Help for people buying the "12-48 Volt 1800/2500 Watt ZVS induction Heater"
Is the efficiency and idle current constant? Ie, if you have 6A idle current, is the "wasted" energy constant even when you insert a work piece or is it possible that the efficiency actually increases when there is something in the coil to transfer energy into?
No, I don't think the "wasted" energy is constant. What I do know is that, when you place a work piece into the work coil, the components on the board get hotter, so there's actually MORE "wasted" energy at that point. And, I don't account for it very well.
I don't know how I would measure "EFFICIENCY increases".
At least with these ZVS heaters, there's a lot going on when you insert something into the work coil. With the current draw from the power supply increasing and the frequency changing, a little or a lot, depending on the material that the work is made of. Then there's the heat extracted from the components on the board by the fans, and, of course, the heat radiated by the work itself, some of which goes to the work coil cooling system and some into the air.
'Morning all & Happy Saturday! Newbie here.
Today I'm working on a PS for my recently purchased 1800W unit. After seeing Mads videos, I obtained some HP DPS-750RB PS's and am performing the isolation mods as I type this. I understand everything except for what to do with the ground pigtail that was captured under the of longer of the board mount screws. Should it be clipped off & discarded or reinstalled under the nylon insulator?
I noticed on another forum that it's recommended to leave one of the series connected PS's un-modded (not isolated) but Mads modifies all 3 in his video. It looks like either way will work but is one preferred over the other?
All the mosfet mount screws were completely loose (.5mm gap between it and heatsink!) Is the white "paint" on the face of the mosfet enough of a heatsink compound or should I add some?
...and thanks for what you guys do here! I have nothing to offer electronically but I am a hobby machinist & and lifetime tinkerer.
I would not add any more heatsink compound. Although most heatsink compounds are non conductive, make sure that none of it can touch the Mosfet leads, just in case. If I understand the heatsink compound "science" correctly, its only task is to fill in any tiny gaps between the device and the heatsink, to promote maximum heat transfer.
Certainly do snug up the screws.
By the way, I use a pair of "Snap-on 105 Ignition pliers" to loosen and tighten the Mosfet mounting screws, since they are so hard to get at in the 1800 watt and 2500 watt ZVS units.
"The normal working range for most capacitors is -30°C to +125°C with nominal voltage ratings given for a Working Temperature of no more than +70°C especially for the plastic capacitor types."
Even 70°C (158°F)is well over the temperature where you can hold your hand on the part.
It would be good if some of you can read the temperature of the capacitors during extended runs to see how hot they actually get, and to see if the temperatures stabilize during a run.
I just left the little wire hanging out in the air, not connected, so I might aswell just have cut it off, they seems to work just fine without it.
You are right that one power supply can be left un-modded, the one that sits in the negative end of the chain, I am however not sure if that would put a limit on how many you can put in series, but I would personally not try for higher than 60 VDC with 5 in series. Solely based on assumptions about creeping distances on the PCB being relatively low for a 12V product.
I'd personally ground (by not modifying) the supply in the middle of the chain - that way each end is only half the voltage with respect to earth. This would not work if you had to put a non-differential scope probe on the IH though.
Thanks fellows for the learned advice! I'll clip those wires since it will be less likely for my Klutzy self to short out something important. I think I will leave 1 of the 3 PS's un-modded...that fits my laziness perfectly; only one more to go!
The project is coming along pretty well. I was able to remove the original MOSFET screws & replace them with M3 SHSC's so that they could be torqued with a cut-down allen wrench without de-soldering any parts for access. The screws on the DC terminals were replaced with SHSC's as well so they could be tightened properly.
I "dumpster-dived" a dead automotive battery charger at my day job recently. After stripping out the old dead Chinese electronic parts, I am now installing some (hopefully not-so-dead) new Chinese parts. I procured a small, cheap auto heater core and am installing it behind the louvered side panel on the charger case with a couple 12V PC fans for cooling, a small 12V pump & a 1 gallon can of distilled water. I should have everything needed for the IH in one neat package that can be rolled around the shop & stored easily when not being used.
I'm scrounging around now for some wire & switches to finish it up next weekend & if it works I'll post up some pics & maybe a video.
So over the weekend, I put everything together and it works... (numbers in my previous post were completely nonsensical due to me forgetting about RMS vs Pk thing). I was confused, but hopefully not anymore.
The torus has 184 wire turns which makes it about under 1V per turn. It was converted into a regular transformer, tapped on 54th coil which gave the correct 50 V when made DC (idle). I hooked up the unit and the voltage dropped to about 38V at 6 amps. I have put bolts and coins in the coil. They do heat up to orange glow. Small Items seem to draw no more than 10 amps.
I also inserted a graphite crucible which draws larger current and voltage drops to 20V.
Fans seem to be alright, and are rated for 24 V by the way.
Next steps would be - getting a larger, longer coil to go around the whole crucible. I think I might go for proper switching power supply since I found a good deal on ebay.
I cannot understand why transformer voltage drops so much with even small-ish current - what I read on the internet regarding transformers' voltage regulation issue sounds a bit contradictory. It should be no more than 5% and that is only when transformer is saturated. Definitely not the case in my case.
Glas to see that things are coming along, DICKEYBIRD.
For what it's worth, I just uploaded my next, and possibly last video about my adventures with the 2500 Watt ZVS Induction Heater.
Great video Pete, thanks for posting! From what you've discovered so far, do you think it's possible to heat smaller pieces to high temps without making a smaller work coil? Or do smaller pieces just take longer with less power? The intended use of my 1800W unit is the hardening of O-1 tool steel stock - (approx. 1/4" to 1/2" dia, 1" to 2" long) Maybe a "focusing" coil or device to position inside the existing coil?
Again, thanks for your enlightening videos!
"Heat Treatment. The heat treatment requires O1 steels to be slowly preheated to 649°C (1200°F) and then heated at 788-816°C (1450-1500°F). Then these steels should be held at the same temperature for 10 to 30 minutes and finally oil quenched."
That temperature is just about the curie point anyway, so current should not be dropping much. Note the pre-heat conditions, too.
As far as the time at temperature, as you probably know, this relates to getting the heat all the way to the center of the material. So, with pieces as small as you mention, you'd only need a couple of minutes to do the job.
Another way to handle pieces that require higher temps is to put them into an insulated graphite crucible You should have no trouble getting over 2000°F with steel that way. In one of my 1000 watt videos. I get a few hundred grams of 1" diameter steel to over 1200°C by insulating below, the sides, and above the work coil.
So, there are many "ways to skin the cat".
These comments are from a practitioner (me). not from a scientist. Curie point varies with carbon content and with content of other metallic alloys. Required hardening temperatures vary, too, with alloy levels.
i have even considered using a hollow graphite tube to help concentrate the heat.
/>These principles apply for all sizes of ZVS induction heaters, as far as I know.
Very informative video Pete; thanks for taking the time to put it together & post it! I'm itching to get mine going but unfortunately I haven't had time to work on it much lately. A neighbor brought me a some more machining jobs to do for his company in my spare time. The ol' hobby machine shop can always use the influx of cash!
Where did you find the braided fiberglass sleeve you have on your work coil?
They sell it my the meter. I usually buy 3 meters at a time and, so far, they send me one whole 3 meter length. Which is a good thing.
In the past, I have used 6mm sleeving instead of that 6.68mm stuff, but it's a bit harder to thread onto the 1/4" tubing that I use for coils.
If you look for "high temperature fiberglass sleeving" you will get lots of choices.
By the way, I have written and "filmed" lots of stuff for the 1000 watt ZVS induction heater that relates to the 1800 watt and 2500 watt models.
I just assembled an Excel spreadsheet of data about the latest induction coil power transfer video, along with some data from earlier tests. I am sure to add to this spreadsheet as new information dictates. It is probably not the best presentation of the data, but I try graphing the results in a few different ways to make some sense of it.
Thank you Pete; I have some on the way now. That should check one more thing off the list of magic smoke releasers on this project!
Great video and excel sheet Pete, thank you for sharing. I also have some fiberglass hose in the mail, however long its going to take from China, but then I will box up the heater with the 3 server power supplies.


text:
Clarence A. Shockley
Niles City Police Department
End of Watch: August 15, 1907
Patrolman Clarence Shockley, making his nightly rounds, was fatally wounded when bullets were fired upon him at the Carmi Smith Lumberyard at 10:20PM on August 14, 1907. Witnesses reported seeing two men enter the lumberyard and hearing four shots fired in quick succession soon afterwards. The men believed that the revolver shots were from a quarrel and didn't want to involve themselves any further. However, an hour passed before another passerby, Glenn Kugler, heard the groans of the wounded patrolman and sought help. Shockley was given medical attention but he passed away on August 15, 1907.
A bullet extracted from the officer's body showed it was fired from a Luger semi-automatic pistol, at the time thought to have been carried by hit men and military personnel. Chief George Francis of the Niles City Police Department believed that the shooting's motive was revenge. The killer was never found, even with a reward of $1,000 offered.
Patrolman Clarence A. Shockley was born on December 6, 1872 and was married to Emma Shockley since 1897. He was laid to rest in Silverbrook Cemetery, Niles, Michigan.
- Chriss Lyon
Niles Daily Star, Saturday, August 17, 1907, page 3, col. 2, microfilm Niles District Library
The funeral of the late Nightwatchman Clarence Shockley will take place from the home at 1:30 o'clock tomorrow afternoon. The last sad rites will be performed by Rev. F. Rahn, pastor of the Evangelical church. The members of the Modern Woodmen of America will attend in a body, and members of the sheriff's force from about the county will attend as well as members of the South Bend police force, the local police, and members of the common council. Burial will take place at Silver Brook cemetery.
Niles Daily Star, Monday, August 19, 1907, page 1, col. 2-3, microfilm Niles District Library
One of the largest funerals ever held in Niles was that of the late Policeman Clarence Shockley, which occurred from the house, corner of Sycamore and 11th streets Sunday afternoon at 1:30 o'clock.
Long before the appointed hour friends began to assemble and within a short time a multitude was in evidence. The streets for half a block distant were crowded. The Modern Woodmen of America, of which deceased was a member, were in charge of the arrangements. The Woodmen left their hall 150 strong at 1:15 o'clock, followed by the Niles police force, members of the South Bend police department, Niles' city officials, board of public works, business men and citizens in general.
Halting at the Shockley home the remains, reposing in a handsome oak casket, were viewed for the last time. Mounds of beautiful roses and flowers of every description were in evidence.
The Modern Woodmen of America, city of Niles, Garden City Fan company and the South Bend police furnished floral pieces, while friends piled flowers all about the casket, making one solid floral bank. In fact, the casket was fairly covered with the most beautiful designs ever wrought.
The music rendered was such as to soften all hearts and moisten all eyes, and was furnished by a quartette consisting of Messrs. John Hamilton and L.S. Chase, Mesdames Mary Porter and John Hamilton.
Rev. F. Rahn of St. John's Evangelical church, conducted the services and paid a beautiful tribute to the memory of the deceased.
At the close of the services the long procession followed the funeral car to Silver Brook cemetery. At the open grave "farewell" was said by the officiating clergyman and the Modern Woodmen of America. The vaulted tomb was decorated with white muslin and evergreens.
Rev. Mr. Rahn, at the graveside, reminded the mourners that Clarence Shockley is not dead; he is only asleep--resting after a well spent life; that he could not, and would not if he could, ever return to us; but we can, if we will go to him; when the summons comes may we say as did he, "All is well;" and the last words to a faithful wife, "I have done my duty."
There were, no doubt, 1,000 or more in attendance. Those from the South Bend police force, in full uniform, were: Inspector Alex. Bodkin, Sergeant Guy L. Bunker, Patrolmen Wm. Lisenberger, Lemuel Essix, Fred Strong, Edward Lour, George Baer, Geo. Pinter, Stephen Urbanski, Nicholas Lakouski, Edward Defrees and Swan Strom. Detectives Chas. Keller, Guy Clark and Thos. Butler in citizen clothes, from South Bend, also attended. Also Fred W. Eldredge, city marshal of Buchanan, and Deputy Sheriff Frank Stryker of Buchanan. Woodmen from South Bend and Buchanan, and members of the Royal Neighbors of Niles, attended, In the line of march the Foresters carried axes, leading the way. Surrounding the funeral car was an escort of policemen. The pallbearers were: H.B. Laberteaux, Geo. Henkel, Thos. Walsh, Geo. Champion, Carl Fox and Wm. Schulte.
Vance Nixon Cooper
Donald Victor DeFord
Steven Bruce DeVries
Francis W. LaMunion
William Floyd Martz
Ronald E. Kienzle
Robert James Mihalik
Keith Robert Mills
Allan Phillip Peterson
Gary T. Rampy
Charles Skelly
Charles B. Stark
Robert Lewis Stevens
Elton C. Stover
Paul H. Winquist
Joseph P. Zangaro
Paul Sorce
James Faraone
Robert Polmanteer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
MAIN MENU PART 2
AIA Firm Award
Firehouse No. 1
Firehouse No. 1 is a unique urban hybrid: the result of an innovative private/public partnership between the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) and the City of San Francisco, the building is simultaneously an important civic structure, a resilient emergency services facility, and an inviting home for the firefighters.
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art / City of San Francisco
Owner's Representative
TJ Reagan Inc. / D.R. Young Associates
Tim Griffith
Firehouse No. 1 is the first new firehouse built in San Francisco since 1970 – a gift to the City by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art as a part of the museum's expansion project a few blocks away. One of the busiest firehouses in the western U.S., Firehouse No. 1 is also one of the healthiest and most energy-efficient, integrating a variety of simple strategies that ensure resiliency, conserve natural resources, and provide healthy indoor environments for the firefighters. The project is designed to use 40% less energy than a typical firehouse in the U.S.
Architectural Foundation of San Francisco, Kirby Ward Fitzpatrick Prize
"The new station by LMS Architects is an exhibition-quality example of modern architecture that understands the importance of being a good neighbor and setting a civil tone."
John King, San Francisco Chronicle
Architect Magazine, January 2015
San Francisco Chronicle, April 2013
Metropolis Magazine, October 2013
William Leddy
Jasen Bohlander
Gregg Novicoff
Jake Aftreth, Aaron Brumo, Adam Franch


text:
Miranda Garrison (* 1950) ist eine US-amerikanische Tänzerin, Choreografin und Schauspielerin.

Leben
Garrison war ab Ende der 1970er Jahre als Schauspielerin tätig. Bei den Dreharbeiten zum Film Xanadu lernte sie 1980 den Choreografen Kenny Ortega kennen, mit dem sie in der Folge wiederholt zusammenarbeitete.

Größere Bekanntheit erreichte sie durch ihre Beteiligung am Kultfilm Dirty Dancing, bei dessen Produktion sie erneut Ortega assistierte und außerdem im Film die Rolle der Vivian Pressman übernahm. Die Rolle erhielt sie, nachdem die Schauspielerin Lynn Lipton in der ersten Drehwoche erkrankte und durch Kelly Bishop ersetzt wurde, die ursprünglich für die Rolle der Vivian Pressman vorgesehen war.

2004 trat sie in der Fortsetzung Dirty Dancing 2 in einer anderen Rolle auf. Für die britische Fernsehsendung Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life fungierte sie 2007 als Jurymitglied.

Daneben fungierte sie in den 1990er und frühen 2000er Jahren für zahlreiche Film- und Fernsehproduktionen als Choreografin und trat sporadisch auch als Schauspielerin in Erscheinung.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
Choreografie
 1987: Dirty Dancing
 1988: Sunset – Dämmerung in Hollywood (Sunset)
 1988: Salsa
 1988: Vibes – Die übersinnliche Jagd nach der glühenden Pyramide (Vibes)
 1989: Ein himmlischer Liebhaber (Chances Are)
 1989: Allein mit Onkel Buck (Uncle Buck)
 1989: Hey-la, Hey-la, die Bouffants sind da (My Boyfriend's Back, Fernsehfilm)
 1990: Lambada – Der verbotene Tanz (The Forbidden Dance)
 1991: Das Leben stinkt (Life Stinks)
 1991: Rocketeer (The Rocketeer)
 1991: Die nackte Kanone 2½ (The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear)
 1992: Sag's offen, Shirlee (Straight Talk)
 1992: Aus der Mitte entspringt ein Fluß (A River Runs Through It)
 1993: Der Konzern (Barbarians at the Gate, Fernsehfilm)
 1993: Blondinen küßt man nicht (Born Yesterday)
 1993: Schwiegersohn Junior (Son in Law)
 1994: Die nackte Kanone 33⅓ (Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult)
 1994: When a Man Loves a Woman – Eine fast perfekte Liebe (When a Man Loves a Woman)
 1995: Manhattan Merengue!
 1996: Nach eigenen Regeln (Mulholland Falls)
 1996: Vier lieben dich (Multiplicity)
 1996: Evita
 1997: Selena – Ein amerikanischer Traum (Selena)
 1997: Macarena (Looking for Lola)
 1998: Ein Anzug für jede Gelegenheit (The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit)
 1998: Die Sportskanonen (BASEketball)
 1998: Winchell (Fernsehfilm)
 1999: And the Beat Goes on – Die Sonny-und-Cher-Story (And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, Fernsehfilm)
 1999: Go
 1999: Elmo im Grummelland (The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland)
 1999: Come On, Get Happy: Die Partridge Familie (Come On, Get Happy: The Partridge Family Story, Fernsehfilm)
 2001: Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (Miniserie, 2 Episoden)
 2001: 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards (Fernsehsendung)
 2002: Pumpkin
 2004: First Daughter – Date mit Hindernissen (First Daughter)
 2005: Der verbotene Schlüssel (The Skeleton Key)
 2006: Poseidon
 2008: Moe

Schauspiel
 1977: Breaker! Breaker! – Voll in Action (Breaker! Breaker!)
 1980: Xanadu
 1981: Einer mit Herz (One from the Heart)
 1987: Dirty Dancing
 1988: Sunset – Dämmerung in Hollywood (Sunset)
 1988: Salsa
 1989: Mack the Knife
 1990: Lambada – Der verbotene Tanz (The Forbidden Dance)
 1992: Der letzte Komödiant – Mr. Saturday Night (Mr. Saturday Night)
 1997: Macarena (Looking for Lola)
 1998: Ein Anzug für jede Gelegenheit (The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit)
 2000: Die Bradys – Wie alles begann (Growing Up Brady, Fernsehfilm)
 2004: Dirty Dancing 2 (Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Choreograf
Tänzer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Filmschauspieler
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1950
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Sally Rooney's Normal People Trailer Just Dropped
The Trailer For Normal People Is Here & It's Really, Really Hot
Image Courtesy of BBC Pictures.
There was a time before the Zara polka dot dress when you couldn't leave the house without spotting Sally Rooney's second bestselling novel, Normal People. It became an instant literary sensation after her debut Conversations With Friends launched the then 27-year-old to stardom. Many have since called her the "voice of her generation".
Normal People became a permanent fixture at book clubs, with many walking down the street, travelling on public transport and spending their lunch breaks speeding through the book as they became consumed by the heart-racing romance between two Dublin teenagers.
And now, after months of aching anticipation, fans will be able to watch their two favourite Dublin teenagers fall in love on screen in an exclusive first-look trailer.
Just like the book, the series follows the intoxicating romance between Marianne and Connell, two teenagers from very different backgrounds, living in a small west Ireland town. They fall in love at school and later head off to Dublin's Trinity College where their modern love story takes a turn as they struggle to navigate their very different social worlds.
The 50-second teaser starts with audio from Marianne's heartbreaking phone call to Connell as it cuts to the couple's most intimate moments, a steamy sex scene filled with so much tension you could cut it with a knife. SO HOT.
We also get an insight into the chemistry between the two rising stars Daisy Edgar-Jones (War of the Worlds, Cold Feet) and Paul Mescal as their relationship develops into a whirlwind romance, as well as a glimpse into the beautiful landscape of Ireland.
Directed by Irish Oscar-nominated director Lenny Abrahamson (Room, The Little Stranger, Frank) and award-winning director Hettie MacDonald (Howards End), the series was filmed in Dublin, Sligo and Italy.
"In Daisy Edgar-Jones and Paul Mescal, I feel I have found two young actors who can vividly capture Marianne and Connell and bring alive the profound and beautiful relationship at the centre of the story," Abrahamson teased last year. "It's also lovely for me to be shooting in Ireland again and telling an Irish story after shooting abroad."
Rooney, who has penned the adaptation alongside writers Alice Birch and Mark O'Rowe, was long-listed for the Man Booker Prize in 2018 and Normal People was named 2019's Book of the Year at the British Book Awards.
Premiering in the spring, the 12-episode series will be shown on BBC Three, BBC One and Hulu in the US.
Check out the steamy trailer below.
The First Trailer For Normal People Is Here
Entertainment • Entertainment News • TV Shows
written by Jessica Morgan
This Is When — Exactly — Bling Empire Was Filmed
When you're living in the middle of a pandemic, it's impossible to not be aware of that fact, and that includes while watching what is usually
Confused About The Mysterious Symbol In WandaVision? Read ...
Warning: Spoilers for the first two episodes of WandaVision are ahead. Someone is watching Wanda and Vision on WandaVision. The only clue in the Disney+ se
by Leah Marilla Thomas
Bling Empire's Anna Shay Is An Enigma, Wrapped In A ...
There are enigmatic reality stars, and then there's Anna Shay from Bling Empire. The moment we meet her, the millionaire — or is it billionaire? ?
A Brief But Necessary Primer For WandaVision (Because It&#...
The first series in the Disney+ highly anticipated superhero rollout is WandaVision, a trippy adventure starring Wanda Maximoff/Scarlet Witch (Elizabeth Ol
The Disenchantment Voice Cast Has A Little GBBO Energy
by Ashley Chervinski
A Detailed Timeline Of Night Stalker Richard Ramirez' Crimes
Content warning: There are descriptions of violence against women in this article. Netflix's newest true crime docuseries tells the story of a terrorised
The Stars Of Netflix's Bling Empire Are Just As Glam...
In Kevin Kwan's Crazy Rich Asians and Jon M. Chu's stunning film adaptation, we were introduced to a fabulous world of wealth and intrigue. Fro
You Have 7 New Netflix Treats To Binge This Weekend — Here's What...
How To Watch WandaVision If You Have No Idea What's Going On
Casual Marvel fans may find themselves downright perplexed when the first episode of WandaVision ends. The half-hour premiere delivers plenty of delights,
by Kelsea Stahler
A TikTok Bridgerton Musical Is Happening & We Are Burnin...
Now that TikTok has successfully spent the past few weeks obsessing over steamy Bridgerton sex scenes, it's now moved on to what is now officially th
HBO's Insecure To Officially End After Its Upcoming ...
After years of launching important cultural conversations (and heated arguments) on the timeline, HBO original series Insecure is set to officially end aft
Netflix's Night Stalker Series Details Richard Ramir...
Content Warning: This article includes descriptions of violence against women. From the Manson murders to the Golden State Killer and Zodiac Killer, Los An


text:
"Trench Warfare" Or "Civil War" Over Confiscatory Taxes In France
by Wolf Richter • Dec 23, 2012 • Comments Off on "Trench Warfare" Or "Civil War" Over Confiscatory Taxes In France
"We're engaging in trench warfare," proclaimed Alain Afflelou, head honcho and founder of an eyewear company with 1,200 stores in France and other countries. One of the wealthiest men in France. He was talking about the tax fiasco that split France in two. He was done with his country. He's moving to London. One of France's so-called fiscal exiles.
He'd set up his international headquarters in Switzerland, rather than France, 15 years ago to minimize his company's tax burden, but now he'd personally bail out.
The clamor had started in September when it leaked out that Bernard Arnault, richest man in France and CEO of luxury-goods empires LVMH and Groupe Arnault, was applying for Belgian citizenship. In response, Economy Minister Pierre Moscovici threatened to renegotiate the tax treaties with Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. A few days ago, reports surfaced in the Belgian media that mailbox companies—a dozen at the Brussels apartment of a Groupe Arnault director alone—have allowed Arnault's empire to escape several hundred million euros in taxes.
Belgium got cold feet. On Saturday before Christmas when nothing was supposed to happen, Anti-Fraud Secretary of State John Crombez requested that Finance Minister Steven Vanackere transfer Arnault's tax file to the tax authorities in France, an idea the minister did not immediately reject.
Now Arnault got cold feet. LVMH and Groupe Arnault defended themselves the best they could, claiming that these mailbox companies had "economically perfectly real activities in Belgium where some of them have been implanted for decades." Indeed, they were "surprised" by the allegations.
But no one stirred up the heat in France like iconic actor Gérard Depardieu who, turns out, set up his domicile in Néchin, a village just across the border in Belgium—as the mayor confirmed, "to escape French taxation."
Final straw for President Hollande. Now he too threatened to renegotiate the tax treaty "to deal with cases of those who settle in some Belgian village." He lashed out against the "fiscal dumping" that some countries in the EU were practicing. Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault chimed in; Depardieu's exile was "pretty pathetic."
Depardieu was not amused. In an open letter, he renounced his French citizenship, broadsided the Prime Minister and the President, and shocked the nation: all taxes combined ate up 85% of his income.
Not true, explained eyewear mega-retailer Alain Afflelou during the interview. "Those who are in the 75% income-tax bracket may go well beyond 90% taxation." He listed layers of additional taxes, small percentages here and there that added up. "We therefore have in France a confiscatory taxation that can deprive us of all of our income from work."
Then he uttered "trench warfare" to describe the battle between the two sides. "We have to stop saying that CEOs are thieves, thugs, and dishonest people. We need people who work, who make a living, who create jobs."
He was echoing Laurence Parisot, President of the MEDEF, France's largest employer union. "Doubt is taking over the life force of the country," she complained; Hollande in his confrontation with Depardieu was doing "the opposite of what he promised," namely to pacify the country and reduce antagonism. "We are in the process of creating a climate of civil war, similar to 1789," she said.
Hollande jumped on the airwaves and tried to impose some sort of armistice. The 75% tax bracket would be temporary, he said. And concerning Depardieu: "No citizen must be stigmatized by the President." But by using that word, he stigmatized him—and all the others who're trying to escape.
There are a lot of them. Le Figaro cited tax lawyers who spoke of "unprecedented waves" of fiscal exiles who were leaving France, some of them in the middle of the school year, which "had never happened before." Moving companies confirmed it. Outflows "remain two to three times higher than normal," said the boss of one of them. "Our trucks leave constantly in direction of Switzerland, Belgium, and Great Britain."
And the profile of the fiscal exiles has changed. They're no longer rich heirs or fifty-year-olds who'd sold their companies, but "young childless entrepreneurs" who wanted "to settle in another country to start up their companies," according to one of the tax lawyers. And top executives between 40 and 55 were moving with their kids to Brussels or London "to escape" the new taxes.
Entire skill sets were leaving. International companies were "progressively relocating part of their teams abroad," said le Figaro's source within the MEDEF. Among them more and more secondary functions, such as human resources or finance—"much less visible and symbolic than relocating headquarters."
With heavy consequences for the economy. When talent, entrepreneurial energy, capital, and profits leave the country all at the same time, it's hard to imagine how economic growth and job creation could miraculously reappear.
← The EU Bailout Oligarchy Issues A Report About Itself
Aussi Comedians Clark and Dawe on Santa Claus Getting Caught in a Bunch of Red Tape →


text:
The Honduran Coup And US Involvement
By Roger D. Harris
Postal Coast 31 August 2009
Region: Latin America & Caribbean
From afar, the June 28 coup in Honduras might appear to be one of those perennial power struggles among corrupt strongmen in a distant "Banana Republic." After all, democratically elected and now deposed Pres. Zelaya and coup leader Micheletti came from the same political party. But the picture is quite different for those of us with the opportunity to have contacts with the popular civic groups in Honduras.
I am with the Marin Task Force on the Americas, a 25-year-old human rights organization. Two of our members are now in Honduras on delegations, and we have been in contact with other activists reporting back from what is alarmingly becoming an increasingly violent situation.
Zelaya's "Crime"
Here are the words of our friend Lisa Sullivan, a lay member of the Catholic Maryknoll order working with the poor in Latin America. Lisa had gone to Honduras just a month before the coup at the invitation of a leading human rights group representing families of those disappeared in the previous military dictatorship in the 1980s. They went to a meeting with Honduran President Zelaya.
"It was not just an ordinary meeting, but one in a series of gatherings between the president, some of his ministers, and leaders of most of Honduras' social movements. It was a six-hour, heart-to-heart, head-to-head real dialogue on deep issues such as whether to continue with the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), to keep the Palmerola military base open to U.S. soldiers, how to create a sustainable water system, whether to pull Honduran troops from the School of the Americas. I have been in Latin America for 32 years, but this kind of president-to-the-people consultation was a first. And, it made me realize that something very interesting was happening in Honduras."
A month later Pres. Zelaya was kidnapped out of Honduras and civil liberties suspended. Zelaya's "crime" was that he threatened the privileged position of the elites in his country. With over 65 percent of the Honduran population below the poverty level (U.S. AID), the Zelaya administration was beginning to listen to the social movements and give their needs consideration.
Zelaya had raised the minimum wage, gave out free school lunches, provided milk for the babies and pensions for the elderly, distributed energy-saving light bulbs, decreased the price of public transportation, made more scholarships available for students, and passed legislation to protect forests from logging.
U.S. Involvement
The U.S. State Department freely admitted it had consulted with the perpetrators prior to the coup (Wall Street Journal, 6/29/09). With the U.S. as Honduras' largest trading partner, its army heavily subsidized by the U.S., and some of the coup leaders including the head of the military trained in the U.S. School of the Americas, at least some tacit involvement in the coup by U.S. is evident. The popular saying among Latin Americans is "The Honduran army breathes through the noses of its U.S. advisers."
But the world is a different place than it was in 1954 with the CIA-backed coup in Guatemala or even the Nixon-Kissinger coup in Chile in 1973, which brought the reign of terror under Pinochet to Chile. Attempted coups with U.S. backing against democratically elected and popular leaders failed in Venezuela in 2002 and in Bolivia in 2008 (but succeeded in Haiti in 2004).
Internationally the coup in Honduras has received universal approbation. The United Nations and the Organization of American States have both unanimously condemned the illegal coup and called for the immediate restoration of the constitutional government.
Specter of Repression
If this coup is not overturned, we fear Honduras will return to a period when disappearances and arbitrary arrests of those willing to speak out against injustice were common place. Such fears are not unwarranted as repression by the coup government escalates against the popular movement.
The Huffington Post (7/23/09) reported the coup government has been responsible for the targeted killing of at least four individuals, including two political opposition leaders. The death toll, all of them Zelaya supporters, has since more than doubled. Over a hundred people have been assaulted by the armed forces, and over a thousand of those associated with the social movements have been illegally detained. Press and media outlets have been shut down, while journalists have been arrested and detained.
The U.S. has partially gone along with the international community in opposition to the coup. Pres. Obama has publicly denounced the action, calling it a "coup," and withdrew some U.S. military and economic aid to Honduras. Now is the time for the U.S. to take leadership and suspend all military, diplomatic, and economic relations with the coup government in Honduras, as is mandated by U.S. law when a coup has occurred, until the entire constitutional government in reinstated in Honduras.
Roger D. Harris is Vice President, Marin Task Force on the Americas (http://www.mitfamericas.org/)
The original source of this article is Postal Coast
Copyright © Roger D. Harris, Postal Coast, 2009
Articles by: Roger D. Harris


Just love this card and technique, very shabby chic! I have used Because I Care (Level 1 Hostess Set), Fresh Cuts, Elements of Style, All a Flutter and Music Notes Wheel.
Ink Baja Breeze, Not Quite Navy and Basic Black.
I must confess I did not come up with this idea, I cased it from Stamping Still some lovely ideas there so go and have a look.


PRODUCT : CARAN D'ACHE SUPRACOLOR WOODEN BOX. DESCRIPTION : This Caran d'ache Wooden Box of Supracolor Pencils makes a beautiful gift for any artist & contains 120 assorted water soluble colours.
Supracolor Soft by Caran d'Ache are superior-quality water-soluble colour pencils for artists, illustrators, graphic art, art tuition & more. The Pencil Lead measures 3.8mm & is water-soluble, soft, high breaking-strength & very economical thanks to their exceptional covering power. The colours are bright & have excellent lightfastness.
The Pencil is a hexagonal shape & is made from high quality cedar wood. ABOUT US : Bargainartistshop is the online sales name of The Paper House, Stafford. Established in 1984, we aim to offer premium brands at bargain prices. All our products are new and unused. We operate from our own modern site with a showroom and 9000 square foot warehouse.
This does not include weekends and bank holidays. This time may increase during the run up to Christmas and during other busy periods. DELIVERIES NOT RECEIVED : If your order has been despatched but has not arrived in the time stated, we request that you check with your local sorting office. Our statatistics show that 95% of missing parcels turn up this way! The item "Caran D'ache Supracolor Watercolour Pencil 120 Colour Wooden Box Set" is in sale since Friday, January 11, 2013.
This item is in the category "Crafts\Painting, Drawing & Art\Drawing Supplies\Pencils & Charcoal". The seller is "bargainartistshop" and is located in Stafford. This item can be shipped worldwide.


When winter brings sub-freezing temperatures, take care to keep pipes from freezing. If you don't, you could end up with a flooded home when plumbing expands with frozen water, then cracks and leaks when the water thaws and starts flowing again.
Drain outdoor hoses and irrigation systems. Turn off inside water supply valves to hose bibs and leave taps open to drain any residual water.
Do not turn off the heat if you leave your home vacant. Keep your heat on and the thermostats set to at least 55° F. -- in all heating zones of your house if you have more than one.
Keep the house temperature constant day and night. When temperatures dip below freezing, don't worry about your heating bills. A flooded house can be a lot more costly.
Insulate crawl spaces, basements, and attics. Don't forget about these unseen areas of your home where plumbing can be exposed to colder temperatures. Pipe sleeves, heat tape, and heat cable may help insulate exposed plumbing.
Open the tap a trickle. Anywhere you have plumbing exposed in an unheated part of the house, open the cold water taps to allow the water to flow just a drip at a time.
Leave kitchen and bathroom vanity cabinets open. It lets warmer room air circulate around the plumbing under your sinks, but remember to remove cleaning products that can be hazardous to children and pets.
Keep your garage closed. If you have plumbing running through the garage, insulate the garage door and keep it shut.
Open the tap. As the water melts it can start flowing and help melt the rest of the frozen water in the pipes.
Heat the frozen portion of pipe. Use an electric heating pad or towel soaked in hot water to wrap the pipe. You may also apply heat with a hair dryer or portable electric heater if no flammable materials are present. Do not use a blowtorch or any other type of open flame to heat the pipe.
Continue applying heat until full water pressure returns. Check all faucets to make sure no other pipes are frozen.
If you cannot find, access, or unfreeze the pipes, don't just wait until the weather warms or you might find yourself with water flowing where it shouldn't. Contact a professional, licensed plumber.


text:
Two soldiers succumb to injuries from Pulwama IED on patrol party; army earlier termed blast 'failed attempt'
India FP Staff Jun 18, 2019 12:04:37 IST
Two army personnel who were injured in a terrorist attack on a military convoy in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama district have succumbed to their injuries, ANI reported.
News18 said that contrary to the claim that troopers received only minor injuries, two soldiers were admitted with severe contusions and concussions at the 92 base hospital. The duo, who are yet to be identified, passed away Tuesday morning.
Representational image. PTI
The attack was orchestrated Monday when suspected militants triggered an improvised explosive device (IED) fitted in a vehicle near an Indian Army patrol in the militancy-hit south Kashmir district. The multi-vehicle patrol of the 44 Rashtriya Rifles was moving on Arihal-Pulwama road when the IED was detonated by the militants, injuring at list six personnel travelling in a bullet-and-mine-proof Casper vehicle. Two civilians, who were working in their fields adjacent to the spot, were also injured.
The loss of life came as a shock as the army had insisted the attack was a 'failed attempt' to hamper the security operations and that all troopers were safe. The latest reports state that the blast actually caused severe damage to the vehicle and injured at least nine soldiers.
Srinagar-based defence spokesman Colonel Rajesh Kalia said it was a "failed attempt" to attack the patrol and except for a "few minor injuries, all troops are safe".
"A failed attempt was made to attack a mobile vehicle patrol of 44 RR with a vehicle-based IED while the Army patrol was moving in the general area Arihal in district Pulwama today evening," Kalia said.
"Troops are all safe, (except a) few minor injuries," the defence spokesman said, adding the damage was minimised due to the alertness of the patrol team. The area has been cordoned off and a search operation is in progress, he had said. The injured have been admitted to a hospital and all of them were reported to be in stable condition, the officials said.
The attack on the patrol party brought back memories of the deadly fidayeen attack on the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) convoy on 14 February 2019 that killed as many as 42 CRPF jawans. The site of Monday's blast was 27 kilometres from the place where a Jaish-e-Mohammad militant crashed his explosive-laden car into the convoy's vehicle on Jammu-Srinagar highway on 14 February.
Monday's attack was also reminiscent of another similar fidayeen attack in the area from one year ago. On 28 August 2018, a similar attempt was made in Navpora Payeen in Pulwama when an armoured vehicle (Casper) of 44 Rashtriya Rifles (RR) was hit by an IED blast. However, the army managed to avoid any major casualties.
On Wednesday, five CRPF personnel and one Jammu and Kashmir Police officer were killed in a militant attack on a busy road in south Kashmir's Anantnag district. The incident happened when militants believed to be two to three in number had fired upon a stationary party of the CRPF at KP Road.
Tags : 44 Rashtriya Rifles, Anantnag, Casper, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Colonel Rajesh Kalia, Jammu And Kashmir, Jammu And Kashmir Police, NewsTracker, Pulwama, Pulwama IED Attack
Amarnath Yatra resumes services after day-long suspension; fresh batch of pilgrims leave from Jammu via Baltal base camp
Amarnath yatra suspended as precautionary measure after separatists' strike on death anniversary of Burhan Wani
Policeman killed in militant attack on National Conference leader Syed Tauqeer in Jammu and Kashmir's Anantnag
Amarnath Yatra: Langar committees set up sheds along National Highway to provide food, medical aid to pilgrims trekking to shrine
1Two soldiers succumb to injuries from Pulwama IED on patrol party; army earlier termed blast 'failed attempt'


Filament Guide CR-10S v2.0 standard and for B2D Extruder by Nickys93 is licensed under the Creative Commons - Attribution license.
That's an upgrade of the Filament Guide https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2974949.
The pieces are connected with two 4x20mm pan head self tapping screws with an 8mm head.
The model contain the standard support for CR-10S original bowden extruder or similar, and the support for the B2D Extruder (https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2289203).
Say thanks by giving Nickys93 a tip and help them continue to share amazing Things with the Thingiverse community.
We're sure Nickys93 would love a Tip, but unfortunately they have not setup their accounts to receive them yet.


text:
Q: Indexing sequence to use for addressing an element of a data frame There a several ways to access a specific element in a data frame, using various combinations of brackets ([ ]), and dollar signs ($). In time-sensitive functions, which one to use can be important?
Benchmarking some of the possible combinations:
library(microbenchmark)
df <- data.frame(a=1:6,b=1:6,c=1:6,d=1:6,e=1:6,f=1:6)
microbenchmark(df$c[3],
               df[3,]$c,
               df[3,3],
               df[3,][3],
               df[3,][[3]],
               df[,3][3],
               times=1e3)

yields these timings:
Unit: microseconds
         expr    min       lq      mean   median       uq      max neval
      df$c[3]  9.836  11.4505  14.03068  12.2015  12.9280 1252.854  1000
    df[3, ]$c 77.204  89.5750 100.18752  92.2445  98.6395 1351.521  1000
     df[3, 3] 15.719  18.9850  21.04074  19.6010  20.7400   82.519  1000
   df[3, ][3] 88.599 100.5920 110.59009 104.0415 110.5435  409.050  1000
 df[3, ][[3]] 75.856  87.2200  98.67104  89.9360  96.1695 1391.299  1000
   df[, 3][3] 11.639  13.4225  14.77493  13.9510  14.6905   55.172  1000

Where we see that df$c[3] is fastest, closely followed by df[,3][3]. Others are much slower.
In time sensitive appplications, I often use data tables rather than frames, because sorting and subsetting operations are typically much faster. However, addressing operations can be much slower, as we see if we repeat the above for a data.table:
library(data.table)
dt <- as.data.table(df)
microbenchmark(dt$c[3],
               dt[3,]$c,
               dt[3,3],
               dt[3,][[3]],
               times=1e3)
Unit: microseconds
         expr     min       lq      mean   median       uq      max neval
      dt$c[3]   9.503  11.4020  14.90066  12.6820  13.8950 1336.407  1000
    dt[3, ]$c 417.756 437.0495 480.26532 448.8625 463.6350 2909.038  1000
     dt[3, 3] 205.115 218.9590 238.78000 227.9575 239.1265 1554.503  1000
 dt[3, ][[3]] 414.378 435.2115 470.76853 447.1505 461.3310 1906.432  1000

My question is this: Is $[ ] guaranteed to always be the fastest addressing method, or can this depend on factors such as the types of data in the data frame (or table), the platform (OS), or the build version?  If anyone can explain the reasons underlying differences in timing, and/or the pros/cons of various approaches, that would be also useful.
UPDATE
Following the suggestions in the answer from 42- the test is repeated here using more rows and with the additional syntax options from both 42- and also in the comment by A.Webb who suggested df[[3,3]] as the fastest. (note: I also tried the same test but accessing higher row numbers, but timing seems to be independent of which row is selected).
df <- data.frame(a=1:1000,b=1:1000,c=1:1000,d=1:1000,e=1:1000,f=1:1000)

Unit: microseconds
         expr    min      lq       mean  median       uq      max neval
      df$c[3]  8.314  9.7610  12.870667 10.6260  12.0950 1250.339  1000
 df[["c"]][3]  6.932  8.0670   9.652672  8.7075   9.9445   26.512  1000
  (df[3, ])$c 72.395 77.2390  90.893724 79.8320  95.8540  256.082  1000
     df[3, 3] 14.871 16.2625  19.377482 17.1180  20.1720   47.720  1000
   df[3, ][3] 82.446 86.7680 102.462603 89.9660 107.7965  232.685  1000
 df[3, ][[3]] 70.559 75.2140  93.581394 78.3385  93.4235 1507.933  1000
   df[, 3][3]  9.933 11.4770  13.430309 12.1090  14.0900   38.213  1000
   df[[3, 3]]  6.465  7.8355   9.236773  8.4500   9.6355   29.833  1000

So it looks like df[[i,j]] is fastest, followed extremely closely by df[["colname"]][j]. Which of these to use would probably depend on whether you need to use column names or numbers.
The question is still open if we can assume that this is always the case on all platforms and for all data types.

A: As stated in my comments, df$c[3] is actually parsed to '[['(df, 'c')[3], so it's not surprising that skipping the parsing process results in faster execution. The data.table comparisons are mostly non-equivalent except when using $ which is not really a data.table function..
Unit: microseconds
         expr     min       lq      mean   median       uq      max neval   cld
      df$c[3]  16.035  16.8245  17.63600  17.3090  17.9400   31.158  1000 ab
 df[["c"]][3]  13.008  13.9090  14.60883  14.2775  14.8355  121.634  1000 a
  (df[3, ])$c 137.376 140.4895 143.57778 141.6055 143.8310  175.180  1000    d
     df[3, 3]  29.316  30.5715  31.25617  30.9040  31.3165   49.764  1000   c
   df[3, ][3] 156.524 159.4180 167.99243 160.3910 162.3120 2636.693  1000     e
 df[3, ][[3]] 134.975 137.3945 142.92265 138.3810 140.2370 2675.090  1000    d
   df[, 3][3]  20.108  21.2860  21.94357  21.5810  21.8640   59.057  1000  b

I admit to being surprised at the fact that the code I wrote: '[['(df, 'c')[3], was unparsed as df[["c"]][3] and rather puzzled by some of the results, but the general rule is selecting columns first followed by positions in the resulting vector is generally much faster.
Also: this needs to be tested with larger objects.   Ones with rows >> cols

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Monochromatric, padded shoulders, logo embossed buttons, five kissing cuffs, open front.
Composition and Care: 50% cotton, 24% acrylic, 13% polyamide, 9% polyester, 2% linen, 2% viscose. Dry clean.
Channelling the dynamic style of the '90s through preppy French-inspired silhouettes, Balmain's SS19 collection presents a rendition of their all-time favourite with the Contrast Tweed Jacket. Taking a lighter approach to hardware, the jacket rocks a monochromatic design, while the brand's signature logo embossed buttons in a silver-toned polish offer some military edge. Pair with a slogan tee and slim-fit trousers.


Heidelberg University Publishing (heiUP) intends to offer a publishing forum for Heidelberg University's most promising research while also welcoming high-quality external submissions. Heidelberg University is one of Germany's leading universities in terms of both teaching and research. With the exception of engineering, all major academic disciplines—the humanities and social sciences, as well as the natural and life sciences—are represented on campus. The university's annual publishing output comprises more than 7000 publications.
heiUP is an electronic-first, open access publisher that offers each work in various digital formats.
In addition to the freely accessible digital formats, heiUP also offers print-on-demand hard copies, which can be purchased online or in regular book stores.
The only criterion for publication is the high scholarly quality of the manuscript, which is ascertained through standardized peer-review.
heiUP publishes works in English and German, when indicated also in French, Italian and Spanish.
During the publishing process, authors and publisher work closely together. heiUP supports authors with high-quality editing in German and English.
heiUP publishes monographs, edited volumes, and journals; research data will follow. New academic book series are welcome.
heiUP develops new online functionalities, such as options for annotation and comments, for all publishing formats.
heiUP is managed by the University Library, which serves as the university's key competency center for supplying digital information.


text:
The Arrigoni Bridge, also known locally as the Portland Bridge is a steel through arch bridge carrying Route 66 and Route 17 across the Connecticut River, connecting Middletown, Connecticut, to Portland, Connecticut.
When it opened in 1938, the  bridge was the most expensive bridge ever built in Connecticut, at a cost of $3.5 million. Its two distinctive  steel arches have the longest span length of any bridge in the state. The bridge has an average daily traffic of 33,600.

It was named after state legislator Charles J. Arrigoni, who promoted the project. Arrigoni served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1933 to 1936 and in the Connecticut State Senate from 1937 to 1940.

History
Portland and East Hampton, jointly known as Chatham until Portland separated in 1841, were originally part of the vast settlement of Middletown in 1652. Middletown families settled the towns east of the Connecticut River, and until the latter half of the 19th century, the only way to cross the river was via ferry. The first ferry service in Middletown began operation in 1726. The first bridge spanning the Connecticut River at Middletown was a swing truss bridge opened in 1872 carrying the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Still in active service, it is now known as the Providence & Worcester railroad bridge.

When the first non-railroad bridge in the area opened in 1896, it was said to be the longest highway drawbridge in the world at the time. Known as the Portland Passenger Bridge, it was built by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company for $180,000, and measured  in length and had a draw span of . It provided a roadway and an electric passenger car, accommodated foot traffic, and charged tolls for the crossing. The Portland Passenger Bridge was heavily damaged by flooding in 1936.

A new bridge
As motor traffic increased in the early 1900s, drivers clamored for a way to cross the river without being interrupted to let marine traffic pass through. Studies for a new bridge date back to at least 1933, when the state was calling it the Route 346 Bridge.

Construction on a new bridge began in 1936. Once the Arrigoni Bridge was completed in 1938, the old drawbridge was demolished. That same year, the Arrigoni Bridge won the American Institute of Steel Construction's first prize of "Most Beautiful Steel Bridge" in the large bridge category.

The choice of large steel through arches for this location, with the roadway suspended from the arches by cables, allowed wide navigation channels on the river, minimized pier construction, and provided a profile to the bridge that was aesthetically pleasing. By replacing the old drawbridge with a high-level crossing (the bridge provides more than  of clearance above the river), the Arrigoni Bridge foreshadowed subsequent major highway crossings of Connecticut's navigable rivers.

From a technical standpoint, the bridge exemplifies the long-span bridge engineering of the first half of the 20th century. Because of the growing need to provide uninterrupted highway passage over large bodies of water, engineers increasingly were called upon to design large cantilevered trusses, suspension bridges, and steel arches. Innovative erection methods, the availability of very large structural components, and special metals all contributed to the development of long-span bridge technology. For example, nearly a third of the Arrigoni Bridge utilized high-strength silicon steel, and the bridge was almost entirely erected by building the arches outward from the center pier, letting them balance each other as they were extended over the water. Another notable engineering feature are the chains of huge eyebars under the roadway that tie together the ends of each arch; the tied-arch technique resisted the outward horizontal thrust of the arches and thus allowed the piers to be much smaller and more economical.

See also

 List of crossings of the Connecticut River
 French King Bridge won the same award 6 years earlier

References

External links

Connecticut's historic highway bridges
 Arrigoni Bridge Live Webcam

Bridges completed in 1938
Through arch bridges in the United States
Bridges over the Connecticut River
Portland, Connecticut
Buildings and structures in Middletown, Connecticut
Bridges in Middlesex County, Connecticut
Road bridges in Connecticut
Steel bridges in the United States


text:
package io.github.mzmine.modules.visualization.histogram;

public enum HistogramDataType {

  MASS("m/z"), //
  HEIGHT("Height"), //
  AREA("Area"), //
  RT("Retention time");

  private String text;

  HistogramDataType(String text) {
    this.text = text;
  }

  public String toString() {
    return text;
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Supreme Court dismisses cases challenging Trump admin's family planning abortion-related 'gag rule'
The dismissal came as President Biden's administration intends to nix that rule prior to when the Supreme Court would get around to deciding the matter.
By Alex Nitzberg
Updated: May 18, 2021 - 5:35pm
The nation's highest court on Monday dismissed cases that pushed back against a rule issued during the Trump administration that barred clinics getting government money for family planning services from referring women to abortion providers.
"The proposed rule does not include the provisions at issue in these cases. Given that HHS proposes to replace the 2019 rule and expects to finalize any new rule by early fall — before this Court would decide these cases — the government and the challengers to the 2019 rule jointly stipulated to dismiss the cases," Acting Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar wrote to the court earlier in May, according to the Washington Times.
The Department of Health and Human Services in 2019 promulgated the rule prohibiting clinics and providers that get Title X money from counseling regarding abortion services, according to the outlet, which reported that the rule is getting enforced around the U.S., with the exception of Maryland, until the current administration puts its rule into action.
Italy's Supreme Court rules neighbor's loud flushing is human rights violation
New York attorney general says Trump Organization misled banks, tax officials
Supreme Court hears First Amendment case on Christian flag


The bedrooms are modern, bright and comfortable and the perfect place to stay whether you are on holiday or at a business event. Rates are from €40.00 p.p.s. and the rooms come with tea/coffee making facilities, television, power showers, hairdryers and guest toiletries.


Puration, Inc (OTCMKTS:PURA) announced recently during the previous event in March at the Arnold Sports Festival, in Columbus, Ohio that it's launching a new campaign for its products on Instagram and will feature the pics of popular icon athletes and fans holding the product.
The firm's EVERx CBD Infused Sports Water is developed using two patents that are combined to produce exceptional products suitable for beverage industry. The product also has components of CBD infusions including the antioxidants and electrolytes that are beneficial to the user.
At the festival Puration's new Kiwi-Strawberry and Lemmon-Lime flavored EVERx CBD Infused Sports Waters were a hit with athletes and fans. The products have optimal alkaline pH level that is effective in reducing hydration among the users in the alkaline water markets. The company anticipates generating more revenue from the event.
Cee Jay Hamilton, a popular and dynamic fighter was featured in the recent Annual Arnold Sports Festival event when Puration was launching its two products where he displayed the EVERx logo on his entire outfit. Hamilton commented that he is working to become the world's sports champion and supporting PURA's endeavours gives him pleasure and strength to work effectively. He intends to go a notch higher now that he's charged by EVERx. Stand by and be on the lookout for there Instagram ads and campaign.


text:
Home > Proceedings > Volume 5868
PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 5868
OPTICS AND PHOTONICS 2005 | 31 JULY - 4 AUGUST 2005
Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II
Editor(s): William A. Goodman
IN THIS VOLUME
5 Sessions, 31 Papers, 0 Presentations
Silicon Carbide in the West (8)
Silicon Carbide in the East (7)
Materials Testing & Other Goodies (8)
Glass and Glass Ceramics (4)
Beryllium and Other Metals (4)
OPTICS AND PHOTONICS 2005
View the SPIE Conference + Exhibitions Calendar
VIEW ALL ABSTRACTS +
Silicon Carbide in the West
Rapid fabrication of large mirror substrates by conversion joining of silicon carbide
John Casstevens, Donald J. Bray, Abuagela Rashed, Ronald Plummer
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 586801 (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.640872
Read Abstract +
This paper describes POCO's new capability to rapidly produce large silicon carbide mirror substrates by conversion joining segments of silicon carbide during the process of converting graphite to silicon carbide. Mirror segments and structures are machined from a special graphite and subsequently joined together during the conversion process with the end result being a high purity beta silicon carbide structure. Interface boundaries are removed by the crystal growth across boundaries as the graphite crystal structure is converted to the larger crystal size of silicon carbide. Results of conversion joining development, design guidelines and limitations of the conversion joining process will be presented.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks. You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please sign in to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print format on SPIE.org.
Recent advances in reaction bonded silicon carbide optics and optical systems
Joseph L. Robichaud, Jay Schwartz, David Landry, William Glenn, Brian Rider, Michael Chung
SSG Precision Optronics, Inc. (SSG) has recently developed a number of Reaction Bonded (RB) Silicon Carbide (SiC) optical systems for space-based remote sensing and astronomical observing applications. RB SiC's superior material properties make it uniquely well suited to meet the image quality and long term dimensional stability requirements associated with these applications. An overview of the RB SiC manufacturing process is presented, along with a summary description of recently delivered RB SiC flight hardware. This hardware includes an RB SiC telescope and Pointing Mirror Assembly (PMA) for the Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) mission and an imaging telescope for the Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) mission. SSG continues to advance the state-of-the-technology with SiC materials and systems. A summary of development activities related to a low-cost, fracture tough, fiber reinforced RB SiC material formulation, novel tooling to produce monolithic, partially closed back mirror geometries, and extension of the technology to large aspheric mirrors is also provided.
Silicon carbide pointing mirror and telescope for the Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS)
Mark Schwalm, Dan Dibiase, Dave Landry, Brian Rider, Virginia Ugolini
SSG Precision Optronics, Inc. has delivered a silicon carbide (SiC) pointing mirror and telescope for NASA's Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) project. The 28 x 45 cm SiC pointing mirror is part of SSG's two-axis gimbaled mirror assembly that will provide object-space pointing and jitter control. The 24 cm aperture telescope is an off-axis afocal three mirror anastigmat that is the collection aperture for the GIFTS instrument. Silicon carbide was selected for the GIFTS pointing mirror and telescope in order to minimize weight, provide athermal optical performance from room temperature to 190 Kelvin, and maintain image quality and line-of-sight stability in the presence of partial or full solar loading (minimizing solar outages). Both subsystems were successfully designed, fabricated, and subjected to testing prior to being delivered to Utah State University's Space Dynamics Laboratory for integration. This paper describes the pointing mirror and telescope design and hardware results.
Overview of the production of sintered SiC optics and optical sub-assemblies
S. Williams, P. Deny
The following is an overview on sintered silicon carbide (SSiC) material properties and processing requirements for the manufacturing of components for advanced technology optical systems. The overview will compare SSiC material properties to typical materials used for optics and optical structures. In addition, it will review manufacturing processes required to produce optical components in detail by process step. The process overview will illustrate current manufacturing process and concepts to expand the process size capability. The overview will include information on the substantial capital equipment employed in the manufacturing of SSIC. This paper will also review common in-process inspection methodology and design rules. The design rules are used to improve production yield, minimize cost, and maximize the inherent benefits of SSiC for optical systems. Optimizing optical system designs for a SSiC manufacturing process will allow systems designers to utilize SSiC as a low risk, cost competitive, and fast cycle time technology for next generation optical systems.
Evaluation of segmented and brazed mirror assemblies
David A. Bath, David Spain, Eric Ness, Steve Williams, Michel Bougoin
Direct Sintered Silicon Carbide (SSiC) is a promising material for mirror optics due to its low density, high stiffness and high thermal stability. In order to make large mirror optics (over 1 meter diameter), processing limitations to create monolithic structures of this size class require that smaller segments need to be fabricated and then joined in a post sintering operation. Fabrication of segmented &nullset;300mm lightweighted concave mirrors to demonstrate different fabrication methods is presented here. The mirrors are comprised of 6 radial segments joined by means of silicon braze technology and are coated with a SSiC Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) layer for improved surface finish to reduce straylight scatter. Evaluation of conventional pitch lap polishing of brazed and coated optic surfaces has shown no degradation to surface figure and surface roughness.
CVC silicon carbide optical properties and systems
Colby A. Foss Jr.
The chemical vapor composites (CVC) process provides for the rapid manufacture of near net shape, reduced residual stress silicon carbide (SiC) suitable for high performance optics. The reduction or elimination of residual stress provides several key advantages: 1) increased growth rate, 2) high yields, and 3) near net shape deposition of complex geometries. Near net shape deposition allows for fabrication of spherical and aspherical optics without machining of the optical surface. Final surface figures of optical flats are typically better than 1/10λ (P-V) and 2-5Å surface roughness. A comparison of ultraviolet spectrum reflectance of CVC SiC and that of single crystal SiC is discussed. The complex optical constants of CVC SiC in the mid-infrared spectrum are also presented.
CESIC light-weight SiC composite for optics and structures
Jeffrey Boy, Matthias Kroedel
Cesic is a ceramic matrix composite material, developed by ECM, that is characterized by high stiffness, high thermal conductivity, and low thermal expansion. These characteristics make it an ideal material for large high-precision optical and structural applications. GE Energy has acquired the rights to manufacture Cesic in the USA as ECM continues to manufacture it. GE Energy has demonstrated the ability to produce equivalent material properties with densities of 2.65 gm/cm3 and four-point bending strength of 110 MPa on large samples (150 mm length). The status of technology transfer and examples of mirrors and structures manufactured by GE Energy and ECM will be presented.
SiC-SiC composites for optical applications
Witold Kowbel, Rigel Woida, J. C. Withers
SiC optics has been considered for a very long time. Today, there are a few military and commercial applications. Future imaging and energy transfer applications require robustness on a par with metallic systems. Intrinsic, low fracture toughness of several classes of monolithic SiC is the key impediment in these applications. A new form of SiC-SiC composite for optical applications has been developed. It features high modulus combined with high fracture toughness. This new, highly innovative technology offers the potential in demanding government applications, as well as large surveillance optics (increased toughness can translate into lower aerial density) and high energy commercial lasers. SiC-SIC is a novel technology for optical structures consisting of integrated composite materials and structures which exhibits excellent fracture toughness and homogeneous CTE.
Silicon Carbide in the East
Cesic: engineering material for optics and structures
Matthias Kroedel
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680A (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.613633
Cesic -- a trademark of ECM for carbon-fiber reinforced silicon carbide -- allows relatively quick and cheap manufacturing of components with good repeatability and reproducibility due to the implemented product assurance (PA) system. Through a joining process and our development of optical surfaces, Cesic allows for a direct up-scaling of structures and optical surfaces to large-size applications and systems. The size of the structures and mirrors that can be manufactured is limited only by the scale of the available furnaces, the largest of which currently is 2.4 m in diameter. Under ESA contract ECM performed a measurement program to get reliable material properties data on Cesic for space and other future programs.
Cesic: manufacturing study for next generation telescopes
M. Kroedel, J. Lichtscheindl, Hp. Mair
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680C (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.613634
Under ESO - European Southern Observatory - contract ECM has performed a feasibility study for the manufacturing of Cesic primary and secondary mirror segments for the OWL-Telescope. The main issues of this study were to demonstrate the feasibility of the serial production (~ 2550 segments) of Cesic mirror segments under a certain schedule and cost optimisation aspect for the segments. Part of this study was also a pre-design of a manufacturing facility for this big amount of mirror segments. This study is limited only up to the manufacturing of a polishable surface, the feasibility of the polishing capability is not part of this study.
NT-SiC (new-technology silicon carbide): application for space optics
Katsuhiko Tsuno, Kazuhiko Oono, Hiroshi Irikado, Tomohiro Ueda, Shoko Suyama, Yoshiyasu Itoh
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680D (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.615841
New-Technology Silicon Carbide (NT-SiC) is a reaction sintered silicon carbide with very high bending strength. Two times higher bending strength than other SiC materials is important characteristics in an optical mirror for space application. The space optics is to endure the launch environment such as mechanical vibration and shock as well as lightweight and good thermal stability of their figure. NT-SiC has no open pore. It provides good surface roughness for infrared and visible application, when its surface is polished without additional coatings. Additional advantages are in the fabrication process. The sintering temperature is significantly lower than that of pure silicon carbide ceramics and its sintering shrinkage is smaller than one percent. These advantages will provide rapid progress to fabricate large structures and will enable that one meter mirror will put practical use. It is concluded that NT-SiC has potential to provide large lightweight optical mirror.
NT-SiC (new-technology silicon carbide) : Φ 650mm optical space mirror substrate of high-strength reaction-sintered silicon carbide
Shoko Suyama, Yoshiyasu Itoh, Katsuhiko Tsuno, Kazuhiko Ohno
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680E (23 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.616043
Silicon carbide (SiC) is the most advantageous as the material of various telescope mirrors, because of high stiffness, low density, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity and thermal stability. Newly developed high-strength reaction-sintered silicon carbide (NTSIC), which has two times higher strength than sintered SiC, is one of the most promising candidates for lightweight optical mirror substrate, because of fully dense, lightweight, small sintering shrinkage (±1 %), good shape capability and low processing temperature. In this study, 650mm in diameter mirror substrate of NTSIC was developed for space telescope applications. Three developed points describe below. The first point was to realize the lightweight to thin the thickness of green bodies. Ribs down to 3mm thickness can be obtained by strengthen the green body. The second point was to enlarge the mirror size. 650mm in diameter of mirror substrate can be fabricated with enlarging the diameter in order. The final point was to realize the homogeneity of mirror substrate. Some properties, such as density, bending strength, coefficient of thermal expansion, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, fracture toughness, were measured by the test pieces cutting from the fabricated mirror substrates.
CESIC: a new technology for lightweight and cost effective space instrument structures and mirrors
Christophe Devilliers, Matthias R. Kroedel
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680F (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.616535
For some years Alcatel Space has been interested in the development of a new material to produce lightweight, stiff, stable and cost effective structures and mirrors for space instrument. Cesic from ECM has been selected for its intrinsic properties (high specific modulus, high conductivity, quite low thermal expansion coefficient and high fracture toughness for a ceramic material), added to ample manufacturing capabilities. Under ESA responsibility, a flight representative optical bench of Cesic has been designed, manufactured and tested. The optical bench has been submitted with success to intensive vibration tests up to 80 g on shaker without problem and was tested down to 30 K showing very high stability. Cesic is also envisaged for large and lightweight space telescope mirrors. Coatings on the Cesic substrate have been developed and qualified for the most stringent optical needs. To prove the lightweight capability, a large Cesic mirror D=950 mm with an area mass of less than 25 kg/m2 has been designed, sized again launch loads and WFE performance, and then manufactured. Cesic is also envisaged for large future focal plane holding a large number of detectors assuring high stability thanks to its high thermal conductivity. A full size Cesic focal plane has been already successfully built and tested. Based on these successful results, Alcatel Space is now in position to propose for space projects this technology mastered in common with ECM both for mirrors and structures with new innovative concepts thanks to the manufacturing capabilities of this technology.
Silicon carbide components for optics: present and near future capabilities
P. Deny, M. Bougoin
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680G (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.617226
BOOSTEC has pioneered, since its creation in 1999, the market of space optics made of ceramics (silicon carbide). BOOSTEC has recently delivered the Herschel space telescope, which is, with its 3.5 m diameter mirror, the largest space telescope ever made in the world. The following paper will review the current status of high performing silicon carbide components for space optics. It will then focus on the new possibilities under development, like focal planes and complex systems. It will finally highlight new areas of development for material, process, and applications.
Mechanical and thermal performance of C/SiC composites for SPICA mirror
T. Ozaki, M. Kume, T. Oshima, T. Nakagawa, T. Matsumoto, H. Kaneda, H. Murakami, K. Kataza, K. Enya,et. al.
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680H (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.619402
One of the key technologies for next generation space telescope with a large-scale reflector is a material having high specific strength, high specific stiffness, low coefficient of thermal expansion and high coefficient of thermal conductivity. Several candidates such as fused silica, beryllium, silicon carbide and carbon fiber reinforced composites have been evaluated. Pitch-based carbon fiber reinforced SiC composites were developed for the SPICA space telescope mirror to comply with such requirements. Mechanical performance such as bending stiffness, bending strength and fracture toughness was significantly improved. Evaluation procedures of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity behavior at cryogenic temperatures (as low as 4.5K) were established and excellent performance for the SPICA mirror was demonstrated.
Materials Testing & Other Goodies
Measurement of vibrational damping at cryogenic temperatures for silicon carbide foam and silicon foam materials
Chia-Yen Peng, Marie Levine, Lillian Shido, Marc Jacoby, William Goodman
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680I (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.619766
The Terrestrial Planet Finder mission requires extreme dynamic stability at cryogenic temperatures in order to carry out its objectives of searching for and observing extraterrestrial planets. As a result, the ability to meet its ambitious science goals will be significantly enhanced by increasing its vibrational damping at cryogenic temperatures. Given the low inherent structural damping at cryogenic temperatures, significant reduction in vibration amplitude could be gained with only modest increases in damping on the structure. To examine the use of vibrational damping options to improve the dynamic stability of cryogenic structures, Jet Propulsion Laboratory has conducted a series of experiments to measure the damping levels of various materials at cryogenic temperatures and to search for the materials with higher cryogenic damping. This paper summarizes our experimental observations on the material damping of silicon foam and silicon carbide foam materials at cryogenic temperatures. These foam materials have been independently developed by Schafer Corporation and have properties that enable their applications in space environments with a range of temperature from 25K to 500K. These materials have been used for mirrors, and uses for foam based structures such as optical mounts and benches are currently in development. As observed from the measured damping, these two foam materials have higher damping than aluminum at cryogenic temperatures, and the damping level is relatively insensitive to temperature change from room to cryogenic temperatures. As a result, these materials may be potential candidates to achieve increased levels of cryogenic damping for the Terrestrial Planet Finder mission.
Material properties of silicon and silicon carbide foams
Marc T. Jacoby, William A. Goodman
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680J (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.617615
Silicon and silicon carbide foams provide the lightweighting element for Schafer Corporation's silicon and silicon carbide lightweight mirror systems (SLMSTM and SiC-SLMSTM). SLMSTM and SiC-SLMSTM provide the enabling technology for manufacturing lightweight, athermal optical sub-assemblies and instruments. Silicon and silicon carbide foam samples were manufactured and tested under a Schafer-funded Internal Research and Development program in various configurations to obtain mechanical and thermal property data. The results of the mechanical tests that are reported in this paper include Young's modulus, compression strength, tensile strength, Poisson's ratio and vibrational damping. The results of the thermal tests include thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion.
Design/analysis of the JWST ISIM bonded joints for survivability at cryogenic temperatures
Andrew Bartoszyk, John Johnston, Charles Kaprielian, Jonathan Kuhn, Cengiz Kunt, Benjamin Rodini, Daniel Young
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680K (19 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.619011
A major design and analysis challenge for the JWST ISIM structure is thermal survivability of metal/composite adhesively bonded joints at the cryogenic temperature of 30K (-405°F). Current bonded joint concepts include internal invar plug fittings, external saddle titanium/invar fittings and composite gusset/clip joints all bonded to hybrid composite tubes (75mm square) made with M55J/954-6 and T300/954-6 prepregs. Analytical experience and design work done on metal/composite bonded joints at temperatures below that of liquid nitrogen are limited and important analysis tools, material properties, and failure criteria for composites at cryogenic temperatures are sparse in the literature. Increasing this challenge is the difficulty in testing for these required tools and properties at cryogenic temperatures. To gain confidence in analyzing and designing the ISIM joints, a comprehensive joint development test program has been planned and is currently running. The test program is designed to produce required analytical tools and develop a composite failure criterion for bonded joint strengths at cryogenic temperatures. Finite element analysis is used to design simple test coupons that simulate anticipated stress states in the flight joints; subsequently, the test results are used to correlate the analysis technique for the final design of the bonded joints. In this work, we present an overview of the analysis and test methodology, current results, and working joint designs based on developed techniques and properties.
Time-dependent thermal strain behavior of Zerodur from 270K to 310K
Paul B. Karlmann, Kerry J. Klein, Peter G. Halverson, Robert D. Peters, Marie B. Levine, David Van Buren, Matthew J. Dudik
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680L (19 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.615248
Three samples of Schott Zerodur were recently measured using Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Cryogenic Dilatometer Facility. The initial purpose of these tests was to provide precision CTE measurements to help correlate thermomechanical models with the actual performance of NASA's Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) TOM-1C testbed. A total of six Zerodur test samples, as well as the SIM testbed mirror were machined from the same block of glass. Thermal strain as a function of time, sample temperature, and cooling rate were measured over a temperature range of 270K to 310K. Presented in this paper is a discussion of the sample configuration, test facilities, test method, data analysis, test results, and future plans.
Linear thermal expansion measurements of lead magnesium niobate (PMN) electroceramic material for the Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680M (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.615173
Linear thermal expansion measurements of nine samples of Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN) electroceramic material were recently performed in support of NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph (TPF-C) mission. The TPF-C mission is a visible light coronagraph designed to look at roughly 50 stars pre-selected as good candidates for possessing earth-like planets. Upon detection of an earth-like planet, TPF-C will analyze the visible-light signature of the planet's atmosphere for specific spectroscopic indicators that life may exist there. With this focus, the project's primary interest in PMN material is for use as a solid-state actuator for deformable mirrors or compensating optics. The nine test samples were machined from three distinct boules of PMN ceramic manufactured by Xinetics Inc. Thermal expansion measurements were performed in 2005 at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in their Cryogenic Dilatometer Facility. All measurements were performed in vacuum with sample temperature actively controlled over the range of 270K to 310K. Expansion and contraction of the test samples with temperature was measured using a JPL-developed interferometric system capable of sub-nanometer accuracy. Presented in this paper is a discussion of the sample configuration, test facilities, test method, data analysis, test results, and future plans.
Adhesion of thin metallic surfaces to molded deployable space optics
M. P. Ulmer, M. E. Graham, S. Vaynman, J. I. Echt, S. R. Ehlert, S. J. Varlese, J. M. Hermiller
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680N (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.615699
Shape memory composite materials (SMC materials) are being developed by our program to make deployable space optics. The basic procedure involves electroforming an approximately 20 micron thin Ni surface onto a convex master and then casting the shape memory composite material onto the plated master. When good adhesion between the Ni and the SMC material is obtained, the Ni and SMC material come off the master in one piece. The result is a shiny mirror whose metallic surface remains intact after stowing and deploying of the mirror. Achieving the requisite adhesion requires treating the Ni prior to the application of the SMC material. The techniques we use to treat the Ni and the results of making mirrors are described.
Composite mirror replication: curing, coating and polishing
Jack J. Massarello, Jake D. Hochhalter, Paul A. Fuierer, Arup K. Maji
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680O (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.614603
The quickest method for generating a lightweight composite optic is to replicate an optical quality glass tool onto a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). However, the effects of fiber print-through create an unacceptable surface roughness on replicated CFRP mirrors. In order to mitigate fiber print-through, two methods of generating a polishable resin layer were investigated. The first method employs the application of resin films to the CFRP surface. The second, unconventional method generates a co-cured resin layer using a magnetic fiber migration approach. A final polishing step was used to attain optical quality surface features on all of the replicated specimens. Replicated resin films with thicknesses ≥ 0.25 mm sufficiently mitigate fiber print-through. Room temperature and high temperature cure resins were polished below 50 Å rms surface roughness (1 μm to 1mm bandwidth) or better. The magnetic fiber migration technique was suitable for eliminating fiber print-through. Replicated magnetic fiber laminates were polished to within specular quality as well.
Cryogenic performance of a lightweight silicon carbide mirror
Ron Eng, James R. Carpenter, Colby A. Foss Jr., James B. Hadaway, Harlan J. Haight, William D. Hogue, David Kane, Jeffrey R. Kegley, H. Philip Stahl,et. al.
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680Q (30 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.624292
Low cost, high performance lightweight Silicon Carbide (SiC) mirrors provide an alternative to Beryllium mirrors. A Trex Enterprises 0.25m diameter low areal density SiC mirror using its patented Chemical Vapor Composites (CVC) technology was evaluated for its optical performance at cryogenic temperature. CVC SiC is chemically pure, thermally stable, and mechanically stiff. CVC technology yields higher growth rate than that of CVD SiC. NASA has funded lightweight optical materials technology development efforts for future space based telescope programs. As part of these efforts, a Trex SiC mirror was measured interferometrically from room temperature to 30 degrees Kelvin. This paper will discuss the test goals, the cryogenic optical testing infrastructure and instrumentation at MSFC, test results, and lessons learned.
Glass and Glass Ceramics
A method to determine strength of glass, crystals, and ceramics under sustained stress as a function of time and moisture
John W. Pepi
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680R (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.612013
Glass, crystals, and brittle ceramics are subject to time and moisture related failures due to stress corrosion, or slow crack growth. Equations governing time to failure are well established, but presume knowledge of crack velocity, flaw shape factor, and initial stress intensity factors that are often unavailable. Alternative crack growth data, obtained from dynamic fatigue testing, is often used, but data of stressing rates and moist strength are necessary for calculation, and again are often unavailable. Programs that are available to calculate failure times presume such knowledge as well. A complication results in use of any available data in these programs, in that residual stress in the material of interest is not included. Tests show that residual stress is present even for polished surfaces, and such stresses greatly reduce failure times, often by several orders of magnitude. Further, such programs presume a completely moist environment, which is often not the case for spaced based or airborne systems. To overcome these difficulties, an approximate method of computing margin of safety in glass and other brittle ceramics under stress, time, and moisture is provided when only flaw growth fatigue resistance parameter and inert strength are known but details of crack velocity and initial crack depth are unknown. The method includes effects of relative humidity and residual stress, and is readily programmed to a spreadsheet to aid in quick computation. Using appropriate safety factors as herein defined, the method is compared to the exact formulation for several cases in which velocity data are known. Results compare with quite favorable accuracy, precluding the need for costly fracture mechanics data and unwieldy computation.
Homogeneity of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of ZEDRODUR
Ralf Jedamzik, Thorsten Doehring, Rolf Mueller, Peter Hartmann
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680S (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.614424
The low thermal expansion glass ceramic ZERODUR is the material of choice for many big astronomical telescope projects like VLT, Keck I + II, HET, LAMOST and GRANTECAN (GTC). For future giant telescope projects like OWL or TMT with at least several hundreds of mirror blanks the CTE homogeneity within a single blank and from blank to blank is an crucial issue. The ZERODUR production process is based on established and proven methods used in the production of high homogeneity optical glasses. Therefore ZERODUR itself is a material of highest homogeneity even in large dimensions and huge quantities. This paper presents an evaluation of the homogeneity of the thermal expansion coefficient within more than 250 mirror blanks. The observed homogeneity range is only slightly larger than the repeatability of the standard dilatometer measurement of ±0.005*10-6 K-1. To improve the accuracy of measurement and to get a deeper understanding of the thermal expansion behaviour of ZERODUR a new dilatometer was built exhibiting a repeatability of ±0.001*10-6 K-1. Detailed evaluations of the thermal expansion coefficient homogeneity of a 100 mm x 100 mm ZERODUR test block showed no variation within the repeatability of measurement of the improved dilatometer.
Material and application study for low thermal expansion glass-ceramic CLEARCERAM series
Kousuke Nakajima, Toshihide Nakajima, Nobuo Kawasaki, Yoshiyuki Owari
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680T (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.616070
Material properties and performances for near future applications were studied for low thermal expansion glass-ceramics; CLEARCERAM series produced by OHARA Inc. In the material study, the improved CTE characteristics of CLEARCERAM-Z HS over conventional CLEARCERAM-Z were shown with interferometric CTE metrology system with 2ppb/degree C repeatability. Also the material uniformity was evaluated by means of refractive index homogeneity. In the application study, the capabilities of CLEARCERAM-Z HS for near future precision applications, Extreme Ultra Violet Lithography (EUVL) system component and extremely large telescope mirror applications were discussed by reviewing actual data prepared in accordance with the existing specifications for each application. For EUVL system component application, inter lot CTE uniformity and surface finish data meeting the SEMI P37 specification were presented and the performance was evaluated. For extremely large telescope mirror application, intra disk uniformity of CTE and stress birefringence for Dia.780mm CLEARCERAM-Z HS meeting mirror blanks specification of existing extremely large telescope project were demonstrated and the potential performance of CLEARCERAM-Z HS for the application was shown with the on-going integration of the size availability at OHARA Inc.
New mold manufacturing techniques
Chris Hall, Marc Tricard, Hiroshi Murakoshi, Yoshihiro Yamamoto, Kunitaka Kuriyama, Hiroyoshi Yoko
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680V (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.621097
Typically, optical molds have been made from silicon carbide (SiC) or tungsten carbide (WC). Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) polishing results of SiC and WC molds will be reviewed. Impressive figure corrections have been demonstrated on both types of materials. The roughness performance of CVD-SiC, WC and binderless WC will be compared. However, the hardness and polycrystalline nature of these materials make them difficult to manufacture. In this paper we report positive initial results using an alternate mold material, glassy carbon. Test samples have been ground, pre-polished and finish polished to a 38 nm surface figure peak-to-valley (PV) and a 6 Å rms surface roughness, with improved cycle times versus SiC and WC. Glassy carbon is a promising mold material candidate as an amorphous material of lower hardness. The lower hardness leads to more effective diamond grinding process and results in a better surface rms roughness following MRF. After reviewing key material properties of glassy carbon material, this paper will describe some collaborative activities between Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd. and QED Technologies (QED) to manufacture representative examples of glassy carbon. Details of the grinding, pre-polishing and final polishing process will be provided along with the resultant metrology results after key steps. Molding experiments based on these developments will also be presented.
Beryllium and Other Metals
Selection of I-220H beryllium for NIRCam optical bench
Derek J. Edinger, Alison A. Nordt
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680X (18 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.614571
The Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is one of the four science instruments to be installed into the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) on JWST. I-220H beryllium was chosen as the optical bench material for NIRCam based on its high specific stiffness, relatively high thermal conductivity, low CTE at cryogenic temperatures, and overall thermal stability at cryogenic temperatures. Beryllium has cryogenic heritage, but development of a structural bonded joint that could survive cryogenic temperatures was required. This paper will describe the trade studies performed in which bonded, I-220H beryllium was selected.
RAMICS laser optical bench weight reduction
Geoffrey Heberle
Proc. SPIE 5868, Optical Materials and Structures Technologies II, 58680Y (19 August 2005); doi: 10.1117/12.617066
To increase margins over requirements and improve structural performance, it was desired to reduce the weight of the optical bench in the Laser Transmitter Unit (LTU) of the Rapid Airborne MIne Clearance System (RAMICS) program. First-mode response for both the optical bench and bench/housing combination is of critical importance to the stability and long-term field performance of this system. Several candidate materials were reviewed and analyzed against the previous design in 7075 aluminum. AlBeMet AM162 was chosen for its high Young's modulus, lower density, and a number of other factors as discussed. Finite element modeling is presented which was used in the downselect process. An optical bench weight reduction of 50% was achieved due to material and design changes, as well as an improvement in the first-mode frequency of the laser transmitter based on analysis. Vibration testing results and a comparison of fabrication costs are also presented.
Ellipsometry study of Cu-based shape memory films in a wide spectral range
Y. V. Filipov, V. S. Staschuk, L. V. Poperenko
Adaptive materials integrate actuating and sensing materials into a structural material. The development of polymer composites with embedded shape memory alloys can open new perspectives with respect to the development of engineering structures with adaptive shape, stiffness, damping and other properties. The development of these advanced composites with embedded shape memory alloy wires is still in an embryonic stage. Given ellipsometry measurements of optical properties copper based alloy which require further research before these adaptive composites can be used in industrial applications.
Influence of natural surface layers on massive copper optical properties in a wide spectral range
Y. V. Filipov, V. S. Staschuk, V. V. Vovchenko
Optical properties of flawless bulk copper sample has been studied based on spectroellipsometry measurements in wide spectral interval (hv=0.18-4.87 eV) at various angles of light incidence. The main characteristics of electronic subsystem of this metal and values of main energy intervals in a band structure were determined for both oxidized and unoxidized copper sample.