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Why does Easter keep changing dates?
Ireland and Britain had their own way of calculating the date of Easter
Thu, Apr 13, 2017, 08:22
Juliana Adelman
The lunar months that "lost" a day became 29 days rather than 30, and were known as occasions of "saltus" or jumps
This week, perhaps without knowing it, you are experiencing a medieval resolution to a conflict between the lunar and solar calendars.
The "moveable feast" of Easter occurs relatively late in the solar calendar this year. The reason that the date moves each year is because medieval Christianity sought to align the holiday in time as closely as possible with the Jewish feast of Passover but not to base its calculation on the Jewish calculation for the date of Passover.
The church also decided that Easter should occur on a Sunday which added another layer of complication.
The lunar calendar is composed of 12 months made up of 29 to 30 days each, following the waxing and waning of the moon. However, this calendar must be adjusted periodically because it is shorter than the amount of time it takes the earth to revolve around the sun (the solar year).
The adjustment is made by adding an additional month. If this additional month was not added then the relationship between the months and the seasons would eventually be broken as the lunar year, and the solar year would drift further and further apart.
The feast of Passover celebrates the exodus of the Jews from Egypt which occurred in spring, and therefore the Hebrew lunar calendar must be adjusted to ensure that Passover always occurs in spring. The Christian feast of Easter was supposed to occur after Passover. However, to further separate Christianity and Judaism, the relationship with Passover was replaced with a rule to celebrate Easter on the first Sunday after the spring (vernal) equinox.
Tragedy of Thomas MacDonagh's family left orphaned after Rising
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Cruinniú na Cásca 2017: free public events for Easter Monday
Medieval Christians
What predominated was a cycle of 84 years that managed to reasonably compensate for the difference between lunar and solar cycles. Over a year the difference was 11 days, so over 84 years it was 924 days.
The "computers" could calculate the date of Easter by adjusting the lunar year to align with the solar year through periodically inserting 31 full months into the lunar cycle over 84 years and then subtracting a day from six of these months. The lunar months that "lost" a day became 29 days rather than 30, and were known as occasions of "saltus" or jumps.
However, predictions based on these compromises were never going to be completely accurate. A solar year, if defined as the time it takes to go from one spring equinox to the next, is not 365 days but 365.24219 days. So the calculation would have a small error that would grow larger over time, eventually making the date incorrect and bringing the observed astronomical cycle of the moon out of alignment with the calendar month.
Recalculated
Ireland and Britain had their own tradition of computistics, as the science of calculating the date of Easter is known. In the 7th century the Irish were reported to be celebrating Easter on a cycle that was different from that of Rome. Thus Easter in Ireland was not the same day as Easter in Rome, and before 630 Pope Honorius wrote to the leaders of the Irish church asking them to change their calculations to match those of Rome.
This alteration was apparently accepted by the southern Irish church at the Synod of Magh Lene in 630. This was not accepted by the northern church, however, and the controversy continued for some years after.
Some Easter computus terms (impress your friends, win a pub quiz?)
Computer: a person who calculates the date of Easter
Lunar month: 29.5 days, a cycle from new moon to the next new moon
Epact: the difference in length between the lunar and solar year; also refers to the age of the moon on the first day of the year
Intercalary: a number of days inserted into the lunar year to bring it into alignment with the solar year
Saltus lunae: the "jump" of the moon; refers to the dropping of days from lunar months over a cycle of years
lunar and solar calendars
computus
Easter weekend: events on offer across the holiday
Egg hunts, fairies and films: cheap days out for children at Easter
What can you do with the children this Easter Weekend?
Shelling out for Easter eggs
When can parents justify a term-time family holiday?
Swiss chocolate sees its magic melt
'Isn't it better to get rid of your auld sins than end up in the fires of hell?'
Science Columns
Did early scientists owe a debt to the slave trade?
Naturalists in need of samples took advantage of the routes taken by slave ships
What did the Romans ever do for maths? Very little
Despite advances in many areas, Romans were happy with mathematical rules-of-thumb
Where 'simple curves' become more complex than you think
That's Maths: The Jordan curve theorem shows an example of how intuition can lead us astray
Will the Earth's poles soon switch? And what would it mean?
The poles switch every few hundred thousand years. Opinion is split on the significance of this
Money for taking care of the environment does not grow on trees
The amount the Government is currently spending on maintaining nature is pitiful
Marine reserves work as they protect the oldest and largest animals
After centuries of fishing we do not know what natural conditions are. Only marine reserves will give us such insights


Teeth requires root canal when the pulp of the tooth has been pathologically involved through decay or periodontal infection such that the pulp is progressively dying or already dead. The pulp in this context refers to the nerve and blood vessel supply of the teeth, which provides sensation and nutrients to the teeth. When bacteria invades the root canal system, it slowly colonize the area to eventually infiltrate the whole canal and causing death of the pulp. Bacteria can still grow on dead pulpal tissue, allowing precipitation of more toxins and causing an infection, which can spread outside to the underlying jawbone and supporting tissues. Despite the nerve being dead, the surrounding tissues still possess neural innervation and this contribute to the pain perception when infection associated with a necrotic nerve is involved.
What can I do to avoid root canal treatment?
Thus to prevent and avoid root canal treatment, regular checkups with your dentist is necessary to pick up problems in your teeth while it is still in the early stage. It is not uncommon for chipped or decayed teeth to be left unattended for many months, as they often do not cause great amount of pain. It is often until the problems gets closer to the nerve of the tooth, where the nerve starts to get inflamed, that the pain gets more intense and people start to notice it a bit more. But at that stage, the health of the pulp may already been severely compromised that a root canal may be inevitable. Hence it is important to seek dental care as early as possible when you experience symptoms to ensure that it is managed appropriately early on because the longer you leave it, there is a potentially higher chance that it can be pulpally involved.
Dental decays that are very deep, in particular, are at significant risk of pulpal involvement and often patients are warned regarding the potential need for root canal treatment down the track after a deep filling has been placed. The tooth generally will be tender for a few days after deep fillings but should not get worse or last for more than a week. If it does, it is very probable that it will require root canal treatment. This reiterates the importance of regular dental check ups to prevent progression of dental decay beyond where it needed to and avoiding the need for root canal treatment.
The main culprits behind dental infections are bacteria associated with dental decay and sometimes, periodontal diseases or gum diseases. Hence to prevent the need for root canal treatment, it is important to maintain good oral hygiene in terms of tooth brushing and flossing to prevent tooth decay and periodontal problems in the first place. Periodontal disease has more of a secondary effect as it can sometimes allow passage of bacteria into the root canal where the pulp is through lateral root canals or the apex of the tooth. This is attributed to the gradual bone recession around the tooth, which expose those openings. Gum recession is not necessary as bacteria can easily slip underneath the gums therefore it is important to note that the tooth may not necessarily look terrible clinically and this often can be very misleading. Prognosis of such teeth, especially with severe periodontal disease that extend all the way to the end of the root of the tooth (i.e root apex exposed to bacteria) are poor and usually cannot be salvage even with root canal treatment. It is usually more appropriate to extract such teeth.
There are times where the morphology of teeth can make it more susceptible to root canal treatment such as a condition known as dens evaginatus or talon's cusp. This tooth anomaly manifests as an extra bump on the outer surface of the tooth. This bump usually consists of only a thin layer of enamel covering the over-extension of pulpal tissue and can be easily chipped off during function, hence premature exposure and involvement of the pulp. Preventive restorations can be placed over these anomalies to make them less prone to fracture, avoiding the need of root canal treatment.


Patreon page, and have a great day.
Thanks for all of the support you guys give me.
THIRD Teir. For people who want to support like a beast.
I Will give a few lucky patreons VIP on my twitch channel itsmechristian_ .


just to recognize its existence.
Naked winged thing- good conceit.
A fragile poem about a fragile thing: "the creative spirit". So true.
Erika, Arturo and Kitty, thanks.
"the reckless hand loosing the poison arrow"
***, Mathew. I liked this.
Thanks, Dianne, Rachna and David. For a non-poet this is mighty flattering.
Thanks, Ray. I thought about that, too, and decided the repetition might help build a sense of weight or necessity.


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Home » Design » Engineering » Explaining of Israel » Technology » Flowering of the Negev
Flowering of the Negev
October 11, 2017 sherry 0 Design, Engineering, Explaining of Israel, Technology,
Beer Sheva is the future city of the State of Israel
"In the Negev we will examine the ability of Israel's science and research and our scientists and research to focus on new fields of research that the northern peoples did not need.
Jewish youth – his pioneering ability, his courage and his creative and occupying initiative… for the great and rare opportunity in the history of the entire nation – to renew the work of Genesis and to become addicted to creative works that require the transfusion of the highest and most wonderful qualities hidden in the soul of every person, The fate of the people and the land and the great glory of life that glitters for generations.
In the Negev, the people of Israel will be tested – that only through the united effort of a volunteer nation and a planning and implementing state will we be able to carry out the great task of spreading the desert and its settlement. This effort will determine the fate of the State of Israel and the status of our people in the history of the human race! "
In recent years, Be'er Sheva has become a high-tech center for leading engineers and entrepreneurs. Every day, hundreds of workers make their way to the high-tech park through the bridge connecting Beer Sheva North Railway Station and the park. The bridge has recently won first place in the Footbridge Awards for Architecture and Pedestrian Bridges in Berlin, Germany. This competition is considered one of the most prestigious platforms in the world.
According to the judges, the Be'er Sheva Bridge was chosen in the first place because of its unique design, which was "thorough, meticulous, well-resolved and arousing the imagination … to bridge a clear structural plan with a rhythm that creates a place where pedestrians feel protected."
It is impossible to ignore the beauty and architectural power of the bridge. It was inaugurated in January 2016 and is a landmark in the city's landscape. The bridge extends over 210 meters and stands proudly above the active and future platforms and tracks. The bridge weighs about 750 tons and is built from 200 different types of steel beams that make up the unique geometry of the bridge, which is four steel arches that bend and twist and form two wide lenses in the form of "eyes".
Arches create a protected area for pedestrians, where each step reveals a surprising look of shapes and materials. The bridge hangs above the platforms and railway tracks. It is made of steel and is covered with all its length in shading and protection against rain. Its walls are partially sealed with perforated tin plates, allowing airflow and eye contact with the environment.
The bridge connects the city from the train station to the hi-tech park, which operates adjacent to Ben-Gurion University and brings together the industrial, academic and business activities in the area. In the next few years, no fewer than 20 additional buildings are expected to be built in the park, including the national cyber headquarters, which Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced. A few dozen meters to the north, the IDF's Tikshuv Junction will be established as part of the IDF's transition to the Negev and will coordinate the headquarters of the IT Corps. According to the plans, the city of Beersheba will enjoy a rare cross-sectional combination that is almost non-existent in the world. In the north of the city there will be continuity between the university and the hi-tech park, The world's leading technology companies, the IDF's ICT and intelligence bodies and the national cyber headquarters. The combination of the three different sectors, the army, academia and industry will make Beersheba the capital of global innovation.
The bridge project is the result of the creation and planning of the pair of architects Gidi and Tal Bar Orian, in cooperation with the Rokach-Ashkenazi Engineers Ministry. The upgrading of the railway to Be'er Sheva should significantly shorten the travel time from Tel Aviv to Be'er Sheva and increase the already high passenger traffic. The new bridge is expected to serve thousands of workers in the large high-tech park located in a perfect strategic location in the northeast of the Negev capital, Gav-Yam Negev Park, and this is actually the leading research and development center in Israel with high-tech and office space totaling 200,000 square meters. This is a new practical expression of the fulfillment of the vision of the first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, and bears the fruits of cooperation between leading academic, R&D, technology, business and industry entities in Israel and around the world.
TO THE VIDEO
Credits: Bar Orian Architects Rokah&Ashkenazi- רוקח אשכנזי מהנדסים יועצים בע"מ
https://www.dezeen.com/2016/09/04/beersheba-station-bridge-israel-bar-orian-architects-rokach-ashkenazi-engineers/
http://www.amitgeron.com/
http://www.ra-eng.com/%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2.html
http://www.barorian.co.il/pages/beer-sheva-bridge
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Next: Wonder Woman

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The Massachusetts Alliance of Portuguese Speakers, 1046 Cambridge St., will host a photo exhibit, titled �Looking Within,� at 5 p.m. Oct. 26.
The photo exhibit will feature several photographs taken by the women of the MAPS support group for victims of domestic violence, and will highlight their journeys from victims to survivors.
The free event will include a cocktail reception and a small arts and crafts sale, raising funds to help create a women�s co-op that will help the women of the group achieve financial empowerment.


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The short and tumultuous reign of an ABC boss
A look back at Crikey's coverage of the troubled times of Michelle Guthrie.
Charlie Lewis
Much like the sudden death of a troubled celebrity, the news that ABC managing director Michelle Guthrie had been sacked was a shock that may come to seem inevitable. Her reign over the ABC was almost relentlessly troubled. Crikey has kept a close eye on Guthrie's doings, from the foundational anxieties about her track record and close ties to the Murdoch family, to her controversial restructures, to her eventual downfall.
1. Meet Mark Scott's heir apparent, a businesswoman with close ties to the Murdochs
Even in the bright Spring of her initial appointment, the "impressive" and "very bright" Guthrie was damned with faint praise. In Michael Sainsbury and Myriam Robin's 2015 profile, insiders would go no further than saying she had a "reasonably good reputation" and was better at managing relationships with her superiors than at an operational level.
If handed the job … her appointment will raise two key questions: will the ABC now separate the jobs of managing director and editor-in-chief as recommended by Malcolm Turnbull last year? And, perhaps more importantly, is the appointment of a person who has spent the past four years looking after relationships with advertisers at Google a prelude to at least a partial commercialisation of the assets of the ABC?
2. Is Michelle Guthrie going to sell ads on your ABC?
In her early interviews, Guthrie did little to assuage those immediate concerns around the extent to which she would commercialise the ABC — as Myriam Robin reported:
Guthrie gave her first interview since her appointment to the ABC's News 24 this morning. She wasn't asked and didn't speak directly about her time at News Corp, but she did address questions about a partial commercialisation of the ABC, which we and others have speculated could be on the cards given her commercial experience.
Asked about ABC websites carrying online advertising, something sure to infuriate the ABC's competitors, Guthrie said it was too early to make pronouncements. '[But] my sense is … it is important on an overall basis, in budget-constrained times, to look at all options around monetisation.'
3. Is Michelle Guthrie a Turnbull sap or a Murdoch toady?
The second defining feature of Guthrie's reign made itself clear soon after: the pervading sense that it seemed Guthrie either did not understand or much care about the fundamental role the ABC plays in Australian civic life and in forming public policy. As Bernard Keane wrote in April 2016, most new ABC MDs will acknowledge that in their first speech, and give a sense of what the influence will look like under their guidance.
Guthrie chose not to do that in her address to yesterday's 'Creative Country' event, put on by The Australian. 'Many of you would like me to use my first speech since becoming managing director of the ABC to lay out a masterplan for change, I will resist the temptation,' she said …
Instead, Guthrie offered a series of observations so anodyne as to seem like an inspirational calendar fell into a corporate-speak generator. 'Without great acts of innovation and the wonderful, creative sparks that ignite them, the world we inhabit would be a quite different,' she told her unfortunate audience … 'The ABC must focus on what it does best', which included 'empowering an energised and diverse workplace'.
4. This is how the world (and the ABC) ends …
The direction of the ABC, the withering of its trusted status, and its purchasing of "prosperity porn" like Silvia's Italian Table was a source of pain and the first of two "hints of disaster" spied by Helen Razer in December 2016: the second being "the end of Catalyst as we know it".
Philosophy. Art. Science. These are the historic practices of which we should be most proud, of which we are most proud even if we don't concede it, and if our institutions fail to honour them, or take a dump on them, then we lose our trust in these institutions. Keane is right when he says that the ABC remains among our most trusted institutions. But we need to ask, for how much longer?
5. Staff fears ABC cuts are thin end of the wedge
Speaking to Emily Watkins in early 2017, ABC staff saw dark portents in Guthrie's "radical reshaping of the national broadcaster".
… the CPSU's ABC section secretary Sinddy Ealy said the union expected many more than the announced 150-200 job cuts from the ABC as part of the restructure. 'There are definitely more cuts planned,' Ealy said. 'And these cuts are taking place in the bigger context of budget cuts delivered in 2014. There is already an environment where people are doing more with less across the board.'
6. Guthrie's speech proof that the ABC plans to fight back
Perhaps the fundamental criticism of Guthrie during her time in charge was that she simply wasn't a strong enough advocate for the ABC, its independence and its journalists. Given the attacks on its content, a gratuitous funding freeze, the needless addition of the ABC as a target in the prosecution of Witness K, many felt Guthrie's passivity was unbecoming. At the Melbourne Press Club in June, Guthrie finally announced that the ABC was not a "political punching bag".
The speech was mainly notable as the first substantial defence Guthrie has given of the broadcaster since the federal budget was handed down, with a funding freeze that will amount to $83 million less funding over three years.
Guthrie responded to recent calls to privatise the ABC, and cited a preliminary report from Deloitte she commissioned, which she said found the ABC contributed $1 billion to the economy and indirectly created 2500 jobs.
Sadly, it would prove too late to save her and too little to change her legacy.
2 thoughts on "The short and tumultuous reign of an ABC boss"
2bobsworth
How not a surprise, Voldemort and the IPA death-eaters are on a roll. Pesky Andy Vesey of AGL also got shown the door for his stand on Liddell Vs renewable energy !
Guthrie was just not commited to the the News Corp group think plan for the Nation.
What else is on the IPA to-do list?
That's a very short list of Guthrie's failings.
An embarrassment of errr… riches?
Surely Larry & LiteStyle should be chiselled in stone in the Ultimo fortress as prime examples of what the ABC is not?


The situation in Caledon as of Friday morning has not improved. Residents of the impoverished community clashed with police on Thursday, and as a result, there have been at least two reported casualties.
The Overberg town was the scene of gun smoke and burned tyre ashes, as residents took the Theewaterskloof municipality to task about issues around service delivery.
What's the latest in Caledon strike?
The anti-riot police unit responded to the scene, on Thursday, when protesters barricaded roads with burned tyres and rubble. A scuffle ensued between the two factions and two people were killed.
As reported by EWN, the independent police investigative directorate (IPID) has been called in to probe the deaths which were pinned on the police.
No new information has surfaced from the police oversight unit but there have been murmurs within the group of protesters that suggest that neither the police nor the protesters are responsible for these deaths.
Who killed the two protesters?
A group of protesters who were interviewed by eNCA's Athi Mthongana, have alleged that the two victims were shot by an unidentified security group.
One of the protesters described the alleged killer as a man in a black and white SUV. Moreover, the residents have asserted that neither the police nor this unidentified security group was provoked.
The community has charged the Theewaterskloof municipality of neglecting their needs.
One protester cried that they were promised houses in 2009 when the DA took hold of the Western Cape, and ten years later, they have yet to see a single brick laid on a plot.
She also revealed that they do not have sanitation systems. The bush is their toilet and in 2019, that is unacceptable, she said. Another protester claimed that they do not even know who their mayor is.
Shockingly, the residents claimed that the Theewaterskloof mayor has yet to set foot in their community.
We contacted the municipality regarding the protests on Thursday, and have not received any updated information.


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Q: How to add extra button to Ext.js grid header menu just for one column There is a similar question, but I don't need new menu item to appear in every column. Just in the one it's relevant. I have looked into the source code for the GridView and there is a function handleHdDown : function(e, target) that I was hoping I can override if I extend from the GridView to make a custom view for that. Didn't work out, but maybe I was doing something wrong.
Edit:
The version of Ext.js I'm trying to accomplish this with is 3.4

A: One way to add menu on specific column is to add it on 'headertriggerclick'
Fiddle here: https://fiddle.sencha.com/#fiddle/2e3

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Parents / carers considering application to All Saints' are most welcome to visit the school by appointment. Derby Diocesan Academy Trust is the Admissions Authority for school.To apply for a place for your child at All Saints' you will need to contact the Local Authority.
Parents who wish their children to be admitted to All Saints' must make their application directly to the Derbyshire Local Authority. Their telephone number for initial contact is 01629 533190. Follow this link (or copy and paste into your browser) for further information about applying for a school place, and to apply online.
Please remember that parents need to apply for children to join the Infant school and then reapply to join the Junior school.
All Saints' is able to admit 60 children per year.
Infant classes of 5, 6 and 7 year olds may not, by law, contain more than 30 pupils with a single qualified teacher. Parents/carers do have a right of appeal in accordance with the Infant Class Size Regulations if the school is oversubscribed and their child is refused a place.
An independent panel will be constituted to hear Admissions Appeals. The Derby Diocesan Academy Trust will arrange appeal hearings for either school in All Saints' CE Federation. Parents should lodge their appeal within 20 days with DCC, who will pass it on to DDAT to arrange a hearing within 40 school days of the deadline for lodging an appeal (School Admission Appeals Code Section 2).
Waiting lists are ranked in the same order as the over subscription criteria listed below. Your child's position on the waiting list may change. This means that a child's waiting list position during the year could go up or down.
Any late applications will be added to the list in accordance with the over subscription criteria. Inclusion on a school's waiting list does not mean that a place will eventually become available.
Our presentation to Year 2 parents.


The Portuguese architect called Ernesto Pereira has tried to recreate the atmosphere of rest on a sunny sea shore in his new project. It was implemented within two-storeyed apartments, designed for a young couple. The author has called his project "SilverWoodHouse" and located it on the north of Portugal, close to Mindelo town and overlooking the Atlantic seaboard.
This project mainly implied reconstruction of private house, which was rather generic. The architect had to reconsider both the interior and exterior space, regarding the fact that the building was located at the countryside.
As a result, he created an open terrace with a swimming pool and a tiny landscape garden at the small yard. Moreover, the designer set a special place for classic beach attributes: wooden sun loungers, carcass-less beanbag chairs and a snow-white hammock, hidden in the shadow under a balcony.
Ernesto Pereira was also involved in the interior decoration. His ideas resulted in combination of snow-white walls finish and light tinctures of wood on the floor, walls and shelve stands. This approach provided the interior space with compactness, lightness and sunny siesta mood. The designer placed spacious living-room, kitchen and dining room on the first floor, whereas the second floor became occupied with three bedrooms. Each of them has its own exit to the spacious balcony under the open sky. Bedrooms overlook the beautiful inner yard.


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Home NFC East New York Giants Giants completely screwed up Manning/Jones QB situation
Giants completely screwed up Manning/Jones QB situation
Curtis Rawls
In 1993, Phil Simms led the New York Giants to an 11-5 record and a Divisional Playoff berth.
This was an outstanding accomplishment for the franchise that went 8-8 and 6-10 in the two seasons following their improbable win in Super Bowl XXV. It was significant for Simms on a personal level as well.
He broke his foot late in the 1990 season and watched backup Jeff Hostetler lead the Giants to their second Lombardi Trophy in four years. Ray Handley, who succeeded Bill Parcells as Giants head coach after the '90 season, kept Hostetler as the starter based on the team's Super Bowl run. Hostetler broke his back, forcing Simms back in the starting lineup for the final four games of '91. He was the named the starter at the beginning of the '92 season but was limited to four games because of injury.
In the 1992 Supplemental Draft, the Giants selected Duke quarterback Dave Brown. After the '93 season, Simms had surgery to repair a torn labrum in his shoulder. He was expected to be ready for the start of training camp. Simms was preparing for an offseason workout when he was summoned into the office of Dan Reeves, who succeeded Handley as head coach after the '92 season.
Reeves told Simms the Giants were going to release him. Simms was completely blindsided. After all, he helped lead the team to victory in Super Bowl XXI, the franchise's first league title in three decades. He set a record for quarterback efficiency in a Super Bowl (22-of-25 for 268 yards and three touchdowns, completing 88 percent of his passes) that stands to this day.
In addition, Simms was coming off one of his best statistical seasons where he earned a Pro Bowl berth. The Giants would have had home field advantage throughout the playoffs if it were not for a regular-season ending loss to the Dallas Cowboys. Why were the Giants making such a change?
Co-owner and team president Wellington Mara and general manager George Young faced the media at a press conference announcing Simms' release and subsequent retirement from the NFL. Young was hesitant to go with the then 38-year-old Simms because the NFL instituted a salary cap for the first time heading into the 1994 season.
"The risk was too great for the uncertainty," Young said.
Mara was moved to tears during the press conference, referring to the occasion as "a day of overwhelming sadness". He didn't agree with Young, who wanted to see Brown and '92 eighth-round selection Kent Graham play. However, Young had the final say in personnel matters and Mara had to concede.
History tells us neither Brown nor Graham was a long-term solution for the Giants at the quarterback position. It is worth nothing that both Mara and Young went before the media after the decision was made.
A quarter century later, the Giants find themselves in the midst of another controversial handling of the quarterback position. Head coach Pat Shurmur announced Tuesday rookie Daniel Jones will be the team's starter relegating 16-year vet and two-time Super Bowl MVP Eli Manning to the backup spot.
Co-owner, team president, and CEO John Mara has been conspicuously silent since the announcement was made. There has been no comment from general manager Dave Gettleman either. Shurmur said he consulted with them but ultimately the decision to promote Jones was his.
This quarterback change couldn't have been made without John Mara and Gettleman signing off on it or even initiating it. Their silence on the matter is troubling. Shurmur shouldn't have to go out and face the media all by his lonesome. A decision like this is above his pay grade. He is not Bill Belichick, who has acted as his own GM during the nearly two decades he's been in Foxborough.
Gettleman needed to be front and center on this. He's been upfront and honest about everything from he is perceived by current and former players to his own mortality after his cancer diagnosis. Gettleman has certainly been more available than his predecessor, Jerry Reese. John Mara, though not nearly as gregarious and engaging as father Wellington, holds pressers and addresses the media and fans more so than most NFL owners.
The Giants brain trust has made a number of head scratching moves as of late.
The selection of Jones pretty much meant that Manning's days as a starter were numbered. At the same time, they told Manning (and the world) they wanted him to be the team's starter only to bench him after two games. The Giants devised this confusing strategy of simultaneously rebuilding and winning now. Starting Jones means their strategy failed. Gettleman and John Mara not addressing fans and the media means they know their strategy and they can't (or won't) admit it failed miserably.
Wellington Mara was in tears at the press conference signaling the end of Phil Simms' career. His son is nowhere to be found after Eli Manning was demoted. A few words from John Mara could help make this transition a little smoother. Instead, Shurmur stood at the podium alone. Manning and Jones faced a slew of cameras and microphones by themselves cleaning up a mess they are not responsible for.
The New York Giants have long been regarded as one of the classiest NFL franchises, even during the 1970s when they were synonymous with bad football. They set a new low with the way they completely botched up this quarterback transition. The team has issues that a new quarterback alone cannot fix and it begins at the top of the organizational hierarchy.
– Curtis Rawls is a Managing Editor for Full Press Coverage and covers the NFL and the New York Giants. Please like and follow on Facebook and Twitter. Curtis can be followed on Twitter @CuRawls203.
Dave Gettleman
John Mara
Kent Graham
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Holding out Poland�s transformation to democracy as a model for the world, President Barack Obama on Saturday exhorted Western allies and the American public alike to extend their support, energy and vision to those now reaching for democracy in the Middle East and North Africa.
Obama, in a brief news conference with Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk, assured Americans that he spends the bulk of each day worrying about the U.S. economy and how to strengthen it and create jobs. But he coupled that with the message that it is a U.S. obligation to support democracy around the globe, one that pays dividends in the form of a safer and more prosperous world.
Earlier in the day, Obama met with Poland�s president, Bronislaw Komorowski, and with a team of Poles, including veterans of the Solidarity movement, who recently visited Tunisia to share their advice on how to build a democracy. A popular uprising in Tunisia led to the overthrow of a longtime autocrat and sparked the protest movements that still sweep through the region.
The president also offered reassurances to the Poles that his efforts to �reset� relations with Russia would not come at the expense of the security of Poland or other nations in Central and Eastern Europe.
Citing struggles for democracy in Poland�s neighborhood, Obama had tough words for Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko. He praised Poland�s assistance to Belarusian people and its efforts to encourage changes in Belarus. �President Lukashenko has shown a total disregard for democratic values, the rule of law, and the human rights of his own people,� Obama said.
Timed to coincide with Obama�s visit, the United States and Poland completed an agreement that will place a U.S. Air Force detachment in Poland beginning in 2013. The presence of U.S. warplanes on Polish soil is designed to improve the ability of U.S. and Polish armed forces to cooperate as members of the NATO alliance.
�The order of magnitude is not really large, but the gesture is very significant,� Tusk said.
Obama said Poland doesn�t qualify for the waiver based on current law but promised that he was working to change that.
Obama�s four-nation tour of Europe was aimed at strengthening the U.S. alliance with its Western allies, and encouraging them to shoulder greater responsibility in world affairs. He made stops in Ireland, England, France and Poland, at the final stop joining a summit of Central and Eastern European leaders.
In Ireland, Obama explored his Irish ancestry on his mother�s side and spoke to throngs in Dublin about Ireland�s contributions to the world.


The 19-year-old striker, who has scored three goals in five games since joining City in January, suffered a "fractured metatarsal" bone against Bournemouth on Monday.
He was brought off in the 15th minute of the 2-0 win which lifted City to second in the Premier League.
Manchester City's Brazilian goal-scoring sensation Gabriel Jesus has broken his foot, the club said Tuesday, sparking fears he may miss the rest of the season.
The 19-year-old striker, who has scored three goals in five games since joining City in January, suffered a "fractured metatarsal" bone against Bournemouth on Monday. He was brought off in the 15th minute of the 2-0 win which lifted City to second in the Premier League.
City did not say how long Jesus would be sidelined. "He will undergo further examinations in the coming days to establish the extent of his layoff," said a club statement.
British media reports said Jesus underwent a scan on Tuesday that revealed the fracture. He was pictured walking in Manchester with a protective boot.
City paid Brazilian club Palmeiras an initial £27 million ($33 million/31 million euros) for Jesus.
The striker scored at West Ham and twice against Swansea and Jesus was hoping to become the third City player — after Emmanuel Adebayor and Kevin de Bruyne — to score on each of his first three Premier League starts.
City manager Pep Guardiola said after the Bournemouth game that he was "praying" the damage would not be serious.
The Brazilian's impact has been so dramatic that reports had said Argentinian striker Sergio Aguero could leave.
Aguero came on to replace Jesus at Bournemouth and is now set to reclaim his place as number one striker.
The injury is a particular blow to City as the Premier League campaign intensifies and they meet Monaco in the Champions League last 16 first leg next week.
Medical experts say that on average, a broken metatarsal needs about eight weeks recovery. Manchester United striker Wayne Rooney has had a broken metatarsal three times and needed between six weeks and three months to return.
Doctors recommend four to eight weeks rest. The treatment depends on the extent of the damage.
If the foot is bad enough to warrant being put in plaster, he would have to keep the cast for four to six weeks.
Jesus would then make a gradual return with exercises to increase the strain he can put on the foot. The return could be another four weeks or more.
Bournemouth's Harry Arter has praised Pep Guardiola for the "unbelievable touch" of wishing him well with the birth of his child.


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    <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>GetMenuTitleText</title>

GetMenuTitleText()

语法

Text$ = GetMenuTitleText(#Menu, Title)

概要

Returns the title text of the specified menu title item.

参数

#Menu

The menu to use.

Title

The index of the menu title item to read the title from.

返回值

Returns the text of the menu title item.

参阅

MenuTitle(), SetMenuTitleText()

已支持操作系统
所有

<- GetMenuItemText() - Menu Index - HideMenu() ->

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You are currently browsing the category archive for the 'National Association of REALTORS®' category.
A REALTOR® workshop hosted by the Silicon Valley Association of REALTORS® (SILVAR) early this month brought together board directors and representatives of neighboring REALTOR® and multicultural real estate associations interested in strengthening their leadership skills. "Learn to Be a Leader 2" is the second leadership workshop the local REALTOR® association has conducted that was partly funded by a National Association of REALTORS® (NAR) Diversity Initiative grant.
Key speaker California Assembly Member Evan Low shared his views on leadership and his experiences as a former Campbell City Council member, mayor and state legislator. Low's talk was followed by the NAR Leadership 300 course facilitated by Steve Francks, CEO of the Washington REALTORS® Association and NAR Leadership Academy instructor.
Low said the concept of leadership is subjective depending on the characteristics one likes, and it can have misconceptions, often bringing leaders in conflict with opposing sides. "We are put on a pedestal that sometimes is unattainable. We are supposed to have all the answers, but we are human also," said Low.
Whether in a professional or community organization or politics, a leader should be able to communicate. "Make a person feel you are invested in them. It's a people business that needs a personalized touch," said Low.
No matter the differences, leaders should have respect. "A leader is someone who gains your respect because you know where his heart is," added Low.
The California Assembly member indicated engagement is important, particularly in this environment. "We are all Americans, we are all human. We need to create an environment that supports all of us. We must be all together," said Low.
The National Association of REALTORS® (NAR) requires that every REALTOR®, in order to maintain membership in the Association of REALTORS®, must complete a 2 1/2 hour Code of Ethics course every two years. This means all REALTOR® members of an Association of REALTORS® MUST COMPLETE the ethics training at some point between the cycle of January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018. Failure to comply with this required ethics training is a violation of a membership duty and will result in suspension and possible termination from the member's primary Association.
Training may be completed through local associations or through another method, such as home study, correspondence, classroom courses, or online courses. Code of Ethics training is also included in CalBRE license renewal requirements, so if a member has renewed their license between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018, their Code of Ethics requirement is covered. If you have already taken Code of Ethics training for this period outside of California license renewal, via NAR or the California Association of REALTORS® (C.A.R.), or elsewhere, please email a copy of the certificate to your primary Association before the deadline of December 31, 2018.
If you have not taken a Code of Ethics course since January 1, 2017, you can take the free online training offered by NAR. For more information on this mandatory NAR requirement and online classes, visit NAR CODE OF ETHICS ONLINE.
If you are uncertain as to when your license expires, please call your primary Association. The next compliance cycle will start January 1, 2019 and end on December 31, 2020.


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Join OC Parks Naturalists along with Laguna Canyon Foundation volunteers and bring your young ones (infant to age three) to explore Aliso's wild backyard. Take a leisurely stroll through the garden and to the creek. We will see bugs, plants, and birds and explore! Rangers and OC Parks staff may even host a game or introduce a local resident to the children. Come join the fun! Aliso & Wood Canyons Wilderness Park Ranger Headquarters, 28373 Alicia Pkwy (from southbound Aliso Creek Road, turn right on Alicia Parkway, first right on Awma Road, then left into parking lot).
Online reservations required www.lagunacanyon.org/events. For questions, call 949-497-8324 Mon-Fri or 949-923-2200 Sat/Sun. Parking: $3/vehicle.


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Q: Where can find the docker image for building kubernetes? I want to build kubernetes locally. There are so many related go package. I think I should make a docker image for building kubernetes. Firstly, I want to know is there anyone have create the docker image for building kubernetes?.

A: This snippet from the Github README might help you:

Building Kubernetes for the impatient
If you want to build Kubernetes right away there are two options:
You have a working Go environment.

$ go get -d k8s.io/kubernetes
$ cd $GOPATH/src/k8s.io/kubernetes
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You have a working Docker environment.

$ git clone https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
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Mu Alpha Theta (ΜΑΘ) is a national high school and junior/community college mathematics club for honors students that is co-sponsored by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the Mathematical Association of America. The name Mu Alpha Theta was constructed from the Greek lettering for the phonemes m, a, and th. As of June 2017, more than 110,000 students are Mu Alpha Theta Members at more than 2,400 schools in the United States and in 20 foreign countries.
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Motivational profiles and their relationships with basic psychological needs, academic performance, study strategies, self-esteem, and vitality in dental students in Chile
J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2018;15.11
J Educ Eval Health ProfJournal ArchiveJ Educ Eval Health Prof. 2018;15.11
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Publication date (electronic) : 2018 April 19
doi : https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2018.15.11
Cesar A. Orsini1, , Vivian I. Binnie2 , Jorge A. Tricio1
1Faculty Development Office, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Chile
2School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Editor: Sun Huh, Hallym University, Korea
*Corresponding email: corsini@uandes.cl
Received 2018 March 15; Accepted 2018 April 19.
To determine dental students' motivational profiles through a person-centred approach and to analyse the associations with the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, study strategies, academic performance, self-esteem, and vitality.
A total of 924 students from the University of San Sebastian (Chile) participated in this cross-sectional cor¬relational study in spring 2016. Data were collected through 5 self-reported instruments, in addition to students' academic performance. The Cronbach alpha, descriptive statistics, and correla¬tion scores were computed. A k-means cluster analysis with intrinsic and controlled motivation was conducted to identify different mo-tivational profiles. Subsequently, multivariate analysis of covariance controlling for the effects of gender and year of study was carried out to assess differences among the retained motivational profiles and learning variables.
All instruments showed acceptable Cronbach alpha scores. A 4-cluster solution was retained for the motivational profile over a 3- or 5-cluster solution. Students' motiva-tional profiles were characterized by different degrees of intrinsic and controlled motivation. The high intrinsic motivation groups showed higher perceptions of their basic psychological, a greater propensity for a deep rather than surface study strategy, better academic performance, and higher scores for self-esteem and vitality than the low intrinsic motivation groups, regardless of the degree of controlled motivation.
Students with a high intrinsic motivation profile, regardless of their controlled motivation scores, reported better learning characteristics. Therefore, special attention should be paid to students' motivational profiles, as the quality of motivation might serve as a basis for interventions to support their academic success and well-being.
Keywords: Chile; Dental students; Motivation; Personal satisfaction; Self concept
Students' learning experience is determined by several variables, amongst which motivation has emerged as a strong predictor of optimal performance and well-being [1]. Opposed to the traditional view of motivation as a unitary construct that varies only in amount, the self-determination theory of motivation (SDT) postulates qualitatively different types of motivation that lead to different educational outcomes [2]. Students' motivation and intention to act is differentiated between autonomous motivation and controlled motivation. The prototype of autonomous motivation corresponds to intrinsic motivation, in which students engage in academic activities out of curiosity, pleasure, and satisfaction, hence valuing the importance of an activity. In contrast, students show controlled motivation when they engage in an activity due to external forces in order to obtain something outside the activity (e.g., some form of internal or external reward) or to avoid a given consequence (e.g., some form of internal or external punishment) [2].
Several studies have shown positive and negative associations, respectively, between intrinsic and controlled motivation and various cognitive (e.g., reflection), behavioural (e.g., academic performance), and affective (e.g., positive emotions) educational outcomes [1]. Moreover, SDT postulates that 3 basic psychological needs must be supported in academic environments to facilitate intrinsic motivation: autonomy (i.e., making decisions by one's own will, based on one's own needs and values), competence (i.e., feeling capable of performing a determined task), and relatedness (i.e., need for belonging or connectedness with important others). Therefore, when students perceive these basic needs as being satisfied, the internal origin and maintenance of intrinsic motivation will be favored over controlled motivation. This has been investigated and supported by previous dental education research [3].
Up to now, the majority of the research conducted on motivation in dental students has focused on a variable-centred approach, with the aim of explaining relationships and effects between variables of interest in order to summarize a population with a single set of parameters [1,3,4,5]. Although relevant findings have been obtained, this approach has limited the identification of subgroups based on how the qualitatively different types of motivation coexist within students, and the understanding of the relations and implications of these subgroups (or motivational profiles) with educational predictors or outcomes. Therefore, a person-centred approach instead would expand and complement the existing evidence in order to characterise and analyse students' motivational profiles and their implications for teaching and learning [6].
Consequently, this study was conducted to determine dental students' motivational profiles and to analyse the extent to which students with distinct motivational profiles showed differences in terms of the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs and behavioural and affective educational outcomes. In particular, this study aimed to answer the following research questions: (1) Are there different motivational profiles in dental students based on their reported levels of intrinsic and controlled motivation? (2) If so, how are these profiles associated with differences regarding the satisfaction of students' basic psychological needs, their academic performance, and their reported study strategies, self-esteem, and vitality? These educational outcomes were used because they have been referred to as key variables for students' success and wellbeing [2]. Therefore, this study provides new insights into this growing area of research by exploring, in the context of dental education, a person-centred approach to students' motivational profiles and their characteristics regarding key educational variables. Understanding and being able to recognise students' motivational profiles offers instructors possibilities to identify and work on students' motivation through different approaches, which may contribute to their development and academic success.
The ethics committee of the University of San Sebastian approved the study (#2015-03-08/03). Each student provided written informed consent.
This was a quantitative, survey-based study.
Participants and procedure
All students from year 1 to 6 at the University of San Sebastian in Santiago, Chile, were invited to voluntarily participate in spring 2016. A paper-and-pencil questionnaire containing 5 instruments was administered after a large-group activity, where students spent approximately 15 minutes answering the surveys. A member of the research team was present and explained that we were interested in understanding students' motivations for attending university and how this affected different educational variables. All instruments were presented in Spanish, and prior to administration, a face validation panel comprising 3 faculty members and 5 alumni reviewed the instruments and minor changes were introduced.
All measures were taken from previously validated Spanish instruments with reported Cronbach alpha scores above 0.60, using selfreported Likert scales with a total of 69 items. A high score indicated high endorsement of the corresponding variable (Supplement 1).
Students were asked to indicate their gender, age, and year of study. Motivation was measured using the Spanish Academic Motivation Scale [4]. We used the measures of intrinsic motivation and controlled motivation, as we were interested in clustering students by their internal or external reasons to act. Basic psychological needs were examined using the Spanish Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale [7]. Deep and surface study strategies were assessed with the Spanish Revised Study Process Questionnaire [8]. Self-esteem was measured using the Spanish Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [9]. Higher scores indicated a more positive set of thoughts and feelings about one's own worth and importance, that is, a global positive attitude towards oneself. Vitality refers to the state of feeling alive, alert, and having energy available to the self. It was measured using the Spanish Subjective Vitality Scale [10]. Written permission from the original authors was granted to use all the aforementioned scales.
Finally, the administrative department provided information about students' concurrent academic performance. Concurrent performance was used instead of cumulative performance, as motivation is a fluctuating variable that is likely to change over time. Thus, concurrent performance seemed to be a more accurate variable [4].
Data analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS ver. 20.00 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), setting the alpha level at 0.05. Data were screened and checked for the assumptions of a general linear model. Subsequently, calculations of Cronbach alpha scores for reliability, descriptive statistics, and bivariate correlations (Pearson coefficient) were computed for all measures.
Cluster analysis was used to generate motivational profiles through k-means clustering using squared Euclidean distances and the iterative method. The Z-scores of intrinsic and controlled motivation were used to cluster students into different subgroups and to make them comparable [11]. Multiple 3-, 4-, and 5-cluster solutions were tested; however, the total number of retained clusters was based on past research, parsimony, and explanatory power [12]. The latter characteristic was tested by the variance of intrinsic and controlled motivation in the cluster solutions using analysis of variance, with the criterion that the clusters had to explain a minimum of 50% of the variance in each of the constituent motivational dimensions [11]. To validate and explore the stability of the resulting cluster solution, a double-split cross-validation procedure was conducted by randomly dividing the sample into halves and comparing the agreement of the resulting k-means clustering solutions [12].
Finally, the third step involved examining differences in the retained cluster solution regarding the learning variables. This was conducted through multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and post-hoc comparisons using the Sidak correction for controlling type I error, along with effect size [13]. Additionally, the chisquare test was used to examine gender and year-of-study differences with respect to the distribution of the retained cluster solution, in order to include these as covariates if significant scores were found [1,4].
A total of 924 students participated (90.2%), with an average age of 22.8 years (standard deviation= 3.36 years) and including 583 women (63%) and 341 men (37%). Raw data are available from Supplement 2.
Reliability, descriptive statistics, and correlations
As shown in Table 1, all instruments showed acceptable Cronbach alpha values, ranging from 0.650 to 0.912 in agreement with previous studies in dental and medical education [3,4,5,11,14].
Bivariate correlations, internal consistency, and mean±SD values of all measures
The mean values showed that the intrinsic motivation score was slightly higher than the controlled motivation score. Concerning basic psychological needs, interestingly, autonomy was reported to be the least satisfied, while competence and relatedness showed similar and higher scores. Regarding study strategies, students reported more of a deep than a surface approach to learning.
Intrinsic and controlled motivation showed a moderate positive and significant association, which is coherent with SDT, as they both represent intention to act despite different origins [2]. Positive and significant correlations were found between intrinsic and controlled motivation and all 3 basic psychological needs and vitality; however, the associations of controlled motivation were smaller and weaker. Regarding learning strategies, intrinsic motivation showed a positive and significant correlation with deep study strategies, while controlled motivation showed a non-significant and close-to-zero positive correlation. For surface study strategies, intrinsic and controlled motivation showed significant negative and positive correlations, respectively. Self-esteem and grade point average showed positive and negative associations, respectively, with intrinsic and controlled motivation.
The variance explained by the dimensions of intrinsic and controlled motivation was, respectively, 53.1% and 62.8% for the 3-cluster solution, 69.2% and 68.1% for the 4-cluster solution, and 70.4% and 77.6% for the 5-cluster solution. All cluster solutions were therefore above the 50% threshold for explained variance. Considering, however, that the 3-cluster solution explained the least variance and that the 5-cluster was the least parsimonious solution, the 4-cluster solution was retained. This is additionally supported by previous studies in education based on SDT that have favoured 4 clusters instead of less theoretically interpretative solutions [11,12]. Additionally, the double-split cross-validation procedure resulted in a similarly distributed 4-cluster solution, supporting the internal validity of the clusters. The 4 motivational profiles and their distributions are shown in Fig. 1.
Retained 4-cluster solution of students' motivational profiles. HI, high intrinsic; HC, high controlled; LC, low controlled; LI, low intrinsic.
Differences according to cluster in basic psychological needs and educational outcomes
The chi-square test showed significant differences in distribution amongst the clusters for both gender (X2 (3)= 18.921, P< 0.0001) and year of study (X2 (15)= 47.500, P< 0.0001); therefore, they were both used as variables to be controlled.
The MANCOVA and post-hoc analyses were conducted using 4-cluster membership as an independent variable, while basic psychological needs, study strategies, self-esteem, and vitality were used as dependent variables (Table 2). Significant differences in terms of learning variables and a large effect size were reported for the motivational profiles (Pillai's trace: 1.249, F(30,2733)= 64.97, P< 0.0001, partial eta-squared= 0.416). Intrinsic and controlled motivation showed significant differences and large effect sizes in all clusters, providing additional support for their internal validity. Regarding basic psychological needs, the high intrinsic motivation groups showed higher scores than the lower intrinsic motivation groups, regardless of the level of controlled motivation. Likewise, the high intrinsic motivation groups also showed higher scores for deep study strategies, self-esteem, vitality, and academic performance. The opposite was found for surface study strategies, for which the lower intrinsic motivation groups reported higher scores, regardless of their controlled motivation scores.
Mean±SD values and differences according to MANCOVA amongst motivational cluster profiles regarding the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and educational outcomes.
The purpose of the current study was to determine the motivational profiles of dental students and their associations with key learning variables.
Regarding the first research question, 4 motivational profiles were found, in agreement with previous studies in medical and general higher education [11,12]. The retained clusters' internal validity was supported, on the one hand, by their explanatory power and the double split cross-validation, and on the other hand, by the observation of meaningful differences according to intrinsic and controlled motivation, which are in line with the postulates of SDT [2].
Concerning the second research question, significant differences were found in the learning variables according to the 4 motivational profiles. The high intrinsic motivation groups showed significantly better results in terms of both behavioural and affective outcomes than the low intrinsic motivation groups. It is interesting to note that this was the case regardless of controlled motivation scores. This underscores the relevance of students' quality of motivation over its quantity and highlights the importance of supporting students' intrinsic motivation to promote their academic success and well-being. This is in agreement with SDT and provides external validity to the identified profiles.
Our results concur with previous research in dental education, which has identified students' autonomy, competence, and relatedness as key variables for facilitating optimal types of motivation as opposed to controlled motivation and amotivation [3]. The high intrinsic motivation groups perceived higher satisfaction from the educational environment of their basic psychological needs; however, the need perceived to be the least satisfied was autonomy, which does not come as a surprise, as it has been suggested as the most controversial and difficult to promote, especially in a traditional and historically controlling environment such as dental education [2]. Therefore, efforts should be made to support these basic needs when planning learning activities and when interacting with students, due to their important role in the origin and maintenance of intrinsic motivation.
Similarly, these results suggest that students with a high intrinsic motivation profile approach their studies by focusing on meaning instead of memorization, achieving better academic results, and having a better self-concept and greater energy for their academic activities. This is supported by studies that have found that autonomous and intrinsic motivation were associated with enhanced cognitive, behavioural, and affective educational outcomes of students across different health professions [1].
Overall, this study strengthens the idea that motivation is key for students' development and that ways of supporting optimal motivation and basic psychological needs should be considered when planning learning activities; however, it also extends evidence from previous variable-centred research, as the identified profiles show that intrinsic and controlled motivation coexist within an individual. In everyday activities, these can be seen as forces that guide students' intentions to act and are present in different degrees at various times. Consequently, our aim should be to create conditions where the predominant force is intrinsic motivation instead of controlled motivation. Differentiating these profiles offers the possibility for instructors to identify subgroups of students at risk of low intrinsic or high controlled motivation who might benefit from additional support, different ways of mentoring and teacher-student interactions, and learning strategies that promote active student participation and provide a clear rationale for the content being taught [11].
The scope of this study was limited in terms of its sample, which came from a single dental school in Chile, thus limiting the generalizability of the results. Hence, future research would benefit from expanding our results to other settings, providing additional validity for the identified profiles, and longitudinally evaluating changes inmotivational profiles after interventions to support intrinsic motivation.
This study found 4 motivational profiles characterised by different degrees of intrinsic and controlled motivation. Students with high intrinsic motivation, regardless of their controlled motivation scores, reported better learning characteristics. Therefore, special attention should be paid to students' motivational profiles, as the quality of motivation might serve as a basis for interventions to improve students' learning experience.
Conceptualization: CO. Data curation: CO. Formal analysis: CO. Funding acquisition: CO, VB. Methodology: CO. Project administration: CO, VB. Supervision: VB. Visualization: CO, JT. Writing– original draft: CO. Writing–review & editing: CO, VB, JT.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This work was supported by the Association for Dental Education in Europe's 40th Anniversary Scholarship Award–General Stream 2015–2016.
Supplement 1. Spanish versions of the scales that were used.
Supplement 2. Data files are available from: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/SHNVHF
Supplement 3. Audio recording of the abstract.
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8. Geraldo JL, Igea BD, Igea DA. Estructura latente y Consistencia interna del R-SPQ-2F: Reinterpretando los enfoques de aprendizaje en el EEES [Latent structure and internal consistency of the R-SPQ-2F: Reinterpreting learning approaches in EHEA]. Rev Investig Educ 2011;29:277–293.
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13. Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics London: Sage; 2013.
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IM - 0.42** 0.28** 0.32** 0.40** 0.45** -0.12** 0.17** 0.29** 0.10**
CM - 0.17** 0.19** 0.15** 0.03 0.20** -0.03 0.07* -0.01*
AS - 0.44** 0.41** 0.28** 0.13** 0.12** 0.35** -0.02
RS - 0.56** 0.25** 0.04 0.26** 0.36** 0.10**
CS - 0.37** -0.08* 0.48** 0.47** 0.20**
DSS - -0.03 0.22** 0.31** 0.09**
SSS - -0.20** -0.04 -0.20**
SE - 0.42** 0.11**
Vit - 0.04
AP -
Alpha 0.897 0.827 0.820 0.848 0.840 0.650 0.641 0.772 0.912 -
Mean ± SD 21.91 ± 3.49 21.87 ± 4.37 3.03 ± 0.96 4.16 ± 0.72 4.20 ± 0.65 16.41 ± 3.50 13.31 ± 3.81 32.52 ± 4.60 4.85 ± 1.36 4.72 ± 0.54
SD, standard deviation; IM, intrinsic motivation; CM, controlled motivation; AS, autonomy satisfaction; RS, relatedness satisfaction; CS, competence satisfaction; DSS, deep study strategy; SSS, surface study strategy; SE, self-esteem; Vit, vitality; AP, academic performance (concurrent).
P<0.05 (2-tailed);
P<0.01 (2-tailed).
Variable/cluster group
HI–HC
HI–LC
LI–HC
LI–LC
F-test
Effect size (eta-squared)
Intrinsic motivation 24.43a) ± 1.62 22.93b) ± 2.02 19.50c) ± 1.87 15.84d) ± 2.89 657.28** 0.692
Controlled motivation 25.02a) ± 1.96 17.72b) ± 3.01 22.73c) ± 2.14 15.22d) ± 3.69 603.87** 0.664
Autonomy satisfaction 3.24a) ± 0.89 3.09a) ± 0.95 2.78b) ± 0.97 2.74b) ± 0.90 16.75** 0.052
Relatedness satisfaction 4.36a) ± 0.62 4.18b) ± 0.72 3.96c) ± 0.74 3.80c) ± 0.73 26.06** 0.078
Competence satisfaction 4.42a) ± 0.52 4.28a) ± 0.60 3.96b) ± 0.66 3.80b) ± 0.72 43.35** 0.124
Deep study strategy 17.47a) ± 3.19 17.43a) ± 3.60 14.81b) ± 3.11 14.40b) ± 3.09 51.86** 0.145
Surface study strategy 13.44a) ± 3.90 12.09b) ± 3.88 14.00a) ± 3.60 13.46a) ± 3.17 10.11** 0.032
Self-esteem 33.22a) ± 4.94 32.84a) ± 4.81 31.42b,c) ± 4.64 31.88a,c) ± 5.66 7.50** 0.024
Vitality 5.18a) ± 1.26 4.92a) ± 1.38 4.43b) ± 1.30 4.46b) ± 1.46 18.81** 0.058
Academic performance 4.78a) ± 0.55 4.71a,b) ± 0.57 4.66b,c) ± 0.53 4.66a,c) ± 0.48 3.06* 0.073
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Effect sizes from eta-squared: small=0.01-0.06, medium=0.06-0.138, large >0.138. Covariates of gender and year of study were introduced in the MANCOVA model.
SD, standard deviation; MANCOVA, multivariate analysis of covariance; HI, high intrinsic; HC, high controlled; LC, low controlled; LI, low intrinsic.
P<0.05,
P<0.0001.
In the post-hoc analysis, the means with different superscripts are significantly different from each other (e.g., a mean with superscript "a)" is significantly different from a mean with superscript "b)" or "c)").