text:
FILE – In this Sept. 11, 2001 file photo, firefighters work beneath the destroyed mullions, the vertical struts which once faced the outer walls of the…
FILE – In this Sept. 11, 2001 file photo, firefighters work beneath the destroyed mullions, the vertical struts which once faced the outer walls of the World Trade Center towers, after a terrorist attack on the twin towers in New York. New research released on Friday, Sept. 6, 2019 suggests firefighters who arrived early or spent more time at the World Trade Center site after the 9/11 attacks seem to have a greater risk of developing heart problems than those who came later and stayed less. (AP Photo/Mark Lennihan)
Never Forget: 9/11 memorials throughout Tri-Cities
Posted: Sep 8, 2022 / 10:08 AM EDT
Updated: Sep 9, 2022 / 11:51 AM EDT
(WJHL) — Twenty-one years ago, four coordinated terrorist attacks that killed nearly 3,000 people devastated the United States, and localities in the Tri-Cities organized memorials to remember the tragic event and those who lost their lives.
News Channel 11 compiled a list of Sept. 11 memorials throughout Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia, available below.
Eighth Annual Tri-Cities 9/11 Memorial Stair Climb
When: Saturday, Sept. 10 at 7 a.m. Ceremonies begin at 9 a.m.
Where: Bristol Motor Speedway, located at 151 Speedway Blvd.
What: Remembers and honors the first responders who climbed up to 110 flights of stairs and died while trying to save others. The event benefits the National Fallen Firefighter Foundation (NFFF).
Kingsport couple directly impacted by 9/11 organize event in memory of fallen family member
9/11 survivor visiting Bristol
When: Sunday, Sept. 11 from 10 a.m. through 12:30 p.m.
Where: Covenant Fellowship Church located at 224 Plaza Xing, Bristol, VA
What: Sujo John worked on the 81st floor of the North Tower when a plane hit it on Sept. 11, 2001. Hear his and his wife's stories (she worked in the South Tower) on how they survived the tragedy.
Mountain City 9/11 event
When: Sunday, Sept. 11 at 3 p.m.
Where: Heritage Hall Theatre, located at 211 North Church St.
What: Wednesday Music Club will present A Day of Peace Prayer, with music from director and composer Marie Jo Thumb and youth and cherub choirs. This is an interdenominational event.
Kingsport Travis Manion Foundation 9/11 Heroes Walk/Run/Ruck Shadow Event
When: Sept. 10 at 9 a.m.
Where: Dobyns-Bennett High School track
What: A family who moved to Kingsport last year was directly impacted by the events of 9/11. A family member had been on the 92nd floor of the second tower when it fell. To remember and honor him, they organized this event through Travis Manion Foundation. An individual ticket is $37.50, with family four-packs available for $110. Funds raised will impact the youth and families of the fallen.
6th Annual American Legion Remembrance & First Responder Ceremony
When: Saturday, Sept. 10 at 8:30 a.m.
Where: Johnson City Memorial Park amphitheater on East Main Street
Marion 9-11 Patriot Program
When: Sunday, Sept. 11 at 11 a.m.
Where: 9/11 Memorial at Marion Fire Hall
What: Traditional program with Honor Guard and Bell Ceremony hosted by Station One
Greeneville Workout Anytime 9/11 Memorial Stair Climb
When: Sept. 8-11, a day
Where: Workout Anytime in Greeneville at 1327 Tusculum Blvd.
What: Strive for a goal of 2,071 steps — roughly 110 flights of stairs, which is the same amount of steps that were in the World Trade Center


may become unlatched in a side-impact crash, increasing the risk of injury.
Affected vehicles include certain 2011-2013 Ford Explorer and Ford Police Interceptor Utility vehicles built at Chicago Assembly Plant, February 1, 2011 to January 31, 2012; June 1, 2012 to June 30, 2012; and October 1, 2012 to November 30, 2012.
Two: Ford is issuing a safety recall for 1,725 2013-2015 Lincoln MKT limo and hearse vehicles in North America for an issue with the vacuum pump relay that could result in an underhood fire.
Three: Ford is issuing a safety recall for approximately 6,500 2011-2013 Ford F-Series Super Duty ambulance vehicles and 2014-2015 Ford F-Series Super Duty ambulance and emergency vehicles equipped with 6.7-liter diesel engines in North America (actual 6,472). The exhaust gas temperature sensors may not function properly, causing the vehicle to incorrectly identify a high temperature condition.
Affected vehicles were built at Kentucky Truck Plant, Feb. 22, 2010 to February 1, 2015.


text:
Q: Is there a way to print a list with each item placed under the last in python? I am able to print a list so each item appears underneath the last, but how would I put this format into a variable? For example, if I had a list and a for loop:
a = ["item one", "item two", "item three"]
for item in a:
    print(item)

I would get this:
item one
item two
item three

How would I put this format into a variable so I could run the variable and get this format?

A: I guess you just want to put those three strings into one variable. You could just use \n for that:
msg = "item one\nitem two\nitem three"

or maybe vene """..."""

A: result = "\n".join(a)

The explanation:
The .join() method joins all elements in your list into string, delimiting them with the string for which this method is applied — in our case with the string (the newline symbol) "\n".

So in the result variable will be the string "item one\nitem two\nitem three".
You may prove it with the help of the repr() function:
print(repr(result))

'item one\nitem two\nitem three'

and if we will print it with the common print(result) command, every \n symbol will be interpreted as a line break:

item one
item two
item three

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: pointer to an array boundary problem I am programming in C. I am using also a library to create tasks which can communicate among them via messages. The content of these messages must be the pointer to the data you want to exchange.
In my case I want to send an array so I am sending a pointer to the array. In the receiving task I can then access the different elements by increasing the pointer, but, is there a way to know how long the array was?
Thank you in advance.

A: No, there is no way to do this as arrays decay to pointers when passed to functions, thus all information regarding size is lost.

*

*You can include another parameter to specify the array length
void func(int len, int arr[]);

*You can mark the end of the array with a special value (perhaps like argv does)

*You can put your array into a structure and pass that (and suffer the performance penalties) or pass the a pointer to the structure
struct args {
    int arr[100];
};

If you decide to go the first route, you can use a nice feature of C99, even if it doesn't actually enforce that arr has at least len elements:
void func(int len, int arr[len]);

A: No. So consider something slightly different.
struct arrayinfo {
    struct element *array;
    int count;
};

Then you can pass a pointer to your struct arrayinfo type and your receiving task will know how many elements are in your array.
An alternative technique is to make your array and array of pointers. Make your array one element bigger than necessary and set the last element to NULL.

A: No, you can't. The compiler doesn't know what the pointer is pointing to. You either need to pass the length value along with the array or you can trick it by allocating extra memory in order to store the length value before the start of the array.

A: No, that is not possible unless you also send the size of the array or set a guardian value in the end of the array.
I suggest that you do not send the array directly but use a intermediary struct, like the following:
struct intermediary {
    int *the_array; /* the pointer to the array */
    size_t size; /* the array size */
};

In the message you send the struct, and not the array itself.

A: Couldn't you use some kind of sentry value at the end of the buffers where the messages are stored. That should be such a value that you won't find it anywhere in the message. Depending on the type of these message its possible that there is such a value: typically a negative number if your messages consists of positive integers, a "INF" or "BIG_INT" number, etc. Then, you must process your message just up to the sentry value. Something like this:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#define N 100
#define ENDTAG  -999999

void foo( int *arr ){
   int i = 0;
   while( arr[i] != ENDTAG ){
   //do whatever
   i++;
 }
}

int main( void ){
   int *arr = (int *) malloc( sizeof(int) * N );
  //fill the array, no matter how.
  //  ...
  //set the sentry value
  arr[N-1] = ENDTAG;
  foo( arr );
  free( arr );
  return 0;
}

It may sound to much simple, but I actually used something like that more than once. You must though be absolutely sure that you'll take some restricted types of messages.


text:
Number One Hits
1991 Oscars 63rd Academy Awards
Posted by Joe Hummel IIIPosted 29 years ago March 21, 1991
Winners Announced: March 21, 1991
Held at: Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, California
Host: Billy Crystal
Eligibility Year: 1990
1991 Oscar Nominees and Winners
Dances with Wolves – Jim Wilson and Kevin Costner, producers (WINNER)
Awakenings – Walter Parkes and Lawrence Lasker, producers
Ghost – Lisa Weinstein, producer
The Godfather Part III – Francis Ford Coppola, producer
Goodfellas – Irwin Winkler, producer
Kevin Costner – Dances with Wolves (WINNER)
Francis Ford Coppola – The Godfather Part III
Martin Scorsese – Goodfellas
Stephen Frears – The Grifters
Barbet Schroeder – Reversal of Fortune
Jeremy Irons – Reversal of Fortune as Claus von Bülow (WINNER)
Kevin Costner – Dances with Wolves as Lieutenant John J. Dunbar
Robert De Niro – Awakenings as Leonard Lowe
Gérard Depardieu – Cyrano de Bergerac as Cyrano de Bergerac
Richard Harris – The Field as "Bull" McCabe
Kathy Bates – Misery as Annie Wilkes (WINNER)
Anjelica Huston – The Grifters as Lilly Dillon
Julia Roberts – Pretty Woman as Vivian Ward
Meryl Streep – Postcards from the Edge as Suzanne Vale
Joanne Woodward – Mr. and Mrs. Bridge as India Bridge
Joe Pesci – Goodfellas as Tommy DeVito (WINNER)
Bruce Davison – Longtime Companion as David
Andy García – The Godfather Part III as Vincent Corleone
Graham Greene – Dances with Wolves as Kicking Bird
Al Pacino – Dick Tracy as Alphonse "Big Boy" Caprice
Whoopi Goldberg – Ghost as Oda Mae Brown (WINNER)
Annette Bening – The Grifters as Myra Langtry
Lorraine Bracco – Goodfellas as Karen Friedman Hill
Diane Ladd – Wild at Heart as Marietta Fortune
Mary McDonnell – Dances with Wolves as Stands with a Fist
Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen:
Ghost – Bruce Joel Rubin (WINNER)
Alice – Woody Allen
Avalon – Barry Levinson
Green Card – Peter Weir
Metropolitan – Whit Stillman
Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium:
Dances with Wolves – Michael Blake based on his novel (WINNER)
Awakenings – Steven Zaillian from the book by Oliver Sacks
Goodfellas – Nicholas Pileggi and Martin Scorsese from Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi
The Grifters – Donald E. Westlake based on the book by Jim Thompson
Reversal of Fortune – Nicholas Kazan based on the book by Alan M. Dershowitz
Best Foreign Language Film:
Journey of Hope (Switzerland) in German – Xavier Koller (WINNER)
Cyrano de Bergerac (France) in French – Jean-Paul Rappeneau
Ju Dou (China) in Mandarin Chinese – Zhang Yimou and Yang Fengliang
The Nasty Girl (Germany) in German – Michael Verhoeven
Open Doors (Italy) in Italian – Gianni Amelio
Best Documentary Feature:
American Dream – Barbara Kopple and Arthur Cohn (WINNER)
Berkeley in the Sixties – Mark Kitchell
Building Bombs – Mark Mori and Susan Robinson
Forever Activists: Stories from the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade – Judith Montell
Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey – Robert Hillmann and Eugene Corr
Best Documentary Short Subject:
Days of Waiting – Steven Okazaki (WINNER)
Burning Down Tomorrow – Kit Thomas
Chimps: So Like Us – Karen Goodman and Kirk Simon
Journey into Life: The World of the Unborn – Derek Bromhall
Rose Kennedy: A Life to Remember – Freida Lee Mock and Terry Sanders
Best Live Action Short Film:
The Lunch Date – Adam Davidson (WINNER)
12:01 PM – Hillary Ripps and Jonathan Heap
Bronx Cheers – Raymond De Felitta and Matthew Gross
Dear Rosie – Peter Cattaneo and Barnaby Thompson
Senzeni Na? (What Have We Done?) – Bernard Joffa and Anthony E. Nicholas
Best Animated Short Film:
Creature Comforts – Nick Park (WINNER)
A Grand Day Out – Nick Park
Grasshoppers (Cavallette) – Bruno Bozzetto
Dances with Wolves – John Barry (WINNER)
Avalon – Randy Newman
Ghost – Maurice Jarre
Havana – Dave Grusin
Home Alone – John Williams
"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)" from Dick Tracy – Music and Lyrics by Stephen Sondheim (WINNER)
"Blaze of Glory" from Young Guns II – Music and Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi
"I'm Checkin' Out" from Postcards from the Edge – Music and Lyrics by Shel Silverstein
"Promise Me You'll Remember" from The Godfather Part III – Music by Carmine Coppola; Lyrics by John Bettis
"Somewhere in My Memory" from Home Alone – Music by John Williams; Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse
Best Sound:
Dances with Wolves – Jeffrey Perkins, Bill W. Benton, Gregory H. Watkins, and Russell Williams II (WINNER)
Days of Thunder – Charles M. Wilborn, Donald O. Mitchell, Rick Kline, and Kevin O'Connell
Dick Tracy – Thomas Causey, Chris Jenkins, David E. Campbell, and Doug Hemphill
The Hunt for Red October – Richard Bryce Goodman, Richard Overton, Kevin F. Cleary, and Don Bassman
Total Recall – Nelson Stoll, Michael J. Kohut, Carlos Delarios, and Aaron Rochin
Best Sound Effects Editing:
The Hunt for Red October – Cecelia Hall and George Watters II (WINNER)
Flatliners – Charles L. Campbell and Richard C. Franklin
Total Recall – Stephen Hunter Flick
Best Art Direction:
Dick Tracy – Art Direction: Richard Sylbert; Set Decoration: Rick Simpson (WINNER)
Cyrano de Bergerac – Art Direction: Ezio Frigerio; Set Decoration: Jacques Rouxel
Dances with Wolves – Art Direction: Jeffrey Beecroft; Set Decoration: Lisa Dean
The Godfather Part III – Art Direction: Dean Tavoularis; Set Decoration: Gary Fettis
Hamlet – Art Direction: Dante Ferretti; Set Decoration: Francesca Lo Schiavo
Best Makeup:
Dick Tracy – John Caglione Jr. and Doug Drexler (WINNER)
Cyrano de Bergerac – Michèle Burke and Jean-Pierre Eychenne
Edward Scissorhands – Ve Neill and Stan Winston
Cyrano de Bergerac – Franca Squarciapino (WINNER)
Avalon – Gloria Gresham
Dances with Wolves – Elsa Zamparelli
Dick Tracy – Milena Canonero
Hamlet – Maurizio Millenotti
Dances with Wolves – Dean Semler (WINNER)
Avalon – Allen Daviau
Dick Tracy – Vittorio Storaro
The Godfather Part III – Gordon Willis
Henry & June – Philippe Rousselot
Dances with Wolves – Neil Travis (WINNER)
Ghost – Walter Murch
The Godfather Part III – Barry Malkin, Lisa Fruchtman, and Walter Murch
Goodfellas – Thelma Schoonmaker
The Hunt for Red October – Dennis Virkler and John Wright
Academy Honorary Awards::
Sophia Loren – "One of the genuine treasures of world cinema who, in a career rich with memorable performances, has added permanent luster to our art form."
Myrna Loy – "In recognition of her extraordinary qualities both on screen and off, with appreciation for a lifetime's worth of indelible performances."
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award:
David Brown and Richard D. Zanuck
Academy Special Achievement Award:
Eric Brevig, Rob Bottin, Tim McGovern, and Alex Funke for the visual effects of Total Recall
2018 Grammy Award Winners
2016 Trivia, Fun Facts and History
The Sounds of the American Summer - Ice Cream Trucks
100 Years: 100 Songs of Summer
Popular and Notable Books From 2016
1990s 1991 Movies Oscars
Previous Article 1991 Grammy Award Winners
Next Article 1991 Trivia, Fun Facts and History
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Pop Culture History, Facts and Trivia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Killer gets 35.5 to 71 years in prison for kidnapped and murdered 18-year-old Amish teenager
Justo Smoker, the killer
Justo Smoker pleaded guilty today to killing 18-year-old Linda Stoltzfoos, the Amish teenager who was abducted shortly over a year ago on June 21, 2020, while walking home from church.
Smoker, 35, appeared before President Judge David Ashworth and pleaded guilty to Third Degree Murder, Kidnapping, Abuse of Corpse, Tampering with Evidence (2 counts), and Possession of an Instrument of Crime. Smoker was promptly sentenced to 35 ½ to 71 years in a State Correctional Institution. "From the outset of this case, we sought to secure justice for Linda, her family and the community. By bringing Linda home and securing the conviction and effective life-sentence imposed today, there is no question that justice has been served," said District Attorney Heather Adams, "We reached this result today only through the tireless efforts of multiple law enforcement agencies. Because of their dedication and unwavering commitment to this case, Linda's attacker was identified, apprehended, charged with Homicide, and now committed to a sentence that will ensure that he will never have the freedom to harm innocent citizens again." A small group of family representatives attended the emotional court proceeding. "The focus was totally on finding Linda," a spokesman on behalf of the family said in Court. The recovery of Linda's body and allowing the family to give her a proper burial was important he said as "the family's thoughts were always along this line – whatever it takes to bring Linda home." First Assistant Todd Brown outlined for the court details about the investigation not previously released to the public. Smoker told investigators that "he approached Linda from behind and choked her with his arm under her neck and then with shoelaces until she was no longer breathing. He then stabbed Linda in the neck one time to ensure that she was dead," First Assistant Todd Brown said in court Friday. President Judge Ashworth, in imposing sentence, stated this "senseless killing of Linda Stoltzfoos is contrary to all we hold dear in a civilized society." Ashworth also sent a strong message to the State Parole Board stating that he does not believe Smoker can be rehabilitated and urged the board to sentence Smoker to the maximum amount of time on any parole violation. Smoker, who was granted parole by the State Parole Board only 16 months prior to committing this murder, is required by law to serve any parole violation sentence imposed by the board prior to beginning this sentence. Smoker was paroled in February 2019 from a 12 ½ to 30-year sentence that was imposed after he pleaded guilty to multiple armed robberies and burglary charges, many with Amish victims. Smoker faces a sentence by the State Parole Board of up to 17.5 years for violating the terms of parole, which will be served before his new sentence of 35 ½ to 71 years would begin. In total, Smoker may serve up to 88 ½ years of incarceration. "This sentence was specifically structured in a way that practically ensures that Smoker would never be released and amounts to the functional equivalent of a life sentence," said Brown when presenting the terms of the agreement to the court. Plea Agreement Leads to Recovery of Body In April, Smoker agreed to disclose to police the location of Stoltzfoos' remains and enter a guilty plea to third-degree murder and other related charges. In exchange, the Lancaster County District Attorney's Office agreed to a sentence of 35 ½ to 71 years of incarceration. Smoker told investigators that he initially buried Stoltzfoos to the rear of 3104 Harvest Drive, where articles of clothing belonging to Stoltzfoos had previously been found, but later moved the body to another location behind his former place of employment. Armed with specific location information provided by Smoker, members of the East Lampeter Township Police Department, the Pennsylvania State Police and the FBI's Evidence Recovery Team, canvassed an area alongside the Amtrak railway to the rear of Smoker's former place of employment in Gap, Salisbury Township. Investigators searched the immediate area described to them by Smoker but were unable to locate the remains or any site indicative of a grave.
The remains were recovered buried in a grave under the brush along the tree line. Officers then escorted Smoker to the scene, and within a short time, Stoltzfoos' remains were recovered wrapped in a tarp and buried in a hole approximately 42" deep. The recovery of the remains, however, would bring additional brutal details to light on how Stoltzfoos died. The autopsy revealed that Stoltzfoos died of asphyxia as a result of strangulation and that a stab wound to the neck also contributed to her death. Stoltzfoos' body was found wrapped in plastic which had been secured by duct tape. Her body was clothed with her hands and feet tied together with multiple bindings. A thin rope connected each of the bindings together and was looped around her neck. Her sash and apron were wrapped tightly around her face and her mouth was covered by duct tape. "Bringing Linda home was a critical component of our mission to secure justice for Linda, her family and the Amish community as a whole," District Attorney Adams said, noting that "Allowing Linda's family the opportunity for a proper burial provided some measure of closure and granted Linda the dignity and respect she so richly deserved. Although Linda's recovery led us to additional painful details about the circumstances of her death – bringing her home also ensured a conviction and sentence that would protect the public from the defendant." The Investigation The disappearance of the Amish teen was initially labeled a missing person case as law enforcement worked diligently to uncover what happened after she seemingly disappeared without a trace. Searches by local law enforcement and members of the Amish community commenced immediately with the FBI quickly joining the investigation. Investigators poured over video evidence collected from surrounding homes and businesses, and foot searches for Stoltzfoos continued by law enforcement, members of the Amish Community, and the Middle Creek Search and Rescue Team. Information about Linda Stoltzfoos was posted on fliers, billboards, social media and news reports.
The video footage, however, would lead to the break in the case. An arrest came three weeks later when Smoker was apprehended and charged with felony Kidnapping in connection with Stoltzfoos' disappearance after investigators digitally enhanced private surveillance video and discovered footage depicting Smoker kidnapping Stoltzfoos along Beechdale Road in East Lampeter Township, Lancaster County. The camera that captured the incident was located approximately 334 yards from where Stoltzfoos was kidnapped. Searches for Stoltzfoos' body continued after Smoker's initial arrest but were unsuccessful. Investigators along with fifteen specialized search and rescue teams from surrounding areas spent over 15,000 man-hours searching for her remains, knowing that she had suffered harm at the hands of Smoker. In total, over 2,334 searchers covered over 10,500 acres utilizing multiple resources including drones, K-9s, horses, ATVs, submarines, helicopters and ground penetrating radar. Despite not having recovered Stoltzfoos' body, prosecutors ultimately filed Homicide charges in December 2020, citing the passage of time, the cessation of all activities and the circumstances of her disappearance. Prosecutors cited to witness statements, video surveillance and cell phone records that showed Smoker placed Stoltzfoos in his car and eventually took her to 3104 Harvest Drive, where police later found her bra and stockings buried in the ground and containing Smoker's DNA. Witnesses also reported seeing Smoker at his home later that afternoon cleaning the inside of his car. Witness statements also revealed that Smoker was stalking other female Amish girls in the area of the abduction on the day before the kidnapping. Evidence also revealed that within hours prior to both the stalking incidents and the abduction of Stoltzfoos, Smoker purchased alcohol and disposable gloves, as well as shoe and boot laces on the morning of the kidnapping. Throughout the entire investigation, no evidence was found to suggest that anyone else assisted Smoker with this crime. After homicide charges were lodged, the goals of prosecutors remained: bring Linda home, secure a murder conviction and ensure that Smoker is never free to harm the public again. "Factually, this case is horrific and tragic – and, thankfully, extraordinarily rare. Equally extraordinary were the efforts of law enforcement in their commitment to securing justice. Through the dogged determination of investigators and prosecutors, Linda's attacker was identified, captured and convicted, as a result, society will be protected from Smoker for what will likely amount to the rest of his natural life," said District Attorney Adams. The Lancaster County District Attorney's Office would like to thank all law enforcement agencies who participated in this investigation, as well as the Lancaster County Coroner's Office for their professionalism and assistance. The case was prosecuted by First Assistant District Attorney Todd Brown and First Deputy District Attorney Travis Anderson along with East Lampeter Police Detective Christopher Jones and Pennsylvania State Police Corporal Todd McCurdy.
Source: Lancaster County District Attorney's Office
Court declares Assin North parliamentary seat vacant
Man, 42, jailed 18 months for causing male organs of 4 teenagers to disappear
Assin North MP's asylum failed at Supreme Court; slaps with GHC5000 cost
Man sentenced to 205 years in prison, additional 105 years of extended supervision for killing 5 family members
Attempted murder in Tema involving Chinese nationals


text:
Yours to Discover
Sky Science - Part 1
Sky Science - Part 4 (UC)
Sky Science - Part 10 (UC)
Pluto and Charon
Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud
Binary & Multiple Stars
White Dwarfs
Ask an Astronomer Blog
Ask An Astronomer 1
AstroViewer
Sky Science Quiz
Tonight's Sky
Top 50 Links
Under Construction (UC)
The Constellations
The entire sky has been divided into 88 regions, which are called constellations. An alphabetical listing of these constellations appears below. To learn more about the constellations, just click on their names.
Boötes
Caelum
Camelopardalis
Canes Venatici
Canis Major
Canis Minor
Circinus
Coma Berenices
Corona Austrina
Corona Borealis
Equuleus
Eridanus
Leo Minor
Microscopium
Piscis Austrinus
Reticulum
Triangulum Australe
Volans
Vulpecula
ERROR ALERT:
The video above is pretty good, except for one critical error and one small error. At the 1:32 point in the video, it states that "The Earth spins on its axis, moving east to west, so objects appear to rise in the east and set in the west each day from our vantage point." That is wrong! Here is what the narrator should have said, "The Earth spins on its axis, moving west to east, so objects appear to rise in the east and set in the west each day from our vantage point." Also, at the 1:57 point in the video, it states that "There are a total of 88 recognized constellations, by the IAU, 12 of which are zodiacs" however, this is not correct. Ophiuchus is considered to be a zodiac constellation because the ecliptic passes through this constellation. Therefore, we have 13 zodiac constellations, not 12.
#BadAstronomy
Has the AstroDome Planetarium been to your school recently? If so, you are eligible to receive unrestricted access to this web site. Watch exclusive videos, including ones from Greek Mythology that tell the tales of Orion, Canis Major, Canis Minor, Scorpius, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Perseus, and Pegasus. Click here for details regarding unrestricted access..
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Seipati Msimanga is a guider in MMM. She introduced herself and the team which was neatly clad in grey MMM gear. Immediately after saying that she was a guider, one member from the audience asked what it takes for one to be a guider.
She explained that the guiders course was done online and one had to be computer literate for there were tasks to be done. Her colleagues also chipped in by saying that one should at least have joined MMM and at least have Provided Help. She also explained what PH and GH means. The audience asked questions which were well answered. Someone asked about MMM Extra. Seipati explained that in MMM Extra you had to do daily tasks and it used bitcoins in South Africa. In 30% you were guaranteed to get it but in MMM Extra only 0% was guaranteed and the rest you had to do daily tasks. People applauded for the team.


text:
The I-League, officially known as the Hero I-League
watach live stream I-League - football online The I-League, officially known as the Hero I-League due to sponsorship reasons, is an Indian professional league for men's association football clubs. Between 1996 and 2007, the league was known as National Football League. At the top of the Indian football league system, it is one of the two premier football leagues in the country, the other being the Indian Super League. Contested by 10 clubs (currently), it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the I-League 2nd Division as well as a system of direct-entry.
The I-League, officially known as the Hero I-League due to sponsorship reasons, is an Indian professional league for men's association football clubs. Between 1996 and 2007, the league was known as National Football League. At the top of the Indian football league system, it is one of the two premier football leagues in the country, the other being the Indian Super League. Contested by 10 clubs (currently), it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the I-League 2nd Division as well as a system of direct-entry.
Seasons run from November to May, with teams playing 18 matches each, totaling 90 matches in the season.[1] Most games are usually played in the afternoons during the weekends or midweeks.
The competition was formed in 2007 as the ONGC I-League. It was done in an effort to professionalize the game in India. The I-League is a successor to the previous National Football League and is regarded internationally as the primary competition in Indian football. he league's first official broadcaster was Zee Sports
Since the league inception, a total of five clubs have been crowned champions of the I-League. clubs to since the inception of the I-League in 2007, the teams that have won the title are Aizawl F.C. (once), Mohun Bagan A.C. (once), Bengaluru FC (twice), Churchill Brothers (twice), Dempo (thrice), and Salgaocar (once) respectively. The title has only been won thrice by a team from outside the state of Goa with the first six of eight editions of the league being won by Goan sides. The current champions of the I-League are Aizawl F.C., who became the first north-east team to win the I-League on April 30, 2017.
Aizawl Aizawl, Mizoram Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl 20,000
Chennai City Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 30,000
Churchill Brothers Salcete, Goa Tilak Maidan Stadium 6,000
East Bengal Kolkata, West Bengal Salt Lake Stadium 85,000
Gokulam Kerala Kozhikode, Kerala EMS Stadium 50,000
Minerva Punjab Ludhiana, Punjab Guru Nanak Stadium 15,000
Mohun Bagan Kolkata, West Bengal Salt Lake Stadium 85,000
NEROCA Imphal, Manipur Khuman Lampak Main Stadium 30,000
Shillong Lajong Shillong, Meghalaya Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 30,000
Indian Arrows Delhi, New Delhi Ambedkar Stadium 35,000


text:
20 Best Things to Do in North Florida
Kurt, Allyana Mae R. Lao
Sep 21, 2022 • 14 min read
Zeeonenonly / shutterstock.com
North Florida stretches throughout the Florida peninsula portion of the state.
With a wide variety of natural springs, white sand beaches, and state parks, the gorgeous landscapes of North Florida are everything!
If you're looking for a place where you can escape the crowds in Florida and appreciate the genuine beauty of nature, then look no further.
Here are the 20 best things to do in North Florida:
Join the Thrilling Adventure at St. Augustine
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If you are fond of horror stories, movies or enjoy watching paranormal activities, why not join the thrilling adventure at St. Augustine?
Have you ever thought that a gorgeous beach can have a dark history?
In the area, there were old jails, haunted inns, cemeteries, and haunted lighthouses that would indeed send shivers down your spine.
Tomas Marek / Shutterstock.com
This is an exciting activity as you can see the history of St. Augustine uniquely and thrillingly.
If you are brave enough to take on the challenge, then it's time to join the experts in their course of looking back on the dark side of St. Augustine's history!
Sean Pavone / Shutterstock.com
Shop at the Jacksonville Farmers Market
Situated in the eastern part of North Florida, you can enjoy the state's local goods.
Jacksonville is indeed a populous city, but it cannot be denied that it widely offers entertainment, attractions, and beautiful things to do.
There are more than 50 vendor booths selling seafood, fresh produce, and other affordable and worthy local goods that you can get.
Have Fun at Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens
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There are over 2,000 wild animals and species are over 1,000 in the zoo throughout the 117 acres.
It is always better to see wild animals in real life than on television as it brings a high amount of excitement, especially when you have your family and friends.
Ken Schulze / Shutterstock.com
The Jacksonville Zoo had received a prestigious award as Land of Tiger and The Range of the Jaguar for its stunning exhibits for a safe and pleasing environment for the wild animals.
Rob Bixby from Jacksonville, FL, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Aside from wild animals, there are also adorable ones.
Make sure not to miss the moments and take pictures to have a remembrance of one of the most incredible zoos in the world!
Chill Out at Navarre Beach
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If relaxing in North Florida is what you are looking for, Navarre Beach is another excellent destination to visit!
With the white shoreline, 12 miles pristine, and Gulf Islands National park, the place can be compared to a paradise!
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Navarre Beach has been regarded frequently year after year as one of the best nations in North Florida, and visiting the place will let you discover the reason why.
North Florida has always been consistent in making Navarre Beach a secret to keep fewer people, and you can feel the sense of tranquility.
If you want to chill out and relax, visit Navarre Beach!
Head to Washington Oaks Gardens State Park
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It is famous for its historical gardens that are landscaped under the ancient oaks.
The Washington Oaks is one of the most suitable places if you want to have a tranquil environment and escape the noise from the crowd.
You can genuinely appreciate the beauty of nature, and everything you can see in the place is unbelievably beautiful; you might not believe what you know as it looks like a fairy tale.
Averette, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Whether with someone or alone, this place will make you feel at home for its calm scenery.
People also find it the best place to get away with stress!
If you have been very busy lately, chill out at Washington Oaks Gardens State Park!
Walk Around the Big Talbot Island State Park
David Grano-De-Oro / Shutterstock.com
Big Talbot Island State Park is one of the popular destinations of North Florida for its extraordinary landscapes.
This is one of the great places to have a walk and appreciate the natural beauty of nature.
PETER LAKOMY / Shutterstock.com
Upon walking, you can also see the cedar trees and live oaks; the best thing is that you are not prohibited from climbing on them and taking fantastic pictures!
The views in Big Talbot Island State Park are undoubtedly fun and concomitantly incredible.
Smokemob, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Go Hiking at Alfred A. Ring Park
With just 11 minutes' drive time from the Florida Museum of Natural History-Exhibits, you can have an extraordinary hike at Alfred A. Ring Park.
The area constitutes throughout Hogtown Creek and has 1.4 miles of hiking trail in a calm atmosphere of the forest.
This is one of the most visited places in North Florida, most of the time by a group of friends or family.
If you are looking for an outdoor trip or hiking in Gainesville, this place is excellent for you!
Make sure to bring all your necessities.
With the vast attractions around the area, you will indeed have a long hiking adventure!
Make a Splash at the Ginnie Springs Outdoors, LLC
AANICOLAS / Shutterstock.com
You might have heard this before, Ginnie, as this is one of the most popular attractions in North Florida.
If you are looking for a crystal clear blue of water with stunning green scenery around, then this place is the perfect destination for you!
The place is widely known for having lots of water activities to do.
Zoe Esteban / Shutterstock.com
If you're fond of paddleboarding, kayaking, canoeing, diving, and the likes, Ginnie Springs has everything for you!
With all the fun activities available, you can bring your friends and family with you to have a complete and memorable vacation in North Florida.
If you haven't tried the list of activities before, it will be great to do it first in Ginnie Springs!
Discover New Things in Florida Museum of Natural History-Exhibits
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Situated in Gainesville of northern Florida, this famous museum is state-sponsored; that's why it has been consistent since then to be a provider of vast knowledge about everything.
With 1 hour and 48 minutes drive time from Amelia Island, you can learn about the state's history, as well as the various dinosaur bones that are real!
Kelley Minars from San Antonio, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Going inside the museum is entertaining, but you will learn and understand a lot of things.
Make sure not to miss the opportunity if you are in North Florida to visit this iconic museum!
Todd Van Hoosear, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Explore at Gilchrist Blue Springs State Park
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In just 10 minutes of travel time from Ginnie Springs, why not visit another incredible destination in North Florida?
Gilchrist Blue Springs is a widely known destination in the town because you can do a lot of exciting activities, such as geocaching!
This place became famous because it has first developed geocaching in the town, and everybody loves it!
Brian83726 / Shutterstock.com
Another thing which made the place ideal to be spent with family or group of friends is that the fun did not end at geocaching.
There are many other things to do, such as camping, paddle boarding, tubing, and hiking!
Have fun with the outdoor activities in Gilchrist Blue Springs, and don't miss the opportunity to try them all!
Get Flavorful Drinks at the Secret Tiki Temple
In the Northern part of Florida, Jacksonville is one of the most populated and crowded places in the state.
Have you ever thought of what is best in a crowded and populous place?
Of course, having fun while drinking together is the answer!
You can have various choices when it comes to drinks because Tiki Temple has consistently made unique tastes of beers that made it popular among the people.
The atmosphere is naturally fun, their foods and drinks are presented skillfully, and they are reasonably priced!
If you are not fond of drinking, you can also spend time with your friends in the place trying some of their unique dishes.
Your vacation in North Florida can never be completed if you don't visit the Tiki Temple!
Feel the Bridgerton Vibes at Eden Gardens State Park
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Situated nearby Point Washington, you can visit the iconic Eden State Park.
If you love seeing impressive historical mansions and gorgeous gardens, Eden Gardens State Park is the best place.
This state park is one of the fun destinations in North Florida as you can roam around the beautiful mansion and touch the beautiful gardens like the Netflix series Bridgerton.
GLBG / Shutterstock.com
If you're with your significant other, you will love this place.
Make sure to take your cameras with you.
Don't miss the chance to capture the sweet moments with the incredible attractions in the place!
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Visit the Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
If you find history as something exciting, then Castillo de San Marcos National Monument is the perfect place for you to travel back in time!
This is one of the iconic destinations in North Florida, and it was commonly known as a monument built by the Spanish.
After establishing the monument, it helped St. Augustine's lives from the British and the Pirates who tried to invade Florida in the year 1702.
Nataliya Hora / Shutterstock.com
You do not only see the actual monument, but you can get inside the honest soldier's rooms, canon, and the firing gun deck!
You will also be accompanied by a tour guide who can tell you the story of each side of the area.
This place has been popular among scholars and people who wanted to discover more and study the history of St. Augustine.
BOXX3D Design / Shutterstock.com
Have a Fun Adventure at Pensacola Beach
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If you are traveling with your significant other, then this romantic place is the perfect destination for both of you.
If you are also fond of stargazing, that is also one of the reasons why this place became famous for everyone.
Derek Gordon / Shutterstock.com
It is always the best feeling to watch the stars in the sky at night with your loved one beside you and talk about everything in life.
The stargazing here is not regular stargazing that you could ever imagine.
Benjamin Schaefer / Shutterstock.com
The place is a perfect beach in the morning, but you can use thirty different telescopes to see the stars clearly at night every Saturday night!
If seeing the stars with your bare eyes is remarkable already, how much more if you can see them inside the thirty different telescopes?
Don't miss the chance to have a romantic and wonderful time together with your loved one!
Colin D. Young / Shutterstock.com
Explore the Amelia Island
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Situated at the Atlantic coast near Jacksonville, Amelia Island is a perfect place to relax and appreciate the beauty of nature in North Florida.
There are plenty of exciting things to do on this island without spending much of your money.
Besides its stunning view where you can have a walk, you can also visit their unique shops at affordable prices!
Other than that, you can also enjoy horseback riding together, accompanied by the staff that will guide you on how to ride the horses with care properly.
You don't need to worry about the parking lots in the area because there are lots of them.
Lynne Neuman / Shutterstock.com
The place is also ideal if you want to have a cardio exercise early in the morning.
The place is popular among large groups of family and friends!
Watch the Dolphins Swim at Okaloosa Island Fishing Pier
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Destin in North Florida is one of the popular destinations for seeing the adorable dolphins as they swim in the beautiful sea.
With approximately 40,000 dolphins living in Mexico's Gulf, the dolphins will swim over the Destine due to the cleanliness and smooth environment of water there.
Visit the area from 10:00 am - 12:00 pm to witness the lovely dolphin as they swim freely in the sea.
Aside from dolphins, you can also catch other adorable sea creatures such as sea turtles.
North Florida is not limited to its comprehensive attractions, but also its preservation of cleanliness is what makes it captivating for animals as well.
Kjelland32 / Shutterstock.com
Soak up the Heat at Henderson Beach State Park
Enjoy a magnificent coastline with 30-foot-tall snow-white dunes as an anchor, where you may spend the day in and day out soaking up the Florida heat or bathing in the fresh waters.
The Emerald Coast's secured area isn't only a place to unwind.
lunamarina / Shutterstock.com
This park's highlights include fishing, a walking trail, and 60 campgrounds with boardwalk access to the beach.
The only surviving coastal scrub area in Destin was designated as a unique area to be preserved, protected, and enjoyed by the general public.
In addition to offering lovely campsites, the park is a wonderful location for gatherings, including weddings and family gatherings.
EZ Miles / Shutterstock.com
Visit Florida Theatre
On April 8, 1927, the Florida Theatre, a renowned theater with 1,900 seats, unveiled its doors for the first time in Jacksonville, Florida.
Florida Theatre was included in the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
The Florida Theatre aspires to provide a space in the community where varied artists and spectators may come together to share ideas and viewpoints.
The Florida Theatre Performing Arts Center, Inc., a nonprofit organization established in 1987, works in collaboration with the City of Jacksonville, the Florida Theatre's owner, to manage, schedule, and protect the historic structure.
Usflibstudent21, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
As a nonprofit, its goal is to improve the living environment in the community of North Florida by offering entertaining and unforgettable arts and entertainment events and conserving a special historic Jacksonville landmark.
Look over the Collections at Cummer Museum of Art & Gardens
Red Lemon / Shutterstock.com
Northeast Florida's biggest Museum of fine arts is the Cummer Museum of Art & Gardens.
Ninah Cummer, an artwork collector, garden lover, and civic activist, donated her art collection and riverside house to develop The Cummer in 1958.
The original core collection of 60 works from Mrs. Cummer's estate now numbers more than 5,000 items.
University of College / Shutterstock.com
The Museum is committed to fostering fruitful collaborations and encouraging active community involvement.
The St. Johns River is a stunning background for the historic gardens, a focal point of beauty for everyone to experience.
The Gardens close simultaneously with the Museum, at nightfall, and during poor weather.
The Cummer Café has varying hours of operation, while the Cummer Shop is available throughout museum hours.
Have a Picnic at Kanapaha Botanical Gardens
romarti / Shutterstock.com
Gainesville, Florida's Kanapaha Botanical Gardens span 68 acres and contain 24 significant collections.
Among these are the biggest Southeast organic garden and the largest open showcase of bamboos in the state.
The prestigious Gainesville wedding location Kanapaha Botanical Gardens offers indoor and outdoor bookings for weddings, receptions, conferences, retreats, and other social events.
One of the best stands of Chinese royal bamboo can be found in Kanapaha, and during the summer months, there are also huge Victoria freshwater lilies and Asian snake arums.
Visitors are welcome to bring their food and beverages and have a picnic indoors.
Most of the paths at Kanapaha are wheelchair-friendly, and plenty of chairs, gazebos, and other rest areas are spread throughout the site.
Ebyabe, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Admire the Architecture of Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park
The sapphire water of Wakulla Springs is home to one of the most extensive and deepest water springs worldwide.
It is also home to manatees, alligators, and various other species that may be seen from a riverboat or the diving site.
Denis Blofield / Shutterstock.com
The refreshing 70-degree waters will keep you cool even in the warmest summers.
The ancient lodge elegantly represents Old Florida, and old cypress swamps provided the ideal setting for classic Hollywood productions.
Visitors currently are in awe of a 1930s Spanish-style resort with period furnishings, antique elevators, and vibrantly colored ceilings that feature animals and Old Florida landscapes.
jmanaugh3 / Shutterstock.com
Swimming and guided boat trips are available to visitors in areas where mastodons formerly roamed.
Digout canoes once plied the chilly waters around.
Jim Schwabel / Shutterstock.com
North Florida is an excellent place, to begin with; the broad area is also wide of impressive attractions.
North Florida is a unique way to escape the stress and crowds from state parks, museums, water activities, and the likes.
If you haven't visited North Florida yet, check out this list as a reference to get to know the place more!
United States North America Things to Do Florida


text: Family Check In website at the Psychological Services Center (PSC) at LIU Post


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When a man with a life plan and a woman whose only goal is daily survival for her and her ten-year-old daughter, will their pasts and prejudices ruin a promising future?
In You'll Think of Me, Robin Lee Hatcher weaves a story of letting go and learning to trust in the beauty and grandeur of southern Idaho.
Brooklyn Myers has known a lot of disappointment in her life. All she's known is people leaving her. Her mother. Her husband. Even her father has given up on her.
Upon learning of his best friend's decision to leave the land he'd promised Derek to his wife and child instead, Derek is engulfed by disappointment. He never much cared for Brooklyn, and here she is again. Ruining his best-laid plans.
As a former resident of Idaho, I love reading about the state in stories. And Robin Lee Hatcher is one of the best in describing the beauty and grandeur of the southern portion of that state. But the author's true gift is in the heart of her stories.
In the struggles of her main characters, and even a couple supporting characters in a small Idaho town. "You'll Think of Me" touches on so many difficult issues—abandonment, trust, abuse—in a poignant way.
This one is another winner from Robin Lee Hatcher.
I receive complimentary books for review from publishers, publicists, and/or authors, including Tyndale House Publishers. I am not required to write positive reviews. The opinions I have expressed are my own. I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission's 16 CFR, Part 255.
Brought together by unexpected circumstances, Derek and Brooklyn must both confront challenges to their dreams and expectations. He must overcome long-held misconceptions about Brooklyn while she must learn to trust someone other than herself. And if they can do it, they just might discover that God has something better in mind than either of them ever imagined.


text:
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Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers
by Joseph T. Glatthaar
Free Press, 370 pp., $24.95
The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War
by Iver Bernstein
Oxford University Press, 363 pp., $29.95
Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War
by Michael Fellman
Oxford University Press, 331 pp., $9.95 (paper)
Social history during the past two decades has become the liveliest field of American history. Historians have been using evidence about class, race, ethnicity, and gender to gain insight into Americans' everyday lives—their work and leisure, their culture and ideology, their relations with one another and with the political and economic systems under which they have lived. From that research have come new perspectives that have increased our understanding of the American past—especially the past lives of blacks, women, and blue-collar workers.
For the most part, warfare has been excepted from social history. Narratives of campaigns and battles and of political leadership remained the dominant themes of histories about America's wars—including its bloodiest and most consequential, the Civil War. But in recent years military historians have discovered the value of social history, while social historians have become aware of the enormous impact of war on people and institutions.1 The Civil War in particular mobilized virtually the entire population in an all-out struggle for the survival of conflicting versions of Confederate or American nationalism, and for the preservation or destruction of slavery. It was a war fought by the most literate soldiers in history to that time, and in a society with a free and vigorous press. Millions of young men for the first time left their families for a long time, conscious of taking part in a great historical drama, which they recorded in diaries and in uncensored letters home.
During the wars of the twentieth century, army authorities censored soldiers' letters and discouraged diary keeping. Thus the American Civil War was in many ways the best-documented war in history. The letters and diaries of participants are an unparalleled source for the perceptions, ideas, and behavior of ordinary Americans in a war that transformed their society and altered the direction of the nation. The more imaginative social historians of warfare have used these sources recently to produce exciting work that tells us much about the impact of the Civil War on ordinary Americans who fought the war and in turn helped to shape its consequences.2
The three books under review provide excellent examples of these developments. Perhaps the most timely of the three is Forged in Battle, published at the same time and dealing with the same subject as the movie Glory, which has been a critical and popular success. Joseph Glatthaar, the author of a previous book on the soldiers in William T. Sherman's army, has drawn on letters, diaries, and memoirs (mostly by white officers) as well as official documents for his account of the 178,000 black soldiers and their 7,000 white officers in the Union army. It is a story of the moral and physical courage of whites who risked social stigma in the North to become officers in "nigger regiments," and risked execution by Confederates for inciting slave insurrections. It is a story also of courage by black soldiers, most of them former slaves, who risked much to join the army, and faced the same threat of execution if captured.
Glatthaar describes the government's unjust and discriminatory treatment of black soldiers in pay (until 1864 black soldiers were paid less than whites), promotion, medical care, and the disproportionate employment of black units as labor battalions and in other menial rear-echelon assignments. An important theme in his book (as in the film Glory) is the campaign by black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight. Only by proving themselves in combat could blacks overcome the stereotypes of inferiority and prove their "manhood." They proved it in several battles when they got the chance, but that chance remained limited by army policies that kept most black units serving in garrisons and working on fatigue details. Thus their rate of death in combat was only one third that of white Union soldiers, while their mortality rate from disease was twice as great.
Nevertheless, the courage and effectiveness of several black units in combat won increasing if sometimes grudging respect from initially skeptical or hostile whites. One white soldier wrote in 1864:
The copperheads of the North need not complain of them being placed on an equal footing with the white soldiers, since the white soldier himself does not complain. After a man has fought two years he is willing that any thing shal[l] fight for the purpose of ending the war. We have become to[o] familiar with hardships to refuse to see men fight merely because their color is black.
A white officer added: "The truth is they have fought their way into the respect of all the army." This was an exaggeration; many white soldiers retained their prejudices. But others were converted by what The New York Times described in 1864 as the "prodigious revolution which the public mind everywhere is experiencing."
Forged in Battle is by no means the first study of black soldiers in the Civil War; several previous books have told important parts of that story. But it uses more of the soldiers' letters and diaries—including rare material from black soldiers—and concentrates more intensely on black–white relations within these regiments than any other study. Glatthaar's thesis is expressed by the title: loyalty, friendship, and respect among white officers and black soldiers were fostered by the mutual dangers they faced in combat. This was not universally true, to be sure. Some officers had gone into black units for promotion or other self-serving motives; many of these retained their racist attitudes toward the soldiers they commanded. But most officers probably shared the attitude expressed by a captain in a letter to his wife:
A great many [white people] have the idea that the entire negro race are vastly their inferiors—a few weeks of calm unprejudiced life here would disabuse them I think—I have a more elevated opinion of their abilities than I ever had before. I know that many of them are vastly the superiors of those (many of those) who would condemn them to a life of brutal degradation.
In trying to show there was growing respect between blacks and whites, though, Glatthaar succumbs to the fashionable practice of condemning all whites as racist. "Prior to the war," he writes of the men who became officers in black regiments, "virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices" that were subsequently modified by experience. Powerful racial prejudices? That was not true of Thomas Wentworth Higginson, or Robert Gould Shaw, or Norwood P. Hallowell, or many other abolitionists and sons of abolitionists who became officers in black regiments.
Indeed, the contrary was true; they had spent much of their lives fighting against the race prejudice endemic in American society, sometimes at the risk of their careers and even their lives. That is why they jumped at the chance to help launch an experiment with black soldiers which they hoped would help African-Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. Perhaps by modern absolutist standards of racial egalitarianism (which few could meet today), these men harbored some mildly racist or paternalistic feelings. But to call these "powerful racial prejudices" is to indulge in what William Manchester has called "generational chauvinism—judging past eras by the standards of the present."3
Race is the analytical category that counts most for Glatthaar; in Iver Bernstein's study of the New York draft riots, the class feelings of the rioters are central while race and ethnicity are seen as less important. The worst mob violence in American history took place during the four days of rioting in New York City in 1863, although the death toll of 120 should be compared with the 11,000 soldiers killed and mortally wounded at Gettysburg two weeks earlier. The riots exposed severe stresses in Northern urban society, but, contrary to Bernstein's view, these stresses may have run along the lines of race and ethnicity more than along those of class. The rioters were mostly Irish Catholic immigrants (and their children); they mainly attacked the members of New York's small black population. For a year, Democratic leaders had been telling their Irish constituents that the wicked Black Republicans were waging the war to free the slaves who would come North and take away the jobs of Irish workers. The use of black stevedores as scabs in a recent strike by Irish dockworkers made this charge seem plausible. The prospect of being drafted to fight to free the slaves made the Irish even more receptive to demogogic rhetoric.
The provisions in the Union conscription law that allowed a drafted man to avoid service by hiring a substitute or paying a $300 commutation fee gave an added edge of class bitterness to the controversy, producing the slogan of "Rich Man's War but Poor Man's Fight." In actual practice this slogan proved untrue. Unskilled workers and Irish-Americans were proportionately under-represented in the Union army. Draft insurance societies and appropriations by city councils or political machines to pay the commutation fee of any drafted man who did not want to go enabled poor men to buy their way out of the draft almost as readily as rich men.
Nevertheless, the draft became a hated symbol of everything the working-class population of New York disliked about the war. In the riots they demolished draft offices and other federal property, burned black neighborhoods and the Colored Orphan Asylum; they lynched a dozen black men, attacked the premises of the New York Times and New York Tribune (both Republican), and sacked the homes of leading Republicans and abolitionists. In the end most of those killed were not blacks or abolitionists but rioters, shot down by police and by troops rushed to New York from Gettysburg.
Iver Bernstein tells the story of these awful events succinctly in the early pages of his book. But that is not his main purpose, and for a detailed account of the riots one must still read Adrian Cook's The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863.4 Bernstein's aim is to use the riots as a means of understanding "the intricate and often obscure processes that gave rise to modern urban America." Unfortunately, his argument is also intricate and often obscure. It reaches back to the 1850s to analyze the workers' quest for security, status, and power in New York's economy and polity. Workers were divided by skill or craft, and sometimes by belonging to different ethnic groups, but according to Bernstein, they sought consolidation and class unity in the face of the capitalist transformation that was eroding old skills and values. The capitalist elite was also divided, partly between older merchants and bankers, with ties to the South and to foreign mercantile houses on one side and to the rising industrialists on the other. Most of the new industrialists were Republicans, with strong ties to the national administration during the Civil War. Many of the mercantile elite were Democrats. During the riots they took a "soft" position toward the mobs, hoping to calm the violence through persuasion and selective repression. The Republican industrialists—whose property was often the target of rioters—took a "hard" position, calling for martial law and a shoot-on-sight policy. Bernstein views the riots as a climatic moment in the contest between workers and the Republican industrialists. The war, the draft, and ethnic and racial hatreds were merely the catalyst that sparked the violence.
For Bernstein the main beneficiary of the efforts following the riots to resolve and reshape the class conflicts that had got out of control was the Tammany Hall faction of the Democratic party. Tammany supported the Union war effort with a flair for patriotic oratory and symbolism; after the war the Tammany machine ruled the city for a half dozen years under Boss William Marcy Tweed. But the Tweed Ring collapsed under the weight of corruption and its inability to prevent another bloody riot in 1871, this one between Protestant Scots-Irish and Catholic Irish. The failure of several craft union strikes for the eight-hour day in 1872, Bernstein writes, shows that
Industrialists emerged as the ultimate winners of the 1863 crisis, and their acquisitive individualism and repudiation of working-class rule were now triumphant; workers in the draft riot trades met their final moment of defeat.
Bernstein draws on studies of the "crowd" (not mobs) in early industrial Europe and America to develop his thesis of the class roots of the draft riots. Denied political power through existing elite institutions, crowds took to the streets to demonstrate against selected institutions of oppression. They acted in a "rational" manner in this selectivity, in contrast to the irrational mob frenzy depicted by earlier and more conservative historians. For Bernstein, the first day of the draft riots, in which skilled workers led not very destructive attacks on selected institutions they associated with class domination, conformed to this pattern. Only on the second day did the riots escalate into seemingly mindless, irrational large-scale violence committed by unskilled Irish workers who struck out savagely in all directions. Even then, though, a "rational" pattern can be discerned during the riot's second stage, whose targets were blacks (because they acted as strikebreakers) and Protestant antislavery Republican industrial leaders who served as hated symbols of the privileged middle class to the Irish population.
Bernstein's two stages seem too schematic. The riots did grow in violence and viciousness as they went on, to be sure, but the participants and targets and patterns of crazed bloodlust were there from the beginning. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum the first day and lynched blacks that day as on subsequent days. The frenzy of mob psychology would seem to offer a better basis for explanation than that of the rational crowd. And powerful ethnic or racial antagonisms seem to have been more active than class consciousness.
After one reads about the clashes between Irish immigrants and blacks, Michael Fellman's account of guerrilla warfare in Missouri during the Civil War seems to take place in a different country. A border state of divided allegiances, Missouri suffered more than any other region from the internecine war of neighbor against neighbor "inside" the larger Civil War of North against South. Bands of Confederate partisans ("bushwhackers" in Unionist parlance) ambushed, murdered, and burned suspected Unionists and their property, and tied down thousands of Northern troops by hit-and-run attacks in their rear. In response, Union counter-insurgency forces used similar tactics in an often futile effort to run the guerrillas to earth and to intimidate the civilian population (the guerrillas' wives, mothers, and sisters) that fed and sheltered them. As in other guerrilla conflicts, the army controlled the towns and the daylight hours but the partisans controlled the countryside and the night. The guerrillas' need for sanctuary in rural districts and the army's search-and-destroy missions forced neutral civilians to choose sides or suffer the consequences—usually both.
This was a war with no pretense to the romantic images of honor, courage, or glory that often attach to big-battle narratives of the Civil War. It was ugly, dirty, and vicious. It was in many ways a continuation of the antebellum conflict along the Missouri-Kansas border between proslavery Missouri "border ruffians" and antislavery Kansas "jayhawkers" for control of the destiny of Kansas territory.
The bushwhackers and jayhawkers took no prisoners, killed in cold blood, plundered, and pillaged (but almost never raped or killed white women). Both sides committed atrocities that make the New York draft riots look like a Sunday-school picnic. Thousands of soldiers, guerrillas, and civilians lost their lives; whole counties were burned out and virtually depopulated. The most notorious guerrilla chieftain, William Clarke Quantrill, led a raid across the Kansas border in August 1863 and murdered more than 150 unarmed men in the hated antislavery town of Lawrence. The equally infamous "Bloody Bill" Anderson took twenty-four unarmed Union soldiers off a train in Centralia in September 1864, shot them in the head, then turned on a posse of pursuing militia and slaughtered 127 of them, including the wounded and captured. And so it went for four years and longer. The hatreds and feuds of the war lingered for decades. The postwar outlaws Jesse and Frank James, Cole and Jim Younger, and others who darken the pages of Missouri history and myth got their start as Confederate guerrillas, riding with Quantrill and Bloody Bill Anderson.
Fellman's is the best account I know of this "inside" war—in Missouri or in any of the other border regions where it flared with lesser but still powerful intensity. He has mined official archives and collections of the letters of Union soldiers and of civilians (guerrillas left few letters) to get inside their minds. The analytical categories of ethnicity, gender, and class appear here, though at times in a marginal fashion. To a considerable degree, ethnic and cultural divisions defined the two sides in Missouri's civil war. German-Americans and Yankee settlers formed the core of Unionist strength in the region; southern-born farmers (derisively labeled "Pukes" by adversaries) provided most of the guerrillas and their sympathizers. A chapter on women noncombatants, who were sometimes compelled to become auxiliaries to combat, shows sensitivity to the tensions between traditional female expectations and the exigencies of a society in wartime.
How much class tensions contributed to this conflict is more ambiguous. One school of interpretation has portrayed the guerrilla outlaws as defenders of a rural order of yeoman farmers against the encroachments of a capitalist market economy represented by Yankee soldiers and Unionists during the Civil War, and by banks and railroads afterward. Jesse James and his confederates were therefore not bloodthirsty killers but rather "social bandits" who fought a losing battle against the soulless forces of capitalist transformation. This thesis is roughly analogous to Iver Bernstein's portrait of many draft rioters as workers who attacked the institutions and symbols of industrial capitalism.
Such portraits reflect the currently dominant views by social historians of American farmers and workers in the nineteenth century. 5 For Missouri, a romanticized version of this thesis emerged during the postwar decades in the form of a "noble guerrilla" tradition that fused with a "noble outlaw" legend to glamorize Jesse James, Cole Younger, and the others as Robin Hoods who took from the rich and gave to the poor. Roughly the same legend became incorporated in dozens of Hollywood movies.
Michael Fellman begins his book as if he were going to advance a similar interpretation. But he edges away from it and ultimately repudiates it:
Journalists, pulp fiction writers, and Hollywood filmmakers, selling dreams to that huge audience which continues to enjoy the presence of the noble outlaw, have had every reason to perpetuate the legend rather than to realistically portray selfish bank robbers and cold-blooded bushwhackers.
Fellman interprets the behavior of bushwhackers and jayhawkers as a matter of psychology. Many of the guerrillas were psychopathic killers, nihilistic lovers of violence. The war gave quasi-official sanction to their atavistic impulses. The frustration of Union commanders with their failure to suppress the guerrillas, and the hair-trigger nerves of Union squads patrolling the menacing countryside where every innocent-looking farmer might be a bushwhacker, caused them to lash out with random violence that could only go on escalating. For many of the youthful guerrillas and soldiers, this violence was a sort of rite of passage; to kill was to prove one's manhood. "It is useful," writes Fellman, "to employ the mythopsychological language of oedipal rebellion in analyzing this process: displacement and destruction of the father's authority—replacement with the knightly, true young brotherhood." Fellman quotes with approval the postwar reflections of a Union officer who had discovered while fighting guerrillas in Missouri that
There exists in the breasts of people of educated and christian communities wild and ferocious passions…which may be aroused and kindled by…war and injustice, and become more cruel and destructive than any that live in the breasts of savage and barbarous nations.
True enough; the experience of the twentieth century has taught the same dispiriting lesson. But Fellman's psychological insights still do not answer the question of why Confederate guerrillas took to the bush in the first place. Did they fight just for the love of fighting? Partly. Were they defending traditional rural communities against alien Yankee capitalism? This seems doubtful.
Curiously, Fellman overlooks the most likely answer to the question. The fundamental cause of the Civil War was slavery. This institution was not as entrenched in Missouri as in the states that seceded. But it was the chief factor in determining the allegiance of those Missourians who cast their lot with the Confederacy. It also seems to have been the principal factor for many guerrillas. A seminal study of the social origins of Missouri guerrillas by Don Bowen (not cited by Fellman) shows that they came from families that were three times more likely to own slaves and had twice as much wealth as the average Missouri family. Cole and Jim Younger were the sons of Jackson County's richest slave owner. If there was a class or ideological dimension to Missouri's guerrilla warfare, it appears not to have been one of yeomen farmers versus capitalists, but of slave owners versus the advocates of free labor.6
A final observation is prompted by this account of terror and destruction in Missouri. Anyone who writes and lectures these days about the Civil War is asked frequently whether the Confederacy could have won if Southerners had resorted to guerrilla warfare on a large scale. A recent study has suggested that their failure to do so may have been "a major reason why the South lost the Civil War."7 This is doubtful. Guerrilla tactics might have prolonged the war, perhaps for years, but the Confederacy would probably have lost in the end. The Union army would have turned loose the hard-bitten cavalry of Philip Sheridan and Judson Kilpatrick against the guerrillas. The entire South might then have become like Missouri. Robert E. Lee was wiser than these latter-day theorists who fantasize a Confederate victory through guerrilla warfare. When one of his subordinates suggested at Appomattox that Confederate soldiers could escape to the bush and become guerrillas rather than surrender, Lee said no. With Missouri perhaps in mind, he foresaw that the guerrillas "would become mere bands of marauders, and the enemy's cavalry would pursue them and overrun many sections they may never [otherwise] have occasion to visit. We would bring on a state of affairs it would take the country years to recover from."8 Lee then rode off to meet General Grant.
More by James M. McPherson
America's Greatest Movement
The Fugitives Who Changed America
June 4, 2015 issue
Our Monstrous War
James McPherson is George Henry Davis '86 Professor of American History Emeritus at Princeton. His books include Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, which was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1989, and, most recently, The War That Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters.
(October 2016)
Richard H. Kohn, "The Social History of the American Soldier: A Review and Prospectus for Research," American Historical Review, 86 (1981), pp. 553–567, Maris A. Vinovskis, "Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations," Journal of American History, 76 (1989), pp. 34–58. ↩
Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns (New York University Press, 1985); Earl J. Hess, Liberty, Virtue, and Progress: Northerners and Their War for the Union (New York University Press, 1988); Randall C. Jimerson, The Private Civil War: Popular Thought During the Sectional Conflict (Louisiana State University Press, 1988); Gerald F. Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (Free Press, 1987); Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers: Their Expectations and Their Experiences (Viking, 1988). ↩
New York Times Book Review, February 4, 1990, p. 33. ↩
University Press of Kentucky, 1974. ↩
See especially Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude, eds., The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America (University of North Carolina Press, 1985); Bruce Laurie, Artisans into Workers; Labor in Nineteenth-Century America (Hill and Wang, 1989); and, for Missouri, David Thelen, Paths of Resistance: Tradition and Dignity in Industrializing Missouri (Oxford University Press, 1986). ↩
Don R. Bowen, "Guerrilla War in Western Missouri, 1862–1865: Historical Extensions of the Relative Deprivation Hypothesis," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 19 (1977), pp. 30–51. ↩
Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still, Jr., Why the South Lost the Civil War (University of Georgia Press, 1986), p. 342. ↩
Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (Scribner's, 1934–1935), Vol. IV, p. 84. ↩
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1992: August 9-15
Is this TV's greatest mismatch? Former A Country Practice star Georgie Parker makes her debut in the series return of Acropolis Now. Parker plays the role of flight attendant Despina Hatzipapadopoulos. For series co-star Mary Coustas, who plays style victim Effie Stephanidis, it was only a matter of time before she and Parker (pictured) worked …
1992, A Country Practice, Acropolis Now, All Together Now, Beyond 2000, Blue Wilderness, Bony, Brides Of Christ, Burke's Backyard, Chances, Col'n Carpenter, E Street, Eleven AM, Embassy, Family Feud, Hard Copy, Neighbours, Now You See It, Olympic Games, Phoenix, Quantum, Street Angels, Sunday Afternoon, The Book Place, Tonight Live, Wheel Of Fortune
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2012/08/1992-august-9-15-2.html
1992: July 26-August 1
Cover: Rebekah Elmaloglou (Home And Away), Kieren Perkins Fighting words! Something of a rivalry has developed between fellow Nine personalities Clive Robertson and Ray Martin, following remarks that Robertson made on The World Tonight about his Midday counterpart. Robertson's comments were made in response to a letter asking him to open "a fete or something". "What …
1992, A Current Affair, Bligh, Chances, Cluedo, E Street, Embassy, Fast Forward, GP, Healthy Wealthy And Wise, Home And Away, Midday, Neighbours, New Faces, Olympic Games, Sunday Afternoon, Sylvania Waters, The Main Event, The World Tonight, Tonight Live, Track Record, Wheel Of Fortune
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2012/07/1992-july-26-august-1.html
1992: July 19-25
All at sea… Will Chances' Alex Taylor's (Jeremy Sims) surprise marriage at sea mean the end of his infamous bedroom liaisons? According to Sims, definitely not. And in true Chances style, the wedding between Alex and mute Imogen Lander (Ciri Thompson) is far from ordinary. Alex, with the help of Cal Lawrence (Gerry Sont), kidnaps …
1992, A Country Practice, All Together Now, Bananas In Pyjamas, Bingles, Chances, Cluedo, E Street, Embassy, Getaway, GP, Home And Away, Kittson Fahey, Let The Blood Run Free, New Faces, Newlyweds, Olympic Games, Play School, Sylvania Waters, The Flying Doctors
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2012/07/1992-july-19-25.html
Emily's secret London wedding While Emily Symons' Home And Away character Marilyn is getting engaged in episodes to air this month, Symons is in London planning her own wedding to fiance Nicholas Lipscombe. The pair met in 1990 when Symons (pictured) was in the UK working in a pantomime. "When I met him, I was …
1992, A Current Affair, Bligh, Burke's Backyard, Chances, Cluedo, E Street, Embassy, Getaway, Healthy Wealthy And Wise, Hey Hey It's Saturday, Home And Away, Kittson Fahey, Let The Blood Run Free, Neighbours, Number 96, Prisoner, Sex, Sons And Daughters, The Big Gig, The Comedy Company
1992: July 5-11
Cover (main): Katey Sagal (Married… With Children), (top right): Matthew Krok (Hey Dad!) Back to the back of beyond Actor John Hargreaves, starring in the ABC mini-series The Leaving Of Liverpool, found himself on a sentimental journey when production of the series took him to the small town of Merrygoen. Just a few kilometres north …
1992, A Country Practice, Bligh, Brides Of Christ, Burke's Backyard, Chances, Come In Spinner, E Street, Face The Press, Family And Friends, Getaway, Golden Fiddles, Good Morning Australia, GP, Guess What?, Hey Dad, Holiday, Home And Away, Rage, Sex, The Leaving Of Liverpool, Track Record, Tracks Of Glory
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2012/07/1992-july-5-11.html
Four of a kind! Four of TV's hottest young stars also happen to be two off-screen couples. Toni Pearen (E Street) and Mat Stevenson (Home And Away) had managed to dodge the cameras for months before finally going public with their relationship. "It's been going on for so long now (16 months) and it got …
1992, A Country Practice, All Together Now, Baby Crazy, Beyond 2000, Burke's Backyard, Chances, E Street, Embassy, Everybody, Hinch At Seven, Home And Away, Lift Off, Midday, Neighbours, Perfect Match, Saturday At Rick's, Sex, Sons And Daughters
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2012/06/1992-june-28-july-4.html
1992: June 21-27
Georgie joins Acropolis Now! Former A Country Practice star Georgie Parker has made the surprising move of joining the cast of Seven's comedy series Acropolis Now. The dual TV Week Silver Logie winner will play the character of airline stewardess Despina Hatzipapadopoulos, an old flame of Memo (George Kapiniaris). The Seven Network has given the …
1992, A Country Practice, Acropolis Now, Beyond 2000, Bligh, Cluedo, Embassy, Fast Forward, Getaway, Good Morning Australia, GP, Healthy Wealthy And Wise, Home And Away, Neighbours, Sex, Simon Townsend's Wonder World, The Flying Doctors, Today, Tonight Live, Wonder World
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2012/06/1992-june-21-27.html
Traumatic times for two young girls Some big storylines ahead for two of TV's popular young stars. In Neighbours (Ten), 17-year-old Beth Brennan (Natalie Imbruglia) shocks Ramsay Street with the announcement that she is engaged to Rod Baker (Chris Lloyds), a gentlemen she met on holiday in Brisbane — but who is old enough to …
1992, All Together Now, Chances, Cluedo, E Street, Everybody, Hey Hey It's Saturday, Home And Away, Neighbours, Rex Hunt's Fishing World, The Investigators, The Miraculous Mellops
1992: June 7-13
Cover: Tom Cruise Shirl crashes out When she decided to leave A Country Practice after more than ten years, Gold Logie winner Lorrae Desmond conceded that her character Shirley Gilroy had to be killed off but insisted that the death not be depicted on screen. "You don't get divorced in Wandin Valley," she told TV …
1992, A Country Practice, Beyond 2000, Bingles, Chances, Cluedo, E Street, Good Vibrations, GP, Healthy Wealthy And Wise, Hey Hey It's Saturday, Let The Blood Run Free, Mary Hardy, Neighbours, Newlyweds, Round The Twist, The Penthouse Club, Vidiot
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2012/06/1992-june-7-13.html
1992: May 31-June 6
Shaping up for motherhood! Teenage star Rebekah Elmaloglou (pictured) was determined that her on-screen pregnancy in Home And Away would look as real as possible. For almost nine months she wore bodysuits of various shapes and sizes as her character Sophie's pregnancy progressed. "It wasn't as bad as I thought it would be," she told …
1992, 60 Minutes, A Country Practice, A Current Affair, All Together Now, Andrew Denton: Live And Sweaty, Chances, Dateline, E Street, Embassy, Fast Forward, Home And Away, Let The Blood Run Free, Midday, Neighbours, Olympic Games, Six Pack, State Of Origin, The Shorn Sheep Show, What's Cooking
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2012/05/1992-may-31-june-6.html


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Las lenguas Ramu-bajo Sepik es una familia lingüística de unas 35 lenguas papúes habladas en las cuencas del Ramu y Sepik en el norte de Papúa Nueva Guinea. Estas lenguas tienden a tener fonologías simples, con pocas consonantes y vocales y sin tono.

Esta familia fue propuesta por William A. Foley y fue aceptada por Malcolm Ross. Sus dos ramas, las lenguas Ramu y lenguas bajo Sepik, forman parte de la propuesta abandonada de Donald Laycock (1973) conocida Sepik-Ramu. Ambas ramas no están estrechamente relacionadas. El idioma kambot también está relacionado, pero su posición concreta no está clara.

A partir de las historias orales de los pueblos del bajo Sepik, registradas en yimas se cree que esta lengua se habla cerca del lugar original desde donde se expandió la familia, hecho secundariamente confirmado por el arcaísmo del yimas dentro de la familia. Ross sugiere que los hablantes de proto-Ramu-bajo-Sepik habrían podido ocupar la región de las colinas septentrionales de las Tierras Altas de Nueva Guinea y habrían podido migrar hacia la cuenca del Sepik a partir del momento en que el desaparecido mar de Sepik empezó a replegarse hacia el Océano pacífico.

Clasificación
No existe consenso sobre la clasificación interna de estas lenguas. Aunque usualmene se divide en dos ramas:
 Lenguas del río Ramu
 Lenguas del bajo Sepik
La coherencia interna de las dos ramas, Ramu y bajo Sepik, se basa en paradigmas pronominales similares, que sin embargo no conectan las dos ramas entre sí. Foley fue capaz de demostrar el parentesco sobre una base léxica, aunque la principal evidencia de parentesco es la ocurrencia compartida de ciertas marcas de plural irregulares (estas irregularidades compartidas están testimoniadas tanto en watam como en bosman. Los pronombres en sí mismos tienen poco en común excepto por la forma de tercera del singular *man (proto-Ramu) ~ *mɨn (proto–bajo-Sepik) y el afijo de no-singular *-ŋk- (dual en Ramu y paucal en bajo Sepik.

Inicialmente, Donald Laycock conjeturó que estas lenguas y las lenguas del Alto Sepik estaban relacioandas, pero un trabajo de campo más detallado llevó a descartar la propuesta de una familia Sepik-Ramu, que incluyera tanto a las lenguas de la cuenca del río Ramu como a las de la cuenca del río Sepik y las regiones aledañas.

Véase también
Lenguas papúes

Referencias

Bibliografía

Bajo Sepik

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Sun visor - hat
By Peter S. Koo, ContributorA common criticism of news coverage is that the stories we consume are usually just one-sided.
But according to a new paper, people in different parts of the world have different stories.
Researchers at the University of Chicago and Johns Hopkins University looked at news coverage in more than 200 countries and found that stories from different parts were not simply different but actually had very different kinds of people in them.
For example, the story from a southern Asian country with the highest rate of news consumption was one with more stories about "women" and "men."
The story in a western country with a lower rate of media consumption was more about "men" and more about violence.
The researchers suggest this could be because news consumption tends to reflect societal expectations, but also because people in some regions may prefer stories that are more focused on social issues.
The paper, "The Different Stories in Different Media, Socioeconomic Status, and News Consumption," is available in the journal Media, Society and Culture.
multimedia production
A new fusion technology could help power a computer 10 times faster than conventional computer chips