* The information on this page is based on an original manuscript by Dr Mike Hewins, with the permission of the author.
Chromatography is the science of separation invented in 1906 by the Russian botanist Mikhail Tsvet (1872-1919). The basic technique is deceptively simple and allows both qualitative and quantitative analysis of biological and chemical mixtures. The mixture to be analysed is transported by a carrier gas or liquid, called the mobile phase, over a stationary phase. This is either a simple adsorbent solid or a solid holding a liquid immiscible with the mobile phase.
The stationary phase absorbs and slows down the different components of a mixture to different degrees, depending on their affinity for the stationary phase, so they separate and emerge at different times in the flowing mobile phase. How quickly or otherwise different components or groups of components emerge is, for a given set of conditions, characteristic of each component. In liquid chromatography mobile phases or carriers are liquids of differing polarity. In the similar but different laboratory technique known as gas chromatography [GC] the mobile phase or carrier is a non-reactive gas, usually nitrogen but some early instruments used argon.
Chromatography of all types developed experimentally in the late 1940s and by the mid-1960s was a routine analytical tool in most chemical laboratories. As the chemical industry expanded and its range of products grew so did its analytical needs and many commercial companies entered the market to make gas chromatographs. This was the market two Cambridge companies, Pye and Unicam, entered in the late 1950s and this is a brief history of the GCs they developed, initially as two separate companies and later in 1968 as a combined company. The drivers for development in the early 1960s came from GC research; later there were some new GC techniques developed but market forces became the main drivers by the late 1960s.
New demand for routine GC analysis came from industries as diverse as hospital laboratories and the perfume manufacturers while the chemical industry in particular sought high accuracy combined with ease of operation. These trends increased significantly with the advent of the microprocessor. Pye-Unicam, later known as Philips Scientific, sometimes struggled to read the market clearly enough, as did other companies, and finally exited the GC market in the 1990s.
Terminology; the author refers above to gas and liquid chromatography, using current terminology to distinguish the two broad separation techniques. An earlier term 'Gas Liquid Chromatography' (GLC) exists in the literature and refers to the mobile gas phase passing over a stationary liquid phase immobilised on a solid support (see above). The term is no longer widely used.
In GC the stationary phase is typically packed into a long glass tube and fitted into an oven. The tube is called the column, even though it is usually wound into a coil so that it fits into an oven whose temperature, up to 450°c, is very accurately controlled. The sample or mixture is dissolved in a solvent and injected into one end of the column. The mobile phase is a non-reactive gas, usually nitrogen, which carries the sample as it flows through the column.
As the different components become adsorbed by the stationary phase they travel through the column at different speeds and so become separated, leaving the column one after the other to be detected and measured. The time taken for a component to travel through the column is called its retention time and a detector can be used to produce a graph where each component is represented by a peak as it emerges from the column.
When the author joined Pye Unicam Ltd in 1972 to project lead the design of a new gas chromatograph the company was already an established leader in the field of GC and had gained a second Queen's award in 1969 for technological innovation in spectroscopy and chromatography. W G Pye & Company Ltd and Unicam Instruments Ltd had merged in 1968 to form Pye Unicam Ltd [a part of Philips] but prior to the merger Pye developed and manufactured gas chromatographs and accessories. In the following sections the author will identify gas chromatographs both by their catalogue name and their manufacturing company.
Under the leadership of FP Speakman W G Pye developed and manufactured the world's first high sensitivity GC; the Pye Argon Chromatograph [12000 series], introduced at the 1958 Amsterdam Symposium.
It was so very much more sensitive than any previous instrument that gas chromatographers had to develop new techniques to make full use of it. Unlike later GCs its columns were straight tubes, mounted vertically and the instrument was about 1.2 meters tall. Large quantities were sold all over the world. The principle advantages for the chromatographer were firstly, that a much smaller sample could be injected [0.1 - 0.025 micro litres] so the columns could work at higher efficiency resulting in a better quality of separation. Secondly, columns could be operated at lower temperatures which meant less degradation of the sample and hence better chromatography. The third major advantage was that many samples which had not been detectable by gas chromatography before now gave very good peaks.
These peaks were detected as they left the column to give retention times and the areas under the peaks [a measure of the amount present]. The detector was the Argon Ionisation Detector invented by Dr J E Lovelock [A Journal of Chromatography Volume 1, 1958, Pages 35-46] utilising the unique ionisation properties of argon to make a sensitive detector in which ionisation is initiated by strontium 90, a radioactive source. The ionisation current then changes when organic compounds elute from the column and the detector can respond to as little as 2 - 10-11 moles, with a similar linear response to different compounds. The detector fed its signal to a recorder and the area under a peak measured by hand and later by an integrator.
An industrial version of this chromatograph, the PAC Process Analyser (12800 series), was developed jointly with ICI Billingham for chemical process control and could operate automatically in hazardous chemical areas. A remote gas valve sampled the process stream, one of several gas and liquid sampling accessories developed by W. G. Pye. High boiling point samples could be decomposed in a Pye Pyrolyser and the products passed to the chromatograph for identification.
In the early 1960s leading research establishments in many parts of the world developed new and enhanced GC techniques and W. G. Pye responded by expanding and improving its range of gas chromatographs. It developed smaller, bench mounted instruments with a great emphasis on versatility. The basic bench layout was two separate units standing side by side; the analyser unit and the electronic unit. This became the standard form of most chromatographs for more than a decade, justifying the sales pitch "not just an analytical research tool but a vehicle for investigating and teaching GC techniques".
The first of this family of chromatographs was the Panchromatograph 12100 series and it could simultaneously accommodate for example any two of six different detectors in the smaller of two temperature controlled ovens. With improvements in detector sensitivity, dynamic range and linearity it had two detector supply units for any two of the six new detectors available; the argon ionisation, flame ionisation, cross section, electron capture, gas-density balance and thermal conductivity detectors. The range was widened by cooperation with the Gow-Mac Instrument Company, the leading manufacturers of hot-wire detectors in the United States.
Other improvements in detector sensitivity came from innovations such as the Pye Molecular Entrainer where a small fraction of the column eluent was withdrawn and further diluted before entering a highly sensitive detector. This enabled the wide sensitivity of argon and flame ionisation detectors to be still further extended. It was one of numerous optional features developed by Pye such as pyrolysis, preparative scale, radio-chromatography and a patented column effluent splitting device which permitted further analysis of the column eluent.
Columns improved in parallel; filled with a wide range of new stationary phases and no longer just straight tubes but folder or coiled to fit into the larger of two independent ovens of the Panchromatograph. This took two columns simultaneously and had isothermal and programmed control (known as 'temperature programming'). These features were to become standard on most GCs in the future but were 'top of the range' in the early 1960s.
First introduced in 1964 with a UK price of £590 for a single Flame Ionisation Detector [FID] and temperature programmed column oven the 104 range was to become the workhorse of many, many laboratories in the UK and Europe. It represented a new approach to GC design by WG Pye and was its response to a rapidly developing market, enhanced GC techniques and a demand for lower cost instruments.
This new range was designed on modular principles with certain units common to all the versions in the range. One such basic module was the Analyser Oven to which the customer added detectors and accessories to form an individual high performance chromatograph tailored to analytical needs.
Later versions (finally there were 14) offered specialised electron capture, nitrogen and phosphorous detectors, together with a comprehensive range of accessories. The S4 Autojector was one such accessory; fitted to a manually operated chromatograph it transformed it into a fully-automatic analyser capable of processing 100 samples without operator intervention.
Data handling too was becoming more automated and data from a 104 chromatograph could be sent either to an electronic integrator or to a computer to calculate the area and retention times of peaks.
In its most sophisticated version a 104 could be connected to a mass spectrometer so that mass spectral data could be obtained immediately a compound in a mixture eluted from the column.
Originally designed and marketed by W.G. Pye and later by Pye Unicam Ltd the former collected or prepared relatively large quantities of pure specimens from organic mixtures and was characterised by a red plastic punched tape controlling automatic operation. The latter were non preparative systems with varying types of automated sample injectors. Both GCs were built by the analyst from modules in the 104 series.
By the mid 1970s Pye Unicam was selling the 204 series of GC instruments, arguably an overdue development given the changed needs of analytical chemistry. Analysts were buying chromatographs with improved technical performance to give them faster analyses, more accurate analyses and greater sensitivity. Column performance had improved considerably and so they wanted greater temperature stability, more uniform temperatures, faster cool down and tightly controlled, fast temperature programming for higher analytical repeatability. The Series 204 sought to deliver these, along with other improvements in performance, but stayed with the modular principles familiar to users of the 104 series.
It was a complete range of analytical gas chromatographs of modular design which enabled a simple starting system to be extended as the analytical requirements expanded. The basic building block, the Oven Assembly, reflected the new thermal requirements and added enhanced versatility. In addition to an improved column oven it carried dual heated injectors for dual column operation and multiple detector ovens. The latter accepted two or three detectors simultaneously from a choice of five different detector systems.
The simplest system, consisting of the Oven Assembly, one detector and one amplifier, allowed isothermal column oven control and separate, independent temperature control of injectors and detectors.
Detectors and their amplifiers changed a little and the 204 detectors were the same as those developed for the GCV. A major change in gas chromatography was that it was now a routine process often operated by technicians rather than highly qualified chemists. The market looked for easier and more fault tolerant instruments than found in the 104 series and so the 204 chromatograph featured for instance automatic temperature programming to reduce operator learning time, speed up routine tasks and cut analysis time to a minimum.
Errors in analyses were reduced as switches, safety trips, signal-lights and more displays of operating conditions helped operators synchronise tasks. Soon automation of the 204 using the S8 Autojector allowed unattended operation of a temperature programmed analysis of up to 100 samples.
Basically a mechanical syringe, the S8 could simulate closely any manual methods of syringe injection, saving manpower and giving a much higher degree of repeatability. It was a self-contained accessory utilising punched tape to control a sequence of events during the sample injection, including washing the syringe before injection, control of integrators and identification of each analysis on the chromatogram. A wide viscosity range of samples could be handled and sample volumes as low as 2O micro litres. The sample turntable held a 1OO samples and an interval timer set the delay between analyses from 0 and 12O minutes. It controlled all the events in the analysis, washed syringes and triggered data processing, characterised again by the red plastic punched tape of the S4 - 104 automatic instruments.
Data processing itself was moving into the early computer age, bringing greater accuracy and feed back to control the S8 itself but was not yet integrated into the chromatograph and data was manipulated in free standing integrators such as the DP101 and CDP1.
Finally the 304 chromatograph was developed out of the 204 as Pye Unicam's first microprocessor controlled instrument. It used the same oven and detector systems but new low mass insulating materials brought improved thermal performance and faster analyses compared with the 204. Like the 204 it used the S8 autojector and shared many other accessories. The microprocessor controlled most oven operations, making it more operator fault tolerant, but unlike later instruments output data was still manipulated in free standing integrators such as the DP101 and CDP1.
Gas chromatography analysis had become a standardised process and by the mid 1970s Pye Unicam, in common with other manufacturers, gave the market place dedicated lower priced, simple instruments for routine analysis and higher specification, versatile instruments for research into new analyses and techniques. This was a radical departure from the modular concepts of earlier instruments where the analyst configured either a simple instrument or a sophisticated research instrument from the same individually boxed modules, such as detectors and amplifiers, as required. Such modularity carried some additional costs and so Pye Unicam developed the non modular GCD for lower cost routine work and the modular GCV for higher specification work. These instruments were sold alongside the 204 and 304 series giving the market choice but meaning Pye Unicam and others were manufacturing a much broader range of GC instruments in anticipation of expanding markets.
The GCD gas chromatograph was a range of five compact, self-contained instruments, each dedicated to a particular detection system. This non modular system was more economical to manufacture and was sold at lower cost for repetitive, routine applications, with an emphasis on reliability and simplicity in use, yet yielding high performance chromatography. Five versions were available - lsothermal FlD (flame ionisation detector), Temperature Programmed and Auto Door FlD, Temperature Programmed FlD, isothermal TCD (thermal conductivity detector), lsothermal ECD (electron capture detector) - together with a wide range of accessories. Separate ovens housed heated injectors for manual or automatic on-column injection of samples and accurately controlled detector ovens optimised stability to give high analytical sensitivity. Simplicity, a minimum number of controls and ease of use by unskilled operators were seen as strong selling points.
The column oven used dual standard or capillary columns and its thermal specification was somewhat reduced, compared to a research instrument, but perfectly adequate for routine work. Interestingly although the final column oven was a conventional air blown design its development started with a different concept where each wall carried its own heating pad. It was expected this would give a more uniform and stable temperature zone around the columns but unfortunately wall heating pads proved very unreliable and had to be abandoned.
As with the 204 and 304 instruments the GCDs could be automated with the S8 Autojector, injector switching and sampling valves and data processed in separate integrators such as the DP88.
The GCV chromatograph, introduced to the market around 1976 and just before the 204 and GCD, was a high performance, computer compatible, modular instrument which could be expanded to cover research and other demanding applications. Although not modular in the 104 mould the basic chromatograph was a frame that held the column and detector ovens with digital temperature controls and manual gas controls for both carrier and detector gases. The column oven held both standard and capillary columns and was designed for automatic, fast temperature cycling and re-stabilisation. Thermal specification was high with low gradients and very uniform temperature profiles.
Flexibility and versatility were assured by modules that slid into the frame, such as amplifiers and accessory modules, independent injection heating and the multiple detec tor ovens which could operate three different detectors simultaneously. As in the GCD and 204 emphasis was on ease of operation, reliability, reduced operator error and low servicing costs.
Major innovations in detector and amplifier design brought increased sensitivity and linearity to the five detectors. The Flame lionization Detector's linear range was extended (10-14 to 10-7A; <1% deviation) and its sensitivity increased to 2x1O-2 coulombs/gm. A new approach to the design of the Katharometer Detector and amplifier brought greater sensitivity (normally >9,5OO DPSU) and an increased linear range of detection. The latter was achieved by keeping the detector filaments at a constant temperature as the sample eluted.
The Electron Capture Detector was of conventional design but its pulse frequency modulated amplifier supply was a major innovation. It maintained a constant detector current by monitoring the pulse frequency needed to keep the current constant, thus improving the linear range of detection to typically 104.
The Flame Photometric Detector was a new and unique design, using air and hydrogen as auxiliary gases in trace analyses to measure organo-sulphur and organo-phosphorus compounds. The sample was introduced in a novel way to stop the flame being extinguished, a common problem, and the detector could be operated in either single or dual mode.
The fifth detector of the GCV, also a new design, was a Nitrogen Detector. This was based on an Alkali Flame Ionisation Detector using a well proven three electrodes design. A rubidium salt tip stimulated thermal emissions when organo-nitrogen compounds were burnt in a hydrogen flame, giving a selective response to organo-nitrogen compounds in pesticides, herbicides and drugs. The detectability was 10-10g nitrogen with a linear range of 104.
An extensive range of accessories extended performance and included automatic injection, capillary columns inlet systems, all glass surfaces to detectors, column switching systems, and sub-ambient operation. Automation was possible through the self-contained S8 Autojector accessory which could now operate with the GCV, GCD, 204 and 304 Chromatographs to give completely automated measurement and injection of liquid samples. Basically a mechanical syringe controlled by a punched tape it could simulate closely any manual methods of syringe injection, saving manpower and giving a much higher degree of repeatability.
By the start of the 80s Pye Unicam's broad GC instrument catalogue was in need of revision. The PU 4500 was the first of the replacements to the catalogue but the major driver of change in the late 70s and later was the emergence of the microprocessor and the market's recognition that control and data handling could be integrated to give fully automated analysis. Other important drivers of change were the expanding regulatory frameworks laid on analysts, for example in pharmaceuticals. High repeatability of analyses, long term storage of data and demands to detect ever lower and lower contaminants were now common. New columns, new techniques and new instruments made this possible but only via integrated control and data processing.
Controlled from the then new 'keyboard and screen' automated, error free routine analyses requiring little operator intervention became a 24/7 possibility. Computing power, still in its infancy, was developing rapidly. The potential for microprocessors and the then novel personal computers (PCs) to create more powerful instruments and later create new functions was on the horizon. The micro processor was 'coming of age'.
Quantifying the results from a GC instrument was originally done using a chart recorder which traced out the change in the signal from the detectors. The time taken for a peak to emerge was diagnostic of the component in the sample and the area measured under the peak indicated how much of the component was present; finally a trace could be kept as a record. Computing integrators such as the DP 88 and DP 101 offered more. They not only recorded the time to emerge but signalled back to GC accessories to start a different operation, such as diverting a peak to a second GC for further separation (peaks were often a mixture of several components) or start the next analysis.
They also calculated the area under the peak in a much more sophisticated way, allowing for drifting baselines and asymmetric peaks using trapezoidal, tangential, fused peak and other mathematical functions. More powerful integrators such as CDP1, SP 4100 and PU 4810 offered still more mathematical techniques plus the facility to recalculate results 'post event' in different ways. Working alongside a microprocessor controlled 304 the potential to integrate control and data functions was obvious.
The 'half way house' to this was the PU 4850 Video Chromatography Control Centre, available from the early 80s. It was PUs first keyboard and VDU data handling centre, taking up to four channels of raw data with graphical display, floppy storage of both data and methods and real time and post run data processing. Now traces could be displayed on screen post event and then manipulated in different ways to assess the effect.
Released in 1984 the PU4500 was a range of low-cost, high performance chromatographs for the routine laboratory. It consisted of six dedicated chromatographs; five standard isothermal versions - thermal conductivity, flame ionization, electron capture, nitrogen and flame photometric - plus a specific capillary dedicated version.
All shared the same temperature setting and monitoring via the LED display. The detector oven could hold two plug-in detectors and the column oven held two columns of any type. It was compatible with the same wide range of accessories used in other Pye Unicam chromatographs. Although not modular a second free standing amplifier could stand alongside.
The following year saw the release of the PU4550 gas chromatograph, a microprocessor controlled modular instrument to complement the PU 4500 dedicated instruments. The basic oven assembly contained two injectors, a column oven for both capillary and conventional columns and a detector oven, along with an electronic control pack.
Further detectors, amplifiers and the usual wide variety of accessories could be added as needed.
Some of the detectors were improved versions of those used in the PU4500. There was a full digital display of the state of the instrument and in common with the PU304 a data protect system preventing unauthorised change of settings.
Both the PU4500 and the PU4550 were designed for ease of use, error free operation and improved technical performance. The PU4550 had a 365-day time-programmer controlling start-up so that ovens could stabilise at any point during any day, up to one year ahead. It could be combined with the PU4850 video chromatography control centre described above to give full reports and check operating integrity.
Sample injection could be automated by using the microprocessor controlled PU4700 autojector, the successor to the S8 autojector described earlier.
"The capabilities of gas chromatography were now so extensive that they had created their own dilemma. How to maintain control of the many elements needed to achieve a highly accurate analytical result? Using microprocessor control the 4900 was not simply a compromise between existing chromatography and add-on data handling but an extension of chromatography into new dimensions. It used the same program that controlled the analytical separation to control data manipulation."
"Few inventions have revolutionized the laboratory analyst's job as much as the microprocessor. It has been incorporated into nearly all laboratory equipment and instrumentation and the benefits have been widely felt; particularly so in the field of automatic chemistry. The requirements of automatic chemistry are that the instrument must be left to run automatically without operator attention: a task to which microprocessors are ideally suited. Not only can they control the entire analytical system, but, because they can act 'intelligently' with it, they can correct any deviation or errors detected..............With all of the instruments and many accessories being microprocessor controlled, it became possible to link them all together, and, by computer data links, to create a very powerful analytical system. Unfortunately, however, these complete analytical systems were very complex and definitely 'user unfriendly'. A system may consist of a main oven unit, a satellite chromatograph, automatic injection system, data handling, disk and graphics capability and be required to output data to an external computer for archiving. Such systems would often have a keyboard on each part of the set-up and could require many hours of work to start up, only to find that the system 'crashed' because one of the units was incorrectly programmed.
Perhaps a more serious problem was that with the emphasis being placed on the electronics side of the package, the chromatography, which is really the heart of the system, was ignored or given second place (but)... The PU4900 is a new style of total analytical chromatograph that contains chromatography, data handling, disks and graphics and control functions of a satellite chromatograph ......."
Finally for the first time a VDU made it possible to simultaneously monitor up to three analyses as they happened, to expand on screen any trace area to view fine detail or manipulate the raw data as many times as necessary. Self diagnostics and monitoring were built in as standard.
Menu-driven user interfaces were displayed on the same VDU to set all control parameters. Full integration of control and data processing had arrived for Pye Unicam, complete with permanent storage of control parameters and raw data.
As with other GC instruments a complete range of accessories could be fitted to the PU4900 but additionally they could also be controlled from the keyboard/VDU and the parameters stored, e.g. up to two PU4700 autojectors.
In 1988 Pye Unicam became Philips Scientific and the last GC instrument from Philips Scientific was the PU4400. It was similar to the PU4550 and marketed as providing an 'economical solution to all types of analysis'. Five instruments were available and data handling added as required in a separate data station.
This is the end of Pye-Unicam/Philips GC story as Philips Scientific passed out of Philips hands in 1991 to be acquired by ATI (Analytical Technologies Incorporated), a US company and the name changed to ATI Unicam.


text:
Hollywood no longer an "original idea town"
By Martin A. Grove	| January 12, 2010
The film adaptation of "Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief" proves Hollywood is more about securing book rights than sourcing original ideas, MiNDFOOD reports.
One of the myths about moviemaking is that the movie gods prize originality and are wide open to writers with something new to pitch.
"It used to be an original idea town. It's now all about underlying rights," Craig Titley observed when he talked about his screenplay for 20th Century Fox's Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief.
Percy, based on the first book in a series by Rick Riordan, is directed by Chris Columbus (Harry Potter 1 and 2). The contemporary fantasy-adventure, opening February 11, is rooted in Greek mythology.
Percy, who learns he's the son of Poseidon, discovers the gods of Mount Olympus and assorted monsters are alive and well and walking among us. Titley, who has a PhD in mythology, was able to put his academic training to good use here.
But the slowdown in selling originals doesn't have him complaining. "I've always pretty much been a gun for hire doing assignments and adaptations so business is booming from where I'm sitting."
For instance, he wrote the screen stories for adaptations like Cheaper by the Dozen, based on a novel, and Scooby-Doo, based on Hanna-Barbera's animated TV series. Nonetheless, he's a fan of originals such as The Hangover, District 9 and Up, which he notes were among 2009's top hits.
"It's like the powers-that-be have determined they need underlying graphic novels or games, but certainly I don't think audiences have said that that's what they want," he said. "They want good movies, as always."
That's what Titley hopes he has with both Percy, whose cast includes Logan Lerman, Uma Thurman and Pierce Brosnan, and with the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea that he and producer Sam Raimi are developing. New Line was planning to make the effects-driven underwater picture before it was downsized by its Time Warner parent.
Titley sees an original side to adapting: "I like adaptations where there's a lot of room to wiggle and be creative and bring in new elements as opposed to something where you've got to treat the source material as sacred."
The prospects for 20,000 Leagues improved last November when a competing Disney remake was scrapped by new studio chief Rich Ross. However, moviegoers still won't be seeing Raimi and Titley's version any time soon.
"First, we have to attach a director and then we have to convince a studio to make a $200 million water movie," he laughed. "It could be many, many years."
It's a pet project for Titley, who loved Jules Verne's novel and Disney's 1954 film. "I'll be hitting the ground running on that in the New Year," he promised.
"That was a book where there was a lot of wiggle room because as Verne wrote it was very much like a travelogue without a real story driving it." To adapt it he asked himself what Verne would do if he were in Hollywood and had to bring his own novel to the screen.
Titley faced different challenges in adapting Percy.
"When Fox bought these books they had no idea they were going to be as successful as they were, so originally there was a little more of being footloose and fancy free with the source material."
One thing that needed changing was that the novels skewed very young. "They were super-super kid-friendly and a little goofy at times. We didn't want to make a goofy kiddie movie."
What they wanted was something similar in tone to the later Harry Potter films with their older teen appeal, elements of romance and hardcore action.
The real challenge was walking the fine line between being true in spirit to the source material while knowing he had to take certain liberties in adapting it to the screen without alienating the books' fans.
Titley came aboard in '07 when Columbus asked him to write the screenplay. He was writing as the Hollywood writers strike loomed.
"It was literally one of those projects where we turned in the first draft at like 11:59 the night before the strike and then had to sit that out. We picked it up again in '08 and started filming the beginning of '09."
When Titley says he and Columbus worked together smoothly he's not just being politically correct.
"In a way, he sort of discovered me," he explained. "My very first spec script went out many moons ago and made it into the hands of his production company. I wrote a movie for them and they gave me an office and a two-picture deal. So I've been in their world for a long time and kind of knew Chris's taste."
Moreover, when Titley was fresh out of USC Film School he worked as an assistant to Joe Dante, who'd directed Gremlins, which Columbus wrote.
"I had access to every single draft of 'Gremlins' so actually Chris – although he doesn't realise it – was one of the writers that taught me how to write. I think I got so inside his head studying his early scripts that when we actually had to work together we were completely in synch."
Rupert Grint opens up about 'tricky' relationship with JK Rowling
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Inventing Anna: Netflix releases trailer for new series based on the true story of fraudster Anna Sorokin
The brand new series from Shonda Rhimes 'Inventing Anna' is...
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Robbie Williams claims he was once the target of a hitman
"I had a contract put on me to kill me. I've never said...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Big beats are coming to Paris this summer. The amusement park is set to host the second edition of Electroland, its electro music festival, this June 29 and 30.
Always wanted to party the night away at Disneyland Paris? Electroland is now making our dreams a reality, returning again this summer on June 29 and 30. Eight DJ's are set to light up the Disney park, which is being transformed into a giant open air nightclub for the occasion. Robin Schulz, Bob Sinclair and Klingande will get the party started on the Friday, with Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Afrojack, Mosimann, Lovely Laura and Ben Santiago hitting the decks the next day to conclude the weekend festivities. Your ticket also grants you entry to all of Disneyland's most famous rides, like the Rock'n'Roller Coaster and the Tower of Terror. We're sold.


text:
Goshen County
Wyoming Game and Fish Fire Ban Spans Five Counties
All lands in the Laramie Region that are owned or managed by the Wyoming Game and Fish Commission are under this ban.
New Study Ranks Torrington As Wyoming's 'Poorest' Town
New rankings of the poorest town in every state nails Torrington in Wyoming. Though labeled poorest, you may see a few things to question about the list.
Scott LeTourneau
A St. Patrick's Day Tribute to the Town of Patrick, Wyoming
Just in time for St. Patrick's Day, here's a salute to the tiny ghost town of Patrick, Wyoming.
In 1876, a man named Ed Patrick arrived in Wyoming and found work as a driver on the stage line that ran from Cheyenne to Deadwood, South Dakota...
Rick Roddam
Celebrities from Every Single County in Wyoming
Wyoming is spectacular, but it is the people who make it great. We wanted to find the people with the biggest impact on the state from each county in Wyoming.
Bill Schwamle
The Most Patriotic Town in the Cowboy State: Veteran, Wyoming
Wyoming is one of the most patriotic places in the country. Here in the Cowboy State, we love our country, support our soldiers and respect our veterans.
In fact, there's an entire town in Wyoming that was founded specifically for veterans...
Torrington Police Chief Fired After Hit-And-Run Accident
The Goshen County Sheriff's Office charged Eric Sharp with reckless driving and leaving the scene of an accident.
Tom Morton
Wyoming's 'Lewdest' Town Name Has Holy Origins [Content Warning]
A national real estate website published a list this week naming the "The Lewdest Sounding Town Name in Each State".
Their choice for Wyoming's lewdest sounding city was Goshen Hole.
Although it definitely sounds lewd, Goshen Hole isn't technically a town; it's a valle…
Wyoming's First Human West Nile Case of the Year Reported
West Nile virus is spread by mosquitoes that feed on infected birds, such as the woodpecker found in Laramie July 20, then bite people, animals or other birds.
Nick Learned
Flags to Fly at Half Staff in Honor of Hudelson
Goshen County Courthouse flags will be flown at half staff on Tuesday, April 5 in honor of County Commissioner Jim Hudelson.
Joy Greenwald


Gangotri is one of the main religious places that hold prominent significance in the Chardham yatra concern. It is one of the important Dham in the pilgrimage circuit of Chardham.
Located at an elevation of 3048 mts in Uttarkashi in Uttarakhand State, the shrine of Gangotri emits the pious aura of divinity and stands on the posture of one of the most pilgrimage centers among Hindus.
Every year, thousands of devotes tuned into Chardham Yatra and pay homage to the temple of River Ganga named as Gangotri Temple. In the country, River Ganga is worshipped as the Goddess. People here believed that Gangotri is the place where Ganga takes the place after descended from Lord Shiva's hair locks.
The place offers a lively vision to the serenity and tranquility with the closet view of the snow clad mountains and the picturesque landscapes. the blissful aura of the Gangotri fill your mind with eternal peace and the beautiful attractions in the nearby areas such as Tapovan, Shivling peak and many others adds on the excitement and fun.
The legendary history of Gangotri reveals some unbelievable yet important stories about the origin of the place.
It begins with the arrival of River Ganga on Earth for the first time. The story entails the chapter that discloses the penance offered by King Bhagiratha to Lord Shiva for the salvation of his predecessors. As per the sources, his prayers were answered by Lord Shiva who then released River Ganga from his luscious locks and Ganga touched the feet of earth for the first time on this place. The River Ganga got the name of Bhagirathi after this incident.
Another story covers the birth story of a beautiful woman Ganga who was born out of Lord Brahma's water vessel (Kamandal). It was believed that When Lord Vishnu freed the universe by the curse of Demon Bali by playing the character of Vaman, Lord Brahma washed Lord Vishnu's feet with water and collected it in his Kamandal.
Another story claims the birth of Ganga in the form of human being. In the story, she married King Shantanu, the Pandava's ancestor. During her married life, she throws back all her seven children into River Ganga. But when she is trying to throw her eighth child into the river, King Shantanu interrupted and she left him. The eighth child was Bheeshma, who played an important role in epic of Mahabhrat.
On the right side of Bhagirathi River, here stands the Shrine of Gangotri, the Gangotri Temple. Located at an attitude of 3042mts, the temple was built by Amar Singh Thapa who was a Gorkha Commander. He built this temple in 18th Century.
Bhojbasa: It is the beautiful place that offers captivating views of the Bhagirathi peaks. Situated at an altitude of 3775mts, it is the scenic spot landed on rugged terrains.
Harsil: An epitome of serenity and tranquility in the lap of Himalayas, Harsil is the most favored spot among the tourists and nature lovers.
Gangotri temple: It is the prominent Hindu Temple located in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand State. Its main attraction lies with a rock submerged and considered as the partial Shivalinga.
Surya Kund: It is the revered site located near the Gangotri temple. Devotees visit this waterfall to pay respect to Sun God.
Jalmagna Shivlinga: It is one of the magnificent sites that behold the supreme power of god. As per the sources, Lord Shiva sat on this place to lock Ganga in his hairs. You can view the Jalmagna Shivling in the winter season when the water level goes down.
Gangnani: It is the place famous for its thermal water springs. Also, those looking for perfect place to attain peace of mind can find the best deal at this meditation center.
Dharali: Dharali village is a picturesque location situated on the banks of River Ganges. It is famous for Rajma cultivation and its apple orchards.
Bhaironghati: It is situated at a distance of 10km from Gangotri. Here located is the temple of Bhairav Nath. You can enjoy the thick forests around the temple. They are worth watching.
Tapovan: It is a beautiful meadow that is located at an altitude of 4460mts above sea level. You can watch the beautiful flowers on this meadow and can also watch the surroundings peaks and ranges after climbing on this meadow.
Gaumukh Glacier: The Gangotri Glacier moves along the Gangotri track from Chaukhamba and get merged into the Gaumukh Glacier. It is believed that the Ganga water is 100% pure away from any impurities.
Vishwanath temple: It is one of the renowned temples in Uttrakashi that holds a detailed description in Kedar Khanda and Skanda Puran. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishwanath. In this temple, the Shivling placed carries the size of 60cm length and 90 cm circumference.
Trekking: The area surrounding the Gangotri Shrine is full of lush green hills that allow the adventure lovers to enjoy trekking. The areas like Gaumukh and Tapovan offers the tourists with the best places to enjoy for trekking.
Pilgrimage: Gangotri is the one of the best pilgrimage place. Being the part of the Chardham Yatra, the region receives thousands of devotees every year.
Shopping: Being Gangotri is a revered place; it beholds several shops that sells images of deities and other related materials. Also, shopping freaks can find a great deal of useful items such as shawls, woolens, handicrafts here.
Gangotri experience a cool environment all throughout the year. The average maximum temperature ranges somewhere 10-15 degree Celsius; while the minimum temperature turned into zero many times. The chilled environment raises the necessity to carry warm and woolen clothes while on the go to Gangotri.
Summer season: During the summer season (April to June); the town experiences a pleasant temperature with maximum temperature of around 25 degree Celsius. The nights are quite chilly but then also the environment is enjoyable and allows smooth trip.
Monsoon season: Monsoon season starts from end of July and continues till August end. During the monsoon season, it's hard to reach to the temple as the area is prone to face landslides. Visitors are strictly advised to avoid the trip to Gangotri during the Monsoon season.
Winter season: The winter season starts from November and continues till April and the weather is extremely chilled with heavy snowfall. During this season, the Gangotri temple remains closed. However, the trekkers and mountaineers find the season most appropriating for the adventure trip.
Gangotri lies in the Uttarkashi region of the Uttarakhand State. The best time to visit the holy Shrine of Gangotri is during the month of April, May, June, September, October and November. The temple of Gangotri remains open from April's last week to November first week.
By Air: Gangotri is situated at a distance of about 250kms from Dehradun that carries the nearest airport named with Jolly Grant Airport. From the airport, you can easily get the road transport via taxi or bus to reach to your destination. Also, you can hire chopper service to land at Gangotri.
By Rail: At a distance of about 234kms from Gangotri, here is Rishikesh that holds the nearest railway station. From here, regular trains carry the journey connecting with the major cities and states of the country. Also, you can hire taxi or bus to reach Gangotri.
By Road: You can easily enjoy a wide coverage of road transport to reach Gangotri from various parts of the Uttarakhand State. Buses and taxis are easily available for your convenience.
Gangotri beholds the charm that you are looking for. It is just the perfect destination for a serene and pious environment. The snow clad mountains and the clear crystal water of the Ganga River makes you contended with the purity and picturesque beauty of the captivating place. It is a must to visit place once in a lifetime.


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Karl Cortlandt Schuyler, född 3 april 1877 i Colorado Springs, Colorado, död 31 juli 1933 i New York, var en amerikansk republikansk politiker. Han representerade delstaten Colorado i USA:s senat 7 december 1932 - 3 mars 1933.

Schuyler avlade 1898 juristexamen vid University of Denver. Han inledde sedan sin karriär som advokat i Colorado Springs. Han flyttade 1905 igen till Denver.

Senator Charles W. Waterman avled 1932 i ämbetet och Walter Walker blev utnämnd till senaten fram till fyllnadsvalet senare samma år. Schuyler fyllnadsvaldes till senaten för att sitta där till slutet av Watermans mandatperiod men han lyckades inte bli vald till den därpå följande sexåriga mandatperioden.

Schuyler omkom i en trafikolycka i New York City. Han gravsattes på Fairmount Cemetery i Denver.

Externa länkar

 Political Graveyard

Födda 1877
Avlidna 1933
Ledamöter av USA:s senat från Colorado
Personer från Colorado Springs
Personer som omkommit i trafikolyckor
Män

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
by Rhythm Scene Staff | Dec 07, 2020
Sean J. Kennedy is a percussionist and drum set performer, currently serving as the drummer for The Doc Severinsen Tribute Band, featuring Jay Webb, and as principal percussionist with the Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale since 2004. He is a multi-faceted musician who is equally accomplished on the stage, in the recording studio, and in the classroom, having earned a master's degree in Percussion Performance and a bachelor's degree in Music Education from West Chester University. He has performed on drum set and percussion at venues including Radio City Music Hall and Carnegie Hall with world renowned acts such as Il Volo, Roger Daltry and The Who, Evanescence, Lindsey Stirling, The Philly POPS!, The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, The Jacksonville Symphony, The Allentown Band, The Allentown Symphony Orchestra, and The Lancaster Symphony Orchestra. Kennedy is also the author of numerous drumset, percussion and improv books. In 2018, he was invited to present a TEDx Talk (https://youtu.be/Ku70874c3vg) about the history of the drumset, titled: Happy Accidents: Drumming Up Serendipity. Jazz legend Dave Brubeck stated that Sean's drumming, "… sounds like it should—it swings!"
Most recently, Sean Kennedy initiated a project he calls The Rolling Buzzards Brigade. They play traditional rudimental drum music and create virtual performance videos. Their first piece, released in July, was "The Downfall of Paris." The brass ensemble included members of the Philadelphia Orchestra and Canadian Brass and the drumline included Sean along with legends like Bernie Dresel and Clayton Cameron. For the two subsequent recordings, "Connecticut Halftime" and "Three Camps," the drumline featured Dame Evelyn Glennie, Sherrie Maricle, Bernie Dresel, Clayton Cameron, John Wooton, Neil Grover, Sean Kennedy, and some other great players. ("Connecticut Halftime, in fact, has 12 drummers drumming!).
Via email, I had the opportunity to ask Sean about this project, other impacts on his percussion activity due to coronavirus, and what new projects he has in the works.
Josh Gottry: How did the coronavirus pandemic directly impact you and what you were doing professionally?
Sean Kennedy: All of my freelance and yearly gigs dried up instantly; working with bands and students in schools went to 100% remote learning and it halted several recording projects. As an example, with the newly formed The Doc Severinsen Tribute Band, we recorded/produced three tunes in early February of this year, with the idea of completing a full-length album, that plan was immediately shelved. My wife and four kids were also all trapped at home, working and learning remotely.
BUT some new opportunities presented themselves, fortunately! First, my tech and recordings skills improved quickly and exponentially over the first month of quarantine. I've had brand new recording gear on my shelf in my home studio for eight years that my parents got me for my birthday and finally, about two weeks into to the shutdown, I actually opened, set-up, and figured out how to use it all, mics, software, etc. Now I can record professional drum and percussion tracks in my home percussion studio! Thanks to this new found skill, I've done almost 30 virtual ensembles, interviews, etc. Some were paid and some not, but at least I have things to keep my playing/reading chops growing, and things to keep my creative juices flowing.
The second thing has been a renewed focus on drumming fundamentals. So often, as working musicians, our practice largely consists of preparing for whatever is needed for that next gig. Well, all of a sudden there were no gigs! Now what?!? For me, I went back to more rudimental playing. The shutdown essentially allowed me the time to go back and focus on some fundamentals and dig into some books that I've had since high school and do some maintenance on my playing.
JG: What prompted you to come up with this particular idea or what was the goal you were trying to accomplish through this project?
SK: Believe it or not it all started with a trumpet player! Last fall, Chris Coletti (friend and recently retired trumpet player from the Canadian Brass) and I did a series of educational workshops for over 1000 middle school students in suburban Philadelphia. It was so much fun that we both decided to collaborate on some crossover recording/video projects, bringing various musicians together to bring new life to old tunes. We started communicating and sharing ideas via email and phone about creating new versions of tunes that we loved, Chris started getting some folks that he knew to cover some of the parts, and I went immediately to my friend Nitzan Haroz, principal trombone of the Philadelphia Orchestra. I called him and said "There's a project I'd like you to be part of," and before I could finish he said, "I'll do it, what is it!"
Unfortunately, that project got temporarily shelved because of the shutdown, but at the same time, I started getting requests to participate in lots of virtual ensembles. They are certainly not quite like live gigs, but it still was a lot of fun to collaborate and meet new folks from all around the globe with a common love of creating and performing. This inspired me to ask Chris if he had any interest in playing my arrangement of "The Downfall of Paris" for brass quintet and percussion.
He suggested keeping it to the five brass players, and because I could I got lots of my drumming friends to join in, I revamped my arrangement so that seven drummers could participate.
We called ourselves The Rolling Buzzards Brigade (silly but catchy, drummers roll, brass players buzz, brigade as a homage to the military traditional both instrument families come from), and my son made our logo. Chris Coletti covers trumpet 1 and 2; Tawnee Lynn, a freelancer LA, is on horn; Nitzan Haroz, Philadelphia Orchestra, is on trombone; and David Earll, professor at Ithaca, covers tuba. Our four snare drummers are myself, Bernie Dresel, legendary Hollywood studio drummer and big band drummer with Brian Setzer, etc., Clayton Cameron, known as The Brush Master, and David Lu, Associate Principal Timpanist Shanghai Philharmonic Orchestra, from Philly originally. Dave Nelson, principal timpanist from the Philly Pops Orchestra, is on bass drum and crash cymbals, and Chihiro Shibayama, New York freelance percussionist, covers other cymbal stuff.
That video got us lots of press coverage, including a feature on Drummer Nation with Bernie and Clayton (https://youtu.be/Uhlo4eNLShM), my interview on Alabama Public Radio (https://youtu.be/rUdfjOMFSwU), an interview on IrishPhilly (http://irishphiladelphia.com/2020/07/local-drummer-on-a-roll-with-a-pandemic-inspired-musical-project/), and a feature in Making Music Magazine (https://makingmusicmag.com/philadephia-drummer-arranger-brings-fresh-perspective-to-a-revolutionary-era-fife-and-drum-tune/?fbclid=IwAR1Y3_q8aE7oLLF0epXAVNZCwbeMYdaAd97sly0TSh7lHtPAA1VMAFuBLUA).
JG: How did you select and recruit some of the high-profile players you included?
SK: The original drummers mentioned above were longtime friends and colleagues who I greatly respect. The amazing quality of the "Downfall of Paris" video/audio enabled me to start thinking about a "next project," which became the "Connecticut Halftime" and "The Three Camps" videos.
About a month after Downfall came out, I started asking the original Rolling Buzzards Brigade drummers if they wanted to do another one; they all said YES! Since "Connecticut Halftime" is a rudimental tour-de-force, I wanted lots of drummers. So, I just started asking people I knew. The new members included: Neil Grover, owner of Grover Pro Percussion; Sherrie Maricle, someone whose drumming I've long been a fan of and I had just featured her on my podcast; Chris Colenari, a great arranger, freelancer, and educator in North Jersey with whom I've collaborated extensively; Gabriel Staznik, of the USAF Band, Max Impact; John Wooton, who I actually have never met, but I had referenced so many of his great videos and books about rudimental playing that I thought I needed to include him for the inspiration he's given me; Heather High-Kennedy, my wife who I first hear play snare drum while I was an undergrad at West Chester University School of Music back in 1994; and Dame Evelyn Glennie. Coincidentally, Heather and Dame Evelyn Glennie both had a very similar hearing-loss story, both percussionists that lost their hearing in middle school. Dame Evelyn's story has been well documented of course, but Heather had an almost identical journey. This similarity led us to meet Dame Evelyn while she was on tour here in Philadelphia playing with The Philadelphia Orchestra in the late-1990s. Heather was able to correspond with Dame Evelyn through letters and Dame Evelyn and her team have been supportive of all of our percussive efforts since then.
For this particular recording of "Connecticut Halftime," I boosted the tempo of the original a bit, to make it a little more exciting for the online audience, and changed a few phrases to match J. Burns Moore's classic 1940's recording.
JG: Walk me through the process of collecting, compiling, and editing the videos you received?
SK: For "Downfall of Paris," "Connecticut Halftime," and "Three Camps," I did my own arrangements of each and transcribed them on Finale music notation software. For each one, I made a master version of the computer realization and added myself playing the snare drum live. I sent the master to each of the musicians and they all played along and recorded audio and video to that version.
It was really interesting how many questions I got though, even though the score was highly notated. Things we take for granted in live rehearsals and recording now took more time and I think everyone was being very careful since the recording and the video needed to match exactly. I would get various nuance questions like, "This note is slightly accented on the recording but not really indicated on the sheet music is that right?" All of the percussionists recorded and sent back their audio/video, all only playing along with me from that master version.
The brass was a bit more complicated. I needed Chris to play his parts first, for intonation, inflections, etc. He recorded to the computer-generated brass and my live drum track, then we added his trumpet to the click track. We sent that to the horn player, the horn was recorded, we added her to the click track, then the trombone, then tuba. We did it very systematically so they were really performing as an ensemble.
Since the individual performances were good and played by world class musicians I had a professional sound engineer and good friend Andrew Torre here in Philadelphia mix and EQ everything; he is an absolute magician! We all sound like we're in the studio together and it sounded so good, that we actually have all of the audio versions available now online at therollingbuzzardsbrigade.hearnow.com. I got another friend, Rob Simmons from Chicago, who edited and put together the video versions for YouTube.
JG: What has been the response you've received from the rudimental drumming community?
SK: In two words: OVERWHELMING and AMAZING! I could stop right here and just say Dr. Throwdown, John Wooton, likes it and plays on one, but we've also gotten tons of nice compliments from other folks. Mark Reilly, Sergeant Major at The United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps, has been one of my biggest cheerleaders in this project and has shared everything on his social media pages. All of the comments have been very positive and supportive. Of course, all of these pieces can and will be interpreted differently from player to player, and some folks have indicated that they noticed a change here or there, but I've not gotten any negative feedback. Rich Redmond called "Connecticut Halftime," "an amazing assembly of talent! Some of the greatest drummers in the world expertly executing this exciting repertoire!" Neil Grover wrote about "Downfall of Paris" that the arrangement, "brings a fresh perspective to a time-tested standard. Arranged for brass and percussion, Kennedy's superlative writing is only surpassed by the brilliant virtuosity of the performers themselves."
JG: What impact do you think projects like this could have on younger percussion students?
SK: This old repertoire is still a living art form, artistically challenging and worth practicing and performing, especially if students see all of the legends that were gracious enough to join me. Speaking of the artists, look at the wide array of artists on each video! The artists cover a very wide range of the percussion world. So many backgrounds and areas are represented including jazz, Hollywood, classical, rudimental, education, and Broadway. The common ground is that rudimental instruction, playing, and training is at the core of everything we do. That is a GREAT testament as to why young players need rudimental training. No matter your style or aspirations, you need a foundation to build upon. The rudiments are our common vocabulary.
JG: What's next in line for you and/or this group in terms of future projects?
SK: Curiously enough, I have a bunch of top-level players in the wings that couldn't participate in these and they really want to do "the next one." With school back in session and the holidays approaching I think The Rolling Buzzards Brigade will take a winter hiatus. Maybe in the spring I'll start cooking up another one. The repertoire possibilities are endless, and the interest level from players across the globe is really humbling. So, for now, keep practicing, and stay tuned!
A respected educator, accomplished percussionist, and internationally recognized composer, Josh Gottry has been working with, and creating music for, the next generation of percussionists for over twenty years. He has served as part of the music faculty on college and university campuses around the Phoenix metropolitan area, works regularly with ensembles and students at all grade levels as a clinician and within his private lesson studio, and his performance record includes professional orchestras, musical theater, worship teams, jazz combos, community and chamber ensembles, as well as solo performances and recitals. Mr. Gottry is an ASCAP award-winning composer whose works have been performed at universities, junior high and high schools, and multiple national conferences, and he currently serves as editor for Rhythm! Scene.


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Agawam, purchased in 1636, Agawam was named after the Native American Tribe that was native to New England. What began as a milling town, is now a settled suburb of Springfield. Agawam rests alongside Southwick, Longmeadow, Suffield, Westfield and Connecticut. The highest point of elevation in Agawam is Provin Mountain. Agawam once has its own gin distillery, but after prohibition, its main products were potato chips and apple cider. After prohibition ended it began making gin again only to be closed and eventually the building fell into disrepair. In the early 1930's, Agawam saw the grand openings of Bowles Agawam Airport and an adjacent Horse Race Track. While both of them are currently closed, a one time picnic park has grown significantly into what is now known as Six Flags New England.
Petroleum Management Services has served the residents and businesses of Agawam since it opened its doors in 1992. We assist our clients with cathodic protection and interstitial space monitoring systems. For more information on our tank maintenance and compliance, call us at 781-245-3305.


Generically, your wall surface needs to be clean, and ideally freshly painted, but not as well freshly painted or you might have problems with your wall graphics not sticking (simply because the paint is as well moist), or sticking as well well (surface might be dry but there is nonetheless residual dampness below the surface).
With more costly photograph printers generally also comes the capability to drive them via a Raster Picture Processor (RIP), which is a advanced printer driver that allows you to conserve paper and control the ink density (the amount of ink splashed onto the paper) for every color. RIPs are generally reserved for the larger photo printers.
Signs. Numerous signs use some form of vinyl sticker as letters and logos, both as exterior or inside mounted indicators or as indicators utilized to windows or bigger automobiles like delivery trucks and semi-vehicles. You might have noticed entire sides of semi-truck trailers marketing your favorite fast meals cafe cruising down the interstate highway. That graphic is a large format scanner flatbed vinyl sticker or decal.
Get them prepared. Make certain that the posters will be seen by your target marketplace. Align the date when they will be receiving their salaries. Do it on weekends and holidays when they will have an sufficient amount of time to check you out.
The digital method opened the doors of advertising even to small time entrepreneurs. Now you can seem big in the industry even if you are only beginning. With this kind of procedure of printing, you can spread the word out about you to the people who will care to appear at what you have to offer and be intrigued to purchase in the end.
This allows you to each reduce out postage costs, and also get a sense of how professional your Melbourne printing service is through checking out the premises in person.
There is a huge chance accessible in the web for you to market your brand name and your company. It is already a must for institutions these times to create their personal web website. This gives people a really feel of what it would be like to avail your services. You can highlight your most-bought products and list out their attributes. You can also consist of good recommendations from people who have attempted out your products. You can also have your solutions availed online. This will make it easier for other people to avail your solutions.
I was stunned at a current art show in my neighborhood to be looking at a photographer's show of big dimension prints (18×24 and up in size) to discover out that he shoots solely in digital now. He was a former movie photographer who switched over in recent years and now makes beautiful prints from his electronic pictures. His landscape pictures were merely incredible and to discover out that he shot them on a great electronic digital camera made me extremely curious about the procedure, but that is fodder for another article.


text:
Clarity On Amitabh in Chiru's Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy
February 7, 2018 at 3:54 pm by HaribabuBolineni
A lot of talks are emerging on Mega Star Chiranjeevi's 151st movie "Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy". The film shoot began recently and wrapped up one schedule too. The makers are busy working on the expensive sets and special costumes.
Amitabh in Chiranjeevi's Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy
While these things are going on, there are rumors that Amitabh Bachchan who was announced to be playing a vital role in Sye Raa is out from this project. Also, it seems like the team is looking for another actor who would probably fit in for the role which was supposed to be played by Amitabh Bachchan.
On the other hand, Sye Raa team has responded to these rumors. They confirmed that there is no change in the plan and Amitabh Bachchan is still a part of the prestigious project. But, AR Rahman who was supposed to compose the music for Sye Raa is completely out of the project and the makers are looking to rope in another music director in his place.
Bollywood Technician Joins Syeraa Team
Amitabh Shocks Everyone With His New Look
Secret Behind Amitabh's Marriage
Amitabh sports a new look for his next
Wazir Movie Official Trailer
Kangana Ranaut with Amitabh Bachchan in Boroplus Ad
Amitabh Bachchan About Baahubali


can wander to these remarkable places, too.
Near sunrise on an early day in spring—March 28, to be exact—Aaron Peterson headed out a quarter mile onto Lake Superior at Marquette to photograph Ryan LaBar rolling over the shore ice with studded tires and a fat bike. "We had lots of big storms last winter, just pushing these piles of ice four or five stories high," Peterson says. LaBar had a blast on the icy moonscape, and Peterson kept shooting. The timing was right, because just days after the shoot, the spring sun shining in this photo worked its power. "The ice started breaking up, calving off, and it all started turning back into water," Peterson says.
Post-Shoot Sustenance: In Marquette, Peterson likes Tacos from the Dia De Los Tacos food truck consumed at Blackrocks Brewing.
As winter ebbs, the ice begins to melt along the Lake Michigan coast, but ice ridges resist the thaw, running like a string of mini-mountains a hundred yards offshore. A chill night's re-freeze creates this shimmery blue effect for a photographer like Robert de Jonge, who followed the twisty two-lane M-119 north of Harbor Springs to the minuscule village of Good Hart and then turned left on Lamkin to reach Readmond Township Park. de Jonge captured this image near sunrise, just as the light illuminated the peaks of ice.
Post-Shoot Sustenance: A pot-pie from the Good Hart General Store is De Jonge's go-to for comfort food after a cold day of shooting north of Harbor Springs.
Winter gales off Lake Michigan pile snow and sand into layers, like strata of rock, and then that same wind carves the layers back, etching the drifts into swirled and sculpted echoes of southwestern landforms. Here, Robert de Jonge stood on Sleeping Bear Point, near the national park's Dunes Trail, at daybreak and shot northeast across the bay to Pyramid Point. To get there, from Glen Haven, go west on Glen Haven Rd. to the parking lot at road's end. Follow the dune trail up into the dunes for vistas of the Manitou Passage and Manitou Islands.
Post-shoot sustenance: In Glen Arbor, de Jonge opts for the Surf and Turf (smelt and a burger) at Art's Tavern.
It was a New Year's Day rite that led Shane Wyatt to this image of the Manistee Lighthouse. Each year, he and some friends kick off the new year by renting a condo somewhere along the Lake Michigan shore, a tradition that also involves a morning walk along the beach. But the year Wyatt's posse chose Manistee, January 1 began with a snow storm barreling in off the big lake, and everybody but Wyatt opted to stay cozy indoors. We're glad Wyatt bundled up, because we can all enjoy the result. Note the Manistee light's distinctive elevated walkway—installed so lighthouse keepers could man the light even when storm surge was smashing over the pier.
Post-shoot sustenance: In Manistee, for breakfast, Wyatt likes House of Flavors, later in the day, he warms up at the Northside Bar with a burger, a beer, game of pool and, of course, a favorite tune on the jukebox.
Post-shoot sustenance: Lindsay likes to warm up at Dinghy's, on Frankfort's Main Street, for the choice of sandwiches, the coffee and the sense of Great Lakes shoreside community.
When driving home after shooting the loppet story in the 2014 February issue, Beth Price glanced across Little Traverse Bay where US-31 curves through Petoskey, saw this scene and had to shoot it. The storm that had dumped marvelous snow on the loppet skiers all day was about played out, and the promise of clear skies appeared on the horizon. "There's so much beauty around here, I pull over all the time. Some days are so dramatic, I can only travel a few miles before I have to stop again," she says.
for the Awesome Chicken Sandwich and a cup of coffee.
The message on Peterson's Facebook said, "We're gonna go deep. Look for something epic. Do you want to come along?" The rendezvous was daybreak, about 8 hours later, so Peterson wrote "yes," and proceeded to pack his gear. The two ice climbers—Nick Dobbs and Ross Herr—who'd left the note and Peterson skied six miles to the Pictured Rocks shore and laced up a top-rope. As the climbers rapelled over the edge, Peterson hiked around the rim and set up for this dramatic shot that captured Dobbs scaling the frozen ooze of the national park shoreline between Mosquito Beach and Chapel Beach.
Post-Shoot Sustenance: Peterson likes Johnny Dogs, for top-notch hot dogs in Munising, but says the hangout for ice-climbers is Sydney's.
with a Bowers Harbor pinot noir.
Ludington's Todd and Brad Reed live to photograph storms. To get this image, Todd and his son Willie watched a February storm for hours, capturing shots during lulls in the blizzard. As sunset neared, Todd prayed for what he calls "storm light." If the magic light arrived, it would appear shortly before sunset, and only if the sun could find its way through, or beneath, a band of boiling clouds skirting the western horizon. Then, just as Todd had hoped, sunlight broke from beneath the clouds, back-lighting the waves and the Ludington lighthouse. Rewarded by perseverance, and oblivious to the gale winds pummeling them, Willie and Todd watched as the mystical light and lake's fury coexisted.
Post-Shoot Sustenance: Todd likes to warm up with black coffee and a potato-stuffed Helen's Omelet at the Old Hamlin Restaurant in downtown Ludington.


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Q: Unable to generate csv with apache bindy with isOrdered attribute This is my model:
@CsvRecord(separator=",",generateHeaderColumns=true,isOrdered=true)
public class TestModel implements Serializable{
    @DataField(pos=1,position=2)
    String value1;
    @DataField(pos=2,position=1)
    String value2;
    //Getters and Setters

    //Constructor
}

The Bean Processor code:
 public class TestProcessor {
    public List<TestModel> process(){
     List<TestModel> list=new ArrayList<>();
     list.add(new TestModel("Value1","Value2"));
     list.add(new TestModel("Value3","Value4");
     return list;
    }
 }

The RouteBuilder code:
public class TestRouteBuilder extends RouteBuilder{
    @Override
    public void configure(){
    BindyCsvDataFormat bindy=new BindyCsvDataFormat(com.example.TestModel.class);
    from("timer:ping?period=1m").to("bean:testProcessor?method=process").marshal(bindy).to("file://C://CSV//messages?fileName=Test.csv");
    }
}

If I omit the isOrdered=true attribute, the csv file gets generated.
But I want to reorder the columns in the generated csv and the csv file is not getting generated at all if the isOrdered attribute is included in the model.
Would appreciate any help on this.
Thanks.

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It's the Cherry Blossom Festival in JinHae and Korean soups and stews to get you going!
This coming week is the yearly Cherry Blossom Festival here in JinHae (진해군항제) and the Cherry trees around Korea are in full bloom! Scott, Adam, and Phil sit down to talk about the festival in JinHae including what you can expect from it, the traffic and crowds, the best times to go, things to do at the festival, and the best places to see while you are there.
This week we also have a new segment on the show called 'Phil It Up!'. Phil will talk about his favorite thing in Korea! Soups and Stews, also known as JiGae (찌개). Phil lets you know his 5 bests soups and stews including Dongtae jjigae (동태찌개), Samgyetang (삼계탕), Seolleongtang (설렁탕), and more! Then everyone gets together to give their favorite stews and some of the best places to find them!
It's a podcast of cherry blossoms, soups, and stews for this episode of K-PoD!
The Cherry Blossom Festival in JinHae starts this coming week and Scott starts off with his experiences with the festival.
Adam talks about his time at the festival last year, Scott brings up school field trips to see the Cherry Blossoms, and Phil tells us what it's like living in JinHae at this time of year..
Phil tells us about his first Cherry Blossom Festival, fireworks, and a prank he pulled on his family regarding the festival.
Everyone talks about some other things you can do at the Cherry Blossom Festival other than looking at the cherry trees.
Phil brings us 'Phil It Up!' where he tells us about his favorite soups and stews, also known as JiGae (찌개).
Scott and Adam join in to talk about their favorite soups and stews, as well as the best restaurants and places to get them.
Phil recorded the fireworks that kick off the Cherry Blossom Festival in Jinhae from his place.
If you have any questions for us, or questions regarding South Korea, please email us you questions now for an upcoming episode where we will be answering listeners questions.


I want to bring to the notice of the public that, due to a certain judgment I gave as a District Court Judge in a civil dispute, which I did to the best of my ability and purely on the basis of the principles of law and justice – all of which I was appointed to uphold -, I have come to a very serious difficulty.
The judgment in this case, which I gave in favour of the defendant, seems to have offended one of the witnesses, who happens to be a Senior Legal Counsel and, to my knowledge, a relative of the former Chief Justice Mohan Peiris. The day I delivered the judgment, it was reported to me by court staff that this gentleman had openly said that he will see to it 'that I will lose my position as a Judge'.
A month or so later, I was called upon by the Chief Justice and he demanded that I resign from my position. I told him that no charge had been made against me and that there had been no inquiry, and that therefore the proper procedure would be to conduct such an inquiry into any claims before making an appropriate decision. In response, I was talked down to in humiliating language and threatened with losing my position.
Several months later, I was called upon by the Bribery Commission and was asked to submit details of all my income and assets. I did that immediately, by way of affidavits, and also provided the necessary references. To this date, the Bribery Commission has not informed me that any of the information I have so provided is incorrect or inadequate.
I understand that this inquiry was begun on the basis of an anonymous complaint. I do not know the name or any other details of the complainant, and therefore, I am unable to say what may have motivated such a person and what my relationship to that person could be.
With the beginning of the inquiry, the incremental salary increases given to me in my position as a judge were stopped. I wrote to the Judicial Services Commission giving them all the details, and also wrote to the Bribery Commission and asked them for an inquiry and an immediate exoneration. This was important to me for many reasons. My position, which could have been elevated to the High Court, was affected by this inquiry and, therefore, I had to retire without the usual promotions that were due to me as to any other Judge in the service.
I constantly requested the Bribery Commission and the Judicial Services Commission to bring this matter to an end, either by way of declaring me exonerated, which I know and believe is my due, or otherwise to indict me so that I will be able to prove my innocence in a court of law.
After five years of pleading without any positive result, I filed a Fundamental Rights Application before the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka, and asked for an inquiry on the basis of Article 126 of the Sri Lankan Constitution. This, after all, is the final resort that any citizen, be he a judge or any other person, has.
I was fully aware of the risks involved in filing a fundamental rights case. I knew that it could have dangerous results. I am aware of many people who have been exposed to serious threats and violence by the respondents in some of these cases. In one case, while a fundamental rights petition filed by a young man was being heard, he, his father and his mother were all made to disappear.
My case was called by the Supreme Court on a few occasions. The Respondents purposefully sought dates to obtain advice from the Attorney General.
No objections to my Petition have been filed and none of the facts that I have relied upon have been contradicted by my opponents.
Several months later, I heard that an indictment had been filed against me, although it has not yet been served on me. I don't know what the charges could be. All that I know is that some charges are reported to have been filed.
I believe that the Respondents want to use this indictment in order either to get me to withdraw the Fundamental Rights application that I have made or to delay the hearing of the Fundamental Rights application on the basis that there is a criminal action against me and that the criminal action should be heard first before the Fundamental Rights application.
There is no legal basis at all to delay the Fundamental Rights application simply because a criminal action is pending. In law, the two are very separate types of actions and the matters that the courts have to decide are based on different legal criteria.
One issue is about whether a fundamental rights violation has taken place and the other is about whether a crime has been committed.
I am aware of several judgements that were delivered while criminal actions were pending. If need be, I could give the details of such judgments. However, I am aware that, particularly at the time when Chief Justice Sarath Silva was presiding, there were many cases that were postponed until a criminal trial was held and a few such cases have been pending in the Supreme Court for over ten years because criminal actions, once started, are subjected to the normal delays that are a part of our legal system, and that includes the delays in the appeals and the re-trials. Again, I am able to give details of such cases if it is required.
Therefore, my plea to all, to the judiciary as well as to the public, is to ensure that I will have the benefit of a speedy trial and a speedy hearing of the Fundamental Rights application.
The Fundamental Rights application should be heard irrespective of any issues that may arise in the criminal case, and the criminal case itself should be heard as speedily as possible.
I am aware that the greatest trap that an innocent man could be placed in is to have a fabricated criminal charge filed against him. It makes him a victim of a lengthy trial for may many years to come. It could be ten years or even more, judging by many cases, which I am able to cite.
Therefore, I am bringing to the notice of the public that I, having myself been a judge, have been exposed to one of the gravest problems that any citizen could be exposed to.
I am also letting the public know that when the criminal case is before the courts I will demand a trial by a jury, which is one way of ensuring a day-to-day trial, and that will speed up the trial process.
This is a way to destroy a man, his family and everything he stands for, and to irreparably stain his reputation.
I will be helpless in this situation and the denial of justice in this manner is something that, even as a former judge, I know I am simply unable to fight.
B. I also want to inform the public that, from what the law says about equality of arms, I am not in a position to match the powerful people who are trying to victimise me.
Therefore, my plea to the judiciary, the judges who were my fellow colleagues in these long years, to the legal profession and the Bar association, and to the public in general, is this: please do not ignore this as one individual's problem; this is a problem that affects the very nature of the justice system we have and the way injustice is perpetrated through our system.
I would therefore urge all of you to ensure that the criminal trial that has been initiated against me be held as speedily as possible in the coming few months and that the Fundamental Rights application that I have filed should be heard without any kind of obstruction based on the criminal trial or otherwise.
While I am making this plea for myself, I am also aware that the outcome could be of great use to the public in general.
It is time that we fight against the abuse of the justice system to perpetrate injustice.


Remember the movie from 1994?
Forrest Gump, staring Tom Hanks, took us through a journey of a man who kept falling from one situation to the next and somehow came out bellying his low IQ. In this movie, we learn a lot about the power of the human spirit.
True words. There's a Proverb with a similar idea: Proverbs 17:12.
Better to meet a bear robbed of her cubs than a fool bent on folly.
There's a great deal of humor in the Proverbs. They often have a sarcastic bite to them and this one is not any different.
Before we get to that, however, it's important to go through what the Bible means when it says "fool". What's often translated into English from Hebrew (the language of the Old Testament) is one word—even though Hebrew has several. Here, the Hebrew word refers to a person without good judgment.
So this little Proverb is saying it's better to meet a mama bear whose cubs have been stolen than to stand in the way of a person without good judgment. Here's the humor: the "dumb animal" would have a reason to be angry and charge at someone stealing her babies while the person created in the image of God is so dumb they're actually more dangerous. In other words, you're better off meeting a wild animal than a wild person.
So what do we learn here, brothers and sisters?
There are foolish people in our lives that we're better off just letting them make fools of themselves than trying to stand in their way. Should we try, they'll simply plow right through us because their ignorance has convinced them they're right.
When we face these people—and the Holy Spirit will show you—we must allow the words of this Proverb to saturate our understanding: we're better off handling a wild animal than a wild person. You've been warned.
First off the animal isn't "dumb". They're led by natural instincts, given to them by God. Moreover, the statement that "the one created in God's image is so dumb" is awfully misleading. We're all created in God's image but when we choose wickedness, evil, deception and foolishness we're not following in his image / path. We're in a state of rebellion and you're lack of clarification is far more likely to mislead and confuse. In my humble opinion.
May God bless you and have a great day.


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Local students show off in 2019 Ross County Fair goat showmanship competition
Aaron Yoakum, Keagan Stewart, and Keagan Smith won the Junior Fair Dairy, Meat, and Pygmy Goat Showmanship competition at the 2019 Ross County Fair.
Local students show off in 2019 Ross County Fair goat showmanship competition Aaron Yoakum, Keagan Stewart, and Keagan Smith won the Junior Fair Dairy, Meat, and Pygmy Goat Showmanship competition at the 2019 Ross County Fair. Check out this story on chillicothegazette.com: https://www.chillicothegazette.com/story/news/2019/08/05/local-students-show-off-2019-ross-county-fair-goat-showmanship-competition-pygmy-dairy-meat-market/1920499001/
David Wysong, Chillicothe Gazette | Chillicothe | The Chillicothe Gazette Published 11:43 a.m. ET Aug. 5, 2019 | Updated 11:54 a.m. ET Aug. 5, 2019
2019 Ross County Junior Fair Dairy, Meat, and Pygmy Goat Showmanship Show
Aaron Yoakum, Keagan Stewart, and Keagan Smith won the Junior Fair Dairy, Meat, and Pygmy Goat Showmanship Show at the 2019 Ross County Fair on Sunday August 4, 2019. David Wysong/Gazette
CHILLICOTHE – A plethora of local student showed off their goats on Sunday, but only three could come out victorious.
The 2019 Junior Fair Dairy, Meat, and Pygmy Goat Showmanship competition was held at the Ross County Fair on Sunday as three winners came out on top of each category.
"The showman out here, I think they can go around the state and really compete with just about anybody – they're really good showman," said showmanship judge James Maynard.
The competition kicked off with the dairy goat category as Maynard chose winners of the senior, intermediate, and junior classes and judged them, along with any past winners who did not win their class this year, in the dairy master showmanship competition. Maynard ultimately named Keagan Stewart of Southeastern High School the dairy goat master showmanship champion.
The win was especially sweet for Stewart as he defeated his sister Alexandrea Stewart who finished second.
Southeastern High School's Keagan Stewart won the Dairy Senior Showmanship championship at the 2019 Ross County Fair on Sunday August 4, 2019. Stewart is a part of the Born in a Barn 4-H club. (Photo: David Wysong/Gazette)
"It felt awesome because I beat my sister and I've never done that before and we've been competing for about seven years now," Stewart said. "We go to a bunch of different states and stuff and I've always kind of been second to her."
In the pygmy goat category, Zane Trace student Keagan Smith – who first won the pygmy goat senior showmanship class – ultimately earned the title of the pygmy goat master showmanship champion.
"I've been showing pygmy goats for four years and I've never came close to winning," Smith said. "I tried really hard over the summer, tried working as much as possible. It feels reassuring to know that if you put in the work that you get a lot out of it."
Zane Trace High School's Keagan Smith won the Pygmy Goat Master Showmanship Championship at the 2019 Ross County Fair on Sunday August 4, 2019. Smith is a part of the Clover Bees 4-H Club. (Photo: David Wysong/Gazette)
Then in the market/meat breeding category, the largest category that had over 75 competitors, Paint Valley's Aaron Yoakum – who first won the market/meat breeding senior showmanship class – earned the title as the market/meat breeding master showmanship champion.
"It feels pretty good to win," Yoakum said. "Being my last year, I've enjoyed my time here and it's really meant a lot to see all of the people that has put their time and effort into me and now I'm excited to be able to put time into the next generation."
Paint Valley High School's Aaron Yoakum won the Market/Meat Breeding Master Showmanship championship at the 2019 Ross County Fair on Sunday August 4, 2019. Yoakum is a part of the Tip of the County 4-H club. (Photo: David Wysong/Gazette)
Maynard spoke highly of each winner and noted that showing goats is not just about having a good goat but about knowing how to show it.
"The young man that won champion in the meat goat division did an excellent job at getting as much out of that goat as he could," Maynard said. "Then you look at the pygmy goats and the dairy goats, probably not as big as the meat goats as far as numbers go, but I think the competition is just as dense."
Read or Share this story: https://www.chillicothegazette.com/story/news/2019/08/05/local-students-show-off-2019-ross-county-fair-goat-showmanship-competition-pygmy-dairy-meat-market/1920499001/
Chillicothe and Ross County public records: crime


The Yoakum Regional ITS Architecture is a roadmap for transportation systems integration in the Region over the next 20 years. This architecture covers the Texas DOT Yoakum District (Austin, Calhoun, Colorado, DeWitt, Fayette, Gonzales, Jackson, Lavaca, Matagorda, Victoria, and Wharton counties). The architecture is being developed through a cooperative effort by the Region's transportation agencies, covering all modes and all roads in the Region. The architecture that is shown reflects stakeholder input received at the workshops conducted in Yoakum, Texas on August 11-12, 2004 and October 21, 2004, and final comment resolution in May 2005.
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« Let him go
Western democracies: end the UN »
Why Arabs hate land swaps
There is a guy named Dan Friedman who sends me (and numerous others) several e-mails a day. He is very, very right-wing, in his American politics and his views on Israel. I'm sure a lot of people dislike him, but he's got a great sense of what's important.
He often spots interesting things, like this Newsweek interview with Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman — another smart guy that a lot of people dislike — in which Lieberman talks about land swaps:
Newsweek: You're talking about drawing a line so that how many Israeli Arabs will no longer be part of Israel?
Avigdor Lieberman: At least half.
N: Polls suggest that 90 percent or more of Israeli Arabs don't want that.
L: You have 20 percent of the population that's the Arab minority. You have 80 percent that's Jewish. From 80 percent of the Jewish population, 70 percent support this idea.
N: So even if a resident of [the Israeli Arab town] Umm al-Fahm, for instance, doesn't want to become part of Palestine, if a majority in the country says he has to, he has no choice?
L: He can continue to live in his property, his house, his land [and become a citizen of Palestine], or he can move to Israel.
The idea of a land swap is that borders should be determined by the populations living inside them. So rather than arbitrarily dividing the land according, for example, to the 1949 armistice lines, borders are drawn as much as possible to separate Jewish and Arab populations. Rather than evacuating hundreds of thousands of Jews from 'Palestine' — interestingly, no one 'respectable' ever talks about evacuating Arabs from Israel — they can stay where they are and become part of Israel, while heavily Arab areas presently inside Israel can become part of Palestine.
Obviously, geographic considerations like contiguity make it impossible to create wholly homogeneous states, so a practical solution would either involve some people moving or some toleration of the minority culture within each state.
For some reason — perhaps because it is based on the admission that Jews and Arabs really can't live together — the idea creates revulsion on the Left. And it makes Arab citizens of Israel, some of whom would become 'Palestinians' livid. Not just because they can see how 'Palestine' works in Judea, Samaria and Gaza and want no part of it, but because it presupposes that Jews have rights to some part of the land.
The usual two-state solution according to the 1949 lines does not. Since hundreds of thousands of Jews will be removed from Judea and Samaria, while Arabs within the Green Line will stay put, it can be read as a victory, albeit incomplete, for the Palestinian movement. And as the Arabs understand it, a two-state solution also includes the return of Arab 'refugees' to the area west of the line. It does not imply that the Jews get title to anything and is always seen as a step to total victory.
I am not inventing this. If you don't agree that this is a correct account of Arab thinking, ask 'Palestinian citizen of Israel' Haneen Zouabi or Fatah official Abbas Zaki.
But the swap idea is different. Inherent in it is the idea that the Jews and Arabs are dividing the land between them, and the Jews will get to keep their part. It is an actual solution, not simply a withdrawal on the way to surrender.
I find it remarkable that this idea is dismissed as politically impossible or even morally offensive, while the unstable and unfair option of dividing the land according to the 1949 line is the preferred choice of the Israeli Left, the Obama Administration, and Europe.
Of course, having said that, it's probably the case that no further partition of what used to be called "Western Palestine" according to any lines would yield either a viable Arab state or a secure Jewish one. The single-minded concentration on this idea by most of the world shows that most of the world does not want a stable solution — rather, they want to be able to say "we did our best" in the event that Israel is lost yet again and the Jews return to their 'natural' condition as a stateless, powerless, dispersed and persecuted people.
Technorati Tags: Avigdor Lieberman, land swaps, Israel, Palestine
This entry was posted on Thursday, December 23rd, 2010 at 9:05 pm and is filed under General. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
3 Responses to "Why Arabs hate land swaps"
This piece tells it as it is. Leiberman's idea of land- swap and population- swap makes sense for those who want Israel to be a secure Jewish state. I admit there is no guarantee and there are all kinds of problems with it. But it makes sense. Two states two peoples, one here one there. But of course the truth is that the Arabs do not want this. They don't want Israel- period. This is the heart of the problem. Again and again the fools who lead this world simply fail to understand this. But it is so clear. The Arabs say it and show it themselves with everything they do.
The only thing for us to do in this situation is hold on and strengthen ourselves so that our reality will not be undermined.
NormanF says:
Which goes to show the world's real interest is to weaken Israel – not to really create two states for two peoples. The Arabs themselves reject this formula. What they really want is for Israel to arrange the terms of its national suicide. And for most Israeli Jews, its a non-starter.
There will be no peace in our lifetime.
Nuritg says:
I like Dan Friedman because he says it as it is, no camouflage.