Cisco began by converting order processing from manual to electronic. In the past, customers faxed orders to Cisco, which sometimes resulted in errors. With the use of Netcentives' online ordering program, order forms became 70% more accurate. To expedite the transition to electronic processing, Cisco offered customer service representatives Click Miles for each task they effectively encouraged customers to do. Reps were rewarded when their customers placed online orders and when they achieved a 5% increase in orders first placed over the Internet. The program's second phase targeted customers who placed orders over the Internet less than 50% of the time. Customer service reps earned up to 7,000 Click Miles every three months for increasing the percentage of online orders. Employees could then redeem Click Miles for airline mileage, merchandise, or Cisco items.


If you are an aspiring streamer and are just breaking out, you will need all the help you can get to put the twitch chat in line. One way to do that is to make yourself look professional and respectable. And the best place to start is to make your twitch channel look dazzling and for that, you will need a twitch overlay.
The twitch overlay will cover the entirety of your screen and you can think of it as a sort of a frame.
There are pre-made overlays (that you can download on our website). Some of those are free and for some you will have to pay. It is surprisingly easy to install them on your twitch or youtube stream.
Firstly, you need to find a frame that you like. You can create one yourself in programs like photoshop or just find one that you like on the internet.
Overlays cover the entire screen and must have see-through parts (PNG) in order for your viewers to be able to see you playing the game.
Secondly, you need to add the overlay you made to your twitch channel. This is the easy part. Just go to the "Broadcaster Software" in OBS and add the desired image.
You need to click on the "sources box" and go to "add-image". After naming your image, click browse and select the image from where you have previously stored it.
You can make your overlay completely or partially see-through by setting the "opacity" value. Make it lower than 100 if you want it to be fully see-through. Once you are satisfied with the way your overlay looks, simply press the OK button.
Thirdly, you should change the shape and size of your overlay by resizing the image.
Right click on the image in the sources box and go to "order" to move the image or "position/size" to make the image static.
If you wish to do this manually, you can simply go to "edit scene" and select the image from the sources box. This will allow you to position the image any way you like.
Once you are happy with how your overlay looks, exit the editing by clicking on the "edit scene" once again.
You should keep in mind that each overlay should be different for each game you play and that you must keep in mind what parts of the screen must be visible for each game.


text:
Rodgers Brilliance Has Packers on Verge of the Unthinkable
by John Jastremski Queens Ledger
Jan 17, 2017 | 10164 views | 0 | 441 | |
I've become very nostalgic over the last few weeks regarding the end of the football season. My Sunday, Monday and Thursday routine over the last four-plus months is about to come to an end and it stinks.
Nothing worse than the end of football season.
In the postseason you hope and pray that the games will deliver memories that will carry into the offseason and remain relevant in your mind until the start of the season in September.
Well, before Sunday the NFL Postseason had been the definition of a dud. In six postseason games, there was not one finish that had you buzzing, one game that had you talking at the water cooler, saying "coulda, shoulda, woulda."
This years' postseason needed a masterpiece and Aaron Rodgers, the most physically gifted quarterback to ever play the position, delivered his Sistine Chapel.
The Packers and Cowboys played one of the most thrilling playoff games you will ever see, a 34-31 victory for the Packers and the performance of Aaron Rodgers still has me buzzing!
Rodgers had the challenge of taking on the best team in the NFC the entire year in the Dallas Cowboys.
The Cowboys featured the best offensive line in football and a pair of rookie studs, running back Ezekiel Elliot and quarterback Dak Prescott.
In order to beat a team as complete as the Cowboys, Rodgers had to put on the Superman cape.
He did that and then some.
The throws, the precision, the accuracy, it was a thing of beauty to watch.
Even when the Cowboys rallied to tie the game after an 18-point deficit, Rodgers never flinched.
Less than 35 seconds to play, a trip to the NFC Championship game in the balance, Rodgers made one of the most improbable throws I've ever seen in a playoff game.
He rolled out to his left and delivered a 35-yard strike on the run setting up the game winning field goal and sending the Packers back to the NFC Championship game, breaking the hearts of Cowboys fans who believed that 2017 was their year.
I shouldn't be surprised with Aaron Rodgers anymore.
He's one of the greatest quarterbacks to ever play this game, and to think this quarterback and this team were left for dead back in November.
I remember the Packers mid-season narrative then. It was a team that had lost its way. The defense was a mess, head coach Mike McCarthy was on the hot seat, and Rodgers didn't look like the great quarterback we had seen over the last eight years.
The Packers we're 4-6 and their playoff chances appeared finished.
After their sixth loss in Washington, Rodgers proclaimed that the Packers would run the table and find their way into the postseason.
Many including this radio host/sports columnist thought he was crazy.
Lesson learned: never ever, ever doubt Aaron Rodgers!
The Packers won six consecutive games down the stretch to win the NFC North. They took care of the New York Giants, a team that had the best defense in all of football, and now they've taken down the best team in the NFC in the Dallas Cowboys.
An incredible achievement, and if the Packers are to finish the journey from 4-6 to a Super Bowl championship, they'll have to go through an explosive Atlanta Falcons offense and either the Pittsburgh Steelers or the modern-day dynasty of the last fifteen years, the New England Patriots.
Long story short, if the Packers and Rodgers are to complete this remarkable turnaround, they're going to have to earn it.
The Packers are far from perfect as a team, and they do have weaknesses that could certainly be exposed by the Atlanta Falcons or whoever is to come out of the AFC. However, with Mr. Discount Double Check, I'm done betting against Aaron Rodgers.
Whether it's another Hail Mary, a brilliant throw on the run, or something else equally spectacular, 2017 may be the year of Aaron Rodgers.
Sit back, R-E-L-A-X, and enjoy watching Mr. Rodgers dominate his NFL neighborhood.
JJ's NFL Championship Sunday Unlocks (44-36-2)
• Green Bay +4.5
• New England -5.5

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Shenoute was born in the mid-fourth century, and around 371 he joined the so-called White Monastery, located on the Upper Nile north of Thebes, just outside the town of Atripe—now the modern city of Sohag. Eventually, he became the leader of the monastery, remaining as such until his death in 465. As the spiritual leader of a monastic community comprising probably thousands of monks and nuns, he wrote numerous speeches and letters that express his views on monastic life and what he considered the orthodox principles Christians should follow. His two major works, Canon and Discourses, place Shenoute as the most important Coptic writer of Late Antiquity.
The Special Collections Research Center holds 20 parchment leaves containing works by Shenoute. At a certain point in its history, the White Monastery library mostly held the works of Shenoute as copied in the eighth and ninth centuries. From the end of the eighteenth century onwards, Europeans, and the monks themselves, started dismembering the codices and taking away gatherings and single leaves. Thus fragments of Shenoute's works ended up in numerous museums and libraries of Europe and North America. Our leaves were purchased by Francis Kelsey, professor in the Department of Classics at the University of Michigan, in Cairo in May 1924.
Since the nineteenth century, scholars have tried to reconstruct the works of Shenoute by assigning leaves to their original codices. Recently, Coptologist Stephen Emmel has pieced together the Shenoute's entire corpus, and he is currently leading an international team of editors working on the first edition and English translation of Shenoute's works.
For the organization and nomenclature of these leaves, I have closely followed Emmel's methodology. MS. 158 is the generic call number the University of Michigan librarians originally assigned to these 20 leaves as well as to other Coptic fragments that were wrongly attributed to Shenoute. Then, the inscriptions in pencil on each page, consisting of a number followed by a letter, were designed to organize single leaves, bifolia (conjugated leaves) and larger gatherings, into a logical sequence. For instance, 17 a-d designates a bifolium (two conjugated leaves), a/b and c/d signifying recto/verso for each of these two leaves. While Emmel keeps the generic call number of the University of Michigan Library, and of other libraries and museums, he adds a system describing where these leaves were located in their respective codices. Furthermore, Emmel names each of these codices by using a system of two-letter alphabetic sigla established by the Corpus dei Manoscritti Copti Letterari (CMCL). Thus, a call number like "White Monastery Codex BZ 233/234; White Monastery Codex BZ 241/242" refers to the codex page numbers of US- MU 158. 17 a/b and US-MU 158. 17 c/d respectively. Obviously, the page numbers of these bifolia will indicate their position within a gathering, which normally included 8 leaves. Lastly, and again following the editorial principles described in Emmel's Shenoute's Literary Corpus, I have provided references to previous editions of these manuscript fragments as well as to their content.
Emmel 2004: Stephen Emmel. Shenoute's Literary Corpus. 2 vols. Lovanii: Peters, 2004.
Leipoldt, Johannes. Sinuthii Archimandritae Vita et Opera Omnia. With the assistance of W.E. Crum. 3 vols. (numbered 1, 3, and 4).
Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium.; Scriptores Coptici ser. 2, vols. 41, 42. 73 (Cop.1 [=II.2.T], 2 [II.4.T], 5 [=II.5.T]). Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1906-1913.
Young 1981b: Dwight Wayne Young. "A Monastic Invenctive against Egyptians Hieroglyphs". In Studies Presented to Hans Jakob Polotsky. 2 vols. Ed. Dwight Wayne Young. 348-60. East Gloucester: Pirtle and Polson, 1981.
Young 1993b: ________. Coptic Manuscripts from the White Monastery: Works of Shenoute. Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, vol. 22. Vienna: Verlag Brüder Hollinek, 1993.


Roy Vaden Pools offers a huge selection of Pentair, Hayward, Sta-Rite, and many other brands of pool parts in our store. To save time when you need a part please, bring the old part in (if possible) or have the manufacturer's name and part numbers.
Roy Vaden Pools offers a wide variety of parts for pumps, filters, automatic chlorinators, salt generators and automatic cleaners. Our experts will diagnose, troubleshoot, and resolve just about any pool related issue. Feel free to email us at parts@royvadenpools.com – remember to include pics of the equipment! Pool problems can be a headache, but they don't have to be, we can help!
We offer the highest quality pool pumps, filters and equipment including the new energy-efficient Pentair pump motor. Roy Vaden Pools provides in-house service and installation of Polaris Cleaners, Letro Legend Cleaners, pool pumps, pool heaters, and more.
We carry Pentair pool maintenance equipment, built to last. With the proper care and use, these quality nets, brushes, etc. will keep your pool sparkling clean for years to come.
No time to vacuum, but there are leaves and debris in the pool? Let the Prowler 820 do the work for you! No booster pump required! Pressure-side cleaners such as the Pentair Letro Legend and Polaris are also available as well as above ground pool cleaners.
Ask an associate about current manufacturer rebates on automatic pool cleaners and pool pumps.


Although today's shoot doesn't take place in a real-life Swiss chalet, you'd almost never know it by looking at these images. The talented team of Samantha Jay Photography, Bottle Pop Party Co., and Fresh Designs Florist created this styled wedding ripe with ideas inspired by the Alps and bier gardens, with a modern take on some rustic decor. Love!
From the photographer, Samantha Jay Photography: While the historic hills of the Brandywine Valley in Pennsylvania are a far cry from the snow-capped Alps in Germany and Switzerland, the roots of our inhabitants can be found there. Here you'll also find a converted barn wedding venue whose walnut beams and white washed walls invoke the same feelings of a warm and cozy mountain chalet. The Gables at Chadds Ford was the inspiration for our alpine affair so we filled it with the work of some of our area's most talented wedding professionals.
Alphorn players filled the air with the melody of their horns while guests would sit upon wooden benches for the ceremony. The ring bearer, in his vintage lederhosen, carried the rose gold rings set upon antique velvet ribbon and stole the show while doing it. The bride, in a long sleeved sheer dress, carried a cascading bouquet of greenery and cozied up with her groom, who was dressed in layers of wool. Hand lettered handmade stationary would guide their guests inside, where tables were set with simple place settings and linen menus. Desserts were varied and sat atop vintage silver platters. A bier garden and s'mores area rounded out our cozy, wintery shoot in the most delicious way.
WHAAAAT. I am obsessed with everything about this………….!!!!!


text:
Law Office of Nettie F. Sabin
Attorney Nettie F. Sabin
Pre-Marital Agreements
Wills, Powers and Trusts
Nettie F. Sabin
Attorney & Counselor, Owner
Email: nettie@sabinlaw.com
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After graduating from New Trier West High School, Nettie F. Sabin was awarded a B.S. in Music Education from the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana with High Honors. For the next 5 years, she worked as a substitute teacher and a claims adjuster. Ms. Sabin attended Loyola University of Chicago School of Law, graduating in 1981…
4322 N. Mozart St.
Home » Attorney
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The Law Office of Nettie F. Sabin provides legal guidance and representation in divorce, child support, adoption, domestic violence, real estate and wills and trusts. Representing clients of all races and all ethnic backgrounds in divorces and parentage cases, with people of all ages in the Chicago Metro area including Cook County, DeKalb County, DuPage County, Grundy County, Kane County, Kendall County, McHenry County and Will County.
© 2020 Law Office of Nettie F. Sabin
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The thing that I can't help but reflect on is that the same subjective advantages Jillette sees in atheism are totally absent when I look at it. What ground does Jillette have for believing that the blobs of DNA he has chosen to call 'family' are any more worth valuing than the other blobs walking around? What reason other than his own physical sensations does Jillette have for his notion that suffering is 'bad' or something not to be done to others?
The fact is, Penn Jillette is a terrifically moral man who cannot account for his morality. He can assert it all the live-long day, and he has in his book. I've seen how mad he gets when people lie, for example. I love it. It's just that in his universe, I should be able to lie to him without him getting all morally superior and telling me to cut it out. And even if he does, in his universe, there is no higher court of appeal.
Back to the aesthetic point for a moment. Jillette sees a beauty to human solitude, apart from God. That is to say, he sees a universe full of suffering and evil. He admits that there is misery and sorrow all around him. He lives in a toilet. But he has accustomed himself to it and comforted himself by thinking, "At least nobody is going to flush the toilet." The best nihilism can give its adherents is the thought that a future nothing is better than a future something.
I imagine Penn Jillette and Cornelius Van Til going on a walk together. As they stroll along they come across a bird who has fallen out of its tree, its wing broken. What do they each see? Consistent with the atheistic worldview, Jillette sees an inferior biological creature. He of course, explains to Van Til that this creature was beautiful and that the suffering of said creature is even more proof that there is no God, for why would a loving God allow this beautiful creature to suffer like this?
Van Til, on the other hand, waits for Jillette to finish and looks from Jillette to the bird, and then back to Jillette. After some time of looking between them, Van Til says, "This bird can only suffer in a universe where 'oughts' exist. Either this bird 'ought' or 'ought not' to suffer, but you can not tell me what the difference is between the bird and the tree it fell out of. You assert that there is a difference, but you cannot account for a reason to actually distinguish the two other than your intuition. My worldview makes sense of suffering. Yours can't even account for distinguishing between objects."
In the end, Jillette is making due with what he has. He knows there must be beauty in the universe and he is choosing to enjoy the toilet bowl because that's the only choice that he has.


text:
package org.rhase.piggyconverter.action;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

import org.apache.pig.impl.logicalLayer.FrontendException;
import org.rhase.piggyconverter.Initable;
import org.rhase.piggyconverter.PCException;
import org.rhase.piggyconverter.PCRuntimeException;
import org.rhase.piggyconverter.SchemaWrapper;
import org.rhase.piggyconverter.TupleWrapper;
import org.rhase.util.javautil.JavaUtil;

public class LookUpFromList extends SingleColAction implements Initable {

  public static enum MATCH_MODE {
    EXACT, PARTIAL
  };

  private interface Matcher {
    boolean match(String matchee, String pattern);
  };

  @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
  private LinkedHashMap<String, Comparable> list = null;
  private String indexFileName;
  private String listDelimiter;
  private String matcheeFld;
  private Matcher matcher = null;

  public void setIndexFileName(String indexFileName) {
    this.indexFileName = new File(indexFileName).getName();
  }

  public void setListDelimiter(String listDelimiter) {
    this.listDelimiter = listDelimiter;
  }

  public void setMatcheeFld(String matcheeFld) {
    this.matcheeFld = matcheeFld;
  }

  public void setMode(MATCH_MODE mode) {
    switch (mode) {
    case EXACT:
      // use Map#get method for exact match.
      break;
    case PARTIAL:
      matcher = new Matcher() {
        @Override
        public boolean match(String matchee, String pattern) {
          return matchee.contains(pattern);
        }
      };
      break;
    default:
      throw new PCRuntimeException("Unknown match mode : " + mode);
    }
  }

  @Override
  @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
  public void init(SchemaWrapper outputSchema) {
    Byte valueType;
    try {
      valueType = outputSchema.getField(column).type;
    } catch (FrontendException e) {
      throw new PCRuntimeException("Field does not exists.", e);
    }

    List<String[]> strList;

    try {
      strList = JavaUtil.readFileToList(indexFileName, listDelimiter, 2);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      throw new PCRuntimeException("Error while reading index file.", e);
    }

    list = new LinkedHashMap<String, Comparable>(strList.size());
    for (String[] row : strList) {
      list.put(row[0], TupleWrapper.castFromString(valueType, row[1]));
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void exec(TupleWrapper out) throws PCException {

    if (matcher == null) {
      // mode = EXACT
      @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
      Comparable val = list.get(out.getString(matcheeFld));
      if (val != null) {
        out.set(column, val);
      }
    } else {
      // mode != EXACT
      for (@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
      Entry<String, Comparable> row : list.entrySet()) {
        if (matcher.match(out.getString(matcheeFld), row.getKey())) {
          out.set(column, row.getValue());
        }
      }
    }
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M., Elfeddali, I., Werneke, U., Malt, U. F., Van den Bergh, O., Schaefert, R., . . . Löwe, B. (2018). A European Research Agenda for Somatic Symptom Disorders, Bodily Distress Disorders, and Functional Disorders: Results of an Estimate-Talk-Estimate Delphi Expert Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, Article ID 151.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A European Research Agenda for Somatic Symptom Disorders, Bodily Distress Disorders, and Functional Disorders: Results of an Estimate-Talk-Estimate Delphi Expert Study
van der Feltz-Cornelis, Christina M.
Elfeddali, Iman
Malt, Ulrik F.
Van den Bergh, Omer
Schaefert, Rainer
Kop, Willem J.
Lobo, Antonio
Sharpe, Michael
Söllner, Wolfgang
Löwe, Bernd
2018 (English)In: Frontiers in Psychiatry, ISSN 1664-0640, E-ISSN 1664-0640, Vol. 9, article id 151Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Background: Somatic Symptom Disorders (SSD), Bodily Distress Disorders (BDD) and functional disorders (FD) are associated with high medical and societal costs and pose a substantial challenge to the population and health policy of Europe. To meet this challenge, a specific research agenda is needed as one of the cornerstones of sustainable mental health research and health policy for SSD, BDD, and FD in Europe.
Aim: To identify the main challenges and research priorities concerning SSD, BDD, and FD from a European perspective.
Methods: Delphi study conducted from July 2016 until October 2017 in 3 rounds with 3 workshop meetings and 3 online surveys, involving 75 experts and 21 European countries. EURONET-SOMA and the European Association of Psychosomatic Medicine (EAPM) hosted the meetings.
Results: Eight research priorities were identified: (1) Assessment of diagnostic profiles relevant to course and treatment outcome. (2) Development and evaluation of new, effective interventions. (3) Validation studies on questionnaires or semi-structured interviews that assess chronic medical conditions in this context. (4) Research into patients preferences for diagnosis and treatment. (5) Development of new methodologic designs to identify and explore mediators and moderators of clinical course and treatment outcomes (6). Translational research exploring how psychological and somatic symptoms develop from somatic conditions and biological and behavioral pathogenic factors. (7) Development of new, effective interventions to personalize treatment. (8) Implementation studies of treatment interventions in different settings, such as primary care, occupational care, general hospital and specialty mental health settings. The general public and policymakers will benefit from the development of new, effective, personalized interventions for SSD, BDD, and FD, that will be enhanced by translational research, as well as from the outcomes of research into patient involvement, GP-patient communication, consultation-liaison models and implementation.
Conclusion: Funding for this research agenda, targeting these challenges in coordinated research networks such as EURONET-SOMA and EAPM, and systematically allocating resources by policymakers to this critical area in mental and physical well-being is urgently needed to improve efficacy and impact for diagnosis and treatment of SSD, BDD, and FD across Europe.
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018
somatic symptom disorder, bodily distress disorder, functional disorders, research agenda, Europe, delphi study, expert survey, EAPM
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-148017 (URN)10.3389/fosyt.2018.00151 (DOI)000431957000001 ()
Werneke, U. & Bhugra, D. (2018). Culture makes a person. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72, S1-S2
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Culture makes a person
Bhugra, Dinesh
2018 (English)In: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, ISSN 0803-9488, E-ISSN 1502-4725, Vol. 72, p. S1-S2Article in journal, Editorial material (Other academic) Published
Taylor & Francis, 2018
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-156909 (URN)10.1080/08039488.2018.1525645 (DOI)000458264000001 ()30380984 (PubMedID)
Supplement 1
Werneke, U. & Bergdahl, I. A. (2018). Diet, environment and mental health. In: Bhugra D., Bhui K., Wong S., Gilman S. (Ed.), The Oxford Textbook of Public Mental Health: . Oxford: Oxford University Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Diet, environment and mental health
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry. Department of Psychiatry, Sunderby Hospital, Luleå, Sweden.
Bergdahl, Ingvar A.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
2018 (English)In: The Oxford Textbook of Public Mental Health / [ed] Bhugra D., Bhui K., Wong S., Gilman S., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018Chapter in book (Refereed)
This chapter reviews dietary and environmental factors that may affect mental health. It takes a public health angle but examines the individual patient perspective where relevant. In the first part, the chapter looks at the impact of various nutritional constituents on mental health, including omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Then, it reviews the evidence for diets and 'superfoods', which people might try to improve their mental health. Here, the focus is on neurodevelopmental disorders, depression, and psychosis. Potential interactions between foodstuffs and psychotropic medicines are also explored. The final part concerns environmental toxins that populations may be exposed to that may affect mental health, including lead, methylmercury, and various organic compounds.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-158705 (URN)10.1093/med/9780198792994.003.0047 (DOI)978-0-19-879299-4 (ISBN)
Taylor, D. M. & Werneke, U. (2018). Ethnopharmacology. Paper presented at 4th Conference on Masterclass Psychiatry - Transcultural Psychiatry - Diagnostics and Treatment, FEB 22-23, 2018, Luleå, Sweden. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72, S30-S32
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ethnopharmacology
2018 (English)In: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, ISSN 0803-9488, E-ISSN 1502-4725, Vol. 72, p. S30-S32Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Background: Ethnopharmacology relates to the study of substances used medicinally by different ethnic or cultural groups or handling of, drugs-based ethnicity or pharmacogenetics.
Aims: To review the key aspects of ethnopharmacology.
Method: This lecture gives an overview of the relationship between geography, culture, pharmacogenomics and prescribing.
Results: Although the majority of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood-stabilisers are widely and cheaply available in generic forms, prescription rates can vary. Clozapine is one such example with prescribing-rates ranging from less than 10 patients per 100,000 people to nearly 180 patients/100,000 people. Pharmacogenetic studies of antipsychotics and antidepressants concern gene polymorphisms that may affect both, pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic properties. Considerable genetic and ethnic variability has been seen for the P450 microsomal enzymes CYP 2D6 and 1A2.
Conclusions: With accelerated global mobility and increased understanding of medicinal substances at molecular level, understanding of ethnopharmacology will become increasingly important in routine clinical practice.
Ethnopharmacology, pharmacogenomics, CYP, antipsychotics, antidepressants
4th Conference on Masterclass Psychiatry - Transcultural Psychiatry - Diagnostics and Treatment, FEB 22-23, 2018, Luleå, Sweden
Taylor, D. M., Velaga, S. & Werneke, U. (2018). Reducing the stigma of long acting injectable antipsychotics: current concepts and future developments. Paper presented at 4th Conference on Masterclass Psychiatry - Transcultural Psychiatry - Diagnostics and Treatment, FEB 22-23, 2018, Luleå, Sweden. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72, S36-S39
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reducing the stigma of long acting injectable antipsychotics: current concepts and future developments
Velaga, Sitaram
Background: Long acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI-APs) are considered a major advance in psychiatric treatment concerning treatment adherence and outcomes. Yet, both, doctors and patients remain sceptical.
Aim: To explain the rationale for using LAI-APs, review their effectiveness and explore barriers to use.
Method: Clinical overview of LAI-APs from the patient and doctor's perspective.
Results: LAI-APs were developed to increase adherence to treatment, thereby improving treatment outcomes. LAI-APs may reduce the risk of relapse and hospitalisation. Yet, the evidence from the few meta-analyses available remains weak. Both patients and doctors may associate LAI-APs with stigma and coercion. Current means of improving adherence include more focus on the therapeutic relationship, better information, adverse effects minimisation and half-life extension of LAI-APs. Future means of improving adherence include novel administration techniques that abolish the need for injection.
Conclusions: For both, clinicians and drug developers, drug adherence remains a major target for improving treatment outcomes.
Antipsychotics, long-acting injections, adherence, relapse, blood-brain-barrier
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry


Part-time jobs in Canada are defined as jobs where you work for less than 30 hours per week. Most jobs of this nature are part time permanent jobs, but there are contract and seasonal positions as well. Lots of people look for part time jobs in Toronto, Hamilton or Mississauga – students, retirees, parents and those looking to supplement their current income, to name a few. Part-time jobs can be in skilled or unskilled industries – from office administrative positions to retail and food service.
Compensation will range, too, from minimum wage to yearly salaries based on part-time hours.
As kids grow into teenagers, they start to crave more independence. While a babysitting job or a paper route provided some pocket money during those early adolescent years, the older they get, the more expensive their hobbies get. Teens also start thinking about post-secondary education, and, depending on their family's financial situation, they might want to start saving for tuition themselves.
After-school, weekend and summer jobs are common searches for this demographic. Most teens either don't drive or don't have access to a vehicle all the time, so working close to home is important, too. Using LocalWork.ca to search not just for part-time jobs but also part-time jobs in their city or town is important. A teen could enter "part time jobs in Toronto"," part time jobs in Brampton", "part-time jobs in Markham," or "part-time jobs in Peterborough," and get great search results.
Life can be expensive, right? We have bills to pay and our full-time income doesn't always cut it. This is why many people seek out part time permanent jobs to supplement their income. Whether you want to do this during the holidays to cover those extra expenses, or year-round to cover all your daily/weekly/monthly costs, it's common to want to supplement your income so that you can maintain your lifestyle and take care of yourself and your family.
Some people even have multiple part-time jobs to earn the equivalent of one full-time job. If it works for you and you can balance two schedules, go for it! Start your search on LocalWork.ca to find part-time permanent jobs.
A subsidiary of Torstar Corporation, Metroland is one of Canada's premier media companies.


text:
JCK Las Vegas: Tap Technology to Reach Twentysomethings
May 30, 2009 by Jennifer Heebner
Complete JCK Las Vegas Show Coverage Here!
In a packed conference room full of seasoned jewelry professionals, the man with the answers stood at the front of the room wearing blue jeans. That's because it was Michael Hagan, COO of Scvngr, an interactive scavenger hunt service, who was lecturing folks old enough to be his parents on the virtues of social networking technology. Hagan spoke to jewelers Friday morning in a seminar titled "Using New Technology and Innovation to Reach Today's Customer."
The entrepreneur detailed how he and his twentysomething pals didn't read newspapers, watch television, or buy CDs. He and others like him are "digital natives"—those raised on technology—and, instead of listening to the radio, Hagan and friends log onto Pandora.com for instantly customized playlists of favorite songs. They also carry iPods nearly every waking moment, and—caution on roadways—text while driving. "Technology has so ingrained itself into how I'm living life," said Hagan.
To establish relationships with the people who are using this technology, jewelers need to tap into it. Thanks to Facebook and My Space, the word friend anymore indicates a loose affiliation with people, but these online acquaintances are important because they're growing in number due in part to the fact that kids today are raised in a high-tech world.
Meanwhile, social networking sites like Twitter cost little or nothing to use. In fact, Hagan detailed a Facebook promotion conducted in Tucson, Ariz., that cost less than $500 to produce and caught the attention of more than 1 million people.
But perhaps the most "game-changing technology" available today, according to Hagan, is the iPhone, which serves as a telephone and iPod, connects to the Internet, and features e-mail. To illustrate the importance of this technology, Hagan told the audience about his quest to find a house of worship near his home; he searched for one on his iPhone, which showed that the closest one was across town. Or so he thought: Hagan discovered that he had been passing one of the biggest churches in the country on his daily walk from home to work, and didn't know because its address wasn't registered in Google maps.
Hagan advised jewelers to create engaging applications with the potential to "go viral" that would "create junkies." While gaming enthusiasts delight in the collectible clues—online and in real life—proffered by Halo creators, jewelers can create a similar momentum by staging bridal-themed scavenger hunts with outcomes hinging on clues sent by text messages. In exchange for play, jewelers collect love stories and other details from participants—all in the market for bridal jewelry—who have the chance to win a diamond ring, courtesy of a vendor sponsor.
Says Hagan: "Technology is changing so quickly that you've got to be thinking about it to keep up."


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GOOD OL' FREDA
GOOD OL' FREDA (director/writer: Ryan White; screenwriter: Jessica Lawson; cinematographer: Austin Hargrove; editor: Helen Kearns; music: Paul Koch; cast: Paul McCartney, John Lennon, Freda Kelly; Runtime: 87; MPAA Rating: PG; producers: Kathy McCabe/Ryan White/Jessica Lawson; Magnolia Pictures; 2013)
"The genial pic, about a wonderful person, is a good watch for Beatle fans."
Writer-director Ryan White("Pelada") helms a low-key documentary on Freda Kelly, the unassuming 17-year-old Liverpudlian the Beatles hired as their secretary, who also ran the Beatle fan club. Freda became their first secretary when the group from Liverpool were managed by Brian Epstein and signed their first record deal. The pic goes into detail of Freda's relationship with the boys and displays her through interviews as someone with great"integrity" while working as the group's secretary ever since 1962. Her job lasted ten years, until they went their individual ways after Brian's suicide. Freda was with them from the beginning when they rose from unknowns, playing in the cellar of the cheeky Liverpool's Cavern Club, a place where she caught their act, to when they soon became the world's most popular group.
The genial pic, about a wonderful person, is a good watch for Beatle fans, as the now aged Freda, a grandma, is depicted as a loyal secretary and a true Beatle fan, who tells her story for the first time after 50 years. The insider film tells us many unknown Beatle tidbits and the way Freda glowingly perceived the group and the way she was glowingly perceived by them. We get the real deal on her warm friendship with Ringo's mum (Freda liked calling him Richie), how the posh and moody Epstein behaved behind the scenes and how well the group took to fame. This Beatle love-fest offers no dirt but, perhaps, enough charm to seduce viewers who are not fans. There's also some never seen before home-flavored archival footage that adds to the pic's worth.
REVIEWED ON 11/13/2013 GRADE: B-


- Beautiful, bright and sunny room.
- Vaulted ceiling, with comfortable King Size bed.
- En-suite facilities with walk-in wet room shower.
- Flat screen TV and tea and coffee making facilities.
- Large ensuite facilities with walk in shower.


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Horsfall and Minikin to share Keighley captaincy
Adam Horsfall and Shaun Minikin to share Keighley captaincy
By Mark Stanford Sports Reporter
KEIGHLEY have named two stalwarts as co-captains for the forthcoming season.
Shaun Minikin and Adam Horsfall will share the skipper's armband during the campaign. Both players have come through the club's junior set-up and will now lead their side in Yorkshire One.
Head coach Danny McGee said: "It is fantastic that we have two captains who are so woven into the fabric of Keighley Rugby Club.
"Their experience, leadership and passion for the club can only bring positives into the 2019-20 season."
Keighley finished last season in ninth place in Yorkshire One with nine wins from their 25 games, gaining 54 points.
The backroom staff which secured the club's status in Yorkshire One last season will remain the same for next year.
McGee retains his role, as he heads up forwards coach James Cunliffe, backs coach Johnny Harrison and strength and conditioning coach Tom Lowther.
McGee says he is looking to build on the work of last season, continuing to invest in the development of players creating an environment of success. He took over from Dave Duxbury in December last year who left by mutual consent.
Meanwhile, Keighley got their pre-season training under way on June 11 and it is subsequently being held every Tuesday and Thursday night at the club between 7pm and 8.30pm. Players are urged to bring their own boots, trainers and water bottle to each session.
The club is looking for its members to spare some time this weekend after being been awarded a grant to improve our club.
Members to spare some time between 10am and 4pm on Sunday, June 23 to carry out some work to improve the decorations in the club's changing room area, or assist in improving its garden areas.
Due to unforeseen circumstances, the club has had to cancel the planned improvement works on Saturday, June 22.
Keighley RU's annual general meeting will be held at the club on Thursday, July 18, from 8pm.
Keighley first-team's fixtures for the season in Yorkshire One have been announced: September: 7 Bradford Salem (home), 14: Dinnington (away), 21: Old Crossleyans (h), 28: West Leeds (h); October: 5 Goole (a), 12: Selby (h), 19: Old Brodleians (a), 26: Leodiensians (h); November: 9 Pontefract (a), 16: Bridlington (h), 23 Beverley (a); December: 7 Hullensians (h), 14: Heath (a); January: 4 Dinnington (h), 11: Old Crossleyians (a), 18: West Leeds (a); February: 1 Goole (h), 8: Selby (a), 15: Old Brodleians (h), 29: Leodiensians (a); March: 7 Pontefract (h), 14 Bridlington (a), 21: Beverley (h), 28: Hullensians (a); April: 4: Heath (h), 18: Bradford Salem (a).


Angelina Jolie looks ravishing on the red carpet!
The 42-year-old actress hit the red carpet in a silver ensemble at the 2017 Hollywood Film Awards at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on Sunday (November 5) in Beverly Hills, Calif.
As previously announced, Angelina and author Loung Ung – who joined her on the carpet – are set to receive the Hollywood Foreign Language Film Award at the ceremony for their movie, First They Killed My Father.
The two co-wrote the film together, and Angelina also directed the movie.
FYI: Angelina is wearing a Jenny Packham dress, Charlotte Olympia shoes and Tiffany & Co.diamond necklace, earrings and ring.


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California Medical Association Voted Unanimously To Allow Organ Transplants for Medical Marijuana Patients
December 24, 2014 Medical Marijuana, medicinal marijuana law, MMJ Patient Rights 420 college, medical cannabis, medical marijuana, medical marijuana dispensary paperwork, medical marijuana for organ transplant patients by admin
MMJ Patient Rights
San Diego, CA — The California Medical Association (CMA) voted unanimously this weekend to urge transplant clinics in the state against removing patients from organ transplant lists based on their medical marijuana status or use. The CMA House of Delegates was in San Diego this weekend for its annual meeting, and voted Saturday on Resolution 116-14 in support of patients' ability to remain on transplant lists despite their medical marijuana use.
The refusal of transplant clinics to place or keep patients on organ transplant lists is a widespread problem in California and other states. Medical marijuana advocacy group Americans for Safe Access (ASA), which is fighting to reform organ transplant policies in California, has received numerous reports of such actions at hospitals across the state, including Cedars-Sinai, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), University of California San Francisco, and Stanford Medical School.
The CMA resolution opposes "utilization of marijuana use and positive cannabis toxicology tests as a contraindication for potential organ transplant recipients," and calls on using "evidence-based medical findings to guide any alterations in this CMA policy." The resolution was authored by Delegates Jordan Apfeld, Nuriel Moghavem, Trishna Narula, MPH, and Sarah Smith. ASA also lobbied hard for passage of the resolution in hopes of advancing policy change at the state level.
The CMA resolution comes as the California legislature is considering introducing a bill that would prevent transplant clinics from rejecting patients based on their medical marijuana status or use. As of last week, more than 600 ASA members had signed a petition in support of the proposed Medical Marijuana Organ Transplant Act. ASA estimates that nearly 200 qualified medical marijuana patients need transplants each year.
"I am very proud of my colleagues at the CMA, who once again endorsed the principle that medical decision for the benefit of patients be based on science and not moralistic prejudices," said Dr. Larry Bedard, a retired Marin General Hospital emergency physician and 30-year CMA delegate who currently serves on its Marijuana Technical Advisory Committee.
In 2011, Cedars-Sinai patient Norman Smith was removed from the hospital's transplant list, preventing Smith from obtaining to address his inoperable liver cancer because he tested positive for marijuana use, despite a recommendation for its use from his oncologist. Cedars-Sinai demanded that Smith abstain from medical marijuana use for six months and attend drug abuse counseling before they would agree to place him back on the transplant list. Smith died in 2012 waiting to be placed back on the transplant list.
More recently, Toni Trujillo, a kidney transplant survivor, was kicked off of Cedars-Sinai's transplant list in 2012 for her medical marijuana use, and made to satisfy the same requirements as Smith. And earlier this year, Richard Hawthorne was denied a liver transplant by Stanford Medical School, despite the offer by a friend to donate his liver tissue. Medical marijuana advocate Yami Bolanos, an 18-year liver transplant survivor, was told recently by a transplant doctor at UCLA that she would be ineligible for an anticipated second transplant.
CMA Resolution 116-14 on medical marijuana and organ transplants (as amended)
Proposed California legislation Medical Marijuana Organ Transplant Act
California Court Rules Cannabis Concentrates Qualifies As Medical Marijuana


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West Midlands Network is the name that connects all public transport in the West Midlands. This includes Birmingham, Dudley, Sandwell, Coventry, Walsall, Solihull and Wolverhampton.
The West Midlands Network logo and signs are on all bus stops, at rail stations, at bus stations and on Metro stops. Wherever you see it, you'll find information on how to make it easier to use buses, trains and the Metro.
You'll find timetable information at bus stops and maps and journey information at all places where services meet – helping you switch from bus to train or bus to Metro with confidence.
West Midlands Network is a partnership between TfWM and the bus, train and tram operators to help passengers get around and access the information they need.
We're working towards creating a smoother, safer, more efficient and user-friendly system.
https://www.networkwestmidlands.com/get-in-touch/contact-us/
Centro House
16 Summer Lane
B19 3SD
Get directions to B19 3SD


text:
Dublin Senior Hurling Championship Final replay: RECAP updates from Parnell Park as Ballyboden St Enda's win title
Throw-in is at 3:30pm
Dublin Division 1 Senior Club Hurling Championship Final, Parnell Park, Dublin 21/10/2018 Kilmacud Crokes vs Ballyboden St. Enda's Ballyboden St. Enda's Niall McMorrow with Ross O'Carroll of Kilmacud Crokes Mandatory Credit ©INPHO/Oisin Keniry
Back again for another go.
Two resurgent sides back in the big time once again as Kilmacud Crokes lock horns with perennial Southside rivals Ballyboden St Enda's in the Dublin Senior Hurling Championship 'A' Final replay today at Parnell Park.
Last week's battle ended 1-20 to 2-17 after Paul Ryan blew a late goal chance for Boden.
Throw-in is at 3:30pm.
Anthony Daly and Joe Fortune have both extracted the maximum out of their squads as Crokes and Boden meet both looking to secure their place atop the Dublin pile.
Ruled by Cuala for the last three years, Crokes and Boden won the two previous titles in 2013 and '14 respectively.
Between the three, the last 11 DSHCA titles have been dished out - but after defeating the All-Ireland Champions in the semi-finals, Daly and Crokes have all the momentum against the old kings of the county.
Keep it here with Dublin Live for all the updates form the game!
Crummey out after shoulder surgery
Brogan backs clubmate Bugler
Cooper welcomes advanced mark challenge
GAA discuss Clonliffe plans
How to follow us on social media, download the free Dublin Live app and subscribe to our newsletter
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Simply pop your e-mail into the box above and get all the latest news and entertainment direct to your inbox.
Every day we'll send you a roundup e-mail of all the latest from Dublin covering news, entertainment and sport, all in one handy e-mail.
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Full-time! - Kilmacud Crokes 1-15 Ballyboden St Enda's 2-15 16:50
GOAL! Paul Ryan - Kilmacud Crokes 1-10 Ballyboden St Enda's 2-09 16:22
Half-time! - Kilmacud Crokes 1-09 Ballyboden St Enda's 1-07 16:04
GOAL! Oisin O'Rourke - Kilmacud Crokes 1-09 Ballyboden St Enda's 1-07 16:03
GOAL! Conor McCormack - Kilmacud Crokes 0-01 Ballyboden St Enda's 1-00 15:31
Full-time! - Kilmacud Crokes 1-15 Ballyboden St Enda's 2-15
Ballyboden win the 2018 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship!
Kilmacud Crokes 1-15 Ballyboden St Enda's 2-15
Scratch that, square ball. Has to be done now.
Pings in and out and it's a 65 for Crokes.
Free in... last attack...
Basquel points. Surely game over?
Paul Ryan from way downtown with a free. Crokes have a minute to score a goal.
Mellett with a great goal chance but a top save from Matt Collins denies him.
And another free pointed form O'Rourke.
1-6 for O'Rourke. Another free over.
Boden still bringing fantastic defensive pressure as Shane Veale's effort is swarmed and blocked twice.
James Roche points for Boden.
Kilmacud coming late once again here - could be destined for another period of extra-time.
MacGabhan points a monster free. A real corker of a game here.
Aidan Mellett points from range.
GOAL! Paul Ryan - Kilmacud Crokes 1-10 Ballyboden St Enda's 2-09
Ryan smashes in a free.
O'Rourke restores the advantage.
Paul Ryan ties it up again!
Gap down to one - Keaney off his left.
Second half underway! - Kilmacud Crokes 1-09 Ballyboden St Enda's 1-07
Back going here at the Nell.
Half-time! - Kilmacud Crokes 1-09 Ballyboden St Enda's 1-07
Another lively affair here. Tightly contested but Crokes just shading it and deserve the lead.
GOAL! Oisin O'Rourke - Kilmacud Crokes 1-09 Ballyboden St Enda's 1-07
All about the catch from Hayes off the drive in by O'Dwyer. He claims high, feeds a free O'Rourke who makes no mistake.
Biden free pointed by Ryan.
O'Rourke with another point. Sides even.
Ball pulled back for a foul in the build-up, and O'Rourke gets his second off the free.
Shane Veale goes close from fifteen yards but Maguire with another save.
O'Rourke sends one over.
Massive moment as O'Rourke's penalty is straight at Maguire. an easy save for the Dublin goalie.
Marc Howard still down receiving treatment.
PENALTY KILMACUD! Kilmacud Crokes 0-06 Ballyboden St Enda's 1-06
Marc Howard scythed down by Gary Maguire one-on-one.
GuinnessRTE and Virgin Media link up to share free-to-air broadcasting rights for men's and women's Six NationsRTÉ will broadcast the opening clash of the men's tournament at home to Wales on Saturday February 5 and away to England on March 11.
Jamie McGrath linked to Birmingham City after plug pulled on Aberdeen move
Republic of Ireland Soccer TeamThe Dons pulled the plug on the deal with manager Stephen Glass saying he only wants players with real hunger at the club
Pico Lopes' Cabo Verde on brink of AFCON last 16 after Comoros upset Ghana
SoccerThe Black Stars were on the wrong end of one of the biggest upsets in their history as the small island nation, ranked 131 in the world, ran out 3-2 winners on the final day of Group C
Saints sign Northern Ireland under-21 full-back Jack Scott on loan from Wolves
SoccerScott is a former international teammate of Saints winger Darragh Burns, having become Northern Ireland's second youngest-ever under-21 player when he debuted aged 16 in 2019.
Dundalk swoop for Wales under-21 international while Mark Connolly returns
Europa League20-year-old Williams was rewarded with a new long term deal at the Liberty Stadium last week and will now kick on with his first stint in senior football.


As the magazine world founders, celeb chef Jamie Oliver launches a new food title. Will it succeed?
Celeb chef Jamie Oliver launches his food magazine this week.
While other magazines are nixing their holiday parties, firing everybody, or just plain folding (and while New York can't even afford watercoolers for its city government staffers), apparently some people think starting a magazine -- printed on real paper, with ink and colors and everything -- is a good idea. And by some people, we mean Jamie Oliver.
The scruffy Brit chef, who's becoming nearly as ubiquitous as Rachael Ray, is launching Jamie magazine, a bi-monthly that extends his carefree attitude about cooking into the print realm. The food rag's debut issue hits select newsstands this Thursday; it's stocked with about 100 recipes, but the real draw is meant to be the "personal relationship" created between Oliver and his readers, according to The Guardian.
Naked Chef viewers are well acquainted with Oliver's trademark style, where he invites fans into his home and life with a casual "some mates are popping round me kitchen for tea" air -- but where his TV shows let you peer through the keyhole, Jamie magazine breaks the door down entirely: There's a column by his wife Jools, a feature on regular poker night with his buddies, a Q&A with his pal Brad Pitt (who reveals that Ang "isn't much cop" in the kitchen), and diary-style articles and lots of photos taken by the chef himself.
As for the budget, Oliver sank £250,000 (about $370,000) of his own cash into the venture, which has a wee editorial staff of four and boasts a fairly green pedigree for the U.K.: it's printed "on matt paper from sustainable managed forests." Cor.


Army Navy building: An iconic landmark in South Mumbai known for its fine mid-19th-century neo-classical facade, this building was originally used as a British army navy store and stands next to the David Sasson Library and Watson's Hotel also known as Esplanade Mansion.
Bombay Gymkhana: Established in 1875, is one of the premiere gymkhanas in Mumbai. Bombay Gymkhana Rugby Club (rugby union) are tenants. Located in South Mumbai, the structure was originally built as a British-only club, designed by English architect, Claude Batley. The Gymkhana Grounds lie in the southern end of the Azad Maidan and is on leased property. It is boxed in by a shortcut lane which connects Churchgate to Victoria Terminus.


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La ville d' est située dans le comté de Henry, dans l'État du Kentucky, aux États-Unis. Sa population s'élevait à  lors du recensement , estimée à  .

Démographie

Source

Liens externes

Ville au Kentucky
Comté de Henry (Kentucky)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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This page duplicates a dictionary definition already listed on Wiktionary. Its dictionary counterpart can be found at Wiktionary:Transwiki:Era, Wiktionary:Era, or Wiktionary:era.
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An era is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth.
Comparable terms are epoch, age, period, saeculum, aeon (Greek aion) and Sanskrit yuga.
2 Use in chronology
2.1 Geological era
2.2 Cosmological era
2.3 Calendar eras
2.4 Regnal eras
Look up era in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The word has been in use in English since 1615, and is derived from Late Latin aera "an era or epoch from which time is reckoned," probably identical to Latin æra "counters used for calculation," plural of æs "brass, money".
The Latin word use in chronology seems to have begun in 5th century Visigothic Spain, where it appears in the History of Isidore of Seville, and in later texts. The Spanish era is calculated from 38 BC, perhaps because of a tax (cfr. indiction) levied in that year, or due to a miscalculation of the Battle of Actium, which occurred in 31 BC.
Like epoch, "era" in English originally meant "the starting point of an age"; the meaning "system of chronological notation" is c.1646; that of "historical period" is 1741.
Use in chronology[edit]
In chronology, an era is the highest level for the organization of the measurement of time. A calendar era indicates a span of many years which are numbered beginning at a specific reference date (epoch), which often marks the origin of a political state or cosmology, dynasty, ruler, the birth of a leader, or another significant historical or mythological event; it is generally called after its focus accordingly as in Victorian era.
Geological era[edit]
Main article: Era (geology)
In large-scale natural science, there is need for another time perspective, independent from human activity, and indeed spanning a far longer period (mainly prehistoric), where geologic era refers to well-defined time spans. The next-larger division of geologic time is the eon. The Phanerozoic Eon is subdivided into eras.[1] There are currently three eras defined in the Phanerozoic; the following table lists them from youngest to oldest (BP is an abbreviation for "before present").
Era[2][3]
Beginning (millions of years BP)
End (millions of years BP)
Cenozoic 66.038 N/A
Mesozoic 252.17 66.038
Paleozoic 542 252.17
The older Proterozoic and Archean eons are also divided into eras.
Cosmological era[edit]
For periods in the history of the universe, the term "epoch" is typically preferred, but "era" is used e.g. of the "Stelliferous Era".
Calendar eras[edit]
Main article: Calendar era
Calendar eras count the years since a particular date (epoch), often one with religious significance. Anno mundi ("year of the world") refers to a group of calendar eras based on a calculation of the age of the world, assuming it was created as described in the Book of Genesis. In Jewish religious contexts one of the versions is still used, and many Eastern Orthodox religious calendars used another version until 1728. Hebrew year 5772 AM began at sunset on 28 September 2011 and ended on 16 September 2012. In the Western church Anno Domini (=AD = CE), counting the years since the birth of Jesus on traditional calculations, was always dominant.
The Islamic calendar, which also has variants, counts years from the Hijra or emigration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, which occurred in 622 CE. The Islamic year is some days shorter than 365; January 2012 fell in 1433 AH ("After Hijra").
For a time ranging from 1872 to the Second World War, the Japanese used the imperial year system (kōki), counting from the year when the legendary Emperor Jimmu founded Japan which occurred in 660 BC.
Many Buddhist calendars count from the death of the Buddha, which according to the most commonly used calculations was in 545-543 BCE or 483 BCE. Dates are given as "BE" for "Buddhist Era"; 2000 CE was 2543 BE in the Thai solar calendar.
Other calendar eras of the past counted from political events, such as the Seleucid era and the Ancient Roman ab urbe condita ("AUC"), counting from the foundation of the city.
Regnal eras[edit]
Main article: Regnal year
The word era also denotes the units used under a different, more arbitrary system where time is not represented as an endless continuum with a single reference year, but each unit starts counting from one again as if time starts again. The use of regnal years is a rather impractical system, and a challenge for historians if a single piece of the historical chronology is missing, and often reflects the preponderance in public life of an absolute ruler in many ancient cultures. Such traditions sometimes outlive the political power of the throne, and may even be based on mythological events or rulers who may not have existed (for example Rome numbering from the rule of Romulus and Remus). In a manner of speaking the use of the supposed date of the birth of Christ as a base year is a form of an era.
In East Asia, each emperor's reign may be subdivided into several reign periods, each being treated as a new era. The name of each was a motto or slogan chosen by the emperor. Different East Asian countries utilized slightly different systems, notably:
Chinese eras
Japanese era
Korean eras
Vietnamese eras
A similar practice survived in the United Kingdom until quite recently, but only for formal official writings: in daily life the ordinary year A.D. has been used for a long time, but Acts of Parliament were dated according to the years of the reign of the current Monarch, so that "61 & 62 Vict c. 37" refers to the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 passed in the session of Parliament in the 61st/62nd year of the reign of Queen Victoria.
"Era" can be used to refer to well-defined periods in historiography, such as the Roman era, Elizabethan era, Victorian era, etc. Use of the term for more recent periods or topical history might include Soviet era, and "musical eras" in the history of modern popular music, such as the "Big Band era", "Disco era", etc.
List of time periods
List of archaeological periods
^ Short, N.M. (2009). "Geologic Time" Archived 2005-04-18 at the Wayback Machine in Remote Sensing Tutorial Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. NASA.
^ Lide, D. R. (1990). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 14-16.
^ "International Stratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014.
Epochs
Calendar eras
Human Era
Anno Domini / Common Era
Anno Mundi
Byzantine era
Seleucid era
Before Present
Sothic cycle
Hindu units of time (Yuga)
Long Count
Short Count
Haab'
Regnal year
Canon of Kings
Lists of kings
Limmu
Era names
Pre-Julian / Julian
Pre-Julian Roman
Original Julian
Proleptic Julian
Revised Julian
Proleptic Gregorian
Old Style and New Style dates
Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
Dual dating
Lunisolar
Astronomical year numbering
Chinese sexagenary cycle
Geologic Calendar
ISO week date
Winter count (Plains Indians)
Astronomic time
Cosmic Calendar
Ephemeris
Metonic cycle
Milankovitch cycles
Geologic time
Geological history of Earth
Geological time units
Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
Chronostratigraphy
Isotope geochemistry
Law of superposition
Luminescence dating
Samarium–neodymium dating
Absolute dating
Amino acid racemisation
Archaeomagnetic dating
Dendrochronology
Incremental dating
Lichenometry
Paleomagnetism
Uranium–lead
Potassium–argon
Tephrochronology
Thermoluminescence dating
Relative dating
Fluorine absorption
Nitrogen dating
Obsidian hydration
Seriation
Genetic methods
Molecular clock
Linguistic methods
Glottochronology
New Chronology
Synchronoptic view
Terminus post quem
ASPRO chronology
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Era&oldid=906920337"
Transwiki cleanup


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Use of Gothic Barn
SCA Newsletters
Oral History of SCA
REPORTS / FACT SHEETS
Greenberger Testimony on The Comprehensive Ten-Year Solid Waste Management Plan 2020-2029
Transitioning from Waste Incineration Towards Zero Waste in Montgomery County, Maryland
Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan 2020 - 2029
Garbage Incinerator Contract and Extensions
Incinerator Update: September 2018
Incinerator vs. Landfilling
Transitioning to Zero Waste
Preservation of Agricultural & Rural Open Space Functional Master Plan
Actual Montgomery County Master Plan (1980)
Airstrips in the Ag Reserve
Butler Landscaping Design
Child Lots
Global Mission Church
MARC Stations
Outer Beltway
PATH Transmission Lines
Sand Mounds
Special Benefit Performance Permits
Styrofoam Health Risks
Woodstock Equestrian Park
Zoning Text Amendments
ZTA-12-03 (Wineries)
Montgomery Co. Planning Board
Montgomery Co. Permitting
Montgomery Co. Appeals
Montgomery County Government
State of Maryland Government
Comprehensive Zoning Code Re-Write
CONTACT SCA
Founded in 1973, the Sugarloaf Citizens' Association (SCA) is a nonprofit, voluntary organization.
Our primary purpose is to protect and preserve the Ag Reserve—
the 93,000 acres of northern and western Montgomery County zoned in the 1980s
for farming, open space, land conservation, and rural life.
We promote and advocate for sound environmental stewardship in the Ag Reserve and
the county as a whole, as defined in the Ag Reserve Master Plan. And we monitor laws
and regulations that relate to the Ag Reserve and environmental policy
Donate and Join
Join, donate, or renew your
membership in SCA!
SCA Board Meeting
Monday, Dec. 6, 7:30pm
members welcome, email for information
Admin Assistant Position
SCA is looking for a part time
administrative assistant.
See job description here.
Let's Be Smart on Solar in the Ag Reserve (ZTA 20-01)
Watch this video!
When we work together, there's so much the Ag Reserve can to help make our County more energy independent, more food secure and more climate resilient. Let's be #SmartonSolar!
A short video about why
it's so important to
protect class 2 soils and
conditional use.
The Draft Climate Action Plan
The county has released its Draft Climate Action Plan. We are very pleased to see this document. It will help inform SCA's work going forward.
The Draft Climate Action Plan is posted at: www.MontgomeryCountyMD.gov/Climate
Let Us Know!!
We look for and welcome
your suggestions, concerns
and questions about
what's going on in the
Ag Reserve.
Please email us here.
The Agricultural Reserve is celebrating its 40th anniversary this year. This map shows where Montgomery County has designated 93,000 acres to the preservation of farmland. See a larger version here.
See "Growing Legacy," a terrific portrait of the Ag Reserve, produced by Montgomery Countryside Alliance. Here's the link to the 30 minute film.
MCA has a synopsis here.
Our End-of-the-Year Note
It's been another squirrely, abnormal year. But amid the trials and tribulations of the pandemic, our peaceful corner of the world remains a wonderful place to live. SCA strives to keep it that way.
We hope this, our year-end note and dues/membership reminder, finds you healthy and enjoying the holidays with loved ones.
For another year, SCA's efforts have protected the Ag Reserve; safeguarded our area from unwise development; promoted farming; and fostered environmental stewardship in Montgomery County. Your actions, when called on, and your dues and donations also helped us:
> Support the use of solar energy in the Ag Reserve in a way that does not encroach on prime arable land
> Get closer to the day the Dickerson incinerator will be shuttered
> Oppose any exemptions for developers from Frederick County's propose conservation plan for the Sugarloaf Mountain area
> Promote regenerative agriculture and local food production
> Respond quickly to land use proposals that affect the Ag Reserve
In 2022, SCA will focus increasingly on urging county officials to take more decisive steps to meet the goals set forth in the county's Climate Action Plan: an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2027 and 100% by 2035.
We continue to be deeply grateful for your support and engagement. We could not do the work we do without you. Please re-up your membership now and consider making an additional contribution to help assure that we in the Ag Reserve support Montgomery County in becoming a leader in environmental sustainability and climate-change action.
You can download this letter, which includes a payment page, to print and mail in your dues and donations, or click on the Join / Donate button on our website. Your dues and donations are tax deductible.
Here's hoping we can meet in person at some point in 2022. We'll keep you posted on those plans. Meanwhile, stay safe, enjoy the holiday season, and Happy New Year!
With gratitude and thank you,
Steven Findlay
Another Bad Ag Reserve Zoning Proposal
Montgomery County Council President Tom Hucker has proposed a zoning regulation that would allow commercial landscape contractors to buy, occupy and use agricultural and rural land in the Ag Reserve, with minimal regulatory conditions.
Up to this point, landscape businesses wanting to operate in the Ag Reserve have been strictly regulated under a system called "conditional use." For example, any planned buildings, plantings and storage of materials and equipment on the property are assessed for impact on the local environment and community.
Large landscape operations can resemble industrial sites—generating traffic, dust, and noise.
For these reasons and others, 15% of landscape contractor applicants in the Ag Reserve have been denied over the past 30 years under conditional use regs.
Hucker's proposal would remove the "conditional use" requirements and permit landscape businesses to set up shop more easily and operate with much less oversight.
That's a bad idea in general but it also risks taking arable land out of agriculture, even on plots of a few acres where table crops could be grown.
Please weigh in to oppose this proposed zoning ordinance. A Planning Board public hearing on the issue is scheduled for Nov. 30. The Board's staff is opposed to Hucker's proposal (you can see that document here) but the voices of residents and citizens always make a difference.
You can learn additional details and weigh in before Nov. 30 via Montgomery Countryside Alliance's "Take Action" page on the proposal.
The full zoning proposal can be accessed here.
Let's defeat this unwise proposal.
Update on the Sugarloaf Mountain Area Plan
The draft of a land-use and zoning plan for the Sugarloaf Mountain area, released this summer by Frederick County, has potential benefits for conservation, environmental protection and the rural character of 17,630 acres in northwest Montgomery County.
However, a dispute that arose in the summer over one part of the plan requires continued vigilance.
Namely, a 490-acre parcel of land was inexplicably (and behind-closed-doors) carved out from the Sugarloaf plan's proposed "rural heritage" zoning regulations. The area is located on the west side of I-270 near that highway's interchange with MD Route 80 (Fingerboard Rd). It's mostly forested, agricultural or open land now, with some small farms and rural residential properties.
Importantly, Frederick County's Master Plan has zoned this area as rural and agricultural since the 1950's.
A large parcel in the 490 acres has garnered the most attention: a 380-acre property owned by Urbana developer Tom Natelli. This property, previously zoned as rural/agricultural, is already undergoing changes. Natelli has razed farm buildings and is known to be interested in developing the land.
When the carve-out became widely known, area residents raised alarms, as did many local civic and environmental groups including SCA. After a series of public meetings and an onslaught of written comments objecting to the carve-out, the Frederick County Division of Planning and Permitting (aka the Planning Commission) reversed course and reincorporated the carved-out land into the 17,630 acres proposed for conservation, agriculture, and rural residential.
However, in announcing the reversal, Frederick County officials made clear that the entire 176-page "Sugarloaf Mountain Treasured Landscape Management Plan" was still under review, including potential boundary changes. Thus, the threat of "carve-outs" and exemptions remains.
Mr. Natelli has indicated he will pursue a zoning exemption for his land. Notably, the Planning Commission refers to Mr. Natelli's land and adjacent properties west of 270, as a potential "Urbana Community Growth Area."
It's not too late to weigh in. The Planning Commission is due to formulate their final Sugarloaf plan in coming weeks. That will then be submitted to the Maryland Department of Planning for a 60-day review, which includes assessment by the Maryland Department of the Environment. Adjoining jurisdictions can also comment during this period. After that, another public hearing will be held to assess whether substantial changes are warranted to the plan. If they are, another 60-day comment period will ensue. If no substantive changes are suggested, the plan next goes to the Frederick County Council for consideration and a vote. The Council can hold its own public hearings, and has 90 days to approve, modify, remand, or disapprove the plan. If they vote the plan down, the Planning Commission can draft a new one to resubmit.
Area residents and interested parties have proposed that the Sugarloaf Rural Heritage area boundary be extended to the Monocacy National Battlefield. In general, SCA opposes commercial or large-scale residential developments west and south of I-270. This area should continue to be preserved for agriculture, conservation and small to medium-scale farming.
We otherwise strongly support the framework of the Sugarloaf Plan—with current boundaries and the proviso that enforcement measures be added.
More detail and the 176-page plan are available at Frederick Counties' website devoted to the Sugarloaf Plan. The site is updated as the process moves forward.
https://www.frederickcountymd.gov/8046/Sugarloaf-Area-Plan
You can email comments to the Planning Commission staff at: PlanningCommission@FrederickCountyMD.gov
We'll keep you informed of developments and opportunities to engage. We urge you to oppose any effort by Mr. Natelli or Frederick officials to carve-out land for exemption from the Sugarloaf Plan's conservation and environmental protection measures.
Update � Summer 2021
SCA initiatives continue as summer commences and as the U.S. begins to emerge from the world-shaking event that was the pandemic.
Most prominently, we continue to engage with the County Executive's office and County Council on issues revolving around the county's draft climate action plan. You can read all about that plan here and download the PDF of the plan itself.
The draft climate action plan proposes cutting greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2027 and 100% by 2035. That's appropriately ambitious in our view but will be a significant challenge. Initial steps are already underway. The full plan will be finalized next year.
Perhaps the major lesson of the pandemic is that planning for large-impact events cannot be put off. As we all know, mitigation of climate change is among the highest global, national and local priorities.
SCA's primary mission to protect and preserve the Ag Reserve has broad overlap with the goals of the county's climate action plan. For example, SCA is deeply involved in the county's planning around trash disposal and recycling given the history of the Dickerson incinerator and our attempts over years to shutter that facility. We are now part of a county-wide coalition—Zero Waste Montgomery County—exploring cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solutions for the county's waste.
We'll keep you updated on developments in climate change mitigation and waste disposal policy in the county.
SCA held its annual membership meeting via Zoom on April 29. We're sorry if you missed it. Our board-member subject-area experts presented updates on a range of issues and a vote ushered in the officers and board of directors for 2021-22. A PDF of the slide deck from the meeting contains the presentations. Here are a few highlights:
The solar energy zoning change. We fought a long battle in 2020-21 to alter a proposal that now allows farmers in the Ag Reserve, working with solar developers, to place solar arrays on their land. We, along with Montgomery Countryside Alliance and other groups, won. The final zoning change allows solar development in the Ag Reserve but all initiatives will require review and approval by county regulators and the new zoning ordinance prevents solar arrays on prime arable land. See notes about this issue here.
The Dickerson incinerator. Last November, the county's Division of Solid Waste Management, in a report, supported the incinerator's continued operation for the foreseeable future. County Executive Marc Elrich asked SCA to lead an analysis of the report. We agreed and spearheaded an effort to form the county-wide Coalition for Zero Waste Montgomery County. With SCA financial support we hired experts to produce a comprehensive report that demonstrates a definitive path forward for our county away from incineration.
SCA vice president Lauren Greenberger led the effort and her notes on it can be found here.
The upshot: the incinerator continues to emits over 600,000 tons of greenhouse gases and toxic substances that affect our health—not the 12,000 tons reported by the Division of Solid Waste staff. The incinerator is old and will require $70 million in capital costs just to keep it open for the next 20 years. The facility will also require an estimated $95 million investment to bring it up to the modern standards. The better choice environmentally and financially is to close the incinerator and truck trash to well-managed landfills in remote areas that do not impact local populations. We found over 20 suitable sites. Such a move would cut the county's greenhouse gas emissions in half.
Regenerative agriculture. SCA's Linden Farm is evolving. It's going regenerative! What does that mean? Board member Ellen Gordon explains it all here, with a bit of cool history to boot. The 140-acre farm will henceforth use a system of farming that produces high quality food, sequesters carbon, and enhances biodiversity.
Dickerson Trash Incinerator Update
SCA continues to engage with local lawmakers on the county's plans for solid waste management over the next decade, and particularly on the fate of the Dickerson trash incinerator.
Reason: the incinerator is slated for shut down in 2026 and the Dickerson site is often mentioned as a possible site for food composting and/or other solid waste management initiatives before or after the incinerator is shuttered.
Lauren Greenberger, SCA's president, testified today (March 16) at a county council hearing on "The Comprehensive Ten-Year Solid Waste Management Plan 2020-2029." Her testimony can be found here.
As part of that testimony, Lauren presented the findings from a comprehensive study that SCA commissioned: Beyond Incineration: Best Waste Management Strategies for Montgomery County, Maryland. Here's a link to that report.
And here's a link to the council's page on the hearing and the draft version (before formal adoption) of the waste management plan. (Warning, this is a large file.)
SCA's testimony commended county government for working to dramatically expand recycling and composting, and shift to a "pay-as-you-throw" strategy throughout the county. But Lauren told the council that SCA and other local environmental and civic groups remain concerned that the county's plan does not adequately address the way the county disposes of the trash that can not be recycled.
The county's 10-year plan assumes that the Dickerson will incinerator will continue to operate over the next 5 years, Lauren testified. The better alternative—based on the findings from the SCA study—is to close the incinerator within the next year and haul all non-recyclable trash to a well-managed landfill out of state. The study found that taking that alternative path would result in far less greenhouse gas emissions and eliminate all the toxic emissions the incinerator now emits, which are considerable.
"This solution is a win for county residents and the council," Lauren testified. "We get an immediate concrete reduction in greenhouse gases, a dramatic reduction in overall pollution, and we stop harming a majority black community in Virginia [where the tons of toxic ash from the incinerator is now taken.]"
Lauren told the council that SCA would be open to discussion with the county about expanding the Dickerson Yard Trim Composting facility to include residential food scraps under closed cover—as is now being done successfully in PG County.
You can read the details, both environmental and financial, in Lauren's testimony.
A Win-Win for the Ag Reserve and
Addressing Climate Change
After a year-long debate, the Montgomery County Council on Tuesday Feb. 23 passed a compromise bill that will allow ground-based solar arrays to be placed on up to 1,800 acres of non-arable land in the Ag Reserve.
The final measure—a zoning change—protects prime soils, forests, and environmentally sensitive areas. And it preserves the primacy of agriculture in the Ag Reserve.
In a 7 to 2 vote, the council voted to allow solar projects only on land not ideal for growing crops and only after county agriculture regulators review proposals. Community input will be sought. And each project will require co-location with some form of agricultural production: crops, animal crazing, or pollinator-friendly habitats, for example.
Opponents of the final bill claimed that not be enough land would be available for solar arrays if all arable land was protected. But county agriculture officials identified 4,500 acres (450 parcels of 5 to 15 acres) meeting the criteria for potential solar development.
The final bill also paves the way for every homeowner, business and farm in the Ag Reserve to install rooftop and barn-top solar panels that will provide 100% of their energy needs as well as an additional 100% above those needs that can be sold back to the energy grid.
Many, many thanks to SCA members and Ag Reserve residents who wrote letters, emailed, called or otherwise weighed in on this legislation as it wended its way through the process. County council members heard your voice! We would not have achieved the outcome we did without your participation, and the advocacy of our partners at Montgomery Countryside Alliance and other groups.
Notably, this debate has deepened understanding and appreciation of the Ag Reserve—among council members and MoCo residents. That's a huge plus as we continue SCA's work to preserve and protect the reserve and expand its role addressing the serious threats posed by climate change.
A Regenerative Renaissance at Linden Farm
By Ellen Gordon
"We have lived our lives by the assumption that what was good for us would be good for the world. We have been wrong. We must change our lives so that it will be possible to live by the contrary assumption, that what is good for the world will be good for us. And that requires that we make the effort to know the world and learn what is good for it." Wendell Berry, The Long-Legged House
Living through a time and place drastically transformed by pandemic and strife over racial injustice can be the opportunity we need to reflect on how we can better know the world. If we are successful, then perhaps we can emerge with a philosophy that is healing for the world—and healthier for us.
While it's true that there are many ways of farming that can produce food, the change that Sugarloaf Citizens' Association (SCA) is bringing to the farm that we steward will yield healthier food, nourish the soil, begin mending the ecosystem and help to ameliorate climate change.
Linden Farm, SCA's headquarters, has been farmed for at least 200 years--and perhaps much longer. It was almost certainly used for growing tobacco for much of its early history—a crop that aggressively depletes soil. Originally part of a larger tract, it became the Lawrence Wright Farm in the 1880s, by which time it had transitioned to grain production, as well as raising livestock.
The opening of the Dickerson railroad station in 1873 increased the economic feasibility of grain and beef production by insuring a fast system for transporting goods to market. The farm changed hands a couple of times, and finally, during the Depression era, was purchased by Walter Matthews, who diversified production by expanding into dairying, delivering milk by truck as far as Washington, DC. The Matthews family also converted part of the farm into a private commons, known as Linden Park, complete with a bandstand. Family members were active in the Poolesville Band and large groups often gathered in the park for picnics and musical celebrations.
In 1980, Montgomery County bought the farm, with the intention of using a portion of it for composting sewage sludge. Because of SCA's labors, that aspect of the farm's history was short-lived, and by 1986, that same portion was instead converted to a less noxious leaf and grass composting facility. The association has continued oversight of that use and our efforts culminated in our gaining stewardship in 1996 of the farm's remaining 150 acres. Now dubbed Linden Farm, the fields were leased to local farmers for conventional grain production, in traditional wheat, corn, soybean rotation.
Sugarloaf Citizens' Association was founded in 1973 to promote and advocate for sound environmental stewardship in the rural north of Montgomery County, an area that wasn't designated as an Agricultural Reserve until 1980. For nearly a half century, SCA volunteers have been a powerful force for preventing the destruction of farmland and open space, and thwarting increased water and air pollution. Now, as we plan for the next fifty years, we will be actively promoting a vibrant and healthy vision for Linden Farm where food is grown following regenerative principles, one where the greater community will be invited to learn how it's done.
Regenerative, generally speaking, refers to the use of a resource where it is increased and/or enhanced for future use, as compared to unsustainable or sustainable. Regenerative agriculture comprises a system of holistic land management practices that leverage the power of photosynthesis by plants to help reverse climate change. How? By building soil organic matter, avoiding costly synthetic inputs, keeping living roots in the ground, maintaining plant species diversity, and integrating livestock, thereby enhancing carbon drawdown and vastly improving the water cycle. Added benefits include more nutritious food, improved wildlife habitat, more humane animal husbandry, and expansion of pollinator sources. This naturally enhances the farmer's bottom line by decreasing the costs of inputs, which increases net profit.
You can read the rest of this article on Plenty magazine's website:
https://view.joomag.com/plenty-summer-2020/0415936001594252066?short&
Ellen Gordon is an SCA board member.
Trash Incineration vs. Landfills
As SCA's campaign to close the Dickerson trash incinerator has progressed, many of you have asked where the trash—tons of it—will go if the campaign is ultimately successful.
Good question. It turns out there are a lot of myths about this, notably around the merits of landfills versus trash burning.
Isn't incineration safer and cleaner than landfills?
No! SCA recently hired a nationally recognized expert – Jeffrey Morris of the Sound Resource Management Group in Olympia, Washington) – to do an analysis of Montgomery County's waste disposal system. He presented his findings to county officials in June. (You can find his powerpoint here. Warning: it's highly technical.)
His main finding: When toxic emissions harmful to human health and greenhouse gases adding to climate change are measured using the same standards, landfills prove to be safer and cleaner than incinerators.
If no gas is captured from a landfill then the greenhouse gases it produces are, in fact, slightly greater than what an incinerator produces. But all modern landfills capture between 75% and 90% of their emissions. This makes incineration more dangerous to the environment and human health, and in terms of climate change.
In addition, landfills don't produce any of the toxins that studies have linked to respiratory illness and cancer. (There's no conclusive proof, however, that the Dickerson incinerator has led to excess cases of cancer in the Ag Reserve or Montgomery County.)
The company that operates the incinerator (Covanta) claims it is operating well within the emissions limits set by the EPA.
This is only partly true. On a daily basis Covanta measures four types of emissions. Those do fall within the EPA limits. Once a year they measure things like dioxins, furans and mercury—the really bad emissions. They do not measure such emissions when they are starting up or shutting down, however—and it turns out those are periods when emissions are much greater than at other times.
In other words, Covanta can, under the rules, choose an optimal time to take their once a year measurement.
Even when they do this, however, EPA reports show that the Dickerson incinerator emits an average 24 pounds of mercury per year. The mercury in just one thermometer can contaminate an entire lake. What is 24 pounds of mercury doing to our health and that of our children and the animals in our area? We don't know.
Also, just because the toxic emissions fall within the EPA standards doesn't make them safe. This is just the level that EPA chose to allow, and by all accounts after significant lobbying from the incinerator industry.
If we close the incinerator what happens to our trash?
The county is in the process of developing a "zero waste" trash management plan. SCA is very involved in that process. Our president, Lauren Greenberger, serves on the County's zero waste task force. A draft plan is due from the task force this fall.
The task force is studying the entire waste management picture in Montgomery County. But two aspects of the county's waste challenge warrant mention. One is food scraps and the other is recycling.
Thirty-five percent of the county's trash is food scraps. We need to get it out of the waste stream! The emerging idea is to target commercial sources of food waste first—from restaurants and grocery stores, for example. The county is close to contracting this out on a pilot basis, with Prince George's County's food composting facility.
The next step will likely be to conduct a pilot residential food compost collection program. Such initiatives are now popping up around the country.
SCA has informed the county that if they will close the incinerator we would consider taking composted food at the Dickerson facility, which cuurently processes all the county's yard waste. (Because of court battle with the county many years ago over the incinerator, SCA has the legal authority to accept or reject any plan to expand composting beyond yard waste.)
As for recyclable materials, here, too, the county needs to remove a much larger quantity from the waste stream than it does now.
One idea being considered is unit pricing. Much the same way that we pay for our electricity and water, we could pay only for the amount of trash we put at the curb—instead of the current one-size-fits-all fee. Recycled materials put at the curb would be collected free of charge.
The town of New Windsor, MD has recently conducted a pilot program using this system. In the first few months of the program, the town reduced its trash volume by 40%.
When people pay attention to what's going into their trash and have a financial incentive to reduce the quantity, all signs indicate that the results are positive. Less waste needs to be burned and/or dumped.
The task force is also considering a high-profile educational campaign to increase awareness of the benefits of composting and recycling.
What about the waste that we can't recycle, re-purpose or use?
We support shipping any leftover trash by railroad to safe and stable landfills that are not near where anybody lives. SCA commissioned a second consultant to evaluate the feasibility of this option for Montgomery County. His report shows that this is likely to be economically and environmentally preferable to incinerating.
As a result of this work, we have interested the largest rail hauler of municipal solid waste in the country in presenting Montgomery County with a contract proposal.
We believe this approach would be far preferable to the status quo. The Dickerson incinerator produces about 200,000 tons of ash each year. This material contains all the residual toxins from the incinerator that were not released into our air. The ash is shipped to a landfill near a large community of color in Virginia. SCA has been pushing the county for years to stop sending this toxic material to this densely populated area.
Bottom line: If our county's leftover waste—after food and recyclables are sharply reduced—were simply landfilled as far away from people as possible, rather than being burned and then landfilled as toxic ash, it would be significantly safer for human beings and better for the environment.
Please let us know what you think about this issue.
Sugarloaf Citizens Association, Inc.
Linden Farm
20900 Martinsburg Road
Dickerson, MD 20842
info@sugarloafcitizens.org
© Copyright 2021 Sugarloaf Citizens Association. All rights reserved.
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When an enderman is about to get hit by a firework spawned by a player or dispenser, it does not teleport away, unlike when the enderman is about to get hit by a snowball, egg, ender pearl, arrow, trident, or fireball (large or small). Expected is that they treat the fireworks like ghast fireballs; they teleport away from direct impact, but they could still be damaged if they are close to the fireball explosion.
Light the firework at least one block under the enderman via placing it or using a dispenser. Alternatively you can also shoot one directly at an enderman using a crossbow.
The enderman will not teleport away, and instead take damage while glitching out.


Child 12 and under weekend with camping.
All children must be accompanied by adult 18+.
Camping gates open 2pm Friday to 4pm Sunday.
Personal Assistance tickets available on application - please email for info.
Please read ticket terms & conditions on the website before purchase.


Trains services in the UK are one of the most criticized but at the same time carry more passengers than any other public transport in the UK.
In most cases it is faster and more reliable to travel by train in the UK than with car. The passenger would also benefit form greater comfort and wide array of on board services. With some trains offering an internet connection the travel time can be also used to catch up with work as well.
Except for destinations like Brussels and Paris it is less popular traveling to the continent by train, but here we will try to provide more information on that more environmentally friendly type of travel.
Nevertheless here we will try to provide information on train services from all over the continent and more specifically how to travel form the UK to any destination in Europe.