Robert Bacall, founder of RBR ~ Robert Bacall Representatives, prides himself on the highest level of customer service for his clients. In an always changing world and industry, we appreciate the opportunity to partner with our agency and clients to bring world class imagery to their next campaign. From the minute you contact us, we want you to know that you made the right call and need not look any further.
Born and raised in Brooklyn NY, Robert has over 30 years experience representing some of the worlds best talent. We represent over a dozen artists ranging from photographers, retouchers, directors, CGI and 3D animation artists as well as offer top level production services on every job we are a part of.
RBR also works with a long list of freelancers and Bacall executive produces nearly all of his assignments. He also oversees every aspect of the project, from concept through finished deliverables. Just some of the services provided include: studio and location rental, casting and scouting, booking of talent, and all crew necessary to complete the assignment, on set coordinating, travel arrangements, catering, and cost control analysis.
RBR keeps the focus on building long term relationships with our clients. I see myself as a solution provider and with their being so many choices out there today, we really put the value on the relationship and how we can help.
Before founding RBR in 1987, Robert spent several years working in the photo industry which he believes sets him apart from his peers. He knows about lighting and what it takes to prep and deliver any assignment. Robert studied photography at New York's School of Visual Arts and starting in 1981, held positions at photo labs, and several photography studios as well as running a successful still life and food studio in NOHO.
The reason that RBR has had success in this industry is simple. The end result always matches the deliverables that we set out to create at the beginning of the process. When our clients contact us, we want them to feel confident that we will always provide a solution that will put them first and make them look like hero's for selecting our talent.


text:
This Powerful Retro Handheld Almost Puts the N64 in Your Pocket
Published 2 years ago: July 21, 2020 at 12:00 am -
Filed to:consoles
consumer techhandheldsn64rk2020techvideo games
Photo: Andrew Liszewski - Gizmodo
It didn't take long for the handheld emulators coming out of China to get powerful enough to finally play N64 games, which is impressive " N64 is a notoriously challenging console to emulate. The RK2020 is among the first batch of portables that can play classics like Super Mario 64, and while it doesn't emulate every N64 game perfectly, it's already one of the better handhelds available.
Note: A sample of the RK2020 was provided to Gizmodo by online retailer Playkaka.
Despite the fact it's from the previous generation of handheld emulators, we still recommend the RG350's specs " a 1GHz, dual-core processor and half gig of RAM " are starting to feel dated, and it lags behind the RK2020, which is powered by a 1.3GHz quad-core ARM processor and a full gigabyte of memory.
A handheld console capable of playing countless retro games through emulation, including many N64 games.
$US80 ($114)
Beautiful screen, an excellent analogue joystick that doesn't sit too high, and a powerful processor for emulating consoles beyond the original PlayStation.
Games are stored on the same microSD memory card as the Linux OS, making it kind of a pain to load ROMs without resorting to a USB wifi adaptor.
The RK2020 definitely feels like a step-up from the RG350 in terms of performance, and since the two consoles are priced nearly identically, which one you should choose will come down to personal preferences, the types of games you want to play, and how comfortable you are with jumping through some technical hoops to load your ROMs.
The RK2020 (middle) hits a sweet spot in terms of size between the RG350 (left) and the original Nintendo Game Boy Advance (right). (Photo: Andrew Liszewski – Gizmodo)
Only slightly smaller than the RG350, the RK2020 is actually a little thicker but still easier to slip into a pocket thanks to a low-profile joystick. However, build quality, including the type of plastic used for the housing, feels a little cheaper than the RG350, presumably because the RK2020 is actually designed to be a more affordable clone of another popular handheld " an issue I'll touch on later. That's not to say the RK2020 feels like it's about to fall apart at any second. The hardware is still quite solid, there are just some design choices that were obviously made to cut costs, such as the use of a plastic screen cover which is more easily scratched.
Photo: Andrew Liszewski – Gizmodo, In-House Art
The recessed analogue joystick on the RK2020 (left) makes the handheld easier to pocket, and it has less travel and is
The four-way directional D-pad on the RK2020 (right) is smaller than the RG350's (left) but feels better under thumb.
I don't love the feel of the RK2020's action buttons (left), they're a little loose for my tastes, but they are softer to press than those on the RG350 (right) if you're a button masher who loves topdown shooters.
I love the tiered shoulder buttons on the RK2020, which makes them feel distinctly separate and the smaller button easier to find.
Some users have criticised the feel of the RK2020's analogue joystick and its limited travel. Out of the box it isn't ideal, but an included rubber cover improves its usability, and I do prefer the recessed design compared to the sticks on the RG350, which simply sit too high. However, the RK2020 includes just a single analogue joystick, which makes it challenging to play games that were designed for consoles with controllers like the PlayStation DualShock, so keep that in mind.
The RK2020's four-way D-pad is excellent, with rounded edges that make it really comfortable to play with, and while the action buttons feel a little loose, they're quite soft and perfect for button mashing your way through old-school top-down shooters and fighting games. I also really like the tiered layout of the RK2020's shoulder buttons, with the L2 and R2 buttons sitting slightly higher than the L1 and R1 buttons, making them easy to find by touch alone. Moving forward, every handheld with four or more shoulder buttons should copy this approach.
On the top of the RK2020 you'll find a USB-A jack for connecting peripherals, a USB-C jack for charging, and an incorrectly placed headphone jack. (They should always be located on the bottom of devices with a screen.) (Photo: Andrew Liszewski – Gizmodo)
A tiny recessed dot serves as the RK2020's power button on top, which is not always easy to press, and putting the headphone jack on the top of a device with a screen is always a no-no. It also doesn't have a dedicated volume dial or buttons, requiring you to memorise a combination of other buttons, which I find annoying. Charging over USB-C is convenient, and an additional USB-A port for attaching peripherals like a wifi dongle is a nice inclusion, but it also contributes to my biggest complaint with the RK2020.
On the bottom you'll find a reset button, a slot for the speaker, and a single microSD card slot, which is one of the handheld's biggest challenges. (Photo: Andrew Liszewski – Gizmodo)
On the bottom of the console you'll find just a single microSD card slot, similar to the RG350. But unlike the RG350, which has a second memory card hidden inside where the operating system is stored so that games can be easily loaded onto the externally accessible card, the RK2020 puts everything on just a single card. Given the device's operating system and emulators are all built on Linux, it means you can't simply pop the memory card into a Windows or macOS computer and expect it to mount as a drive you can easily copy files to.
There are a few approaches to actually getting your ROM files onto the RK2020. The "˜easiest' is to buy a wifi dongle, attach it the console's USB-A port, and transfer files wirelessly to it. The other is to use paid software (from companies like Paragon) that allow Windows PCs to mount and access memory cards configured with a Linux file system. Neither are terribly complicated if you're comfortable with computers, but I much prefer the simplicity of handhelds that include a second memory for the ROM files.
It's probably also a good time to point out, once again, that playing games using ROM files, not the original cartridges or discs, is a legal grey area and an added challenge to using devices like these. Most require you to find and supply your own ROM files, and if that's not something you're comfortable with, you're better off sticking with "˜official' handhelds such as the Nintendo Switch or digging up an original Game Boy to get your retro gaming fix.
The RK2020's screen resolution pales in comparison to smartphones, but it ranks as one of the better displays in these types of devices. (Photo: Andrew Liszewski – Gizmodo)
Despite a slight bump in resolution over the RG350 " 480×320 compared to 320×240 " the RK2020's screen looks fantastic with bright colours and excellent viewing angles. You can still make out individual pixels if you look close enough, but more resolution also means more processing power needed to play games without slowdowns, so given its size, 480×320 works quite well for this screen.
So how well does it actually play games? There are currently a handful of pre-built operating systems that work with the RK2020, but most of my testing was done using a port of Batocera Linux. Older games from 8- and 16-bit systems like the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo ran absolutely flawlessly, which is not surprising given the quad-core processor inside this thing. PlayStation support was also solid, but game performance is hit-or-miss once you start trying to emulate more advanced hardware on the RK2020, including the Sega Dreamcast and even the Sony PSP. If it's a game that really pushed the original hardware's capabilities, you can assume there's going to be frame rate and performance issues when emulating it.
As for the RK2020's ability to play N64 games? From my own testing that was mostly a miss. Super Mario 64 was very playable, although it suffered from plenty of weird visual artifacts that were hard to just ignore, like shadows constantly popping on and off. With Mario Kart 64 there was a lot of slowdowns once a race got going, and sound effects were completely out of sync. As for putting GoldenEye 007 in your pocket? The experience was promising once I got the RK2020's controls properly remapped, but the gameplay got quite stuttery when the action on screen intensified. Tweaks can be made to improve problems like these, such as reducing frame rates, but I think there needs to be some considerable optimizations made to these emulators before I'll try my favourite N64 games again. The RK2020 isn't quite there yet.
The RK2020 sample we were sent included the Hardkernel firmware developed for the ODROID GO Advance. (Photo: Andrew Liszewski – Gizmodo)
Even if you're just sticking to 8- and 16-bit games, the RK2020 is a solid alternative to the RG350, while its improved ability to handle 3D games is an added bonus that makes it worth considering. However, as I mentioned earlier, the RK2020 is a direct clone of a handheld called the ODROID GO Advance from a company called Hardkernel. Not only was the hardware nearly identically copied, but for a while the makers of the RK2020 were also installing the firmware that Hardkernel had developed specifically for the ODROID GO Advance, as was the case with the sample I was sent.
The creators of the RK2020 now claim they ship the RK2020 with no firmware at all, which potentially makes the device even more of a challenge to get up and running, and less appealing than the RG350 if you're looking for a portable that's easy to jump right into.
The RK2020's a clone of another portable, the ODROID GO Advance, and in some ways feels like its creators were trying to cut corners (plastic screen cover) for a cheaper price tag.
Its 1.3GHz quad-core ARM processor and 1GB of memory make it one of the most powerful handheld emulators available right now, capable of playing even certain N64 games.
Its analogue joystick isn't perfect, and there's only one of them, making it a challenge to play games designed for dual stick controllers.
The operating system and ROMs are stored on the same memory card, making uploading new games a bit of a technical challenge.
Even with a small bump in resolution to 480×320, the RK2020's looks much better than the RG350's.
This Analogue Pocket Rival Is the Best Cheap Handheld You Can Buy
I Desperately Wanted to Love This Game Boy Micro Clone
This Super-Powered Game Boy Is a Solid Placeholder for the Analogue Pocket
The Super Nintendo-Inspired PocketGo S30 Is One of the Easiest Ways to Get Into Handheld Retro Gaming

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Software, Computer-Implemented Referenced Items (223, 224, 225)
(223)              Means Or Step Plus Function Limitation
Under 35 U.S.C. 112, 6th Paragraph
The following guidelines have been distributed to patent examiners for
guidance on examining practice and procedure relating to limitations falling
under 35 U.S.C. § 112, 6th paragraph, after In re Donaldson, 29 USPQ2d 1845
(Fed. Cir.1994). These guidelines will be incorporated into the Manual of
Patent Examining Procedure.
April 20, 1994                                          CHARLES E. VAN HORN
Patent Policy and Projects Administrator
Examination Guidelines For Claims Reciting A "Means or Step Plus Function"
Limitation In Accordance With 35 U.S.C. 112, 6th Paragraph
The purpose of this memo is to set forth guidelines for the examination
of  § 112, 6th paragraph "means or step plus function" limitations in a
claim. The court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, in its en banc
decision In re Donaldson, 29 USPQ2d 1845 (Fed. Cir. 1994), decided that a
"means-or-step-plus-function" limitation should be interpreted in a manner
different than patent examining practice has dictated for at least the
last forty-two years. The Donaldson decision affects only the manner in
which the scope of a "means or step plus function" limitation in
accordance with  § 112, 6th paragraph, is interpreted during examination.
Donaldson does not directly affect the manner in which any other section
of the patent statutes is interpreted or applied.
When making a determination of patentability under 35 U.S.C. §§ 102 or
103, past practice was to interpret a "means or step plus function"
limitation by giving it the "broadest reasonable interpretation." Under the
PTO's long-standing practice this meant interpreting such a limitation as
reading on any prior art means or step which performed the function
specified in the claim without regard for whether the prior art means or
step was equivalent to the corresponding structure, material or acts
described in the specification. However, in Donaldson the Federal Circuit
stated that:
Per our holding, the "broadest reasonable interpretation"
that an examiner may give means-plus-function language is that statutorily
mandated in paragraph six. Accordingly, the PTO may not disregard the
structure disclosed in the specification corresponding to such language
when rendering a patent ability determination.[1]
Thus, effective immediately, examiners shall interpret a § 112, 6th
paragraph "means or step plus function" limitation in a claim as limited to
the corresponding structure, materials or acts described in the specification
and equivalents thereof in accordance with the following guidelines.
I. Identifying a § 112, 6th paragraph limitation
Although there is no magic language that must appear in a claim in
order for it to fall within the scope of § 112, 6th paragraph, it must be
clear that the element in the claim is set forth, at least in part, by the
function it performs as opposed to the specific structure, material, or
acts that perform the function. Limitations that fall within the scope of
112, 6th paragraph include:
(1) a jet driving device so constructed and
located on the rotor as to drive the rotor . . .[2] ["means" unnecessary]
(2) "printing means" and "means for printing" would have the same
connotations[3]
(3) force generating means adapted to provide . . .[4]
(4) call cost register means, including a digital display for
providing a substantially instantaneous display for . . .[5]
(5) reducing the coefficient of friction of the resulting film[6]
[step plus function; "step" unnecessary], and
(6) raising the Ph of the resultant pulp to about 5.0 to
precipitate . . .[7]
Top of Notices (223) December 27, 2016 US PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE 1433 CNOG 980
In the event that it is unclear whether the claim limitation falls
within the scope of § 112, 6th paragraph, a rejection under § 112, 2d
paragraph may be appropriate.
Donaldson does not affect the holding of In
re Hyatt, 708 F.2d 712, 218 USPQ 195 (Fed. Cir. 1983) to the effect that a
single means claim does not comply with the enablement requirement of
112, first paragraph. As Donaldson applies only to an interpretation of a
limitation drafted to correspond to § 112, 6th paragraph, which by its
terms is limited to "an element in a claim to a combination," it does not
affect a limitation in a claim which is not directed to a combination.
II. Examining procedure
A. Scope of the Search and Identification of the Prior Art
As noted above, in Donaldson the Federal Circuit recognized that it is
important to retain the principle that claim language should be given its
broadest reasonable interpretation. This principle is important because it
helps insure that the statutory presumption of validity attributed to each
claim of an issued patent is warranted by the search and examination
conducted by the examiner. It is also important from the standpoint that
the scope of protection afforded by patents issued prior to Donaldson are
not unnecessarily limited by the latest interpretation of this statutory
provision. Finally, it is important from the standpoint of avoiding the
necessity for a patent specification to become a catalogue of existing
technology.[8]
The Donaldson decision thus does not substantially alter examining
practice and procedure relative to the scope of the search. Both before
and after Donaldson, the application of a prior art reference to a means
or step plus function limitation requires that the prior art element
perform the identical function specified in the claim. However, if a prior
art reference teaches identity of function to that specified in a claim,
then under Donaldson an examiner carries the initial burden of proof for
showing that the prior art structure or step is the same as or equivalent
to the structure, material, or acts described in the specification which
has been identified as corresponding to the claimed means or step plus
function.
The "means or step plus function" limitation should be interpreted in a
manner consistent with the specification disclosure. If the specification
defines what is meant by the limitation for the purposes of the claimed
invention, the examiner should interpret the limitation as having that
meaning. If no definition is provided, some judgment must be exercised in
determining the scope of the limitation.
B. Making a prima facie case of equivalence
If the examiner finds that a prior art element performs the function
specified in the claim, and is not excluded by any explicit definition
provided in the specification for an equivalent, the examiner should infer
from that finding that the prior art element is an equivalent, and should
then conclude that the claimed limitation is anticipated by the prior art
element. The burden then shifts to applicant[9] to show that the
element shown in the prior art is not an equivalent of the structure,
material or acts disclosed in the application. In re Mulder, 716 F.2d
1542, 219 USPQ 189 (Fed. Cir. 1983).[10] The factors to be considered
when determining whether the applicant has successfully met the burden of
proving that the prior art element is not equivalent to the structure,
material or acts described in the applicant's specification are discussed
However, even where the applicant has met that burden of proof and has
shown that the prior art element is not equivalent to the structure,
material or acts described in the applicant's specification, the examiner
must still make a § 103 analysis to determine if the claimed means or
step plus function is obvious from the prior art to one of ordinary skill
in the art. Thus, while a finding of non-equivalence prevents a prior art
element from anticipating a means or step plus function limitation in a
claim, it does not prevent the prior art element from rendering the claim
limitation obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art.
Because the exact scope of an "equivalent" may be uncertain, it would
be appropriate to apply a § 102/§ 103 rejection where the balance of the
claim limitations are anticipated by the prior art relied on.[11] In
addition, although it is normally the best practice to rely on only the
best prior art references in rejecting a claim, alternative grounds of
rejection may be appropriate where the prior art shows elements that are
different from each other, and different from the specific structure,
material or acts described in the specification, yet perform the function
specified in the claim.
C. Determining whether an applicant has met the burden of proving
non-equivalence after a prima facie case is made
If the applicant disagrees with the inference of equivalence drawn from
a prior art reference, the applicant may provide reasons why the applicant
believes the prior art element should not be considered an equivalent to
the specific structure, material or acts disclosed in the specification.
Such reasons may include, but are not limited to: 1) teachings in the
specification that particular prior art is not equivalent, 2) teachings in
the prior art reference itself that may tend to show non-equivalence, or
3) Rule 132 affidavit evidence of facts tending to show non-equivalence.
When the applicant relies on teachings in applicant's own
specification, the examiner must make sure that the applicant is
interpreting the "means or step plus function" limitation in the claim in
a manner which is consistent with the disclosure in the specification. If
the specification defines what is meant by "equivalents" to the disclosed
embodiments for the purpose of the claimed means or step plus function,
the examiner should interpret the limitation as having that meaning. If no
definition is provided, some judgment must be exercised in determining the
scope of "equivalents." Generally, an "equivalent" is interpreted as
embracing more than the specific elements described in the specification
for performing the specified function, [12] but less than any element
that performs the function specified in the claim.
The scope of equivalents embraced by a claim limitation is dependent on
the interpretation of an "equivalent." The interpretation will vary
depending on how the element is described in the supporting specification.
The claim may or may not be limited to particular structure, material or
acts (e.g. steps) as opposed to any and all structure, material or acts
performing the claimed function, depending on how the specification treats
that question.
If the disclosure is so broad as to encompass any and all structure,
material or acts for performing the claimed function, the claims must be
read accordingly when determining patentability. When this happens the
limitation otherwise provided by "equivalents" ceases to be a limitation
on the scope of the claim in that an equivalent would be any structure,
material or act other than the ones described in the specification that
perform the claimed function. For example, this situation will often be
found in cases where (1) the claimed invention is a combination of
elements, one or more of which are selected from elements that are old per
se, or (2) apparatus claims are treated as indistinguishable from method
claims.[13]
On the other end of the spectrum, the "equivalents" limitation as
applied to a claim may also operate to constrict the claim scope to the
point of covering virtually only the disclosed embodiments. This can
happen in circumstances where the specification describes the invention
only in the context of a specific structure, material or act that is used
to perform the function specified in the claim.
When deciding whether an applicant has met the burden of proof with
respect to showing non-equivalence of a prior art element that performs
the claimed function, the following factors may be considered. First,
unless an element performs the identical function specified in the claim,
it cannot be an equivalent for the purposes of § 112, 6th paragraph.[14]
Second, while there is no litmus test for an "equivalent" that can be
applied with absolute certainty and predictability, there are several
indicia that are sufficient to support a conclusion that one element is or
is not an "equivalent" of a different element in the context of § 112,
6th paragraph. Among the indicia that will support a conclusion that one
element is or is not equivalent of another are:
1) Whether the prior art element performs the function specified in the
claim in substantially the same way, and produces substantially the same
results as the corresponding element disclosed in the
specification.[15]
2) Whether a person of ordinary skill in the art would have recognized
the interchangeability of the element shown in the prior art for the
corresponding element disclosed in the specification.[16]
3) Whether the prior art element is a structural equivalent of the
corresponding element disclosed in the specification being examined.
[17] That is, the prior art element performs the function specified
in the claim in substantially the same manner as the function is performed
by the corresponding element described in the specification.
4) Whether the structure, material or acts disclosed in the
specification represents an insubstantial change which adds nothing of
significance to the prior art element.[18]
These examples are not intended to be an exhaustive list of the indicia
that would support a finding that one element is or is not an equivalent
of another element for the purposes of § 112, 6th paragraph. A finding
according to any of the above examples would represent a sufficient, but
not the only possible, basis to support a conclusion that an element is or
is not an equivalent. There could be other indicia that also would support
In determining whether arguments or Rule 132 evidence presented by an
applicant are persuasive that the element shown in the prior art is not an
equivalent, the examiner should consider and weigh as many of the
above-indicated or other indicia as are presented by applicant, and should
determine whether, on balance, the applicant has met the burden of proof
to show non-equivalence. However, under no circumstance should an examiner
accept as persuasive a bare statement or opinion that the element shown in
the prior art is not an equivalent embraced by the claim limitation.
Moreover, if an applicant argues that the "means" or "step" plus function
language in a claim is limited to certain specific structural or
additional functional characteristics (as opposed to "equivalents"
thereof) where the specification does not describe the invention as being
only those specific characteristics, the claim should not be allowed until
the claim is amended to recite those specific structural or additional
functional characteristics.[19]
Finally, as in the past, applicant has the opportunity during
proceedings before the Office to amend the claims so that the claimed
invention meets all the statutory criteria for patentability. An applicant
may choose to amend the claim by further limiting the function so that
there is no longer identity of function with that taught by the prior art
element, or the applicant may choose to replace the claimed means plus
function limitation with specific structure material or acts that are not
described in the prior art.
D. Related issues under Section 112, first or second paragraphs
The Donaldson decision may create some uncertainty as to what applicant
regards as the invention. If this issue arises, it should be addressed in
a rejection under § 112, 2d paragraph. While § 112, 6th paragraph
permits a particular form of claim limitation, it cannot be read as
creating an exception either to the description, enablement or best mode
requirements of the paragraph or the definiteness requirement of the 2d
paragraph of § 112. In re Knowlton, 481 F.2d 1357, 178 USPQ 486 (CCPA
If a "means or step plus function" limitation recited in a claim is
not supported by corresponding structure, material or acts in the
specification disclosure, the following rejections should be considered:
(1) under § 112, 1st paragraph, as not being supported by an enabling
disclosure because the person skilled in the art would not know how to
make and use the invention without a description of elements to perform
the function;[20] (2) under § 112, 2d paragraph, as being indefinite
because the element or step is not defined in the specification by
corresponding structure, material or acts; and (3) under § 102 or 103
where the prior art anticipates or renders obvious the claimed subject
matter including the means or step that performs the function specified in
the claim. [Theory: since there is no corresponding structure, etc. in the
specification to limit the means or step plus function limitation, an
equivalent is any element that performs the specified function].
III. Avoid confusion with the doctrine of equivalents
An "equivalent" for the purposes of § 112, 6th paragraph, should not
be confused with the doctrine of equivalents. The doctrine of equivalents,
most often associated with Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Products,
339 U.S. 605, 85 USPQ 328 (1950), is sometimes applied to do equity among
the parties before the court in an infringement action involving an issued
patent. The doctrine typically involves a three-part inquiry - whether an
accused device performs substantially the same function, in substantially
the same way, to obtain substantially the same result as the claimed
invention.
Section § 112, 6th paragraph limits the scope of the broad
language of "means or step plus function" limitations, in a claim to a
combination, to the structures, materials and acts described in the
specification and equivalents thereof. The doctrine of equivalents
equitably expands exclusive patent rights beyond the literal scope of a
claim.[21] Accordingly, decisions involving the doctrine of
equivalents should not unduly influence a determination under § 112, 6th
paragraph during ex parte examination.
[1]In re Donaldson, 29 USPQ2d 1845, 1850 (Fed. Cir. 1994).
[2]The term "device" coupled with a function is a proper definition
of structure in accordance with the last paragraph of § 112. The addition
of the words "jet driving" to the term "device" merely renders the latter
more definite and specific. Ex partes Stanley, 121 USPQ 621 (Bd. App.
[3]Ex parte Klumb, 159 USPQ 694 (Bd. App. 1967). However, the terms
"plate" and "wing", as modifiers for the structureless term "means",
specify no function to be performed, and do not fall under the last
paragraph of § 112.
[4]De Graffereid v. U.S., 20 Ct. Cl. 458, 16 USPQ2d 1321 (Ct. C1.
[5]Intellicall Inc. v. Phonometrics, Inc, 952 F.2d 1384, 21 USPQ2d
1383 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
[6]In re Roberts, 470 F.2d 1399, 176 USPQ 313 (CCPA
[7]Ex parte Zimmerley, 153 USPQ 367 (Bd. App. 1966).
[8]A patent specification need not teach, and preferably
omits, what is well known in the art. Hybritech Inc. v. Monoclonal
Antibodies. Inc., 802 F.2d 1367, 1384, 231 USPQ 81, 94 (Fed. Cir. 1986).
[9]No further analysis of equivalents is required of the examiner
until applicant disagrees with the examiner's conclusion, and provides
reasons why the prior art element should not be considered an equivalent.
[10]See also, In re Walter, 618 F.2d at 768, 205 USPQ at 407-08, (a
case treating § 112, 6th paragraph, in the context of a determination of
statutory subject matter and noting "If the functionally-defined disclosed
means and their equivalents are so broad that they encompass any and every
means for performing the recited functions . . . the burden must be placed
on the applicant to demonstrate that the claims are truly drawn to
specific apparatus distinct from other apparatus capable of performing the
identical functions"); In re Swinehart, 439 F.2d 210, 212-13, 169 USPQ
226, 229 (C.C.P.A. 1971)(a case in which the CCPA treated as improper a
rejection under § 112, 2d paragraph, of functional language, but noted
that "where the Patent Office has reason to believe that a functional
limitation asserted to be critical for establishing novelty in the claimed
subject matter may, in fact, be an inherent characteristic of the prior
art, it possesses the authority to require the applicant to prove that the
subject matter shown to be in the prior art does not possess the
characteristics relied on"); and In re Fitzgerald, 619 F.2d 67, 205 USPQ
594 (CCPA 1980)(a case indicating that the burden of proof can be shifted
to the applicant to show that the subject matter of the prior art does not
possess the characteristic relied on whether the rejection is based on
inherency under  102 or obviousness under § 103).
[11]A similar approach is authorized in the case of product-by-
process claims because the exact identity of the claimed product or the
prior art product cannot be determined by the examiner. In re Brown, 450
F.2d 531, 173 USPQ 685 (CCPA 1972).
[12]To interpret "means plus function" limitations as limited to a
particular means set forth in the specification would nullify the
provisions of § 112 requiring that the limitation shall be construed to
cover the structure described in the specification and equivalents
thereof. D.M.I., Inc. v. Deere & Co., 755 F.2d 1570, 1574, 225 USPQ 236,
238 (Fed. Cir. 1985).
[13]See, for example, In re Meyer, 688 F.2d 789, 215 USPQ 193
(1982); In re Abele, 618 F.2d at 768, 205 USPQ at 407-08; In re Walter,
618 F.2d 758, 767, 205 USPQ 397, 406-07 (C.C.P.A. 1980); In re Maucorps,
609 F.2d 481, 203 USPQ 812 (C.C.P.A. 1979); In re Johnson, 589 F.2d 1070,
200 USPQ 199 (C.C.P.A. 1978); and In re Freeman, 573 F.2d at 1246, 197
USPQ at 471.
[14]Pennwalt Corp. v. Durand-Wayland, Inc., 833 F.2d 931, 4 USPQ2d
1737 (Fed. Cir 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 961 (1988).
[15]Lockheed Aircraft Corporation v. United States, 193 USPQ 449,
461 (Ct. Cl. 1977). Graver Tank concepts of equivalents are relevant to
any "equivalents" determination. Polumbo v. Don-Joy Co., 762 F.2d 969,
975, n. 4, 226 USPQ 5, 8-9, n. 4 (Fed. Cir. 1985).
461 (Ct. cl. 1977). Data Line corp. v. Micro Technologies, Inc., 813 F.2d
1196, 1 USPQ2d 2052 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
[17]In re Bond, 910 F.2d 831, 15 USPQ2d 1566 (Fed. Cir. 1990).
[18]Valmont Industries. Inc. v. Reinke Manufacturing Co. Inc., 983
F.2d 1039, 25 USPQ2d 1451 (Fed. Cir. 1993).
[19]Otherwise, a claim could be allowed having broad functional
language which in reality is limited to only the specific structure or
steps disclosed in the specification. This would be contrary to public
policy of granting patents which provide adequate notice the public as to
a claim's true scope.
[20]The description of an apparatus with block diagrams describing
the function, but not the structure, of the apparatus is not fatal under
the enablement requirement of § 112, 1st paragraph, as long as the
structure is conventional and can be determined without an undue amount of
experimentation. In re Ghiron, 442 F.2d 985, 991, 169 USPQ 723, 727 (CCPA
[21]Valmont Industries Inc. v. Reinke Manufacturing Co., Ind.,
983 F.2d 1039, 1043, 1044, 25 USPQ2d 1451, 1455 (Fed. Cir. 1993).
[1162 OG 59]


"Oh, we're not RELATED. We just do meth together."
Thanks for Being So Patient, Dad!
Little of Both, If You Don't Mind!
Bradley thought the family resemblance was suspicious.
You definitely take after your fathers' side of the family.
Lies! My Whole Life is Lies!
Another family portrait ruined by Junior's big fake smile.


text:
for Thursday, February 16, 2017 [ Previous Devotionals ]
For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision has any value. The only thing that counts is faith expressing itself through love.
—Galatians 5:6
Thoughts on Today's Verse...
Ever notice how we get to fussing about things that are important, but still aren't the most important things of our faith. So often when we get to fighting the most important thing of all gets lost. In the first century, this fight often had to do with Jew/Gentile issues. While race, culture, and heritage are important, what really is most important is showing to the world that we can value cultural and racial diversity in each other and still find our unity in Christ. In our high tech world today, isn't it interesting that the most important issue is the same as it was two thousand years ago — faith displaying itself in loving action.
My Prayer...
Dear Lord, please help us tear down every wall that divides and separates your people. Forgive us for our prejudice toward and against each other. Stir in us a deep longing to share the unity of heaven* in our world today. In the name of Jesus, the atoning sacrifice for all the peoples of the world, I ask this. Amen.
* Notice the unity of heaven, where folks from every nation, tribe, people, and language worship together in joyous praise (Revelation 7:9-12).
The Thoughts and Prayer on Today's Verse are written by Phil Ware. You can email questions or comments to [email protected].
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text:
Philipp Ludwig von Sinzendorf (* 14. Juli 1699 in Paris; † 28. September 1747 in Breslau) war Bischof von Raab in Ungarn und Fürstbischof von Breslau sowie Kardinal.

Biographie

Herkunft und frühe Jahre
Philipp Ludwig von Sinzendorf stammte aus dem Adelsgeschlecht von Sinzendorf und wurde in Paris geboren, wo sein Vater Philipp Ludwig Wenzel von Sinzendorf damals kaiserlicher Gesandter war. Als zweitgeborener Sohn wurde er für den geistlichen Stand bestimmt. Seine Ausbildung erhielt er in Wien und ab 1714 am Jesuitenkolleg in Rom, wo er 1717 in Theologie und in Rechtswissenschaft promoviert wurde. Auch seine Bekanntschaft mit Monsignore Lambertini, dem späteren Papst Benedikt XIV., geht auf diese Zeit zurück.

Nachdem sein Vater 1705 Hofkanzler und 1712 Obersthofkanzler Kaiser Karls VI. geworden war, erhielt Philipp Ludwig – noch vor der 1722 erfolgten Priesterweihe – Kanonikate in Köln, Salzburg und Olmütz.

Bischof von Raab
Auch die nächste Beförderung erfolgte unter Mitwirkung seines einflussreichen Vaters: Obwohl Philipp Ludwig noch nicht das kanonische Alter erreicht hatte, wurde er 1725 zum Bischof des ungarischen Bistums Raab gewählt. Die päpstliche Ernennung wurde mit einer entsprechenden Dispens verbunden, die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm am 17. November 1726 in Wien Erzbischof Girolamo Grimaldi. Schon zwei Jahre später ernannte ihn der Papst zum Kardinalpriester und übertrug ihm am 14. August 1730 die Titelkirche Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Bischof von Breslau

Gegen massiven Widerstand des Breslauer Domkapitels, das sich für die Wahl des Weihbischofs Elias Daniel von Sommerfeld ausgesprochen hatte, setzte Kaiser Karl VI. in seiner Eigenschaft als König von Böhmen 1732 die Wahl von Philipp Ludwig zum Fürstbischof von Breslau durch.

Während der Regierungszeit von Philipp Ludwig fiel der größte Teil seiner Diözese nach dem Ersten Schlesischen Krieg 1742 unter preußische Herrschaft. Im Gegensatz zu seinem Domkapitel, das eine feindliche Haltung gegenüber den Plänen des neuen weltlichen Herrschers einnahm, suchte der Fürstbischof eine Annäherung an König Friedrich II., indem er ihm schon am 9. Oktober 1741 zu seinem Erfolg gratulierte. Dennoch wurde auf Drängen Friedrichs 1743 Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch zum Breslauer Koadjutor gewählt.

Philipp Ludwig setzte sich für ein tolerantes Denken und Handeln in Religionsangelegenheiten ein. In einem Hirtenbrief vom 28. August 1742 verbot er den Katholiken, die Protestanten zu verketzern und forderte seine Untertanen auf, christlich miteinander umzugehen. Er beabsichtigte, die Bildung des Klerus zu heben und die Schulen zu reformieren. Eine Realisierung war jedoch wegen des Widerstands des Domkapitels nicht möglich. Deshalb bewarb er sich um den erzbischöflichen Stuhl in Salzburg, hatte jedoch mit seiner Bewerbung keinen Erfolg. Wenige Monate später starb er und wurde im Breslauer Dom beigesetzt.

Literatur

 Karl Kastner: Breslauer Bischöfe. Ostdeutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Breslau 1929.

Weblinks

Kardinal (18. Jahrhundert)
Fürstbischof von Breslau
Bischof von Győr
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (18. Jahrhundert)
Ritter des Schwarzen Adlerordens
Philipp Ludwig
Geboren 1699
Gestorben 1747
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I'm so thankful I was able to photograph these two! Lauren is a friend of my youngest sister, so I was hoping I'd be available to photograph her and her boyfriend, JC, for their high school senior prom! The weather was perfect too; mostly sunny with a few clouds to give us some softer, more flattering lighting conditions. We chose to stay local and hold our prom photoshoot at the Bolton Heritage Farm (formerly Rose Farm), which offered some great backdrops for clean photos. From the stone walls to the open fields, and the mountains in the distance, Bolton Heritage Farm was a great spot for their prom photos, and I'm so happy these two have some beautiful photos to cherish along with the rest of their high school memories!


text:
package org.adligo.tests4j.system.shared.api;

import org.adligo.tests4j.shared.xml.I_XML_Producer;
import org.adligo.tests4j.system.shared.trials.SourceFileScope;

/**
 * parameters for the coverage plug-in,
 * so the I_Tests4J_Params can be a central point
 * of configuration for the entire process.
 * @author scott
 *
 */
public interface I_Tests4J_CoveragePluginParams {
	/**
	 * if true a new I_Tests4J_CoverageRecorder
	 * is created for each trial/test thread combination
	 * to record code coverage for those specific trials/tests.
	 * This allows tests4j a isolated code coverage result
	 * which is different than the aggergate result
	 * and can be asserted on.
	 * @see {@link SourceFileScope#minCoverage()}
	 * @return
	 */
	public boolean isCanThreadLocalGroupRecord();
	/**
	 * this is mostly for diagnosing problems with
	 * the plug-ins instrumentation code.
	 * @return
	 */
	public boolean isWriteOutInstrumentedClasses();
	/**
	 * a relative path from the current runtime
	 * where the instrumented classes are to be written
	 * if isWriteOutInstrumentedClasses is true,
	 * defaults to 'instrumentedClasses'
	 * @return
	 */
	public String getInstrumentedClassOutputFolder();

	/**
	 * this tells the coverage plug-in if the
	 * recordings need to pay attention to concurrency
	 * because there are multiple threads using the plug-in.
	 * @return
	 */
	public boolean isConcurrentRecording();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<?php

use yii\db\Migration;
use app\helpers\DatabaseHelper;

/**
 * Handles the creation of table `truck`.
 */
class m170729_115349_create_truck_table extends Migration
{
    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function up()
    {
        // create a table "truck"
        $this->createTable('truck', [
            'id' => $this->primaryKey()->unsigned()->notNull(),
            'driver_id' => $this->integer()->unsigned()->notNull(),
            'status' => $this->smallInteger()->unsigned()->notNull()->defaultValue(DatabaseHelper::DEFAULT_ZERO)->comment('0-Inactive; 1-Active; 2-Used'),
            'registration_number' => $this->string(32)->notNull(),
            'created_at' => $this->timestamp()->notNull()->defaultExpression('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'),
            'updated_at' => $this->timestamp()->notNull()->defaultExpression('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'),
        ], DatabaseHelper::getTableOptions($this));

        $this->addForeignKey('fk_truck_driver_id', 'truck', 'driver_id', 'driver', 'id', 'RESTRICT', 'CASCADE');
        $this->createIndex('idx_truck_registration_number', 'truck', 'registration_number', true);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function down()
    {
        $this->dropTable('truck');
    }
}


Once again the devs at XDA have proved themselves. This time they managed to root the Samsung Galaxy S3 even before it becomes available in the market. All credit for this root goes to XDA Elite dev 'Chainfire'.


text:
Asia Pacific / Crime & Legal
China says has it has caught one-third of top graft suspects who fled overseas
BEIJING – China has bought back to the country one-third of those on its top 100 list of most wanted corruption suspects who have fled overseas, the ruling Communist Party's top graft buster said Tuesday.
China issued the list in 2014 of people subject to an Interpol "red notice" — the closest instrument to an international arrest warrant.
Since then, 33 of those people have been caught, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection said in a short statement.
Over the past two years since setting up a team to chase graft suspects across the globe, the body has returned to China 1,915 people from more than 70 countries, along with 7.4 billion yuan ($1.1 billion), it said.
It provided no other details.
China has been trying to get increased international cooperation to hunt down suspected corrupt officials who have fled overseas since President Xi Jinping began a war against deeply rooted graft almost four years ago.
Western countries, however, have been reluctant to help, or to sign extradition treaties, not wanting to send people back to a country where rights groups say mistreatment of criminal suspects remains a problem. They also complain China is unwilling to provide proof of their crimes.
China has instead turned to persuasion to get people back from countries like Canada and the United States, where many graft suspects have gone.
Separately, the commission said that G-20 countries who have just finished a summit in the Chinese city of Hangzhou had agreed to set up a research center in China to look at the issue of returning corrupt officials and their assets.
The G-20 communique said the research center will "be operated in line with international norms."
Cai Wei, the deputy head of the commission's international cooperation department, said the research center will help China's global efforts to fight corruption.
Despite China's public commitment to fighting graft internationally, China suspended an international anti-corruption task force earlier this year after taking over the G-20 presidency because Chinese companies declined to participate.
China, rights, corruption, police


text:
little comets
You Should Know: Little Comets & Sure Sure
November 5, 2019 Emerson Redding
This week on You Should Know are two of my top favorite bands, Little Comets and Sure Sure, both of which create unique music that keeps you listening.
Photo from Facebook
Most of Little Comets' music is guitar-driven with captivating drums.
"Adultery," "One Night In October," and "Joanna" are great songs off their first album In Search Of Elusive Little Comets which they are celebrating the 10-year-anniversary of soon. One of my favorites off that album is "Intelligent Animals", one of the special occasions where the band turns to the piano as the main instrument. The piano has always been the instrument that draws the most emotion from me and the beautiful melody that is paired with singer Robert Coles' intense vocals makes this song quite powerful. Poignant "The Assisted" is also primarily piano; and my top favorite Little Comets song is their piano version of "Waiting in the Shadows in the Dead of Night," a song about the inevitable loss of a loved one.
Following the release of last album Worhead in 2017, Little Comets has been putting out singles with the most recent being "3 Minute Faltz."
This song captures the band very well, with strong guitar and even some piano if you listen close enough. It also features intricate lyrics on various social issues that opens with the line "total sexist adoration spills across a stilted nation" and just keeps going, complete with equally as intricate delivery.
Another thing I love about Little Comets is the unique art design, specifically the writing, found in everything they release and the effort that goes into it.
Listen to Little Comets here and follow them on Twitter here.
If you've seen a recent viral video of a horse dancing, you've heard Sure Sure.
The song in the background is Sure Sure's cover of "This Must Be The Place" by Talking Heads. It's one of my favorite songs by them, and also my favorite song live. I actually saw the band live before ever listening to them, and I knew they would end up becoming one of my favorite bands because of how good their performance was. I cannot stress enough how much you should see them live; they're coming back here in April opening for COIN at The Observatory, so if you can make it you should definitely go.
Every single one of Sure Sure's songs are so good and they continue to get better. If I could list every song here to recommend, I would. But here are some of my favorites from the LA-based band.
Starting off with their first EP Songs From 2014, "The Girls" has a perfect blend of synth/keys, drums, and guitar (and also a shaker when they perform it live) and is a good introduction to the band. "The Caller" is still one of my favorite Sure Sure tracks, and I particularly love the guitar riff and piano that starts about a third of the way through. Another one of their older songs "New York New Dog" is also one of my favorites.
Their self-titled album has more songs with that perfect blend, notably "Giants" and "Friends." From newest EP What's It Like?, my favorites are "Good Thing" and "Out Of My Element." Sure Sure is very talented at making songs that don't sound the same or repetitive, while keeping the same zestful personality created by that perfect blend that keeps you intrigued with every song.
Sure Sure also goes beyond just making good music.
They've created a street team called True Friends where fans can get things like unreleased songs and special merch, as well as be part of a Facebook group where fans can interact with each other and the band. They also have a phone number you can reach them on if you have questions or just want to talk to them: (657) 444-7579. The way they interact with fans/True Friends is another aspect that makes them, in my opinion, one of the best bands.
Listen to Sure Sure here and watch a past episode of KCR's Secret Sessions to learn more about the band here.
Written by: Em Redding
KCR Blog, KCR Music	em redding, emerson redding, little comets, sure sure, you should know


What's This Playlist All About? As he prepares for the release of his new solo album, The Atlas Underground, the Nightwatchman, former Rage Against the Machine guitarist, and outspoken activist continues to fight for his rights through music. His genre-spanning list hits up all types of subversive anthems and calls to action from punk icons, pop freaks, and folk heroes.
What You Get: To start, you'll be treated with a good chunk of Morello's new album, including a grungy, hard-rocking cut with K. Flay and a sludgy, bass-y banger with Knife Party. He then gives shout-outs to his friends and collaborators, like Skrillex, Vic Mensa, A Perfect Circle, and System of a Down, before taking many left turns, including a little Jesus Christ Superstar, a club-ready 50 Cent, and a sassy Taylor Swift.
What About Rage? There's one radical band conspicuously missing from this list: Morello's own Rage Against the Machine. A little "Killing in the Name" would round this out nicely, right?
Subscribe now to get notified about exclusive content from The Dowsers every week!
The Dowsers is the first magazine about playlists, brought to you by top artists, writers and DJs.


For about two decades now, there have been several calls and agitations by individuals, geo-cultural groups and political associations for the 'restructuring' of Nigeria.
However, previous and current Nigeria's leaders and administrations have not deemed it fit to accord serious attention to the agitations and calls for restructuring of the country. In fact, the closest they went to attaching any importance to the issue of restructuring was the national conference held in 2014 instituted by former President Goodluck Jonathan, and confab of 2005 instituted by ex-President Olusegun Obasanjo.
As for the current administration of President Muhammad Buhari, the issue is not even on its agenda even though it was mentioned in the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) manifesto. The administration, however, said it will address all issues that gave rise to dissatisfaction and agitations. Acting President Yemi Osinbajo has said if the oil riches in the Niger Delta were part of the problem, the government would make sure the issue of diversification of the economy is given urgent and serious attention.
There are, of course, reasons why Nigerian governments were sceptical about the so-called issue of restructuring, chief among which is that there is no guarantee that such an exercise will, if ventured into, not lead to disintegration of the country. Other than that, those calling for restructuring never gave a clear-cut definition of what they meant by the concept of 'restructuring' just as they are not specific about the scope, modalities, legitimacy or even the time such an exercise should be held.
Also intriguing is that until recently, most of the calls for restructuring came from individuals and groups from the southern part of Nigeria, making northerners to believe that the agitation was meant to only promote and entrench the concept of resource control in the nation's constitution. Thus, agitations and calls for restructuring, though visible and loud, were viewed with strong suspicion in the North.
However, recently, some prominent northerners, especially former President Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB) and former Vice President Atiku Abubakar, have lent their voice to the call for restructuring. But, instructively, in recent times, too, the meaning, scope and intention of the restructuring concept begins to emerge and the scepticism that enveloped it also begins to give way to cautious optimism.
In his call, IBB said that the Nigerian federation, as currently structured, is in need of reforms that will emphasise the individual strength and advantages of the component units so that governments can work to improve the lives of Nigerians.
He gave the advice on restructuring in his Eid-el-Fitri message to Muslims recently, signalling that the demand for the so-called restructuring, albeit true federalism, is gaining traction.
While seeking a departure from the norm and calling for a reform that will put the country on the same pedestal with advanced democracies, IBB said: "If we have repeatedly done certain things and not getting the desired results, we need to change tactics and approach, and renew our commitment. It is our collective responsibilities to engender a reform that would be realistic and in sync with modern best practices.
"For example, restructuring has become a national appeal as we speak, whose time has come. I will strongly advocate devolution of powers to the extent that more responsibilities are given to the states while the Federal Government is vested with the responsibility to oversee our foreign policy, defence and economy.
"Restructuring and devolution of powers will certainly not provide all the answers to our developmental challenges; it will help to reposition our mindset as we generate new ideas and initiatives that would make our union worthwhile.
Atiku Abubakar, in his speech during the launching of a new weekly newspaper, Daily Stream, listed some items to be tabled during any restructuring exercise. These include devolution of power to the states, reduction in federal government exclusive list (87) in favour of concurrent list (15), developing unique model of fiscal federalism, reduction in number of federating units, administrative restructuring, leaner bureaucracy, local government autonomy, federal ownership of interstate roads and resource sharing, among others.
Yet others have also raised issues such as resource control, state police, federal character principle, etc. The tempo, frequency and spread of agitations are increasing by the day. There is a wide spectrum of agitators both for and against. Most agitators from the South are unanimously in support of restructuring while those from the North have divergent views.
On one hand, you have proponents like Balarabe Musa, Northern Elders Forum as announced by their spokesperson, Paul Unongo, General Gowon etc. On the other hand, you have the opponents of restructuring like Dr Junaid Mohammed, Tanko Yakasai, and the Northern Delegates Forum, led by a former minister, Bashir Dalhatu.
Still, however vociferous the call is in the North, the agitation being made by some few outspoken individuals cannot be used as a yardstick for measuring the acceptability or otherwise of the concept of restructuring in the North. In fact, the situation is far from that.
However, the calls from the North, no matter how irrelevant or otherwise, and the recent call on the President by some delegates to Jonathan's organised national conference, asking for the implementation of the conference's proceedings is a pointer to the fact that it has reached a level where the calls can no longer be neglected or be treated as the mere agitations of some busy-bodies.
And, rightly, Buhari's government has come out with its own contribution to the debate. According to a publication on The Nation of 31, 2017, government is not actively opposed to restructuring, but believes that such an exercise must follow due process, including a referendum where necessary, and this will require amending the present constitution in a process which may take a long time.
The government's position seems logical but it gives the impression that restructuring cannot take place soon, at a time when restructuring is likely to be a major campaign issue during the 2019 general elections.
After all, those agitating for restructuring argue that it will make the nation more stable politically, ensure economic progress, by encouraging merit, hard work and healthy competition among the federating units, and allow each unit to develop at its own pace.
However, it has been established that economic prosperity and political stability are not functions of ethnic homogeneity or religious purity. Somalia is a nation in which over 90 per cent of the population speaks the same language. Also, Somalia is 99 per cent Muslim by religion, yet it is one of the most unstable countries in the world.
On the other hand, Switzerland consists of three major languages (German, French and Italian). It has no single gram of mineral resource, yet, it is one of the most stable and richest countries in the world. It can, therefore, be concluded that the mindset of the citizens of a country is the major determinant of political stability and economic progress.
The question is, therefore, how the country generates the right mindset in its citizens in such a way that states, especially those considered not viable, can contribute as much to the country's income as oil-rich states.
Agreed, it appears that there is a consensus that Nigeria under the current configuration is either not working at all or working far away from the way it ought to. Still, while the calls for Nigeria to be restructured may seem timely, we should be mindful of the fact that the term is loaded and, therefore, needs to be unpacked or defined because restructuring means different thing to different people. To many of its original agitators, it means resource control or sovereign national conference, issues perceived as the twin devils in the North.
Yet, others see it as anything from minor constitutional amendments to greater devolution of powers to states and local governments. It could also mean a reconstitution of the country such that the six geopolitical zones will replace the current state system.
The ambiguity over what we precisely mean by 'restructuring' has been one of the reasons why the term evokes some suspicions, anxieties and concerns among those who opposed to it, though, historically speaking, restructuring has taken place throughout the country's political life.
Some have sought to complicate the conceptual ambiguity over the word 'restructuring' by advocating for 'true federalism,' when there is no concept like that. The truth is that every federation is unique, replanted with its peculiarities, traditions, norms and laws.
Of course, aside from the need to clarify the meaning and scope of the so-called restructuring, there are other issues that need proper understanding in order to successfully sell 'restructuring' to all Nigerians and make it appear as a solution to the current endemic political and socio-economic problems in the country.
Importantly, it should be remembered that while any form of restructuring may assuage some grievances, it will inherently give rise to other forms of agitations. For example, if we replace the 36 states system with the six geo-political zones, it will bring to fore secondary contradictions within each zone which were submerged by the current structure of the country.
Another challenge is which body should lead the restructuring exercise? Obviously, the current National Assembly, because it is a reflection of the current configuration of the country being challenged, will, automatically be disallowed from leading the exercise.
On the other hand, if we use a national conference as both Obasanjo and Jonathan did, there will be the issue of the constitutionality of such a body. Can the outcome of such a confab be implemented without the legislative approval of the National Assembly? And will the National Assembly not see the idea of a separate body to lead the restructuring exercise in the country as usurping its mandate?
But, above all, can the much-talked about restructuring, without any re-orientation and re-examination of our own values, work? Will any proposed new structure, perse, be able to engender the desired change in our socio-political attitude and culture?
Thus, before delving into any conference, the above are some of the hurdles we may need to first get over. However, if history has in its store any lesson for Nigerians, a combination of mounting political, economic challenges and number of powerful voices joining the so-called agitation for restructuring, the Buhari-led administration will, eventually, be forced to conduct its own national conference, which report may or may not be translated into any tangible result for Nigeria.
And, that wasted effort, if it happened, should not surprise anyone. After all, the efforts of both Obasanjo and Jonathan in that direction did end in a similar way. They were nothing but reflections of wasted man-hours, energy, national resources and individual emotion.
Can Saraki survive the onslaught?


Echo Round 9.0 LED is designed to address large, high-ceiling spaces such as atriums, gymnasiums, libraries, natatoriums, and open offices. It delivers premium indirect lighting with a smooth, uniform, forward throw output.
Echo Round 9.0 LED is designed with a solid aluminum housing, encompassing the latest technology in a traditional shape to seamlessly integrate into the space.
Lumens shown include color-over-angle correction lens.


text:
3349 Manas è un asteroide della fascia principale. Scoperto nel 1979, presenta un'orbita caratterizzata da un semiasse maggiore pari a 2,7405619 UA e da un'eccentricità di 0,0332779, inclinata di 4,24185° rispetto all'eclittica.

L'asteroide è intitolato come l'omonimo poema epico kirghiso.

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Corpi celesti scoperti nel 1979
Manas


Sep. 15, 2018 7:30 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
"Durst Case Scenario: Midterm Madness," is a comedic exploration of America during the Time of Trump: a rollicking feast of outrage and outrageous satire as up- to- date as the latest 4 am White House tweet. A unique theatrical event delivered with stand- up timing and not less than a modicum of poetry. WARNING: If you think the current occupant of the Oval Office is a breath of fresh air. This. Show. Is. Not. For. You.
Date & Time Sep. 15, 2018 7:30 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.


Cheap car insurance for young drivers. FAQs about car insurance for under 25 year. Compare the Market can help compare and find the best car insurance for.
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Need a bit more spice in your life?
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text:
is certainly a common enteric protistan parasite that may cause acute,
August 24, 2018 August 24, 2018 Tristan Schmidt Main BMY 7378, PTPBR7
is certainly a common enteric protistan parasite that may cause acute, aswell as chronic, illness and is connected with irritable colon symptoms (IBS). proinflammatory cytokines at both mRNA and proteins amounts. Inhibition of BMY 7378 p38 suppressed just IL-6 protein manifestation with no influence on the manifestation of IL-1 and TNF-. Furthermore, we discovered that serine proteases made by play a significant part in the induction of ERK activation and proinflammatory cytokine manifestation by macrophages. Our research thus shown for the very first time that could induce the manifestation of varied proinflammatory cytokines via the activation of MAP kinases which illness with may donate to the pathogenesis of inflammatory intestinal illnesses through the activation of inflammatory pathways in sponsor immune cells, such as for example macrophages. Intro Activation from the disease fighting capability in the gut by microbial illness or lack of tolerance for non-pathogenic commensal microbes prospects to swelling and plays a part in the introduction of intestinal disorders, such as for example inflammatory colon illnesses (1, 2). is definitely a common enteric protistan parasite and an growing pathogen within humans and several animals (3). It's the most regularly isolated protist reported in human being fecal examples and offers prevalences as high as 10% in created countries so that as very much as 50 to 60% in developing countries (4, 5). At least 17 subtypes (STs) of have already been recognized, with 9 of these (subtype 1 [ST-1] to ST-9) recognized in human beings (6). Transmission happens via the fecal-oral path in cyst type via contaminated meals or drinking water (4, 7). Higher incidences of attacks are reported in immunocompromised sufferers, such as for example HIV-infected and cancers sufferers (8,C10). Common scientific symptoms of individual an infection, blastocystosis, are stomach pain, diarrhea, throwing up, and bloating (4). attacks are frequently connected BMY 7378 with irritable colon syndrome (IBS), aswell (11,C15). As the systems of mucosal damage induced by an infection in the individual gastrointestinal tract stay unclear (16), it's been proven that is in a position to disrupt hurdle function and boost permeability in intestinal cells via rearrangement of F actin and ZO-1 distribution (17). Furthermore, could induce apoptosis of intestinal cells within a contact-independent way by regarding caspase 3, recommending which the parasite may secrete virulence elements that start the apoptotic pathway (17). could induce the creation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating aspect (GM-CSF) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in HT-29 and T-84 individual colonic epithelial cells (18). The induction of IL-8 in T-84 cells would depend on NF-B using the participation of cysteine proteases BMY 7378 (19). Upregulation of proinflammatory gene appearance and extreme infiltration of proinflammatory cells in the digestive tract have been proven in rat and mouse types of an infection (20, 21). A recently available study also demonstrated significantly higher degrees of BMY 7378 IL-17 and IL-23 in mice contaminated with (22). These research show the pathogenic potential of despite a longstanding controversy concerning whether it's an intestinal pathogen. The doubt of pathogenesis and observations of distinctions in virulence have already been related to different subtypes from the intestinal parasite. That is backed by studies disclosing deviation of cysteine protease activity between subtypes (23). Additionally, while ST-7 (B) was been shown to be even more delicate to nitrosative tension than ST-4 (WR-1), it seemed to possess exclusive evasion strategies, using its capability to inhibit epithelial nitric oxide (NO) creation by downregulating epithelial inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) appearance (24). These research suggesting subtype-dependent deviation show the necessity to additional investigate distinctions in pathogenic potential across different subtypes of an infection. For instance, it's been reported that some IL-8 and IL-10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could transformation individual susceptibility, raising the relative threat of advancement of IBS in providers (25). The mitogen-activated proteins kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved and essential mediators involved with transducing extracellular indicators, such as tension, growth elements, and cytokines, to intracellular replies to be able to generate a proper physiological response towards the stimuli (26, 27). Three main sets of MAPKs can be found in mammalian types, specifically, the extracellular signal-regulated proteins kinases (ERKs), the p38 MAP kinases, as well as the c-Jun PTPBR7 NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs). MAPKs are triggered.
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text:
Црни лук (црвени лук, лук (обични); ) је двогодишња зељаста биљка из рода -{Allium}-. Узгаја се као поврће које се користи у људској исхрани за припрему разних салата и као зачин. То је зељаста двогодишња биљка из породице љиљана пореклом из јужне Азије, али се и данас гаји широм света. Спада међу најотпорније и најстарије врсте баштенског поврћа. Црни лук има кугласту цваст, зеленкастобелих цветова на једној или више стабљика без листова. Основа листа шири се и образује подземну, јестиву луковицу. Црни лук има оштар укус, пошто садржи етерично уље богато сумпором, од гуљења или сецкања очи могу да сузе. Црни лук може бити разних величина, облика, боја и љутине. Мада има мало стандардних храњивих састојака, цени се због ароме. За црни лук тврдило се да лечи прехладу, ухобољу и ларингитис, а коришћен је и за лечење од животињских уједа, опекотина и брадавица; попут његовог блиског сродника, белог лука, проучава се и због других могућих повољних својстава.

Композиција

Нутријенти

Већина сорти лука састоји се од око 89% воде, 9% угљених хидрата (укључујући 4% шећера и 2% дијеталних влакана), 1% протеина и занемарљивог удела масти (табела). Лук садржи мале количине есенцијалних хранљивих материја и има енергетску вредност од 166 kJ (40 килокалорија) у количини од 100 g (3,5 oz). Лук даје пикантан укус јелима без значајног калоричног садржаја.

Фитохемикалије

Постоје значајне разлике између сорти лука у фитокемијском садржају, посебно у погледу полифенола, при чему љутика има највиши ниво, шест пута већу количину у односу на лук Видалија. Жути лук има највећи укупни садржај флавоноида, количину 11 пута већу него у белом луку. Црвени лук има значајан садржај антоцијанских пигмената, при чему је идентификовано најмање 25 различитих једињења која представљају 10% укупног садржаја флавоноида.

Полифеноли лука су предмет базних истраживања чији је циљ да се утврде њихова могућа биолошка својства код људи.

Неки људи пате од алергијских реакција након руковања луком. Симптоми могу укључивати контактни дерматитис, интензиван свраб, ринокоњунктивитис, замагљен вид, бронхијалну астму, знојење и анафилаксију. Алергијске реакције се можда неће јавити када се конзумира кувани лук, вероватно због денатурације протеина током кувања.

Иритација очију

Свеже исечен лук често изазива пецкање у очима људи у близини, а често и неконтролисане сузе. Ово је узроковано ослобађањем испарљиве течности, syn-пропанетијал-S-оксида и његовог аеросола, који стимулише нерве у оку. Овај гас се производи ланцем реакција које служе као одбрамбени механизам: сецкање црног лука узрокује оштећење ћелија које ослобађају ензиме зване алијинске линазе. Они разграђују сулфоксиде аминокиселина и стварају сулфенске киселине. На специфичну сулфенску киселину, 1-пропенсулфенску киселину, брзо делује други ензим, синтаза сузног фактора (LFS), производећи syn-пропанетијал-S-оксид. Овај гас дифундује кроз ваздух и убрзо стиже до очију, где активира сензорне неуроне. Сузне жлезде производе сузе да разблаже и исперу иритант.

Иритација ока се може избећи сечењем лука под текућом водом или потапањем у посуду са водом. Остављање корена нетакнутог такође смањује иритацију јер база лука има већу концентрацију једињења сумпора од остатка луковице. Хлађење лука пре употребе смањује брзину реакције ензима, а коришћењем вентилатора може се одувати гас из очију. Што чешће особа сецка лук, то мање има иритацију очију.

Количина ослобођене сулфенске киселине и сузног фактора и ефекат иритације се разликују међу Allium врстама. Године 2008, Новозеландски институт за истраживање усева и хране је генетском модификацијом створио "безсузни" лук у коме је онемогућена синтеза сузног фактора у луку. Једна студија сугерише да потрошачи преферирају укус лука са нижим садржајем LFS. Пошто овај процес отежава биљно преузимање сумпора, неки сматрају да је LFS-лук лошији по укусу.

Метода за ефикасно разликовање LFS− и LFS+ лука је развијена на основу масене спектрометрије, са потенцијалном применом у производњи великог обима; гасна хроматографија се такође користи за мерење сузног фактора у луку. Почетком 2018. године, Бајер је објавио први принос комерцијално доступног лука без LFS под називом "Санјонс". Тај лук је производ 30 година укрштања; генетска модификација није коришћена.

Петиверија и Allium siculum садрже сличан сузни фактор. Синтетички фактор сузења лука коришћен је у студији везаној за производњу суза, и предложен је као несмртоносно средство одвраћања од лопова и упадача.

Галерија

Референце

Литература

 Ђуровка, М. Повртарство: Практикум за вежбе. Нови Сад: Пољопривредни факултет; 2009.

 Gripshover, Margaret M., and Thomas L. Bell, "Patently Good Ideas: Innovations and Inventions in U.S. Onion Farming, 1883–1939," Material Culture (Spring 2012), vol 44 pp 1–30.
 Sen, Colleen T. (2004). Food culture in India. Greenwood Publishing. .

Спољашње везе

 PROTAbase on Allium cepa

Поврће
Зачини
Asparagales
Allium
Усеви
Коренасто поврће


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This elegant miniature statuette of a regal-looking seated cat is inspired by Ancient Egyptian statues of the Cat Goddess Bastet. Cats were sacred animals in Ancient Egypt, and this may be one of the reasons they are associated with magic and witchcraft. The statuette is made of bronze-effect metal, and is approximately 3.5cm (1.5″) tall.


text:
Business Assurance News
Mapei AS first to be certified to new ISO 2015 standards in Norway
DNV GL is the first certification body in Norway to issue certificates according to the new ISO standards. As the first company in Norway, Mapei AS has been certified to ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001:2015. The certificates were issued on 13 November 2015.
Trond Hagerud, CEO of Mapei AS.
Jøran Laukholm, Head of Management System Certification in DNV GL – Business Assurance Norway.
When up for re-certification to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001, Mapei, one of the largest vendors of products for the Nordic construction industry, assessed the new 2015 standards.
"Our conclusion was that we were already to a large extent working according to the new standards, and we considered the changes in the standards to be relevant and good improvements for us," says Trond Hagerud, CEO of Mapei AS. The new ISO standards were published in September 2015. The increased focus on sustainability is in line with the demands that today's society puts on organizations. The new High Level Structure has a greater focus on efficient process management and the need for change management and sets higher sustainability requirements.
Head of Management System Certification in DNV GL – Business Assurance Norway, Jøran Laukholm, explains that the new ISO standards contain a number of improvements: "Among them is a greater focus on a risk-based approach, and that the new ISO standards are designed to be easier to combine."
Clear guidelines
Mapei AS agrees that the changes in the standards are an advantage.
"Terms such as risk and possibility help us to take a more holistic and long-term approach," says Hagerud. He thinks that today's standards have clearer guidelines, making it easier to map stakeholders' needs and expectations.
"My colleagues and I are proud to be the first in Norway to be certified to ISO 2015. I have to admit that we made an extra effort for this re-certification," says Hagerud.
"DNV GL congratulates Mapei AS on obtaining these certificates. We hope this will inspire other players in the Norwegian market to start the transition to the new ISO standards," adds Laukholm.
About Mapei AS
Mapei AS is one of the largest manufacturers of products for the Nordic construction industry. The company is growing steadily and invests heavily in research and production facilities and personnel.
Mapei AS is part of the Italian Mapei Group, an internationally leading company with total annual revenue of EUR 2.3 billion.
To ensure good management systems and continual improvement, Mapei has emphasized obtaining certification relating to the environment, quality and customer service.


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Vital transportation within remote communities, MSF outreach teams use bikes to check on seriously ill patients in hard to reach areas.


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a matter of public policy, since spiritual forces fuel its continuance. By . DVD 85 min.
John 14:16. And I will ask the Father: and he shall give you another Paraclete, that he may abide with you for ever.
"What I have seen is terrifying!" he cried out. "Will I be the one, or will it be a successor? What is certain is that the Pope will leave Rome and, in leaving the Vatican, he will have to pass over the dead bodies of his priests!" It's uncertain what this vision alluded to, but it is similar in many respects to the reported third prophecy of Fatima. Later, shortly before his death, another vision came to him: "I have seen one of my successors, of the same name, who was fleeing over the bodies of his brethren. He will take refuge in some hiding place; but after a brief respite, he will die a cruel death. Respect for God has disappeared from human hearts. They wish to efface even God's memory. This perversity is nothing less than the beginning of the last days of the world."


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A. Volz: How to manage the company with more than 40 years of experience. The story, 5 tips for young people and many useful information about crane market.
BKL Baukran Logistik GmbH is specialised in selling and renting cranes, with more than 40 years of experience. Today, the company combines the best products from top European manufacturers Linden Comansa, Liebherr, Potain, Wolffkran and Cattaneo all under one roof. This time we are going to interview to Mr. Alexander Volz, CEO BKL Baukran Logistik GmbH.
studies. Why did you decide to do the career in crane business? How did you join the company?
1980 he initiated the setup of the rental fleet. Of course I have grown up with the crane business. Even as a little boy I was fascinated by the steel giants and the engineering around. It was the logical consequence that I worked in the family business during every school holidays and experienced the different divisions, when I was old enough.
Cranesy.com: Do you remember your first earning?
A. Volz: My first hourly wage was 8 Deutsche Mark, the usual hourly rate for a student job at this time.
Cranesy.com: Which character qualities help to manage the business?
A. Volz: For me an important characteristic is technophilia. If I wouldn't be fascinated by the huge machines and highly interested in the technology of cranes, I'd hardly have enough motivation to develop BKL as one of the market leaders in Germany and maybe Europe. Furthermore, if you want to manage the company with the youngest and most modern crane park, you always have to be up to date about new and promising technologies. Another important characteristic in a changing market is flexibility in any way.
Cranesy.com: What kind of differences are there between male and female entrepreneurs?
I'd appreciate, if our male-dominated business would have a higher proportion of female entrepreneurs. I can imagine that this could positively influence our business-culture.
Cranesy.com: Your actual view of crane market today?
register advancing prices in the rental business at full capacity of our crane park. The utilization in the German speaking part of Europe is at a satisfying level, too. But in other European countries, respectively in South Europe, the rental market still continues to languish at lower levels through the economic crisis.
Cranesy.com: Should employer keep a distance or in reverse make friend with his staff?
even for decades. Needless to say, that sometimes friendships arise. In my opinion it is a good feedback for BKL, but it is important to keep a professional balance between distance and friendship when it comes to business. I think that works very well within the BKL team.
Cranesy.com: 5 tips for young people who want to start the business in crane sector?
A. Volz: First of all, technophilia is an important characte ristic quality. I'd also recommend to gain as much practical experience as possible (related to the practical side of the business – i.e. all around construction sites, electronic requirements, pr oject work etc. etc.). Young profes sionals in the crane business should continuously develop their knowledge of the market, the technology and products. Last but not least: young people should always keep their innovative thinking, because successful people should be game enough to break the mold.
Cranesy.com: Aside a work how do you spend your free time?
Cranesy.com: Your favourite citation or motto to have success in working and personal life?
A. Volz: Always 150 percent performance – this holds good for the BKL product and service portfolio: crane park, customer service and consulting. And of course to pay the same level of attention to the family.


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At the age of 21, Stacy attempted her first major climb, Mt. Huntington in Alaska. Her climbing partner broke his ice ax only 200 feet from the top and they turned around. Although she did not summit, the undaunted desire to climb big mountains began in earnest. "Our ability to respond positively to setbacks, fuels our creativity and lays the foundation for future successes." The following year, Stacy did reach the top of Mt. McKinley, and was part of the first successful women's ascent of Ama Dablam, the 22,495 foot peak known as Nepal's Matterhorn. While far from minor, Stacy saw these accomplishments as part of the groundwork that would enable her to scale more challenging mountains.
As a member of the North Face American Mt. Everest Expedition, Stacy did not summit. She describes the challenge: "The worst storm in forty years moved in trapping us in a snow cave at 23,500 feet for five days." Turning back can be the most difficult decision of all, particularly when the effort represents the consummation of a lifetime of dedication and hard work. Stacy reflects, "If you see yourself as trying to beat the mountain, eventually the mountain will win. You don't conquer mountains, you cooperate with them."
Stacy returned to Mt. Everest with the Northwest American Everest Expedition. On September 29, 1988, after twenty nine days on the mountain, Stacy became the first American woman to reach the summit of Mt. Everest, the world's highest mountain at 29,028 feet.
Stacy then went on to become the leader of a successful K2 expedition, the world's second highest mountain, considered to be the most difficult peak on Earth to climb. Three of the team of seven made it to the top; after an accident to the third, in keeping with her view of teamwork and leadership, Stacy and the others descended. "In any endeavor, leaders should inspire members of the team with a passion for success, "Stacy says, "but within the framework of team effort. One of the most crucial things to realize, feel and remember, is that when one team member succeeds, the entire team succeeds."
Stacy's mission is to encourage people to move beyond limitations and reach for their dreams. She challenges her audiences to lay the foundation for risk taking by accepting full responsibility for their lives. She also emphasizes the importance of recognizing and valuing everyone's contribution as a team member in life's pursuits.
Stacy recounts the Everest challenge in her book, Beyond The Limits: A Woman's Triumph on Everest. It is a suspenseful, triumphant adventure story-a primer for anyone who has ever faced a mountain, physical or metaphorical, and reached for its summit. Her new book, Many Mountains to Climb: Reflections on Competence, Courage and Commitment is an exciting anecdotal account of climbing struggles with tips, cautions, alerts, suggestions, and planning ideas that will help you plot your way more surely to professional and personal success.
In addition to speaking, Stacy owns and operates Stacy Allison General Contracting, a residential building company. She and her team of builders specialize in the restoration and remodeling of older homes. Stacy lives in Portland, Oregon with her husband, David, and their two young sons.
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