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To set up your store, you must first register and set up an account. You can register by completing a form or using your Facebook or Google profile. When registering, you will be asked to choose your username; this will become your shop name, so you should pay special attention to this decision..
And I have to admit, I'm worried the movie will be too intense for me, too. Mr. O'Connell calls it "a horror movie for parents." In his heartfelt review he writes that he "prepared himself for the worst" and "still wasn't ready." It's always difficult and disturbing to watch children suffering, and to watch the agony their parents endure.
Your comment on education is K 12 and not the University/College system. News report. They have moved up to 40. Giving a Black Eye to the Competition XFX Black Edition 850W is the first power supply branded by XFX and it enters a product segment that is right in the heart of where most enthusiasts look for quality gaming parts without tripping over the 1000W barrier. As such, this new comer is going to be facing some tough opposition from entrenched brands such as Antec, BFG, Corsair, PC Power and Cooling, etc. Given that this unit is XFX's first foray into the world of power supplies and the market is becoming saturated after years of neglect, what can the fine folks at XFX bring to the market that sets this unit apart from the plethora of other options Black Edition PSU.
These are some of the first images I took I had a panoramic camera, and I would just wear it around my neck because photography was illegal under the Taliban. So, anything I wanted to shoot in the streets I had to shoot very quickly, put my camera away. And I went into people's homes and tried to photograph women's lives because I wanted to know if women's lives were as bad as we thought they were from the outside or was it merely our projection of our values on them.
Community is grieving mightily, Texas Sen. Ted Cruz said at a press briefing on Friday. Entire country is grieving along with these parents, grieving along with these students. Did you catch the new Sox slugger introductory press conference Monday morning? Though he read from the standard cue cards about how cool it will be to play for the Red Sox historic franchise, winning is No. 1, chance to play on a championship team, etc. he described the Boston Baseball Experience in a way that suggests he really does get it..
4. The Picture Rock Trail This 45 mile loop ventures into the Tushar Mountains. It gets its name from the intricate designs in the shale rock. Many of these strategies can be applied to day to day life issues as well as in the work place. An important facet that managers need to master is that of leadership. Leadership is given much attention in these courses Training, assignments, group projects are all part of the strategies employed by course facilitators to see that good leadership is developed.
Don't take offense to my observation, because I include myself in this profession as well. We, unfortunately, can view things too quickly in a negative manner. For most salespeople, the way out of a situation like this is to immediately offer the buyer a price reduction.
Not Just a Cereal Box CharacterWe have all seen him though, Lucky the , on every box of Lucky Charms. From as far back as I can really remember, he was what I pictured in association with the word leprechaun. He has changed a bit over the years, but he is still easily recognizable to most of us.
So you just named me the same core we have right now, which just lost 95 games. I don't know why Reds fans acts like prospects are sure fired. Homer Bailey was the 1 prospect in baseball. Time the topic comes up when we here, it one of those things where you almost want to just pull your shirt over your head and kind of sink into nothing. Kevin Brown feels the real issue racial inequality is being overlooked. And firing black players who are trying to instigate a change would be a bigger problem, he said..
Thank you so much for your initial support of the food pantry. We had a limited opening last Friday, reaching out to a small handful of students. We are pleased to report that we opened with full shelves thanks to you and your colleagues and were able to serve 55 students in a short 2 hour time frame..
Goodson had taken more than three weeks. A similar time period will push completion of a dissent into 2015, when the court makeup will change. Robin Wynne will take the retiring Corbin's seat and, more critically, Rhonda Wood will assume the seat held by Hoofman, whose vote in the marriage case was given over to McCorkindale..
Many would have regarded her as the synthesis of outward perfection, conforming to all the standards of what was deemed to be a socially refined and successful woman who was impeccabily dressed, educated at the finest schools, and accomplished in music, art, and in social manners. She had returned to the house that she grew up in and stood looking for a long time at the dresser that was once hers, picking up old objects and turning them in her hands, which brought back memories of her youth and days spent. Soon she would be selling this house and all those memories it held for her..
I think they tell a story unto themselves. We go on a fun, channel changing journey . I was trying to figure myself out in relationship to my time in Los Angeles.". I see a myriad of people saying they will run in 2020, but haven't even finished their first term. Zero experience. Perhaps we need that here, now.
Hair dye removerPermanent hair dye works by oxidation. In this process, small colorless molecules called intermediates are bound together into larger colored molecules, and these dye molecules are locked into the hair. When permanent dye stains the skin, it is mostly because the oxidized dye molecules have become trapped in dead skin cells on the surface of the skin..
Decades before Fraser Downs Racetrack and Casino, the Kwantlen Polytechnic University Campus, Millennium Amphitheatre Park and the modified Rodeo and Country Fair, this was a blink and you'll miss it agricultural and transportation junction with one unmistakable Highway 10 landmark: the Stampede Tack and Western Wear shop and its huge plastic horse in the parking lot."And a lot of the locals coming in here back then actually wore cowboy hats and belts with the big buckles and not just for rodeo week or Halloween," laughs Floss Winkler, a charismatic personality who has been an owner at the Cloverdale institution since the mid 1980s. It is now a family run business with her son in law Kevin Mykle and daughters Nauja Winkler and Nikko Konyk forming the hands on management team.Mykle, who oversees the day to day operations of the 10,000 square foot store that boasts a staff of 12, says before the population boom in Surrey, nobody west of the Port Mann Bridge knew or seemed to care where Cloverdale was."This obviously presented some interesting challenges for us," says Mykle. "The demographics have quickly changed, and it's forced us to change.There was some joking that the newest yahoo at the Stampede shop is a search engine and not some of the Cloverdale regulars."But make no mistake," laughs Mykle, "we have a lot of customers who have no problem waving the red neck flag when they come in here."While the town still clings to its aw shucks country ambience, it's no longer your parents' (or TV's) Smallville.
Cook asparagus in small amount of water 3 to 4 minutes until crisp and tender. Drain and place over beef mixture. Mash the potatoes adding milk, butter, and salt; spread over asparagus. Argentina's gung ho attacking style may have seen them blitz South American qualifying but, by his own admission, it left him praying in anguish whenever they had to defend. Come the Mundial proper, gone was the diamond with two strikers; in its place was a solid two banks of four and Lionel Messi behind a lone striker. It captured few imaginations, but Argentina made the final..
Family set him to school every day believing and trusting that this system would protect him, but instead this system failed him, she said. Is not a single, justifiable reason for anyone to lock a child out of their room or out of the school. If a child, for some reason, is a threat to others, there are adults there to watch, protect and oversee the safety of all, including the safety of that child.
It's scary to think of being a role model because I'm still growing up and learning. But I've been through a lot in the last few years, and I've realized the platform I have, and just the amount of people I'm able to reach, you have to be careful what messages you send out. I wouldn't want to say anything that I wouldn't want any little girl to hear..
A set of 4 jewel tone color martini glasses 3.5 oz. 3.5″d 4.25″ h. The Cosmo martini glass set has gifted sets the mood for some pampering and romance. Hartmann said phone records prove he was at home at the time the murder was committed. He said police and prosecutors failed to test fingerprints, hair and other evidence found at the crime scene that could prove someone else committed the murder. And he denied making incriminating statements to a co worker or cellmate..
ARPG Action RPG. These are games that typically are heavily stat based (damage dealt, taken, hp, mana, move speed, etc) like any other RPG but differentiate themselves in three main ways. The first is a reliance on equipment and gear treadmills as the main progression mechanic.
Cash's musical influences weren't the only aspect of his career that categorized him as a traditional country music legend. His performances were a perfect example of traditional country. The use of instruments like the acoustic guitar and the fiddle is only one difference between modern country and Cash's traditional performances.
"We've grown through our past a little bit, I guess," Coach Barry Trotz said. "Since probably Game 3, we've had a sense of calmness around what we're doing, and we're having fun now. Oshie. Presence of online alternative clothing portals has not only eased the collection of such fashion wearers even many of the other advantageous factors are stapled with it. First and foremost being the affordable price. As no via and medium is present in between the buyer and seller the price rate gets automatically downtrodden.
If you feel stuck in a situation or can't quite seem to overcome a problem, be open to new possible ideas. For every problem, there are many possible solutions. If the one(s) you've been trying isn't providing you with the results you prefer, seek out advice or guidance from others.
In a type of paper, the body describes the topic. In this section, the student needs to build up strong evidence to establish the solvability of the selected theme. As each writing task has a conclusion part, analyzing the paper is not the variant. Are You Still Searching For What Are The Best Ties, we Have The AnswerGuys if you are looking to complete that office or formal wear, then look no further. We have an array of ties to choose from. The ties come in various designs such as striped, plaid, bow, silk and satin..
Talk about a true wear test. Luckily, customers say this bra which Lulu engineers spent two years perfecting solves that problem. "I've had to double or triple up on sports bras for the last 15 years of my life," one reviewer explained. It's very bad piloting."The lawsuit claims that the near collision forced Frascona to execute a low altitude avoidance maneuver, causing him to crash. Both pilots were negligent, according to the suit.The suit also names Frascona's company, The Real Estate School, claiming the business was negligent in allowing Frascona to fly the plane, a Piper PA 46 Malibu, without proper training. The company closed after Frascona's death..
, the speech last night was ctareinly comedic. He's playing the PR man, more concerned with public opinion and history's take on him than on an honest assessment). I think his presidency was a combination of those two approaches. We got to a turnaround and came up behind the cop car. The cops had a guy with him who was ETOH (intoxicated) and we checked if he was in one piece. They said he was driving and he hit the tow truck which was already parked, the truck overturned, and this guy got out and was walking around when they showed up..
Historically these two organisations have always been independent. When poppies were first produced in London, they were so popular that there were not many left for the Scottish population. The wife of General Haig, the British commander on the Western Front for most of World War One, set up a poppy factory exclusively for Scottish people.
All runners will receive a finisher medal and superhero cape. The 5K's partner charities include The Gift of Life, American Association for Cancer Research Foundation, CureSearch for Children's Cancer, Fleece Thank You, OAR Run for Autism and Superfly Children's Foundation. Feb.
Trumpeter Jon Faddis led the first half, conducting the Dizzy 100th Celebration All Star Big Band featuring Charles McPherson on saxophone and Billy Childs on piano in a tribute that included Gillespie best compositions. High and with a smashing drum solo by Lewis Nash were two highlights, along with to Come, Night in Tunisia and Bueno. Photo courtesy Hollywood Bowl/David Katzenstein..
Le groupe a son rseau de boutiques en ligne spcifique chaque pays. Plus encore, YFE peut produire sur son propre label des versions diffrentes de ses albums en fonction des marchs. Les collectionneurs parmi les membres de leur fan club le Secret Family Cult Club tissent donc des liens qui leur permettront de s'changer un album franais pour un album australien, par exemple..
If I'm just spot correcting, I match the concealer to complexion, or if I'm highlighting under the eyes, I choose a shade lighter than the skin tone I'm working with. On the rest of the face, I start with just a small amount of formula and build it up for more coverage. I like it because of its versatility and consistency it never fails.
The release quickly made its way onto Chinese news and social media sites, where the connection was made between Ms Leng's disappearance and the unidentified body. Police were confident as early as Wednesday night that the body belonged to the 25 year old, but had to wait on confirmation. The footage was taken about 3pm.
Age Related SegmentsAge is another distinguishing factor or demographic that helps clothing retailers determine their buying audiences. Many clothing manufacturers target teenage girls with their trendy new fashion lines, including jeans, blouses and other apparel. They often promote these clothing lines in late July and August, before the school year commences.
Joshua Jackson: Jackson took a three week trip around the world over the 2015 Christmas holidays. "(It was) one trip around the entire planet," he told Live! with Kelly and Michael. "It was a crazy trip. Set in the heart of the breathtaking Napa Valley, Castello di Amorosa (Castle of Love) is a stunning recreation of a 13th century medieval Tuscan styled castle and winery. Open to the public since 2007, the castle measures 136,000 square feet and features 107 rooms across eight levels, five defensive towers, a drawbridge and even a torture chamber that may be viewed as part of a specialized tour. The castle is open daily for guided and premium wine tasting and a number of special events are held all year, including a Midsummer Medieval Feast on June 22, which will include a wine reception, medieval styled dinner and a jousting tournament.
NBC White House correspondent Chris Wallace calls Donaldson a first rate professional" and notes that people concentrate on the shouting and the theatrics. You know that's Sam's game." But it isn't his greatest strength, Wallace says, explaining: There's a considerable effort made every day at the White House to put the best face on the news, to distract us, sometimes, from what's really happening. Sam is very good at keeping his eye, his focus on the news, on what's really important.
4: The Infinite Sphere from New England to California.Dillon text based works have run the gamut from brief compositions blending spoken text with instrumental accompaniment to complex song cycles. Of his Albany release Appendage and Other Stories, featuring sung and spoken text, Fanfare Magazine wrote work. In fact, it is so good it made me weep.
Running over uneven and varied surfaces makes the muscles of the lower leg work especially hard. Think specific strength training for the lower leg muscles. I recently observed how sore my lower legs were after a competing in an off road multi sport event.
Our family actually enjoyed that aspect of life because we would take the kids on a walk to grocery store, burn some of their energy, and have them pick out what they wanted to eat for dinner. Finding stuff in grocery stores can be a challenge, but if you go for the meat and produce route it isn too bad. The biggest grocery store change, was bagging my own groceries (it looks funny just to write that, I can picture someone saying my! You HAD to bag your own Groceries? Wow! That must have been sooooooo hard! After I pay for my groceries I usually stand there and wait for my stuff to get bagged, but then you get this look, like why are you still standing here? Then I like right! and take my basket with two plastic bags on top (try to get more than three bags is like asking for a prenup, even asking for extra ketchup at McDonalds is a sin) and head over to the area to bag.
Many women have full and part time jobs, but the lion's share of the parental responsibilities still fall on their shoulders. Yes, things are becoming more equitable on that front, but one complaint I periodically hear from married women is how their husband and kids do not pick up after themselves. By the way, I hear this complaint in the grocery stores as I am trying to focus on shopping and not hearing that.
The U. S. Satellite information was disclosed by scientists par ticipating in the pro i gram for the International Geo physical Year The radia tion report came from Dr. I don't want to talk about this every day. I don't have time, but we will talk about my future soon. I think so.
Despite initial critiques, "She's All That" hit No. 1 at the box office during its debut week and grossed over $103 million worldwide making those at Miramax (includinga now disgraced producer named Harvey Weinstein) very happy. Its theater success and subsequent Blockbuster rental appeal all but ensured that every kid with access to a VHS player could memorize the moves to a song no one remembers being called "The Rockafeller Skank.".
"You know that I like girls with curves, right?" he said. At the time, I was 65 kilos and 173cm tall. However, I wasn't skinny. Israeli Maj. (Res.) Louis Williams has written a very good summary of the events leading up to the raid and its successful completion. The IDF senior press officer's "Entebbe Diary" follows the jet as it took off from Ben Gurion Airport on June 27, 1976 "on what promised to be a routine flight to Paris via Athens." This is a suspenseful read full of details that may have been forgotten over the years..
And one final thought on store brand formula: It may also be the more ethical choice. Big name brand formula companies, in particular Nestle, have been heavily criticized for their marketing campaigns in poor countries, where unsanitary water can make powdered formula particularly dangerous. Many formula companies have been the subject of international boycott campaigns.
Make new friends volunteering at the fiesta, Jack Bauer said. You can see some very interesting pieces of work. And it not only the artwork, it the people who come that make it special. Seaford, NY March 15, 2016 On 3/8/16 at 12:52 PM, a trooper from SP Farmingdale attempted to stop a black Nissan Altima on the Southern State Parkway near Route 135. The Nissan did not stop until it was northbound on Route 135. While interviewing the vehicle operator, Kevin Ramlall, age 32, of Ozone Park, NY, the trooper detected a strong odor of marijuana and also noticed that Mr.
I make these claims in three connected terrains: first, I will show that Moroccan cinema has always been transnational, in that it has always been the unstable site of multiple fields of production and distribution. Second, I argue that while non state and transnational financing arrangements have often constituted an alternative or supplementary mode of production to that funded locally and by the CCM, it should not follow that a wholly Moroccan funded film is always more "authentic." Third, in paying attention to the qualities of the transnational in the domain of cinematic language and representation, I argue that cinema offers a critical engagement between Morocco and other parts of the world. I make these three claims with the hope that we might see cinema in Morocco as having the ability to be at once local in its address of the popular, and "worldly" in its participation in what we could name the "transnational," but which we might more properly call the cinema tout court.
If you love it, it will work. I wear a dress almost every day. I've done it since high school. I thought the 2 for 1 credit for pre trial custody had been abolished recently? One of the reasons for abolishing 2 for 1 credit was to reduce the defence lawyer induced delays and abuse of the court system (which is one of the reasons pre trial centers are so over crowded in the first place these days). I don envy the guards at North Fraser. Every shift is an stressful exercise in maintaining a delicate balance of control.
That wasn't the only time fans had to stay hush hush. Swift also organized "1989 Secret Sessions," intimate meet and greets in London, New York City, Nashville, Rhode Island and London for 445 fans (89 in each location). Swift privately played the album for them by plugging in her phone, where she kept the songs closely guarded, into a sound system..
Separate campaigns to call local option elections in Faulkner, Saline and Craighead counties are being funded principally by Walmart, which has contributed $1 million so far and Kum Go, a convenience chain, which has contributed $50,000. No word yet on how the drives went in Saline and Craighead, where petitions have been submitted to county clerks. The Faulkner canvassing continues..
Intensely musical, Morris has many ways of mingling words, musical rhythms, and texture. For instance, Scene 2, supposedly occurring in a cave (draped gray curtains succeed a crudely painted map), begins with a prelude. Before the Sorceress enters, to the words "Wayward sisters, you that fright/ The lonely traveller by night," the witches have established night and solitary travellers by wandering around in apparent disorder, each one with a hand over his/her eyes.
APD officers investigate the scene of an officer involved shooting in the 12000 block of Natures Bend in Northeast Austin on Monday, February 8, 2016. The man died at the hospital. According to an APD spokesperson the man was naked and behaving aggressively and charging at an officer before he was shot.
Advertising and advertising and marketing gifts come in a variety of forms, shapes, and sizes. Should you have a look at the marketplace, you'll encounter various varieties of presents. Choosing the variety is of paramount significance within this context.
Much like yourself I wasn able to log any games Tuesday night so got in 13 Quads last night, 2 wins 39 Kills Total. Not a bad night for getting a feel for the adjustments. Having 1860 games, I have gotten used to playing a certain way but I welcome the change.
Back in Australia, Robson would have daily six to seven hour phone calls with Jackson. Smitten, Jackson gave the boy a nickname, "Little One," and scrawled it on the many faxes he'd regularly send him. He soon convinced Robson's mother to move her son and daughter to the US, abandoning her older son Shane and her husband, who suffered from bipolar disorder.
A business floral service caters to business people and whose floral designs tend to be more conservative and longer lasting. A hospital flower kiosk offers primarily bright and cheerful flowers that need little maintenance as possible. You can also choose to create a niche.
Funky? Grab some miso, fish sauce or kimchi. Jammet is a big fan of nutritional yeast. If you like smoky flavors, reach for chipotles en adobo, smoked sea salt, smoked paprika or even charred fruits or vegetables. Prons And Cons For Choosing Wi fi IP Camera For Your SecurityNowadays, it like the new trend that everyone is speaking about the Internet of Things commonly referred to as IoT. This theory tries to connect every item with the internet. Setting up Wi Fi parental control will allow you to perform web filtering for all devices on the network such as computers, tablets, Smartphone, and game consoles.
After a kendo stick and steel chair attack which featured strikes that were anything but fake, Rousey refused treatment or help from road agents as she limped her way back up the ramp. With a top covered in blood and gruesome bruises across her arms and legs, Rousey paused to confront an insulting fan with, not a man, while looking despondent. Not only did Rousey sell the attack and commit to withstanding pain at a level that belies her experience, Flair was simply brilliant in ending the match with a kendo stick to the stomach and then later trapping Rousey head in a chair before stomping on it.
I am thinking about trying to buy some HD cards from carpool. I am needing to buy about 10k worth of cards and it came up to be $9300 for 10k worth of gift cards. It said I would buy 93 cards that total 10k. Why didn't they take photos while the loved one was alive? Well, prior to individuals owning their own cameras, only a photographer could take a photo for you. This involved making an appointment and getting family members together for the event. As people have done throughout the ages, they procrastinated.


text:
70 House Democrats Sponsor Bill Mandating Tax-Funding of Abortion
By Brittany M. Hughes | July 9, 2015 | 1:20 PM EDT
Rep. Barbara Lee (D-Calif.) (AP Photo)
(CNSNews.com) - Rep. Barbara Lee (D-Calif.), along with about 70 other House Democrats, introduced a bill in Congress on Wednesday that would provide taxpayer-funded abortion coverage to all women who are covered by an insurance plan through the federal government - including federal workers, military members, women incarcerated in federal prisons, and low-income women covered by Medicaid.
The Equal Access to Abortion Coverage in Health Coverage Act, or EACH Woman Act, states that "The Federal Government shall (1) ensure coverage for abortion care in public health insurance programs, including Medicaid, Medicare and the Children's Health Insurance Program" and "in its role as an employer or health plan sponsor, ensure coverage for abortion care for participants and beneficiaries."
The bill also mandates that all health care facilities that are contracted by the government provide abortion services.
Additionally, the bill seeks to impose a requirement that state and local governments "shall not prohibit, restrict or otherwise inhibit insurance coverage of abortion care by private health plans."
The bill goes on to state, "It is the sense of Congress that (1) the Federal Government, acting in its capacity as an insurer, employer, or health care provider, should serve as a model for the Nation to ensure coverage of abortion care; and (2) moreover, restrictions on coverage of abortion care in the private insurance market must end."
In a press release issued shortly after the bill was introduced, Lee called for a repeal of the Hyde amendment, which she labeled as a "harmful" policy that "restrict a woman's ability to make the best healthcare decisions for herself and her family."
"Each and every day, the rights of women are under attack in America," Lee said in the release. "Today, we push back because every person has a right to healthcare.
"The EACH Woman Act is a bold and groundbreaking step forward," she continued. "This legislation would ensure that every woman can access ALL of her healthcare options, regardless of how much money she earns or where she lives.
"Regardless of how someone personally feels about abortion, none of us, especially elected officials, should be interfering with a woman's right to make her own healthcare decisions just because she is poor," Lee added.
The EACH Woman Act was met with praise by dozens of abortion advocate groups, including Planned Parenthood, the Center for Reproductive Rights, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws (NARAL) and the National Organization for Women.
Millions of Americans are currently covered by insurance plans funded by the federal government, including those covered by Medicaid and Medicare, federal employees, military members and those incarcerated in federal prisons.
The use of taxpayer dollars to fund abortion coverage is currently prohibited by the Hyde Amendment, which is usually attached as a rider to annual appropriations bills. The amendment has been in effect since 1976, and specifically prohibits any taxpayer funding to go toward any health coverage that includes abortion services.
The amendment expressly states: "None of the funds appropriated in this Act, and none of the funds in any trust fund to which funds are appropriated in this Act, shall be expended for health benefits coverage that includes coverage of abortion."
The amendment also includes exceptions for abortions done in cases of rape, incest or a threat to life of the mother.
President Barack Obama's Affordable Care and Patient Protection Act (ACA), or Obamacare, however, does allow health care plans that include abortion coverage to be set up on the federal insurance marketplace, which is subsidized by taxpayers.
The law then seeks to skirt the Hyde Amendment by requiring federally subsidized health insurance plans that do cover abortion to apply a separate surcharge to each plan for those services. These funds then go into a separate pot from the tax dollars and are used to pay for abortion services.
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Download "On the Discourse of Religious Freedom in Modern Korea:"
2 70 KOREA JOURNAL / SPRING 2001 based on religious beliefs, of military service or blood transplants, yet a much more significant problem is the emergence of powerful religious organizations that are able to push through with their own agendas regardless of governmental or social restraints by using freedom of religion as a shield. As these powerful religious organizations make use of freedom of religion for their own institutional ends, they tend to repress the freedom of conscience belonging to members within the organization. In other words, while these religious groups conducted missionary activities, which were tinged with expansionism, in hopes of achieving a monopoly within the religious market place, internally they restrict their members freedom of religion by constructing an authoritarian structure. Freedom of religious institutions is repressing the individual s freedom of conscience. Therefore, in order to understand the discourse today in Korean society about freedom of religion, one must take a close look at the relationship between the freedom of a religious organization and an individual s freedom of conscience. This paper will examine the historical conditions within Korea that have led to this peculiar situation. The introduction and active deployment of the discourse on freedom of religion in Korean society began in tandem with the formation of a modern society it emerged and spread during the period of Japanese occupation and the opening to the West, just as Korea began importing Western ideas of modernity. First it will be necessary to look at what role discourse on religious freedom played in the formation of modern Western society. Then it will be necessary to examine how modern religion and modern intellectuals vitally influenced the formation of the discourse on religious freedom. In other words, this paper will analyze the differences between the ways in which the representative religions of Catholicism and Protestantism approach freedom of religion, as well as the two main positions, state-centered and citizen-centered, taken toward modern religion by the intellectual class. Finally, this paper will examine the effect of this discourse on contemporary Korean society.
3 On the Discourse of Religious Freedom in Modern Korea 71 Modernity and the Discourse on Religious Freedom in Western Europe Religious freedom in Western European society originated with the Judaic and Christian traditions, however our current understanding of the freedom of religion arose with the formation of modern society. Western Europe s rise to modernity is marked by the collapse of the Christendom, symbolizing the authoritarian system of the Catholic Church, and the emergence of the modern nation-state. The discourse on freedom of religion can be said to be a product of this process. The Reformation and religious wars were direct causes of the formation of the discourse on religious freedom. Through the Reformation movement, numerous sects emerged and competed with one another, putting cracks in the might of Christendom. As this happened, many smaller Christian kingdoms emerged that used a certain sect as the basis for their nations power and authority. 1 The dictum The religion of the monarch is the religion of the people (Cuius regio eius religio) symbolized the concept of state-church. With this concept, although the many smaller Christian kingdoms thus formed sought unification through the religious wars, no single sect was able to achieve supremacy over the others. This historical context brought about disgust with religious absolutism while providing the basis for religious tolerance built upon religious relativism. It was the Enlightenment that provided the theoretical foundation for religious freedom and tolerance. Of particular import was deism, which criticized revealed religion while advocating natural religion based upon man s rational reasoning. Deism deemed the oppression of heretics and religious wars to be the acts of mere fanatics, and instead it promoted tolerance. Deism s main tenet joined together reason and religion, requiring that a man look to the former, to that point of commonality linking all of humanity, to free himself from religious 1. Peter Berger, Jonggyo-wa sahoe, trans. Yi Yang-gu (Seoul: Chongno Book Center, 1981), pp ; originally published as The Social Reality of Religion.
5 On the Discourse of Religious Freedom in Modern Korea 73 the framework of modernity. Yet the very absoluteness of the individual s rights entailed inherent conflicts. In the event that every individual s rights were truly extended without limit, there would inevitably arise conflicts with the rights of other individuals, and when taken to an extreme, this logic leads to every individual s freedom being threatened. Therefore, encountering this situation, the free individual will create society in order to to iron out conflicting interests through rational calculation. The civil society formed in this process is distinctly separate from the state. 5 The separation of public and private, a unique feature of modernity, arose in connection with the formation of a relationship between the individual and society. Thus the economy and politics, centering around the institutions of the market and the state, became public domain, while the family and the individual were relegated to the private domain. 6 The principle of the separation of church and state arose within this process of defining the bounds of the public and private. Basically the political world called for this principle requiring a separation between religious and political spheres. Politics in the modern world was essentially a public realm ruled by reason that was incompatible with religion, which was a realm ruled by the supernatural and irrational, thus making it quite necessary to prevent the latter s involvement in the former. However, religion in the modern world could not be completely eliminated. Instead, religion was allotted a kind of protected area. This protected area was the private domain, and it was in this domain that religious freedom is guaranteed. Within this private domain, individuals formed group entities, or churches based on free expressions of faith. The religious group enti- 5. Ibid. 6. In the event that emphasis is placed on the separation of state and civil society, it can be said that politics and the government belong to the public domain, while economics and civil society belong to the private domain. Shlomo Avineri, Karl Marx-ui sahoe sasang-gwa jeongchi sasang, trans. Yi Hong-gu (Seoul: Kachi, 1983), pp ; originally published as The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx.
7 On the Discourse of Religious Freedom in Modern Korea 75 in choosing and adhering to any religion would destroy the Catholic Church, and termed such freedom of religion a monster. This attitude is based on their logic that abstract truth, not the individual, is the holder of freedoms, and other misguided religions were the object of tolerance not the subject of freedom. 7 In a society where Catholicism was the religion of the majority such a rigid stance might have been possible, but in a society where Catholicism was in the minority it was difficult for the Catholic Church to uphold its principle of intolerance. Particularly when faced with competition from native religions or pressure from states as yet un-christianized, the Catholic Church could not help but actively promote the idea of religious freedom in order to justify its proselytizing activities. Accordingly, in an epistle by a missionary who had carried out his work in secret in nineteenth-century Joseon (Chos n), the words freedom of religion (la liberté religieuse) frequently appear. Father Pourthié referred to Joseon in a letter as a country with absolutely no intention of permitting freedom of religion, 8 and Bishop Berneux said the hope that freedom of religion would come to Joseon has proven ill founded. 9 In A History of the Catholic Church in Joseon, written by Dallet, the author says, If we had demanded in Joseon the same freedom of religion that we have just secured in China, freedom of religion would have been accepted in Joseon, too. 10 As can be seen from these writings, the Catholic Church promoted or oppressed free- 7. For a more concrete understanding of the Catholic Church s position on religious freedom, see A Record of the Second Vatican Meeting 5 (1993); Ku Byeong-jin, Gatolik gyohoe-wa jonggyo jayu (The Catholic Church and Freedom of Religion) I, Sinhak jeonmang (Journal of Catholic Theology) (spring 1981); Jonggyo jayu-wa in-gwon Jonggyo jayu-ui yulli sinhakjeok gochal (Religious Freedom and Human Rights A Moral and Theological View on Freedom of Religion), Hyeondae gatollik sasang (Contemporary Catholic Thought) 2 (1988). 8. Ch. Dallet, Histoire de l église de Corée, tome II (Paris: Librairie Victor Palme, 1874), p Ibid., p Ibid., p. 443.
8 76 KOREA JOURNAL / SPRING 2001 dom of religion as appropriate to the situation, maintaining a double stance that persisted until the Second Vatican Council. 11 To the French missionaries working in Joseon at the time, freedom of religion simply meant Freedom of Catholicism. In the France-Korea Treaty of 1886, the French side insisted on the inclusion of the ambiguous term enlighten ( ). The French missionaries took the inclusion of this term as permission from the Joseon government to conduct missionary activities, while the Korean government had not meant the inclusion of this term as any kind of formal statement allowing such missionary work. However, the missionary activities of the Catholic Church from the time of this treaty were given a kind of tacit approval by the Korean government. The combination of this tacit approval and the missionaries rights of extra-territoriality imparted upon these Westerners great power. As Catholic missionaries appeared to Joseon people to be possessing strong power even the royal court could not control, society s weak began to convert to Catholicism in order to take advantage of the missionaries extra-territorial rights and the power of Catholicism, rather than out of their own faith and religious conscience. In this way, some Catholics began using the church to pursue worldly benefits, thus leading to repeated clashes with local officials and citizens. In attempts to resolve these clashes, concordats between the Joseon government and the missionaries were signed on several occasions. The key contents of the first Concordat (1899), the second Concordat (1901), and the third Concordat (1904), signed between the Catholic Church and the Joseon government, basically state that missionaries can not take part in administrative state affairs, and government officials can not interfere in missionary activities. 12 Through 11. This is similar to the case of the Puritans, who preached freedom of religion when they were the minority in Europe, but who then did not heed this idea once they became the majority in the New World. Sidney E. Mead, The Lively Experiment: The Shaping of Christianity in America (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1963), pp (article 2).
9 On the Discourse of Religious Freedom in Modern Korea 77 these agreements, the Korean government and the Catholic Church relegated government business and church business each to its own particular domain and thereby took the first steps in defining and recognizing, according to the modern understanding of the term, the separation of church and state. Yet these agreements mention only the distinction between the roles of government and the church, not an individual s freedom of faith. Later the Catholic Church sought to further this principle through the church published newspaper Kyunghyang Shinmun. An editorial stated, All will be well if the state attends to worldly affairs to ensure happiness in this world, and the church attends to the affairs of the afterworld to attain happiness there. 13 This article clearly stated the logic that the state must watch over worldly business and the church must watch over business pertaining to the next world. Furthermore, the government s role was defined as follows: The government has two responsibilities. One is to avoid impairing religion or morality and to punish those who do so; the vital importance to each man of religion and morality must be recognized. Those who disparage the value of religion and morality are a danger to all men and as such they must be punished just as one who commits any other act of evil. Furthermore, in conducting its business through laws and state officials, the government must not act contrary to religion or morality. The second responsibility of the government goes beyond merely ensuring that morality and religion are not disparaged; that is, the government must actively assist morality and religion to prosper. 14 In other words, morals and religion are essential to man, and thus the state must not only protect them both, but also promote them. At the same time, this newspaper stressed that the church must not interfere in worldly affairs and must not break the laws of the state. 15 Further- 13. The Purpose of a State, Kyunghyang Shinmun, 19 November The Government Helps the People, Kyunghyang Shinmun, 16 December The Purpose of a State, Kyunghyang Shinmun, 19 November 1909.
10 78 KOREA JOURNAL / SPRING 2001 more, by stating, It is unavoidable that we follow all laws, 16 the church acknowledges that even bad laws must be obeyed. The church showed its political adaptation to the Japanese annexation of Korea in stating, The Church chooses to absolutery not interfere in politics, and this political stand is consistent before and after the annexation of Korea. 17 and The Catholic Church will not interfere in politics, unlike other newspapers. 18 In this way the Kyunghyang Shinmun clearly ex-pressed its non-political stance. This stance was maintained by the Catholic Church throughout the Japanese occupation. It cannot be said that the realm of the state and the realm of religion do not run counter each other. However, the Catholic Church strives to be a support to the state and does not obstruct the state in the conducting of its affairs. For did Christ not say, give unto heaven its due, and give unto Caesar his due. 19 Thus the modern Catholic Church in Korea strove to preserve a principle requiring the state to avoid interfering in church affairs, and it voluntarily ruled out its own involvement in politics. This aimed to the spread and acceptance of religious freedom. The most important matter for the church at the time was attaining the government s acceptance of missionary activities and its active protection of the whole church structure within the system of state laws. Therefore the Catholic Church s approach to religious freedom focused on preserving freedom of action for the church as an institution, while there was relatively little attention given to an individual s freedom of faith. In short, in the modern Catholic Church in Korea was established a discourse on freedom of religion by focusing on the freedom of the church. 16. Strict Regulation for Private Schools, Kyunghyang Shinmun, 18 September A Word on Annexation, Kyunghyang Shinmun, 9 September Ibid. 19. Gatollik cheongnyeon (The Young Catholic) (February 1935): p. 18.
11 On the Discourse of Religious Freedom in Modern Korea 79 Protestantism Protestants came from the United States at the time that Korea opened to the West and were well aware of the trials that the Catholic Church had faced. Rather than petitioning the Joseon government directly for permission to conduct missionary activities, the Protestants engaged in indirect missionary work such as building schools and hospitals in order to lay a foundation for later direct missionary activities. Shortly thereafter the Catholic Church obtained, through a series of agreements with the government, permission to freely conduct missionary work. The Protestant Church also benefitted from these same agreements. In such a way, the modern Protestant Church in Korea was lucky enough to secure freedom of religion without any theoretical or actual conflicts. In 1901, a resolution of Presbyterian Congregational Council for Missions offers a good illustration of the Protestant conception of religions freedom. There are five articles to this resolution, but the fourth is the most interesting. It proclaims, The church shall not force any church member to participate in state affairs, nor shall it prohibit such participation. Also, if any church member commits some mistake or crime vis-à-vis the state, this is not a matter which the church is responsible, nor is it a matter which the church should conceal. 20 In other words, the church would not interfere with a church member s individual political activities. However, more than emphasizing the individual s freedom of conscience, this resolution stresses the fact that the church does not take any responsibility for its members political actions. This stance is clearly defined by the remaining four articles. 1) The minister shall not participate in politics. 2) The church will instruct its members that state affairs and church affairs are separate, and that state affairs are not to be conducted in the church. 3) The church will instruct its members to obey the law, government officials, and the emperor. 4) 20. Geuriseudo sinmun, 3 October 1901.
12 80 KOREA JOURNAL / SPRING 2001 Political matters shall not be discussed in the church. 21 In the final analysis, it can be seen that this resolution places emphasis on the protection of the church through compliance with the political powers of the state rather than on any guarantees of the church members freedom of conscience. 22 If one examines the major incident in which the Protestant Church came into conflict with the Japanese authorities over the problem of securing religious freedom, it becomes very clear that freedom of the church was emphasized more than individual freedom of conscience. The first instance in which the Japanese Governor-General and the Protestant Church came into conflict over religious freedom revolved around religious education in the mission schools. The Governor-General at the time prohibited religious education in both private and public schools as part of the policy mandating a separation of religion and education. The Governor-General insisted that religious dogma fell solely in the jurisdiction of the church, while the business of education fell entirely within the jurisdiction of the government, and that just as the government must not intervene in affairs of religion, the church must not interfere in political administration, particularly that administrative sphere of education. 23 In response to this, the Protestant missionaries stated, In every country of the world, missionary schools possess the special right to hold religious ceremonies and to teach scripture, 24 and thus continuously demanded freedom of religious education. The Governor-General then ruled that all schools having religious education as a required subject should be officially downgraded on the government s ranking system of schools. They were no longer recognized as formal educational institutions. Despite the fact that this lack of official recognition by the government brought many disadvantages to 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. A. J. Brown, Japanese Nationalism and Mission Schools in Chosen, International Review of Mission (1919): p Bureau of Education, Government-General, (Christianity and Governing Joseon) (1920), p. 48.
13 On the Discourse of Religious Freedom in Modern Korea 81 the students after graduation, the Presbyterian missionaries retained the religious education system and resigned themselves to their schools greatly reduced position within the national educational hierarchy. This attempt by the Protestant missionaries to secure and maintain freedom for religious education in the mission schools is evidence that the missionaries considered these schools extremely important as grounds for missionary work. The operation of these schools was undertaken by Western missionaries themselves, so that in this particular incident there is no real indication of Korean church members stance on religious freedom. The Korean Protestant s position is more easily seen in the opposition movement to the law on religion. This law was first submitted to the Japanese imperial council in 1898, and after numerous revisions and rejections, it was finally passed in Each time the law was resubmitted to the council, there were, of course, minor corrections made. However, the main thrust of the law did not change. The law dealt with the control and restriction of religious organizations through the licensing of religious organizations, the qualification requirements of church leaders, and the incorporation of religious organizations. In response to the passing of this law, the Korean Protestant Church embarked upon an opposition movement based on the following logic. Politics has the political realm, and religion has the religious realm. Is not religion a matter of the soul, while politics deals with matters of state administration? One must not intrude upon the realm of the other. 25 In other words, state administration and control of matters that the church should rightly have the freedom to conduct runs contrary to the principle of a separation of church and state, and the contested law is a violation of the constitution s guarantee of religious freedom. This stance reveals the belief that freedom of religion has more to do with the freedoms of the church as an institution than 25. Yun Tae-gyeong, Jonggyobeop silsi-e gwanhan il gochal (An Inquiry into the Implementation of Religious Law), Gidok sinbo (Christian News Weekly), 15 January 1936.
14 82 KOREA JOURNAL / SPRING 2001 with an individuals freedom of conscience. At the end of the era of Japanese occupation, enforcement of the law requiring all Koreans to worship the Japanese Shinto shrine threatened the Protestants freedom of faith more than anything else. The Japanese government insisted that because worshipping the Shinto shrine was not termed a religious act but rather a duty of citizenship, every Japanese citizen regardless of faith had to participate. Nevertheless, most Protestants regarded worshipping the Japanese Shinto shrine as a kind of idolism, and as such it was seen as an act that ran counter to the tenets of the church and to their own conscience. Yet, the Korean church did not initiate any strong movement to oppose this forced worship, which was based on the freedom of conscience; only a minority of believers privately expressed their outrage. It was the American Protestant missionaries, not the Korean church leaders, who actively opposed the worshipping of the Japanese Shinto shrine, based on an appreciation of the sanctity of freedom of conscience. G. S. McCune, then head of Sungsil School, sent a letter to the governor of Pyeongannam-do province, clarifying his attitude shortly before resigning from his post. As a Christian, I believe I support the government and respect its officials.... In respect to the worship of the Japanese Shinto shrine, I understand the government s position that this is simply an act of patriotism. However, this worshipping is truly a matter related to religious belief. Furthermore, government officials have maintained that the government has no intention of forcing Christians to perform any actions that are offensive to their consciences. 26 He said that he had made this decision after careful consideration of the freedom of religion guaranteed by the constitution. In contrast to McCune, the Korean Protestant leaders acquiesced in the mandatory 26. Kim Seung-tae, ed., Hanguk gidokgyo-wa sinsa chambae munje (Korean Christianity and the Worshipping of the Japanese Shinto Shrine) (Seoul: Institute for Korean Church History, 1991), p. 382.
16 84 KOREA JOURNAL / SPRING 2001 Formation of Modernity and Discourse on Freedom of Religion While the Catholic Church and the Protestant Church, as one religious organization, opened the discussion on religious freedom in the context of missionary work, modern intellectuals debated religious freedom outside the context of any specific religion. These intellectuals can be divided into citizen-centered or state-centered, according to whether they stressed the rights of the citizens or the rights of the state. The former emphasized the utmost importance of freedom for the individual and the individual s rights, while the latter gave precedence to the state s rights under the assumption that individual rights can only be guaranteed if the state s rights are secure. Each camp differed in its approach to religious freedom. State-Centered Thought and a State Religion A great number of intellectuals at the time that Korea opened to the West advocated the reformation of Korea into a strong modern state in order to confront the imperialistic encroachments from Japan and the West. They divided the indicators of a strong nation into tangible factors, such as intellectual power, military might, and financial power, and intangible factors, and placed religion in the latter category. 28 Here, intangible power was considered as a driving force behind tangible power. 29 Therefore, intellectuals believed that a national spirit of independence could be preserved and national sovereignty restored as long as the intangible power of religion was protected, even if tangible factors such as wealth and military might were weak. 30 Yet, at this time there was not just one religion. Traditional reli- 28. Competition among Religions, Daehan maeil sinbo (Korea Daily News), 12 July Building a Strong Nation through Religion, Daehan maeil sinbo, 1 December Ibid.
18 86 KOREA JOURNAL / SPRING 2001 fered from the concept of Confucian state already in existence since the founding of the Joseon dynasty. This difference arose from the fact that state-centered thought had already absorbed Western Europe s notions of modernity. While the Confucian state did not differentiate between politics and religion, or the state and religion, statecentered thought both differentiated between these two realms and sought to employ religion as an engine promoting national unity under the nation-state system. Given this fact, state-centered thought was similar to the Western view of religion in the era of absolutism, which held that without religious unity national unity could not be easily achieved, 35 and thus attempted to take religion as a driving force behind nation building. Then, as the country fell under the rule of Japan, the colonial authorities inherited this view under the slogan of Shintoism as state religion. Citizen-Centered Thought and Freedom of Religion Supporters of state-centered thought looked for the driving force behind Western civilization in the idea of a state religion. In contrast, supporters of citizen-centered thought looked for this driving force in the notion of freedom. The citizen-centered thinkers saw Luther s Reformation as the starting point of Western ideas on freedom. Under the tyranny of the Roman Catholic Church, many countries of medieval Europe were denied ideological, academic, and political freedom, thus creating a world of darkness. Martin Luther, perhaps the greatest man of the sixteenth century, brought about an event that laid the foundations of modern civilization. Finally man was able to live a free life, science and culture advanced, and it became possible to begin the construction of a free political society.... The worst abuse brought on by religious despotism is the binding of man s soul and intellect, the repression of his talents and potential. Thus, if the condition of slavery is not done away with, how can man build a civilization based on free thought and the expected 35. Leo Pfeffer, Church, State, and Freedom (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967), p. 26.
19 On the Discourse of Religious Freedom in Modern Korea 87 realization of civilization based on his potential? 36 Thus, despite the fact that the absolutism of the Catholic Church oppressed the academic thinking of the people and imposed restraints on their political activities, through Luther s Reformation in the sixteenth century great developments in knowledge and culture were in fact made, and freedom in political society became a real possibility. These developments related to the freedom of ideas served as the foundation upon which modern civilization was built. Discussions of freedom as it is defined in modern society emerged at this time as an important topic of intellectual discussion. Yu Seongjun, younger brother of the enlightenment thinker Yu Gil-jun, had this to say about the freedom of ideas. As the most spiritual of all things in the world, man received his defining characteristic [reason] from Heaven and has unlimited freedom to use both his mind and body as he sees fit. Thus man, an independent entity, is not inextricably bound to do either right or wrong within himself, nor is he to be dominated by the thoughts of others externally. In choosing between good and evil man simply follows his own consciousness, and he will not bear being forced by anyone to accept or perform ideas or actions that stand contrary to his personal beliefs. 37 To Yu Seong-jun, man is born with the inherent and divine right to make use of both his body and soul as he sees fit, without interference from any other man. Modern freedom as defined by enlightenment thinkers of that time was an inclusive term encompassing such notions as the freedom of body and the right to live, the right to own property, freedom of occupation, freedom of assembly, and freedom of speech. Freedom of religion was always mentioned as one among many. Yu Gil-jun explained freedom of religion like this. 36. Hwangseong sinmun, 20 November Yu Seong-jun, Beophak tongnon (An Introduction to Law) (Seoul: The Asian Culture Press, 1981), p. 384.
21 On the Discourse of Religious Freedom in Modern Korea 89 his proposal an article stressing that Christian missionary activities should not then be allowed. 40 Thus, he acknowledged freedom of religion while at the same time maintaining a negative view of the introduction of Western religions. This kind of dual stance can be said to characterize discourses on religious freedom at this time of national crisis. Yu Gil-jun, an enlightenment thinker representative of his peers, held a similar view of freedom of religion. He raised the question of whether it would be feasible to tax the people to support a particular religion. He suggested a hypothetical situation. That is, some people insisted on giving financial support to religion because it made the world beautiful and nurtured love among believers. 41 Conversely, others argued that the provision of such financial support was not really practical, as there was more than just one religion, and to choose one at the expense of another would be an offense against the people s freedom of choice. 42 Those opposing financial aid to any faith pointed out that even if aid were offered to many religions in order to remedy the bias of supporting just one, the complexity of the endeavor would make it nearly impossible to carry out. They also indicated that such a policy would disgruntle some people and thereby lead to disturbing the tranquility of the state. 43 Referring to this problem, Yu Gil-jun offers a solution based on the people s level of education. The traditions and customs of our country have not yet advanced beyond a rudimentary level, and as a result, the education of our citizens is not carried out on a widespread or systematic basis, leaving the public mind far from fully developed. For this reason, implementation of the first recommendation seems to be the better choice. Because the citizens are not educated, they cannot judge between good and bad for themselves and accordingly they tend to become engrossed in licentious lives and fall prey to the seduction 40. Ibid. 41. Yu Gil-jun, op. cit., p Ibid. 43. Ibid.
22 90 KOREA JOURNAL / SPRING 2001 of strange and uncanny ways. The foolish look only to distinguish between worldly fortune and woe, and the poor poison their hearts with thoughts of riches, all of which has thrown our country s traditions into a great confusion. 44 As people held a low level of education, they can not judge between good and bad for themselves, and are likely to fall into strange and unnatural means of searching for pleasure and riches, and this made chaos of the peoples spiritual and mundane lives. Because following the second recommendation would cause much damage, the government must exert effort to maintain a religion esteemed by the nation so that the peoples lives and spiritual growth are not cut short. 45 However, there was also a provision stating that believers of religions other than that supported by the government should not be forced to abandon their faith, and moreover, these non-state religions should enjoy the protection of the government. 46 This is because all religions possess in common that quality of justice that respects the state and that sense of integrity that honors the king. 47 He maintained that if all the citizens were sufficiently educated, the government would have no right to interfere in religious matters, and in such a case, taxes collected to support a state religion could not be justified. 48 In this way, Yu Gil-jun, despite his recognition of freedom of religion as a basic ingredient of a civilized nation, deemed it inevitable to allow government to temporally support a specific religion in its favor given the peculiar circumstances of the time. In other words, until the Korean people had attained a certain cultural enlightenment through education, it was deemed necessary and proper for the government to guide the religious lives of its citizens. Even the citizen-centered thinkers who, unlike the state-centered thinkers, considered freedom of religion to be a basic human right 44. Ibid. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid.
24 92 KOREA JOURNAL / SPRING 2001 of the Catholic and Protestant churches was to secure freedom of proselytizing activities from state power. Both religions strove to attain this goal by calling on adherence to the principle of separation between church and state. In other words, rather than charging the political power with injustice, the Catholic and Protestant churches submitted to this system and demanded the allocation of a small, protected sphere of operations as the price of their submission. Both religions expanded the freedom of the church through their dealings with the government, though they devoted relatively little attention to the individual s freedom of conscience. The problems of group selfishness and authoritarianism that are currently being exposed within Korean Christianity have their roots in these historical developments. Korean Christianity, which has grown into a massive social force, has insulated its repressive inner structure from social criticism and observation by extolling the virtues of religious and church freedoms. One of the internal causes perpetuating this repressive structure is the church s historical lack of experience with freedom of conscience. When Korean Christianity used the separation of church and state to insulate itself from social and state scrutiny and erect an internal authoritarian structure, the layman s freedom of conscience could not act as a restraint to the church s power. Therefore, in the future, discussions on freedom of religion in Korea must focus more on the dynamic relationship between freedom of conscience and freedom of the church.


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Welcome to the DMT-Nexus » WELCOME AREA (new members can post here) » Welcome discussion » Unbearable ego death - could it be different?
I'd arguably had a few breakthroughs before but nothing coming close to what I'd read in some reports. One day, after smoking from the same classic vapor genie for a while without ever properly cleaning it, I accidentally got a huge dose which could easily have been 100-200mg. Maybe it was a new lighter or I was holding it differently or whatever. I didn't even fully breathe in a single time but it was the densest vapor I'd ever had and then something happened that never had before.
I'd had sort of ego deaths before but it was more like getting extremely immersed but this time was different. It was like violently getting ripped from my physical body. I remember trying to swallow but half way through I got disconnected from my body completely and could not finish swallowing. At that moment I knew I was in for hell of a ride. The next thing I remember is feeling like I was having a horrible realization about the nature of reality, also with a character of deja-vu. It felt like waking up from a nice dream into a nightmarish reality. Remembering that all that is important to me was just an illusion. Then I went into an intense ego death like never before.
The most similar experience I'd had before was actually on lsd, not dmt. It felt like I was becoming one with everything. I was the entire universe as a single conscious being, but I did not have control over anything, I was just forced to experience everything. A horrible onslaught of chaotic experience, all at the same time, but time didn't really seem to exist. The experience was also very physical. I felt like being pulled, twisted, contorted, twitching uncontrollably in both ecstasy and pain. Feeling every emotion and sensation at the same time, experiencing everything that is possible repeating infinitely. And it was unbearable. Unbelievably stressful and unrelenting. All I wanted was for it to end.
Then came the next stage. I kind of found myself back in reality, but at that point I did not understand reality yet, and I still kind of thought reality was what I had experienced just before. I was still tripping hard at this point but I was walking around in my apartment and trying to make sense of anything, feeling horrible existential anxiety. Feeling trapped in this state of insanity. I thought I was stuck in a time loop of sorts, with constant intense feelings of deja-vu. Every action I took trying to escape this was followed by a horrible realization that I done the same fruitlessly an infinite number of times before. As I was walking around in my apartment and looking at objects everything felt weird and wrong. Some words popped up in my mind, basic things like my name, my girlfriend's name, the name of my country, city, "human", "room", "mirror", "microwave", "language", "word" ... but I did not understand language yet or what those words meant fully and they seemed strange and wrong somehow. I was feeling horrible existential anxiety while this lasted but eventually I regained more clarity and soon I was mostly back to normal.
With all my previous dmt trips I had been back to normal 100% after just half an hour or so but this time there were some lingering effects. Thinking of the trip was causing intense feeling of existential dread. This was in the evening and I went to bed soon after and a horrible night filled with nightmares followed. It's been a few weeks now and I'm still feeling some derealization and the occasional anxiety/dread. Most nights I've been having nightmares, particularly ones with sleep paralysis. I've had quite intense flashbacks at night, almost like being back in that trip, and I'm not sure if they were dreams. Also very unusual nightmares in general and very physical ones, like where gravity was going crazy and I was being pulled and thrown around in my bed and against the wall.
It is getting better and I've had weaker but similar after effects twice before, once after weed and once after lsd so I'm not particularly worried. Also benzos always make it go away 100% while they last (and I have an ample prescription for my social anxiety). It is at the worst while I am alone and the derealization is usually triggered visually. Just today I found out that strangely wearing shades in my apartment helps a lot. Maybe because when wearing shades altered visuals are natural/expected so when I get the feeling that what I'm seeing is somehow strange/wrong it doesn't trigger anxiety as much.
I've read so many glowing reports about ego death. About a glowing warm white light, infinity, nothingness, a peacefulness, relaxation, serenity, bliss etc.
People often write that you may feel anxiety on the comeup but after your ego dies there is no negativity anymore. Now I wasn't feeling anxiety at the peak but it was extremely unpleasant.
So I wonder, is this the same ego death that everyone is experiencing and I'm just not the kind of person who enjoys it? Or are there very different kinds of ego deaths. I really want to experience this peaceful kind of ego death that people describe but I'm afraid to try for I never want to experience the one that I have again and I kind of feel all the psychedelics I've tried so far are taking me to this same place at higher doses.
I might be able to obtain some 5-meo which I guess is most often associated with what I want to experience and also said to be distinctly different from traditional psychedelics but I'm still afraid it might be the same for me and that this is just how I personally experience ego death.
Is there maybe anyone who's had both experiences, the one I described and the positive one of "the void" that so many people write about?
From my perspective, as someone who has been through many insanity-inducing, ego-eradicating psychedelic trips (which some people might usually label "good" or "bad" ), I would implore you to take a long break from psychedelics to allow for a long integration period so as to let your heart, mind, soul and body process this experience as best they can.
Furthermore, I would highly recommend taking up regular meditation practices and exercise to work through your anxiety and working with your doctor regarding weaning off the benzos.
Now, some here will disagree with this point of view, but I stand firmly by it. Benzodiazepines, (like all pharmaceutical drugs that are used to cover up anxiety issues) will retard spiritual growth (I won't even get into what havoc they wreak upon the body/mind) and you will only get so far with psychedelics while employing them.
Again, some here will disagree with this point of view, but I've learned many things through a life lived always taking the path least traveled. At the acupuncture clinic that I used to manage, we treated so many sweet, kind people for benzodiazepine (and many other anxiolytic) withdrawal symptoms that ranged from mild to horrendous. These poor people had no idea what they were getting into when the doctor prescribed these drugs to them. Like most folks, they never considered that simply suppressing anxiety with a drug does absolutely nothing to resolve the underlying issues that produce the symptoms of anxiety in the first place.
Remember that the most precious, valuable things in life are hard-earned and the more responsibility you take for your entire self, in all its aspects, good, bad and ugly, the more free you become as a human soul existing on this plane. Life is incredibly hard work all the time if one expects to be ready to die at any moment, which more or less is the ultimate goal, yes? I mean, death is the ultimate psychedelic trip that we all are going to take sooner or later, guaranteed.
I sincerely wish you the best of luck sighmon!
Oh, I'm not "on" benzos like that. I only take them like once or twice a week for stressful situations at work. Been using them like that for years and I have no tolerance. I've also never taken them together with psychedelics. They are extremely effective though, both for anxiety and this derealization I've been having now.
I wouldn't trip again until I'm fully back to normal anyway.
Frankly, I don't buy into this idea that death is anything like psychedelic experiences. Near death experiences perhaps but not actual death. It seems far more natural to think of death as unconsciousness, rather than some special conscious state.
You must surrender, accept, and then the death of the ego will be many times easier. Just your connection with the body is too strong, and you can not imagine how to exist without it. Be a point of view, not a part of the body, and everything will be all right.
But I was completely disconnected from my body before it even really started. At the peak I don't think I was resisting. It didn't seem like there was a point in resisting. Even during the come-up I don't think I resisted. I've resisted in earlier trips but this time I didn't feel like I was given a choice. Like I said, it kinda felt like awaking from a nice dream into a horrible reality. I wished it were otherwise but I knew that it wasn't, so there was no way to resist I could think of. I mean, how do you resist reality? And I certainly didn't resist "going further" in any sense because I thought this was the worst possible state and I would've gladly accepted any change at all.
....it kinda felt like awaking from a nice dream into a horrible reality.
So your reality was replaced. Accept it as best you can. Attempting to make any sense of it is a moot point. If it was horrible, accept that. Move on and try and not dwell on it. Perhaps there are some things going on in your mind and in your life that brought about this reaction to your trip. We are never guaranteed a smooth ride. Try and take a step back from it all and enjoy the insanity or unsanity.
If this happens again, it will be familiar to you. You may have an easier time stepping outside of the emotions that come up and observe from a new perspective. It sounds like your perspective was from that of the ego. Ego death, there is no longer you. Only awareness. Be aware of everything you are experiencing, observing and feeling and do your best to step out of it. Allowing it to be what it chooses to be. Acceptance and gratitude is very strong medicine.
You may challenge all this and say 'I did let go! I was outside of it! etc..' My opinion is that if you had bad feelings and a difficult trip, you were in it with your ego. It suffered and you attached to it and suffered with it. You can choose a new perspective at any time. These experiences can be laughed off and chocked up to a hyperslap. Move on and look forward to the next pleasent trip. Try and work on any issues or problems you may be having in your life and this will aid you in promoting a better journey next go round with psychedelics.
It is perfectly normal and ok to get sucked into a difficult trip. It happens to the best of us. Like I said, don't dwell on it. Accept that it occured and try and find some humor in it if you can. I hope you can find a new perspective that empowers you. When things are difficult is when we can learn the most. Look for any lessons you can find.
I hope this is helpful for you in some way. We all approach things differently. I am sure you will find your own way and integrate this experience in time.
I don't think I'm having much difficulty integrating the specific experience. I don't think it was anything more than a delusion/hallucination so it doesn't affect me much. The problem is more that the trip showed me how fragile my conception of reality is which triggered a general kind of existential anxiety. Like the idea of possibly being a "brain in a vat" for example. Of course I knew about/pondered such things on occasion before but in a more detached way. Now such thoughts fill me with a kind of anxiety/dread that they didn't use to.
But anyways, this thread is not about coping with the experience. I'm sure this will go away with time. I'm just curious if it is possible for me to experience the positive "void" that I often see described or if this already was it and I just interpret it differently/cannot enjoy it. Of course in a sense every trip may be unique and it's different for every person too but I thought ego-death was sort of an exception to that. At least there seems to be this "void" that many people experience almost exactly the same.
So what you're suggesting then is that this is a "lesser stage" of full ego death which would be like "the void"? Have you experienced the void? And have you ever experienced something like what I did? Or a different ego death experience altogether?
I guess trying it again might help but it's gonna be a very long time before I dare to try something with the expectation of going back to this state if ever. If I knew on the other hand that 5-meo practically guarantees a different kind of experience it would be a lot easier.
I believe I have been in the so-called 'void'. Total nothingness. Void of light, sound, and ego. It felt familiar and also felt like I was only an awareness. I had no me left. I was in this dark place and that was it. I have also had the opposite, in the light. That also felt familiar, like home. I felt peace and joy and gratitude. In this light was just an awareness with no remnants of me. I felt as if I was everything.
The void....the light... I dunno if these are good enough words to describe it all. In both places I lost myself entirely and felt I was in these places for eons. A part of me feels like I am in these places all the time. Existing in both, simultaneously.
I would not say you experienced anything 'lesser'. The ego can be dissolved in so many ways. It does what it can to survive. Clawing, kicking and screaming. When it is gone it is gone. You lose any sense of who you were. Sounds like you were right there.
Do you feel like your ego died? If so, what remained? And why was what remained feeling so like it all was unbearable? Why was this new reality horrible? My feeling is that the ego was still present enable for these feeling to be present. What do you think?
I'm sorry. I think you misunderstood my seriousness regarding the benzodiazepine factor.
Also, experiencing something so different from reality made me more aware that I'm not experiencing reality directly but rather through a model in my head built from qualia. And the idea of what I'm seeing not being something external but something inside my brain kind of creeps me out/makes me feel some dread for some reason. Only my visual qualia trigger this though for some reason.
I also was only awareness in a sense. I didn't have a human body and I didn't have real thoughts either at the peak I think, but I still had a will kind of (which wanted anything but this) though arguably the whole universe was my "body" and I was aware of everything anything or anyone was experiencing in the universe and experiencing it myself. Or at least that's how I interpreted it right after the experience, inspired by other reports and the kind of psychedelic mysticism I've read about. After thinking about it more, probably what it actually was is rather that I just had very chaotic abnormal inputs on all my senses, maybe from some kind of synesthesia or just internal noise.
it and it was just too much to take. I felt like I was experiencing good and bad things at the same time, but that didn't make the experience neutral. Imagine listening to your favorite song, that may be pleasant, but listening to your 10 favorite songs at the same time is not gonna be 10 times as pleasant or probably pleasant at all. That's how I felt on all my senses, including physical sensations which were the worst part. But if it's not like you're experiencing everything, then how do you know you are everything?
When I read your other descriptions it sounds kind of like sensory deprivation which I would probably find pleasant and relaxing but that part is ambiguous and could also mean the exact opposite.
I didn't feel like the ego died so much as I realized it had never existed. That was during the short come-up, right after being disconnected from my physical body. Arguably I had a "new ego" after that, but it had nothing to do with my normal one, and it was very basic, without thoughts or memories, only awareness, chaotic perceptions that were just felt but not attributable to anything like a body part and a will sort of.
I would heed the advice from Doc!
It can all feel very chaotic at times. So much coming in at the same time that it can be hard to make anything out of it. Focus is something that helps. When you are in a room of a large group of people, like a party, and you are talking to someone, you can focus on that one conversation you are having. The rest of the noise can be droned out.
I call all the noise 'side shows'. Try and pay attention to what is right in front of you. Try and focus on one thing. Try and let it all go. Intention can be very helpful to aid this. Meditation prior to lift off can be helpful. Maybe try a lower dose and work up. Find a sweet spot where it doesn't all feel chaotic. You could also think about harmalas. Harmalas when combined with DMT can provide a relatively gentler experience. DMT alone can be very much like a bungee jump, intense and straight up and down. Adding harmalas can feel much smoother in transitions and that can help focus.
Either way you slice it, it sounds like a powerful experience. Quiet your mind before next time, set and intention and stick with it. Look for silence in your mind before the journey. I think we all get caught up in side shows in this reality and in hyperspace. The noise of life can overwhelm, the noise of the mind can feel chaotic, the pure stream of information we recieve when we ingest DMT can feel out of control. I feel if you are experiencing chaos, that is a lesson. A lesson to be less chaotic in your mind. Intention and focus is what I think are needed. Make of this what you will, it is just my two sense. I feel the more you are talking about it, the more it will start to make sense to you. Talking about this stuff really helps.
I'll definitely be more mindful with dosage and start low when I dare tripping again. I've bought a gvg and a milligram scale to be sure I avoid accidental breakthroughs like that in the future.
My set & setting was always perfect, but actually I've found with dmt breakthroughs unlike with more mild psychedelics it doesn't really carry over into the trip anyway.
The problem with trying to steer the experience like you're describing is that at the peak of intense trips I never remember stuff like that, and even with less intense ones I may remember but I can no longer understand why I'm supposed to do it, or even get paranoid about it and suddenly think it's some sort of a trick on me and that I mustn't do it. Have you done that consciously or is it more like you intuitively learn it after tripping a lot?
Also, when you experienced the void, did you still have that kind of noise but were able to ignore it?
Have you done that consciously or is it more like you intuitively learn it after tripping a lot?
It becomes more familiar and therefore easier in many ways. What helps the most is focus and intention before the journey. So much of what we experience is out of our hands once we touch the pipe to our lips.
The noise I think is in the mind, in the ego. When the ego is not present, the noise is not present. Meditation has helped me see this in my own mind. It is a lot of noise and when observed, over time, the noise of the mind settles. Practice meditation and I feel you will understand this all to clearly. The mind is a tool, another sense, yet we buy into it and it becomes the greater thing. The mind and the thoughts it creates are not the essence of who you are. It is only one tool, one sense in the greater being that you are. There is so much more to us than the noise in our minds. The silence is there if we seek it within ourselves.
DmnStr8 is giving you very useful advice. I hope you got something out of what he said.
The only thing I might add is that the ego is an impermanent reality. You are not an ego, you are the eternal awareness of all consciousness. Don't focus so much on losing you, ultimately there is no you. Focus more on embracing the truth of our oneness, not yourself. For me it was easy because all I ever cared about is the truth. I was willing to die for it and at a young age I knew it was there waiting for me to come of age. For some, it can be scary to let go of the illusion of self. I assure you when you are truly ready, there will be nothing but unconditional love waiting.
The realization that you are something ineffable that is beyond life and death and also an expression of the great spirit is a powerful moment. The moment of the eternal now. One of an ineffable nature. The nature of the true self. The eternal soul.
Don't focus so much on a void of nothingness, this is your ego mind playing tricks on itself. There is no such thing as nothing, only everything. Let go and dissolve into the light until nothing is left of you. This is the true and permanent awakening. The absolute reality of infinite oneness and eternal love.
What others mean when they say "I felt like everything." is exactly that. We are everything. There is only one consciousness. Everything is this one consciousness and all things are a manifestation of that. It is the great spirit. It is all being and the ground of all being. It is the absolute reality and also the illusion. I call it God, some call it Brahman, Buddha, non-duality, oneness, infinite consciousness etc. Ultimately what we are talking about now is the absolute reality. It is beyond logical understanding. It has to be experienced and when you do, it's undeniable. It is the spirit. The importance is being aware of it and embracing the truth of divinity and love. Acknowledgement of it will enhance your awareness of it and knowledge will be given to you when the time is right.
I hope this is enough information to help you for now.
It's hard to truly and openly face those deep waters when we enter them (willingly or unwillingly), especially when you can become flooded with those realizations - when it feels so inescapably innate to the entirety of the experience as it's happening, self-evident, (and often laughable at how self-evident it is) infusing itself into every fiber of your being and that knowing that can come on the real deep ones, it can become inescapable past a certain point, while you're in the depths of it.
Just keep working with it, don't get too hung up on others and what they've experienced, the fact that you're able to even experience what you have ..at all...that's something so incredibly special imho, something a whole lot of people can't say that they've done [referring to most everyday folk] or will ever do.
In terms of integration, it is an integral approach I'd like to emphazise. It is the paradoxon, all one and inseparable in the now, forever, and separate (in the illusion of self) at the same time (now). More realities (All) can exist at the same time in the same frame and we live (are) both (all).
And try not to ever get used to just one experience or a string of experiences, things can always flip without warning, things can change in the blink of an eye.
Haha, these events are "small" reminder to keep online (open and mindful) in the here and now and not to fall back into unconscious autopilot of the "known". If fallen back, these slaps will definitely wake you up... hahaha..
I (mind) always want something to cling myself on, to know something to hold on, maybe to rest the mind and to derive orientation in minds dualistic paradigm (f.e. what is (dys-)functional for my living? What is right, what's wrong, ..). To me, it appears like "sitting", my mind wants to sit (know, understand,..), to make it easy and comfortable. Everytime I think "Ah.. now I know" and try to sit, life just tears away the chair of illusion of "knowing" and I fall on the ground. Thus, keep on standing and being still.
It is the paradoxon, all one and inseparable in the now, forever, and separate (in the illusion of self) at the same time (now). More realities (All) can exist at the same time in the same frame and we live (are) both (all).
65d3e4c5ed6ec7d05e45597ec4ffc4ae.jpg (72kb) downloaded 236 time(s).
I just can't believe in this psychedelic mysticism. The feeling of oneness is too easily explained as a delusion due to altered brain function. It even seems quite obvious that the more limited your mental faculties the more reality would seem like that. Not to say that it couldn't be true but I don't think the psychedelic experience is credible evidence for it.
Also, "unconsciousness" doesn't really seem to fit into this worldview.
For me, the experience hasn't really provided any answers of this sort, only brought up or made me more aware of the questions.


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Q: How to find all values in column A but not in column B in excel? find all data from A column which are not in B column ?
for example and both A and B columns are not sorted,
A        B
111    222
222    111
555
444

then I'd like to have
555
444
in column C

i think there is a way to find this in excel, can someone remind me of?

A: Please enter the formula below in C2 and copy down.
=IF(COUNTIF(B:B,A2),"",A2)

Next, copy / Paste Special > Values to replace the formulas with values and then sort or filter to [re]move the blanks.

A: Assuming your data starts in A1 with no headers, you can place this array-formula in C1 and fill down:
=IFERROR(INDEX($A$1:$A$4,SMALL(IF(ISERROR(MATCH($A$1:$A$4,$B$1:$B$2,0)),ROW($A$1:$A$4)),ROW(1:1))),"")
The array-formula needs to be saved to just C1 using CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER, and then filled down after saving.
Adjust A1:A4 and B1:B2 ranges to include all of your data.

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