text:
Bobby Ross Jr., Baptists, Journalism, Godbeat, People
God in the rubble: Look for strong faith angle in aftermath of killer Alabama tornado
A tornado traveled straight down a county road in Beauregard, Alabama, tearing homes from their foundations. Authorities say an uknown number of children are among the 23 dead. https://t.co/j6vUEOnDTp
— The Associated Press (@AP) March 4, 2019
When a disaster strikes a Bible Belt location, it's no surprise when faith reveals itself in the aftermath.
We saw it after major hurricanes last fall.
Already, we're seeing it again in the spot-news coverage of the tornado that devastated a rural Alabama community on Sunday.
The Associated Press' main report on the tornado that killed at least 23 people in Beauregard, Ala., contains three strong references to religion.
The first:
"I'm still thanking God I'm among the living," said John Jones, who has lived most of his life in Beauregard, an unincorporated community of roughly 10,000 people about 60 miles east of Montgomery near the Georgia state line.
The second:
Don Willis, who lives near the Lee County community of Smiths Station with his wife, four daughters and four dogs, said the twister came within about a mile of their home as the children and pets took cover in the closet and bathroom.
He said he had been through numerous tornadoes over the years and had never heard one as loud.
"You could feel the energy that it was sucking into that system. It was the most crazy sound," Willis said. "It sounded like a living, breathing beast."
"All we could do is just hold on for life and pray," said Jonathan Clardy, who huddled with his family inside their Beauregard trailer as the tornado ripped the roof off. "It's a blessing from God that me and my young'ns are alive."
The third:
Julie Morrison and her daughter-in-law picked through the ruins of Morrison's home in Beauregard, looking for keys and a wallet. They managed to salvage her husband's motorcycle boots and a Bible.
A Bible? Yep, there's a faith angle there.
I won't fault the AP for failing to elaborate on the meaning of finding that particular item among the rubble. It's pretty self-explanatory, right?
In the coming days, as AP and other news organizations delve deeper into stories of the victims as well as the recovery effort, faith should remain a prominent part of the story. That's just the way it is in a place like Alabama — especially for reporters who pay attention.
As always, expect faith-based disaster relief agencies to play a key role — and they, too, will be an important part of the story.
Finally, we're still several days away from Sunday services, but those definitely will be emotional experiences lending themselves to media coverage.
What other coverage are you seeing of the Alabama tornado? Any strong religion angles or holy ghosts that you'd like to share? By all means, please copy and paste links in the comments section or tweet us at @GetReligion.
Tagged: tornadoes, Moore tornado, Alabama, Beauregard tornado, God in the rubble, disaster relief, prayer
Newer PostThe universe sent me a message. It's time to take heed
Older PostCovington Catholic update: Was that epic late-Friday Washington Post correction a good move?


Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia, is a feeling of pain or burning in the stomach-area of the abdomen. It is often accompanied by nausea, bloating or gas, a feeling of fullness, and, sometimes, vomiting. While indigestion may be the result of a disease or an ulcer in the digestive tract, most often it is the result of eating too much, eating too quickly, eating high-fat foods, or eating during stressful situations.
Dyspepsia may be a brief, passing, and infrequent problem or it may be a chronic, lifetime disease. It may naturally fluctuate over many weeks or months.
and drinking too much alcohol.
Diagnosis starts with a physical examination and medical history. Because indigestion can be a sign of more serious medical problems, often laboratory examinations and x-rays of the stomach and small intestine are performed to rule out other problems. Sometimes, endoscopy or other GI studies are performed.
Often, there are many lifestyle factors and habits that an indigestion sufferer can alter to help with indigestion. Avoiding foods and situations that can cause indigestion is one of the most successful ways to treat the problem. Avoiding heavy or rich meals, or heavy use of alcohol, and especially both together, is recommended. Avoiding such consumption late at night and before bedtime is also recommended.
While many persons feel antacids may help, indigestion is not the result of stomach acid. Smokers may be advised to quit smoking or avoid smoking before meals. Stress reduction can be helpful. Also, exercising after a meal can be a cause of indigestion, so scheduling exercise before a meal, or waiting at least an hour after eating, can also help prevent indigestion.
If indigestion is caused by stomach movement problems in the digestive system, medications that treat this may be prescribed. Treatments for related psychological symptoms may also be relevant.


This experience helped to change her social consciousness.
Their change of plan is strange but I don t think it s significant.
He deprecates changing the party s policy.
He is wedded to his own opinion and nothing can change him.
Success and wealth transformed his character.
They had a change of heart.
Changing your metaphor will change the way you deal with virtually anything.
Because you can not change the ugliness of the world can only change their own.
Longevity is changing our life and our society.
Have you altered your mind?
I changed my mind and disconcerted her plan.
He dodged our questions by changing the subject.
Flyovers have changed the face of the city.
He has obviously gained by the change.
They do not like change.
Whenever we change it, I have an outcry.
They do not have to change how they work.
To do that, we need to change the partitions.
What would I like to change? In all of those areas you identified, what would youlike to be different?
And only you can change yourself.
Then from there, you can make the change.
So, how much change should I get?
How do we change our environment?
But who can do what to change the situation?
Why do we have to change chords?


text:
===============
Project Euler
===============

I came accross the website Project Euler (https://projecteuler.net) and thought it was really great.

I don't want to take away the fun for anyone else, but wanted to publish my solutions for those who have complete to discuss further!

My solutions are not always going to be the most elegant or the most efficient, however I've stuck to the "one-minute rule" with (most of) the brute force solutions.

Highly recommend the website for anybody who's got an interest in Maths puzzles and has programming abilities.

Good luck!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Film, Fine Art, Model Making, Photography, Production Design For Stage & Screen, Textiles.
Acting, Costume, Body Contour Fashion, Digital Design & Advertising, Graphic Design, Illustration.
A-Levels, UAL Diplomas (including Foundation), Access to HE (Art & Design) & HND.


text:
Cheese. ( popehippo) wrote in ontd_political,
popehippo
Aid groups urge halt to new Haiti adoptions
Three aid groups called Thursday for an immediate halt to any new adoptions of Haitian children after last week's earthquake.
Save the Children, World Vision and a unit of the British Red Cross said the focus first must be on tracing any family members that children may still have and reuniting them.
"Any hasty new adoptions would risk permanently breaking up families, causing long-term damage to already vulnerable children, and could distract from aid efforts in Haiti," the agencies said in a joint statement.
The disaster in Haiti has led to an outpouring of support around the world, with the United States alone donating more than $305 million as of Wednesday, according to the Chronicle of Philanthropy, a newspaper covering nonprofit organizations.
Stories of Haitian orphanages struggling after the quake and the plight of the children there also has led many to ask about adopting children.
After reading a CNN report on Haitian orphans, CNN.com reader Dana Fanning wrote, "It broke my heart. My husband and our 4 children want to know if and how we could adopt [any] of the children orphaned by the earthquake."
Save the Children Chief Executive Jasmine Whitbread said the "vast majority" of children on their own in Haiti are not orphans, but were simply separated from their families in the chaos.
Their family members may still be alive, she said, and "will be desperate to be reunited with them."
"Taking children out of the country would permanently separate thousands of children from their families -- a separation that would compound the acute trauma they are already suffering and inflict long-term damage on their chances of recovery," Whitbread said.
Allowing a flood of new adoptions also could open the door to traffickers, said World Vision Chief Executive Justin Byworth.
The poverty in Haiti already makes children there "extremely vulnerable" to exploitation and abuse, Byworth said.
"We are concerned not only about premature overseas adoption but also about children increasingly being sent unaccompanied to the Dominican Republic," he said.
Aid groups said adoptions that were already in progress before the January 12 earthquake should go ahead, as long as the right legal documents are in place and they meet Haitian and international law.
For those who want to help Haitian children, Whitbread said, they should donate to aid agencies who are working on reuniting those children with their families.
The International Committee of the Red Cross has opened an office at the headquarters of the Haitian Red Cross in Crois de Prez to help people locate their relatives, said Pete Garratt, a disaster response manager at the British Red Cross.
The ICRC also has set up a Web site to help people searching for relatives, he said.
Tags: children, haiti

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Le Karaca Dağ, en kurde Qerejdax, est un volcan bouclier situé dans le Sud-Est de la Turquie.

Il est aussi connu comme le « mont Masia » qui a donné son nom à une espèce d'iris trouvée sur cette montagne, Iris masia.

Le , un article du Spiegel indiquait que des chercheurs de l'Institut Max Planck pour la recherche en amélioration des plantes à Cologne avaient découvert que l'ancêtre commun de 68 types contemporains de céréales croît encore à l'état sauvage sur les pentes du mont Karaca Dağ. Les résultats suggèrent fortement que les pentes du Karaca Dağ sont le site de la première domestication de l'engrain (Triticum monococcum) il y a environ .

Notes et références

Volcan bouclier
Volcan en Turquie
Sommet en Turquie
Montagne au Kurdistan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Flavourly deliver gourmet goodies to your door once a month and we were lucky enough to have a delicious box arrive to review!
It was packaged well to prevent damge during transit and the produce provided was from some of the UK's best independent producers, some of which have won awards. The majority of the items I wouldn't normally purchase, some I hadn't even heard of, but the fudge and nettle cheese in particular were superb quality and we really enjoyed them. Flavourly is a great way to try foods you wouldn't ordinarily as the contents vary each delivery - a great idea!
There are various packages available and the pay as you go deal allows you to cancel at any time.
The boxes are priced differently depending upon the term you take out the Flavourly deliveries for; the longer you receive them the more money you save.
A standard box is £17 with a £3 delivery charge which is reaonably priced. You can however save 50% with code MARCH50 for a limited time on your first box.
They would be a lovely gift idea for a food lover or for someone you aren't sure what to buy.
For your chance to win a box from Flavourly, content will vary from that shown, you can enter via the Rafflecopter entry form below.
The giveaway closes on 12th April 2013.
Really sorry! My tweet URL obviously hadn't copied right, and I ended up pasting my email in instead of the Tweet URL (helly.moulden@gmail.com).
I would give it to my parents as a lovely treat.
I would share this with the family - what a lovely treat it would be!!
I'd share it with my family, not that i'd have a choice about sharing!!
following via email karen robertson and would share with all my 4 kids and hubby!
I'd share with my family, they'll hoover up most things... before I get the chance as a rule! Following via GFC as Claire Tromans.
I would share this with my fella!
my partner who also likes the finer things in life!!
I'd share this with my OH. Some lovely treats in there.
following via gfc. I would share with my bestie!
I'd share it with my mother-in-law because she's a bit of a foody.
My favourite luxury food is nice cheese.
i woulnt share this with anyone! looks too good and the nettle cheese reminds me of when i went to cheddar gorge and bought some Cornish yarg :) nettles are tasty!
I would share the box with my family it looks fab!
I would share this with my son and hubby.
I would share with my partner, and maybe invite my parents round to taste too.
I would share it with my husband and son yummy!
My fave gourmet food are things I've never heard of and certainly never tried, like biltong and bacon jam !
But first I'd raid it ha ha!
I would share the box with my family, they look great.
I would share the box with all my family, my sister adores the rooibos tea with vanilla, and I would love the fudge!
Very good, high cocoa solids chocolate.
I would share with my family as we could have a nice tea picnic in the garden if it ever warms up lol.
I would share with my lovely husband- would be a great treat!
I love extra virgin olive oil infused with truffle - but it is a treat because it is expensive!
I think I'd share it with my office mates - it would brighten up a work day!
But that box of goodies would certainly save me a bit of dosh, which is in short supply right now. Wouldn't share it (apart from stuff I decided I didn't like, I'd give that to the neighbours).
My mum loves experimenting with cooking and I like coming up with ideas for recipes so we could both use this to full effect, the idea sounds fab!!
My favourite gourmet food is any kind of wild mushrooms, I could eat them all day. (Following you on GFC as Alicia (Ali) Roberts.
My favourite gourmet foods are cheeses of all types. I love a specialist cheese and buy anything that I've not tried before.
My favourite gormet food has to be lobster, you can't beat the delicate, sweet taste of it :) My only wish would be to be able to afford to eat it more often!
I would share this with my two sisters and their families.
I would share it with my family, give us all a treat!
I would share with my wife!
I share with my partner. I'm veggie so he would get the more meaty items! He loves bacon & loves Jam so I think Bacon jam would probably be his idea of heaven!
I would give this to my lovely parents as they have a very special wedding anniversary coming up and this would be a great celebratory gift!
I would share this with my pregnant fiancée, baby due in June!!!
I would love to try the slab of whisky fudge although the whole box looks delicious.
I would share the box with my dearest OH. He is as much of a foodie as I am and will appreciate the box to the last crumb.
I do like red tea with vanilla.


NEW ALBANY, IN, (Dec. 20, 2013) – Indiana University Southeast is looking for a good cadet. The Indiana University Police Department is continuing the Cadet/Officer Program at the IU Southeast campus for its third year. The program gives current students the ability to gain law enforcement experience while working at the University Police department.


No matter what industry you work in, it's important your employees know how to respond in an emergency situation.
Regardless of what industry you work in, emergency response planning is vital to ensure that everyone remains safe and your employees understand their roles and responsibilities in the event of an incident.
Of course, the best health and safety practices focus on preventing accidents in the first place.
The production of emergency response plans are a vital company resource, which help to protect your organisation, assets and brand, its employees, the local community and environment. However, your emergency response plans need to form part of the overall organisation-wide health and safety procedures and practices, which most businesses will have in place.
An article for BM Magazine looked at how you can raise awareness of workplace health and safety.
One way to approach this is to get employees involved in different stages of the process. The news provider recommends getting workers to help with health and safety inspections, and encourage them to carry out their own risk assessments.
"Find a way to regularly consult your employees and encourage them to share their views on working practices and how they could enhance health and safety," the news provider suggested.
Regular refresher and competency training is vital. It isn't sufficient to ask a new employee to work through the health and safety training manual and never look at it again.
Keeping updated records, with any notes on health and safety reviews, inspections and any training that's been delivered or policy changes is vital too. You can look back over these records to identify any particular problem areas and reoccurring incidents and make sure your focus and efforts address real health and safety issues and challenges, which can make a real difference to your organisation, its employees and internal operations.
As well as learning from your own business' history, it would be advisable to benchmark against other organisations operating in similar sectors and facing the same health and safety challenges. You can take learnings from other organisations who may have experienced health and safety failings to ensure your operation has procedures in place and prevent similar mistakes occurring.
We recently highlighted a number of high-profile cases and serious health and safety breaches.


text:
Spanish Soccer First Division Laliga To Be Featured In Decentraland's Metaverse
Laliga, the Spanish soccer first division organization, has established a strategic partnership with Stadioplus and Vegas City Limited, two metaverse-related companies, to digitize part of its activities to offer new experiences in Decentraland, an Ethereum-based metaverse.
10:59 16th Sep, 2022
After the Covid-19 pandemic, many sports organizations and leagues around the world have started to pay more attention to their digital strategies as a way of opening new revenue streams. Laliga, the Spanish first division soccer organization, and one of the most renowned leagues in Europe, has recently announced its entrance into the metaverse.
The company established a strategic partnership that will allow it to feature activities and experiences in Decentraland, one of the first Ethereum-based metaverse platforms. For this task, the company will leverage the aid of Stadioplus, a group dedicated to linking the world of sports with Web3 and the metaverse, and also Vegas City Limited, another company that specializes in creating experiences for metaverse and virtual worlds.
With this move, Laliga hopes to reach new and younger audiences that are more linked to these worlds through virtual experiences. The new experiences will be offered in a set of parcels in Vegas City, a region of Decentraland that houses sports, gaming, and entertainment based experiences.
About the partnership, Stephen Ibbotson, head of franchises and licensing at Laliga, stated:
"For LaLiga it is essential to continue innovating in the ways of offering the best of the competition to our fans, both on and off the pitch. This license agreement will allow us to reach a new and relevant audience, such as Decentraland."
On the importance of the integration of sports into the metaverse, Agus Ferreira, CEO of the Decentraland Foundation, stated:
"We believe that esports is an amazing opportunity to show the possibilities of web3 and decentralization. That is why we are delighted to work with Stadioplus on the inclusion of Laliga in Decentraland, to bring the competition, which has hundreds of millions of fans around the world, to the metaverse."
MetaverseLa ligaDecentralandWeb3EthereumSoccerSpanish


text:
Complete Norwegian (Learn Norwegian with Teach Yourself) By Margaretha Danbolt-Simons
The best-selling complete course for a fun and effective way to learn Norwegian. This ISBN is for the paperback book. The corresponding audio support (ISBN: 9781444107210) is also available. The book and audio support can also be purchased as a pack (ISBN: 9781444107203).
Complete Norwegian (Learn Norwegian with Teach Yourself) Summary
This product is most effective when used in conjunction with the corresponding double CD. - You can purchase the book and double CD as a pack (ISBN: 9781444107203) - The double CD is also sold separately (ISBN: 9781444107210) (copy and paste the ISBN number into the search bar to find these products) Are you looking for a complete course in Norwegian which takes you effortlessly from beginner to confident speaker? Whether you are starting from scratch, or are just out of practice, Complete Norwegian will guarantee success! Now fully updated to make your language learning experience fun and interactive. You can still rely on the benefits of a top language teacher and our years of teaching experience, but now with added learning features within the course and online. The course is structured in thematic units and the emphasis is placed on communication, so that you effortlessly progress from introducing yourself and dealing with everyday situations, to using the phone and talking about work. By the end of this course, you will be at Level B2 of the Common European Framework for Languages: Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Learn effortlessly with a new easy-to-read page design and interactive features: NOT GOT MUCH TIME? One and five-minute introductions to key principles to get you started. AUTHOR INSIGHTS Lots of instant help with common problems and quick tips for success, based on the author's many years of experience. GRAMMAR TIPS Easy-to-follow building blocks to give you a clear understanding. USEFUL VOCABULARY Easy to find and learn, to build a solid foundation for speaking. DIALOGUES Read and listen to everyday dialogues to help you speak and understand fast. PRONUNCIATION Don't sound like a tourist! Perfect your pronunciation before you go. TEST YOURSELF Tests in the book and online to keep track of your progress. EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE Extra online articles to give you a richer understanding of the culture and history of Norway. TRY THIS Innovative exercises illustrate what you've learnt and how to use it.
About Margaretha Danbolt-Simons
Margaretha Danbolt Simons is Norwegian, but has lived in England for many years. She has been teaching at the University of Surrey for the last ten years. Her course, Norwegian ab initio, which is part of the MA/Diploma in Translation Studies, attracts 15-20 students per year. She uses her own book 'Teach yourself Norwegian' as her textbook and main teaching aid. Other subjects she teaches at the University of Surrey are Medical and Literary translation, English into Norwegian, and an introductory course of Interpreting. She runs two Norwegian classes at the Guildford Adult Education Centre, one for beginners and one intermediate, and also teaches on a one-to-one basis. Students include diplomats and businesspeople. Recent translation work includes Ibsen's 'Ghosts' for BBC Radio.
Introduction Pronunciation 01 Hello! What is your name? 02 I would like to go to Norway 03 On the way to Norway 04 Sightseeing in Oslo 05 John goes to town 06 Hello! 07 Bente's family 08 John is in a crash and ends up in hospital 09 Bente gets a job and John goes to the chemist's 10 John and Bente go to parties 11 Happy Christmas! Happy New Year! 12 Dear Kari 13 Easter in the mountains 14 Seventeenth of May in Oslo 15 Midsummer in the West Country 16 What now? Key to the exercises Grammar appendix Glossary of grammatical terms Taking it further Norwegian-English vocabulary English-Norwegian vocabulary Index
Margaretha Danbolt-Simons
Customer Reviews - Complete Norwegian (Learn Norwegian with Teach Yourself)


text:
Deadline Passes for Biden to Address Sanctions for Kara-Murza's Russian Persecutors
WASHINGTON, DC – The Biden administration has failed to provide a substantive response to the senators who set a January 20 deadline for a decision on sanctions against Russians responsible for the arbitrary detention, harassment, and attempted murder of Vladimir Kara-Murza. Kara-Murza is a Russian activist, political opposition leader, journalist, and historian imprisoned in Russia since April 2022, as well as a senior advisor to Human Rights First. Human Rights First and civil society organizations around the world have engaged in months of advocacy in support of targeted sanctions in response to his arbitrary detention.
"Vladimir Kara-Murza has put his life on the line to criticize the Putin regime, stand up for the respect of human rights in Russia, and condemn the invasion of Ukraine," said Adam Keith, Director of Accountability for Human Rights First. "The United States should be using every tool at its disposal to support him and other wrongfully jailed dissidents, and the Biden administration's failure to substantively answer the senators' request by the statutory deadline sends a worrying signal."
A letter sent by Senators Risch and Menendez in September invoked a provision of the Global Magnitsky Act requiring the administration to determine whether a foreign person has engaged in a "gross violation of internationally recognized human rights" in Kara-Murza's detention. The letter also triggered a deadline of last Friday, January 20, for President Biden to determine to state whether he would impose sanctions under the Global Magnitsky program or a similar authority.
The U.S. government has the authorities and the information it needs to use sanctions to hold accountable the individuals involved in arbitrarily detaining Vladimir Kara-Murza for the past nine months. As of January 25, the Biden administration appears not to have provided a formal response to the letter, nor taken sanctions action.
In October 2022, Human Rights First submitted a formal sanctions recommendation to the U.S. Treasury and State Departments identifying 13 Russians involved in Kara-Murza's detention, harassment, and attempted murder. In January 2023, Human Rights First, Astraea, Free Russia Foundation, Human Rights Foundation, Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights, REDRESS, and the McCain Institute for International Leadership submitted a letter to the Biden administration calling again for sanctions against Kara-Murza's persecutors, and urging the administration to meet the January 20 deadline to respond to the senators' letter.
"We commend the U.S. for using targeted sanctions to condemn human rights abuses by Russian officials and appreciate its efforts to raise awareness for political prisoners like Kara-Murza, such as the State Department's new #WithoutJustCause initiative," said Amanda Strayer, Supervising Staff Attorney for Accountability at Human Rights First. "However, the Biden administration must demonstrate the same seriousness and urgency in sanctioning Kara-Murza's persecutors."


text:
U.S. Sells Arms to Iran Neighbors
Lockheed Martin / AP Photo
Iran's recent military bluster has certainly been good for any of its neighbors seeking massive weapons deals from the United States. The U.S. will sell the United Arab Emirates $3.48 billion in missiles and other technologies, part of a military buildup in allies surrounding Iran. The deal, which the Pentagon says will promote a "secure and stable" Persian Gulf, includes 96 sophisticated missiles and a contract for a missile-defense system. Thursday the Obama administration announced a deal to sell Saudi Arabia $30 billion in F-15SA fighter jets.


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Patients choosing to have surgical procedures will typically be required to have a preoperative visit, prior to their procedure. This visit allows the patient to ask the physician any further questions about the procedure which the patient may having regarding the surgery, recovery period, wound care, and any other topics of interest to the patient.
A packet of preoperative information will be given to the patient, and reviewed by staff. A physical will be performed by the physician to assess the patient's health prior to the procedure to ensure a safety. The patient will be given medical clearance forms to be filled out by their primary physicians and any pertinent specialists, to verify the patient is medically stable to have the procedure. Prescriptions for lab work will also be given. The physician and staff will once again go over all instructions with the patient to ensure they are physically and mentally prepared for their procedure.


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text:
'Prakand' Kishor on The Roll
The man who made Modi win several times in Gujarat and then, stunningly to the Centre in 2014, is a new age poll manager, extremely costly, but a winner most often
By Rashme Sehgal
ELECTION strategist Prashant Kishor has single-handedly changed the way elections are being held in India. Post 2012, he helped Narendra Modi get re -elected as chief minister to Gujarat for the third time. He then went on to create a Citizen for Accountable Governance (CAG) group that helped the BJP and more specifically Modi win power at the centre in 2014.
The strategy employed to catapult Modi to power in 2014 laid out a template for all our subsequent elections. Following the 2012 Gujarat state elections, Kishore went on to create a mammoth electioneering team of professionals that saw winning seats as a project-management challenge away from the way elections had been held earlier, where work was overseen by local satraps and part-time volunteers.
These professionals did not hesitate to use a vast armoury of weapons including campaign analytics, social media, technology, and campaign management.
THE FALL OUT OF USING TOP-OF-THE-LINE PROFESSIONALS TO PROVIDE INPUTS AND OVERSEE EVERY DETAIL OF ELECTIONEERING HAS SEEN THE COST OF ELECTIONEERING SKYROCKET
Of course, the fall out of using top-of-the-line professionals to provide inputs and oversee every detail of electioneering has seen the cost of electioneering sky rocket. It was therefore no shocker when one learnt that the Centre for Media Studies calculated the cost of the 2019 Lok Sabha elections as having been over Rs 60,000 crore.
The 2019 elections have been found to be the most expensive elections held anywhere in the world trumping even the cost of the US presidential election of 2016.
In his earlier avatar, Kishor repeatedly assured his critics that none of the members of his team were attached to any political party. They in fact functioned as a non-profit group providing a mix of consultancy and campaign solutions to Modi.
But the fact is that prior to working for any political leader, Kishore insists on some prerequisites being met, the first of which is that he be given 24×7 access to the political leader he is working for.
In effect, from 2012, CAG worked out of Modi's residence in Gandhinagar. But Kishor also set up eight other offices around the country which were staffed by around 400 paid members along with another 800 paid interns and more than one lakh volunteers.
None of these people worked pro bono and in retrospect it is anyone's guess as to where the money was coming from.
Dress Rehearsals
But Kishor's thoroughness in preparing Modi for the elections can be gauged from the fact that he told Pavan Verma who in turn told Karan Thapar who in turn has quoted in his biography Devil's Advocate that Kishor made Modi see the interview he did of him thirty times over in order to prepare him for the 2014 elections.
It must be recounted that Thapar asked some tough questions regarding the Gujarat Kishor's team used the interview to teach Modi how to handle difficult questions and uncomfortable situations, Thapar claimed in his book.
During the build up to the 2014 elections, CAG brought out a detailed 200 page report on each of the 450 seats from which the BJP was planning to contest. The CAG team had held ground level opinion polls to gauge the mood of the voting public and this data was added to the information provided by the report.
The BJP were informed on how they could strengthen their presence in constituencies where they were weak, how they could use local caste equations to their advantage and most importantly, since the RSS was kept in the loop of these developments, how the RSS could be used to educate people further about the BJP's candidates.
When Congress leader Mani Shankar Aiyer took a dig at Modi's background of selling tea at railway stations, the CAG team decided to turn this remark to his advantage. They came up with a concept called Chai pe Charcha in which he chatted with 1,000 tea stalls spread across India via video conferencing.
In Uttar Pradesh, which Kishor predicted would be a difficult state, the CAG came up in the 2014 election with a rather off beat campaign titled Modi Aane Wala Hai and this worked surprisingly very well. This campaign saw 400 video vans spread across thousands of villages in the interiors where his speeches were played over and over again before the villagers.
Just before voting day, the CAG team conceived of the Bharat Vijay rallies, during which Modi spoke at three or four venues in a single day, and was projected by 3D holographic image to 100 locations simultaneously.
The unprecedented success of the Modi campaign saw Kishor's stock rise across political parties. He was seen as the messiah of the political class and the following year saw him being hired by chief minister Nitish Kumar to help him become chief minister for the third time.
As Kishor moved into Nitish Kumar's residence, the chief minister is reported to have sent his tailor to stitch a few white kurta pyjamas for this master strategist. Kishor informed Kumar that he was not a politician and therefore did not wear white clothing.
Nitish Prediction
But Kumar was insistent and said he would need them at some future date and three years later he was formally enrolled into the JD(U). But this is jumping the gun. When he moved into Kumar's residence, he was asked to stitch up a Laloo Prasad and Nitish Kumar Mahagatbandhan (Grand Alliance) along with the Congress to defeat the BJP in Bihar.
Kishor was sceptical about his ability to bring the two giants together. Theirs had been a bumpy ride starting off as being friends a quarter century ago and then breaking up as bitter foes. Under Ki shor's encouragement and guidance, the two leaders went on to fight the elections.
The BJP was defeated and Kumar, to express his gratitude to Kishor, appointed him as special adviser. Unfortunately, the Mahagatbandhan soon broke up and Laloo and Nitish went their separate ways.When asked to comment on what happened, especially with RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav calling Nitish Kumar paltu chacha for his constantly changing sides having switched from being a member of the mahagatbandhan to the BJP in a matter of four months Kishor apparently told the press that Nitish Kumar had tried hard to make the coalition work but there were governance stumbling blocks.
FOLLOWING HIS SERIAL SUCCESSES, HE WAS CONTACTED BY MANY PARTIES, WHICH INCLUDED THE CONGRESS, BUT DESPITE RUNNING UP A GOOD FRIENDSHIP WITH RAHUL GANDHI, PRASHANT KISHOR COULD NOT DO MUCH
The main issue is that the people in Bihar were happy with Nitish's alliance with Modi and this move has not dented his popularity in the state, and Kishor then went on to philosophically state that leaders constantly change their alliances as has been the case with N. Chandrababu Naidu and Naveen Patnaik. Nitish should not be singled out for this, he stated.
Kishor, as had been predicted by Nitish Kumar, was inducted into the Janata Dal-United last September 16 and became part of Kumar's inner circle. The Bharat Vikas Mission, a consultancy within the state government was his brainchild. Not surprisingly, Nitish Kumar hired him earlier this year to negotiate a seat-sharing formula, this time between his party and the BJP for the 2019 general election.
Congress Failure
Following his success in the Bihar assembly elections, Kishor found himself flooded with work He was contacted by the Congress to help them win the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh assembly polls. Kumar's attempts to get the Congress revived in UP turned out to be a more formidable task than even he could handle. Even though he struck up a friendship with Rahul Gandhi, Kishor could not handle the intrigue and manipulation that has come to mark the moribund Congress.
In 2017, he had suggested that Priyanka Gandhi become the face the campaign and hold rallies extensively across UP while Rahul Gandhi conduct a one month long UP yatra. But the surgical strikes conducted by the Modi government post Uri and Pathankot put paid to this suggestion. The result was that the Congress collapsed in UP winning just 7 out of 105 seats in UP.
Kishor did deliver Punjab for the Congress but party insiders attribute this more to the popularity of Captain Amarinder Singh in the state and anti-incumbency against the Badal regime and to a lesser extent to Kishor's management skills. Many members of the Congress old guard question why the entire campaign should be outsourced to an outsider.
There is one apocryphal story of how in one of Kishor's earlier meetings with Rahul Gandhi, the Congress President had ordered a dish. Kishor questioned him as to whether the quality of food would be at the same level as what had been laid out in the menu, or whether Rahul would follow the chef into the kitchen and tell him how to prepare the meal. Kishor is said to have asked Gandhi to trust him to deliver in the same way.
That trust between the Congress and Kishor never got established, though Rahul and he have remained good friends.
Ultimately, Priyanka never campaigned in UP, except for a 5-minute speech in one rally in Rae Bareilly and also turned down Akhilesh Yadav's plea to be a part of the Samajwadi's Varanasi road show.
No wonder when asked what was the big difference between Modi and Rahul, Kishor stated that while Modi was willing to take big risks, Rahul was more of a status quoist.
He is not willing to rock the boat. Kishor's explanation for this is it could be because he had inherited the mantle of a 100-year old party.
Kishor had told Rahul Gandhi in 2017 that the party could be revived only if they were willing to move beyond the conventional practises of fighting elections and then hoping for the best. While Rahul's objective in 2019 was to defeat Modi at all costs, Kishor had suggested the aim should be to revive the party from the grassroot levels. This could happen only if a ten -year revival plan was implemented but it cost the Congress dearly in the Lok Sabha elections,
Southern Success
Kishor's winning formula has worked in south India also. He proved his mastery by propelling the YSR Congress of YSR Jagan Mohan Reddy to power with overwhelming majority and handing over a shocking defeat to N Chandrababu Naidu.
The YSR Congress has won 21 of 25 Lok Sabha seats and 151 out of the 175 assembly seats in Andhra Pradesh where simultaneous elections were held both for the assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies.
Jagan Mohan founded YSR Congress in 2011 breaking away from the Congress but he lost the 2014 assembly election primarily due to lack of organisational strength. His party in the 2014 assembly elections had polled 45.4 per cent votes for 66 seats against TDP's 48.2 per cent votes for 103 seats.
Five years later, Prashant Kishor and his India Political Action Committee team identified his party's weaknesses and helped Jagan Mohan build an organisation right from the booth level structures upwards. Of course, one has heard that YSR's Jagan Mohan Reddy had to fork out a lot of money for the advice and inputs provided by Kishor but Jagan, presently chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, is not grumbling.
Frontier Bengal
Political strategist Prashant Kishor will work with Mamata Banerjee's Trinamool Congress for the 2021 West Bengal assembly election, sources have confirmed.
An agreement has been signed between Prashant Kishor and the TMC to this effect, sources said.
The development came shortly after Trinmaool Congress chief and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee held a meeting with Prashant Kishor. The meeting between the two lasted for two hours. Prashant Kishor was accompanied by Abhishek Banerjee, Mamata's nephew.
As per reports, Kishor will start working with the West Bengal CM next month onwards.Trinamool Congress is facing a challenging political situation since the Bharatiya Janata Party managed to expand its seat share in West Bengal from two in 2014 to 18 in recently concluded 2019 Lok Sabha elections. TMC wants to take Kishore's assistance to augment its strategy to counter BJP ahead of 2021 state polls, sources have told India Today TV.
CAG spent almost Rs 2 crore on just 'Chai pe Charcha' during the 2014 parliamentary elections that played around the theme that PM Modi was a tea-seller running for the country's most powerful job. CAG's total administrative expenses during the campaign was around Rs 3.5 crore.
It received 'donations' of almost Rs 8 crore and paid almost Rs 7 crore in stipends and professional fees to hundreds of volunteers who orchestrated the BJP's winning campaign. 'Chai pe Charcha' was the rath-yatra equivalent of BJP's campaign that helped create an aura around Modi that culminated in BJP's resounding win.
IPAC, that won the Bihar elections for Nitish, has also established a corporate office in Mohali in Punjab. IPAC received Rs 19 crore in 2015-16 as project management and execution fees by doing "political consultancy". IPAC, like CAG too incurred most of its expenses on hoardings, digital media advertisements, promotion and hiring volunteers for various campaigns in Bihar.
Rashme Sehgal
Rashme Sehgal began her career as a poet-cum-short writer in 1970s. She then shifted to journalism and worked with several leading newspapers including The independent, The Telegraph and The Times of India.
Making of a New Andhra- The challenges ahead
Maa in 'Maati'… Maanush Furious!


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Between 1998 and 2013, with financial resources of at least $58 billion dollars, the Venezuelan electrical system showed the worst measures of management in all of America. (Photo: Corp. Electrica Nacional)
Mismanagement Spurs Venezuela Blackouts
Government mismanagement, not sabotage, caused Venezuela's massive blackout, experts say.
BY ENERGY ADVISOR
Blackouts in Venezuela on Sept. 3 left nearly 70 percent of the country without electricity, including many parts of Caracas, and caused major transportation disruptions. President Nicolás Maduro blamed the outage on sabotage by political opponents and quickly announced the creation of a security force to defend the country's electrical system, but others have blamed the outage on a lack of investment in infrastructure. What was behind Venezuela's latest power system breakdown? Will the blackout push the government to invest more in power infrastructure? What factors have prevented Venezuela from addressing its longstanding electricity problems, and what changes are most needed to ensure more reliable electricity service?
Iñaki Rousse, former vice president of Electricidad de Caracas and international consultant on electricity: The Venezuelan electrical system attained major support between 1950 and 1998 for moving from rural and isolated Venezuela to urban and integrated Venezuela, and thus the country as a whole, with limited resources (approximately $50 billion at 1998 prices), built the most sound and technologically advanced electrical system in Latin America. Service in most regions was comparable to industrialized countries and covered some 96 percent of the population. All of this was possible thanks to a professional management, respectful of the criteria of planning, engineering design, quality of construction and maintenance. Between 1998 and 2013, with financial resources of at least $58 billion dollars at 1998 prices, the Venezuelan electrical system showed the worst measures of management in all of America. The chain of production (generation-transmission-distribution) until 1998 was designed based on the standard of firm capacity, meaning that a single isolated failure of an installation would not affect service. Beginning in 1998, the substitution of planning by improvisation, the deprofessionalization of the sector, the use of unskilled foreign engineering and the neglect of maintenance policies have left the system unable to respond to a simple failure without affecting service. The 765 kV network is made up of three independent lines that feed the 400 and 230 kV systems. This system was designed so that in the event of the unavailability of one circuit, the other two could transport 100 percent of the demand, and in case of a second simultaneous event, the available line could bear 50 percent. Based on the almost nonexistent technical information from the authorities, what happened was the failure of one of the lines that leaves the San Gerónimo substation. If the national system had been operating under the operational safety limits, without overloading the 765 kV network, and if it had completed maintenance programs on the lines and associated substations, the system should have worked, isolating the failure. The power flow should have adjusted to the available facilities without affecting service. The talk of sabotage is only a pretext for hiding the state of deterioration of the Venezuelan electrical system.
Dan Hellinger, professor of political science at Webster University in St. Louis: The widespread electrical blackout is bad news politically for the Chavista government. While raising the specter of sabotage, President Maduro himself admits that systemic problems contributed to the outage. 'We must consolidate the balance between generation and consumption, focusing efforts on system security against calculated sabotage,' he tweeted. The widespread nature of the blackout was due neither to sabotage nor poor maintenance but rather to the design of the grid. The problem affected a portion of the grid where 50 percent of the country's electricity passes. Infrastructure problems and overconsumption, combined with prolonged drought, produced severe electrical outages in 2009, prompting the government to launch efforts to upgrade transmission equipment and create more public consciousness about energy conservation. Despite perceptions of profligate electricity use, Venezuelan consumption of kilowatts per capita, according to World Bank data, is approximately the same as Chile's. With a government desperate to recover popularity, and an opposition determined to blame every malady on the ruling party, reactions are predictable. The incendiary charges of electoral fraud, with limited evidence, that Henrique Capriles launched after the April election, have ratcheted up political tensions and encouraged the extremist sectors in the opposition. The opposition claims an explosion that killed 40 people at the Amuay refinery in 2012 was due to poor maintenance; the government says a suspicious quick release of gas points toward sabotage. Sabotage of the electrical grid would not require a bomb; a computer virus would do the trick. Sorting truth from fiction in polarized Venezuela is difficult.
José Aguilar, Chicago-based international electrical systems consultant: Both the Venezuelan government and some critics are wrong in their responses to the nation's largest-ever blackout, which occurred on Sept. 3. The government's response, their 'standard excuse' of sabotage by the political opposition, is simply preposterous. Likewise, to cite a lack of investment is irresponsible. Since 1999, $85 billion (in 1998 U.S. dollars) has been allocated toward the grid's infrastructure, mainly for power generation. This large expenditure has been plagued by mismanagement, cost overruns, corruption, delays and lack of a proactive maintenance culture, which translates into dismal availability for the thermal generating fleet of 60 percent. This is not a formula for success. The root cause is that the government's induced policies are stifling energy for the country's industrial and commercial base, both private and state-run companies. The crisis is induced because the present government of Venezuela received almost 20,000 MW of installed capacity in 1999, with a reserve operating margin of close to 4,000 MW. By 2012, this margin had evaporated and turned into a nearly 3,000 MW deficit, even though the government received all the plans and technical road maps to proceed and maintain the electrical service. The government also cancelled 12,000 MW worth of hydropower works and went thermoelectric without building the required supportive infrastructure. The country guarantees no-bid contracts by decree, which continues to drain the country's oil revenues. To solve Venezuela's energy crisis, the country must go through a regime change, since it is incapable of rectification, coupled with transparency, hard work and ethics. Venezuelan citizens are called wasteful users by the government, yet users are completely defenseless. The 2010 electrical law prohibits access to the grid information, which the government has hidden since Nov. 16, 2010. This aberrant law could send someone to prison for up to 16 years. By contrast, a rapist would only go to jail for 14 years. When this law is abolished, the ugly truth will come to light.
Republished with permission from the Inter-American Dialogue's weekly Energy Advisor


Hotel Rhishabh in Port Blair is conveniently located at a distance of 5 kms from the airport. It includes a total of 20 well-appointed and spacious rooms for a comfortable accommodation. Just one kilometer from the mid town, the hotel is conveniently located on a hilltop in a beautiful and serene surrounding. An in-house multi-cuisine restaurant is also available in the hotel. Specialty in sea food, the restaurant also serves Continental and Indian delicacies to its guests.
The Hotel offers 18 well maintained rooms, a multi-cuisine restaurant offering exotic sea food and also Indian, Chinese and Continental cuisines and bar. Other facilities include 24 hours room service, attached bathroom, running water, television with cable connection, telephone, laundry service, meeting rooms, medical assistance, conference facilities, banquet, car rental and credit card acceptance.


No your eyes are not deceiving you, and no these are not some samples cooked up by a sneaker company to encourage artistic expression, no sir, these sneakers are the real deal Holyfield. Japanese brand Diet Butcher Slim Skin's high-top sneaker makes an appearance for another round this season. They are ugly, lets just put that out there. The sneaker's exterior is further highlighted by the use of heavy-duty studs on the collar area. A vertical zipper runs approximately 3/4 the length of the heel for easy access. Three colors include white, black and a two-tone black/white version. If anyone is bold, adventurous or just plain stupid enough to wear these, you can get them at Glaice.


text:
About ELSA
Home About ELSA
The European Law Students' Association (ELSA) is an international, independent, non-political, non-profit making organisation run by and for students and recent graduates, who are interested in achieving academic and personal excellence in addition to their legal or law-related studies at university.
ELSA aims at providing its members a platform to develop their existing skills and acquire new ones, to interact with fellow students and experienced practitioners from different states and legal systems around Europe, and to be equipped for a professional life in an international environment, through mutual understanding, intercultural cooperation and the large variety of activities and projects the Association offers.
Our Philosophy is inspiring.
A just world in which there is respect for human dignity and cultural diversity.
To contribute to legal education, to foster mutual understanding and to promote social responsibility of law students and young lawyers.
To develop professional and student relations of an international nature in the field of Law, to prepare members for professional life in an international environment, to contribute to the exchange of scholarly experience and to stimulate mutual understanding and friendship on the principle of equality of all its members.
By providing opportunities for law students and young lawyers to learn about other cultures and legal systems in a spirit of critical dialogue and scientific co-operation. By assisting law students and young lawyers to be internationally minded and professionally skilled. By encouraging law students and young lawyers to act for the good of society.
Our reputation is recognized.
Patron of ELSA
Marija Pejčinović Burić is the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, the pre-eminent Pan-European international organisation in the field of human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
Prior to being elected to her current position, Ms Pejčinović Burić was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign and European Affairs of the Republic of Croatia, having served previously, on two occasions, as State Secretary for EU Affairs. During her time as a Deputy in the Croatian Parliament, she chaired the delegation of the Croatia-EU Joint Parliamentary Committee, headed the delegation of the Croatian Parliament to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly and served on a range of foreign and European-themed committees, including in the position of Substitute Member of the Croatian Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Earlier in her career, Ms Pejčinović Burić held a number of senior positions relating to the Croatia's EU accession process.
She has written, lectured and consulted widely on European affairs, has served as a president and board member for a number of organisations and is a former Secretary General of the Europe House, Zagreb. Ms Pejčinović Burić holds a Bachelor of Science Degree from the Faculty of Economics at the University of Zagreb, and a Master in European Studies from the College of Europe.
Born 1963 in Zagreb (Croatia), Siniša Rodin obtained his law degree from Sveučilište u Zagrebu (University of Zagreb, Croatia) in 1987 and continued his university studies in the United States of America, where he obtained a Master of Laws from the University of Michigan in 1992. Returning to Croatia, he continued his studies at Sveučilište u Zagrebu, where he became a Doctor of Laws in 1995. From 2001 to 2002, he was a Fulbright Fellow and Visiting Scholar at Harvard University, USA.
He began his professional career in 1987 at Sveučilište u Zagrebu as a tenure track professor. Since 2003, he has been a Professor of EU law at Sveučilište u Zagrebu, where, in 2006, he was awarded the Jean Monnet Chair, of which he became an ad personam holder in 2011. In 2012, he became a visiting professor at Cornell Law School, USA. During his university career, Mr Rodin published numerous works that contributed to the dissemination of EU law in Croatia.
Between 2006 and 2011, Mr Rodin was a member of the Croatian team that defined the negotiating framework and the process regarding the accession of Croatia to the European Union whilst also being, from 2009 to 2010, a member of the Croatian Constitutional Amendment Committee and President of the working group on Croatia's EU membership.
The first Croatian judge to be appointed at the Court of Justice, Mr Rodin has served as a Judge at the Court since 4 July 2013.
Patron of the John H. Jackson Moot Court Competition
Pascal Lamy is the President of the Paris Peace Forum and Brunswick Europe Chair.
He is active in the Jacques Delors Institute think tanks and is the President of the UNWTO ethics of tourism committee, the French Committee of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PEEC), and the Musiciens du Louvre orchestra. He also holds positions on various (advisory) boards. He is an affiliate Professor at the China Europe International Business School (CEIBS, Shanghai) and at HEC (Paris).
From 2005 to 2013 he was the Director General of the World Trade Organization. From 1999-2004, he was the European Commissioner for Trade.


text:
\section{introduction}

The main tool string theorists have at their disposal in understanding
nonperturbative spacetime physics is duality with large $N$ quantum
field theories, such as AdS/CFT and Matrix theory. The generalization
of these methods to de Sitter space \cite{Strominger:2001pn} confronts
us with various interesting challenges. In particular, the modes of
a generic massive scalar field in $d$-dimensional de Sitter transform
under the isometry group $SO(d,1)$ as principal series representations
\cite{Chernikov:1968zm,Tagirov:1972vv}, so the corresponding operators
in the dual CFT must transform in the same way under the global conformal
group \cite{Guijosa:2003ze,Lowe:2004nw,Balasubramanian:2002zh,Leblond:2002tf}.
Such representations do not appear in the conformal field theories
common in string theory and statistical mechanics. It is therefore
an important open problem to better understand this new class of conformal
field theories.

In this paper, we construct perhaps the simplest example of a free
conformal field theory that gives rise to principal series representations.
We begin with two-dimensional de Sitter where the $SL(2,\mathbb{R})$
isometry group appears as a subgroup of a much larger asymptotic symmetry
algebra, the Virasoro algebra. The representations of the full Virasoro
algebra are realized on the multiparticle Fock space of a free massive
scalar field in de Sitter %
\footnote{Related work by Neretin extends the complementary series representations
of $SL(2,\mathbb{R})$ to the Virasoro algebra with vanishing central
charge \cite{Neretin1982,Neretin1983,Neretin1994}.%
}, and are consequently unitary. The Virasoro algebra is found to close
with vanishing central term. The representations are presented in
a basis obtained in a spherical slicing of de Sitter, and in another
basis obtained using a flat slicing.

We then consider the analogous computation for the case of three-dimensional
de Sitter with a flat slicing, where the $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ isometry
group lifts to an asymptotic symmetry group containing commuting left/right
copies of the Virasoro algebra. The Virasoro currents are well-defined
locally, but we find only the global $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ subgroup
gives rise to properly-defined charges. The bulk matter modes therefore
do not yield representations of Virasoro. The local Virasoro symmetry
nevertheless constrains the properties of CFT correlators, as in standard
CFT.

We briefly consider the problem of counting the horizon entropy in
de Sitter using this framework. On a positive note, the one-to-one
mapping between CFT operators and scalar particle states allows one
to explicitly map the thermal entropy of a static patch observer into
a CFT computation. Other authors have speculated that applying the
Cardy formula to this counting problem will yield the correct, finite
horizon entropy of de Sitter \cite{Park:1998qk,Balasubramanian:2001nb,Bousso:2001mw,Park:2003hr}.
However since the mapping between the CFT counting problem and the
bulk scalar field counting problem really is one-to-one, the result
is divergent. We speculate on further physical input needed to regulate
this result.

\section{Basic setup}

Let us collect together a few elementary results on mode expansions
of a scalar field in $d$-dimensional de Sitter space (further details
may be found in \cite{Bousso:2001mw}). Throughout the paper we will
take the mass of the field to lie in the generic range $m>(d-1)/2$,
which is the range associated with principal unitary series representations.
Moreover, we will assume all expansions are made around the Bunch-Davies/Euclidean
vacuum state.

\subsection{Spherical slicing}

The spacetime metric is \[
ds^{2}=-d\tau^{2}+\cosh^{2}\tau~d\Omega_{d-1}^{2}~,\]
with $d\Omega_{d-1}^{2}$ the standard metric on the $d-1$ sphere.
These coordinates cover the complete de Sitter spacetime.

A massive scalar field has a mode expansion in terms of creation/annihilation
operators $a_{lj}$ \begin{equation}
\phi=\sum_{l,j}y_{l}(\tau)Y_{lj}(\Omega)a_{lj}+\mathrm{h.c.}~,\label{eq:modede}\end{equation}
where the $Y_{lj}(\Omega)$ are spherical harmonics, labeled by a
non-negative integer $l$ and an index $j=(j_{1},\cdots,j_{d-2})$.
The $a_{lj}$ annihilate the Euclidean vacuum. The $y_{l}$'s are
solutions to a hypergeometric equation. We will only need their expansion
in the limit $\tau\to-\infty$\begin{equation}
y_{l}(\tau)\sim A_{l}e^{h_{-}\tau}+B_{l}e^{h_{+}\tau},\label{eq:sphmod}\end{equation}
with \begin{equation}
h_{\pm}=\frac{d-1}{2}\pm i\mu,\qquad\mu=\sqrt{{m^{2}-\frac{(d-1)^{2}}{4}}}~,\label{eq:hpmdef}\end{equation}
and $A_{l}$ and $B_{l}$ constants\[
A_{l}=\frac{2^{\frac{d-2}{2}}e^{i\theta_{l}}}{\sqrt{\mu(1-e^{-2\pi\mu})}}~,\qquad B_{l}=\frac{2^{\frac{d-2}{2}}e^{-i\theta_{l}+i\pi(L+\frac{d-1}{2})}}{\sqrt{\mu(e^{2\pi\mu}-1)}}~,\]
defined in terms of the phase\[
e^{-2i\theta_{l}}=e^{i\pi(l-\frac{d-1}{2})}\frac{\Gamma(-i\mu)\Gamma(l+\frac{d-1}{2}+i\mu)}{\Gamma(i\mu)\Gamma(l+\frac{d-1}{2}-i\mu)}~.\]
The normalization is chosen so that the modes are orthonormal with
respect to the Klein-Gordon inner product\begin{equation}
(\psi,\phi)=-i\int d\Sigma^{\mu}(\psi\overleftrightarrow{\partial_{\mu}}\phi^{*})~.\label{eq:kknorm}\end{equation}

\subsection{Flat slicing}

The spacetime metric for $d$-dimensional de Sitter is \begin{equation}
ds^{2}=-dt^{2}+e^{-2t}dx_{d-1}^{2}~,\label{eq:flatmet}\end{equation}
where $dx_{d-1}^{2}$ is the standard metric on flat ($d-1$)-dimensional
Euclidean space. The coordinates only cover the lower triangle of
de Sitter space, the time-reverse of the inflating patch.

Unlike the case of global coordinates spatial slices are now non-compact,
so it is most convenient to make mode functions plane-wave normalizable.
We therefore choose a basis for the spatial mode functions $e^{ik\cdot x}$
where $k\in\mathbb{R}^{d-1}$ so that\begin{equation}
\phi(x,t)=\int\frac{dk^{d-1}}{(2\pi)^{d-1}}~a_{k}f_{k}(t)e^{ik\cdot x}+a_{k}^{\dagger}f_{k}^{*}(t)e^{-ik\cdot x}~,\label{eq:modflat}\end{equation}
where the time-dependent mode functions are now \cite{Birrell}\[
f_{k}(t)=\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}e^{\frac{\pi\mu}{2}}e^{\frac{d-1}{2}t}H_{i\mu}^{(2)}(|k|e^{t})~,\]
with $H_{i\mu}^{(2)}$ a Hankel function of the second kind. The modes
$f_{k}(t)e^{ik\cdot x}$ have a plane-wave normalization with respect
to the Klein-Gordon inner product (\ref{eq:kknorm})\[
(k,k')=(2\pi)^{d-1}\delta^{d-1}(k-k')~.\]

In the limit $t\to-\infty$\begin{eqnarray}
f_{k}(t) & \sim & A_{k}e^{h_{-}t}+B_{k}e^{h_{+}t}\nonumber \\
A_{k} & = & \frac{i\Gamma(i\mu)}{2\sqrt{\pi}}e^{\frac{\pi\mu}{2}}\left(\frac{|k|}{2}\right)^{-i\mu},\qquad B_{k}=\frac{i\Gamma(-i\mu)}{2\sqrt{\pi}}e^{-\frac{\pi\mu}{2}}\left(\frac{|k|}{2}\right)^{i\mu}~.\label{eq:flatmod}\end{eqnarray}
Note the much simpler $k$ dependence versus (\ref{eq:sphmod}). The
following identity is useful in the manipulation of these mode functions:\[
\Gamma(z)\Gamma(1-z)=\frac{\pi}{\sin\pi z}~.\]

\section{Two dimensions}

\subsection{Asymptotic symmetry group}

We will first work with two-dimensional de Sitter in global coordinates,\[
ds^{2}=-d\tau^{2}+\cosh^{2}\tau~d\theta^{2}~,\]
 with $\theta$ periodically identified up to $2\pi$. Consider the
group of diffeomorphisms that leave fixed the asymptotic conditions\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\tau\tau} & = & -1+\mathit{O}\left(e^{2\tau}\right)\nonumber \\
g_{\tau\theta} & = & \mathit{O}\left(1\right)\nonumber \\
g_{\theta\theta} & = & \frac{1}{2}e^{-2\tau}+\mathit{O}\left(1\right)\label{eq:metriccon}\end{eqnarray}
at past infinity $\tau\to-\infty$. This group is generated by the
vector fields whose asymptotic behavior is\begin{equation}
L_{U}=U(\theta)\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}+U'(\theta)\frac{\partial}{\partial\tau}+\mathit{O}\left(e^{2\tau}\right),\label{eq:ldiff}\end{equation}
where $U(\theta)$ is an arbitrary function on the circle. For the
choice $U(\theta)=ie^{in\theta}$, the $L_{n}$'s generate a centerless
Virasoro (or Witt) algebra\[
[L_{m},L_{n}]=(m-n)L_{m+n}~.\]
$L_{0},L_{\pm1}$ are the vector fields associated with the $dS_{2}$
isometry group $SL(2,\mathbb{R})$. Note that this choice of global
generators is related by a nontrivial isomorphism to the choice studied
in \cite{Bousso:2001mw,Guijosa:2003ze,Lowe:2004nw}. In comparing
formulas in the two notations, bear in mind that \begin{eqnarray*}
\tilde{L}_{0} & = & \frac{1}{2}\left(L_{-1}-L_{1}\right)\\
\tilde{L}_{1} & = & -\frac{i}{2}\left(L_{1}+L_{-1}+2L_{0}\right)\\
\tilde{L}_{-1} & = & \frac{i}{2}\left(L_{1}+L_{-1}-2L_{0}\right)~,\end{eqnarray*}
where the $\tilde{{L}}_{n}$ are the Virasoro generators of \cite{Bousso:2001mw,Guijosa:2003ze,Lowe:2004nw}.
Therefore the generator of time translations in the static patch will
be $(L_{-1}-L_{1})/2$ in the present notation. Furthermore, in the
present notation, Hermitian conjugation will act as $L_{n}\to L_{-n}$
, as in conventional CFT.

The action of the asymptotic symmetry group on the gravitational degrees
of freedom is generated by a boundary stress energy tensor studied
by Brown and York \cite{Brown:1992br}. A version of this for two-dimensional
de Sitter, realized as a solution of dilaton gravity, has been studied
in \cite{Cadoni:2002kz,Medved2003}. The algebra generated by moments
of this stress tensor is Virasoro, with a nontrivial central charge.

\subsection{Representations of Virasoro algebra}

It is helpful to first briefly review the AdS/CFT case. In the simplest
situation, an operator transforming as a conformal primary with positive
real conformal weight is mapped to a single particle mode in the bulk
of AdS. The isometries of AdS are identified with elements of the
global conformal group on the boundary, and the particle modes form
a representation of this group. For $AdS_{2}$ this isometry group
is enhanced to a larger asymptotic symmetry group which is the full
Virasoro algebra, and $L_{0}$ generates light-cone time translations
\cite{Strominger1999}. Furthermore, descendant operators correspond
to multi-particle states with larger values of $L_{0}$. Thus a highest
weight Virasoro module maps into multiparticle states in the bulk,
which are descendants of the lightest state \cite{Maldacena1998}.

Let us follow the same strategy in de Sitter. We begin with a scalar
field excitation in the bulk, and fix the scalar mass $m$. We will
then proceed to act on this state with the Virasoro generators, and
deduce the structure of the full Virasoro module. An important difference
with AdS is immediately apparent: $L_{0}=i\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}$
generates translations around the spacelike circle, so the eigenvalues
of $L_{0}$ will be unbounded above and below.

The scalar field stress energy tensor is\[
T_{\mu\nu}=\partial_{\mu}\phi\partial_{\nu}\phi-\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu\nu}g^{\lambda\rho}\partial_{\rho}\phi\partial_{\lambda}\phi-\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu\nu}m^{2}\phi^{2}~,\]
so the matter contribution to the Virasoro generators (\ref{eq:ldiff})
takes the form

\begin{equation}
L_{U}=-\frac{i}{2}e^{-\tau}\int_{0}^{2\pi}d\theta~\left(U(\theta)\phi'\dot{\phi}+\frac{1}{2}U'\left(\dot{\phi}^{2}+m^{2}\phi^{2}\right)\right)~,\label{eq:vgens}\end{equation}
where we have dropped terms subleading as $\tau\to-\infty$.

To make this expression well-defined, we must specify a normal-ordering
prescription. We define normal ordering with respect to the Bunch-Davies,
or Euclidean, vacuum state. The mode decomposition is (\ref{eq:modede})
-- and we will set $l=|k|$, where $k\in\mathbb{Z}$ is the quantum
number of momentum around the spatial circle.

We normal order with respect to this vacuum state, i.e., we order
$a_{k}$ to the right of $a_{k}^{\dagger}$'s when defining the generators
(\ref{eq:vgens}), and we denote the normal ordered generators $:L_{U}:$.
It is straightforward to verify the $:L_{U}:$'s generate an algebra
of Virasoro type. The only potential subtlety is computing the central
charge. This is discussed in more detail in appendix A, where it is
shown the central charge vanishes.

Time-dependent coefficients seem to appear when the generators (\ref{eq:vgens})
are written in terms of creation and annihilation operators, using
the mode expansion (\ref{eq:modede}) and the asymptotic form (\ref{eq:sphmod}).
However this time dependence actually completely cancels out of the
generators, and the resulting coefficients are recorded in appendix
B. The generic $:L_{n}:$ involves terms of the three basic types
$a^{\dagger}a$, $a^{\dagger}a^{\dagger}$ and $aa$, and consequently
mixes states with different particle number (notice that states with
an even/odd number of particles transform irreducibly). For the global
($n=0,\pm1)$ generators, however, the terms of the second and third
type can be seen to cancel out, implying that single-particle states
by themselves carry a representation of the isometry group, in consonance
with the results of \cite{Chernikov:1968zm,Tagirov:1972vv,Leblond:2002tf,Balasubramanian:2002zh,Guijosa:2003ze,Lowe:2004nw}.

One might wonder if the different $\alpha$-vacua of field theory
in de Sitter give rise to different representations. As discussed
in \cite{Guijosa:2003ze} at the level of the global conformal group
$SL(2,\mathbb{R})$, the Euclidean vacuum is picked out by demanding
the bulk-to-boundary mapping be local in the boundary coordinates.
This jibes well with the expected instabilities of interacting $\alpha$-vacua
once coupling to bulk gravity is included \cite{Goldstein:2003qf}.

The bulk-to-boundary map was described in \cite{Guijosa:2003ze} for
the case of single-particle states. There the $dS_{2}/CFT_{1}$ mapping
is performed by noticing there are two equivalent representations
expressed in terms of functions of $\theta,\tau$ decomposed in modes
$f_{k}(\tau)e^{ik\theta}$ or just in terms of {}``boundary'' modes
$e^{ik\theta}$. The factors $f_{k}(\tau)$ can then be viewed as
the bulk-to-boundary propagator in momentum space. In the present
context, time-independence of the conformal generators when written
in terms of creation and annihilation operators $a_{k}$, $a_{k}^{\dagger}$
is important for the consistency of these dual pictures.

The new feature with the full Virasoro representations is that states
with different particle number are part of the same representation.
Nevertheless, once the generators are written as time-independent
linear combinations quadratic in creation/annihilation operators,
the same basic picture of the bulk-to-boundary mapping will carry
over where $f_{k}(\tau)$ factors play the role of bulk-to-boundary
propagators. We reiterate we are only treating a free scalar field,
so interactions are ignored. Generically we will get distinct representations
corresponding to Virasoro acting on distinct multiparticle excitations
of the Euclidean vacuum as summarized in table \ref{cap:The-de-Sitter/CFT}.

\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
Bulk dS&
Boundary CFT\tabularnewline
\hline
\hline
$\left\{ L_{n}\right\} |E\rangle$&
$1$+descendants\tabularnewline
\hline
$\left\{ L_{n}\right\} f_{k}^{*}(\tau)a_{k}^{\dagger}|E\rangle$&
$\mathcal{O}_{k}$+descendants\tabularnewline
\hline
$\left\{ L_{n}\right\} f_{k}^{*}(\tau)f_{k'}^{*}(\tau)a_{k}^{\dagger}a_{k'}^{\dagger}|E\rangle$&
$\mathcal{O}_{k,k'}$+descendants\tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}

\caption{The de Sitter state/CFT operator mapping\label{cap:The-de-Sitter/CFT}.
Here $\left\{ L_{n}\right\} $ denotes an element in the universal
enveloping algebra of Virasoro. The CFT operator $\mathcal{O}_{k}$
denotes a component of a principal series representation of $SL(2,\mathbb{R})$
with spatial momentum $k$. The operator $\mathcal{O}_{k,k'}$ denotes
a component in the tensor product of two principal series representations
of $SL(2,\mathbb{R})$ labelled by spatial momenta $k$ and $k'$.
A similar pattern continues for higher tensor products.}
\end{table}

\subsection{Unitarity}

Ordinarily, one concludes that unitary representations of Virasoro
with vanishing central charge are trivial. However the representation
discussed here is not of highest weight type, so let us re-examine
this conclusion.

The symmetry algebra changes particle number, so in particular the
vacuum is not invariant. The representation space lives in a subspace
of the Fock space of free particles in the Euclidean vacuum. The natural
norm on this entire Fock space is defined in momentum space as\begin{equation}
\prod_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}\left\langle n'_{k}|n_{k}\right\rangle =\prod_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}\delta_{n_{k},n'_{k}}~,\label{eq:mnorm}\end{equation}
where $n_{k}$ is the occupation number of mode $k$ and\[
|n_{k}\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n_{k}!}}a_{k}^{\dagger n_{k}}|E\rangle\]
with $|E\rangle$ the Euclidean vacuum. The notion of Hermitian conjugation
induced by this norm on the Virasoro generators is $L_{n}^{\dagger}=L_{-n}$.
The states $L_{n}|\psi\rangle$ therefore have positive norm, for
$|\psi\rangle$ a state with finite particle number. In particular\[
\langle E|L_{-n}L_{n}|E\rangle=2n\langle E|L_{0}|E\rangle+\langle E|L_{n}L_{-n}|E\rangle~,\]
and while the first term on the right hand side vanishes, the second
term is non-vanishing. For a highest weight representation, on the
other hand, both terms would vanish. In that case, the representation
that includes the vacuum is nontrivial only for nonzero central charge.

\subsection{Planar coordinates}

The above discussion of Virasoro generators can be generalized to
planar coordinates\[
ds^{2}=-dt^{2}+e^{-2t}dz^{2}\]
where $z\in\mathbb{R}$. The main difference is finding the most convenient
choice of mode functions, and choosing a basis for the Virasoro generators.
Unlike the case of global coordinates spatial slices are now non-compact,
so it is most convenient to make mode functions plane-wave normalizable.
We therefore choose a basis for the spatial mode functions $e^{ikz}$
where $k\in\mathbb{R}$ as in (\ref{eq:modflat}).

To keep the action of the Virasoro generators on these mode functions
as simple as possible, we likewise choose a basis $U(z)=ie^{ipz}$
where $p\in\mathbb{R}$. The main new feature is that Virasoro generators
are labelled by a real parameter $p$ rather than the familiar integer
parameter. Otherwise the calculations of the previous subsections
go through with sums replaced by integrals and only minor modifications.
Explicit expressions for the Virasoro generators are given in appendix
B. Note that if we instead choose the usual basis of Virasoro generators
$U=-z^{n}$ the action of the generators will take us outside the
space of plane-wave normalizable functions.

\section{Three dimensions}

\subsection{Asymptotic symmetry group}

For the case of three-dimensional de Sitter, it is more convenient
to use flat spatial sections, to exhibit the left-right decomposition
of the $CFT_{2}$. Introducing $z=x_{1}+ix_{2}$ versus (\ref{eq:flatmet}),
the metric is \[
ds^{2}=-dt^{2}+e^{-2t}dz\, d\bar{z}~.\]
 We consider the asymptotic symmetry group leaving fixed the conditions
\cite{Strominger:2001pn}\begin{eqnarray*}
g_{z\bar{z}} & = & \frac{1}{2}e^{-2t}+O(1)\\
g_{tt} & = & -1+O(e^{2t})\\
g_{zz} & = & O(1)\\
g_{tz} & = & O(1)\end{eqnarray*}
as $t\to-\infty$. This symmetry group is the group of diffeomorphisms
generated by the vector fields\[
\zeta_{U}=U\partial_{z}+\frac{1}{2}\partial_{z}U\partial_{t}+O(e^{2t})+\mathrm{complex}~\mathrm{conjugate}~,\]
where $U$ is holomorphic. The basis choice $U(z)=-z^{n+1}$ yields
the standard mutually commuting sets of Virasoro generators $L_{n},\bar{L}_{n}$.

\subsection{Representations of Virasoro left+right?}

By analogy with the case of $dS_{2}$ analyzed in the previous section,
we might expect the multiparticle states associated with a bulk scalar
field to belong to a representation of left+right Virasoro that decomposes
into principal series representations of the global isometry group
$SL(2,\mathbb{C})$. The Virasoro generators now take the form\begin{equation}
L_{U}=-i~e^{-2t}\int d^{2}z\,\left(U\partial_{z}\phi\partial_{t}\phi+\frac{1}{4}\partial_{z}U\left(\left(\partial_{t}\phi\right)^{2}+m^{2}\phi^{2}\right)\right)\label{eq:vgens3d}\end{equation}
(and likewise for $\bar{L}_{U}$), again dropping terms that vanish
as $t\to-\infty$. The analog of the calculation described in appendix
A implies these operators generate a Virasoro algebra with vanishing
central charge. These operators have a well-defined action on local
operators in the CFT.

However, since the function $U(z)$ necessarily has non-simple poles
for all but the global $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ transformations, the spatial
integral will diverge for states with smooth distributions of matter,
such as we have for a one-particle excitation of the Euclidean vacuum.
(The divergence is of course also visible in momentum space, if we
attempt to expand the generators in terms of creation and annihilation
operators as in appendix B.) So, even though the $L_{n}$ operators
(\ref{eq:vgens3d}) satisfy the expected commutation relations, their
matrix elements between generic multiparticle states are ill-defined
unless $n=0,\pm1$.

The key issue here is the choice of boundary conditions. Recall that
the Brown-York tensor $\tau_{ij}$ (with $i,j$ running over the spatial
directions) \cite{Brown:1992br} satisfies\[
D_{i}\tau^{ij}=-T^{0j}~,\]
where $T^{\mu\nu}$ is the matter stress energy tensor. This equation
may be integrated across a two-dimensional region at past infinity
to give\begin{equation}
H_{C_{1}}(\zeta)-H_{C_{2}}(\zeta)=-e^{-2t}\int_{\Sigma}d^{2}z~T^{0i}\zeta_{j}~,\label{eq:bycharge}\end{equation}
with\[
H_{C}(\zeta)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_{C}dz~\tau_{zz}\zeta^{z}~.\]
If we assume matter stress energy is negligible at past infinity,
the right hand side of (\ref{eq:bycharge}) vanishes, and the $H$'s
are contour-independent %
\footnote{If the dual CFT were to be radially quantized, as is standard, e.g.,
in string theory applications, this contour-independence would of
course identify the $H$'s as conserved charges. We would like to
emphasize, however, that in the $dS_{d}/CFT_{d-1}$ context there
is a priori no time direction in the CFT, and so spatial integrals
are naturally $(d-1)$- rather than $(d-2)$-dimensional. %
}. They generate an algebra that is a direct sum of holomorphic and
anti-holomorphic copies of the Virasoro algebra with a non-trivial
central charge \cite{Strominger:2001pn,Klemm:2001ea}.

However, if we want to describe even a one-particle state, then the
matter stress-energy is not completely negligible at past infinity,
and so we cannot drop the terms on the right-hand side of (\ref{eq:bycharge}).
As we have already noted, for all but the global $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$
transformations the integral over $\Sigma$ will be ill-defined. We
conclude therefore that if we allow for such boundary conditions on
the matter fields, then the asymptotic symmetry group collapses to
$SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ and there is no sensible extension of the principal
series representations to the algebra of left/right Virasoro.

Note that the crucial difference with the two-dimensional case analyzed
in the previous section is that the $dS_{2}$ asymptotic symmetry
group is in fact the full group of diffeomorphisms on the circle,
for which one can choose a normalizable basis and obtain well-defined
integrals.

\section{Discussion}

Since we have described the mapping from representations of Virasoro
to particle states in de Sitter, as summarized in table \ref{cap:The-de-Sitter/CFT},
we can identify in the conformal field theory the procedure leading
to entropy counting. States in the asymptotic past will form representations
of the isometry group and can be propagated to arbitrary times using
the isometry generators.

For definiteness, let us restrict attention to the case of $dS_{2}$
in spherical coordinates, though generalization to the flat slicing
is straightforward. One may choose a basis of these states which diagonalizes
the generator of time translations in the static patch, $(L_{-1}-L_{1})/2$.
This change of basis is accomplished as follows. Positive frequency
modes with respect to global time $\phi^{E}$ are analytic in the
lower half plane when expressed in terms of Kruskal coordinates. These
modes are decomposed into modes with positive and negative frequencies
with respect to time in the south and north static patches \cite{Unruh:1976db}.
The decomposition takes the following form \cite{Bousso:2001mw}\begin{equation}
\phi_{\omega}^{E}=\phi_{\omega}^{S}+e^{-\pi\omega}\phi_{\omega}^{N}~,\label{eq:eucmoda}\end{equation}
i.e., the positive-frequency component $\phi_{\omega}^{S}$ comes
from the southern causal diamond, while the negative-frequency component
$\phi_{\omega}^{N}$ comes from the northern causal diamond, where
$t$ runs backward. There is a second linear combination that has
positive frequency with respect to global time,\begin{equation}
\tilde{\phi}_{\omega}^{E}=\phi_{\omega}^{N*}+e^{-\pi\omega}\phi_{\omega}^{S*}~,\label{eq:eucmodb}\end{equation}
where the roles of north and south are swapped.

Now both $\phi_{\omega}^{E}$ and $\tilde{\phi}_{\omega}^{E}$ annihilate
the Euclidean vacuum when $\omega>0$. It is then possible to show
the Euclidean vacuum can be written as\begin{eqnarray*}
|E\rangle & = & \prod_{\omega>0}(1-e^{-2\pi\omega})^{1/2}\exp\left(e^{-\pi\omega}a_{\omega}^{S\dagger}a_{\omega}^{N}\right)|S\rangle\otimes|N\rangle\\
 & = & \prod_{\omega>0}(1-e^{-2\pi\omega})^{1/2}\sum_{n_{\omega}=0}^{\infty}e^{-\pi\omega n_{\omega}}|n_{\omega},S\rangle\otimes|n_{\omega},N\rangle\end{eqnarray*}
where $|N\rangle$ is the northern vacuum annihilated by $\phi_{\omega}^{N*}$
and $|S\rangle$ is the southern vacuum annihilated by $\phi_{\omega}^{S}$.
The state $|n_{\omega},S\rangle$ denotes occupation number $n_{\omega}$
in the $\omega$ mode with respect to the southern vacuum state, and
likewise for $|n_{\omega},N\rangle$. It is then straightforward to
trace over modes in the northern diamond, to obtain a density matrix
for modes within only the southern causal diamond\begin{equation}
\rho_{S}=\prod_{\omega>0}(1-e^{-2\pi\omega})\sum_{n_{\omega}=0}^{\infty}e^{-2\pi\omega n_{\omega}}|n_{\omega},S\rangle\otimes\langle n_{\omega},S|~.\label{eq:densmat}\end{equation}
This takes the form of a thermal density matrix, where the units are
such that the temperature of de Sitter is $1/2\pi$. The free energy
associated with this entanglement is \begin{equation}
e^{-2\pi F}=\mathrm{Tr}~e^{-2\pi\omega n_{\omega}}~.\label{eq:freeen}\end{equation}

Using the unitary Virasoro representations we have constructed, we
now can map each step in the above entropy calculation into a counting
of operators in the boundary CFT with a particular weighting. For
example, the conjugate of each of the modes (\ref{eq:eucmoda}) and
(\ref{eq:eucmodb}) is dual to a CFT operator $\mathcal{O}_{\omega}^{E}$
or $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}_{\omega}^{E}$ which is a linear combination
of the operators dual to single particle modes described above. These
operators create modes with correlations between the north and south
static patches. Note that since the bulk theory is formulated around
the Euclidean vacuum, it is not possible to avoid this correlation
and create modes localized purely in one static patch. A similar mapping
will exist for all the multiparticle states. From the CFT viewpoint,
the partition function (\ref{eq:freeen}) corresponds to the following
weighted sum over the operator content of the CFT\[
e^{-2\pi F}=\mathrm{Tr}~e^{-\pi i(L_{-1}-L_{1})}~,\]
where the trace is over the full set of operators dual to the scalar
field Fock space, as described in table \ref{cap:The-de-Sitter/CFT}.
The trace is defined with the restriction that the eigenvalue of $i(L_{-1}-L_{1})$
is positive, corresponding to the $\omega>0$ condition in (\ref{eq:densmat}).
This at least solves one aspect of the entropy counting problem in
dS/CFT.

The problem is that the resulting entropy is divergent, due to a continuum
of states with finite $i(L_{-1}-L_{1})$ localized near the cosmological
horizon. These may be cutoff with analogs of the brick-wall cutoff
of 't Hooft \cite{'tHooft:1985re}. Such calculations have been performed
in \cite{Kim:1998zs}. All these may now be interpreted in terms of
the boundary CFT using the dictionary we have provided -- but we need
new physical input to really understand the role of the cutoff. We
hope to explore these issues in the future, applying ideas of $q$-deformation
\cite{Guijosa:2003ze,Lowe:2004nw,Pouliot:2003vt,Banks:2005bm}.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Y.A. Neretin for helpful correspondence. The work of A.G.
is supported by Mexico's National Council for Science and Technology
(CONACyT) grants 40754-F and J200.315/2004 and by DGAPA-UNAM grant
IN104503-3. The research of D.A.L. is supported in part by DOE grant
DE-FE0291ER40688-Task A and NSF U.S.-Mexico Cooperative Research grant
\#0334379. J.M is supported by an overseas postdoctoral fellowship
of the NRF (South Africa) and thanks Kenneth Hughes, Simon Judes and
Amanda Weltman for useful discussions.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Two environmental groups have joined forces to carry out biomonitoring tests on nine people. The process costs $5,000 per person and involves the testing of blood, urine, and breast milk for environmental contaminants. David Baltz, a committed environmentalist who works for Commonweal, one of the groups involved in the study, has already been tested. Results showed that a whole host of pesticides, flame-retardants, and other man-made chemicals had accumulated in his body despite his best efforts. Baltz said of the findings: "What that told me is that no matter what I tried to do, the plumes of chemicals that we are passing in and out of everyday give us exposure." Although such tests are showing that our bodies are host to a wide number and variety of pollutants, what is not yet clear is the effect that they have upon our health.
SOURCE/REFERENCE: Reported by www.ap.org on the 25th December 2003.


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