text:
Liquor in the 18th century: History of Distilled Spirits Timeline
The popularity of alcohol in Europe as a medicine was very high.1 But the big story of liquor in the 18th century was its dramatic growth as a beverages. This was especially the case for gin.
Liquor History Timeline
World History of Alcohol & Drinking Timeline
World History of Beer Timeline
World History of Wine Timeline
Alcohol and Drinking History in America Timeline
Beer Trivia
Liquor Trivia
Liquor in the 18th Century by Date
England and Scotland merged under the Acts of Union, creating Great Britain, Taxes rose sharply. The English Malt Tax of 1725 was almost fatal to whisky distilling. To survive, most Scottish distilleries were forced underground. They started operating at night. Hence the term for untaxed alcohol, 'moonshine.'
Cir. 1720-Cir. 1750
• The prohibition of spirits was attempted in the colony of Georgia, but failed (1733-1742).2
• The English Parliament actively promoted gin production to utilize surplus grain and to raise revenue. Encouraged by public policy, very cheap spirits flooded the market. It was at a time when there was little stigma attached to drunkenness. The growing urban poor in London sought relief from the realities of urban life by drinking the cheap beverage excessively.3 Thus the so-called Gin Epidemic developed.
• In 1685, consumption of gin had been slightly over one-half million gallons.4 By 1714, gin production stood at two million gallons.5 That was twice the production of 1696.6 In 1727, the official (declared and taxed) production reached five million gallons. Six years later the London area alone produced eleven million gallons of gin.7
• The negative effects of the gin epidemic may have been exaggerated. But the abuse of in the 18th century was was a serious problem.8
• To control drunkenness, Parliament passed the Gin Control Act of 1729. It raised taxes on alcoholic beverage retailers.9 In 1733, Parliament repealed the ineffective Act of 1729 because it had failed to reduce drinking.10 In 1736, Parliament passed a harsh new Gin Act. It attempted to increase the taxes on gin so high that it would virtually prohibit its purchase by poor people.11 The law also prohibited the sale of gin in quantities of less than two gallons. However, the peak in consumption was reached seven years later.
• In 1743, the nation of six and one-half million people drank over 18 million gallons of gin. And most was consumed by the small minority of the population then living in London and other cities. People in the countryside largely continued drinking beer, ale and cider.12 After its peak, gin consumption rapidly declined. From 18 million gallons in 1743, it dropped to just over seven million gallons in 1751. It was under two million by 1758, and generally declined to the end of the century.13
• A number of factors appear to have converged to discourage consumption of gin. These include the production of higher quality beer of lower price. Rising corn prices and taxes which eroded the price advantage of gin. A temporary ban on distilling was imposed. Stigmatization of drinking gin developed. Criticism of drunkenness increased. A rising standard of behavior criticized excess. Coffee consumption rose. Piety increased. And industrialization valued sobriety.14
The hydrometer was invented in London. It is used to measure the alcohol content of spirits and other alcoholic beverages.15
In Holland, the production of gin increased 400% between 1733 and 1792.17
'The Wilderness Road, the northern route over the Alleghenies from Virginia, had whiskey for sale at strategic points along its length when it was little more than a path through the forest.' It's significant that "¦stills were the largest, most complex, and most valuable man-made objects to be carried over the mountains.'18
During American Revolution, whisky was often used as a currency.
'The [U.S.] War of Independence was to have its effect on drinking habits. With the breaking of commercial links with the West Indies, which remained under British jurisdiction, there was demand for substitutes for rum. The new domains to the west of the Appalachians produced whiskey from their growing of maize; rye whiskey became more popular and a large estate in Kentucky began to make Bourbon.'19
George Washington wrote to John Hancock that the 'benefits arising from the moderate use of strong Liquor have been experienced in all Armies and are not to be disputed.'20
The "¦rising nationalism in the post-revolutionary years led American drinkers to switch from rum, a product dependent on supplies from Europe's Caribbean colonies, to whiskeys distilled from domestically produced grains.'21
Dr. Benjamin Rush published his pamphlet 'An Enquiry into the Effects of Spiritous Liquors upon the Human Body, and Their Influence upon the Happiness of Society.' He promoted his ideas that alcoholism is an 'odious disease.' His recommended treatments included 'whipping the patient severely,' blistering the ankles, bleeding, and purging with toxic substances. Parenthetically, he also promoted his belief that being black was a result of a curable skin disease, which he called negroidism. Intermarrying, he argued, help spread the disease.22
Reverend Elijah Craig
The first Kentucky whiskey was distilled by the Reverend Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister.23
Parliament made it illegal to pay wages in liquor.24
• A licensing reform allowed grocers in England to retail spirits.25
• A new excise was introduced to help fund debt from the U.S. Revolutionary War. Import duties were already high, and so an excise tax on domestically produced distilled spirits was imposed. It was the Distilled Spirits Tax of 1791.26 It was the first of it's kind by the new national government. Although the tax applied to distilled spirits of any kind, whiskey was the most popular, and so the excise became commonly known as the 'Whiskey Tax.'27
The resulting conflict between grain farmers and the U.S. government is known as the 'Whiskey Rebellion.' Farmers had been distilling their surplus grains into whiskey. A united protest arose, particularly in western Pennsylvania. Farmers refused to pay the new tax and intimidated federal tax collectors. The home of a tax inspector was attacked by nearly 600 armed men. President George Washington sent a militia of about 13,000 men to march west and meet any resistance with force. The rebel farmers disbanded before their arrival, key leaders fled to safety, and the mass protests ended.28
Pierre Ordinaire
Absynthe was first produced in Switzerland by Dr. Pierre Ordinaire.29
Resources on Liquor in the 18th Century.
Austin, G. Alcohol in Western Society from Antiquity to 1800. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC '" Clio, 1985
Baker, P. The Dedalus Book of Absinthe. Cambs, U.K.: Dedalus, 2001.
Blocker, J. Kaleidoscope in Motion. Drinking in the United States, 1400-2000. In: Holt. M. (Ed.) Alcohol: A Social and Cultural History. Oxford: Berg, 2006. Pp. 225-240. Good coverage of liquor in the 18th century.
Burns, E. The Spirit of America: A Social History of Alcohol. Philadelphia: Temple U Press, 2004.
Forbes, R. Short History of the Art of Distillation. Leiden: Brill, 1948. Excellent coverage of liquor in the 18th century.
Forster, R., and Orest, R., (Eds.) Food and Drink in History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U Press, 1979.
French, H. Nineteen Centuries of Drink in England. London: Nat Temp Pub Depot, 1890.
Katcher, B. Benjamin Rush's educational campaign against hard drinking. Am J Pub Health, 1993, 8(2), 273-281.
Murphy, B. The World Book of Whiskey. Chicago: Rand McNall, 1979.
Roueche, B. Alcohol in Human Culture. In: Lucia, S. (Ed.) Alcohol and Civilization. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
Watney, J. Mother's Ruin: A History of Gin. London: Peter Owen, 1976.
1 Porter, R. English Society in the Eighteenth Century. London: Penguin, 1982, p. 30. Lucia, S. A History of Wine as Therapy. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1963, p. 8.
2 Austin, G. Perspectives on the History of Psychoactive Substance Use. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1979.
3 Watney, J. Mother's Ruin: A History of Gin. London: Peter Owen, 1976, p. 17. Austin, G. Alcohol in Western Society from Antiquity to 1800. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC'"Clio, 1985, pp. xxi-xxii.
4 Souria, J.-C. A History of Alcoholism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990, p. 20.
5 Roueche, B. Alcohol in Human Culture. In: Lucia, S. (Ed.) Alcohol and Civilization. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1963, p. 174.
6 Ashton, T. An Economic History of England. London: Methuen, 1955, p. 243.
7 French, H. Nineteen Centuries of Drink in England. London: Nat Temp Pub Depot, 1890, p. 271. Samuelson, J. The History of Drink. London: Trubner, 1878, pp. 160-161. Watney, ibid., p. 16.
8 Mathias, P. The Brewing Industry in England, 1700 '" 1830. Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 1959, p. xxv. Souria, J.-C., p. 21.
9 French, pp. 285-286.
10 Austin, p. 307.
11 French, pp. 286-288.
12 Watney, ibid. Doxat, J. The World of Drinks and Drinking. NY: Drake, 1971, pp. 98-100.
13 Ashton, ibid.
14 King, F. Beer Has a History. London: Hutchinson's, 1947, p. 117. Younger, W. Gods, Men, and Wine. Michael Joseph, 1966, p. 341.
15 Murphy, B. The World Book of Whiskey. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979, p. 172.
16 Sutherland, D. Raise Your Glasses. London: Macdonald, 1969, p. 16.
17 Forbes, R. Short History of the Art of Distillation. Leiden: Brill, 1948, p. 190.
18 Gately, I. Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. NY: Gotham, 2008, p. 216, p. 17.
19 Sournia, p. 29.
20 From George Washington to John Hancock, August 16, 1777. National Archives.
21 Blocker, J. Kaleidoscope in Motion. Drinking in the United States, 1400-2000. In: Holt. M. (Ed.) Alcohol: A Social and Cultural History. Oxford: Berg, 2006. Pp. 225-240. P. 227.
22 Katcher, B. Benjamin Rush's educational campaign against hard drinking. Am J Pub Health, 1993, 8(2), 273-281.
23 Grimes, W. Straight Up or On the Rocks: A Cultural History of American Drink. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1993, pp. 52-53. Lender, M., and Martin, J. Drinking in America. NY: Free Press, 1982, p. 33.
24 Magee, M. 1000 Years of Irish Whiskey. Dublin: O'Brien, 1980, p. 76.
25 Magee, ibid.
26 Simon, S. Alexander Hamilton and the Whiskey Tax. Alcohol Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) website.
27 Hoover, M. The Whiskey Rebellion. Alcohol Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) website. .
28 Hoover, ibid.
29 Gately, p. 334.


Key Verse: "But the LORD is with me as a mighty terrible one: therefore my persecutors shall stumble, and they shall not prevail: they shall be greatly ashamed; for they shall not prosper: their everlasting confusion shall never be forgotten" (Jeremiah 20:11).
A girl was walking home alone on a dangerous road after school hours, when she saw a man hanging around suspiciously. She prayed God to see her through. Later that night as she watched the news on television, she recognized the man on the dangerous alley being paraded and questioned by the police. He had raped and murdered a girl at the spot. He told the officers that another girl had passed by the moments before. Asked why he did not attack the first girl, he said there was a man walking beside her! God is with us, closer to us than we can ever imagine. He is infinitely greater than our fears and the enemy!
Jeremiah found himself in a perplexing situation. He was like a lone ranger hated by everyone around him because of his stand for the truth. He felt deceived and unjustly lured into ministry because he could not see God standing with him during times of trouble. He opted to quit but the compelling power of God made it impossible for him. "…But his word was in mine heart as a burning fire shut up in my bones…" He almost saw himself a failure.
If God has appointed you, you cannot fail as long as you stay within the determined territory of His appointment. No power will be able to stand before you if you are truly converted and divinely ordained to accomplish a mission.
We must display an iron-cast resolve to serve God. Jesus did not promise a trouble-free life for His followers. His promise is "…and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. Amen". This understood, the wise servant should live a wholesome life of holiness and serve the Lord till the end.
A Refuge and Strength is God for the fully surrendered.


text:
Kostel svaté Anny ve Skalici u České Lípy byl postaven na počátku 18. století. Od roku 1965 je kostel s spolu s ohradní zdí a branami chráněn jako kulturní památka.

Historie

Původně někde v těchto místech stával podle kroniky asi dřevěný kostelík svaté Anny z roku 1362. Nový zděný kostel byl postaven v letech 1712 až 1720 zednickým mistrem Kr. Hötzelem podle projektu neznámého pražského stavitele.

Protože v letech 1623 až 1918 toto část vsi patřila velkopřevoru řádu maltézských rytířů, jejich znaky jsou zde vícekrát přítomny. Řádu patřily i další vsi v tomto kraji (Horní Libchava, Slunečná, Stružnice a Volfartice).

Kostel je jednou z 11 skalických památek zapsaných v Ústředním seznamu nemovitých kulturních památek České republiky.
Duchovní správci kostela jsou uvedeni na stránce: Římskokatolická farnost Skalice.

Popis stavby
Jednolodní stavba má obdélníkový tvar a obdélníkově řešený trojboký presbytář, má i obdélníkovou sakristii na severní straně stavby. Také okna jsou obdélníkových tvarů, nicméně jsou zakončena půlkruhově řešeným segmentem. Chrámová loď má plochý strop.

Vybavení kostela
Hlavní oltář pochází z období kolem roku 1725. Mimo něj jsou na stranách dva oltáře postranní. Je zde celá řada soch - svatého Jana Křtitele, svatého Jana Nepomuckého, svatého Václava, svaté Anny, svatého Josefa i Panny Marie. Uvnitř je řada obrazů z cyklu Křížová cesta Josefa Müllera narozeného ve Skalici.

Kostel má své varhany pocházející z první poloviny 18. století, zhruba stejného stáří je křtitelnice se znakem maltézského kříže.

Okolí kostela
Před hřbitovem je barokní jednopatrová fara s maltézským znakem, před níž je sousoší svatého Jana Nepomuckého z roku 1763. Jeho součástí jsou sošky andělů. Obojí je též chráněno. V sousedství kostela je skalický hřbitov a začíná zde prvním zastavením Naučná stezka po památkách obce Skalice u České Lípy.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Pořad bohoslužeb ve farním kostele sv. Anny, Skalice (katalog biskupství litoměřického)
 Bohoslužby ve farním kostele sv. Anny, Skalice na webu církev.cz/bohoslužby
 Program NOCI KOSTELŮ – Skalice u České Lípy, kostel sv. Anny
 Kostel sv. Anny na webu obce Skalice u České Lípy
 Kostel sv. Anny ve Skalici u České Lípy na webu InfoČesko
 Kostel sv. Anny, Skalice u České Lípy na webu Hrady.cz

Anny Skalice u České Lípy
Anny Skalice u České Lípy
Skalice u České Lípy
Kulturní památky v okrese Česká Lípa
Skalice u České Lípy

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"I've been able to use my repressed wrath and unleash it on stage!"
Name: Dorcia Bowden-Noble (Poshest name in the world...also my middle name is Grace, soooo).
Character Name/Role: Blanket Woman. (Aka Lady Blanket Women Esq 3rd).
Tell us about your characters: She is brilliantly feisty! She's part of the homeless ensemble and may be down, but definitely not out. I like to imagine that she was once a lady of riches with an antique wardrobe full of fur coats, but somehow fell onto hard times. This doesn't seem to be enough to keep her down though, as she has no qualms with standing up to the authorities or any heartless busybodies.
Is there anything in your own life that helps you connect with your characters? Definitely years of overly British politeness has meant I've never been gutsy enough to shout and swear at people that tick me off. I guess it's helped though as I've been able to use my repressed wrath and unleash it on stage!
What's your favourite song in the show and why? 'Tango Maureen'! Everything about the song appeals to me. The music is just so brilliant, the lyrics have some fabulous comedy moments and the fact that it pauses for a dance interlude can only be a plus!
What other shows have you done? This is my first production with Simply Theatre, my last musical being Best Little Whore House about 8 years ago! However I have performed in lots of plays since then, the most resent being 'Stepping Out', where I played Sylvia.
Can you recall a particularly memorable on-stage moment? I used to do a lot of dance competitions when I was younger. When I was about 10 I performed a national solo in front of a large audience and judges. About half way through I started to realised that most of the audience, including the judges, had started giggling. Seeing no evidence of my traditional Romanian dance being the least bit comical, and being the professional I was, I carried on my dance. By the end, the audience had given up and were failing to hide their full blown sniggering. It wasn't until I left the stage that my dance teacher asked me why I went on with an extremely dirty pair of white tights dangling like a strange smelly tail from my bloomers. I quickly told her it was bloomer stuffing....(because all bloomers need stuffing...) and performed the walk of shame back to the changing room with them still dragging behind me. Definitely a memorable on stage moment. Oh and when my score card came back it read 'Please make sure your costume is appropriately applied'. Still a story my mum loves to reminisce about.
Can you remember the first time you thought "I want to be in theatre"? I can't remember a particular moment, but I started dancing when I was 3 and got the stage bug straight away! My dad used to also take my brother and I to see musicals at the Mayflower and, even though I loved watching them, I always wanted to be on the stage with them more.
What are you enjoying most about being part of Simply Theatre? The cast! Everyone is just so friendly and welcoming and they are all so dauntingly talented! I'm 'over the moon' to have been lucky enough to perform with them. (See what I did there).
Is there room in your life for anything else apart from singing, dancing & acting? Eating cake mainly. Apart from that my other passion is working with children. I absolutely love my job in my nursery and I still get to sing dance and act all day!


text:
Cavalier Sports Report
The future for sports fans
Cav craze returns
Professors innovate during remote learning
KC activist group holds vigil
Black Rainbow vigil mourns victims of police brutality
Small business with big dreams
Day in the life: student ambassadors
Behind the scenes with the student ambassadors
Trustees oversee policies at the college
No matter your age, you can change
Back to the theater
Hobbies provide students an outlet to express themselves
Coming out-fits
Sustainable clothing and the environmental impact
Spring plant hanger DIY
AllCavalier Sports Report
Women's basketball plays in national championship
New soccer coach welcomed this season
Cav basketball wins regionals
AllLetter to the Editor
The benefits of community college
Students and staff recollect on the Spring semester
Every day should be Earth Day
Eligibility for stimulus checks
Home Features BSU provides safe space for students
BSU provides safe space for students
By Jason Yearout (jyearou1@jccc.edu). Yearout is the features editor for The Campus Ledger. This is their fourth semester at the college. They enjoy walking their dogs and listening to comedy podcasts.
The BSU has had discussions on how inclusive the college really is and many students are feeling isolated. Black students make up only six percent of the student body. Photo by Mena Haas.
Isolation, exclusion and a lack of acknowledgment. These are the feelings DJ Jordan and Solomon Webb have, not because the college has moved online, but because they are Black students at a predominantly white college in a predominantly white community. Black students make up only six percent of the student body while white students make up about 65 percent. Jordan has looked for a place to belong at the college.
"I did go to KU first before I came here, and I know I didn't really feel as included as I was there," Jordan said. "Coming to Johnson County, I guess I wanted to find a place that like, I felt like I belong, and I know in college like not especially sometimes it's easy for you to think, okay, maybe I don't belong here, because you don't have this sense of community here."
Jordan and Webb have since joined the college's Black Student Union (BSU). Every Wednesday the union meets through Zoom to discuss increasing membership, spreads information about African American history and seeks to foster a community among its members.
"Not only did we bond as a group, but we built a bond with each other individually and collectively," Webb said. "When students hear that the term Black Student Union, they feel like it is predominantly for Black students. Mind you, it's not just for African-Americans, it's open to all nationalities."
Jordan and Webb agree the college could be doing more to include Black students, including a greater emphasis on celebrating holidays like Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Juneteenth, as well as teaching about Black leaders such as Malcom X. The lack of a prominent celebration of Black History Month has frustrated the BSU.
"It's almost as if they rely on the Black Student Union to do that for them, when they should be doing it as well," Jordan said. "It's going to make everyone in the Black Student Union think 'okay, it's up to us to make everyone know about Black History Month' when the college should do that themselves.
Year round, Jordan and Webb would like to see the college take on a more active role in educating students on African American history. The BSU has taken it upon itself to educate its members in the meantime.
"[The BSU has been] basically doing what the college isn't doing, putting more emphasis on Black people, Black history and things like that," Jordan said. "When we had the first meeting this semester welcoming the news students, we asked them what they wanted to learn and what they were expecting of the group, so we can help meet that goal."
"What I recall from the last meeting was everyone wanting to learn more about the history and the unknown heroes," Webb said. "Not the heroes that we like predominantly hear about in the education system, but heroes [that] aren't really preached about in history lessons like Emmett Till and other historical figures that aren't really mentioned that much in the history books."
Jordan and Webb both hope that the BSU community will continue to grow into the rest of the year.
You can reach the Black Student Union at jcccbsu@gmail.com or through the colabs website.
By Jason Yearout
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Content appearing on The Ledger's website may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, or redistributed without The Ledger's prior written permission. The Campus Ledger, an All-American publication, an Associated Collegiate Press Pacemaker finalist and Midwest Pacemaker winner, is the official student news outlet of Johnson County Community College. Ledger content focuses on the campus community, local and national issues with a campus connection, and other issues of interest to our readers. The Ledger defines, identifies, and reports news. Content is published online daily during the spring and fall semesters. Copyright 2021 The Campus Ledger and/or its freelance contributors. All rights reserved.
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