After 1905, Einstein's miraculous year, physics would never be the same again. In those twelve months, Einstein shattered many cherished scientific beliefs with five extraordinary papers that would establish him as the world's leading physicist. This book brings those papers together in an accessible format. The best-known papers are the two that founded special relativity: On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies and Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on Its Energy Content? In the former, Einstein showed that absolute time had to be replaced by a new absolute: the speed of light. In the second, he asserted the equivalence of mass and energy, which would lead to the famous formula E = mc2 .
The book also includes On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light , in which Einstein challenged the wave theory of light, suggesting that light could also be regarded as a collection of particles. This helped to open the door to a whole new world--that of quantum physics. For ideas in this paper, he won the Nobel Prize in 1921.
The fourth paper also led to a Nobel Prize, although for another scientist, Jean Perrin. On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat concerns the Brownian motion of such particles. With profound insight, Einstein blended ideas from kinetic theory and classical hydrodynamics to derive an equation for the mean free path of such particles as a function of the time, which Perrin confirmed experimentally. The fifth paper, A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions , was Einstein's doctoral dissertation, and remains among his most cited articles. It shows how to calculate Avogadro's number and the size of molecules.
These papers, presented in a modern English translation, are essential reading for any physicist, mathematician, or astrophysicist. Far more than just a collection of scientific articles, this book presents work that is among the high points of human achievement and marks a watershed in the history of science.
Coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the miraculous year, this new paperback edition includes an introduction by John Stachel, which focuses on the personal aspects of Einstein's youth that facilitated and led up to the miraculous year.
with a foreword by Roger Penrose.
confirmed to a precision unprecedented in scientific history.
short note deriving Einstein's famous "E = mc2 " (paper 4).
the final nature of their new regimes.
crowning achievement: his general theory of relativity.
Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac, and Feynman.
to quantum physics, which border almost on the paradoxical.
perceive Nature's reality was one of his particular strengths.
he put forward in paper 5.
"wave-particle" picture of three centuries earlier.
continuous fields and discrete particles coexist, each interacting with the other, does not really make physical sense.
particles and waves actually turn out to be the same thing.
them in the subsequent development of quantum theory?
prestigious German journal Annalen der Physik in that year.
Boston University under the sponsorship of Princeton University Press and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
for their scholarly contributions: John Stachel, David C.
Cassidy, A. J. Kox, Jürgen Renn, and Robert Schulmann.
John Stachel for preparing them.
that has revolutionized twentieth-century science.
But the phrase was coined without reference to Newton.
send you soon, since I will soon receive the free reprints.
of even his academic responsibilities by the closure of Cambridge University after outbreaks of the plague.
of psychological, even psychopathological, speculation.
was invited to lecture at the annual meeting of the assembled German-speaking scientific community.
Newton remained in self-imposed obscurity well after 1666.
Newton was thus able to create the mathematics necessary to develop his ideas about mechanics and gravitation.
yet already a master of theoretical physics ready to demonstrate that mastery to the world.
explicable on the basis of Newton's three laws of motion applied to molecules acted upon by such central forces.
explainable on the basis of mechanical models of that ether.
matter depends entirely on its electromagnetic properties.
in terms of a mechanical model of the ether, this electromagnetic worldview hoped to explain the mechanical properties of matter in terms of electric and magnetic fields.
nineteenth century: classical mechanics and Maxwell's electrodynamics.
foundation for all of physics.
must be invariant under the group of such transformations.
Newton's equations of motion needed revision.
of the limited validity of the former (see pp. 20–22 below).
in motion, introduced precisely to provide such explanations.
Kleiner, which he is also known to have read.
quantum hypothesis, although he remained unable to integrate them into a coherent physical theory.
Nobel Prize committee in 1921.
In 1905 Einstein did not use Planck's full distribution law.
hence to the optical absorption spectrum of a solid.
these quanta of electricity and of radiation, not simply postulate them.
is another story, which I cannot tell here.
to equally revolutionary transformations in our way of life.
without invoking the heritage of Einstein's miraculous year.
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 291.
See, for example, Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein/A Biography, tr.
(Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).
1987–), cited hereafter as Collected Papers, vol. 5 (1993), doc. 27, p. 31.
as English Translation, vol. 5 (1995), p. 20; translation modified.
the Lord had played on him.
Westfall, Never at Rest, p. 140.
Albert Einstein, Autobiographical Notes, Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed.
and trans. (LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court, 1979), p. 15.
Westfall, Never at Rest, p. 174.
Papers of Leon Rosenfeld (Dordrecht/Boston: Reidel, 1979), p. 65.
Citation from Westfall, Never at Rest, p. 146.
vol. 1, doc. 100, p. 290.
From the response to a questionnaire submitted to Einstein in 1932.
translation, p. 122 for the German text.
Poincaré had so named them; but the kinematical interpretation that Einstein gave to them is quite different.
Relativity?" in Ideas and Opinions (New York: Crown, 1954), pp. 227–232.
Translatory Motion of Deformable Electrons and the Area Law,' " in Collected Papers, vol. 2, doc. 44, p. 411 (p. 207 of the 1907 original).
receives, on the average, the same share of the total energy of the system.
vol. 5, doc. 73, p. 87.
Collected Papers, vol. 2, doc. 56, p. 549 (p. 192 of the 1909 original).
pp. 564–565 (pp. 482–483 of the 1909 original).
theory seems to represent Einstein's first step toward a field ontology.
less satisfactory agreement with each other.
estimate of the range of molecular forces, and capillary phenomena were used later in several different ways to determine molecular sizes.
the solvent in a dilute solution.
gases, and of Stokes's law of hydrodynamical friction.
that such an attachment does occur.
three independent methods for determining molecular dimensions, and in the following years he found several more.
secondary-school teachers, the primary task of the school.
Since the ETH was not authorized to grant doctoral degrees until 1909, a special arrangement enabled ETH students to obtain doctorates from the University of Zurich.
were hardly touched upon in dissertations.
that he had submitted a work on molecular forces in gases.
as well as Drude's work on the electron theory of metals.
criticism of Einstein's dissertation was for being too short.
the dissipation of energy in the fluid.
of thermodynamics, and in his papers on statistical physics.
for a varying coefficient of sliding friction between the diffusing molecule and the solution.
matter or electricity—can be traced back to his earlier work.
effects of hydrodynamical friction on the motion of ions.
development of some of the main ideas in his dissertation.
techniques used in the dissertation.
obtain information about neutral salt molecules in solution.
dissertation can be seen to be an elaboration of the second proposal, regarding diffusion and neutral salt molecules.
of dissociation and electrical interactions.
of ϕ in eq. (1), instead of the predicted value of l.
components in Einstein's dissertation (see pp. 53–54 below).
Perrin of Hopf's discovery of the error in his calculations.
results ultimately made the dissertation one of his most frequently cited papers.
molecular structure need not be taken into consideration.
We will choose a sphere as the solid body that shall represent the solute molecules.
3. A dilational motion in three mutually perpendicular directions (the principal axes of dilation).
dimensions are very small compared with those of region G.
that the contact layer (imagined to be continuous) also displays a coefficient of viscosity that is not infinitesimally small.
x0 , y0 , z0 , the motion of the liquid around it will change.
reduce to that represented by equations (1).
G. Kirchhoff, Vorlesungen über Mechanik, 26. Vorl. (Lectures on Mechanics, Lecture 26).
and p the hydrostatic pressure.
in equations (5) and (5a).
found above is the only solution to the problem.
xν , yν , zν are the coordinates of the centers of the spheres.


Stanislaw Jagiello is a fashion and advertising photographer based in Brussels, Belgium.
Mainly influenced by cinematography, he has a strong narrative approach of photography and describes himself first of all as a story teller, using still photography to capture the viewer's attention and drag him into the several layers present in his "photographic tableaux".
Since 2010 he has been published in several fashion magazines, in Belgium, USA, France and Austria. His future projects will bring him closer to his cinematographic roots mixing fashion still photography and filming.


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Admittedly, it's a nice day for a walk and the weather inspires a lot of combinations because it keep changing throught the day. One, can improvise a lot … what do you say?
2 Responses to "a walk in the park"


text:
Chrzęsne – przystanek osobowy Polskich Kolei Państwowych obsługiwany przez Koleje Mazowieckie. Położony jest na styku ulic Przystankowej i Wincentyny Karskiej we wsi Chrzęsne w województwie mazowieckim, w Polsce.

W roku 2017 stacja obsługiwała 500–699 pasażerów na dobę.

Zatrzymują się tu pociągi podmiejskie Kolei Mazowieckich, rozpoczynające bieg na dworcu Warszawa Wileńska, w Małkini lub w Łochowie, przejeżdżające linią kolejową nr 6 Zielonka – Kuźnica Białostocka.

W latach 2014-2016 przystanek został całkowicie przebudowany w ramach projektu Rail Baltica.

Opis przystanku

Perony
Przystanek składa się z dwóch peronów bocznych (po jednej stronie każdego krawędź peronowa), oddzielonych przejazdem kolejowo-drogowym

Dojścia do peronów umożliwiają dostęp dla wózków inwalidzkich. Obok wejścia na peron 2 znajduje się parking dla rowerów.

Budynek przystanku
Budynek przystanku znajduje się w pobliżu przejazdu, po zachodniej stronie ulicy Przystankowej.

Budynek murowany, parterowy. W jednej jego części znajduje się poczekalnia, a w drugiej stanowisko kasowe i zaplecze.

Wyposażenie:
 Kasa biletowa.
 Poczekalnia, otwarta w godzinach pracy kasy biletowej.
 Automat biletowy Kolei Mazowieckich na zewnątrz budynku (płatność kartą / gotówką)

Na przełomie stycznia i lutego 2019 PKP podpisały z konsorcjum firm Helifactor i MERX umowę na budowę tzw. innowacyjnego dworca systemowego w formie klimatyzowanej poczekalni wraz pomieszczenia kas biletowych i przestrzenią dla punktów handlowo-usługowych.

Przejazd kolejowo-drogowy
Pomiędzy peronami znajduje się przejazd kolejowo-drogowy kategorii B. Ruch drogowy jest kierowany przy pomocy samoczynnych systemów przejazdowych, wyposażonych w sygnalizację świetlną, dźwiękową i rogatki zamykające ruch drogowy w kierunku zarówno wjazdu jak i zjazdu. Przejazd znajduje się na granicy ulic Przystankowej i Wincentyny Karskiej. Po obu stronach przejazdu znajdują się chodniki dla pieszych. Przejazd wyposażony jest w kamery monitoringu.

Bibliografia

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Stacje i przystanki kolejowe w gminie Tłuszcz
Chrzęsne
Stacje i przystanki kolejowe w Polsce oddane do użytku w 1985

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
NEWS - Return to news section
Google Bans FrostWire From Android Market, Doesn't Say Why
Posted by: Jason F, 14:33 AEDT, Fri October 21, 2011
Tags: Android, Copyright, Downloading, Software News
Google bans the popular file sharing app FrostWire from Android Market, but doesn't tell the developers why
Buyers of the popular Android version of the FrostWire file sharing app are angry at Google's decision to remove the app from the official Android app store, Android Market, and the developers of the app are in the dark as to why the app was removed at all.
At first, it was thought that the removal may have had something to do with FrostWire's recent troubles with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the agency charged with offering consumer protection. The FTC claimed that FrostWire's default policy of allowing all downloaded files to be publicly shared was a breach of the user's privacy, but FrostWire responded by fixing the issues several months back, and have recently just settled the case with the FTC. The version of FrostWire on Android Market, according to the developers, now complies with the FTC's demands and has done so for month, hence the settlement.
"We fixed the app ages ago, and probably 99.9% of the userbase is actually running 0.6.3, so there shouldn't be a hint of worry in regards to the FTC Complaints," FrostWire's Angel Leon told TorrentFreak.
And so from FrostWire's perspective, it is extremely troubling that Google removed their app without as much as a notice, advanced or post-event, and to this day, they still don't know why the app was removed. "It's just plain wrong that you get suspended without ANY explanation or ANY notice, specially an app for which people have said they bought an Android for, and which has been installed on over 1 million devices during the last 12 months," Leon added.
With the app gone from Android Market, users who paid for the app will no longer be able to obtain updates automatically from the Market app. For now, users can still download the Android version from the official FrostWire website.
Google's lack of transparency has often been the target of critics, not just with Android Market removals, but also with other Google services, such as YouTube, Gmail and search, with users often complaining about how difficult it is to actually get in contact with a real person over at Googleplex.
Android's YouTube Video Rentals Doesn't Like Rooted Phones
posted by: Jason F, 14:54 AEST, Wed June 1, 2011
Google Removes Emulator Apps From Android Market
posted by: Sean F, 23:18 AEST, Thu June 2, 2011
Amazon Android App Store's DRM: Too Draconian?
posted by: Sean F, 12:21 AEDT, Tue March 8, 2011
Android Malware Attack: Google Market Apps Contains Exploit
posted by: Sean F, 14:49 AEDT, Thu March 3, 2011
ImgBurn Updates to Version 2.5.4.0
posted by: Jonathan M, 12:56 AEDT, Wed December 8, 2010
Does the $299 Nexus 4 Smartphone Interest You?
It's okay I guess
Not interested!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Video offers the public a first-time look at DaBaby's 2018 Walmart shooting
Social media was abuzz last week after Rolling Stone published an "exclusive" video that appears to show Charlotte-area rapper DaBaby shooting and killing 19-year-old Jaylin Craig during a dispute outside a Huntersville Walmart in 2018.
"Video Undercuts DaBaby's Self-Defense Claim in 2018 Killing," Rolling Stone said in a headline published April 24.
Well, not so fast.
While the video does offer the public a first-time look of the shooting, it changes nothing in terms of criminal liability, according to the Mecklenburg County district attorney's office.
The rapper, whose real name is Jonathan Kirk, has long maintained that he killed Craig in self-defense, and the D.A.'s office did not charge him in the killing.
That decision was reaffirmed Monday in this statement emailed to QCity Metro from the D.A.'s office.
The District Attorney's Office reviewed the police investigative file and agreed with the Huntersville Police Department's decision not to charge Mr. Kirk further as prosecutors could not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not act in self-defense."
So what does the video show?
In 2020, as protests spread following the killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis, DaBaby joined a panel of speakers at the Harvey B. Gantt Center to discuss race and policing. Photo: QCity Metro
It shows DaBaby talking to Craig and another man, Henry Douglas, where the rapper appears to be the aggressor. It shows DaBaby throwing a punch at Douglas and the two men tussling.
During the altercation, Craig is seen pulling out a gun. DaBaby's then-girlfriend, Mariah Osbourne, confronts Craig and is shoved away before DaBaby pulls out a gun and fires a shot at Craig, who was 19 years old.
The Mecklenburg D.A.'s office confirmed to QCity Metro that it reviewed the video as part of its 2018 investigation. DaBaby and Osbourne told investigators they saw Craig's gun, supporting his claim of self-defense.
Despite avoiding a homicide charge, DaBaby was charged with carrying a concealed gun, a misdemeanor. But that charge was initially dropped after a key witness failed to show up in court.
In June 2019, DaBaby was recharged and found guilty of the misdemeanor. He was sentenced to 30 days in the county jail, but because he already had completed 12 months of unsupervised probation, he was able to avoid jail time, the DA's office told QCity Metro.
While the D.A.'s office doesn't plan to revisit the case, Craig's family doesn't believe DaBaby's claim of self-defense.
"I feel like they just swept it up under the rug," Craig's mother, LaWanda Horsley, told Rolling Stone. "He (DaBaby) knows what he did. I'm not doing this for no fame or anything, because at the end of the day, Jaylin Craig is gone."
Horsley told Rolling Stone that she and her family will continue defending her son's name. Meanwhile, she said, the family hopes that a private investigator will look into how the case was handled and get DaBaby charged with homicide.
Since the 2018 shooting, DaBaby has become a big name in the music industry, but trouble seems to follow the eight-time Grammy-nominated artist.
In January 2020, he was arrested for allegedly robbing and assaulting a concert promoter for shortchanging his pay. That March, he was seen on video smacking a woman in the face for trying to film him at a club. Later that year, he was arrested and accused of punching a Miami club promoter in the face.
In February 2022, he was caught on video throwing a punch at Brandon "Bills" Curiel, the brother of his former girlfriend, musician DaniLeigh, at a Los Angeles bowling alley.
Most recently, the rapper was involved in a non-fatal shooting on April 13 outside his home in Troutman in Iredell County.
Apr 26, 2022 Leave a Comment on Video offers the public a first-time look at DaBaby's 2018 Walmart shootingUncategorized
Meet Zeke, our new lifestyle editor
NC counties prepare voting systems for early voting


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New Podcast! Guardian Science Weekly with Ian Sample.
Now out! I had such a terrific time recording this (thanks Max! thanks Ian!). According to Captain Podcast Max S, our long and discursive sound check (I think we got through most of the neolithic) was perhaps the most informative yet recorded, a badge of honour I am sure. Though presumably not actually included on the recording...
https://www.theguardian.com/science/audio/2017/mar/28/built-on-bones-the-history-of-humans-in-the-city-science-weekly-podcast
You can also listen along on any of the usual suspects: Itunes, Soundcloud, etc
I will also just mention that it was very surreal, the experience of being totally isolated from outside media (ironically, because we were recording our own) while events in the outside world took a dramatic turn. I went into the studio to record the podcast right as news started to filter through that 'something' had happened in Westminster; it wasn't until after the recording we realised that people had been killed so horribly. It is a tribute to this city, London, the one I call home, that I got all the way home on the tube without incident, without fear, without fail. And I stand absolutely by my pro-urban flag; lowered to half mast or no.
Rabbit Holes; or: The Dangers of Writing History
So, a little while back I had a terrific time writing this piece for History Today. I was given pretty free reign to charge around talking my second favourite subject (after teeth) -- TrowelBlazers. We had our big Raising Horizons launch coming up and we were all scrabbling away to bring the sheer awesomeness of Women Who Dig to a wider audience. However, in the excitement of telling the story about Hilda Petrie and her climb up Khufu and the time Margaret Murray won WWI (she put a hex on the Kaiser, you know), I got a bit distracted.
Margaret Murray TrowelToon by Gabe Moshenska
As a very kind reader of History Today pointed out, I'd gotten the details of the redoubtable Amelia Edwards's companion on her historic, and life-changing, trip down the Nile wrong. Amelia was the force behind Egyptology in the UK, cheerleading dashing youngsters like Flinders Petrie (just try imagining him without the beard. No, right?) and more critically, setting up the Egypt Exploration Society and funding the Edwards Chair at University College London. Her early travels to Egypt were in the company of Lucy Renshaw, who history knows very little about; and I had mistaken poor Lucy for Ellen Braysher, Amelia's companion in later life.
Amelia Edwards around 1860. From Wikipedia.
Amelia has attracted a lot of interest; partially because of the inherent interesting-ness of a woman who cross-dressed as a boy n the disreputable bits of Paris in order to better visualise the settings for her novels (she had a thing about architectural accuracy), became a popular writer, and generally charged through life accomplishing amazing things... but also because of the non-traditional (for a Victorian lady) partnerships she had through her life. Amelia spent most of her life either solitary or accompanied by female companions. Many have later read 'companion' as 'romantic partner', but this re-reading might misunderstand the relationships of a woman who, a contemporary once remarked, 'did not love many people for all her seeming geniality'. This came from Kate Bradbury, however, who would go on to sort out Amelia's affairs after her death, and has herself has been described as an intimate companion of Amelia.
This complicated romantic (or platonic) history is one of the most vexing things about writing history. It is a rabbit hole of slightly salacious second-guessing. As a modern reader, we feel short-changed if we don't have access to the full life stories of our characters, and nobody is fully rounded in this conceptualisation without the details of who and how they loved. Writing historical women, however, we are never guaranteed that kind of disclosure. We can read between the lines or even just read the lines themselves; there are some very romantic-sounding overtures in Amelia's letters. To the point that one correspondent, Marianne North, remarked 'What love letters you do write, what a pity you waste them on a woman!'.
We may never be able to understand the real human relationships that make up such a large part of personality, but I have to say I've come down on the side of trying. One thing we have learned at TrowelBlazers is what a challenge it is to take the larger-than-life heroes of science and remake them into a relatable role model, someone who inspires scientific effort rather than just looking aloof in a natty hat. Rather gloriously, however, we find that sometimes history can get trumped by the material realities we are so fond of in the digging sciences. Amelia Edwards, who as Kate Bradbury once said in relation to the dashing Flinders Petrie, 'might just as well be fond of a young obelisk', wrote her final feelings in immutable stone. On her instruction, a grave marker in the shape of an ankh was placed next to the final resting place of Ellen Braysher; and it was Kate Bradbury who carried out her final wishes.
Photo from https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=28075605&PIpi=11581022
Ladies of the Field
Barbara Lesko's biography for Breaking Ground
Brenda Moon's biography of Amelia; More Usefully Employed: 'Amelia B. Edwards, Writer, Traveler and Campaigner for Ancient Egypt'
This work on historic LGBT place-mapping
Accidental discoveries: Annie Besant, campaigner, socialist, and scourge of phossy jaw.
As part of the long process of thinking about the book (especially now that people are reading it, and asking awkward questions like 'wait how do the genetics of pig domestication work again?') I've been doing some additional writing. This was a longer piece for Guardian Cities that I really enjoyed thinking about; I've now decided Annie Besant is one of my personal heroes.
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/feb/22/tale-four-skulls-what-can-bones-teach-about-cities
She's been arrested* for everything you ought to be arrested for as a Victorian lady - feminism, reproductive rights, atheism, and anti-colonialism. Besant was a rather prolific writer who turned her talent into a crusaders' sword -- she wrote passionately about injustice, and had a special feeling for those women who felt the hand of opprobrious society most heavily. In 1888, she wrote about a kind of 'white slavery' in London's East End, starting off a torrent of accusation and retribution by match moguls that resulted in the London Matchgirls strike and, eventually contributing to the banning of toxic white phosphorous that caused 'phossy jaw'.
I thought it an apropos kind of hero for Women's History Month, given the TrowelBlazers beacon I sent up in the sky (ok, Guardian) calling for a return to activism for International Women's Day.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2017/mar/08/the-history-of-women-in-science-shows-us-the-fight-is-worth-it-international-womens-day
So, as the furore and excitement of IWD settles back down, I hope everyone has a chance to trawl through the pages of history and find their Annie. And then gets up and does something about it :)
*ok, not always arrested as such. But usually arrested.
Great review for BoB from The Times!
Properly pleased to see such a stellar review in that rather august instrument, The Times (register for free access), for Built on Bones! Tom Whipple has masterfully identified key draws of the book, primarily chattiness and Alan Rickman references.
Accidental discoveries: Annie Besant, campaigner, ...


text:
La denominación Condado de McLean puede hacer referencia a distintos condados de Estados Unidos:

 Condado de McLean, condado de Dakota del Norte.
 Condado de McLean, condado de Illinois.
 Condado de McLean, condado de Kentucky.


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At Menage Total Upholestry Cleaning Montreal they give 100%, they take their time giving attention to detail. Providing a state of the art quality service giving great results. Menage Total Upholestry Cleaning Montreal does not do half a job that takes half an hour Menage Total do a quality job that takes as long as it takes at a quality price.
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At some points in my life, I question some of the roads I've taken, some of the decisions I made, and some of the people I've given time and attention to. When I was younger, I'd agonize over having done the "wrong" thing; now, I just forgive myself faster.
I understand more than ever that I can't be blamed for not being ready for a lot of things. Some things just can't be rushed. I'm happily learning, though. Underneath it all, I'm just really happy to learn, and I know that everything, everyone I cross paths with is there to teach me something.
When we let go of attitudes, beliefs and ways that don't work, there appear newer ones that take their place. This will happen repeatedly until we find the right ones that apply to this new stage in our lives. We are like a house in renovation except that the dust has not settled and so we are not sure what we really look like inside. But be assured that there is a lot of activity happening there.
We can also compare ourselves to snakes in the sense that we must shed off old skin periodically to continue living in a supple, energetic new body.
It doesn't seem so clear to me now where I am at this point in my life, at least where my personal life is concerned. Some things that I thought I had already figured out, like love and friendship, have come undone again.


This building is in a prominent corner location on Hayward's famous "main street". Traffic on this street is brisk w/seasonal traffic numbers very high. Interior retail area is finished in warm log & pine accents w/wood flooring. Rock gas log fireplace, cashier counter, office space and half bath. 8 x 7 overhead door in rear of building for ease of moving merchandise. Upper level includes two 1 BR renovated apartments w/new double pane windows . New furnace Dec. 2013, new store windows 2015.


ToW Part 11 is Out!
Part 11 is out! Of course, stronger monsters come also.
I wouldn't want to be in his way!
Note: If you are having trouble beating these opponents, I recommend this board to you.
Again, I still don't think this plot is so fair....people rarely use the battledome.
Tell that to my fellow BDC'ers. People use the battledome ALL the time. Hence why a stone club inflated to 150k.
Dang, they are so tough, I had no problem with the trees and the gravestones, but the korbat is giving me major troubles.
Yeah, I am having a little trouble with the Jubjub.
I've never used the battledome.
And I don't plan on it.
do you have to fight the enemies in the battledome to get the prizes for the plot???
Yes, in wars you usually get points for beating monsters, and usually can redeem those points for prizes.
Well, I gues this is where I end in the war. My pets are not even strong enough to beat them.
Herman isn't too hard to beat. I can beat the middle guy pretty easily now.
Level does not determine strength.
Yes, we all know. There is such an overload on the servers.
Yeah, tomorrow should be better, since people will be a little worn out.
No, it usually happens. The after that should be even better, if the news didn't update.
Edit by Mikey: Please use 4 or more words.


Thats great nairalanders doing bigthings.
The possible dangers of Artificial intelligence shouldnt be underrated.Artificial intelligence (AI) makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform human-like tasks. Most AI examples that you hear about today – from chess-playing computers to self-driving cars – rely heavily on deep learning and natural language processing. Using these technologies, computers can be trained to accomplish specific tasks by processing large amounts of data and recognizing patterns in the data which can later be bad for humanity if they become independent and beyond our control.


text:
Building Code Responds to Shergold Weir
by Andrew Heaton
Safety requirements for childcare centres which are above the ground floor in multi-storey buildings could be tightened whilst a concept of 'complex buildings' which require greater scrutiny in design and construction could be defined for the first time if a proposed out-of-cycle amendment to the National Construction Code (NCC) is adopted.
The Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) has released a public comment draft for a proposed out-of-cycle amendment to improve building safety.
Set to be known as NCC 2019 Amendment 1, the proposed amendment aims to improve building fire safety and respond to recommendations from the Building Confidence report prepared for the Building Ministers Forum (BMF) by Professor Peter Shergold and lawyer Bronwyn Weir.
The proposed amendment will include:
New requirements to improve the safety of occupants of early childhood learning centres which are not located on the ground level of buildings.
A proposed new defined term for 'building complexity' that will identify buildings for which increased supervision of design and construction is appropriate through subsequent initiatives being investigated in response to the recommendations of the Building Confidence Report.
Provisions that require the creation of a Performance Based Design Brief wherever a performance solution is developed to improve the quality and clarity of such solutions for both approval and auditing purposes.
Amendments that clarify the existing concessions for low-rise Class 2 and 3 buildings.
Reference to a new Technical Specification for the permanent labelling of Aluminium Composite Panels (ACPs).
The amendments come partly as a response to the Shergold Weir recommendations.
The creation of the performance based design brief, for example, is a response to Recommendation 14 of the report that jurisdictions set out certain information which must be included within performance solution.
That recommendation followed what the report concluded was a poor standard of documentation which is used to support performance solutions.
Other changes aim to address emerging areas of concern.
The proposed new requirements for early childhood centres which are above the ground floor come as developers are increasingly placing these on higher floors to maximise valuable ground floor space.
This is creating concerns about the evacuation of large numbers of very young children from floors which are above the ground floor in an emergency.
The public comment draft is open for comment until Friday 11 October.
Adoption of the amendment by states and territories is anticipated to take place on 1 June 2020.
Details of main changes
Briefly, the main changes (first three changes only) under the proposed amendment are as follows:
1) New Fire Safety in Early Childhood Learning Centres
As mentioned above, concerns about evacuating young children from early childhood learning centres which are not on the ground floor are growing as an increasing number of these are being built on higher floors.
Accordingly, a key part of the changes involves more stringent fire safety requirements in respect of these centres.
Under the proposed amendment, new requirements will apply to Class 9b early childhood centres which are not within a storey which provides direct egress to road or open space (i.e. they are not on the ground floor).
Under these requirements:
The centres themselves will need to be divided into at least two fire compartments – each of which will need to have at least two horizontal exits which are not less than nine meters apart. (DTS provision C2.5 in Part C, Volume One).
The entire building will need to have sprinklers throughout (DTS Provision E1.5 of Part E1).
The whole building must have smoke detection and alarm systems which comply with Specification E2.2a.
In the case of any Class 9b early childhood centre building (as with Class 9a healthcare buildings and class 9c buildings), at least one exit will need to be provided from every part of a storey which has been divided into fire compartments in accordance with either of DTS provisions C2.2 or C1.5.
2) Defining Building Complexity
Next, the proposed amendment provides a newly defined term for 'building complexity'.
This will be used to identify buildings for which greater supervision within design and construction is appropriate.
Under proposed definitions in Schedule 3 in the Governing Requirements and Common Schedules, the complexity or otherwise of the building will be determined by a combination of the likelihood of design or construction failure and the likely consequences of any such failure in terms of injury or loss of life.
This is determined by:
the number of occupants for which the building is expected to cater
the level of vulnerability of those occupants (elderly, disabled, children etc.)
whether or not the building is complicated (i.e. is large, structurally complex, constructed using innovative materials or systems or located in a hazardous area).
Specifically, Table 2 of the proposed definition classifies levels ranging from zero to four. Buildings with a rating of zero will require lower levels of supervision. Those with higher ratings will require greater supervision.
According to Table 3 of the definition, typical examples of the most complex buildings needing the highest levels of scrutiny are chemical process plants, hospitals with 24 hour emergency facilities and fire/police stations.
At the other end of the scale, single dwellings, low rise apartments, data centres, low-rise office buildings using conventional concrete frames and small hospice buildings are examples of lower complexity where lower levels of supervision will be required.
In between these, moderate levels of complexity are attached to buildings such as shopping centres, concert halls and conventional high-rise apartments.
3) Requirement for Performance Based Design Briefs
The third main change involves new requirements to prepare a performance based design brief (PBDB) where performance solutions are proposed to be used.
Specifically, a newly inserted provision A2.2(4) in Part A2 of the Governing Requirements will require:
Preparation of a PBDB
Analysis – including modelling and/or testing – as proposed by the PBDB.
Collation and evaluation of results against acceptance criteria which are specified in the PBDB.
Preparation of a final report which outlines applicable performance requirements and DTS provisions, assessment methods used, details of above steps and confirmation that the performance requirements have been met.
Andrew is an established writer in the building and construction industry. After graduating wit.....
Fire Regulation Must Be Properly Enforced
Is Your Building Fire Proof?
Flammable cladding list 'should be public'


Casey Corso, Ethan Ebeling and Luciano Mazzotta will be three freshmen looking to make an impact in the pool this season.
The Lady Red Raiders will look to make an impact as well.
Leading them will be sophomore captains Zoey Cole and Hannah Thomas. Cole finished fourth last year in the 200 freestyle and 500 freestyle at the district meet as a freshman.
The 400 free relay team, which finished third at districts, loses only one leg.
However, Bellefonte will not have any new freshmen girls on their this year.
Other experienced swimmers such as Esther Ebeling, Alyssa Brezler, Caroline Helms, Madeline Hernandez and Clarissa Haak round out the young Bellefonte team that hopes to make a splash this season.


text:
THE TOP 25 GAME HAS BEEN ANNOUNCED! JOIN US THIS SATURDAY 1/29 AT 2:30 PM AT TIN ROOF CANTINA IN DECATUR!
Our TOP 25 GAME will take place this Saturday 1/29 at 2:30 pm at Tin Roof in Decatur! All standbys must show! CLICK HERE FOR A LIST OF QUALIFERS. Be sure to check out Tin Roof's weekly trivia on Tuesday & Thursday at 7 PM!!
WHEELHOUSE IN DECATUR KICKS OFF TUESDAY NIGHT TRIVIA RIGHT AWAY STARTING 2/8 AT 7 PM!!!
We're very excited to finally be hooking up with the great folks at Wheelhouse in Decatur for Tuesday night trivia! The fun gets started right away, kicking off Tuesday 2/8 at 7:30 PM!! See you at the Wheelhouse each Tuesday!
MORE TRIVIA AT FETCH PARK! THE ALL-NEW BUCKHEAD LOCATION STARTS WEDNESDAY 1/27 AT 7 PM!
Fetch Park continues to grow and we're happy to grow along with them! The all-new Buckhead location is up and running and we're kicking off trivia on Wednesday nights at 7 pm starting7/20. See you there!!
JOHNNY'S PIZZA IN HIRAM KICKS OFF TRIVIA TUESDAY NIGHTS AT 7 PM STARTING 1/4!!
Our longtime friends at Johnny's Pizza are about to kick off trivia at the Hiram store on Hiram Douglasville Hwy! Come join us Tuesday nights at 7 PM starting 1/4!
WE'RE FINALLY AT BENCHWARMERS IN DECATUR! TRIVIA KICKS OFF WEDNESDAY 12/1 AT 8 PM, SAME TIME AS BEFORE, NOW WITH OUTSPOKEN!!
It's finally time to get going at legendary Benchwarmers on Clairmont Rd! First, trivia gets underway on Wednesday 12/1 at 8 pm! See you each week at Benchwarmers in Decatur!
TRIVIA COMES TO FETCH PARK IN OLD FOURTH WARD STARTING WEDNESDAY 11/24 AT 6:30 PM!
There are so many fun things to do at Fetch Park in Old Fourth Ward! Bring your dog and tour friends for a great night of trivia every Wednesday at 6:30 pm starting 11/24!
ALERT! THE FALL TOURNAMENT FINALE HAS BEEN ANNOUNCED FOR SATURDAY 12/3 AT 12:30 PM AT TIN ROOF CANINA NEAR DECATUR!
ALERT! The tournament finale for the fall cycle will take place Saturday 12/3 at 12:30 PM at Tin Roof Cantina on Druid Hills in Decatur! CHECK YOUR SCORES HERE! And don't forget to check out Tin Roof's weekly trivia night every Tuesday & Thursday at 7 PM. See you on the 3rd of December!
TUESDAY NIGHT MUSIC BINGO IN CUMMING WITH FREEDOM BREW AND SHINE STARTING 10/26 AT 7 PM!
There are so many fun things to do at Freedom Brew & Shine in Cumming, now you can add music bingo to the list! Join us every Tuesday night at 7 pm starting 10/26!
COLD BEER IN OLD FOURTH WARD BEGINS TRIVIA ON THURSDAY NIGHTS AT 7:30 STARTING 10/14!!!
We are very excited to be a part of the all-new Cold Beer in Old Fourth Ward! We kick off Thursday night trivia on 10/14 at 7:30 PM! Come early, grab a drink & a meal and enjoy a great night of trivia at Cold Beer!
STOUT BROS. IN WOODSTOCK KICKS OFF THURSDAY NIGHT TRIVIA STARTING 9/30 AT 7 PM!!!
The Stout Bros. Canton Street Beer Market in Woodstock is ready to go for trivia!!! Join us at Stout Bros. on Thursday nights at 7 PM beginning 9/30, just in time for fall! See you there!
IRON HILL BREWERY IN BUCKHEAD IMMEDIATELY STARTING TRIVIA THIS WEDNESDAY 9/8 AT 7 PM!
It's a great week at Ironhill Brewery in Buckhead because trivia kicks off this Wednesday 9/8 at 7 pm! Join us every week at Ironhill on Peachtree!!
FINALLY, THE ALBERT BEGINS OUTSPOKEN TRIVIA!! JOIN US EVERY WEDNESDAY AT 7 PM STARTING 9/22!!!
The legendary Albert is now part of the Outspoken family! It all goes down Wednesday nights at 7 PM starting 9/22. Get there early and be ready for a great night!
YOUR PIE LOGANVILLE WELCOMES TRIVIA STARTING THURSDAY 10/14 AT 7 PM!!
Your Pie in Loganville is ready to go with Trivia every Thursday at 7 pm starting 10/14! The tradition of weekly trivia at Your Pie continues! See you on the 14th! Get ready for a great time at Your Pie Loganville!
BLAKE'S OF BRASELTON WELCOMES TRIVIA EVERY THURSDAY AT 7 PM STARTING 8/26!!!
We're thrilled to finally return to Braselton! Join us at Blake's on Braselton on Thursday nights starting 8/26 at 7 PM! See you at Blake's every week for trivia!!
WE'RE BACK IN CABBAGETOWN! MILLTOWN ARMS TAVERN KICKS OFF TRIVIA ON TUESDAY 8/10 AT 7:30 PM!
We're happy to return to Cabbagetown for the first time in over a year! The awesome Milltown Arms Tavern is back in action too, with trivia kicking off Tuesdays at 7:30 PM starting 8/10. See you there!
TAQUERIA DEL MAR IN NORCROSS RETURNS! JOIN US THIS MONDAY 6/28 AT 7 PM!!!
We're happy to have Taqueria Del Mar back in action in Norcross at Peachtree Corners! Trivia returns on Monday nights starting 6/28 at 7 pm! Welcome back!!!!
THE ALL-NEW H&F BURGER IN PONCE CITY MARKET KICKS OFF MONDAY 6/28 AT 7 PM!
Check out this great new establishment at Ponce City Market! Join us for trivia at H&F Burger starting this Monday night 6/28 at 7 PM! Join us there weekly for an exciting night of trivia!
TUESDAY NIGHT TRIVIA AT THE ANGUISHED BARBER IN MIDTOWN BEGINS 6/29 AT 8 PM!
We're very excited to be continuing the tradition of Tuesday night trivia at the Anguished Barber in Midtown at 8 PM! Come check out this very unique & popular venue as Tuesday night trivia kicks off 6/29 at 8 PM. See you there!
DaVINCI's IN McDONOUGH IS BACK! TUESDAY NIGHT TRIVIA RETURNS 6/8 AT 7 PM!!!!
We are back in action at DaVinvi's in Buckhead! Join us on Tuesday nights at 7 PM, same time, same day, as trivia makes it's return to DaVinvi's starting 6/8!!!! Welcome back!!!
HIGHLAND BISTRO IN VIRGINIA HIGHLANDS KICKS OFF TUESDAY NIGHT TRIVIA AT 8 PM STARTING 6/1!!!
We are very excited to partner with the all-new Highland Bistro in Virginia Highlands! Join us there every Tuesday night at 8 pm for trivia starting 6/1!!! See you there in June!!
TRIVIA AND MORE CONTINUES TO RETURN!! CHECK THE SCHEDULE BELOW!!!
ALERT! Outspoken Trivia is beginning to return at select venues! The ever changing list will be updated as more venues return!! Here is the current list as of 10/26/21: MONDAYS: WR Social House in Marietta at 7:30 PM every other week, Johnny's in Buford at 6:30 PM, Buffalo Wild Wings in Statesboro at 7:30 PM, Fuego in Marble Hill at 7 PM, Padriac's in Vinings at 7 PM, Agavero Cantina in Lilburn at 7 PM, Ceviche in Roswell at 7 PM, the all new H&F Burger in Ponce City Market at 7:00 PM, Thos. O'Reilly's (Music Bingo) in Sandy Springs at 7:30 PM, and the return of Taqueria Del Mar in Norcross at 7 PM! TUESDAYS: Fairfield Plantation in Villa Rica at 7 PM, Ponko Chicken in Midtown at 7 PM, Tin Roof Cantina on Briarcliff at 7 PM, Rocky Mountain Pizza in Midtown at 8:30 PM, HobNob Perimeter at 7:30 PM, HobNob Brookhaven at 7:30 PM, HobNob Atlantic Station at 7:30 PM, HobNob Alpharetta at 7:30 PMThe Glenwood in East Atlanta at 9 PM, Alessio's in Roswell at 7 PM, HJ Wings & Things in Tyrone at 7 PM , Comic Book Trivia at My Parents' Basement at 7 PM once a month in Avondale, Bambinelli's in Lilburn at 7 PM, Bobby G's in Alpharetta at 7 PM, DaVinci's in McDonough at 7 PM, Pour Taproom in Midtown at 7:30 PM, The Anguished Barber in Midtown at 8 PM, Red's Beer Garden in Benteen Park at 7 PM Milltown Arms Tavern in Cabbagetown at 7:30 PM, and the Wheelhouse in Decatur at 7 PM! WEDNESDAYS: 1910 Public House in Lilburn at 7 PM, Lost Druid in Avondale Estates (Geek Trivia) at 7 PM, Jimmy's in Doraville at 7 PM, Roux on Canton in Roswell at 7:30 PM, Thos. O'Reilly's in Sandy Springs at 7:30 PM, The Nook at Piedmont Park at 8 PM, The Stratford in Avondale Estates at 6:30 PM, Locos in Statesboro at 7:30 PM, Chapultepec in Tyrone at 6:30 PM, Pour Taproom in Old Fourth Ward at 7:30 PM, McCray's in Lawrenceville at 7 PM, Mellow Mushroom in Dunwoody at 7 PM, Adobo Taqueria in Alpharetta at 7 PM , Napoleon's in Decatur at 7 PM, and Saucehouse in Athens at 7 PM, The Albert in Inman Park at 7 pm, Iron Hill Brewery in Buckhead at 7 PM, and Benchwarmer's in Decatur at 8 PM, and the return of Paradise South of the Border in Marietta at 7:30 PM, Fetch Park in both Buckhead and Old Fourth Ward at 7 PM. THURSDAYS: Tin Roof Cantina on Briarcliff at 7 PM, Rocky Mountain Pizza in Midtown at 8:30 PM, Padres in McDonough at 7 PM, Eagle Creek Brewing in Statesboro at 7:30 PM , Outrun Brewing in Stone Mountain at 7:30 PM, Johnny's in Douglasville at 7 PM, Beef O'Brady's in Peachtree City at 7 PM, Adobo Taqueria in Alpharetta with Music Bingo at 7 PM, Pontoon Brewing in Sandy Springs at 7:30 PM, Slow Pour in Lawrenceville at 7 PM, Habaneros in Woodstock at 7 PM, Cold Beer in Midtown at 7:30 PM, and Your Pie in Loganville at 7 PM
SAUCEHOUSE IN ATHENS WELCOMES TRIVIA WEDNESDAY NIGHTS AT 7 PM STARTING 5/19!!!
We are back in Athens!!! We are very excited to be at the Saucehouse on Wednesday nights at 7 PM starting 5/19!!! Come early, Athens, for some barbecue before trivia!
MINNIE OLIVIA PIZZERIA IN ALPHARETTA KICKS OFF MUSIC BINGO ON WEDNESDAY NIGHTS STARTING 5/19 AT 7 PM!
Come check the excellent Minnie Olivia Pizzeria in Alpharetta for music bingo starting Wednesday 5/19 at 7 PM! Be sure to come early and grab a meal & a beer to prepare for a great night of music bingo!
HABANEROS IN WOODSTOCK RETURNS WITH THURSDAY NIGHT TRIVIA AT 7 PM STARTING 5/20!!
Habaneros in Woodstock is back in action with trivia, still on Thursday nights at 7 PM! The fun kicks off once again beginning 5/20. Make you plans today!


I grumbled as a kid when I had to go to bed when it was still light in summer, but considering the expected length of my life overall, it was only a short part of it where I was bothered.
See my main issue is that attitude is dependent on your lifestyle. My family all have jobs which necessitate them being up before 6am, so they tend to be in bed before 9/10pm. So daylight savings advantages people who can afford to sleep in while screwing those who can't. Having said that I'd definitely be more open to it if it was all year round rather than just in summer, which makes 0 logical sense to me.
So daylight savings advantages people who can afford to sleep in while screwing those who can't.
I recall an news item of a few years ago when a group were interviewed about the attraction of DST. They were all in favour as it meant they could leave work a bit early and go out sailing in their yachts on Sydney harbour, they had mid-week regattas. See how DST enhances the simple pleasure of the proletariat as you can spend more time sitting on the lee side as movable ballast.
Leaving out the class-based snark for a moment, the point is that DST favours those who have some flexibility in their lives. For those who are tied to activities that are based on daylight like farming or outdoor trades it does little. For those who work under artificial light, have flexitime or are self-employed then it may be good.
The point about the way your longitude in respect of your time zone (which determines the time the sun rises and sets) is well made, happenstance can mean the idea is attractive or a waste of time.
As for the supposed benefit dues to power savings by enjoying more daylight and less electric light, this sounds reasonable in theory but has it ever been demonstrated in practice?
While a case of 1 and seasonally transient, my solar array is designed to minimise my power bill. From installation in Nov through last Saturday on clear late afternoons (OK, this is Melbourne, but give me a break on it) my oven use varied from 'free' to 'subsidised'. Now dinner prep time is past when the panels generate anything.
Lighting and entertainment systems, a similar profile.
Well, this subject certainly started the fingers typing for everyone.
I live in NSW and I LOVE DAYLIGHT SAVINGS.
coming home in daylight also gives people a sense of security, rather than making sure one walks always in the light of street lights.
Whether you like it or not, 50% are happy in summer and 50% are happy in winter for obvious reasons.
Have a great day everyone. Live. Laugh. Love. Be Kind Always.
power savings by enjoying more daylight and less electric light, this sounds reasonable in theory but has it ever been demonstrated in practice?
There are plenty of empirical and theoretical assessments accessible on line. Enough to choose a select few and argue for or against there being a benefit in reduced energy consumption. It appears we are changing faster than the data sets and meaningful analysis anyway?
Access to reliable before and after data, IE same households, same weather patterns etc, this year with DS last year without.
No change in household lighting fixtures or type, EG no LED upgrades between test periods.
Demographic isolation of households by installed heating/cooling and occupancy.
It would seem very unlikely we would all arbitrarily accept alternate years with and without DS just for an experiment. Would we also stop solar PV and battery uptake, as well as LED lighting conversion. We would probably also need to stop adding any new loads, new houses etc to the grid.
Perhaps there is a way to harvest data through the smart meter network. However this is not 100% of households and is unlikely to be representative across any area?
Do you compare the average NSW or VIC usage with QLD? It is difficult to expect a meaningful result given the significant differences in demographics, climate and housing styles.
Anyone coming home in DS time from work in Sydney or Melb might stay out and play for an extra hour? Yes this might save burning a couple of 5-10W LED bulbs for an extra hour?
Many in Qld might come home from work in summer, turn the aircon on full, have a shower to dump 2kg of sticky BO and stay inside to avoid the evening insect swarms? With DS there will be many households with an hour extra air con power use. And for earlier risers more need for lighting in the morning.
Perhaps the easy answer is to not have DS imposed statewide or nationwide? Perhaps the answer is to give everyone in summer the option to start work one hour earlier if they choose? Optional voluntary Personal Day Light Saving or OPDLS for short. Rostered shift workers might need to be excepted.
There are real benefits in having 50% that choose to start early and the 50% who do not. Consider the spread of the peak hour over a longer number of hours. Less pressure on public transport, less need to expand the motorways so quickly, fewer crowds at the supermarket checkouts on the way home and perhaps fewer new supermarkets/shops. Even peak electrical demand might ease?
The capital savings would be massive, and so too the benefits in lifestyle. Finally a seat spare in the morning train from Penrith to Central!
This could turn OPDLS into a true friend?
See I'm still confused here. Once again not accusing, I just don't understand. If this is about it being light later, why have it only in summer when it's already light later? Why not have it only in winter or just all year round?
For those of us who have to get up early for work, surely we're disadvantaged because we're getting up in the dark. And as someone with no air con it meant during the WA trial I suffered lots of lost sleep as I had to go to sleep in an hour earlier heat.
@tpeter267 - simply, in winter it is way too cold to be outside entertaining. Another for DLS is as a working mother, it allows me to get in outdoor chores in the light also, as opposed to winter nothing gets done outside after 5pm. I used to get up to catch a train and a bus to the office rising at 4am. Same temperature from 4am to 6am - rising time makes no difference. Getting to the office at 7am meant I could go for a walk whilst it was still cool and not get hot n sweaty before work. I guess it doesn't really matter whether you are a 'pro' or 'anti' daylight savings person, one will always find reasons to justify their believes and no one can ever say anything to change their minds, and I don't believe they should. We are all entitled to have our own opinion without someone trying to say it is wrong. By no means does this last sentence reflect upon you at all, by the way, you have been quite polite and not bullied me because my opinion differs to yours. Thank you.
Why not have it only in winter or just all year round?
Because in summer the light is also earlier as well as later. The whole window for activity in daylight is wider so you have the opportunity to move the working day one way or the other. In winter the window is narrower so you will go (more) into darkness if you move the working day either way.
See the thing is what is a working day? It always seems to be people who are lucky enough to have 9-5 jobs. Although lots of people do, I'm not sure what the rest of us did to get forgotten. It just doesn't do much to win me over on the topic.
I beg to differ Mark-m. Your comment "Despite having dayblight savings, the six o'clock news on TV is still on at 6, prime time is not an hour later, and no one stays up an extra hour at night?" is incorrect.
Meals are cooked an hour later because who is going to start cooking dinner when the sun is blazing & it's 33*C? Dinner is later & so going to sleep is later.
I have suffered a sleeping disorder because of DS. By the time I have adjusted to DS, then we switch back. I hate it. I hate it. I hate it.
Then there are all the problems of missing medical appointments & flying timetables, as I live in NSW less than an hour from the QLD border. The border area is highly populated on both sides, so we should be given the same time zone.
I also disagree with you wanting just one National time zone, (as convenient as it might be), especially if it's set at DST. In the heat of Summer, I'd prefer an extra cool hour in the morning than an extra hot hour in the afternoon.
And then there's climate change, with the hottest Summers on record in recent years. Give us a break from DST!
While your view is respected, that might be true in your house, but it is not true in my house nor is either a universal truth.
The border area is highly populated on both sides, so we should be given the same time zone.
That would be so reasonable it could never happen. BTW, where would the demarcation be set, and why? Is that reasonable?
See to me this highlights that different people have very different experiences. And that's what I struggle with. Changing time zones every 6 months is an undeniable inconvenience, but it seems to only benefit part of the population whilst making things harder for the rest. Which makes that inconvenience seem not worth it to me.
Changing time zones every 6 months is an undeniable inconvenience, but it seems to only benefit part of the population whilst making things harder for the rest. Which makes that inconvenience seem not worth it to me.
You have zeroed in on the issue. Those who benefit think it is as wonderful as those who do not benefit think it is terrible, and their 'vote' is that it is worth it to them.
I think it's a little more complex than just 'do at least 51% of people benefit' though. Because the actual changeover causes a large amount of disruption to almost everyone. So I feel like there needs to be some clear evidence that it overwhelmingly benefits society. If there was I wouldn't mind living with the disruption here and there.
So I feel like there needs to be some clear evidence that it overwhelmingly benefits society.
Should we open a topic about statistician jokes? There is lots of clear, irrefutable evidence to be had. Which evidence do you prefer?
the actual changeover causes a large amount of disruption to almost everyone.
but those in favour have willingly and eagerly accepted that disruption as a positive, as have those against been similarly inconvenienced.
As for myself, I could not care either way but enjoy the adjustment whereby the mornings and evenings are as light as they can be, on average, throughout the year. Could I adjust to permanent DST or AST? Sure.
I'm not aware of this irrefutable evidence. Do you have some links handy please?
I'm not aware of this irrefutable evidence.
It was intended as a satiric comment, especially 'irrefutable', since it is mostly opinion with a bit of fact interspersed on occasion, but since you asked, this article is on your side. This one is not. This has some pros and cons, while this is pro, and so it goes.
this article is on your side. This one is not. This has some pros and cons, this is pro, and so it goes.
Hardly surprising when there is so much variation in way of life, latitude, longitude, occupation, flexibility, ability to alter rhythms, the list is endless. Add to that the resentment felt by some towards their State Capital, Canberra, leaders in general or any change brought about by them, "those b------s are doing it to us again", grumble, gnash, whine.
Herding cats would be much easier than coming to agreed criteria for evaluation and as for getting any consensus don't waste the thought.
You could have a People's Convention to Decide on Daylight Saving. It would be like the Constitutional Convention (ConCon) to decide on a replacement for monarchy except that delegates would be searched at the door for concealed weapons. An annual event televised live instead of state of origin. Pass the popcorn.
Changing the clock causes a temporary state of misalignment in our internal biological time — so go easy on your kids and colleagues.
For me, the most substantial impact of daylight saving is what I call "jet-lag with out the jet", twice per year. I've also noticed that timepieces tend to malfunction when fiddled-with. Daylight saving forces me to fiddle. It's an horologists' conspiracy!
Totally agree re 'jet lag' @Drop_Bear.
But have no 'horologia' problems at all.


The site is Greg's Cable Map, and it allows you to explore particular cables interactively. Apparently, Georgia and Russia are connected via a cable running to Sochi. No cable is running across the Caspian yet. If anyone has any idea how up-to-date these maps are, let us know.


Zodiac is the largest working schooner on the West Coast, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A truly lovely two-masted, gaff-rigged, wooden-hulled schooner, she flys some 7,000 square feet of sails. Zodiac shows gleaming brightwork, polished brass fittings, and classic wood paneled joinery of mahogany, teak and oak. Her mainmast towers 127 feet above spacious decks.
She was designed by William Hand, Jr., one of the most prolific American yacht designers of the 20th century. Built in 1924 in East Boothbay, Maine at the Hodgdon Brothers Shipyard, as a luxury yacht, she has sailed to the Arctic, competed in the 1928 Transatlantic Race, and was owned and operated by the San Francisco Bar Pilots from 1931 until her retirement in 1972.
She has been lovingly restored to her former glory, and now sails the sheltered Pacific Northwest waters of Puget Sound, the San Juan Islands, and British Columbia's Inside Passage. Zodiac is engaged in youth sail training, maritime internships, charter voyages, and a few scheduled voyages available to the public.
Coast Guard certified, and compliant with the international SOLAS standard, Zodiac is equipped with a 450 HP diesel auxiliary engine, modern navigation, communications and safety equipment, and sails with a licensed captain, first mate and experienced crew.


Cinnamon, cumin, sumac, and cardamom. One of my attractions to different cultures is their cuisine. Tai, Hispanic, Indian, Chinese, or Italian. I love them all! I thrive on the spices of ethnic foods and am excited when I discover a new one.
My newest seasoning of choice is chipotle powder. Chipotle is a smoke-dried jalapeno that has just enough heat and smoke to pack a great punch on everything from eggs and green beans to chicken and fish. Or try a few shakes over popped corn or even corn on the cop.
For a quick, healthy snack, sprinkle chipotle powder on a mashed avocado. Add a squeeze of lime juice and a dash of sea salt. Top it off with a bit of fresh cilantro and you have a special snack to enjoy with tortilla chips.
Venture out to your grocery store's spice aisle and be brave! Pick up some chipotle powder or another spice that you haven't tried before. Purchase the smallest amount possible and experiment. You may find that you are drawn to more vegetables and proteins when you literally spice up your life.
Stand too close to me, and you may get Spiralized. My new toy is a Mueller Spiral-Ultra 4-Blade Spiralizer. It was a bargain on Amazon at $28 for the 8 in 1 spiral slicer, pasta maker, juicer, and mandolin.
The gadget sure has helped me add more vegetables to my diet. And dinner never has been easier! Cucumbers, zucchini, sweet potatoes, squash, white potatoes, and onions are transformed in minutes from whole vegetables to beautiful streams of deliciousness.
Baked, fried, or boiled, everything cooks quickly. Just add a little olive oil and seasoning or a sauce of choice.
Firm fruits and vegetables spiralize and slice best. And cooking needs a gentle touch. Boiling the "pasta" is really a brief parboiling or it turns to mush.
Baked thin spiralized sweet potatoes with a sprinkle of olive oil and coconut lime seasoning.
Spiralized zucchini sauteed in a dash of olive oil with pine nuts, crushed garlic, fresh basil, salt, pepper, and a sprinkle of shredded Parmesan cheese.
My only complaint about the Mueller Spiralizer is a lack of instructions with the product. After several nasty cuts from the very sharp blades, I found a good YouTube video on how to use it. I also have since purchased their cookbook which has instructions, guidelines, and some interesting recipes. The print is large enough to see without reading glasses but the few photos are only in black and white.
I love a good cookie and enjoy baking but I am not very patient when it comes to decorating. My solution this holiday season was to decorate with edible wafer paper made from potato starch, vegetable oil, and USDA approved food colorings. I wanted to see how easy applying the paper would be to dress up an otherwise plain cookie.
I purchased the papers from Fancy Flours, Inc (www.fancyflours.com, 406-587-0118). Their site offers a number of products for baking and decorating as well as excellent recipes for gingerbread and sugar cookies. I chose three of their many different designs. The square and rectangular shaped ones are the easiest to cut out and also the easiest to cut cookie dough to size.
Use of the wafer paper requires several steps. The directions are as follows: Make the cookie dough ahead and allow it to stiffen in the refrigerator. Roll out the dough and cut to accommodate the shapes of the paper.
When completely cool, frost the cookies with buttercream, royal icing, or fondant. I used fondant on a few of the gingerbread cookies, but I'm not a fan of it. Although it is very smooth, I think it is too thick, too sweet, and not very tasty. The remainder of the cookies I frosted with a mix of confectioners' sugar and whipping cream. The simple recipe allowed the frosting to remain white and covered the cookies without too much thickness. Once frosted, I froze the cookies until the frosting was completely set.
After carefully cutting the wafer paper designs, the directions said to brush a light coat of corn syrup on the back of the papers. I found it easier to dab the corn syrup on the cookie, slide the paper over it, brush the edges, and press down gently.
Turn the cookies face down on parchment paper for about 30 minutes to set.
Turn them over and allow to completely dry.
Embellish the cookies with piping and sprinkles as desired. The paper is somewhat fragile and requires careful handling but easy enough that I will try them again. My cookies look a bit sloppy, but with a little more patience, next time they could be quite beautiful.
Cookies are one of my go-to treats, and I love homemade ones best of all. Each year I try one or two new recipes, but there are a few I've baked for decades. Pecanettes and Chocolate and Oat Bars are two of my tried-and-true old-time favorites.
The Chocolate and Oat Bars are so healthy you can eat them for breakfast. At least that's my story. The recipe calls for oatmeal, nuts, and (condensed) milk, so how can that be bad for you? And then you add the chocolate, which we know is a "happy" ingredient. MMMMM, good.
Cream butter and cheese with mixer until light and fluffy. Add flour and beat until blended. Spoon about 1 teaspoon of the mixture in each of 2, 24 miniature cupcake pans. Press around.
Mix filling and spoon into each shell.
Bake 350 for 18-20 minutes.
Preheat oven to 350 (325 for glass dish). In a bowl, combine flour, oats, brown sugar, and butter. Mix well. Reserve ½ cup.
Press remaining oat mixture in the bottom of a 13 X 9 inch baking pan. Bake 10 minutes.
Pour Eagle Brand Milk evenly over crust. Sprinkle with nuts and chocolate chips. Top with remaining oat mixture; press down. Bake 25 to 30 minutes or until lightly browned. Cool.
Store covered at room temperature.
Gobble, gobble up any of that leftover turkey today. According to the University of Illinois extension, cooked turkey is only good three to four days, so this is it.
Turkey is such a bargain for families. The meat is relatively inexpensive, low in fat and higher in protein than chicken or beef, and can be prepared in countless ways. Use your leftover turkey plain or in casseroles, chili, soup, quiches, or on sandwiches. Grind it for use in turkey burgers, breakfast patties, or tacos. Or make my husband's favorite, pot pie.
For a quick pot pie, use a prepared pie crust in a tin. Cut up the turkey and spread across the bottom.
In a small saucepan, sauté half of a chopped onion in two tablespoons of melted butter. Cook until translucent.
Mix one teaspoon of cornstarch in a cup of cold water. Slowly add half of this to the onion. Add about ½ cup of milk. Stir until the sauce begins to thicken, and add more of the cornstarch liquid until desired consistency.
Add ½ teaspoon of chicken or turkey soup base, pepper, and a little garlic.
Stir in about one cup of frozen peas or leftover vegetables. Cook slightly. Pour over the turkey. Spread leftover mashed potatoes on top and sprinkle with parmesan cheese.
Bake at 350 until light brown.
You can see by this recipe that I'm rarely exact with measurements. I consider myself a good family cook, using what I have in the house and seasoning to taste. There are times I'm asked for a recipe and can't give it because I really don't know what I did and it varies every time I make even the same dish.
Don't be afraid to do this with your leftovers. Redesigning the meal offers your family a new dinner rather than regular leftovers and values the time, money, and energy originally invested in the food.
Barbecued chicken and pork taste oh-so-much-better basted in sauce. But the biggest dilemma is in choosing which one to buy. Stores give serious shelf space to the endless varieties available, and yet, I haven't found one I really like.
I make my own barbecue sauce. It's quick and easy to prepare and I can get it as sweet, tangy, smoky, or spicy as I want.
Following is a basic sauce that starts with ketchup. Adjust it to your taste. Consider adding other ingredients such as onion, garlic, finely chopped peppers, cayenne pepper, smoked paprika, hickory smoked salt, celery seed, mustard, or jam. You also can add other sauces from your refrigerator including a little salad dressing, sweet and sour sauce, Hoisin Sauce, Worcestershire, or steak sauce.
Try making some barbecue sauce yourself. You'll be surprised how good and easy it really is.
Combine all ingredients in a saucepan and simmer for about 15-20 minutes. For a thicker sauce, continue cooking until desired consistency.
When I was 12 years-old, I won 1st place in a cherry pie baking contest at my school that was sponsored by Northern Illinois Gas Company. I went on to a second bake-off to compete against the winners from other schools in the Chicago area. In that contest my pie won 4th Place – my essay won 1st.
I baked a pie just about every day the weeks prior to each contest. I'm thankful my parents allowed me to do that because I'm sure it was difficult for them to afford the ingredients. But that practice actually was an investment in mastering the skill of pie baking. Making the crust in particular can be intimidating for even adult bakers. Learning how to do that at a young age has allowed me to whip up meat and fruit pies all my life.
I wanted to share that ability with my six-year-old granddaughter. Kaylee is my son-in-law Steve's daughter from a previous marriage, and I treasure the time I have with her when she is in town. She is smart, compassionate, and delightful and one of my favorite young ladies.
We decided on baking the pies in individual pans, and I was especially happy she chose to make cherry. While we baked we discussed safe food handling, the importance of each ingredient, and of course, the steps in making the pies. We also talked about our daily thoughts and concerns.
Kaylee is a quick learner and did an excellent job of measuring, cooking the filling, rolling out the dough, and sealing the pies.
The end result was perfect. Kaylee's pies were as beautiful as they were delicious.
It's never too early to introduce children to cooking and baking. The benefits are many. Young chefs learn to appreciate the time and money involved in food preparation. They are more eager to try foods they prepare. They also learn not be intimidated to cook later in life.
Best of all, we gain priceless time with them to exchange ideas and what weighs heavy on our minds. I thoroughly enjoyed the conversation Kaylee and I shared while baking. It's a memory we both appreciate.
I. Drain cherries. Combine juice from one can, sugar, and cornstarch in a saucepan. Cook till thick and clear. Remove pan from burner. Add butter, almond extract, and cherries. Cool.
II. Mix flour and salt. Cut in the fat until the size of peas. Sprinkle ice water onto the flour mixture. Carefully add a little more water if needed. Gently form the dough into a ball. Cut the ball in half. Roll out one half of the dough about 1 inch larger than the inverted pie pan for the bottom crust. Prick the crust and lay it in the pie pan.
Pour the filling into the pie pan.
Roll out the top crust. Slit in the center. Dampen the edges of the bottom crust. Lay the top crust over the pie and seal.
Bake pie in 450 oven for 10 minutes. Reduce heat to 350. Bake about 30 more minutes.
Want to make creamy sauces, soups, and gravies? Start with a roux.
The thickening agent, pronounced rῡ, is made from equal parts of all-purpose flour and a fat such as butter, oil, or meat drippings. The mixture is the basis of a number of smooth, creamy sauces.
Melt or warm your choice of fat in a saucepan and stir in the flour.
It's simple enough. The trick is in stirring until blended and continuing to do so as you add more milk, water, or broth. If your roux mixture gets lumpy, either mash the lumps or drain or scoop them out.
More meat drippings or a soup base, seasonings, and milk or water for gravy in stew.
Milk, sugar, and vanilla and cook until thickened for a sweet sauce over bread pudding, strudel, or other desserts.
My daughter-in-law cannot have wheat, so I make the roux with rice flour when she is in town. The texture is slightly different but not bad. You also can skip the roux altogether and thicken with cornstarch for a clear sauce.
With a little thought and creativity, leftovers are often more flavorful than the original meal. Purchasing a slightly larger ham, turkey, or roast with leftovers in mind can save money and time on future meals. The key is to incorporate leftovers into tasty dishes that do not take long to prepare or create leftover-leftovers.
Soups are great options for turning one night's dinner into something very different the following day. Midwesterners love soups because they are easy to make, smell wonderfully simmering on the stove, and offer a hearty, healthy, hot meal to warm the body and spirit.
Here are some suggestions for leftover ham, in addition to serving the meat plain with side dishes or in a sandwich. Also following are a couple of recipes.
Chop ham in a food processor. Mix in mayonnaise and relish.
Pour the beans into a 5 quart saucepan. Check for debris. Rinse the beans. Add the celery, onion, and ham. Fill most of the pot with water. Add the garlic, bay leaves, and small amounts of salt and pepper. Taste periodically before adding more salt. Simmer two to three hours.
My French Canadian daughter-in-law, Ellie, once told me that she thought it was amazing that Americans across the country take one day every year to sit down with family to the same traditional meal. We may put our own twist on the menu, or add a cultural dish such as pasta or egg rolls, but most of us enjoy turkey, dressing, and sweet potatoes with pumpkin pie for dessert on Thanksgiving Day. The only other holiday that is this close in tradition is Independence Day when hot dogs and hamburgers are the main meal of choice.
On Thanksgiving we also take a moment to acknowledge our many blessings. No matter how difficult your life is right now, most likely you also have much for which to be thankful. My own list is very long this year.
May your Thanksgiving be fun and peaceful surrounded by people you love and a hearty, tasty dinner.
The following is my recipe for mashed sweet potatoes. I don't measure the ingredients so it is best to add sugar and spices in small amounts, tasting often.
Wash potatoes. Cook in microwave until tender. Cool.
Scoop the potato out of their skins and into a mixing bowl. With an electric mixer, beat until smooth. Add margarine/butter, brown sugar, and spices.
Place potato mixture into a greased baking dish. Bake at 350 degrees until heated through, about 30 minutes. Add mini marshmallows and put the baking dish back in the oven until the marshmallows are brown. Allow to cool a few minutes.
Caution: The marshmallows become very hot.
©Mary K. Doyle and Midwest Mary, 2013. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog's author and owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Mary K. Doyle and Midwest Mary (midwestmary.com) with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.


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2013 Train Set Reviews – click here
What is a train set?
The first thing to be clear on – a train set contains everything needed to start a layout – train, track, electric controller etc. Sets are not to be confused with a train pack which contain a locomotive and carriages only. A train set is the perfect start to a hobby that is creative, can help develop practical skills and one that neither abandons technology or encourages sitting in front of a screen.
Who would want a train set?
Each train set will usually have a target audience. Although the target audience is clear on Thomas the Tank engine train sets (not reviewed here) it isn't so obvious on other sets. So train sets reviewed will be marked as 5+ for those suitable for younger audiences (I wouldn't recommend an electric train set for those younger than five years old). Do not forget that children will need supervision in setting up and running electric model trains. Model train also have a large following of older children, teenagers and adults who are likely to appreciate the finesse of the better detailed but delicate models. As it can be a lifelong hobby, do not necessarily go straight for a Thomas the Tank engine set for the younger enthusiasts.
Should I ignore Catalogue numbers?
No!! Always check the catalogue number matches with what you are looking for, or you may be getting something that is really out of date! This is very true Hornby's Flying Scotsman train sets – the latest versions have a DCC Ready loco-drive (Railroad) versions, but until recently the relatively poor tender-dive versions were still being sold.
DCC stands for digital Command Control. DCC or digital control differs to standard (DC) control by the user having individual control of each model rather than control the current to the track and directly to the motor. DCC makes having more than one model a lot easier and I would definitely recommend starting in DCC.
If a model or train set is DCC fitted it will work using DCC control straight away, if it is DCC Ready it means that (in theory) it is easy to convert to DCC at a later date. If DCC isn't mentioned it means converting at a later date will be tricky and require soldering.


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Ulfilas: A.D. 311-383
Ulfilas: 311-383 A.D. Germans went through Cappadocia on raids and kidnapped this little boy, who soon taught them about Christ and became their apostle and translated much of the Bible into their vernacular. The below series of paragraphs are from Peter Hoover's book "The secret of the strength".
Jewish Christians
After Pentecost, Jews from Parthia, Media, Elam, Babylon, Cappadocia, and other places joined the Jews of Judaea who believed in Christ. Jewish Christians, all of whom could trace their ancestry back to Abraham, were circumcised and wore beards. They ate Kosher foods and kept the Sabbath holy. But they followed Christ, and Christianity soon broke out of the bounds of Judaism.
Greek Christians
After Paul's conversion and Peter's visit to Cornelius, hundreds and eventually thousands of Greeks from all over Alexander's former realm—Greek merchants and lawyers, Greek doctors, educated Greeks, Greeks given to profound thought, athletic Greeks, Greeks used to idolatry and total abandon to immorality, Greek masters and slaves—repented, believed, and got baptised. They followed Christ, and it wasn't long until Christianity was predominantly Greek, centred in Hellenistic Syria, Egypt, and Asia Minor. Paul wrote his letters in Greek and the rest of the New Testament, if not originally conceived in that language, was soon known only in Greek texts.
Greek, the "world language" and "world culture" of the times, gave the Christians a place on the cutting edge of current events. But Christianity soon broke out of the bounds a Greek world.
Latin Christians
With the decline of Greek influence in the western part of the empire, Latin Rome came into its own. Jews from Rome witnessed the birth of Christianity in Jerusalem. Perhaps it was they, or other early missionaries who carried it to Latin Italy and northern Africa. Whatever the case, it wasn't long until thousands of clear-thinking Latins, Europeans at heart and, like the Greeks, uncircumcised, had joined the Jews and the Greeks in following Christ. From these Latin Christians, centred at Carthage and Rome, came such inspired thinkers as the bishop Clement of Rome, Mark Felix, and Tertullian. Latin Christians carried the Gospel throughout the far reaches of the Roman empire: to the Celts in Britain and Ireland, to Iberia (Spain and Portugal), to the Gauls in what later became France, and to Celtic tribes living in the Alps and down the Danube valley. But Christianity soon broke out of the bounds of the Roman Empire.
German Christians
As early as 1800 B.C. (about the time Jacob fled to Padan-Aram) small bands of families had found their way from Mesopotamia and the Indus valley north through Persia and the Ukraine, through central Europe to the shores of the North Sea. There they called themselves Teutsch (German).
The Germans lived a wild life, planting few crops and hunting to make up the slack. The "Indians of Europe," they thrived in cold forests and wetlands along the sea. They grew rapidly in number, pushing ever southward until they inhabited the Black Forest and the mountains of Swabia. They pushed north (the Vikings) to occupy Scandinavia, west into England, east into Russia, and eventually south into Italy and Asia Minor.
These German raiders had no taste for Latin or Greek culture. They smashed temples, slaughtered ruthlessly, and took children along with their spoil. Through this practice they unwittingly brought home something that changed their ways forever.
On a raid to the south, around the time of Constantine the Great, German tribesmen kidnapped a Cappadocian boy named Ulfilas. He believed in Christ.
Unlike most captives before him, Ulfilas did not lose himself in barbarian ways. Carried north through the Balkan mountains, he crossed the Danube river with his captors and found himself outside the Roman Empire—out in the wilds with a wild people, but he did not lose heart. He learned German and began to tell his captors about Christ. Long blond hair falling around their fur-clad shoulders, rough men with beards and hefty women sitting around campfires listened to him, fascinated. Their hearts responded to the story of Christ. One by one they believed, repented of their sins, and began to follow Christ themselves.
Ulfilas baptised them in water. Before long, a nucleus of Christians developed among the wild people north of the Danube. Ulfilas, using the Greek and Latin he knew, invented for them a German alphabet. He taught them how to read and translated first the Gospels, then the letters of Paul, and finally most of the Old Testament into German. In 341 A.D. Ulfilas travelled south to his homeland in "civilised" Asia. In Nicomedia, the city where an old bishop, Eusebius, lived, he told of the Germans who had turned to following Christ. Eusebius ordained Ulfilas to be an apostle to the Germans.
The Germans Become Catholic
Ulfilas's Christian movement did not survive. Already during his lifetime the Latin and Greek Christians of the south had became powerful. What they believed became almost like a national religion under Constantine the Great. Constantine tried to unite all Christians under one great church organization that would cooperate with the Roman government. He called councils to draw up rules and define catholic (universally accepted as genuine) doctrine. In the process of these councils Ulfilas and the German Christians became classed officially as heretics.
Ulfilas taught that Christ was the Son of God, but not exactly like God the Father in every respect. He taught that the Holy Spirit was subordinate to God. In short, Ulfilas preached a Christianity as he knew it before the councils of Constantine. But now it was no longer considered "catholic."
The new "catholic" Christianity first reached the Germans by way of a man called Remigius. Remigius was a Latin youth who loved to study and spoke well. At the age of twenty-two he became bishop of the catholic congregation at Reims in what is now France.
During Remigius's time many Germans followed a ruthless chief called Clovis who had a Christian wife. Clovis came to know Remigius and his little church at Reims but he did not care for Christianity. He ignored Remigius's frequent attempts to "convert" him until two things happened to change his mind: His son got sick and was healed, and he won a great victory over his rivals at Zülpich, after praying (as a last resort) to the Christians' God. Then Clovis wanted to get baptised.
Clovis hurried to Reims and had Remigius baptise him, his warrior chiefs, and more than three thousand of his soldiers at once. "Catholic" churches then sprang up all over Clovis's domain. Tribe after tribe of the remaining Germans fell before his "Christian" sword, and thousands were baptised en masse. Missionaries followed (and in some places preceded) the army in its task of conversion. Gall of Down, an Irish Catholic missionary, reached Switzerland in 612. He built a mission at Sankt Gallen. Boniface (Wynfrith of Wessex) followed him in 716, baptizing thousands more—both pagans and those who had belonged to what was left of Ulfilas's "uncatholic" congregations. By doing this Boniface cleaned up what he called a "haphazard Christianity" propagated by "heretical and free living clerics."
Boniface anointed a German chief, Pepin the Short, to rule over all his German converts. Then, to be sure that Pepin's rule would be "catholic," Boniface led him to be crowned by bishop Stephen of Rome.
The Church of the Dark Ages
Pepin the Short had one outstanding son named Karl, later known as Karl der Große — Charlemagne. Karl grew up speaking old High German, a language similar to the Pennsylvania Dutch of today's Amish. He was baptised in the "catholic" Christian church and loved to fight. When he became king he resolved to convert and civilise all the remaining "Indians of Europe": the German tribes east of the Rhine River.
Karl fought and baptised valiantly. He meant business. But his converts never understood him like they had understood Ulfilas. They could not read the Latin New Testament with which he forcefully replaced Ulfilas's German translations. The converts said the Lord's prayer in Latin (law demanded it), but they did not know what it meant. They accepted the sprinkling of baptism, but it looked to them like a magical rite. They ate the sacred bread, but they did not get the mumblings of the priests who consecrated it with words that sounded like "hocus pocus." In Saxony, where some Germans had second thoughts about accepting these "catholic" traditions, Karl had four thousand, five hundred, massacred in one day. He made his point.
Then, in November, 800 A.D., Karl, the German chieftain, visited his friend Leo, the bishop of Rome. At this time the bishop of Rome was still under the oversight of the Greek church at Byzantium, but he was unhappy. Leo and Karl got to discussing things and came up with a great idea.
On Christmas day, both Karl and Leo entered St. Peter's church in the middle of town. Thousands of people had come for the Christmas service. The festive atmosphere was exactly right for Leo to anoint and crown Karl as a new Roman Emperor—Charlemagne—and for Karl to take Leo as his religious head of state.
A Christian empire! A holy, Roman, empire! Bishop and warrior, church and state became one on Christmas day 800 A.D., and a split between the old Greek catholic church and the new Roman catholic church became inevitable. Karl felt good with his new role as Roman Emperor—even though he modestly confessed that if he would have known what Leo was going to do, he never would have set foot in St. Peter's church. Leo, at the same time, exulted in his liberation from Byzantium and forged a document to prove that Constantine had always wanted the bishop of Rome to be the head of Christendom.
The wedding of the Holy Roman Empire to the Roman Catholic Church, on Christmas day, 800 A.D. drew the curtain of the Dark Ages securely down on Europe.
The Christian movement among the Jews had been glorious. Among the Greeks yet more so. Latin Christians had carried the Gospel west and north. Many Germans had gotten converted. But now, this Christianity of the Dark Ages swallowed everything up and was worse than no Christianity at all. It was the wolf of north European barbarianism decked in the sheep's clothing of Christ's Gospel. What a potent disguise! The church of the Dark Ages might well have been the end of Christianity—had it not been for its preservation of the New Testament.
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Oviparity
Ovitz family
Owen 'Alik Shahadah
Owens River
Owens Valley
Owned-and-operated station
Ownership society
Oxana Malaya
Oxblood Ruffin
Oxford Capacity Analysis
Oxidizing agent