make sure I have enough recovery and rest time. My training on hill is not as rigorous as it used to be because the volume is too high for my knees. I just need to be smart.
READ MORE > DIANA NYAD | ON INSPIRATION, MOTIVATION AND THE DRIVE TO SUCCEED
Q: What about your mental preparation?
Vonn: My mental preparation is that I personally get strength from all of the training that I do and knowing that I am as strong as I can be. That's what gives me strength. As long as I know I'm giving it my best, then I'll have confidence when I'm at the starting gate. I visualize the course 100 times before I race but the most important thing is the summer preparation and putting in the hard work because that gives me the mental strength to really be confident in myself at the start. If you cut corners, it's always in the back of your head and you don't always 100% believe in yourself.
Q: Is there a mantra or something that runs through your head before you are ready to compete?
Vonn: I kind of compartmentalize things like my injuries and missing major global events in 2014. I remember the emotions. I bottle it up and then when I am at the starting gate, I kind of let everything out and I use those emotions to fuel me. All the disappointment and frustration, that all gets bottled up and then I can let it all out. It's just 110% self-belief that I will do it, that I will succeed.
A post shared by L I N D S E Y • V O N N (@lindseyvonn) on Sep 10, 2017 at 11:20am PDT
Q: What's the secret to mentally working through an injury and getting back in the game?
Vonn: There are two things that I think are really important when coming back from an injury. Number 1 is you have to have a good support system. I have friends and family and sponsors. It's really important to know people are going to be behind you through the process. If you feel like everyone is jumping ship then it kind of puts your despair even lower and makes it feel impossible to come back. Having that support system is really important. The second thing is simply working hard. That's the number 1 thing that is going to get you back from injury.
BE UNLIKE ANY WITH THESE COLLECTIONS
> Lindsey Vonn, World Champion Alpine Ski Racer
> Zoe Zhang, Actress & Taekwondo Black Belt
> Jessie Graff, Stunt Woman
> Alison Desir, Harlem Run Founder
> Misty Copeland, Principal Ballerina
> Natasha Hastings, World Champion Sprinter
The post Lindsey Vonn: On a Mission to Prove That Female Athletes Are as Strong as Men appeared first on Under Armour.
(via MyFitnessPal Blog)
Like Lord of the Flies over there…
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Ford Crossovers Silver Ext. Automatic Black Int.
Transmission: Automatic Color:Silver Interior Color: Black Average Vehicle Review: (4.271 reviews) Not only is this ford's second best selling car, but it is the best vehicle over all that we have ever owned! The car runs great, has plenty of power, gets great fuel mileage (26-30) and has everything you would need in just the basic model! All around awesome vehicle!
Transmission: Automatic Color:Silver Interior Color: Black Average Vehicle Review: (4.476 reviews) I bought this vehicle for ease of getting in and out. For an older person, like myself, or someone with arthertis or other mobility problem this is perfect. It is a beautiful vehicle and gets really good mileage, especially on the road. Wish I had bought this vehicle long ago. My father told me when I bought my first Ford in 1954 to always by a Ford and I would have no problems. Wish man!
Transmission: Automatic Color:Silver Interior Color: Black Average Vehicle Review: (4.287 reviews) Lackluster acceleration, moderate-to-poor gas mileage, poor transmission, and a few too many rattles in the passenger compartment. My mileage average over the last year has at best hit 24mpg even though it is rated 24-28mpg. I've never - EVER - hit 28mpg even on a long term flat highway drive to DC and back to Nashville. have also had problems with transmission since nearly day-one. Initially started as a recall, but even after having that fixed the jerkiness of the ride is sometimes uncomfortable.


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Q: Как найти и заменить текст в файле через регулярное выражение? Как найти и заменить текст в файле через регулярное выражение в js?
Условия поиска:
1. Совпадение из девяти любых цифр подряд.
2. Совпадение текста - "mytext", который сразу идет после девяти цифр.
3. Если такое совпадение есть, заменяем его на "123412341www"
4. Глобальный поиск

A: Вам подойдёт следующее регулярное выражение:
/\d{9}mytext/g

Пример использования:
var s = "123456789mytext23424kjfjhkjdhfgkj123456789mytext nmfdfmng";
s = s.replace(/\d{9}mytext/g, "123412341www");

Если нужно, чтобы вместо фиксированного текста mytext в регулярном выражении находился текст из переменной, придётся несколько усложнить код и использовать объект RegExp:
var myText = "mytext";
var s = "123456789mytext23424kjfjhkjdhfgkj123456789mytext nmfdfmng";
var re = new RegExp("\\d{9}" + myText, "g");
s = s.replace(re, "123412341www");

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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(-) Comedy, Satire (9)
Music - Classical Music & Opera (3)
Music - Experimental Music (1)
Music - Rock & Pop (1)
(-) Musicians (9)
Authors, Writers (3)
Musicians Comedy, Satire
Brick Top discusses her career, her colleagues, and the jazz scene
Brick Top discusses her career, her colleagues, and the jazz scene.
Shel Silverstein discusses his books, children's literature, and art; part 1
Shel Silverstein discusses his books "Lafcadio: The Lion Who Shot Back" and "Uncle Shelby's ABZ Book".. Shel Silverstein discusses his books, children's literature, and cartoonists.
Discussing the music of the Mothers of Invention and interviewing Frank Zappa
Discussing the music of the Mothers of Invention and interviewing Frank Zappa. Songs include "Who are the Brain Police," "Brown Shoes Don't Make It," "Concentration Moon," "Mom and Dad," "Bow Tie Daddy," "Harry, You're a Beast," "What's the Ugliest Part of Your Body?" "Trouble Every Day," "Very Distraughtening," "White Ugliness" and "There Will Come a Time."
Anna Russell discusses her unique musical style
Anna Russell discusses her career, beginning in opera, and moving into satirical comedy music performance.
Carlotta Monti discusses W.C. Fields and her book "W.C. Fields & Me"
Carlotta Monti discusses W.C. Fields and her book "W.C. Fields & Me".
Zero Mostel discusses the play "Rhinoceros" and acting theory; part 1
Zero Mostel talks about acting theory, French and American theater differences, and the reflection of art in society.
Carol Channing discusses her career
Carol Channing discusses the following with Studs Terkel: her early career; her growth as actor/comedian; her approach to her work; her performance in "Lorelei" as Lorelei; her performance in "Wonderful Town" as Ruth; the job of the understudy; and breaking performance barriers and type casting.
Anna Russell discusses her career, beginning in opera, and moving into satirical comedy music performance


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#73 – Carl Moellenberg: The Path to Survival
"All of a sudden," says Moellenberg. "While I was sitting there, I literally heard for about 15 – 20 minutes a deep, male voice, which I assumed was a higher being, telling me that I had a long life to live. It was going to be very productive and my purpose was to help create beauty in the world. And the suggestion was made that that beauty might be through helping to create theatre."
According to Carl, he came out at the absolutely worst time. And after being diagnosed with HIV in the 1980's, he found himself undergoing a transition. A transition of spirit, a transition of healing, and a transition from investment banker into a producer.
He became many things – a Reiki master, a counselor, an ordained minister – all things focusing on what multi-hyphenating is all about.
Regardless, Moellenberg couldn't have started in a better place. The first project he invested in was Wicked and the first project he co-produced was Spring Awakening. Two very big hits.
So what is a producer? What's their responsibilities? How does one become a producer? Check out this episode to learn more about what goes into producing on Broadway. Plus, in this episode check out why a 'Why' Statement is incredibly important to have,
Carl began his career in banking, and after debilitating illnesses threatened his life, he took a new approach to spirituality and healing, and re-found his love and passion for Broadway. He has since gone on to be on the producing teams for some of Broadway's most successful shows: Spring Awakening, War Horse, Hair, Death of a Salesman, Pippin, All the Way, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, Dear Evan Hansen, Angels in America, The Band's Visit, Oklahoma, Hadestown and Company. His aim has always been to tell compelling stories or to present stunning music which transforms people.
"I'm incredibly excited that I believe it is an inspirational story, and I believe it will encourage people that are maybe early in their career in the arts as you've been referring to. I believe it will be a story of surmounting obstacles in people's lives. That's my sole aim – I didn't write it, again, to talk about me or my career as a producer or going through each show and talking at length about all the shows I've been involved with – I did it to talk about a personal journey in hopes that my personal journey will inspire other personal journeys. That's what I'm excited about."


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Rest of today..S winds 15 to 20 kt with gusts to 25 kt. Waves 3 ft. Isolated showers late this morning.
Tonight..S winds 10 to 15 kt with gusts to 20 kt... Diminishing to 5 kt late. Waves 3 ft...subsiding to 1 ft after midnight.
Wed..NW winds 5 to 10 kt. Waves 1 ft. A chance of showers through the night.


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Richard Marchand delivers heartfelt goodbye…
Richard Marchand delivers heartfelt goodbye speech to City Council
Leominster City Council President Richard Marchand gave his farewell speech at the council's meeting Monday night. Marchand decided against running again for his Ward 5 council seat after 20 years of serving on the council.
By Monica Busch | mbusch@sentinelandenterprise.com | Sentinel & Enterprise
LEOMINSTER — City Councilors bid an emotional adieu to outgoing Council President Richard Marchand on Monday, marking both his 20 years of service to the Council and the last scheduled meeting of the calendar year.
Marchand, who will hand the gavel off to incoming Ward 5 Councilor Peter Angelini, delivered a heartfelt speech from the dais near the end of the meeting, calling attention to city figures who he said influenced him heavily during his time serving on the Council.
Among them were the late Karen DeCisero, a 1998 graduate of Leominster High School born with Down syndrome and medical issues, whose family established the nonprofit Karen's Closet in her name, Kylee's Kare Kitz founder Kylee McCumber and Katie Bovenzi, who helped spearhead the Spanish American Center's new addition.
Marchand briefly recounted the stories behind each of these charitable efforts, which among other things provide winter coats to the community, free meals to children experiencing food scarcity and established a safe space for Spanish American Center patrons to gather and eat together. All of these figures, he said, made a difference in his life.
"When we think of Karen DeCisero and her legacy, and people like Kylee McCumber… and you take a look at Katelyn Bovenzi, who could be just living the life and not worrying about anything, really reaching out and making a significant difference in the world in which they live and giving back, it's such a great thing for us to see," Marchand said in his remarks.
These examples of community collaboration, he said, affected him deeply during his time on the City Council, but they were not the only Leominster residents he recognized during his final remarks as the Ward 5 councilor. He also highlighted a memory from 2000, when he was not actively serving on the council.
Shortly after the legendary Louis "Mr. Christmas" Charpentier's wife died in November of that year, Marchand said, he brought his kids to the Charpentier household to view the famed, hand-carved Christmas decorations that traditionally decorated the lawn — something he said his family did just about every year. They were surprised, he said, at what they found.
"There wasn't a piece on the lawn," Marchand said. "And so I visited with Louis and he just told me, he was crying, he said his heart was broken and he just couldn't do it."
Marchand said he turned to the Leominster Fire Department for help.
"I made one call to Danny Bouchard and Danny Bouchard put out an all-alert memo to the off-duty firefighters," Marchand said. "And that Saturday morning — on a freezing cold, windy, chilly day — there were 18 to 20 firefighters that showed up and it was almost like a bucket brigade."
One by one, he said, the firefighters collected Charpentier's Christmas decorations from his attic and set them up across the lawn. Watching the team work together — and watching Charpentier perk up, smile and begin leading the decorating, Marchand said, was one of his "most heartfelt" experiences of living and working in Leominster.
"So Mr. Christmas, he needed a little uplift, and those guys over (at) the Fire Department across the street gave it to him," Marchand said.
Councilors sat still on Monday as their president shared this memory.
"I can't thank you enough for all the support you've given me, but most importantly, what you do for this community is absolutely amazing, so thank you very much," Marchand told his colleagues.
Before the meeting expired, other councilors thanked Marchand for his work in the city, with many remarking that they were sure his departure was not a permanent goodbye.
Among them was Councilor David Cormier, who thanked Marchand for being a mentor to him when he first joined City Council some 10 years ago.
"You always told me the truth," Cormier said. "When I was right, you gave a pat on the back — and when I was wrong, you told me. And I learned a lot from you and I'm going to miss you."
Councilor Mark Bodanza was also among those to chime in, noting that he has known Marchand for more than 50 years.
"You've been a great colleague and a great friend and I know you'll continue to be a great friend as you always have," Bodanza said. "Not just here but with the (Johnny Appleseed) Festival and the sports booster club… You're a busy guy and the city should be very grateful to you."
Marchand formally announced his retirement over the summer, marking the end of his 11-term career on the Council. He said at the time that he would be turning his attention launching a booster club for Leominster youth sports and that he didn't want those efforts to be politicized because of his role on the Council.
The City Council will recess until the first week of January, when new members will be sworn in and the new president will be formally selected.
Monica Busch


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Q: How can I send a notification whenever I make a new Firebase Hosting deployment? I have a small, internal Firebase App used for work. It is critical that users of this app always receive the most recently deployed code. If they have the page open and I make a new deployment to Firebase, I want to send a message to all of these clients that I can receive in my client-side code and then display a notification for. I am assuming that I would use Firebase Cloud Messaging to dispatch the message.
Is there a good way for me to do this with Firebase? Is there an event for this in the Cloud Functions feature? I've scoured the documentation but I cannot find any reference to an event that would let me do this.

A: For the time being, I am having Travis CI use curl to send an API request that will update a latest_commit_hash property in my database. My client-side code will observe this value and notify users appropriately when it changes.
Update: Turns out that I don't even need to use curl, I can just do the following:
firebase database:set --token "$FIREBASE_TOKEN" --data \"$TRAVIS_COMMIT\" --confirm /deploy_commit_hash


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8 of the most expensive TV shows made in the 1960s and '70s
By: H&I Staff Posted: February 21, 2020, 11:00AM
It seems like television networks and streaming platforms are spending more on programming now than ever before. Big budget shows like Game of Thrones and The Mandalorian are rumored to cost tens of millions of dollars an episode.
Fifty years ago, the landscape was quite different. Large budgets were reserved for movies. Television was the domain of cheap, easy-to-produce programs shot on simple sets and studio backlots. Or was it?
The shows on this list prove that some serious money went into producing television, even back then!
Wagon Train – $100,000 per episode
This popular western told the story of the people traveling by wagon from Missouri to California in the late 1800s. Each episode focused on a different guest star, usually someone the wagon train encountered along the way. The series initially starred Ward Bond who also had a role in John Ford's 1950 film Wagon Master which inspired the show. After Ward died suddenly in 1960, he was replaced by John McIntire who stayed with the show until it ended in 1965. While not the most expensive show on this list, Wagon Train's per episode cost of around $100,00 is nothing to sneeze at. That's over $800,000 in today's money!
Bonanza - $225,000 per episode
This classic TV western followed the daily lives of the Cartwright family. Lorne Green played the widowed patriarch Ben Cartwright who lived with his three grown sons Adam, Eric (nicknamed "Hoss") and Joseph or "Little Joe." The brothers were played by Pernell Roberts, Dan Blocker and Michael Landon, respectively. Over its fourteen-year run, Bonanza more than doubled its production budget. In its first few seasons it cost around $110,000 per episode but eventually ballooned to $225,000 by season fourteen. In today's money, that's a range of $975,000 to $1.3 million!
Star Trek – $200,000 per episode
The iconic sci-fi series may seem low-budget compared to its modern successors, but when it premiered it was a big production. It had an average per-episode cost of about $200,000 which is over $1.5 million adjusted for inflation. One classic episode was particularly expensive. The penultimate installment of season one, "The City on the Edge of Forever," cost more than $250,000 to produce. The plot entails McCoy traveling back in time and changing history. Naturally, Captain Kirk and Spock follow him through the "doorway to any time" to make things right. The episode is widely regarded as one of the best of the entire series, well worth the almost $2 million it would cost in today's money.
Land of the Giants – $250,000 per episode
Produced by Irwin Allen, creator of hit shows Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea and Lost in Space, this short-lived 1960s sci-fi series had a high-concept premise that required lots of expensive special effects. Set in the fictional future of 1983, the series followed the crew and passengers of a suborbital transport ship that gets caught in a storm and sent to another planet — one that bears remarkable resemblance to earth except everything there is twelve times bigger. At the time, it set the record for the most expensive show on the air —costing $250,000 per episode. That would be about $1.8 million an episode if it were made today.
Planet of the Apes – $250,000 per episode
Based on the widely successful film franchise, the series told the familiar story of astronauts stranded on earth thousands of years in the future where apes are now in charge. The show never took off, however, and only aired fourteen episodes in the fall of 1974. Due to extensive location shooting, costumes and effects, the cost per episode was around $250,000 which is over $1.3 million in today's money.
The Virginian – $330,000 per episode
Premiering in 1962, The Virginian, was the very first 90-minute western to appear on TV. It followed the men who worked on the Shiloh Ranch in late nineteenth-century Wyoming. The show garnered high ratings and ran successfully for nine seasons. Because of the length of each episode and lots of outdoor locations, the show was budgeted at about $330,000 per episode. Adjusted for inflation, that's north of $2.8 million!
Image: AP Photo
The Time Tunnel – $500,000 pilot episode
This 1966–67 series ran for just 30 episodes and was prolific producer Irwin Allen's shortest-lived show. The plot revolved around the scientists working on Project Tic-Toc, a top-secret government effort to build a time machine. The characters traveled to many different moments in history, starting off with the sinking of the Titanic in the very first episode. Sadly, the ratings weren't high enough to justify the enormous cost and the series was canceled after one season. Throughout its run, the show was rumored to be one of the most expensive show on TV. The pilot episode, directed by Irwin Allen himself, cost a whopping $500,000 to make. That's almost $4 million in today's money!
Supertrain – over $1 million per episode
Of course, the show that has to make any list of expensive TV shows is the 1979 super-flop Supertrain. It was about the people onboard a futuristic train that went 200mph and could travel between New York City and Los Angeles in 36 hours (if you're thinking that math doesn't add up, it doesn't.) The show only aired nine episodes and nearly bankrupt NBC. Additionally, the boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics didn't help things for the network. The costs, including a full-size train and two scale models, are estimated to be north of $10 million. One of the scale models crashed before the first episode even aired, adding to the costs. To this day, Supertrain remains one of the biggest failures in TV history. Costing $1 million an episode in 1979 (a conservative estimate) is equivalent to more than $3.5 million today.
6 out-of-this-world facts you learn about William Shatner in his new biography


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November 12, 2012 archive
Today on The Stars Hollow Gazette
Our regular featured content-
On This Day In History November 12 by TheMomCat
Punting the Pundits by TheMomCat
And these featured articles-
Pique the Geek 20121111: Drying Oils by: Translator
One Economy under God by T'Pau by Anti-Capitalist Meetup
The "Grand Betrayal" Is Still on the Table by TheMomCat
Running Dogs by ek hornbeck
Write more and often. This is an Open Thread.
Open Thread, The Stars Hollow Gazette, Today on The Stars Hollow Gazette
Whining Veterans Don't Know This Is General's, Admiral's and Chickenhawk's Day
By terryhallinan in War
Steve used to spend many hours at our home with my son practicing tae kwon do, walking a tight rope and doing various other annoying things.
Actually none of the martial arts and athletic stunts were annoying but Steve could be. If I had only known more about his family… Well let's not go there.
Steve went into Special Forces. My son chose to become a sissy Navy nuke. Hard to say who was most foolish but Steve had the most adventures.
Steve was in a wheelchair for months and told he would never walk again. Steve was eagerly pursuing his lifelong ambition to be an artist now that he could when he somehow managed to walk again. Intractable pain in his back will probably last for a lifetime but, hey, what do you expect when you enlist?
Steve was once court-martialed and imprisoned for years for breaking most everything to break in a Korean officer's body when the Korean sought to enforce an illegal command with a pistol to Steve's ear. His family always knew Steve was no good but the Army didn't. Months after the affair had blown over, Steve had his rank, pay and status quietly restored.
After leaving the Army, Steve became a professional sky diver. I didn't know there was such a thing as a professional sky diver but Steve is or was one.
At least one time, an adventure as a skydiver matched any combat in wars we never fought. Steve landed in a lake after tangling with a tree and was unable to free himself from the parachute and back pack. As recounted by my son, Steve strained to get an occasional breath of air. A five-year-old on the way from the drop talked about one man in a lake to his father as they were on their way home. Steve was rescued after an hour or two. He thought he was a goner, Steve told my son.
Steve whines some on occasion about lost records of wars never fought, like other Special Forces recruits and even this "peacetime" Vietnam veteran, but this is a day for generals and admirals and chickenhawks who held our coats and sent us off to war. Some of us are just too dumb to learn. I will thank you for not mentioning it.
Best, Terry
veterans, Veterans Day
Life Imitates Art
By ek hornbeck
I suppose we all get our schadenfreud on in different ways. Some prefer the sophisticated humor of R-Money Coyote Super Genius–
According to all the sources I spoke to, the breakdown of the campaign can be traced to the primaries. One source saying "they looked at the guy who could raise the most money in history as a ride" adding that "money no longer matters. That's the problem," also referring to the campaign overall as "the biggest political flim flam of all time."
The result of all of these false numbers and inaccurate ground reports is simple: Mitt Romney was ill-prepared for the actual numbers on election day and his false sense of confidence directly translated into how the campaign operated in the closing weeks. In the words of one source, it was a con job. As David Mamet famously said, "If you're in the con game and you don't know who the mark is … you're the mark." Mitt Romney had no idea what was coming.
As indicated, the comments are instructive.
I personally like deep human drama of the General Hospital kind.
FBI probe of Petraeus triggered by e-mail threats from biographer, officials say
By Sari Horwitz and Greg Miller, The Washington Post
Saturday, November 10, 2:17 PM
The collapse of the dazzling career of CIA Director David H. Petraeus was triggered when a woman with whom he was having an affair sent threatening e-mails to another woman close to him, according to three senior law enforcement officials with knowledge of the episode.
The recipient of the e-mails was so frightened that she went to the FBI for protection and help tracking down the sender, according to the officials. The FBI investigation traced the threats to Paula Broadwell, a former military officer and a Petraeus biographer, and uncovered explicit e-mails between Broadwell and Petraeus, the officials said.
That MoveOn Ad
By Matthew Yglesias, The Atlantic
Sep 21 2007, 10:41 AM ET
I completely agree with the dread DC Establishment that calling General Petraeus "General Betrayus" was dumb. That said, I'm staggered by the amount of emphasis that people inside this town are placing on this. One virtue of having moved to the Beltway is that I can tell you, the reader, a thing or to about the mood here and that while you might think the reverse is true, the truth of the matter is that the left-of-center establishment is being restrained in terms of expressing its absolutely fury at MoveOn over this. People seem to really think that this was not merely a misstep, but a huge blunder of world-historical proportions.
The organization created the ad in response to Petraeus' Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq. MoveOn hosted pages on its website about the ad and their reasons behind it from 2007 to June 23, 2010. On June 23, 2010, after President Obama nominated General Petraeus to be the new top U.S. and NATO commander in Afghanistan (taking over the position from retiring General Stanley McCrystal), MoveOn erased these webpages and any reference to them from its website.
In Washington, That Letdown Feeling
By Sally Quinn, Washington Post Staff Writer
"We have our own set of village rules," says David Gergen, editor at large at U.S. News & World Report, who worked for both the Reagan and Clinton White House. "Sex did not violate those rules. The deep and searing violation took place when he not only lied to the country, but co-opted his friends and lied to them. That is one on which people choke.
"We all live together, we have a sense of community, there's a small-town quality here. We all understand we do certain things, we make certain compromises. But when you have gone over the line, you won't bring others into it. That is a cardinal rule of the village. You don't foul the nest."
You see, it's the lying, not the sex.
How Petraeus changed the U.S. military
By Peter Bergen, CNN National Security Analyst
1:31 PM EST, Sat November 10, 2012
Historians will likely judge David Petraeus to be the most effective American military commander since Eisenhower.
He was, after all, the person who, more than any other, brought Iraq back from the brink of total disaster after he assumed command of U.S. forces there in 2007.
ek Politics
On This Day In History November 12
By TMC in News
This is your morning Open Thread. Pour your favorite beverage and review the past and comment on the future.
Find the past "On This Day in History" here.
November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 49 days remaining until the end of the year.
On this day in 1775, Upon hearing of England's rejection of the so-called Olive Branch Petition on this day in 1775, Abigail Adams writes to her husband, John:
The intelegance you will receive before this reaches you, will I should think make a plain path, tho a dangerous one for you. I could not join to day in the petitions of our worthy parson, for a reconciliation between our, no longer parent State, but tyrant State, and these Colonies. — Let us seperate, they are unworthy to be our Breathren. Let us renounce them and instead of suplications as formorly for their prosperity and happiness, Let us beseach the almighty to blast their counsels and bring to Nought all their devices.
The previous July, Congress had adopted the Olive Branch Petition, written by John Dickinson, which appealed directly to King George III and expressed hope for reconciliation between the colonies and Great Britain. Dickinson, who hoped desperately to avoid a final break with Britain, phrased colonial opposition to British policy as follows:
"Your Majesty's Ministers, persevering in their measures, and proceeding to open hostilities for enforcing them, have compelled us to arm in our own defence, and have engaged us in a controversy so peculiarly abhorrent to the affections of your still faithful Colonists, that when we consider whom we must oppose in this contest, and if it continues, what may be the consequences, our own particular misfortunes are accounted by us only as parts of our distress."
Abigail Adams' response was a particularly articulate expression of many colonists' thoughts: Patriots had hoped that Parliament had curtailed colonial rights without the king's full knowledge, and that the petition would cause him to come to his subjects' defense. When George III refused to read the petition, Patriots like Adams realized that Parliament was acting with royal knowledge and support. Americans' patriotic rage was intensified with the January 1776 publication by English-born radical Thomas Paine of Common Sense, an influential pamphlet that attacked the monarchy, which Paine claimed had allowed "crowned ruffians" to "impoverish the nation and set it together by the ears."
history, On This Day in History, Open Thread
Cartnoon
A survivor from August 4, 2011.
Hare Lift
ek Humor
Muse in the Morning
By Robyn in Art, Community, Poetry
Tweak Front
Pique the Geek 20121111: Drying Oils
By Translator in Teaching
I was painting a wooden basket yesterday with boilt linseed oil and thus came the inspiration for tonight's topic. Drying oils are very important in the coatings industry, not as much as in the past but still important.
Back in the day before high quality water based paints had been developed, oil based paints were just about the only good choice except for some specialized applications. Before we go into detail, we should define some key terms regarding to paint.
The vehicle is the part of the paint that forms a tough, adherent film. In oil based paints the vehicle is generally linseed oil. In latex paints the vehicle is some type of synthetic resin.
The second component (not always in paint, but usually) is the solvent, also called the diluent. In oil paint the solvent is now usually petroleum distillates, but before oil was discovered the solvent was almost always turpentine. In latex paints the solvent is water.
The pigment is composed of inorganic powders, usually white or colorless. The pigment can add to the toughness of the film. For commercial house paints the pigment does not provide color (except for white) and usually organic dyes are added to the pigment for colors, although some other materials are also used. For art paints, many times the pigment is also the color in many cases. Pigments are similar for oil and water based paints.
There are also additives in small quantities in most paints to modify drying rate, viscosity, surface tension, and other properties. Water based paint often contains ethylene glycol as an antifreeze.
Drying Oils, Ink, learning, Paint, Pique the Geek, Science, Scitech, technology, Translator
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What We Now Know by TheMomCat
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My Little Town 20121107: Voting Then and Now by Translator
Remembrance Day by ek hornbeck
Life Imitates Art by ek hornbeck
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