text:
Computers Theorized To Gain Consciousness by 2029
posted by Dopefish on Monday February 24 2014, @06:00AM
from the i-for-one-welcome-our-new-computer-overlords dept.
kef writes:
"By 2029, computers will be able to understand our language, learn from experience and outsmart even the most intelligent humans, according to Google's director of engineering Ray Kurzweil.
Kurzweil says:
Computers are on the threshold of reading and understanding the semantic content of a language, but not quite at human levels. But since they can read a million times more material than humans they can make up for that with quantity. So IBM's Watson is a pretty weak reader on each page, but it read the 200m pages of Wikipedia. And basically what I'm doing at Google is to try to go beyond what Watson could do. To do it at Google scale. Which is to say to have the computer read tens of billions of pages. Watson doesn't understand the implications of what it's reading. It's doing a sort of pattern matching. It doesn't understand that if John sold his red Volvo to Mary that involves a transaction or possession and ownership being transferred. It doesn't understand that kind of information and so we are going to actually encode that, really try to teach it to understand the meaning of what these documents are saying.
Skynet anyone?"
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Where is the feedback loop? Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 5, Insightful) by SadEyes on Monday February 24 2014, @06:25AM
by SadEyes (2930) on Monday February 24 2014, @06:25AM (#5603)
So Google can build a computer and write a program that parses billions of pages. So what? How does this parsing affect the behavior of the program? The Google spider parses billions of pages every day, and no one would say that it is intelligent.
The article talks about building a machine with real natural-language understanding. It would be easier to communicate with such a program, but why would you? People alter their behavior in response to stimulus, and respond to incentives both primitive (food, air) and sophisticated (group identity). What would the incentives for an AI even look like? Who would give them to the machine, and why would they ever give an AI an incentive other than "make money for my company"?
I understand, we're nerds, we get excited about displays of technical wizardry, it's cool. I'm not exactly throwing in with the philosophers, here, but I'd like some answers to the human scale questions (above) as well.
Insightful=2, Interesting=2, Total=4
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Re:Where is the feedback loop? Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 2, Funny) by ls671 on Monday February 24 2014, @07:31AM
by ls671 (891) on Monday February 24 2014, @07:31AM (#5650) Homepage
"The article talks about building a machine with real natural-language"
What is important is the neural languages not the "natural-language" because it may vary depending on where you are from.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_ne twork [wikipedia.org]
I talked about that in a break in a meeting where representatives from a bunch a well known companies assisted and after I was done, somebody asked me: "What are you talking about? A urinal network?"
That was really funny.
Everything I write is lies, read between the lines.
Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 0, Redundant) by ls671 on Monday February 24 2014, @10:28AM
OK, re-reading, It might be hard to spot. So, here it is again in bold:
somebody asked me: "What are you talking about? A urinal network?"
Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 0) by Anonymous Coward on Monday February 24 2014, @10:43AM
by Anonymous Coward on Monday February 24 2014, @10:43AM (#5727)
Actually I've heard that people talking when encountering each other at the toilet is an important factor in corporate communications (and one of the reasons why women have problems in men-dominated companies because they obviously cannot participate in that). So you might indeed speak about an urinal network.
Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 3, Interesting) by Anonymous Coward on Monday February 24 2014, @07:43AM
The AI heavies have probably all asked the same questions.
The natural language stuff is more so the machine can learn how to understand us, not the other way around.
This project touches on some of what you're talking about: http://sfist.com/2012/06/26/google_geniuses_teach_ supercomputer.php [sfist.com] They pointed a 'neural-net' at youtube and told it to look for things without providing any reference and it figured out that the internet haz cats.
Saw another one somewhere about a theory that sensory input/physicality might be a fundamental and necessary part of an AI system getting the spark. That project sounds a bit wacky to me, but lord knows being conscious is definitely a bit wacky at times to say the least...
Re:Where is the feedback loop? Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 5, Interesting) by drgibbon on Monday February 24 2014, @07:46AM
by drgibbon (74) on Monday February 24 2014, @07:46AM (#5657) Journal
I think there's an important difference between intelligence and consciousness. The interesting thing about consciousness is that we never have access to it in others; it's always inferred from behaviour and/or physiology. Intelligence is almost a way of doing things, a kind of action or thought, while consciousness has this aspect of being attached to it. The sole proof of consciousness to the human is the individual's experience of life itself. I think defining it in an objective scientific way is almost a non-starter; you can't separate out the subjective from the objective, and the subjective/self-knowing/experiential aspect of consciousness is essentially its defining feature. It really is largely a mystery. Sure there is growing data on the physiological mechanisms, but the real essence of consciousness (i.e. experience) appears to be unknowable to anything except the conscious entity itself. Computers might be able to start understanding language in an intelligent sense, but to me this does not equate with consciousness. Would the computer be experiencing anything? One would suspect not.
However a truly intelligent machine could be extremely useful. For instance, if it could really understand language, say to the point where it could read scientific papers, it would be fantastic to run hypotheses past an AI that has synthesised all human scientific knowledge of the brain. It might even be able to function as a translator between different branches of academic knowledge (social scientists could have access to a system that actually reads and understands the full sum of neuroscience knowledge, and so on).
I could imagine some dire scenarios too, e.g. the machine becomes seen as some kind of all knowing oracle (when in reality it would be limited by the human information fed into it), and society is led down some wrong track because our assumptions about fundamentals are already incorrect, and we get stuck in a feedback loop between our intellectual output (into the machine) and its subsequent analysis and recommendations.
Hmm, anyway I don't see any fundamental change in the computer being an information processor, even as they gain aspects of intelligence. To get back to your incentives and so on, they would need to be embodied, and programmed with sensations, needs, etc; which seems extremely foolish since we are already putting an enormous strain on the planet, and we have conscious entities exactly like that already (i.e. people), so there would seem to be no point (reinventing the wheel? ;). I suppose you could give it psychological needs (to be accepted by others and so on), but I don't see the value in this. In my opinion, an artificially intelligent system shouldn't need incentives; it just processes information but has no experience of being a machine, or of its place in reality. Which to me rules out consciousness, but not intelligence.
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Re:Where is the feedback loop? Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 3, Interesting) by mhajicek on Monday February 24 2014, @03:32PM
by mhajicek (51) on Monday February 24 2014, @03:32PM (#5878)
I think any program that uses a world model that contains a representation of itself (such as a bot that maps the room and knows where it is within said room) has a rudimentary degree of consciousness. It is technically self aware. Like intelligence, consciousness has degrees.
The spacelike surfaces of time foliations can have a cusp at the surface of discontinuity. - P. Hajicek
Re:Where is the feedback loop? Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 2) by drgibbon on Tuesday February 25 2014, @02:25AM
by drgibbon (74) on Tuesday February 25 2014, @02:25AM (#6334) Journal
More full answer to this idea in reply to the poster below, but I think this position is pretty much untenable. Why is the program self-aware? Based on what is it experiencing itself in reality? If we try to imagine what it's like to be the bot, all we do is insert the substance of our own consciousness inside our bot representation (e.g. imagining what it's like to be the bot). And presumably, the substance of our own consciousness is dependent on having a human body, so they should not transfer so easily. I grant that it is at least conceivable that the bot is subjectively experiencing something, but it seems far, far less likely that the bot is experiencing itself as compared with DNA-containing lifeforms, such as people, animals, plants and so on.
Re:Where is the feedback loop? Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 2) by mhajicek on Tuesday February 25 2014, @04:41AM
by mhajicek (51) on Tuesday February 25 2014, @04:41AM (#6398)
Substitute "bot" with any other intelligence and reread your post and it is equally valid. If we try to imagine what it's like to be the dog, all we do is insert the substance of our own consciousness inside our dog representation, for example. But with a bot, a dog, or any number of other things, we know it's thinking about itself; it's location, orientation, velocity, energy level, etc. Is not thinking about ones self the definition of self awareness?
"Substitute 'bot' with any other intelligence and reread your post and it is equally valid."
Of course, and this is what makes the problem so difficult. One can never know, with absolute certainty, that anyone but oneself is experiencing consciousness; but that doesn't mean we can't make working judgements. We infer consciousness in others (usually based on behaviour). But a conscious entity never infers its own consciousness; it must be self-evident.
I am suggesting that the inference that a bot is consciously experiencing reality is not evidenced by the simple fact that it responds to the environment (or has models of the environment specified in code). True, neither of us have definitive proof, but I see no compelling reason to believe that it is so (other than a theoretical possibility, which IMO, is exceedingly small).
For instance, a mobile phone has what you might call "awareness" of its energy levels and location in space; it responds to light, orientation, touch and so on. By your definition, the phone is conscious. It is "thinking" about its location in space, etc. I cannot prove that the phone is not conscious (just as you cannot prove that it is), but I make a working judgement that it is not. At present, everything that has a semblance of consciousness (which we must infer) is alive and contains DNA. Computer programs/bots/AI seem to be more akin to models of conscious life, rather than conscious life itself.
Someone else posted something about David Chalmers, and I found some interesting discussion here [consc.net] about the easy vs. hard problems of consciousness (although I only skimmed the intro). What he talks about there is what I mean by consciousness, the phenomena of experience.
Re:Where is the feedback loop? Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 2) by mhajicek on Tuesday February 25 2014, @04:43PM
by mhajicek (51) on Tuesday February 25 2014, @04:43PM (#6723)
I agree that the cell phone is self aware. The thing is that "self awareness" has degrees just like intelligence. A calculator has some intelligence, just not very much. An average computer has significantly more, and an average person much more than that. Same with self awareness. An ant and a cell phone both have some self awareness; there is nothing special about being DNA based that gives a magical attribute of "consciousness".
Am I right in inferring that when you say "consciousness" you're referring to the higher level of self awareness by which one is aware of one's own mind and thoughts? If so, even a significant portion of the human population may not be conscious. It seems many of them operate on instinct.
Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 1) by drgibbon on Tuesday February 25 2014, @11:20PM
by drgibbon (74) on Tuesday February 25 2014, @11:20PM (#6998) Journal
In terms of consciousness in the experiential sense (which I would associate with self-awareness), I would say the phone is not self-aware (of course we both have no direct proof either way; I could say a plastic bag is imbued with a universal consciousness and neither of us could prove or disprove it definitively). Consciousness may have qualitative degrees (I'm sure it does in fact), but that does not mean that we must attribute it to telephones.
Regarding DNA, I do not claim that it is magical, or that DNA alone gives consciousness (although it is at least conceivable); I was merely pointing out that everything so far that we would attribute with consciousness (in the experiential sense) is alive and contains DNA.
As I have said many times, by consciousness I am referring to a subjective experience of being in the world (check out the Chalmers paper [consc.net] for a more thorough description of this). I cannot find any sympathy for your view that "a significant portion of the human population may not be conscious". Operating on instinct in no way rules out an experiential sense of being. I strongly doubt that mobile phones are imbued with a subjective experiential sense of being in reality. If you believe they are, we might have to agree to disagree!
Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 1) by TheLink on Tuesday February 25 2014, @06:32AM
by TheLink (332) on Tuesday February 25 2014, @06:32AM (#6424) Journal
That's the interesting thing about this universe. By current popular scientific theories there really is no need for the actual consciousness phenomenon that we (or at least I) experience. In theory we could be behaving like self aware robots without actually experiencing the "self-aware" thing we currently experience.
Of course one could go the other way and say that everything in this universe is actually self-aware. Just that different things have different abilities and powers- e.g. what rocks can do and feel is different from what we can do.
Either way it's still rather interesting.
Re:Where is the feedback loop? Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 2, Interesting) by melikamp on Monday February 24 2014, @04:17PM
by melikamp (1886) on Monday February 24 2014, @04:17PM (#5919) Journal
I think defining it in an objective scientific way is almost a non-starter; you can't separate out the subjective from the objective, and the subjective/self-knowing/experiential aspect of consciousness is essentially its defining feature. It really is largely a mystery. Sure there is growing data on the physiological mechanisms, but the real essence of consciousness (i.e. experience) appears to be unknowable to anything except the conscious entity itself.
I disagree. When I was taking an AI class with Rudy Rucker [wikipedia.org], he said, almost as an aside, that abstract thinking is like having pictures (or simple data structures) modeling real-life phenomena, and consciousness can be understood as having a distinct data structure for yourself. So I am sitting by a computer in a room, and I have a picture in my head: me sitting by a computer in a room; that's all it takes. When I heard it about 10 years ago, I was largely in denial, thinking along your lines. But with time, this simple explanation made more and more sense to me, to the point that I no longer believe that consciousness is mysterious at all. It is much easier to design a self-conscious robot than an intelligent robot. Indeed, the Curiosity [wikipedia.org] rover is quite self-conscious, being able to emulate its own driving over the terrain it's observing, but at the same time dumb as a log when it comes to picking a destination.
Haha wow, Rudy Rucker, the guy who wrote Saucer Wisdom [rudyrucker.com]? Fantastic book! Had no idea he taught AI. In any case, I'd certainly disagree with Mr Rucker. While it's an appealing concept on the surface, I just don't think it holds much weight (no denial required ;). The mystery of consciousness is that a conscious being's only proof of it is his/her/its own experience. Consciousness is evidenced in the first place by its own experiential content; nothing else. This is the divide between subjective and objective. The "consciousness defining thing" (the subjective experiential content) is not accessible to others, thus we can't properly prove it in others (apart from its self-evident nature in ourselves; followed by inference for humans, animals, etc).
If you ascribe consciousness to a bot then you surely must ascribe consciousness to trees and plants. They seem to know where they are, they move towards the sun and so on (some catch flies etc). And should we then say that they are rudimentary consciousnesses and lack intelligence? Based on what? That they are slow? Confined in space? Have no brain? Perhaps we simply lack the means to communicate with them (they may be sources of wisdom for all we know). An expert meditator might be doing absolutely nothing, sitting completely still, and having a mystical experience. Is he in a lower state of consciousness because he's not actively carrying out "intelligent tasks"? I like Rudy Rucker, but I think his position on consciousness (based on what you've said) is somewhat facile. The mistake is that you simply throw away the core meaning of consciousness. I write a program, it has sensors for where it is in the room, hey cool it's conscious! You solve the problem by avoiding the difficulties of the thing.
The question is not, "does this thing have models of itself and react in the environment?", the question is "is this thing subjectively experiencing itself in reality?". IMO, they are just not the same. To equate the two certainly makes the problem of consciousness a lot easier, but unfortunately it does this by rendering the question (and therefore the answer) essentially meaningless.
Re:Where is the feedback loop? Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 1) by melikamp on Tuesday February 25 2014, @03:06AM
by melikamp (1886) on Tuesday February 25 2014, @03:06AM (#6356) Journal
Haha wow, Rudy Rucker, the guy who wrote Saucer Wisdom?
The very same :) He was teaching computer science at San José[1] State till 2004, and, even though I am an avid science fiction fan, I did not find out about his writing until years later. Great class though.
As for our disagreement, I hear what you are saying. But give it a few years, and you may find yourself returning to this simple idea :P
[1] So, what's up with UTF support?
"As for our disagreement, I hear what you are saying. But give it a few years, and you may find yourself returning to this simple idea :P"
Well, I think that simple idea grossly misrepresents the terrain and provides a pseudo-solution that does more harm than good, but hey who knows? :P
Possibly only Rucker's aliens could zip through time and tell us ;)
Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 2) by mhajicek on Tuesday February 25 2014, @04:56AM
I think it's a matter of semantics.
Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 2, Informative) by TheLink on Tuesday February 25 2014, @07:21AM
Not so mysterious? Explain the actual experience you experience then.
Are the laws of this Universe such that merely putting a data structure for "yourself" (whatever that means) will magically generate consciousness? Can't a robot be self-aware without being conscious?
In theory can't I behave as if I am self-aware without that consciousness experience/phenomenon that I (I'm not sure about other people) experience? Is it inevitably emergent because of some law in this universe?
Is it an emergent result of an entity recursively predicting itself (and the rest of the universe) with a quantum parallel/many-worlds computer? Or will any computation do? Or is even computation necessary?
Re:Where is the feedback loop? Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 3, Insightful) by dmc on Monday February 24 2014, @10:06AM
by dmc (188) on Monday February 24 2014, @10:06AM (#5712)
The Google spider parses billions of pages every day, and no one would say that it is intelligent.
While I've got a lot against Google [soylentnews.org], I do fondly remember the early days of Google search. Not only were its search results uncannily well ordered (this was back when it more appeared to be a tool written by geeks, for geeks, not for the personalized search suggestions for the masses), but I'd even use it because it would be faster to e.g. google search "wikipedia ..terms.." and get to the right page, than to go to wikipedia itself and search for the same thing. I know that isn't the sentient kind of intelligence you are referring to, but it was pretty amazing.
So Google can build a computer and write a program that parses billions of pages. So what? How does this parsing affect the behavior of the program?
Huh? I don't have the source code in front of me, but I can't imagine that the parsing of those billions of pages isn't affecting/effecting the behavior of the program. Part of me wants to say that it's probably not self-modifying code in the traditional sense, but that's actually more of an assumption than I'd chance to make as an outsider. I'd be surprised if genetic algorithms and other a-life principles haven't worked their way into the search code.
What would the incentives for an AI even look like? Who would give them to the machine, and why would they ever give an AI an incentive other than "make money for my company"?
You've seen the Terminator movies and all the other sci-fi right? Self-preservation in an obvious incentive that one doesn't have to imagine too hard to suspect becoming emergent without human help. Beyond self-preservation, then I'm reminded of the ST:DS9's Dominion philosophy- "That which you can control, cannot control you.". But really, your last point is probably the obvious winner for the early stages that involve human given goals. Though after that, using personalized search for personalized political harassment to entrench the rich in power further seems pretty obvious to me.
The first AIs won't necessary be interested in self preservation. The first few creatures might not have been either and it's just the ones that didn't care enough died out.
Seems like humans don't have enough awareness either - we are doing too many things without being aware of what will happen as a result or we don't even care.
The Skynet thing is unlikely to happen. Many of the people at the top didn't get to the top and stay there because they let others take control. So I doubt they are going to ever let a Skynet take over everything. What is more likely to happen is these people at the top will use their Skynets to dominate and control most of the resources of the Earth, and eventually they won't need the rest of us anymore, except as toys, warriors and worshippers. Maybe as a reserve DNA pool and "raw material" just in case.
If we're lucky we'll be kept around as pets and status symbols. But note that pets don't get to vote and are often spayed ;).
Re:Where is the feedback loop? (Score: 2, Insightful) by Anonymous Coward on Monday February 24 2014, @10:37AM
Well, "make money for my company" would already be an incentive (and a measurable one, therefore perfect for a computer to optimize). Another incentive could be "raise the stock price".
Of course the upper management might be in for a big surprise if the computer identifies it as a cost factor that can be safely removed ... ;-)


That's not all of them, and exact dates have not been set yet, but there will be seven home ooc games, seven away ooc games and two ooc games on neutral courts. Fifteen of the ooc foes were top-200 RPI last season. And yes, we'll play Wyoming twice, home and away.
Also, unrelated but just as important: There's a chance Michelle Elliott will be the next assistant coach under Jodie and Lisa, but it's far from confirmed, only speculation at this time.


text:
aka Williams
Fall Creek Township
Location: east of Huntsville on the south side of CR 650S
This view is from a newer section of the Huntsville Cemetery, looking south into the oldest section. The earliest stones are from the 1840s. William Williams, who died in 1847, is one of the early settlers on this high knoll.
The Williams family burial ground, pictured above, was the beginning of the Huntsville Cemetery. The Williams Cemetery in the 19th century eventually included neighbors and friends of the family. As is often the case, a modern 20th century corporation took over the family graveyard and added land to what was the Williams' farm plot. In doing so, the once small, secluded private burial ground became a special part of a much larger concern that now serves the greater Huntsville area.
Patriarch of the Williams family, "William Williams died November 16, 1847, aged 72 years." William was born in North Carolina in 1775. He was one of the first pioneer settlers to the east part of Fall Creek Township, arriving in 1821. He settled the land, later called "Billy Williams farm," started the first nursery in the county, and at one point owned over 500 acres on Fall Creek. William was the father of nine children among them Martin, Caleb, Miriam, and Anna. Descendents still own the property he homesteaded, making his the oldest family-owned land in the entire county.
His stone is an excellent example of the type popular in the 1840s--short, square, and thick. (For a picture of the Williams homestead, go to the Fall Creek Township page.)
Twenty-four others with the last name of Williams are buried in the Huntsville Cemetery. The stones for three of those are pictured above: L-R, Hannah, wife of William Williams, was sixty-four years old when she died in 1847 one month before her husband; son Caleb was eighty-two when he died in 1888; and little Henry Williams was just "4y 4m 5d" when he died February 21, 1844.
Jesse Roberts and his wife Anna, 1807-1869, are included in the Huntsville. Anna was a daughter of William Williams. Jesse was born in Pennsylvania in 1801 and came to the village of Huntsville in 1843. He was the village postmaster for sixteen years. He was a member of the Society of Friends and a shoemaker by trade. He died around 1877.
The members of the family for whom Huntsville was named are also, appropriately, represented at this burial ground. Parents William and Eliza Hunt were from North Carolina, settled in the area in the mid 1830s, and like the Williamses, died only months apart with the wife passing away first. Eliza died July 21, 1855, and William followed October 25, 1855, at seventy-four years old. They had two sons William and John, both of whom were doctors. From county historian Samuel Harden's The Pioneer, Dr. William Hunt, born 1822, was "a splendid doctor, of fine make-up and florid complexion...and perhaps the best posted man that ever lived in the county on geology. At his death [1890] he had a fine library and collection of specimens... Dr. William Hunt was a member and father of the Madison County Historical Society, and all his life, after its organization, was its honored president." Dr. John Hunt, born 1817, "...read medicine, and his life was mainly devoted to the practice." His first wife was Miss Elizabeth Bird. She and four of her children are buried at the Huntsville.
Elizabeth Bird Hunt, left, has a stone unique in Madison County. On the west face of her stele at the top is a relief of her and two of her young children clinging to her legs. Elizabeth was born December 27, 1823, and was wife to Dr. John Hunt, son of early settlers William and Eliza Hunt. On the south face of the same stone, right, is a list of her children who died at a young age and who are buried in the same plot of graves: Isabella died at almost two years of age November 20, 1845; William Ralph was only six months with he died July 28, 1846; Willard Parker Hunt when eight years old died in 1849; and James Solon died at just over two years March 3, 1853. Elizabeth died three years later--March 1, 1856.
From the larger Hunt family, James Hunt, left, has the earliest legible (almost) grave marker. He died August 27, 1830; he was "2Y 7M 7D." (Thank you, early 20th century gravestone transcribers.)
Another mother-child combination among the early settlers, Permelia, left, "Wife of John Chapman, who died Sept. 18, 1845, Aged 41 years 2 months and 16 Days," has a remarkably well preserved stone for its age. Her son Sanford Smith Chapman, right, "died August 19, 1841, Aged 1 year, 11 months, 19 Days." Most likely both stones were from the same carver as the words denoting age are all spelled out and the phrasing is not centered.
Not uncommon for the period is the double headstone, left, for two year old Levina Hartzell, who died July 21, 1854, and three year old Joseph Hartzell, who died four days later. Two bodies in one grave is also not uncommon. This was occasionally done for small children who died soon after one another, as in this situation, or in the case of a mother and her child who both died during the birthing process.
Leonard, right, who died when four years old in 1842, is the only Foster on the burial list from the first half of the 19th century. Either his parents moved away after his death or are themselves buried here in unmarked graves.
Since the death rate among the young in the first half of the 19th century was as high as one in three, it is not surprising that many of the earliest graves were those for children. George R. Booram is listed as a first land owner, and historian Harden also comments that George enjoyed attending meetings of the old settlers and pioneers of the county in the last half of the century. Above, Susannah Booram "daughter of George R." and Sanford Booram, "son of George R." were lost in 1847 and 1848 respectively.
Among the early settlers to the Huntsville area of Fall Creek Township were the Hardins. John, 1801-1861, and Lucinda, left, can be found at the back of the cemetery on the knoll which holds the Williams first family. Brother Philip, right, is below in the newer section closer to CR 650S. The Hardins came from Pennsylvania, and Philip was a wagon-maker, an indispensable craftsman in a farming community. Philip and wife Mary Alfonte's children were Lou, Kate, Maggie, Ben, Charles, John, and Evaline.
Other first land owners represented by markers are left, P.R. Maul who died in 1867 at fifty-eight years; middle, John Tillson, who has a very readable stone; and right, veteran John Swain who died in 1857.
There are a number of Civil War veterans buried at the Huntsville. This one, though, has a unique stone. Other veterans of that conflict have government issue markers: very substantial rectangular tablets with the name and unit done in relief inside the outline of a shield. This individual's, right, was carved locally since it has a rounded top with molding and the traditional insignia, the eagle and flags, are inside an oval. Occasionally a veteran will have two markers--one from the family and one next to it from the government.
In the foreground, the stone cylinders or "pillows" popular in the early 20th century are for John and Sarah Hull. Both John and Sarah were first generation Madison County residents. Their family, log home, and farm are pictured on the Madison County history page. (For more on 19th century memorial styles, go to West Maplewood Cemetery.)
Folks who lived in the Victorian era-- i.e. most of the 19th century and the first few years of the 20th-- loved memorial symbols. Catherine's bible at the top of her stone, left, represented her Christian faith. The drapes on the two late century pillars, middle, symbolized mourning for the departed as does Silas Trayer's weeping willow, right.
Listed as resting here is a prominent early government official. William Roach was born December 4, 1809, in Ohio. He came to Madison County in 1832, was elected sheriff in 1849, elected mayor of the city of Anderson in 1871, and also served as justice of the peace. William was fond of reminiscing at old settlers' meetings often held in the last fifty years of the 1800s. One of William's stories, which historian Samuel Harden relates, is as follows:
"He [William] went 'sparking' on a certain occasion, and remained over night. Upon retiring, he took off his pantaloons, as most people do, and laying them by the bedside, slept till morning. On waking in the morning, he reached for his pantaloons, but they were gone. Where? While he lay there perplexed, with breakfast waiting in the next room, a search was instituted, and the garment found under the house. A sly pet 'coon had pulled the trousers through a small crack in the puncheon [wood] floor. He was soon dressed, however, and ate a hearty breakfast as if nothing unusual had happened."
William Roach, early settler, story teller, and government official, died February 11, 1893. He and his wife are both buried at the Huntsville Cemetery. His picture appears in the 1880 History of Madison County, Indiana, page 87.
Below: The newer section of Huntsville Cemetery as seen from the Williams' knoll.
Click here for the list in .pdf format of people known to be buried here--

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Coco : "I want to stay here"
Italian defender Francesco Coco spoke to reporters this lunchtime about his immediate future at the club: "I want to stay here at least until the end of the season and then get into the Italian World Cup squad. We'll see what happens after that."
"There have been two or three offers from Italian clubs asking Barca about my availability and if I start to be left on the bench, I suppose I'll have to begin to think about them. I'm naturally pleased that big clubs are coming after me, but I know I'm already at a great club."
"I think I've done a good job during the time I've been here. It seems like I'm on the bench now and probably will be for the next game too and that means I've got to keep working hard to win a place in the team. Sergi played really well and it wouldn't be right to leave him out. It didn't surprise me that I wasn't in the team on Sunday. It's the boss' decision and I've got to respect it."


text:
Q: Get HostName from SSH arguments in a wrapper script I am developing a simple wrapper script for SSH to do some preprocessing before actually executing SSH (to be exact: load the per-host key with keychain/ssh-agent).
In order to do so, I need to extract the host name from the command line arguments. The wrapper shall support all options accepted by SSH — so my first, simple approch using the last command line parameter does not work if the user intends to run a command non-interactively on the remote side.
Does anybody see a simple shell-only way to get the hostname reliably?
Thanks in advance!

A: Just use ssh -G:
ssh -G -nNT -L10000:localhost:10000 admin@yo|grep "^hostname"|awk '{print $2}'

Will print yo. It will fully resolve to the real hostname if you have a match in your .ssh/config.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Well, what do you have it. FOREO – aka, one of the world's leading skincare brands, has only gone and come up with an amazing idea for a new product. An electric toothbrush made entirely from silicone – the FOREO ISSA. I know, it's brilliant, and it's available to purchase at Mankind.co.uk this instance.
We thought we might tell you why it's brilliant first, though. The FOREO ISSA offers a much more hygienic solution that normal nylon bristles do, as the non-abrasive silicon bristles are bi-directional. Which in English, basically means it ensures full coverage of your mouth, thus resulting in prevention of bacteria build-up. The silicone toothbrushes also boast a pulsing action that works to stimulate additional blood flow, as well as an 8 speed interface, which allows you to adjust the frequency of pulsations to suit the needs of your teeth.
There's another really cool reason why we love it, though. Every 30 seconds, the pulse indicates when it's time to clean another part of your mouth. After 2 minutes is up, the brush will signify the end of your brushing routine. Honestly guys, if the FOREO ISSA doesn't give you whiter teeth, we don't know what will.
Check out our Top Three FOREO ISSA picks, below.
Which FOREO ISSA will you go for? Remember, you can shop the full FOREO range at Mankind.co.uk, with free delivery worldwide and free UK next day delivery when you spend over £50.


text:
References of "Bartolini, Cesare 50000604"
Towards legal compliance by correlating Standards and Laws with a semi-automated methodology
Bartolini, Cesare ; Lenzini, Gabriele ; Robaldo, Livio
in Proceedings of the 28 Benelux Conference on Artificial Intelligence (BNAIC) (2016, November)
Since legal regulations do not generally provide clear parameters to determine when their requirements are met, achieving legal compliance is not trivial. If there were a clear correspondence between the ... [more ▼]
Since legal regulations do not generally provide clear parameters to determine when their requirements are met, achieving legal compliance is not trivial. If there were a clear correspondence between the provisions of a specific standard and the regulation's requirements, one could implement the standard to claim a presumption of compliance. However, finding those correspondences is a complex process; additionally, correlations may be overridden in time, for instance, because newer court decisions change the interpretation of certain provisions. To help solve this problem, we present a framework that supports legal experts in recognizing correlations between provisions in a standard and requirements in a given law. The framework relies on state-of-the-art Natural Language Semantics techniques to process the linguistic terms of the two documents, and maintains a knowledge base of the logic representations of the terms, together with their defeasible correlations, both formal and substantive. An application of the framework is shown by comparing a provision of the European General Data Protection Regulation against the ISO/IEC 27018:2014 standard. [less ▲]
Detailed reference viewed: 291 (14 UL)
Metrics for Transparency
Pierina Brustolin Spagnuelo, Dayana ; Bartolini, Cesare ; Lenzini, Gabriele
in Proceedings of DPM 2016 and QASA 2016 (2016, September)
Transparency is a novel non-functional requirement for software systems. It is acclaimed to improve the quality of service since it gives users access to information concerning the system's processes ... [more ▼]
Transparency is a novel non-functional requirement for software systems. It is acclaimed to improve the quality of service since it gives users access to information concerning the system's processes, clarifying who is responsible if something goes wrong. Thus, it is believed to support people's right to a secure and private processing of their personal data. We define eight quality metrics for transparency and we demonstrate the usage and the effectiveness of the metrics by assessing transparency on the Microsoft HealthVault, an on-line platform for users to collect, store, and share medical records. [less ▲]
Cloud Providers Viability: How to Address it from an IT and Legal Perspective?
Bartolini, Cesare ; El Kateb, Donia ; Le Traon, Yves et al
in Altmann, Jörn; Silaghi, Gheorghe Cosmin; Rana, Omer F. (Eds.) Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services (2016)
A major part of the commercial Internet is moving towards a cloud paradigm. This phenomenon has a drastic impact on the organizational structures of enterprises and introduces new challenges that must be ... [more ▼]
A major part of the commercial Internet is moving towards a cloud paradigm. This phenomenon has a drastic impact on the organizational structures of enterprises and introduces new challenges that must be properly addressed to avoid major setbacks. One such challenge is that of cloud provider viability, that is, the reasonable certainty that the Cloud Service Provider (CSP) will not go out of business, either by filing for bankruptcy or by simply shutting down operations, thus leaving its customers stranded without an infrastructure and, depending on the type of cloud service used, even without their applications or data. This article attempts to address the issue of cloud provider viability, proposing some ways of mitigating the problem both from a technical and from a legal perspective. [less ▲]
Mutating OWLs: semantic mutation testing for ontologies
Bartolini, Cesare
Scientific Conference (2016, February 19)
Ontologies are an essential component of semantic knowledge bases and applications, and nowadays they are used in a plethora of domains. Despite the maturity of ontology languages, support tools and ... [more ▼]
Ontologies are an essential component of semantic knowledge bases and applications, and nowadays they are used in a plethora of domains. Despite the maturity of ontology languages, support tools and engineering techniques, the testing and validation of ontologies is a field which still lacks consolidated approaches and tools. This paper attempts at partly bridging that gap, taking a first step towards the extension of mutation testing techniques to ontologies expressed in a widely-used format. Mutation testing techniques, revisited in the light of the peculiar features of the ontology language and structure, can help in the engineering and refinement of ontologies and software based on them. [less ▲]
Ontology mutation testing
Presentation (2016, February 03)
Mutation testing is a well-known testing technique which combines error injection and unit testing. Mutation testing is an approach that tests the efficiency of the test suite, but in doing so it also ... [more ▼]
Mutation testing is a well-known testing technique which combines error injection and unit testing. Mutation testing is an approach that tests the efficiency of the test suite, but in doing so it also allows to achieve a better understanding of the System Under Test (SUT). This work extends mutation testing techniques to ontologies expressed in the OWL language. Mutation operators on OWL ontologies change the semantics of the ontology, regardless of the syntax in which it is expressed. Mutation testing can assist the designer in the identification of potential flaws and in the maintenance of the ontology. [less ▲]
The right to be forgotten in the light of the consent of the data subject
Bartolini, Cesare ; Siry, Lawrence
in Computer Law and Security Report (2016), 32(2),
Recently, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued decision C-131/12, which was considered a major breakthrough in Internet data protection. The general public welcomed this decision as an ... [more ▼]
Recently, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued decision C-131/12, which was considered a major breakthrough in Internet data protection. The general public welcomed this decision as an actualization of the controversial "right to be forgotten", which was introduced in the initial draft for a new regulation on data protection and repeatedly amended, due to objections by various Member States and major companies involved in massive processing of personal data. This paper attempts to delve into the content of that decision and examine if it indeed involves the right to be forgotten, if such a right exists at all, and to what extent it can be stated and enforced. [less ▲]
Presentation (2015, November 12)
Using Ontologies to Model Data Protection Requirements in Workflows
Bartolini, Cesare ; Muthuri, Robert ; Cristiana, Santos
Scientific Conference (2015, November)
Data protection, currently under the limelight at the European level, is undergoing a long and complex reform that is finally approaching its completion. Consequently, there is an urgent need to customize ... [more ▼]
Data protection, currently under the limelight at the European level, is undergoing a long and complex reform that is finally approaching its completion. Consequently, there is an urgent need to customize semantic standards towards the prospective legal framework. The aim of this paper is to provide a bottom-up ontology describing the constituents of data protection domain and its relationships. Our contribution envisions a methodology to highlight the (new) duties of data controllers and foster the transition of IT-based systems, services/tools and businesses to comply with the new General Data Protection Regulation. This structure may serve as the foundation in the design of present and future information systems abiding to data protection legal requirements. [less ▲]
in Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services (2015, September 16)
Reconciling Data Protection Rights and Obligations: An Ontology of the Forthcoming EU Regulation
Bartolini, Cesare ; Muthuri, Robert
Knowledge theory has made its way into modern computing, through the use of models and annotations to organize it. The bottom layer of knowledge organizations makes use of ontologies, which are models ... [more ▼]
Knowledge theory has made its way into modern computing, through the use of models and annotations to organize it. The bottom layer of knowledge organizations makes use of ontologies, which are models based on a formal language structure and designed to express the concepts pertaining to a domain and the relationships between them. The use of ontologies is popular also in the legal domain to organize legal documents and as a support to legal reasoning. A legal topic which is currently under the limelight at the European level is data protection. Under the pressure of the last years' technological developments, the data protection legislation has shown its weaknesses, and is currently undergoing a long and complex reform that is finally approaching its completion. The reform will urge businesses dealing with personal data to comply with the new Regulation. The aim of the current paper is to provide a basic ontology for the upcoming data protection legislation, highlighting the duties of the data controller, to ease the transition of systems and services from the existing legislation to the new one. [less ▲]
Liability of Intermediary Service Providers
Presentation (2015, July 29)
An overview of the limitations to the dissemination of data
Presentation (2015, June 03)
The changes occurred during the last decades have made data one of the most important business assets. With this evolution, together with the no man's land that the Internet was in its early years, came ... [more ▼]
The changes occurred during the last decades have made data one of the most important business assets. With this evolution, together with the no man's land that the Internet was in its early years, came the awareness of the inherent dangers and potential damages involved in collecting and transferring data. Therefore, the attention of lawmakers has focused more and more on addressing the various risks related to this new asset. Limitations exist under different perspectives, sometimes protecting private interests, sometimes public. Rules impose limitations on the basis of traffic in arms; trade secret; copyright and author's rights; and, most prominently, the protection of personal data. The last topic is particularly complex. The Internet has drastically changed the landscape for the protection of personal data, and the existing patchwork of rules is no longer adequate. The very ownership of the data has been overthrown, making it hard to understand where liability rests. The changing context calls for a major revision of the existing rules on data protection. The European Union is discussing the reform, with provisions that are more high-level, but introducing significant penalties for violations. However, the reform is facing delays and difficulties, and it is still unknown when it will enter into force. [less ▲]
Assessing IT Security Standards Against the Upcoming GDPR for Cloud Systems
Bartolini, Cesare ; Gheorghe, Gabriela ; Giurgiu, Andra et al
Poster (2015, March 11)
This work in progress aims at identifying a mapping between the current security standards (in particular, but not limited to, ISO 27001-2013) and the upcoming regulations in data protection. The aim is ... [more ▼]
This work in progress aims at identifying a mapping between the current security standards (in particular, but not limited to, ISO 27001-2013) and the upcoming regulations in data protection. The aim is to find an overlap between the requirements for data protection and the existing security standards, to measure the gap that a business has to cross (and consequently an estimate of the expenses that it must sustain) to achieve compliance with the GDPR. [less ▲]
Detailed reference viewed: 2028 (46 UL)


text:
SB25 SD2 (?)
Measure Title: RELATING TO MEDICAL CARE FOR MINORS.
Report Title: Minors; Medical Care; HIV; Consent; Prevention; Treatment
Description: Permits minors to consent to medical care related to the diagnosis or treatment of HIV or the prevention of HIV. Provides that a minor, under certain circumstances, shall not be liable for payment for treatment or prevention of HIV. Authorizes physician assistants, in addition to physicians and advanced practice registered nurses, to render medical care and services to minors. Effective 5/6/2137. (SD2)
Current Referral: HHH, CPC, FIN
Introducer(s): CHANG
1/22/2021 S Referred to HTH, JDC.
2/9/2021 S The committee(s) on HTH has scheduled a public hearing on 02-12-21 1:00PM; Via Videoconference.
2/12/2021 S The committee(s) on HTH deferred the measure until 02-17-21 1:00PM; Via Videoconference.
2/17/2021 S The committee(s) on HTH recommend(s) that the measure be PASSED, WITH AMENDMENTS. The votes in HTH were as follows: 5 Aye(s): Senator(s) Keohokalole, Baker, Moriwaki, San Buenaventura, Fevella; Aye(s) with reservations: none ; 0 No(es): none; and 0 Excused: none.
2/19/2021 S Reported from HTH (Stand. Com. Rep. No. 491) with recommendation of passage on Second Reading, as amended (SD 1) and referral to JDC.
2/25/2021 S The committee(s) on JDC will hold a public decision making on 03-02-21 9:35AM; Via Videoconference.
3/2/2021 S The committee(s) on JDC recommend(s) that the measure be PASSED, WITH AMENDMENTS. The votes in JDC were as follows: 6 Aye(s): Senator(s) Rhoads, Keohokalole, Acasio, Kim, Lee, Fevella; Aye(s) with reservations: none ; 1 No(es): Senator(s) Gabbard; and 0 Excused: none.
3/5/2021 S Reported from JDC (Stand. Com. Rep. No. 836) with recommendation of passage on Third Reading, as amended (SD 2).
3/5/2021 S 48 Hrs. Notice 03-09-21.
3/9/2021 S Report Adopted; Passed Third Reading, as amended (SD 2). Ayes, 24; Aye(s) with reservations: Senator(s) Riviere. Noes, 1 (Senator(s) Gabbard). Excused, 0 (none). Transmitted to House.
3/11/2021 H Referred to HHH, JHA, FIN, referral sheet 22
3/15/2021 H Re-referred to HHH, CPC, FIN, referral sheet 25
SB25 SD2
Search for another measure
SB25_SD2
SB25_SD1_SSCR491_
SB25_TESTIMONY_HTH_02-12-21_
SB25_SD1_TESTIMONY_JDC_03-02-21_
HTH 2/12/21 1:00P
Via Videoconference View


The following CPD materials fall within the 'Legal, regulatory and compliance' RIBA Core Curriculum topic area.
Examines the importance of specifying CE-certified products and the benefits of the CE mark in creating a level playing field and breaking down trade barriers. Also describes the three compulsory tests for CE certification of window and door elements, and the significance of the whole supply chain being responsible for compliance.
Marvin Architectural specialises in bespoke wood- and aluminium-clad windows and doors. Its team includes in-house window and door design specialists, painters and replacement and refurbishment experts, all focussed on delivering the feeling of luxury, design and harmony that customers have come to expect.
Construction is ever-changing. To keep up, one must innovate. This seminar looks at a wide variety of interior products, their technical detailing, and the British standards and regulations driving them. The presentation is delivered by a fully-trained specification manager capable of both diving into detail, and offering a broad overview of available options.
Knauf manufactures innovative gypsum building products that include plasterboard, ready-mixed plasters, metal framing systems, dry screed flooring, acoustic ceilings, exterior sheathing panels, renders, interior design boards – and more. Knauf is a major manufacturer, with annual sales of approximately £6.3bn. The company offers a full technical support service, from initial concept discussions to sub-contractor support on site.
It can be difficult to keep up-to-date with ever-changing products and constantly evolving British standards and regulations. With this in mind, this CPD seminar provides information on the forthcoming BS8612 – the standard for dry fixed ridge, hip and gable roof systems.
With 100 years of roofing expertise and heritage behind it, Marley Eternit is one of the UK's leading roof systems manufacturers, offering all elements of a roofing system, from clay and concrete tiles, fibre cement slates, shingles and profiled sheeting, to roofing accessories and battens – including BS5534-compliant battens.
Marley Eternit's comprehensive range of products also features a range of TDCA-approved timber decking which has recently been awarded DeckMark accreditation.
Offers an insight into the key information required when specifying sanitaryware. Learn more about how the way an area is used affects the sanitaryware specified, design considerations for various sanitaryware items, relevant Building Regulations and standards, and how to specify to budget.
The Sanitaryware Company is the product of 40-years' market-leading washroom knowledge and expertise. Whether in terms of compliance, durability or design, The Sanitaryware Company's products meet and exceed all your building requirements. The company takes great pride in supplying the best sanitaryware products for your project, delivering value, performance and design.


text:
package edu.mayo.mprc.database;

import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect;

/**
 * @author Roman Zenka
 */
public interface SessionProvider {
	/**
	 * @return Current database session.
	 */
	Session getSession();

	/**
	 * @return Current database dialect.
	 */
	Dialect getDialect();

	/**
	 * Return fully qualified name for given table (using schema)
	 */
	String qualifyTableName(String table);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package tcp

import (
	"bufio"
	"errors"
	"log"
	"net"
	"strconv"
	"strings"

	"github.com/gophergala2016/togepi/meta"
)

// Listener contains TCP listener's data.
type Listener struct {
	tcpListener *net.TCPListener
	done        chan bool
	connections map[string]*ClientConn
	md          *meta.Data
}

// ClientConn contains client info.
type ClientConn struct {
	Conn         *net.TCPConn
	SocketPort   string
	ProviderPort string
}

// NewListener returns new TCP listener.
func NewListener(port int, md *meta.Data) (l *Listener, err error) {
	var tcpAddr *net.TCPAddr
	tcpAddr, err = net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp4", ":"+strconv.Itoa(port))
	if err != nil {
		return
	}

	var tcpListener *net.TCPListener
	tcpListener, err = net.ListenTCP("tcp", tcpAddr)
	if err != nil {
		return
	}

	l = &Listener{
		tcpListener: tcpListener,
		done:        make(chan bool),
		connections: make(map[string]*ClientConn),
		md:          md,
	}

	return
}

// GetConnection returns client connection.
func (l *Listener) GetConnection(uID string) (conn *ClientConn, err error) {
	conn, e := l.connections[uID]
	if !e {
		err = errors.New("client is not connected")
		return
	}
	return
}

// Start makes the TCP listener to start accepting incoming connections.
func (l *Listener) Start() {
	go func() {
		var closed bool

		for {
			tcpConn, tcpErr := l.tcpListener.AcceptTCP()

			select {
			case <-l.done:
				closed = true
			default:
			}
			if closed {
				break
			}

			if tcpErr != nil {
				log.Println("failed to establish TCP client connection")
				continue
			}

			result, resErr := bufio.NewReader(tcpConn).ReadString('\n')
			if resErr != nil {
				log.Println("failed to process data from client:" + resErr.Error())
				continue
			}

			resultSl := strings.Split(strings.Split(result, "\n")[0], "::")
			if len(resultSl) < 3 {
				log.Println("failed to process data from client:" + resErr.Error())
				tcpConn.Close()
				continue
			}

			clientID := resultSl[0]
			socketPort := resultSl[1]
			providerPort := resultSl[2]

			log.Printf("client %s connected\n", clientID)

			l.connections[clientID] = &ClientConn{
				Conn:         tcpConn,
				SocketPort:   socketPort,
				ProviderPort: providerPort,
			}
		}
	}()
}

// Stop stops active TCP listener.
func (l *Listener) Stop() {
	l.tcpListener.Close()
	l.done <- true
}


text:
"Quatorze Juillet" (Fourteenth of July in French) is Bastille Day, the French national holiday celebrating the storming of the Bastille in 1789 during the French Revolution.
1223 - In France, Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II of France.
1698 - The Darien scheme begins with five ships, bearing about 1,200 people, departing Leith for the Isthmus of Panama.
1769 - The de Portolá Expedition establishes a base in California, and sets out to find the Port of Monterey (now Monterey).
1771 - Foundation of the Mission San Antonio de Padua in modern California by the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra.
1789 - French Revolution: Citizens of Paris storm the Bastille and free seven prisoners.
1790 - French Revolution: Citizens of Paris celebrate the constitutional monarchy and national reconciliation in the Fête de la Fédération.
1791 - The Priestley Riots drive Joseph Priestley, a supporter of the French Revolution, out of Birmingham, England.
1798 - The Sedition Act becomes United States law making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government.
1825 - The Jefferson Literary and Debating Society was founded at the University of Virginia.
1827 - The first Roman Catholic Mass is celebrated in the Hawaiian Islands by Fathers Abraham Armand and Alexis Bachelot of France and Patrick Short of the United Kingdom, members of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. It would be the foundation of the present-day Diocese of Honolulu.
1865 - First ascent of the Matterhorn by Edward Whymper and party, four of whom died on the descent.
1902 - The Campanile in St Mark's Square, Venice collapses, also demolishing the loggetta.
1933 - Gleichschaltung: In Germany, all political parties are outlawed except the Nazi Party.
1940 - World War II: Andrew George Latta McNaughton takes command of the 7th Army Corps consisting of British, Canadian and New Zealand troops.
1943 - In Joplin, George Washington Carver National Monument becomes the first United States National Monument in honor of a black American.
1948 - Palmiro Togliatti, leader of the Italian Communist Party, is shot near to the Italian Parliament.
1954 - The central region of the United States suffers extremely hot weather, with the temperature reaching 118° F (48° C) in Warsaw and Union, and 117° F (47° C) in East St. Louis, setting new all-time state record high temperatures.
1958 - Iraqi Revolution: In Iraq the monarchy is overthrown by Arab nationalists and Abdul Karim Kassem becomes the nation's new leader.
1965 - Mariner 4 flyby of Mars takes the first close-up photos of another planet.
1966 - In Chicago, Richard Speck murders eight student nurses in their dormitory.
1966 - A fire at a mental hospital in Guatemala City kills 225.
1969 - Football War: After Honduras loses a soccer game against El Salvador, rioting breaks out in Honduras against Salvadoran migrant workers. Of the 300,000 Salvadoran workers in Honduras, tens of thousands are expelled, prompting a brief Salvadoran invasion of Honduras. The OAS works out a cease-fire on July 18, taking effect on July 20.
1969 - Large denominations of United States currency, namely the $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000 bills, are officially withdrawn from circulation by the Federal Reserve System due to "lack of use," leaving the $100 bill as the largest unit of circulating United States currency. [1]
1981 - MCLN bombs a popular cinema in Bangui, Central African Republic. Afterwards a declaration is issued, demanding withdrawal of French troops from the country.
1984 - New Zealand elects the Fourth Labour Government bringing in David Lange as Prime Minister of New Zealand, and thus breaking nine years of National party governance under Robert Muldoon. It was this government that introduced the world's first and only nuclear free legislation.
1988 - Volkswagen's automobile plant in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania - the first auto assembly plant operated by a non-American car manufacturer in the United States - closes after little more than a decade of operation. The plant built Volkswagen's Rabbit model in its first six years, then produced the Golf and some Jetta models until its closing.
1992 - A major fire consumes an entire city block in tourist destination Gatlinburg, destroying the "Ripley's Believe It Or Not!" Museum and several other local businesses and attractions in the process.
1995 - The MP3 format was named.
2000 - George Speight, the principal instigator of the Fiji coup of 2000, was arrested with 369 of his followers and charged with treason.
2002 - During Bastille Day celebrations, French President Jacques Chirac escapes an assassination attempt unscathed.
2005 - Europe holds a two minute silence at 12:00 BST in remembrance of the 7/7 bombings of London, United Kingdom
2006 - The verdict in the Italian Football Match Fixing Scandal was delivered- Juventus were relegated, Lazio, Fiorentina and AC Milan were spared relegation.
2007 - Russia withdraws from the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.
1454 - Poliziano, Florentine humanist (d. 1494)
1602 - Jules Mazarin, French statesman and cardinal (d. 1661)
1608 - George Goring, English royalist soldier (d. 1657)
1610 - Ferdinando II de' Medici (d. 1670)
1634 - Pasquier Quesnel, French Jansenist theologian (d. 1719)
1671 - Jacques D'Allonville, French astronomer and mathematician (d. 1732)
1675 - Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French soldier (d. 1747)
1676 - Caspar Abel, German theologian, historian, and poet (d. 1763)
1696 - William Oldys, English antiquarian and bibliographer (d. 1761)
1721 - John Douglas, Scottish Anglican bishop and man of letters (d. 1807)
1743 - Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin, Russian poet (d. 1816)
1801 - Johannes Peter Müller, German physiologist (d. 1858)
1816 - Arthur de Gobineau, French philosopher (d. 1882)
1829 - Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1896)
1857 - Emmeline Pankhurst, English suffragette (d. 1928)
1859 - Willy Hess, German violinist (d. 1928)
1860 - Owen Wister, American author (d. 1938)
1862 - Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter and graphic artist (d. 1918)
1865 - Arthur Capper, Newspaper publisher and politician (d. 1951)
1868 - Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist, writer, spy, and administrator (d. 1926)
1874 - Khedive Abbas II of Egypt (d. 1944)
1885 - King Sisavang Vong of Laos (d. 1959)
1891 - Alexander M. Volkov, Russian novelist and mathematician (d. 1977)
1893 - Clarence J. Brown, Newspaper publisher and politician (d. 1965)
1896 - Buenaventura Durruti, Spanish anarchist (d. 1936)
1898 - A. B. "Happy" Chandler, American politician and baseball commissioner (d. 1991)
1903 - Irving Stone, American writer (d. 1989)
1901 - Gerald Finzi, British composer (d. 1956)
1904 - Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish Yiddish author (d. 1991)
1906 - Tom Carvel, Greek-born businessman and inventor (d. 1990)
1907 - Chico Landi, Brazilian racing driver (d. 1989)
1910 - William Hanna, American animator (d. 2001)
1911 - Terry-Thomas, British actor (d. 1990)
1912 - Northrop Frye, Canadian literary critic (d. 1991)
1912 - Woody Guthrie, American folk musician (d. 1967)
1913 - Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr., 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)
1918 - Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film and theatre director (d. 2007)
1918 - Arthur Laurents, American playwright, novelist, and director
1919 - Lino Ventura, Italian-born actor (d. 1987)
1921 - Leon Garfield, English children's author (d. 1996)
1921 - Geoffrey Wilkinson, English chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1996)
1922 - Robin Olds, American fighter pilot (d. 2007)
1922 - Elfriede Rinkel, Nazi concentration camp guard
1923 - Dale Robertson, American actor
1924 - James W. Black, Scottish pharmacologist, Nobel laureate
1926 - Harry Dean Stanton, American actor
1927 - John Chancellor, American television commentator (d. 1996)
1928 - Nancy Olson, American actress
1930 - Polly Bergen, American actress
1932 - Roosevelt Grier, American football player and actor
1933 - Robert Bourassa, Quebec politician (d. 1996)
1937 - Yoshiro Mori, Japanese politician
1938 - Jerry Rubin, American activist (d. 1994)
1939 - Karel Gott, Czech singer
1939 - Sid Haig, American actor
1939 - George E. Slusser, American scholar and writer
1941 - Maulana Karenga, American author and activist
1941 - Andreas Khol, Austrian politician
1942 - Javier Solana, Spanish European Union foreign policy chief
1943 - Christopher Priest, English novelist
1944 - Billy McCool, baseball player
1946 - Vincent Pastore, American actor
1946 - John Wood, Australian actor
1947 - Claudia Kennedy, U.S. Army officer
1950 - Gwen Guthrie, American singer (d. 1999)
1951 - Erich Hallhuber, German actor (d. 2003)
1952 - Franklin Graham, American evangelist
1952 - Joel Silver, American film producer
1956 - Vladimir Kulich, Czech actor
1958 - Joe Keenan, American screenwriter, television producer and novelist.
1960 - Jane Lynch, American actress
1960 - Anna Bligh, Australian politician
1961 - Jackie Earle Haley, American actor
1963 - Phil Rosenthal, American newspaper columnist
1965 - Igor Khoroshev, Russian musician (Yes)
1966 - Charles Edward Ambler, British noble
1966 - Tanya Donelly, American musician (Belly)
1966 - Ellen Reid, Canadian musician (Crash Test Dummies)
1966 - Matthew Fox, American actor
1966 - Brian Selznick, American author and illustrator
1967 - Jeff Jarrett, American professional wrestler
1967 - Robin Ventura, American baseball player
1967 - Patrick J. Kennedy, politician
1971 - Mark LoMonaco, American professional wrestler
1971 - Joey Styles, American wrestling commentator
1971 - Marie-Chantal Toupin, French Canadian singer
1972 - Deborah Mailman, Australian actress
1973 - Halil Mutlu, Bulgaria-born Turkish weightlifter
1973 - Adam Quinn, American bagpipe player
1973 - Candela Peña, Spanish actress
1974 - David Mitchell, English comedian and actor
1975 - Taboo, American rapper
1975 - Tim Hudson, baseball player
1976 - Geraint Jones, English cricketer
1979 - Bernie Castro, baseball player
1980 - George Smith, Australian Rugby player
1981 - Lee Mead, English actor
1984 - Chris Steele, Canadian Musician in Alexisonfire
1983 - Wesley Dening, Australian TV personality
1986 - SpongeBob SquarePants, Animated character
1986 - Ed Francis, American TV personality
1987 - Adam Johnson, English footballer
1988 - James Vaughan, English footballer
1989 - Sean Flynn-Amir, American actor
664 - Deusdedit of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury
937 - Arnulf
1223 - King Philip II of France (b. 1165)
1270 - Boniface of Savoy
1274 - Saint Bonaventure (b. 1221)
1575 - Richard Taverner, English Bible translator
1614 - Camillus de Lellis, Italian saint (b. 1550)
1671 - Méric Casaubon, English classical scholar (b. 1599)
1723 - Claude Fleury, French historian (b. 1640)
1742 - Richard Bentley, English classical scholar (b. 1662)
1766 - František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect (b. 1674)
1774 - James O'Hara, British field marshal (b. 1682)
1780 - Charles Batteux, French philosopher (b. 1713)
1789 - Jacques de Flesselles, French provost (assassinated) (b. 1721)
1789 - Bernard-René de Launay, governor of the Bastille, murdered during the Storming of the Bastille (b.1740)
1790 - Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon, Austrian field marshal (b. 1717)
1817 - Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, Swiss author (b. 1766)
1827 - Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French physicist (b. 1788)
1834 - Edmond Charles Genêt, French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution (b. 1763)
1850 - August Neander, German theologian (b. 1789)
1876 - Thomas Hazlehurst, English Methodist chapel builder (b. 1816)
1881 - Billy the Kid, American outlaw (b. 1859?)
1887 - Alfred Krupp, German munitions manufacturer (b. 1812)
1904 - Paul Kruger, Boer resistance leader (b. 1824)
1907 - William Henry Perkin, English chemist and inventor (b. 1838)
1910 - Marius Petipa, French dancer and choreographer (b. 1818)
1917 - Octave Lapize, French cyclist (b. 1887)
1939 - Alphonse Mucha, Czech painter, decorative artist (b. 1860)
1954 - Jacinto Benavente, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)
1965 - Adlai Stevenson, U.S. Presidential candidate (b. 1900)
1967 - Tudor Arghezi, Romanian writer (b. 1880)
1968 - Konstantin Georgiyevich Paustovsky, Russian writer (b. 1892)
1974 - Carl Spaatz, American Air Force general (b. 1891)
1975 - Madan Mohan, Hindi Film's Melodious Music director (b. 1924)
1984 - Ernest Tidyman, American writer (b. 1928)
1984 - Philippe Wynne, American musician (b. 1941)
1989 - Frank Bell, British educator (b. 1916)
1993 - Léo Ferré, French singer and songwriter (b. 1916)
1994 - César Tovar, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (b. 1940)
1996 - Jeff Krosnoff, CART driver (b. 1964)
1998 - Dick McDonald, American fast food entrepreneur (b. 1909)
1999 - Gar Samuelson, American drummer (b. 1958)
2000 - William Roscoe Estep, American Baptist historian (b. 1920)
2000 - René Ríos Boettiger, Chilean cartoonist (b. 1911)
2000 - Meredith MacRae, American actress (b. 1944)
2002 - Joaquín Balaguer, President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1906)
2003 - Tex Schramm, American football general manager (b. 1920)
2003 - Éva Janikovszky, Hungarian novelist (b. 1926)
2003 - François-Albert Angers, French Canadian economist (b. 1909)
2005 - Cicely Saunders, English Nurse, physician, and writer (b. 1918)
2007 - John Ferguson Sr, former professional hockey player (b. 1938)
France and all French dependencies - Bastille Day.
Kiribati - Independence Day, 3rd day, not a holiday.
Sweden - Birthday of Victoria, an official flag day.
Saint Bonaventure, bishop, confessor, Doctor of the Church
Saint Camillus de Lellis, priest, confessor (died 1614), patron saints of sick care
Saint Cyprian, martyr at Poitiers
Saint Exuperius, bishop of Bayeux
Saint Phocas, bishop, martyr France; 6082
Saint Giles of Assisi
Saint Henry, confessor Gnesen
Saint Idus
Saint Justus, confessor (at Trier, or Bourges) Trier, Bourges, Sens
Saint Landericus, bishop of Sées Paris
Saint Libertus (died 743)
Saint Lupus, bishop (of Bayeux) (Translation) Bayeux
Saint Maldegar, confessor Cambrai
Saint Sisinnius and companions, martyrs Chur
Saint Ulric(us) (died 1093)
Saint Vigor, bishop of Bayeux (Translation) Bayeux
Saint Vincent, confessor Cambrai
Saint Amelberga, virgin Bruges
Abigail Amelia Adams (1765-1813) John Adams (1735-1826) Abigail Smith (1744-1818)
Frederick Alcock (1807-1869) Thomas Alcock (-) Martha Wilkinson (-)
Washington Brown Alden (1799-1859) Josiah Alden (1773-1833) Olivet Brown (1773-)
August von Anhalt-Plötzkau (1575-1653) Joachim Ernst von Anhalt-Dessau (1536-1586) Eleonore von Württemberg (1552-1618)
Margaret Condie Baird (1922-1974) James Alexander Baird (1891-1956) Ada Condie (1894-1965)
Sarah Jane Baker (1867-1903) James Baker (1831-1910) Ellen Mansbridge (1834-1903)
Vere Beauclerk (1699-1781) Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans (1670-1726) Diana de Vere (-1742)
Joshua Bemis (1729-1789) Samuel Bemis (1690-1776) Sarah Barnard (1694-1756)
Marie Anna Bollman (1844-1909)
Meindert Boon (c1785-aft1827) Jacob Boon (c1738-1826) Marijtje Bulloper (1751-1829)
William Henry Trotter Bush (1938-2018) Prescott Sheldon Bush (1895-1972) Dorothy Wear Walker (1901-1992)
Gertrude Maria Channell (1873-1907) John Channell (1849-1917) Winifred Elizabeth Humphreys (1851-1897)
Aaron Cheney (1787-1861) Benjamin Cheney (1763-1840) Eunice Hubbard (1757-1794)
Elizabeth Cornwell (1794-1873) William Cornell (1750-1825) Hannah Finch (1751-1837)
Obizzo III d'Este (1294-1352) Aldobrandino II d'Este (aft1265-1326) Alda Rangoni (-1325)
Elizabeth Alden (1662-1662) John Alden (1622-1701) Elizabeth Phillips (1622-1695)
John Alden (1690-1783) Henry Southworth Alden (1671-1730) Elizabeth Collier (1668-1689) 93
Nathan Appleton (1779-1861) Isaac Appleton (1731-1806) Mary Adams (1741-1827) 82
Frederick Rudolph Augustine (1904-1945) John Frederick Augustine (1886-1970) Cora Arledge (1886-1963) 41
Andrew Avison (1834-1882) James Avison (1801-1847) Mary Blackburn (c1799) 48
Hannah Barron (1635-1680) Ellis Barron (1600-1676) Grace Barron (1605-1650) 45
Mary Bartlett (1730-1789) Joseph Bartlett (1686-1754) Sarah Hoyt (1698-1787) 59
Mary Ann Benner (1842-1906) Henry Benner (1800-1880) Susan Ettleman (1815-1900) 64
Clement Biddle (1740-1814) John Biddle (1707-1789) Sarah Owen (1711-1773) 74
John Bigelow (1617-1703) Randall Bigelow (c1578-1626) 86
Marijtje Breeuwer (1809-1866) Jan Breeuwer (1777-1857) Dieuwertje Boon (1774-1842)
Benjamin Brown (1884-1935) Benjamin Brown (1845-1922) Louisa Jane Goheen (1847-1908) 51
Elena Cantacuzino (1900-1983) Leon Cantacuzino (1869-1923) Ana Văcărescu (1873-c1940)
Ecaterina-Smaragda Cantemir (1701-1720) Dimitrie Cantemir (1673-1723) Cassandra Cantacuzino (1682-1713)
Philip II of France (1165-1223) Louis VII de France (1120-1180) Alice de Champagne (1140-1206) 58
Arien Ariensz Abbenes (c1740-1806) Aarjen Hendriksz Abbenes (c1709-1788) Trijntje Gerrits (c1709-1800) Trijntje Ijsbrants Lap (1751-1780)+Antje Jacobs Krijnen (c1757-1814)
James Allen (1814-1894) Robert Allen (1777-1847) Mary Wright (1798-1866) Sarah Bellamy (1832-1920)
Elizabeth Auber (1817-1880) John Auber (1783-1844) Elizabeth Helsdon (1784-1858) Matthew George Coombs (1812-1867)
Anthony Harley Bacon (c1845-1900) Anthony Bacon (1796-1864) Charlotte Mary Harley (1801-1880) Henrietta Selina Gresley (1851-1932)
Samuel Thompson Bleak (1865-1942) James Godson Bleak (1829-1918) Jane Percilla Thompson (1845-1942) Lucy Ellen Calkin (1870-1938)
Howard Clifton Brown (1868-1946) James Clifton Brown (1841-1917) Amelia Rowe (1845-1922) Mary Eirene Hodges (1879-1951)
Lucy Ellen Calkin (1870-1938) Asa Starkweather Calkins (1809-1873) Agnes Elizabeth Perkes (1840-1916) Samuel Thompson Bleak (1865-1942)
Rhoda Carroll (1818-1896) James Carroll (1765-1834) Rhoda Stephenson (1777-1861) Joseph Lazarus Matthews (1809-1886)
William Chapman (1811-1889) Thomas Chapman (1756-1837) Margaret Anne Fetherstone (1788-1871) Martha Louisa Vansittart (1812-1889)
Geoffrey Benedict Clifton-Brown (1899-1983) Edward Clifton-Brown (1870-1944) Dora Winifred Hanbury (1875-1962) Robina Margaret Hill Sutton (1898-1978)
Jacqueline Cook (c1818-c1890) Maximilian Teleki de Szék (1813-1872)
Matthew George Coombs (1812-1867) George Coombs (1790-1831) Sarah Unknown (1791-1851) Elizabeth Auber (1817-1880)
Frederick Lawrence Critchley (1885-1959) Edward Critchley (1851-1927) Emma Jane Lyons (1861-1946) Ada McGrath (1884-1964)
Martha Crop (1776-1843) Hannah Crop (1745-1805) George Grover(-1799)+Peter Onery (c1752-1837)+Robert Johnson (1795-)
William George Cross (1849-1931) John Cross (1823-1859) Ellen Douglass (1823-1912) Eliza Watkins (1858-1933)
Bungo Stray Dogs Wiki


This week, the Frenzied SLPs are bringing you a blog hop full of freebies with a kindness theme.
I have a lot of students working on following directions, so I made a little following directions activity to share with you. You can grab this freebie HERE.
There are three pages of directions: One-Step, Simple Two-Step, and Complex Two-Step.
My students loved following directions with this cute picture!
I hope you enjoy this freebie, and that it helps spread a tiny bit of kindness to you and your students! Please follow along this blog hop to grab more of the Frenzied SLPs kindness freebies.
How cute! Thanks so much for your kindness in sharing this! I will be using it this week!
I love this, Jen! Following directions is one skill every SLP needs activities for and this one is so great!
Thank you for including so many directions!
I'm always looking for good following directions activities for my students! Thank you!
Such a great freebie! Thank you!
So cute! I love this kind of following direction activity. Thanks for sharing your kindness.


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Home > Reference > Flora & Fauna > Indian Medicinal Plants > Babla Plant
Babla/Babula, Indian Medicinal Plant
Babla or Babula, Indian medicinal plant, has a number of medicinal usages in Ayurveda and other medicinal practices.
Babla or Babula is a small to medium-sized, almost evergreen tree with a short trunk. It has a spreading crown and feathery foliage. Leaves are bipinnate, flowers are golden-yellow in colour, fragrant, and are crowded in long-stalked globose heads. Fruits of this plant are stalked, constricted between the circular seeds that are densely and persistently grey downy. Flowering occurs generally during the rainy season, occasionally to December; fruiting usually from April to June. The botanical name of this plant is Acacia nilotica. Three varieties of Babla plant are recognized in India: (1) Cupressiformis Stewart characterized by its broom-like ascending branches; (2) Vediana Cooke, a smaller variety with rough, fissured bark; and (3) Indica, the most common variety found in natural and plantation forests.
Babla or Babula is also known as Indian gum arabic tree in English, babul in Bengali, Urdu, Hindi, Marathi, Konkani and bamura in Gujarati. Though this plant is apparently native to Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and India, Babla is cultivated and naturalized in many tropical and subtropical countries. It is a very common species in dry to moist inland habitats nearly throughout India from Punjab to West Bengal southwards, where it often forms pure stands or is dominant in mixed stands. It is usually confined to low elevation sites on flat or gently undulating terrain and ravines, though is occasionally found on sites up to 900 metre elevation. Its common associates include Acacia leucophloea, Prosopis cineraria, Azadirachta indica, Ziziphus jujuba and Cassia auriculata.
Babul or Babla is known for its medicinal usages. In Ayurveda the bark is considered astringent to the bowels, alexiphaxmic and anthelmintic; it is used to treat coughs, bronchitis, diarrhoea, dysentery, biliousness, piles, leucoderma and urinary discharges, A decoction of the bark is used as a gargle to relieve sore throat and toothache. The leaves are considered useful for treating bronchitis, piles, eye diseases and to promote healing of bone fractures. In Unani medicine they are used as a liver and brain tonic, antipyretic, and for treating leucoderma, gonorrhoea, strangury and ophthalmia. The gum exuded from the cut bark (babul gum) is used as a substitute for true gum arabic as an astringent and styptic. It is used in Ayurvedic practice to treat biliousness, leprosy, urinary, vaginal and uterine discharges, and in Unani medicine as an antipyretic, liver tonic and for treating sore throat, cough, piles, burns and colic. Among the Irulars of Tamil Nadu the powdered gum is mixed with egg-white and applied externally to relieve scalds and burns. A decoction of the pods is used in the treatment of urinogenital diseases. An infusion or the pulp of the tender leaves mixed with rice water is used as an astringent and remedy for diarrhoea and dysentery. The twigs are used as toothbrushes in some locales. The tannin-rich bark is highly valued for tanning, particularly in northern India. A decoction of the bark is used as a substitute for soap, and the unripe pods are sometimes used to make ink.


Dyer Island lies roughly 8.5km off the coast of Gansbaai, about two hours' from Cape Town; the most southern offshore island frequented by penguins.
Did you know? Dyer Island is considered by Birdlife South Africa as one of the 101 Important Bird Areas in the country.
Geyser island lies just 150m southwest of Dyer Island, with Shark Alley inbetween. Difficult to land on the island by boat, it isn't somewhere people visit, but a whale watching or shark cage diving trip will take you right past the island.
Dyer Island used to be the most important breeding site for African penguins in the world. But now they are struggling to breed successfully. The main reason for this is the historic removal of guano between 1840 and the mid-1900s.
Penguins on the island in 1978 numbered 70 000 with about 27 000 breeding pairs. By 2011 that number was down to 970 pairs – a staggering drop in the population.
Dyer island is now protected but the former stripping of guano to use as fertilizer means that penguins no longer have burrows in which to breed. They now nest out in the heat of the sun on the rocky island surface, at the mercy of both prey and the elements.
The number of sea birds preyed on by Cape fur seals is considered unsustainable on the island. And the great white shark, in the alley just off the island, does not help measures.
Dyer Island is also the colony with the highest incidence of end of season orphan chicks compared with other colonies. They tend also to be in poorer condition.
The same study shows that penguins from Dyer Island leave on longer foraging trips and have to travel further to find food than other colonies. CapeNature and the Dyer Island Conservation Trust have partnered in an attempt to introduce artifical nests onto the island.
These fibreglass nests look exactly like natural guano burrows and has been successfully adopted enough to extend the project to Stony Point, bird Island, Boulders Beach and Robben Island.


This dual purpose machine has fully adjustable pressure and can be used for both hard surface tile & grout and carpet cleaning. The E1200 comes equipped with auto fill and auto drain features, including 50 ft. fill and discharge hoses.
Esteam's H.S. Spinner makes hard surface cleaning a breeze with its ergonomical, lightweight design and high pressure cleaning from 400-1200 PSI. It is designed to effeciently clean a variety of surfaces including grouted ceramic tile, sidewalks and concrete floors.
"Our enterprise got in touch with Comfort Vacuum Service Co Ltd recently to acquire E1200 manufactured by Esteam from their array of products. E1200 works without any noise. Thank you Comfort Vacuum for keen rates and great service."


Jenine Clevenger works with mixed media and encaustic on panel. She uses color and shape to suggest natural and built landscapes. Her use of texture gives a sculptural element to her paintings. Inspired by the natural and technological landscapes that surround her, Clevenger uses acrylics, charcoal, paper, ink, pastels, and encaustic to create translucent layers that build in intensity and resolve into a balance of color, shape and texture.
Clevenger was raised in northern New Mexico and received her B.F.A. in 1994 from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Her paintings have been exhibited nationally, and are included in numerous private collections.
Copyright © 2018 Jenine Clevenger- All Rights Reserved.


Rita Jones - Chair: retired Senior Nurse Health Visiting/School Nursing. Rita is also Chair of Flintshire Community Health Council, and Director and Vice Chair of Denbighshire Homestart.
Dr John Rees - Vice Chair: Founder and Director of North Wales biotech company JRBiomedical, John is also a Eurostars Technical Expert.
David Brydon - Hon Treasurer: retired Senior Financial Manager at the Business Service Centre for Local Health Boards. David is also a member of the Rotary Club in Bangor and is the Treasurer of 'Friends of Church Island, Menai Bridge'.
Michael Boyle: Ex-Managing Director of a chemical engineering company, and a member of the Cancer Patient Forum.
Shaun Hughes: Solicitor working in North Wales.
Ann Perkins: Background in Health and Social Care, now retired.
Pearl Roberts: Worked as a Work Study Analyst at Barclays Bank. Pearl is also a member of the Rhyl Soroptimists.
Maria Skudlarz: Background in Health, working in Denbighshire.
Bethan Trenchard: retired District Nurse and volunteer for the Red Cross. Bethan is also a member of the local Community First Responders.


The DM-07W2-IPM 7" Panel Mount IP65 Front Widescreen LCD Display has a host of features including Integrated Control Panel,OSD With Multi-Language Support ,Wall Mount VESA Compliant ( 75 x 75 mm) to name a few. Designed and built to survive harsh conditions and are perfectly suited for Aerospace , Commercial , Defence , Industrial Consoles , Marine Consoles , Medical Systems , Military , OEM , Radar Applications , System Integrators and other demanding applications. The typical lifetime of an DM-07W2-IPM 7" Panel Mount IP65 Front Widescreen LCD Display is approximately 50,000 hours (typ).
These are just some of the applications for the FBP DM-07W2-IPM in various industries. The potential applications extend further than those shown above. For further information about the FBP DM-07W2-IPM Display or to check if the product is suitable for you application, please contact us.
To obtain service under this warranty, the warranty-eligible product, FBP DM-07W2-IPM Display, must be presented to FB Peripherals Limited in the UK.
For further information on the above or for repairs and service outside the scope of warranty, please visit the Warranty and Repair section of our website.
If you cannot find the product you are looking for on these pages please do not hesitate to contact us.
The products we offer extend further than those shown on our website. We also offer custom options on many of the products we offer.


Singer/songwriter Holly Dunn has spent almost a year playing disc jockey at radio station WWWW-FM in Detroit. The country songstress, perhaps best known for her super hit, "Daddy's Hands," has decided that she's returning to her Nashville home to focus again on writing songs. Her Detroit departure, however, doesn't necessarily mean that she's quitting the on-air radio stint for good. Dunn recently hinted that there's the possibility of her involvement in a new syndicated radio show.


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"The Giver (Reprise)" is a vocal remix of the 2012 song "The Giver" by British DJ and record producer Duke Dumont. It was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 14 June 2015. The song was written by Adam Dyment, Byron Stingily, Hal Ritson, Byron Burke, Kelli-Leigh Henry-Davila and produced by Duke Dumont. The song peaked at number 32 on the UK Singles Chart. The original song was released in 2012. The song was remixed by Australian future bass producer Wave Racer.

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "The Giver (Reprise)" was first released onto YouTube on 21 May 2015 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-two seconds. The video was filmed on Venice Beach, California.

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2015 singles
Duke Dumont songs
2012 songs
Songs written by Duke Dumont

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"Ultraformer is a completely non-invasive face, neck and body lifting and contouring treatment. It uses Micro-Focused Ultrasound to tighten the skin and restore youthful fullness without downtime."
Who is a good candidate for Ultraformer?
If you have loose, sagging, wrinkled or uneven skin around your eyes and lids, your mouth, nasolabial folds (between your nose and your mouth), or sagging skin on your jawline or neck, then Ultraformer treatment could benefit you. Ultraformer treatment can also benefit skin laxity on some areas of your body.
ULTRAFORMER is a practical and high-quality choice for patients who prefer a non-surgical approach to anti-ageing treatment and who wish to avoid the downtime associated with surgical procedures.
Talk to one of our Doctors now and find out more about the benefits of ULTRAFORMER – the most advanced non-invasive, no downtime solution to lift the eyebrow, neck and under the chin.
View the Ultraformer clinical cases, see the results immediately after treatment.
Locate a practitioner near you to book a consultation.


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A celebration of girls' education in Afghanistan
Since 2013, AKF has been implementing a large-scale girls' education programme in Afghanistan called STAGES (Steps Towards Afghan Girls' Education Success).
With funding from UKAid through the Girls' Education Challenge, AKF and a consortium of partners* have been supporting over 210,000 girls get to school and stay in school longer.
Building on AKDN's education programming in Afghanistan since 2002, the project is delivering a comprehensive package of interventions to ensure a sustainable ladder of learning opportunities for girls from pre-primary, primary and secondary levels, through to teacher training and adult literacy access across 15 of Afghanistan's 34 provinces.
To celebrate this year's International Day of the Girl, we created the #MeetLaila film to show how AKF and our partners are overcoming the barriers that many Afghan girls face when trying to access quality education.
We would like to thank the UK public for all your support, without which, programmes like STAGES would not be possible.
Steps Towards Afghan Girls' Education Success (STAGES) is AKF's largest girls' education programme globally. *AKF is proud to work with a consortium of partners to implement this programme which includes CARE, Save the Children, Catholic Relief Services, Aga Khan Education Services, and the Afghan Education Production Organisation. It is supported by the Afghan Ministry of Education and funded by the UK's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office.
By Sarah James 11 October 2019
PreviousPrevious post:Royals attend reception at Aga Khan Centre – videoNextNext post:AKDN at the Paris Peace Forum
AKF and Oxfam establish five new Early Childhood Development Centres in Tajikistan
The LEGO Foundation and Aga Khan Foundation partner through Schools2030
New report reveals impact of AKF & Reckitt Benckiser School Hygiene Education Programme in India


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Home PageSeries NewsTwo clues to solve the murders in the Yargı series, the knife and the necklace details did not escape attention!
Two clues to solve the murders in the Yargı series, the knife and the necklace details did not escape attention!
Kanal D's TV series, Yargı (Judgment), which started its second season last week, will air with its 36th episode tonight. In the last week's episode of the Ay Yapım series, Yargı, there were developments that surprised everyone. It was shocking that Ceylin was arrested on suspicion of being the murderer of Ilgaz by showing 6 months later in the season finale of the series. Ceylin, whom Eren accused of killing Ilgaz, could not believe what she heard and said that she killed someone else, not Ilgaz.
The curtain of secrecy in the series is closed for now. However, with some clues, it is seen that the events started to flow to another place. The necklace that Ilgaz gave her in Ceylin's birthday scene in the last episode will be a very important clue in the upcoming episodes!
6 months later, while Eren was questioning Ceylin at the police station, it did not go unnoticed that she said "I did not kill Ilgaz" while showing the necklace in the evidence bag and saying "This was in her hand".
That necklace is now on Ceylin's neck. Necklace details will be revealed later in the murders. However, it seems that Ceylin will be seen with that necklace in the next episodes. The necklace, which never came off her neck, is in the hands of Ilgaz, who is said to have been killed later.
In the meantime, another detail drew attention in the 35th episode. There was a great shock after Neva's murder.
Although she struggled a lot, Neva was starved and thirsty and later choked to death by hand, leaving everyone sad.
It was very surprising that Neva's fingerprint was found on the knife that came out of the well, despite the fact that she was the victim of a terrible murder.
The detail about the knife found in the note left on Ilgaz's car was also very remarkable! The note contained the threat that if Ceylin did not leave the knife in a drawer in the room of the specified hotel, they would encounter many more corpses.
It is estimated that the situation with the knife will be the solution point of some nodes in the Yargı (Judgment) series. The details of the knife and necklace detail will become clearer in the coming episodes, but careful viewers have already started to follow the clues…
The series, starring Pınar Deniz, Kaan Urgancıoğlu, Mehmet Yılmaz Ak, Şükran Ovalı and Uğur Aslan, will come to the screen with its 36th episode tonight. There will be exciting moments again in the series, in which Sema Ergenekon wrote the story and directed by Ali Bilgin…
The series of Veda Mektubu for Hazar Motan, shining with Kırgın Çiçekler, will come like a medicine!
Lara Domac, the Bella of the Üç Kız Kardeş series, became the new hope for the story!
Secrets will be revealed one by one in the O Kız series, Dilin Döğer will be on the agenda!
In the Üç Kız Kardeş series, heavy drama, a short comedy break, then tears again!
Tags :Burcu BiricikCihangir Ceyhankanal dyarg


Home > Spirituality > Why Muslims Believe in the Unseen?
It is an everyday experience that when you do not know a thing, you look for somebody who knows it and you repose faith in his word and follow him.
If you get ill and you cannot treat and cure yourself, you look for the doctor and accept and follow his instructions without question.
Because he is properly qualified to give medical advice, possesses experience, and has treated and cured a number of patients.
You, therefore, stick to his advice, do whatever he asks you to do, and avoid whatever he forbids.
Similarly, in matters of law you believe in whatever your legal advisers say and act accordingly. In educational matters you have faith in your teacher or instructor and you accept his instructions as true.
When you want to go to some place and do not happen to know the way to it, you ask somebody who knows it and follow the way he points out.
In short, the reasonable course that you adopt in the whole of your life about matters which you do not or cannot know is that you approach one who knows them, accept his advice, and act accordingly.
As your own knowledge of that matter or problem is inadequate, you carefully search for one who knows that and then silently accept his word.
You take every pain to select the proper person. But after selecting the right man, you accept his advice unquestioningly.
This kind of belief is called "belief in the unknown." For here you have relied upon one who knows, in matters you do not know.
This exactly is iman bil ghaib. This signifies that you achieve the knowledge of what was not known to you from one who knows.
You do not know God and His real attributes. You are not aware that His angels are directing the machinery of the whole universe according to His orders, and that they surround you on all sides.
You have not the proper knowledge of the way of life through which you can seek the pleasure of your Creator. And you are in the dark about the life that is to come.
The knowledge of all the mentioned matters is given to you by the prophets, who had direct contact with the Divine Being and had been endowed with the correct knowledge.
And they are the persons whose sincerity, integrity, trustworthiness, godliness, and absolute purity of their lives stand as irrevocable witness to the truth of their claim to knowledge.
And above all, the very wisdom and force of their message makes you admit that they speak the truth and their preaching deserves to be believed and followed.This conviction of yours is iman bil ghaib.
Such truth-discerning and truth-acknowledging attitude is essential for obeying God and for acting in accordance with His pleasure, for you have no other medium than God's Messenger for the achievement of true knowledge, and without accurate and true knowledge you cannot proceed rightly on the path of Islam.
Abul A'la Mawdudi (1903-1979) was one of the most eminent Islamic thinkers, reformers, and scholars of the last century. His thought has spread all over the world and greatly influenced the work of Islamic da`wah. His books and articles covered most topics that needed guidance for the revival of Islam. He also wrote many articles on the critique of the Western thought and strategy of Islamic da`wah which were published in the journal he started in 1932 called Tarjuman al-Qur'an.


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Q: R - Selecting control group days days close to observation times I have a set of many different kind of observations that contain the Date of observations on special days (sam1, sam2, sam3). My aim is now to perform a wilcox.test() to find out if there is a significant difference between the observations on these special days and not special days. So I need to find a method to find suitable days to use as a control group. I want to try out at least 3 different control groups. The special days are very different, some represent a whole season, some only rainy days, some only cold days, some stormy weather. So they can be spread over the whole 2 years, some might only occur in one single month.
Start <- as.Date("2016-01-01")
End <- as.Date("2017-12-31")
all_dates <- seq(from = Start, to = End, by = 1)

set.seed(1)
sam1<- sample(dates, 30)
sam2<- sample(dates, 5)
sam3<- sample(dates, 120)

all_dates represents my observation period. sam1-3 contain the days of different observations. What I want to do now is to find:

*

*The closest days to my important observations (same number of days that are in the sample)

*Random days in roughly the same time the important observations took place (also same number of days as in the sample). It must not be the closest days, but roughly around the same time like in the same months or only 1 before/later.

*Any days (I know how to do that, no help needed there)

My idea was to cut out the days of important observations from my whole observation period and then apply a routine that selects my control group days. That is where I stuck now. Any ideas?