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Dead Pool 10th January 2021
Welcome to a bumper edition of the Dead Pool. This week we learn the Los Angeles' Cedars-Sinai Hospital is the place to be to look out for ailing celebrities! Bet the staff there could tell a few stories! And because I don't thank her enough, big shout out to Nickie who keeps sending interesting stories she's found for the newsletter. Very much appreciated, as is all the donations so far. You all rock!
Look Who You Could Have Had:
Gerry Marsden, 78, English musician (Gerry and the Pacemakers), heart infection.
Tanya Roberts, 65, American actress (A View to a Kill, That '70s Show, Charlie's Angels).
Colin Bell, 74, English footballer (Bury, Manchester City, national team).
Alexi Laiho, 41, Finnish death metal composer, guitarist and vocalist (Children of Bodom, Sinergy, The Local Band).
Albert Roux, 85, French restaurateur and chef.
Barbara Shelley, 88, British actress (Village of the Damned, Dracula: Prince of Darkness, Quatermass and the Pit).
Marion Ramsey, 73, American actress (Police Academy, Return to Babylon, Lavalantula) and singer.
Deezer D, 55, American rapper and actor (ER, Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, CB4).
Michael Apted, 79, English filmmaker (Up, Coal Miner's Daughter, The World Is Not Enough).
American Democracy, 245, the storming of the Capitol by 'very special' Trump supporters.
Tom Parker has revealed his stage 4 brain tumour has 'significantly reduced' and is 'responding well' to treatment. The Wanted singer, 32, took to Instagram on Thursday to update fans on his progress after receiving his terminal diagnosis of glioblastoma, an aggressive type of brain cancer, in October. In a lengthy post, Tom said it was a 'good fucking day' after receiving the positive news about his battle and vowed to 'keep fighting' for the sake of his wife Kelsey Hardwick and their two children. He wrote: 'SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION These are the words I received today and I can't stop saying them over and over again. I had an MRI scan on Tuesday and my results today were a significant reduction to the tumour and I am responding well to treatment. Everyday I'm keeping on the fight to shrink this bastard! I can't thank our wonderful NHS enough. You're all having a tough time out there but we appreciate the work you are all doing on the front line." Last month Tom has admitted his world was turned 'upside down' after he was told he has a stage four brain tumour. Thanking his wife Kelsey and their family for the support they have given him, Tom said he has 'come a long way' since being given the heartbreaking news. Tom revealed he'd reached the end of his latest day of treatment, admitting it had taken its toll. He also revealed he'd been suffering with bad short term memory loss after having chemotherapy and radiotherapy amid his brain tumour battle. Glioblastoma is considered the most aggressive tumor that can form in the brain. Patients have a 10 percent chance of surviving five years after their diagnosis, according to figures. The average lifespan is between 14 and 16 months.
A representative of London Zoo has responded to Ricky Gervais's wish that his body be consumed by lions in the aftermath of his death. The comedian and long-time animal rights campaigner had made the proposal to Conan O'Brien on the US late night chat show Conan, saying he wanted to "give back". "I thought it would be good to be just fed to the lions at London Zoo," said Gervais. "That would be useful, isn't it? We never give anything back. We take everything from this world…everything we do is for us, we're not even food for other things. At least then…I'd like the look on the tourists' faces when they throw this dead, fat, naked, 73-year-old, maybe, if I'm lucky, to the lions, and as it lands some people go, 'is that the bloke from The Office?'" London Zoo's chief operating officer Kathryn England said: "I suspect Ricky may be a bit gristly for our lions." She added: "We are struggling financially because of lockdown so if anyone wants to 'give something back' we welcome donations that will help us keep our lions fed on a more suitable diet." We're wondering why he wants to wait until he dies, feed the fucker to them right now!
After days of false reports, it's been confirmed that Tanya Roberts has died at the age of 65. Her partner, Lance O'Brien, told us that Roberts' doctors called him just after 9:00 p.m. on January 4th to notify him of Roberts' passing. The actress had been hospitalised for complications of a UTI that he claimed spread to her kidneys, liver and gallbladder before it "got into her blood." The news comes shortly after a premature death announcement was made. The star was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles after collapsing on Christmas Eve. Her rep, Mike Pingel, said that O'Brien claimed to have been asked by hospital staff to come in and say his final goodbyes on Sunday. Apparently O'Brien watched her close her eyes and assumed she had passed away. O'Brien reportedly called Pingel afterwards and told him Roberts had died. But during an interview with Inside Edition that morning, O'Brien received a phone call from the hospital informing him that Roberts had not passed away. "Now you're telling me that she's alive?" he said at the time. "Oh, thank the lord! Thank god." O'Brien began to cry. "The hospital's telling me she's alive, and they're calling me from the ICU," he said, later adding, "I'm so happy." However, the joy didn't last long, it appears that Roberts is now dead, again. Roberts starred in many films over the course of her lifetime, including the 1985 James Bond movie A View to a Kill. She also acted on a number of popular TV shows, including That '70s Show and Charlie's Angels.
Dr Dre says he is 'doing great' after being hospitalised in California for a suspected aneurysm. The rap mogul posted on Instagram that he hopes to leave Cedars-Sinai hospital in Los Angeles and return home soon. "Thanks to my family, friends and fans for their interest and well wishes," he wrote. "I'm doing great and getting excellent care from my medical team. I will be out of the hospital and back home soon. Shout out to all the great medical professionals at Cedars. One Love!!" Dre, whose real name is Andre Young, was taken to the hospital's ICU on Monday where doctors ran tests to find what caused the bleeding on his brain. Luckily he wasn't declared dead by his better half as he's in the middle of a divorce from his wife, Nicole Young, who filed to end their marriage of more than 20 years. The rapper, who was born in Compton, California, rose to fame in the rap group NWA in the 1980s. After leaving the group he went on to huge solo success and won a Grammy for his 1993 album The Chronic. He went on to work as a hit music producer, and played an influential role in the careers of rappers such as Eminem and 50 Cent before selling his soul to Apple Inc. for $3 billion. Yup, you read that right, three billion dollars. The boy from Compton did good!
1776 – American Revolution: Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet Common Sense.
1863 – The Metropolitan Railway, the world's oldest underground railway, opens between Paddington and Farringdon, marking the beginning of the London Underground.
1927 – Fritz Lang's futuristic film Metropolis is released in Germany.
1862 – Samuel Colt, American engineer and businessman, maker of guns (b. 1814).
1917– Buffalo Bill, American soldier and hunter (b. 1846).
1971 – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer, founded Chanel (b. 1883).
2016 – David Bowie, English singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (b. 1947)
Last Meals
George Junius Stinney Jr., was a 14-year-old African-American boy who was convicted, of murdering two white girls, Betty June Binnicker, age 11, and Mary Emma Thames, age 7, in his hometown of Alcolu, South Carolina. He was executed by electric chair in June 1944. Stinney is the youngest American to be sentenced to death and executed since Hannah Ocuish in 1786.
A re-examination of the Stinney case began in 2004 after a judicial review. Stinney's conviction was overturned in 2014, seventy years after he was executed, when a court ruled that he had not received a fair trial.
In March 1944, Betty June Binnicker, 11, and Mary Emma Thames, 7, were riding their bicycles in Alcolu looking for flowers. When they saw Stinney and his younger sister Aime during their journey, they stopped and asked if they knew where to find maypops, the yellow edible fruit of passionflowers. That was reportedly the last time the girls were seen alive.
Binnicker and Thames, who were white, never made it home that day. Their disappearance prompted hundreds of Alcolu residents, including Stinney's father, to come together and search for the missing girls. It wasn't until the next day when their dead bodies were discovered in a soggy ditch. When examined, their bodies, there was no clear sign of a struggle, but both girls had met violent deaths involving multiple head injuries.
Thames had a hole boring straight through her forehead into her skull, along with a two-inch-long cut above her right eyebrow. Meanwhile, Binnicker had suffered at least seven blows to the head. It was later noted that the back of her skull was "nothing but a mass of crushed bones." The wounds were likely caused by a round instrument about the size of the head of a hammer.
A rumour floated around town that the girls had made a stop at a prominent white family's home on the same day of their murder, but this was never confirmed. And police certainly didn't seem to be looking for a white killer.
When Clarendon County law enforcement officers learned from a witness that Binnicker and Thames were seen talking to Stinney, they went to his home. There, George Stinney Jr. was promptly handcuffed and interrogated for hours in a small room without his parents, an attorney, or any witnesses. Police claimed that Stinney confessed to murdering Binnicker and Thames after his plan to have sex with one of the girls failed. At the time, 14 was considered the age of responsibility – and Stinney was believed to be responsible for murder.
About a month after the girls' deaths, George Stinney Jr.'s trial began at a Clarendon County Courthouse. Court-appointed attorney Charles Plowden did "little to nothing" to defend his client. During the two-hour trial, Plowden failed to call witnesses to the stand or present any evidence that would cast doubt on the prosecution's case. The most significant piece of evidence presented against Stinney was his alleged confession, but there was no written record of the teen admitting to the murders.
By the time of his trial, Stinney hadn't seen his parents in weeks, and they were too afraid of getting attacked by a white mob to come to the courthouse. So the 14-year-old was surrounded by strangers — up to 1,500 of them.
Following a deliberation that took less than 10 minutes, the all-white jury found Stinney guilty of murder, with no recommendation for mercy. On April 24th, 1944, the teen was sentenced to die by electrocution.
On June 16th, 1944, George Stinney Jr. walked into the execution chamber at the South Carolina State Penitentiary in Columbia with a Bible tucked under his arm.
Weighing in at just 95lbs/43kg, he was dressed in a loose-fitting striped jumpsuit. Strapped into an adult-size electric chair using a Bible as a booster seat because Stinney was too small for the chair. The state electrician also struggled to adjust an electrode to his right leg due to his size. A mask that was too big for him was placed over his face.
An assistant captain asked Stinney if he had any last words. Stinney replied, "No sir." The prison doctor prodded, "You don't want to say anything about what you did?" Again, Stinney replied, "No sir."
When officials turned on the switch, 2,400 volts surged through Stinney's body, causing the mask to slip off. His eyes were wide and teary, and saliva was emanating from his mouth for all the witnesses in the room to see. After two more jolts of electricity, it was over. Stinney was pronounced dead shortly thereafter. In a span of just 83 days, the boy had been charged with murder, tried, convicted, and executed by the state. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Crowley.
In 2004, George Frierson, a local historian who grew up in Alcolu, started researching the case after reading a newspaper article. His work gained the attention of South Carolina lawyers Steve McKenzie and Matt Burgess. Together they filed for a re-trial.
Frierson stated in interviews, "There has been a person that has been named as being the culprit, who is now deceased. And it was said by the family that there was a deathbed confession." Frierson said that the rumoured culprit came from a well-known, prominent white family. A member, or members, of that family had served on the initial coroner's inquest jury, which had recommended that Stinney be prosecuted.
New evidence in the court hearing in 2014 included testimony by Stinney's siblings that he was with them at the time of the murders. In addition, an affidavit was introduced from the "Reverend Francis Batson, who found the girls and pulled them from the water-filled ditch. In his statement he recalls there was not much blood in or around the ditch, suggesting that they may have been killed elsewhere and moved.
Rather than approving a new trial, on December 17, 2014, circuit court Judge Carmen Mullen vacated Stinney's conviction, thus not exonerating Stinney, but voiding the verdict. She ruled that he had not received a fair trial, as he was not effectively defended and his Sixth Amendment rights had been violated.
Last Week's Birthdays
Jemaine Clement (47), William Sanderson (77), Evan Handler (60), Fran Walsh (62), Rod Stewart (76), Imelda Staunton (65), Joely Richardson (56), Rachel Nichols (41), Michelle Forbes (56), Amber Benson (44), Nicolas Cage (57), Jeremy Renner (50), Erin Gray (71), Linda Kozlowski (63), Brett Dalton (38), Steven Williams (72), Helen Worth (70), Eddie Redmayne (39), Kate McKinnon (37), Norman Reedus (52), Rowan Atkinson (66), Angus Deayton (65), Clancy Brown (62), Bradley Cooper (46), January Jones (43), Diane Keaton (75), Robert Duvall (90), Shea Whigham (52), Hayao Miyazaki (80), Vinnie Jones (56), Marilyn Manson (52), Mandip Gill (33), Dafne Keen (16), Julia Ormond (56), Graham McTavish (60), Matt Frewer (63), Emma Mackey (25), and Julian Sands (63).
10th January 2021 | Categories: 2021 | Leave A Comment »
Dead Pool 3rd January 2021
Here we are folks! We made it through 2020!! Thank you all who have contributed to The Cause, you have been very generous indeed! We're fairly close to the goal, in fact the closest we've been to breaking even ever!!! I suppose we'd better get on with it!
Look Who You Could Have Had 2020:
Phil Niekro, 81, American baseball player (Atlanta Braves, New York Yankees, Cleveland Indians), cancer.
Pierre Cardin, 98, French-Italian fashion designer.
Romell Broom, 64, American convicted murderer.
Giovanni La Penna, 111, Italian supercentenarian, oldest living man in Italy.
Samuel Little, 80, American serial killer.
Dawn Wells, 82, American actress (Gilligan's Island, The Town That Dreaded Sundown, Return to Boggy Creek), COVID-19.
Adele Rose, 87, English television writer (Coronation Street, Z-Cars, Byker Grove), pneumonia.
Tommy Docherty, 92, Scottish football player (Preston North End) and manager (Chelsea, national team).
Mark Eden, 92, English actor (Coronation Street, Quatermass and the Pit, The Prisoner), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Steve Brown, 62, British music producer (Manic Street Preachers), The Cult, Wham!).
Barry Austin, 52, British record holder, nation's heaviest man.
Eighteen care home residents in Belgium have reportedly died after contracting coronavirus, following a visit from a man dressed as Santa Claus, Ho ho ho! Scores were infected at the nursing home in early December, with an outbreak emerging in the days after the visit. The visitor was reportedly among the first to test positive after his trip to the Hemelrijck home in Mol, a town in Antwerp province. It is yet unclear whether his visit was the cause of the outbreak, which authorities are still looking into. The city council said on Christmas Eve that 13 residents had died at the care home, after being infected with coronavirus. Five more people have since died at the nursing home, Mol's mayor Wim Caeyers said. On Christmas Eve, Mol city council said a total of 121 residents at the Hemelrijck nursing home had tested positive for Covid-19, and the number showing serious symptoms was increasing. Six members of staff had also tested positive for the virus. "The residential care centre will face a very difficult period in the next seven to ten days," the council said in a statement on Christmas Eve. After the outbreak emerged following the Santa visit, a company spokesperson told us: "The team is very shocked by what happened, but that also makes them very motivated to get the virus out again." In hindsight, one wonders who thought it was a good idea to bring a Santa to see a bunch of geriatric non-believers in the first place??
YouTuber Grace Victory's family has shared an update on her condition after she was placed into an induced coma by doctors on Christmas Day. On 30th December, the family shared a second post on her Instagram page, saying: "Grace is currently stable and responding well to treatment." They also thanked fans for their support and well wishes: "We as a family are truly overwhelmed by the amount of Love and well wishes sent to our Grace and we want to thank each and everyone of you for casting a light of hope our way. The 30-year-old influencer delivered her first child on Christmas Eve, much earlier than her due date of February, due to Covid-19 complications. After the birth, Victory, who is from High Wycombe, was then admitted to intensive care as a result of breathing difficulties. Her family shared a post on 28 December detailing what had happened. "As you guys know, Grace gave birth on Christmas Eve to a beautiful baby boy, who is currently doing so well, he's incredible. We love him so much. Grace developed Covid-19 two weeks ago and although her symptoms were mild at first, they worsened as the days went on. Which meant they had to deliver the baby as soon as possible, as she was just too unwell to carry on with the pregnancy." The family explained that despite the successful delivery of her son, Victory was then placed into an induced coma to "give her body the rest it needs, in order to recover". Victory has over 200,000 YouTube subscribers and 224,000 Instagram followers. She has focused her career on body positivity, mental health and holistic healing. That went well for her then….
Voice actor Tom Kane, best known for his roles in Star Wars films and TV series, has suffered a stroke. According to a Facebook post by Kane's daughter, Sam, the stroke occurred around two months ago, and left Kane unable to "efficiently communicate verbally, nor read or spell". "Our family wanted to share why my dad has been MIA," she wrote. "About two months ago he had a left side stroke that gave him right sided weakness and damage to the speech centre of his brain. "He is still competent and very much himself, but can only get out a few words right now… My dad still remains in good spirits and his extreme stubbornness has helped him already show improvements in speech. He is fully on board with me sharing this and he will see anything you guys post." A prolific actor, Kane, now 58, voiced Jedi master Yoda in the Star Wars animated series The Clone Wars, returning to the role in other productions. He also voiced the cult franchise favourite Admiral Ackbar in Rian Johnson's 2017 entry Star Wars: Episode VIII – The Last Jedi, and has appeared in other roles in several Star Wars video games and series. Outside of Star Wars, Kane has appeared in animations including Archer, Powerpuff Girls and Robot Chicken. In the Facebook post, Kane's daughter revealed that his neurologist told him he may not be able to act in voice-overs again.
1833 – The United Kingdom claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands.
1911 – A gun battle in the East End of London left two dead and sparked a political row over the involvement of then-Home Secretary Winston Churchill.
1961 – The SL-1 nuclear reactor is destroyed by a steam explosion in the only reactor incident in the United States to cause immediate fatalities.
1962 – Pope John XXIII excommunicates our old friend Fidel Castro. Castro still lived a full life and probably didn't even notice.
2009 – The first block of the blockchain of the decentralised payment system Bitcoin, called the Genesis block, was established by the creator of the system, Satoshi Nakamoto.
2015 – Boko Haram militants raze the entire town of Baga in north-east Nigeria, starting the Baga massacre and killing as many as 2,000 people!!
1795 – Josiah Wedgwood, English potter, founded the Wedgwood Company (b. 1730).
1903 – Alois Hitler, Austrian civil servant, father of Adolf (b. 1837).
1946 – William Joyce, American-British pro-Axis propaganda broadcaster (b. 1906).
1967 – Jack Ruby, American businessman and murderer (b. 1911).
1979 – Conrad Hilton, American businessman, founded the Hilton Hotels (b. 1887).
2003 – Jimmy Stewart, Scottish racing driver (b. 1931).
In the weeks after the Second World War broke out, the crackly sound of a clipped English accent spouting Nazi propaganda began to filter through the wireless sets of Britain in a desperate attempt to sap morale. Radio critic Jonah Barrington was the first to brand the anonymous plummy voice he heard with the nickname "Lord Haw-Haw". He wrote scathingly: "I imagine him having a receding chin, a questing nose, thin yellow hair brushed back, a monocle, a vacant eye, a gardenia in his buttonhole. Rather like PG Wodehouse's Bertie Wooster…" The moniker would stick when the anonymous voice was revealed as belonging to William Joyce, a scar-faced Anglo-American traitor who had begun broadcasting fascist propaganda. Over the next five years, Joyce would go on to become the scourge of the airwaves. It is estimated that, at his peak, six million Britons regularly tuned in to his transmissions.
Now, over 80 years on from Joyce's first broadcasts, the story of how he was finally captured and brought to justice, was, ironically, by a Jew who had fled Hitler's Germany.
Born in 1906 in New York to an Irish father and English mother, Joyce's family moved to Ireland where, as a young man, he dabbled with working for British intelligence. He went on to study English at the University of London, became a teacher and once said: "From my earliest days, I was taught to love England and her Empire." But by the 1920s, Joyce began to fall under the spell of fascism and in a spat with communist sympathisers, he was slashed from his earlobe to mouth leaving him with a distinctive scar across his right cheek. Joyce was soon giving speeches for the British Union of Fascists but believed its leader Sir Oswald Mosley was too moderate and formed his own pro-Nazi and anti-semitic organisation.
In 1939, Joyce was tipped off that he was about to be arrested and fled for Germany with his wife Margaret just a week before hostilities broke out. He was quickly recruited by the Nazis, keen to use his background to help them wage a propaganda war through the radio. Although Joyce was of ordinary stock, he had developed a nasally, upper-class English accent that the Nazis believed would give their message credibility and authenticity. His sarcastic and sneering short-wave transmissions from Hamburg would always start with "Germany Calling" before a tirade of arguments designed to convince his British audience to surrender. The Third Reich's head of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, would describe him as "the best horse in my stable" and Joyce was rewarded for his treachery with German citizenship.
Many Brits, bored by the stodgy wartime BBC output, admitted they listened in not because they sympathised with Haw-Haw's message but to have a good laugh at his haughty tone. But as the Second World War began to turn against the Nazis and British resolve hardened, Joyce's power began to wane. As the Allies closed in on Berlin, Joyce gave a final, drunken, rambling broadcast on April 30th 1945, before signing off with a final defiant, "Heil Hitler and farewell". Joyce and his wife then went into hiding near Flensburg, on the Danish border.
A month later, on May 28th, a dishevelled figure was spotted gathering firewood by two British soldiers, Captain Bertie Lickorish and Lieutenant Geoffrey Perry members of T-Force, the unit tasked with securing Germany's scientific and industrial assets. They had begun to engage the man in conversation in English when Lieutenant Perry had a lightbulb moment. He knew Haw-Haw was rumoured to be in the area and thought he recognised the distinctive accent of the man in front of them. He asked him: "You wouldn't, by any chance, be William Joyce would you?" In response to the question, Joyce reached for his pocket. Believing that he was going for a weapon, Lieutenant Perry shot him in the buttocks. In fact, Joyce didn't have a gun, he had been reaching for his papers drawn up in the fake name of Wilhelm Hansen.
The captured Joyce was sent back to Britain to stand trial for high treason because of his British passport. In September, he was found guilty at London's Old Bailey and hanged by the famed executioner Albert Pierrepoint, on January 3rd 1946, at Wandsworth Prison, making him the last person to be executed for treason in the United Kingdom. He was 38. Sadly we don't know what his last meal was but Joyce's unrepentant last words are said to have been: "May the swastika be raised from the dust."
The scar on Joyce's face split wide open because of the pressure applied to his head upon his drop from the gallows. As was customary for executed criminals, Joyce's remains were buried in an unmarked grave within the walls of HMP Wandsworth. In 1976 following a campaign by his daughter, Heather Landalo, his body was reinterred in Bohermore, Galway, Ireland.
Mel Gibson (65), Florence Pugh (25), Victoria Principal (71), Dabney Coleman (89), Sarah Alexander (50), Tia Carrere (54), Kate Bosworth (38), Cuba Gooding Jr. (53), Frank Langella (83), Li Gong (55), Anthony Hopkins (83), Val Kilmer (61), Ben Kingsley (77), Jane Badler (67), Eliza Dushku (40), Tracey Ullman (61), Fred Ward (78), Tiger Woods (45), Michael Nesmith (78), Jude Law (48), Jon Voight (82), Ted Danson (73), Lilly Wachowski (53), Danny McBride (44), Bernard Cribbins (92), Marianne Faithfull (74), Denzel Washington (66), Maggie Smith (86), Noomi Rapace (41), Sienna Miller (39), Joe Manganiello (44), John Legend (42), and Nichelle Nichols (88).
3rd January 2021 | Categories: 2021 | Leave A Comment »
Dead Pool: Round up of 2020
This year has been rather exceptional with the coronavirus picking off celebrities of all ages. However, it doesn't seem as deadly as 2016, where it felt like anyone who wasn't listed were dying just to spite us; I'm thinking of you David Bowie!!!
Anyhow, we have a winner to declare! Congratulations to Louise for topping the table with 467 points from 4 deaths. If you could send me your contact details I can send off the trophy to you! Honourable mentions go to Laura for the most deaths (7) and to Stu and myself for not scoring a bean throughout the year. Well done all of you!
Right, let's have a quick look at who we lost in 2020.
Derek Acorah – The self-styled spiritual medium, whose real name was Derek Johnson, died right at the beginning of the year aged 69. It was revealed he had been treated in intensive care following a "brief illness". So far he's refused to contact the living world since his departure.
Terry Jones – The Welsh actor and Monty Python star passed away aged 77. His family said he died at his home in London after battling a rare form of dementia. In a statement, the actor's family said: "His work with Monty Python, his books, films, television programmes, poems and other work will live on forever, a fitting legacy to a true polymath."
Kobe Bryant – The basketball legend and his 13-year-old daughter died in a helicopter crash that killed nine people in total. The five-time NBA champion and two-time Olympic gold medallist was 41.
Nicholas Parsons – The Just a Minute host died aged 96 after a short illness. He was best known for the show, where panellists have to speak for one minute without hesitation, deviation, or repetition. He first fronted the show on its inception in 1967. BBC director general Tony Hall said: "Very few people have done so much to entertain audiences over the decades and no-one deserves to be called a broadcasting legend more than Nicholas Parsons.
February:
Kirk Douglas – The actor died at the age of 103. The venerated star, patriarch of an acting dynasty was one of the few remaining survivors of Hollywood's golden age, was best known for films including Spartacus, Paths of Glory and The Vikings. His eldest son, Michael Douglas, a two-time Oscar-winner, announced his father's death with a touching tribute that failed to address his aggressive and murderous personality and the likelihood he was a paedo rapist.
Caroline Flack – The former Love Island TV presenter and Strictly Come Dancing winner was found dead at the age of 40 at her London home after taking her own life. Flack, who was described as "vulnerable" by her management, had pleaded not guilty to assaulting her boyfriend Lewis Burton at her former flat. Her death came just weeks before the trial was due to begin.
Dieter Laser – The German actor who played sadistic surgeon Josef Heiter in 2009 shock horror film The Human Centipede. He died at the age of 78, with The Human Centipede director Tom Six describing him as a "force of nature, an unique human being and an iconic actor".
Max von Sydow – Swedish actor Max von Sydow died at home in France aged 90. He's mostly lnown for his roles in Flash Gordon, Game Of Thrones, The Exorcist and The Seventh Seal. He once said of his most famous role "The film you hear about the most is The Exorcist. When people come up to me and say, 'Oh, you scared me!' I was the good guy in that film!"
Michel Roux – Chef Michel Roux died aged 79. He opened the first Michelin-starred restaurant, Le Gavroche, in Britain in the '70s alongside his brother Albert.
Roy Hudd – Comedian and actor Roy Hudd died at the age of 83 after a short illness. His agent said he had passed away peacefully with his wife Debbie at his side. Hudd was born in Croydon and started his career as a messenger for an advertising agency, window dresser and a commercial artist before his professional debut in 1957.
Kenny Rogers – The Country music legend with a career that spanned six decades, with hits including Coward Of The County, The Gambler and Islands In The Stream, with Dolly Parton. The Houston-born singer, known for his trademark husky voice and silver beard, broke through into the world of pop to sell more than 100 million records. He also gained fame as an actor, starring in TV movies based on The Gambler and other songs, making him a superstar in the 1970s and 80s. He died peacefully in a hospice, surrounded by family, aged 81.
Eddie Large – Comedian Eddie Large died at the age of 78 after contracting coronavirus while in hospital. The comedian, famous for his double act with Syd Little, had a long-running comedy sketch show on BBC One in the 1970s and 1980s.
Lord Bath – Lord Bath of Longleat was 87 when he died after testing positive for coronavirus. The "gloriously" eccentric Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath, ran Longleat Safari Park. The flamboyant aristocrat was known for his colourful dress sense and was a regular feature of the Animal Park television show about his estate.
Honor Blackman – Actress Honor Blackman, best-known for playing Pussy Galore, died at the age of 94. She died peacefully of natural causes at home in Lewes, Sussex, surrounded by her family. Her numerous and varied roles included Cathy Gale in The Avengers and Bond girl Pussy Galore in Goldfinger.
Sir Stirling Moss – The motor racing great died at the age of 90 following a long illness. His wife Lady Moss said: "It was one lap too many. He just closed his eyes." Though Moss famously never won the Formula One title, he finished runner-up four times and came third three times in a career during which he won 16 Grands Prix.
Tim Brooke-Taylor – The Goodies star died aged 79 after contracting coronavirus. The actor, best known as part of the 1970s comic trio, was survived by his wife Christine. Alongside Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, The Goodies TV show attracted millions of viewers in its heyday.
Bill Withers – Famous for timeless classics including Lean On Me, Lovely Day, Just The Two Of Us and Ain't No Sunshine. His death from heart complications at the age of 81.
Little Richard – Sir Mick Jagger led tributes to Rock 'n' Roll singer Little Richard following his death at the age of 87. Little Richard, who inspired musicians including The Beatles, David Bowie and Sir Elton John, was a Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Famer and renowned for hits such as Tutti Frutti and Long Tall Sally.
Florian Schneider – Co-founded Kraftwerk alongside Ralf Hutter in 1970 after meeting as students in Dusseldorf. The band's pioneering use of drum machines and synthesisers influenced countless musicians who came after them. Schneider died after a short cancer disease just a few days after his 73rd birthday.
Roy Horn – Best known as part of the Las Vegas performing duo of Siegfried & Roy, who were world renowned for their shows involving white lions and tigers, alongside Siegfried Fischbacher. However, the act unravelled in October 2003 when a tiger named Mantecore mauled him during a live performance, severing his spine and inflicting several other injuries, permanently affecting his ability to move, walk and speak. Horn died at the age of 75 after contracting coronavirus.
Willie Thorne – The snooker legend died in hospital in Spain after a short battle with leukaemia. He was 66. He had been in an induced coma in the intensive care ward at Torrevieja Hospital, Spain, after suffering respiratory failure. Thorne was diagnosed with leukaemia earlier in the year and had several health issues while undergoing chemotherapy treatment.
Dame Vera Lynn – Forces' Sweetheart Dame Vera Lynn died at the age of 103. A statement said: "The family are deeply saddened to announce the passing of one of Britain's best-loved entertainers at the age of 103.''
Ian Holm – The Lord Of The Rings star was remembered as "charming, kind and ferociously talented", following his death at the age of 88. The actor, who was acclaimed for his roles in Chariots Of Fire, Alien and Brazil, was also a prolific and accomplished star of the Royal Shakespeare Company and was described as Harold Pinter's favourite actor. He died peacefully in hospital after a Parkinson's-related illness, with his family and carer at his bedside.
Ennio Morricone – The legendary movie composer died at the age of 91 after breaking his hip in a fall. The Italian composer created music for more than 400 films, but was best-known for the soundtrack to 1966 Spaghetti Western The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Morricone was rated as one of the world's most influential composers after writing scores for cinema – including 70 award-winning films – television and 100 classical works.
Jack Charlton – The former Leeds and England defender who won a World Cup winner's medal in 1966, died in July. He was 85. Charlton had been diagnosed with lymphoma in the last year and was also battling dementia. He spent his entire 21-year playing career at Leeds, making a joint club record 773 appearances, before retiring as a player in 1973 and going on to enjoy a successful and colourful career as a manager.
Kelly Preston – the wife of John Travolta, died aged 57 after battling breast cancer for two years. The actress starred in films such as Mischief, Twins and Jerry Maguire. Alongside a photograph of her, Travolta announced her death saying: "It is with a very heavy heart that I inform you that my beautiful wife Kelly has lost her two-year battle with breast cancer. She fought a courageous fight with the love and support of so many." The couple had been married for nearly 30 years. Their son, Jett, died at the age of just 16 after suffering a seizure during a family holiday in the Bahamas in 2009.
Naya Rivera – Tributes were paid to the former Glee star, after her death was confirmed at the age of 33. The actress went missing during a boating trip at Lake Piru in Southern California with her four-year-old son, Josey Hollis, and her body was found days later. Demi Lovato, who played Rivera's on-screen girlfriend on the show, said she will "forever cherish" starring alongside her.
Dame Olivia de Havilland – The two-time Oscar winner and for decades the last surviving star of Gone With the Wind, died at the age of 104. The actress died of natural causes at her residence in Paris, where she had lived for more than six decades. She emerged as a star during the classic movie era – first as a romantic partner for Errol Flynn in swashbucklers such as Captain Blood and The Adventures of Robin Hood and then as Melanie Hamilton Wilkes in Gone With the Wind.
Chadwick Boseman – The actor, best known for playing superhero Black Panther, died at the age of 43 after a battle with cancer. In an announcement that stunned Hollywood, Boseman's family said he had been diagnosed with colon cancer four years ago and died surrounded by his loved ones, including wife Taylor Simone Ledward. He never discussed the illness publicly and films including Black Panther, Da 5 Bloods and Avengers: Endgame were all filmed "during and between countless surgeries and chemotherapy," the family said.
Dame Diana Rigg – The actress, known for roles from The Avengers to Games of Thrones, died at the age of 82. Her daughter Rachael Stirling said: "My Beloved Ma died peacefully in her sleep, at home, surrounded by family. She died of cancer diagnosed in March, and spent her last months joyfully reflecting on her extraordinary life, full of love, laughter and a deep pride in her profession. I will miss her beyond words."
Jackie Stallone – The mother of Hollywood actor Sylvester Stallone, died at the age of 98. The famous celebrity astrologer and women's wrestling promoter had a memorable – although brief – stint in the Celebrity Big Brother house in 2005. A surprise contestant, Stallone entered much to the shock of co-housemate and former daughter-in-law Brigitte Nielsen, with whom she had a frosty relationship.
Michael Lonsdale – Best known for his role as James Bond villain Hugo Drax in 1979's Moonraker, Lonsdale made more than 100 films and performed on stage in a career in entertainment that spanned 60 years. Lonsdale died peacefully at his home in Paris, aged 89, with his agent of 20 years saying it was simply old age. "His spirit was alive but his body was tired," he said.
Eddie Van Halen – The world of rock and roll mourned the "Mozart for guitar" Eddie Van Halen following his death at the age of 65. The revered guitarist was Van Halen's creative force as they blurred the line between hard rock and heavy metal on their way to becoming one of the biggest bands in the world in the 1980s. Van Halen died after a "long and arduous" battle with cancer.
Frank Bough – The former TV presenter died at the age 87. A family friend told the BBC Bough died in a care home. Bough was one of the best-known TV hosts in the 1970s and 1980s and was part of the launch of the BBC's Breakfast TV show in 1983. His career with the BBC ended in 1988 when he was sacked over a sex-related scandal.
Bobby Ball – The 76-year-old comedian died of coronavirus in hospital. One half of the duo Cannon & Ball, Bobby's death was confirmed by his manager and wife Yvonne said: "I will always miss him, he was so joyful, full of fun and mischievous." The Cannon and Ball Show ran for nine years from 1979 and in more recent times they found success on the panto circuit and cameos on TV.
Sean Connery – The film star, most famous for playing James Bond, passed away at the age of 90. Sean, who played 007 in the likes of Goldfinger, Thunderball and You Only Live Twice, won an Oscar in 1988 when he was named best supporting actor for his role as an Irish cop in The Untouchables and also starred in films like The Rock and Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.
Johnny Nash – Best known for the 1970s reggae hit I Can See Clearly Now, which sold more than a million copies and sat at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for four weeks. He largely dropped out of the spotlight in the late 1980s. He died of natural causes, aged 80, his son said.
John Sessions – The actor and comedian died at the age of 67 after suffering a heart attack. He was best known for his work on Spitting Image and Whose Line Is It Anyway?
Des O'Connor – The much loved entertainer died at the age of 88. The TV legend passed away in hospital a week after suffering a fall in his Buckinghamshire home. He will be best remembered for shows such as Take Your Pick, Countdown, The Des O'Connor Show and Today with Des and Mel. The presenter was also a singer and recorded 36 albums as a singer, five of which made it to the UK Top 40.
Geoffrey Palmer – The actor, known for his roles in such sitcoms as Butterflies, As Time Goes By and The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin, died aged 93. Versatile and prolific, he was known and loved for his hangdog expression and the often testy demeanour he gave to his characters.
Ray Clemence – Former Liverpool, Tottenham and England goalkeeper Ray Clemence was hailed as a "true legend" and "a giant of a man" after his death at the age of 72. Clemence, who won three European Cups and five First Division titles during a trophy-laden spell at Anfield, was without question one of the greatest of his generation.
Diego Maradona – The Argentinian football legend famous for his Hand of God, died aged 60. He was regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time and helped Argentina win the World Cup in 1986, the pinnacle of an illustrious career.
David Prowse – The British actor who played Darth Vader in the original Star Wars trilogy, died aged 85. The weightlifter-turned-actor, who also earned an MBE for playing the Green Cross Code Man to promote road safety, died after a short illness. Prowse won the role playing Vader due to his impressive 6ft 6in physique, but with his West Country accent deemed not quite suitable, the part was instead voiced by James Earl Jones.
Peter Alliss – The "voice of golf" died at the age of 89 after a successful playing career where he won more than 20 tournaments during and played on eight Ryder Cup teams. His move into broadcasting came about after he was overheard by the BBC's Ray Lakeland talking to a friend on a flight back from a tournament in Ireland in 1960.
Dame Barbara Windsor – Babs died aged 83 in a care home. Best known for her roles in EastEnders and the Carry On films, she was considered a national treasure in the UK after finding fame as a buxom blonde in the Carry On films. Diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2014, she made the news public in 2018. Her husband Scott Mitchell said her final weeks were "typical of how she lived her life" and "full of humour, drama and a fighting spirit until the end".
John le Carré – Cold War espionage author David Cornwell, known by his pen name John le Carré, died aged 89 after a battle with pneumonia. Among his 25 novels were acclaimed best-sellers including Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Spy Who Came In From The Cold, and The Night Manager. His most well-known character was the career intelligence officer George Smiley – made even more famous by Alec Guinness in the TV series of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy.
Eileen Pollock – Was a star of stage and screen who appeared in films including Far And Away in 1992, alongside Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, and Angela's Ashes in 1999. But she was best known for playing "tart" Lilo Lill, mistress of Freddie Boswell, in Bread, the TV comedy that centred around the working class Boswell family in Liverpool, which ran from 1986 to 1991. She died peacefully in her sleep at home in London, aged 73.
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Paraonis multibranchiata är en ringmaskart som beskrevs av Hartman 1957. Paraonis multibranchiata ingår i släktet Paraonis och familjen Paraonidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Q: Commas with introductory clauses Can you please help me explain why there has to be a comma with this sentence:
"Not only have these injuries taught me a lot about myself (comma) they have helped me gain an unexplainable interest in the body and finding new ways to grow"
I know the first clause is a dependent clause and thus requires a comma, but I need more of a grammatical explanation for the student (or is that the sole reason?). I know it is not a dependent adverb clause, so what kind of dependent clause is it (I'm thinking correlative clause)?

A: Your question concerns the written language as punctuation does not exist in speech. I make this point because we must start here: your sentence is not grammatical because it does not contain a coordinator or a subordinator of any kind. Thus, you are left with two sentences pretending to be one. As written, it must be punctuated as two separate sentences:

Not only have these injuries taught me a lot about myself. They have helped me gain an unexplainable interest in the body and finding new ways to grow.
or we can use a semicolon:
Not only have these injuries taught me a lot about myself; they have helped me gain an unexplainable interest in the body and finding new ways to grow.

(It should be clear from my train of thought that the first clause is not dependent as you claim.)
In speech, we behave as if not only is a kind of conjunction, but in carefully edited written English, it is not. Rather, it is a part of a correlative conjunction: not only . . . but also. Let's use it to revise your sentence.

Not only have these injuries taught me a lot about myself, but they have also helped me gain an unexplainable interest in the body and finding new ways to grow.

Now it is easy to see why a comma must separate the clauses: a comma is required between two independent clauses (though we might make an exception if the clauses are very short).

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Racjonalizm filozoficzny (ew. racjonalizm metodologiczny, aprioryzm) (łac. ratio – rozum; rationalis – rozumny, rozsądny) – stanowisko filozoficzne, przede wszystkim w epistemologii akcentujące rolę rozumu i rozumowań apriorycznych w zdobywaniu wiedzy.

Racjonalizm filozoficzny swoją najbardziej charakterystyczną postać uzyskał w XVII i XVIII w., a jego głównymi przedstawicielami byli René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Nicolas Malebranche. Inna nazwa tego historycznego nurtu to racjonalizm nowożytny lub racjonalizm kontynentalny.

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz zamiast racjonalizm proponuje używać nazwy aprioryzm, aby odróżnić to stanowisko od racjonalizmu genetycznego, czy światopoglądowego.

Cechy charakterystyczne
Za cechy charakterystyczne racjonalizmu uznaje się:
 pogląd o nadrzędności rozumu i intuicji w procesach poznawczych (wobec doświadczenia czy wrażeń zmysłowych), a w konsekwencji preferowanie rozumowań apriorycznych,
 pogląd, że pewne podstawowe idee mają charakter wrodzony (racjonalizm genetyczny),
 pogląd, że celem działalności poznawczej jest wiedza pewna (a nie np. prawdopodobna, czy użyteczna),
 uznawanie matematyki za wzorzec wszelkich nauk.
 Stanowiskiem najczęściej mu przeciwstawianym jest empiryzm, według którego doświadczenie i wrażenia zmysłowe grają w poznaniu rolę dominującą.

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz określił aprioryzm jako jedno z zasadniczych stanowisk epistemologicznych w sporze o źródła poznania, którego podstawową cechą charakterystyczną jest oparcie się na poznaniu apriorycznym. Można wyróżnić:
 Aprioryzm skrajny, zgodnie z którym rozum jest jedynym źródłem poznania. Ten rodzaj aprioryzmu istniał głównie w myśli starożytnej.
 Aprioryzm umiarkowany, zgodnie z którym rozum jest głównym źródłem poznania, ale przyjmuje on też istnienie uprawnionych twierdzeń syntetycznych a priori, które nie są twierdzeniami analitycznymi. Ten aprioryzm reprezentowany  był m.in. przez Immanuela Kanta i Edmunda Husserla.

Historia

Filozofia przednowożytna
Przekonanie o rozumności świata i jego uporządkowaniu wywodzi się od Heraklita, który wprowadził do filozofii pojęcie rozumu (logos), który rządzi światem. Eleaci zaprzeczyli wiarygodności danych zmysłowych, dowodząc ich sprzeczności z logicznym rozumowaniem i jednocześnie zapoczątkowując spór racjonalizmu z empiryzmem. Eleata Parmenides pierwszy świadomie zastosował rozumowanie dedukcyjne, i utożsamiając myśl z bytem zbudował pierwszy system filozofii racjonalistycznej. Demokryt próbował dokonać syntezy racjonalizmu i empiryzmu, rozróżniając "ciemną" wiedzę zmysłową, która wymaga wyjaśnienia i wiedzę "prawdziwą", pochodzącą z rozumu. Program zreformowania praw, języka oraz stosunków społecznych według kryterium racjonalności przedstawił sofista Protagoras. Rozumowanie jako sposób dochodzenia do prawd etycznych był przedmiotem rozważań Sokratesa. Empiryzm odrzucił Platon, którego zdaniem poznanie zmysłowe jest raczej domysłem (doksa), dotyczy tylko zjawisk, ma charakter ułomny i wymaga pomocy rozumu, wyprzedzającego i współdziałającego w poznaniu zmysłowym. Tylko umysł jest zdolny do poznania (episteme) idei dzięki wrodzonej wiedzy, którą dysponuje. Wyższość poznania rozumowego podkreślał również Arystoteles, choć poznanie zmysłowe według niego dostarczało rozumowi niezbędnego materiału do rozumowania. Nowy kierunek racjonalizmowi nadał Grzegorz z Nyssy, który jako pierwszy dowodził zgodności objawienia chrześcijańskiego z rozumem i jego racjonalnego charakteru.

Racjonalizm nowożytny
Swoją klasyczną postać racjonalizm przybrał w XVII i XVIII w., we Francji, Niemczech i Niderlandach. Z tego powodu jest nazywany racjonalizmem nowożytnym lub racjonalizmem kontynentalnym (dla odróżnienia od swojego oponenta, anglosaskiego empiryzmu). Spór między racjonalizmem a empiryzmem był czołowym sporem tej epoki.

Co do wcześniejszych epok, określenie "racjonalizm" jest stosowane retrospektywnie. Po raz pierwszy pojawia się w XVI-wiecznej Francji. W 1539 po raz pierwszy przeciwstawiono sobie racjonalizm i empiryzm.

Centralną postacią racjonalizmu jest René Descartes (choć również w jego przypadku nie jest to racjonalizm czysty). Stworzył on rozbudowany system filozoficzny  oparty na nowych, zrywających z arystotelizmem, zasadach. Kartezjusz poszukiwał absolutnych podstaw wiedzy, i w tym celu dokonał szczegółowej krytyki wszelkich źródeł poznania. W jej wyniku odrzucił dane zmysłowe jako mylące i niepewne, i uznał, że jedynie jasne i wyraźne prawdy rozumowe mogą stać się podstawą wiedzy (z podstawową prawdą cogito ergo sum na czele). Oprócz epistemologii i metafizyki, istotną częścią racjonalistycznego projektu Kartezjusza były matematyka (uznawana za wzorzec nauk i filozofii) i nauki przyrodnicze.

Kartezjanizm stał się jednym z najważniejszych nurtów filozoficznych XVII w. Jego przedstawiciele aktywnie rozwijali myśl Kartezjusza, znacznie ją niekiedy modyfikując. Znacznie bardziej konsekwentne stanowisko racjonalistyczne (zwane okazjonalizmem) sformułował Nicolas Malebranche, łączącego kartezjanizm z wpływami platońskimi i augustiańskimi.

Baruch Spinoza, również wychodząc od kartezjanizmu, uprościł jego zasadnicze twierdzenia metafizyczne, odchodząc od dualizmu substancji na rzecz monizmu, zgodnie z którym u podstaw różnorodności zjawisk leży jedna substancja. Jego Etyka jest najbardziej konsekwentną realizacją idei, zgodnie z którą filozofia powinna być wzorowana na matematyce (more geometrico).

Myśl ostatniego z wielkich racjonalistów nowożytnych, Gottfrieda Wilhelma Leibniza, w najmniejszym stopniu wywodziła się z kartezjanizmu. Zakładał on, że u podstaw rzeczywistości leży nieskończona wielość jednostkowych, prostych substancji (monad)).

Późniejszy rozwój
Myśl Leibniza była ostatnim znaczącym głosem w rozwoju nowożytnego racjonalizmu jako nurtu. Na znaczeniu zyskiwał anglosaski empiryzm, a później filozofia krytyczna Immanuela Kanta

Filozofia Kanta stanowiła krytyczny punkt w debacie między racjonalizmem a empiryzmem, łącząc oba stanowiska. Ludzkie poznanie zawiera w sobie zarówno elementy aprioryczne, jak i aposterioryczne. Zarówno wywodzące się z czystego rozumu, jak i z doświadczenia. Główne dzieło Kanta, Krytyka czystego rozumu, jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie są warunki ludzkiego poznania.

Choć racjonalizm jako nurt przestał istnieć, w wielu filozofiach można wskazać nawiązania do niego, lub elementy wywodzące się z racjonalizmu (m.in. w fenomenologii Husserla, pewnych tezach filozofów analitycznych czy Donalda Davidsona).

Inne rodzaje racjonalizmu

Racjonalizm światopoglądowy

Od racjonalizmu jako nurtu filozoficznego, odróżnić należy racjonalizm jako pewną postawę czy światopogląd. Ten drugi rodzaj racjonalizmu ukształtował się w oświeceniowej Francji i wiązany jest z takimi nazwiskami jak Jean d'Alembert, Voltaire czy Nicolas de Condorcet. Postawa racjonalistyczna zakładała optymistyczną wiarę w postęp, dobrą naturę ludzką i pozytywną rolę nauki. Przeciwstawiała rozum uczuciom (sentymentom), poglądom opartym na wierze religijnej, wszelkiemu fanatyzmowi, uprzedzeniom, arbitralnej władzy (m.in. władzy absolutystycznej i instytucjom feudalnym). Tak rozumiany racjonalizm był obok sentymentalizmu głównym nurtem kształtującym klimat kulturowy epoki oświecenia i jako światopogląd jest do dziś podzielany przez wiele osób.
W zestawieniu z nim racjonalizm filozoficzny dotyczy ściśle poglądów epistemologicznych. Nie odrzucał on programowo religii, często odwoływał się do Boga, choć ujmowanego w nieortodoksyjny sposób. Racjonalizm filozoficzny w odmienny sposób ujmował również naukę. Modelem dla niego była matematyka i rozumowania dedukcyjne. Z kolei racjonalizm światopoglądowy był znacznie bardziej związany z naukami empirycznymi.

Racjonalizm genetyczny

Racjonalizm genetyczny (inaczej natywizm) jest stanowiskiem dotyczącym tego, czy umysł zawiera pewne treści (wiedzę, idee, uposażenie mentalne) wcześniejsze lub niezależne od doświadczenia. Zgodnie z klasyfikacją Kazimierza Ajdukiewicza jest to stanowisko o charakterze psychologicznym,  a nie epistemologicznym.

Natywizm i aprioryzm są poglądami silnie powiązanymi, zawsze występują w filozofii łącznie. Skoro, jak głosi aprioryzm, istnieje wiedza niezależna od doświadczenia, nie można twierdzić, że niezależnie od doświadczenia wiedza ta powstała: aprioryzm musi więc zakładać natywizm. Podobnie natywizm musi zakładać aprioryzm: skoro zakłada się poznanie poprzedzające i warunkujące doświadczenie zmysłowe i wszelkie inne poznanie, nie sposób utrzymywać, że jest to poznanie nie będące wiedzą, bezwartościowe. Przeciwieństwem racjonalizmu genetycznego jest empiryzm genetyczny.

Poszczególne dyscypliny filozoficzne
Racjonalizm znajdował swoje zastosowanie również w szczegółowych dyscyplinach filozoficznych. Zastosowanie to polegało najczęściej na podkreślaniu roli rozumu i rozumowań a priori.

Etyka
W etyce jako racjonalizm etyczny określa się stanowiska, które łączą trzy założenia:
 Założenie metafizyczne - podstawowe zobowiązania moralne wywodzą się z rozumu praktycznego,
 Założenie epistemologiczne - podstawowe zobowiązania moralne są poznawalne a priori,
 Założenie normatywne - zobowiązania moralne są doskonałą podstawą do ludzkich działań.

Racjonalizm etyczny reprezentowany jest przez takich filozofów jak Thomas Hobbes i Immanuel Kant, a współcześnie: Kurt Baier David Gauthier (nurt hobbesowski) czy John Rawls, Thomas Nagel i Christine Korsgaard (nurt kantowski)

Stanowiskami mu przeciwstawianymi są realizm etyczny, sentymentalizm, czy ekspresywizm etyczny

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Linki zewnętrzne

Epistemologia


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SO MUCH CONTROVERSY OVER WHO IS WHO AND WHOSE ELOHIM IS WHOSE ELOHIM? WHY CAN'T WE SETTLE THIS OVER SOME ACUTE OBSERVATIONS SUCH AS; THERE IS ONLY ONE ELOHIM OF ABRAHAM, ALL THREE CLAIM THAT AND THAT IS OK. ALL THREE HAVE DIFFERENT PROPHETS AND TEACHERS AND THAT IS NOT OK.
FOR ISLAM AND THE MUSLIM THEY RELY ON A REVERED PROPHET MUHAMMAD THAT TEACHES VIOLENCE AGAINST THE HEATHEN, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS ANY ONE WHO ISN'T A MUSLIM. MUSLIM DOCTRINE BEFORE WAS BASED ON LOVE AND RESPECT FOR OTHERS BUT LATER BECOME FRAGMENTED INTO A HATE DOCTRINE AND HAS CAUSED MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE THREE.
FOR THE JEWS, THE ISRAELITES, THEY RELY ON THE ELOHIM OF ABRAHAM AND HIM ONLY AND THERE IS NO OTHER PROPHET BUT MOSES DENYING BECAUSE OF BLINDNESS OF THEIR MESSIAH, JESUS, YAHSHUA.
FOR THE CHRISTIANS THEY HAVE A HARD TIME ACCEPTING THAT THE ELOHIM OF ABRAHAM IS THE ELOHIM ALMIGHTY THE FATHER YAHWEH AND NOT JESUS, YAHSHUA, THE SON OF THE ALMIGHTY THE FATHER YAHWEH. THE GREAT PROPHET AND TEACHER JESUS, YAHSHUA, IS THE DYNAMIC DIFFERENCE IN TEACHERS OF ALL THREE RELIGIONS.
ALL THREE MAJOR RELIGIONS ARE SOLIDIFIED BY THE ONE COMMON DENOMINATOR, THE ELOHIM OF ABRAHAM ASSOCIATION AND THE CLAIM THAT HE IS THE ELOHIM OF ELOHIMS.
THE ISLAM RELIGION IN ITS DEFRAGMENTATION FROM LOVE TO HATE IS DEMONSTRATED IN THEIR FANATICAL DOCTRINE THAT THE ONLY MUSLIM IS A DEVOUT MUSLIM, AND NOT THE PASSIVE MUSLIM. PASSIVE MUSLIMS FALL SHORT IN THEIR DEVOTION TO MUHAMMAD BUT THEY DO CLING TO ALLA THE ELOHIM OF ABRAHAM, WHICH MOVES THEM FROM HATE TO LOVE WHEREIN THE DEVOUT MUSLIM MOVES FROM LOVE TO HATE.
THE JEWISH RELIGION IS DEVOID OF ANY DEITIES BUT THE ELOHIM OF ABRAHAM, NO ACCEPTANCE OF THE PROCLAIMED SON OF YAHWEH, JESUS, YAHSHUA, THE MESSIAH.
THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION HAS THE BEST OF THE THREE RELIGIONS IN THAT THEY HAVE THE ELOHIM OF ABRAHAM, YAHWEH, AND THEY HAVE THE MESSIAH, JESUS, YAHSHUA.
THERE IS SOMETHING THAT MUST BE MENTIONED IN THAT THE CHRISTIAN ELOHIM YAHWEH, DID COMMAND HIS PEOPLE TO KILL CHILDREN, WOMEN, MEN, AND ANIMALS OF THE HEATHEN NATIONS IN THEIR WAY TO THE PROMISE LAND OF CANNAN. THE DIFFERENCE IS HIS INTENTION, DIFFERENT THAN THE MUHAMMAD DOCTRINE, WAS TO KEEP HIS PEOPLE ISRAEL PURE FROM THE CORRUPTION OF FOREIGN NATIONS AND THEIR gods, WHEREIN THE MUSLIM DOCTRINE IS JUST HATRED OF THOSE WHO REFUSE TO BOW TO MUHAMMAD AND THE DEVOUT MUSLIM RELIGION.
MAY WE ALL JOIN IN THE LOVE OF YAHWEH, FOR ALL NATIONS AND PEOPLES AND TRIBES AND MAY WE ALL RECONSIDER OUR CONDEMNATION OF ALL MEN MADE IN THE IMAGE OF THE ELOHIM OF ABRAHAM.


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text:
Ein Tauchgang (kurz TG) ist ein geplanter und in der Regel mit technischen Hilfsmitteln durchgeführter Aufenthalt unter Wasser. Er kann unterschiedliche Ziele und Gründe haben: Für Sporttaucher steht das Vergnügen oder die Tauchausbildung im Vordergrund. Apnoetaucher suchen die sportliche Herausforderung. Berufs- und Forschungstaucher erledigen Arbeiten unter Wasser.

Die Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) definiert als minimale Anforderungen an einen Tauchgang, dass der Taucher für mindestens 20 Minuten mindestens 5 Meter tief abtaucht oder mindestens 1400 Normal-Liter Atemgas unter der Wasseroberfläche atmet. Ein Tauchgang von Sporttauchern dauert üblicherweise zwischen 20 Minuten bis 2 Stunden.

Vorbereitung

Informationsbeschaffung

Allen Tauchgängen ist im Regelfall ein weitgehend einheitliche Vorbereitung gemeinsam. Als Erstes werden Informationen zum Tauchplatz gesammelt:

 Einstieg/Ausstieg
 Tauchboot
 maximale Tiefe
 Unterwassertopografie
 Strömung
 Sichtweiten
 Temperatur
 Gefahren unter Wasser
 Wetter
 An- und Abreisewege
 nötige Bewilligungen
 Teilnehmer des Tauchgangs
 nächste Füllstationen
 nächste Dekompressionskammer
 Rettungsdienste

Planung

Danach wird der Tauchgang geplant. Der Detaillierungsgrad hängt stark vom Ziel des Tauchgangs, der Erfahrung der Taucher und den gegebenen Bedingungen ab. Folgende Punkte werden in der Regel ermittelt:
 benötigte Ausrüstung
 Planung des Verlaufs des Tauchgangs (Tauchprofil)
 Berechnung der Zusammensetzung der Atemgase (Luft, Nitrox, Trimix und andere.)
 Berechnung der erforderlichen Dekompressionsstufen (Deko-Stopps) und Sicherheitsstopps unter Berücksichtigung der Tauchtabellen
 Berechnung des Atemgasbedarfs
 Ermitteln und organisieren der erforderlicher Sicherheitsmaßnahmen (z. B. Sauerstoffkoffer, Leinen, Sicherheitstaucher, Orientierungshilfen, Reserveluftvorräte …)
 Plan für Notfallszenario

Am Tauchplatz

Am Tauchplatz angekommen, können drei Phasen unterschieden werden: Vor und nach den Tauchgang sowie der Tauchgang selbst.

Vor dem Tauchgang

 Besichtigung des Gewässers sowie der Ein- und Ausstiegsstellen.
 Auspacken und zusammenbauen der Ausrüstung
 Briefing, eine kurze Besprechung des Tauchgangs mit allen Beteiligten.
 Anziehen der Ausrüstung
 Überprüfung der Ausrüstung, der Vollständigkeit und des Zustands der Ausrüstung.
 Überprüfung der Flaschendrücke.

Tauchgang

Der Tauchgang selbst beginnt nach dem Einstieg und dem Verlassen der Wasseroberfläche. Er wird in drei Phasen eingeteilt:
 Kompression (Abtauchen)
 Isokompression
 Dekompression (Auftauchen)
Zusammen werden diese drei Phasen auch als TUP (Time Under Pressure) bezeichnet. Die Kompressions- und Isokompressions-Phase zusammen ergeben die Grundzeit.

Kompression

In der Regel wird noch in geringer Wassertiefe (~3 m) zunächst die eigene sowie die Ausrüstung des Buddys auf Störungen kontrolliert. Wichtig ist weiter, dass jeder Taucher den Druckausgleich seiner Atemwege herstellen kann. Ist dies nicht möglich und wird trotzdem weiter abgetaucht, kann ein Barotrauma die Folge sein. Auf der vereinbarten Tiefe angelangt stellt jeder Taucher neutrale Tarierung her oder leitet wie teilweise beim Apnoetauchen gleich wieder die Dekompressionsphase ein.

Isokompression

Die Tauchtiefe wird mehr oder weniger gleich gehalten. Nun wird das Ziel des Tauchgangs angesteuert und besichtigt, die Übungen beim Ausbildungs-Tauchgang ausgeführt oder die geplanten Unterwasserarbeiten erledigt. Wegen des erhöhten Umgebungsdrucks sättigt ein Taucher während der Isokompressionsphase Teile des Atemgasgemisches in seinem Gewebe an. Meist wird zuerst eine zu hohe Konzentration von gelöstem Stickstoff erreicht. Dies kann zu einem Tiefenrausch führen, der in der Bewusstlosigkeit enden kann. Je nach Atemgasgemisch kann eine Sauerstoff- oder Helium-Vergiftung auftreten. Um Tauchunfälle zu vermeiden, kontrolliert der Taucher während der Isokompressionsphase meist mit Hilfe eines Tauchcomputers, dass er keine der zulässigen Grenzwerte überschreitet. Diese Limits können durch die vorgängige Tauchgangberechung festgelegt worden sein oder ergeben sich bei einfacheren Tauchgängen aus der verbleibenden Nullzeit und dem noch vorhandenen Atemgasvorrat.

Dekompression

Es schließt sich die Phase der Dekompression an. Dabei soll durch einen kontinuierlichen, langsamen Aufstieg (empfohlene max. Aufstiegsgeschwindigkeit: 10 m/min) und das Einhalten von Wartezeiten in bestimmter Tiefe, die in Körper gelösten Atemgasanteile abgeatmet werden. Die dazu notwendigen Sicherheits- und Deko-Stops werden entweder vom Tauchcomputer vorgegeben oder wurden mit Hilfe einer Tauchtabelle zuvor berechnet. Bei einem Überschreiten der max. Aufstiegsgeschwindigkeit oder einem nicht Einhalten der Deko-Stopps droht die Bildung von Gasblasen im Körper. Dies kann eine Dekompressionskrankheit auslösen, die nicht selten tödlich endet. Durch falsches Verhalten (beispielsweise längeres Anhalten des Atmens) besteht während der Dekompressionsphase zusätzlich die Gefahr eines Barotraumas an verschiedenen Stellen des Körpers.

Muss ein Taucher wegen einer Notsituation ungeplant auftauchen, kann er einen Notaufstieg unter der Missachtung der Limits durchführen. Der Notaufstieg birgt je nach Tauchtiefe große Risiken in sich.

Nach dem Tauchgang

Nach Verlassen des Wassers wird die Ausrüstung und insbesondere auch das Team auf Vollzähligkeit und Schäden überprüft. Neben dem Ablegen und Verräumen der Ausrüstung wird meist ein Debriefing abgehalten, bei dem der Tauchgang nachbesprochen und ausgewertet wird, sowie das Logbuch geführt und oftmals gegenseitig bestätigt.

Bis zu 72 Stunden nach dem Tauchgang können Symptome auftreten, die vom Überschreiten eines Limits oder einem Tauchunfall herrühren. Deshalb sollte, auch wenn keine Symptome vorliegen, nach einem Unfall oder Überschreiten eines Limits umgehend ein Arzt aufgesucht werden.

Wiederholungstauchgänge

Zum Tauchgang im weiteren Sinne zählt auch der Abbau der Restentsättigung des Gewebes mit Atemgasanteilen an oder über der Wasseroberfläche. Werden mehrere Tauchgänge innerhalb der zum Abbau der Restsättigung benötigten Zeit geplant, spricht man von Wiederholungstauchgängen. Zwischen diesen Tauchgängen müssen genügend lange Oberflächenpausen eingeplant werden, damit die gelösten Gase im Körper abgebaut werden können. Ist die Oberflächenpause zu kurz, setzt dies die maximal zulässigen Limits für den Wiederholungstauchgang stark herab. Tauchtabellen oder Tauchcomputer berücksichtigen diese Oberflächenpausen normalerweise.

Höhenveränderungen

Taucher sollten nach einem Tauchgang nicht höher als 400 m über den Wasserspiegel des Tauchgewässers aufsteigen, da sonst bis zu 24 Stunden nach dem Tauchgang das Risiko besteht, an einer Dekompressionskrankheit zu erkranken. Dies ist besonders zu beachten, falls die Rückreise vom Tauchplatz über Hügel oder Pässe führt oder eine Reise mit einem Flugzeug geplant ist. Oft wird in diesem Zusammenhang der Begriff DNF-Zeit (englisch für: do not fly) verwendet.

Siehe auch

 Tauchphysik

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Tauchen
Tauchausbildung


text:
In a sense, aren't we all digital primates?
By Tom Veltre | April 12, 2013 at 11:16 AM EDT | No Comments
Last June Sherry Turkle spoke at the Media Ecology Association symposium at Manhattan College about her book "Alone Together; Why We Expect More From Technology And Less From Each Other".
Since the late 70's, Turkle's work has examined the way we interact with digital technologies, and how it has changed our behavior and re-defined who we think we are. A major theme of "Alone Together" looks at the impact of wireless devices, and what it means to be always on a network, and to have the network "always on" us.
At one point she illustrated her talk with a transcript of a SMS text message "conversation" between teenagers. It was a seemingly dis-jointed stream of single words, fragments of phrases and acronyms; "Whassup?" "Whr RU?" "K" and so forth. Her point was that this was communication without significant substance - connection purely for the sake of connection.
"In this group there is near consensus that one of the pleasures of digital communication is that it does not need a message. It can be there to trigger a feeling rather than transmit a thought" (pg 198).
Turkle sees these teenagers as discovering or inventing a new social protocol, entering the undiscovered country of a new medium for which "the rules" have not yet been written.
I recognized it immediately as something else – the revival of an extremely ancient mode of communication – the contact call.
Having worked with a number of animal behaviorists and primatologists over the years, I have encountered this concept many times. Among most "social" animals (those that live in troops, herds or flocks) contact calls serve an important function – coordinating the behavior of the group, assessing the general mood and sense of security of the individuals, and alerting the group to internal tensions or external threats.
If they could be transcribed into English, most contact calls might look a lot like Dr. Turkle's transcription of teenagers;
"Hey, how R U? ... I'm OK over here ... You OK over there? .... Good leaf munching over here – Wait, what was that? A predator? ... Never Mind, ... OK ... Hey, how R U?
Here's an example of some contact calls, in an excerpt from a training video I did years ago on studying baboon behavior. You can hear contact calls, accompanied by lip smacking, and visual cues like the curious eyelid flipping that is a signaling behavior typical of this species.
As teenagers, we experience the strong urge to feel "connected" with our peer group as we do in no other phase in our lives. From my perspective, SMS texts and IM and social platforms like Twitter and Foursquare have been so seductive for teenagers because they stroke an ancient need - a primate "itch" we have to feel connected to our "troop" with simple signal-based "gestures".
Texting is addictive because, like a digital form of a back scratcher, it is a technology that finally allows us to scratch an itch that's been bothering us ever since we climbed down from the trees, stood up right and started walking and talking.
Back at NYU, every time I tried to use a concept from biology to explain a social phenomena, Jay Rosen, (the only surviving member of my long defunct doctoral committee), used to call it "cheating" or a bit of a cop out.
In response, maybe I can offer this McLuhan-like "tetrad" on texting as contact calls. (Marshal McLuhan's Tetrad was a set of four questions which McLuhan drafted which can be used to approach an examination of any new medium, tool or technology.)
1. What does the medium enhance?
2. What does the medium make obsolete?
3. What does the medium retrieve that had been obsolesced earlier?
4. What does the medium flip into when pushed to extremes?
I would answer them this way:
1. SMS text enhances signal and "gesture" over discursive content.
2. SMS text makes the awkward teenage boy-girl phone call obsolete.
3. SMS text retrieves "primate contact calls" enabling more "primate troop-like" behavior to teenage social life.
4. When pushed to extremes Text, (& Twitter and the like) can flip into Smart Mobs, Occupy Wall Street, Arab Spring, ... push it as far as you like.
You know, since contact calls are also common among most colonial-nesting bird species, I always thought it was ironic that it was called "Twitter" – it never occurred to me that they were being that literal. When Twitter was originally launched at South By South West in 2007, its power as a "contact call" was immediately apparent when big clusters of these first time Twitter users were "flocking" at one bar or party or another driven entirely by the tweets they got from each other. Are we all one big flock now?
For more on Turkle's observations of life lived "always on", here's an excerpt from a talk she gave at the London School of Economics in 2011.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Giuseppe Zamboni (Venetië, juni 1776 – aldaar, 25 juli 1846) was een Italiaans Rooms-katholieke priester en natuurkundige. Hij is de uitvinder van de Zambonistapel, een vroege elektrische batterij vergelijkbaar met de zuil van Volta.

Biografie
Zamboni werd geboren in noord-Italië (afhankelijk van de bron in Venetië of Verona). Kort na het voltooien van zijn opleiding in het klooster te Verona verkreeg abt Zamboni een functie als docent natuurkunde aan het lyceum van die stad.

Rond 1812 ontwierp Zamboni een verbeterde versie uit van een droge zuil (een batterij zonder gebruik te maken van een elektrolyt). Het bestond uit een aantal papieren schijven die aan een zijde voorzien is van een zinken folie en aan de andere zijde besmeerd met mangaan(IV)oxide. Het vocht in het papier diende hierbij als geleider.

Door een stapel (+/- 4000 stuks) van zulke schijven bijeen te drukken in een glazen buis kon hij een elektromotorische kracht (elektrische spanning) verkrijgen die groot genoeg was om elektrostatische verschijnselen na te bootsen, zoals het laten uitwijken van de bladjes van een gewone elektroscoop. Een andere toepassing van zijn primitieve batterij was het bewegen van de naar hem vernoemde Zambonipendel of elektrische slinger.

De beroemde Oxford Electric Bell, die sinds 1840 al onafgebroken rinkelt, in het Clarendon-laboratorium van de Universiteit van Oxford wordt vermoedelijk aangedreven door een paar Zambonistapels.

Zamboni werd in 1817 benoemd tot corresponderend lid van de Beierse Academie van Wetenschappen.

Italiaans rooms-katholiek priester
Italiaans natuurkundige


text:
Waha (ou Warha) est une localité du Cameroun située dans l'arrondissement de Petté, le département du Diamaré et la région de l'Extrême-Nord. Elle fait partie du canton de Fadaré.

Population
En 1975, la localité comptait 34 habitants, des Mousgoum.

Lors du recensement de 2005, on y a dénombré 231 personnes.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Plan communal de développement de Petté, , 136 p.
 P. Tjeega et H. Elingui, Dictionnaire des villages du Diamaré, DGRST, ISH, Yaoundé, 1981, 214 p.

Articles connexes
 Mousgoum (langue)

Liens externes
 Petté, sur le site Communes et villes unies du Cameroun (CVUC)

Village dans la région de l'Extrême-Nord


text:
Leblond's Sommers retires after nine years as coach
LeBlond boys soccer coach Dan Sommers announced his retirement Tuesday after nine seasons as head coach.
Posted: Dec 4, 2018 11:31 PM
ST. JOSEPH — LeBlond boys soccer coach Dan Sommers announced his retirement Tuesday after nine seasons as head coach.
Sommers wraps up his time at LeBlond with a record of 124-81-1. Sommers led the program to three District Titles (2012, 2016, and 2017), a 4th place State finish (2012), and a MSHSAA Class 1 State Championship (2017).
"We are very appreciative for all that Coach Sommers did for our soccer program and Bishop LeBlond," said Evans in a press release. "He was a tremendous leader who promoted hard work and discipline which allowed our teams to be successful both on the field and in the classroom. He took a good soccer program when he started and built it into a program that was well respected in Northwest Missouri and across the state. We are thankful for his commitment to Bishop LeBlond and our student athletes."
Sommers was awarded the 2017 Class 1 MSHSAA private school Coach of the Year. He also was awarded the 2018 St. Joseph Sports, Inc. Coach of the Year last month for his accomplishments in the 2017 season.
Bishop LeBlond will begin a search for a new soccer coach effective immediately.
Leblond's Dan Sommers wins Coach of the Year honor
Bishop LeBlond head coach Tony Dudik announces retirement
Fairchild new head football coach at Leblond
LeBlond head coach Tony Dudik continues passion for coaching in 42nd year
Longtime Highland track coach retires
HIGHLIGHTS: Savannah tops LeBlond
WATCH: LeBlond baseball's redemption
HIGHLIGHTS: Leblond boys tame Lions
LeBlond baseball seeks district championship


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We are hosting a Virtual Career Event so you can learn all about our Financial Advisor training program. Please apply to this position so that you can receive our invitation with additional information about how you can participate.
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text:
Home / West-bengal / Calcutta / Schools plan to change question pattern for Classes X and XII
Schools plan to change question pattern for Classes X and XII
Institutions to include multiple choice questions (MCQs) in the exams that would test a student's understanding of the texts and concepts of a subject
The exam in November will be entirely an MCQ-based online examination, the council said.
Jhinuk Mazumdar | Calcutta | Published 08.08.21, 01:11 AM
Several schools in the city are planning a change in the question pattern of the mid-term exams of Classes X and XII.
The schools plan to include multiple choice questions (MCQs) in the exams that would test a student's understanding of the texts and concepts of a subject.
This comes after the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations on Friday announced two semesters and an exam at the end of each semester would be conducted by the council.
Several schools have mid-term exams scheduled in September. The teachers said they would have to work out the question paper in a way that would prepare the student to face the November exam.
Even the teaching method has to be MCQ oriented, where at the end of each chapter students will have to be given as many questions as possible, said a teacher.
Teachers said MCQs would mean more "thorough reading of the text" with no portion that can be classified as "less important" from the exam point of view.
"MCQ means no one knows from where a question will be asked. The question paper in the school exam will also have to be such that there are 'close options' where the student has to work out, analyse, apply their knowledge and then answer," said The Heritage School principal Seema Sapru.
"While setting the question papers we have to ensure that there is at least one close but not the correct option which will make the student think and apply their knowledge," said Joeeta Basu, economics teacher at St Xavier's Collegiate School.
Several principals said they would hold a meeting with departmental heads in the coming week to discuss how the question paper would be modified for the approaching school exam.
"A new method of examination will have to be devised in keeping with the council's circular. We are planning to include MCQs for boys to get practice before November," said John Stephen, the acting principal of La Martiniere for Boys.
"Usually, we have one section of short answers and another of subjective answers in the exam. We will have a meeting on Monday to decide on how much of MCQs have to be included," he added.
Schools like Loreto House, Calcutta Boys' School, Sri Sri Academy, Loreto Convent Entally are some of the others which said on Saturday that they were planning a change in the question pattern.
"MCQs involve a higher level of learning because answers can be similar at first glance," said Jessica Gomes Surana, the principal of Loreto Convent Entally.
Many principals said the new method would mean more preparation for the teachers as well, both in terms of teaching and setting question papers. "Teachers will have to be more in-depth," Gomes said.
Basu said after the end of each chapter students would have to be given "lots of questions".
Sri Sri Academy that had already included short quiz and continuous assessment said these activities would become an integral part now.
"At the end of each topic or chapter there are short quizzes or assessments to test the child's understanding before moving to the next portion," said Suvina Shunglu, the principal of Sri Sri Academy.
Teachers in some schools said a specimen question paper from a council before the school exams would help them understand the pattern.
Coronavirus Pandemic Mains Examination Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)


text:
Research about Culture and Society
Research about Health and Welfare
Research about Information and Engineering
Research about Language, Literatures and Learning
Research about Teacher Education
Publications: DiVA
The Research Centre for Public Health and Sports (RePS)
The Research Centre for Ageing and Later Life (ReCALL)
Knowledge Implementation and Patient Safety (KIPS)
Reproductive, Infant and Child Health (RICH)
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Socio-cultural conditions affect reproductive health and children's lives and health. From an international perspective, women often have a vulnerable position and have limited power, and they may face high risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth. Nationally, pregnant women with an immigrant background have a higher risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth.
Children and young people's health problems differ depending on age. Infancy is the most vulnerable period, and infants who need neonatal care are a particularly vulnerable group. Age-related differences in diseases, injuries and health reflect the child's biological and social development; however, there is always the scope to influence and improve their health and well-being. For children with chronic diseases, great care needs or mental illness, there are large knowledge gaps in how to support their health and well-being. This also applies to children who experience deprivation due to, for example, financial constraints or neglect. Evidence-based knowledge is needed to improve care.
This research group represents perspectives from nursing; medicine; sexual, reproductive and perinatal health; public health; social work; sociology; and sport and health sciences.
The intention with several projects within RICH is to implement methods and interventions that have been proven to be successful within clinical care. The hope therefore is that the projects will contribute to evidence-based practices, which when implemented will contribute to improved health outcomes.
We collaborate closely with the research centre Knowledge Implementation and Patient Safety (KIPS) at Dalarna University.
To conduct research that in the short term and long term improves reproductive, child and adolescent health and well-being;
To undertake relevant and prominent local, national and international research;
To increase collaboration between different disciplines at Dalarna University in projects concerning reproductive, child and adolescent health and well-being;
To develop close collaboration with patients / users, staff, stakeholders and researchers in Dalarna, nationally and internationally.
Examples of Research Areas
Cross-cultural perspectives on reproductive health and child health in the Somali population
Women's and children's health and well-being during pregnancy / childbirth and the neonatal period
Parents' and infants' health in neonatal care
Children and adolescents with life-long diseases
Psychosocial and cultural aspects of feeding/breastfeeding
Last reviewed: 12 June 2019
Renée Flacking
rfl@du.se
Fatumo Osman
Vice Director
fos@du.se
Lena Pettersson
lpt@du.se


We are delighted to welcome 14 new Members of UKWISPA over the past 3-months. These include both WISPs and technology partners.
We will send more information introducing our new members shortly.
Our September 2017 meeting was our biggest yet, with nearly 60 attendees. We were very pleased to see Ofcom, DCMS and the CLA join us for this meeting too.
Our panel of Wireless Industry Intellectuals included Eamonn Cooney from Ceragon, Andrew McKeever, new member from Net1 in Ireland, Darren Kilburn from DCMS, Ian Bushrod from MS Dist and Andrew Gale from ASG Group. Several topics were covered including some interesting ideas about differentiation for WISPs who may be interested in offering more comprehensive indoor WiFi coverage services. The possibility of a UKWISPA mobile App was discussed that may help operators to survey and manage expectations of end users better.
Launch of UKWISPA's new ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) Scheme.
It is a regulatory requirement for WISPs to give its customers access to an Ofcom-approved ADR Scheme. We are delighted to announce that UKWISPA is launching our ADR scheme in conjunction with the Ombudsman Service from October 2017. More details will be posted directly and on our Members Area of the website, but we can confirm that access to the scheme is free of charge to WISP Members.
John Deering from RADWIN shared an incredible case study of the deployment of their JET product family with targeted beamforming in an extraordinarily high noise location. This allowed the WISP to dramatically improve the speeds and service levels available to its customers. A new engineer setup app was also launched, simplifying and accelerating CLE setup times.
Mike Ord from Skylinks, who are a new member and distributor for Ceragon gave us an update on the IP20 range of point to point radios. These include the same consistent operating platform from 5GHz through to E-band 80GHz, making engineer training simpler and less expensive than a mixed environment. IP20 is performance license and hardware upgradeable carrier-class across the range and is available from stock in the UK.
Darren Kilburn is the Commercial Lead at DCMS for the new Government-backed Gigabit Connection Voucher Scheme that is about to launch. Wave 1 will cover selected parts of the UK and will be used as a proving and test exercise for the Scheme. Headlines are that UK SME's can claim a voucher for up to £3,000 to install gigabit-capable broadband connections. A £500 voucher is also being tried in the Bristol area for residential customers. UKWISPA is seeking to improve the Scheme further as we actively participate in the Steering Group and will be updating Members in due course. A copy of Darren's presentation will be made available once signed off.
• Progress is being made and we are expecting a relaxation of the rules in early 2018. This will significantly improve the efficiency of access to Band-C, as it removed an irritating 20MHz notch in this important frequency for WISPs.
• The Auction is currently on hold due to legal disputes between Ofcom and a Mobile operator. UKWISPA is also unhappy about the approach to the auction and Ofcom's approach and we intend to continue to press Ofcom hard about their statutory obligations to allow better access to this band.
• This is planned for auction in 2019 and UKWISPA will press hard for this to be fair and compliant with Ofcom's duties in respect of spectrum efficiency, access by all consumers and EU directive to include Fixed access in its use.
• We have submitted a response to the consultation, requesting that an area of this spectrum, which is over 3GHz, to be made available to WISPs on a light licensed basis. We have set out a case for urban PtPMP and rural PtP for backhaul.
• No plan to respond at this time, but open to input from Members.
• Currently, there is an extension to Code Operator Powers that allows telegraph poles and cabinets to be installed in the UK without the need for Prior Notice. This has been in place since 2012 and was set up for the benefit of BT. There is no mention of antennas in the legislation and the provision is set to expire in Spring 2018. UKWISPA will lobby for these powers to be extended if possible.
Dudley Rees is one of the founders of Gigabeam, who are a relatively new WISP and have been learning to deal with the challenges of building and growing a successful WISP with excellent customer service. Dudley shared a presentation of the challenges and solutions they experienced in relation to remote mains power. Gigabeam have built their own UPS, which significantly outlasts and out-performs commercially available units that are designed for office use. Members shared their own suggestions for further refinement, including positive experience with the DC version of the Netonix WISPswitch. David Burns also showed Members a Methanol Fuel Cell that has been in use at Boundless Networks for around a year, which provides long term supplementary power to off-grid sites.
Hal Ponton from Buzcom showed how to use multiple disparate backhaul links to a site such that both connections can be fully utilised as well as providing resilience where the backhauls are of different speeds. Hal recently proved this using a mixture of multiple layer 2 connections split across connections, with routing protocols such as iBGP where ISIS is not available, as well as OSPF. This method is substantially more efficient than having spare redundant capacity running to a site.
Libby Bateman joined us from the Country Land and Business Owners Association (CLA), which represents owners and managers of around half of the land mass in the UK. Libby set out the case for UKWISPA and the CLA to work together to build a voluntary code of conduct or Memorandum of Understanding that makes working together easier, less costly, faster and safer. We will be working with Libby to compose an initial draft of this in the coming weeks and we are hopeful that an announcement will be made by early 2018.
We would like to prepare some standardised training for all WISP Members in the coming months. The purpose of the training will be to help UKWISPA Members get the best out of their membership, but moreover, to become good neighbours and to be aware of key rules and regulations to help you to operate lawfully. We will send further information on how you can access this training in due course.
We are also interested to hear your views on what other training would be interesting to you so that we can either develop our own courses (funds permitting), or work with professional training providers such as LinITX or MS Dist to prepare courses for you. We will send a formal survey about this in October, but if you would like to make any suggestions in the meantime, please email Dilya.
As ever, we welcome all feedback and suggestions on how we can improve UKWISPA for its Members. Please contact Dilya or David with any suggestions and ideas that will be of benefit to you and other Members.


Weber's Theory of Industrial von thunen theory of agricultural location.pdf von thunen theory of agricultural location.pdf Location! 1. …. Agricultural location theory: Read this article to get information on 1. 1. The program's other tabs include features for …. Von Thunen's General Theory of Land Use 3. Johann Heinrich von Thünen Thünen rent is an economic rent created by spatial... Abstract. The location of an industrial project is one of the major decisions an entrepreneur has to take. The classical approach in locational analysis is based on cost minimization (especially the aggregate transport cost).
Alfred Weber was one of the first economists to work on industrial location theory (e.g. 1909). After submitting his habilitation thesis in 1900, stayed on at Berlin until 1904, when he moved to the German-speaking University of Prague.
2. Discuss Weber's theory of industrial location, and assess its Relevance in the present – day context. (05/60) 3. Examine the Heart – land theory, and assess its merits and demerits (05/60) 4.
Industrial Location Assignment Directions: Read Chapter 12 and answer the following questions. Type or write clearly on a separate sheet of paper.