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Q: Explain the difference between Intent and PendingIntent What is the difference between Intent and Pending Intent.Basically I know Intent ,It is used when startActivity(intent), startService(intent) call and also used in putExtra().But Where I can use Pending Intent.Please clarify.

A: Pending intent is intent which will start later on.
Normal intent is start at the time when passed to startActivity(intent) or StartService(intent)

A PendingIntent is a token that you give to another application (e.g. Notification Manager, Alarm Manager or other 3rd party applications), which allows this other application to use the permissions of your application to execute a predefined piece of code. To perform a broadcast via a pending intent so get a PendingIntent via PendingIntent.getBroadcast(). To perform an activity via an pending intent you receive the activity via PendingIntent.getActivity().

A: A PendingIntent is to Activity, Broadcast or Service.
Why use PendingIntent?
Because, for example, if you want to create an Bluetooth Intent and you make it like this:
Intent myIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
startActivity(myIntent);

You will not have the permission to enable Bluetooth which is: android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN, so you must to create a PendingIntent and with it, you don't need to have permission in this new Intent.
In other words: This allows the foreign application to use your application's permissions to execute a predefined piece of code.
It's a token that you give to another application (eg NotificationManager, AlarmManager or a third application).
You can start a new Activity: getActivity(Context context, int requestCode, Intent intent, int flags)
perform a Broadcast: getBroadcast(Context context, int requestCode, Intent intent, int flags)
or start a Service: getService(Context context, int requestCode, Intent intent, int flags)
"Note that the activity will be started outside of the context of an existing
activity, so you must use the Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK launch flag in the
Intent."

You can create new PendingIntent or use existing one with flags, see this answer: https://stackoverflow.com/a/15298131/2668136

See these tutorials for more informations:
1. Simple Launch Activity with PendingIntent
2. Alarm Service using AlarmManager
3. Android Notifications using NotificationManager
4. Using AlarmManager and BroadcastReceiver
The latter two are very simple and great.
Hope this is helpful and more comprehensible.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Coyotes Goaltending
THW's Goalie News: Shesterkin's Debut; Binnington's Anniversary & More
By Greg Boysen January 8th, 2020
Tuesday night was an exciting evening with 12 games across the National Hockey League. The busy schedule gave us plenty of goalie news, including a big debut on Broadway, some heroics in the desert and a victorious anniversary. In addition, we have a very deserving All-Star replacement.
Shesterkin Topples Avalanche in NHL Debut
As the old saying goes about New York City, "if you can make it here, you can make it anywhere." If this holds true, then Igor Shesterkin will have a very successful NHL career.
New York Rangers fans have been waiting a long time to see Shesterkin take the ice at Madison Square Garden. After being drafted in the fourth round of the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, he spent the last five seasons playing in his native Russian.
He finally came to North American for the 2019-20 season and has been spectacular in the American Hockey League. In 23 games with the Hartford Wolf Pack, Shesterkin posted a 1.93 goals-against average (GAA) and a .932 save percentage (SV%).
The 24-year-old netminder made his league debut Tuesday night and had a tall order with the high-powered offensive attack of the Colorado Avalanche in town. The nerves were apparent early as he gave up two goals on the first four shots he faced. He then settled in and gave up just one goal in the final 28 shots he saw in a 5-3 victory.
First @NHL start ✔
First Broadway hat ✔
Add it to the list. pic.twitter.com/Zm5ZibdIQD
— New York Rangers (@NYRangers) January 8, 2020
"On my way to the arena my hands were shaking, couldn't even drink water," Shesterkin said through a translator after the game. "But as I stepped on the ice, I felt everyone's support and energy and it really helped me."
Per NHL public relations, Shesterkin is just the fifth Rangers goaltender to win his league debut since 1980. The other four were Mackenzie Skapski (2105), Dan Cloutier (1998), Mike Richter (1989) and John Vanbiesbrouck (1981).
Hill Shines in First Start of the Season
As we talked about on Monday, the Arizona Coyotes are currently without their top two goaltenders as All-Star Darcy Kuemper and Antti Raanta are dealing with lower-body injuries. With the Coyotes right in the thick of the Pacific Division race, they cannot afford to surrender too many points.
Aiden Hill made his first start of the 2019-20 season at the Florida Panthers on Tuesday and he was the difference-maker in a 5-2 win. Hill, who made two relief appearances earlier this season, made 37 saves to lead the Coyotes to their fourth straight win.
How 'bout Hill tonight? pic.twitter.com/jvkDOwUBgq
— Arizona Coyotes (@ArizonaCoyotes) January 8, 2020
"A little bit nervous, but once you get to the rink and you get into your routine before the game, all that kind of disappears and you're just playing the game you love," a victorious Hill said. "I felt good. I guess I saw a lot of pucks. The guys did a great job locking it down for me for the first game. For my first start of the year, they played a great game, and special teams seemed to be the key to the win."
Binnington Celebrates Anniversary in Style
Jan. 7 is a big date for St. Louis Blues netminder Jordan Binnington. It was on that date in 2019 when he made his NHL debut in grand fashion with a shutout of the Philadelphia Flyers.
Binnington's first year on the NHL was a historic one, to say the least. He set a franchise rookie record for nine straight wins and 23 total on the season. He became the first rookie goaltender in league history to earn 16 wins in a single postseason leading the Blues to their first-ever Stanly Cup championship. He closed the calendar year of 2019 with 43 wins, the most of any goaltender in the league.
#STLBlues Jordan Binnington made his first career NHL start exactly 1 year ago Tuesday.
Here are his regular-season stats over the past 365 days
(His playoff credentials aren't too shabby either). pic.twitter.com/TFsWFicKWh
— Sportsnet Stats (@SNstats) January 8, 2020
He was back in the crease on the one-year anniversary of his first game and he made 27 saves to beat the San Jose Sharks. The victory not only snapped the Blues three-game losing streak, but it made them the first team in the Western Conference to earn 60 points.
Jarry's Run Takes Him to St. Louis
In addition to all the great action on the ice on Tuesday, the league named a couple of All-Star replacements as well.
The Metropolitan Division team was in need of some reinforcements after some injuries, including one to Columbus Blue Jackets goalie Joonas Korpisalo. The NHL announced that Tristan Jarry will be heading to St. Louis to replace Korpisalo.
Jarry, who started the season as Matt Murray's backup, has gone 14-6-1 with a 2.04 GAA, .934 SV% and three shutouts. This will be the 24-year-old's first All-Star Game.
Jarry is now an NHL All-Star. (Kim Klement-USA TODAY Sports)
"It surprised me," Jarry said about hearing the news. "It's exciting. It's something every kid dreams of. You watch it every year, and you think it's something that would be cool to be a part of. It's something I'll take in stride."
Penguins defenseman Kris Letang was also added to the Metropolitan squad to replace his injured teammate Jake Guentzel. The 2020 NHL All-Star Game will take place on Saturday, Jan. 25.
Igor Shesterkin
Jordan Binnington
Tristan Jarry
Jets' Connor Hellebuyck: From Fifth-Rounder to Shutout Leader
The 2020 Calder Trophy Race
Rangers' Dilemma: Deadline Trades or Playoff Push?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Belhacem (auch Bethasem, ) ist die Ruine einer Kreuzfahrerburg im heutigen Libanon.

Lage
Die Anlage liegt etwa 7 km östlich von Sidon, auf einem heute bewaldeten Gebirgssporn, an einer Schleife des Flusses Awali.

Geschichte
Die Burg wurde von den Kreuzfahrern des Königreichs Jerusalem Anfang des 12. Jahrhunderts errichtet. Im Jahre 1128 wird die Burg erstmals in den Chroniken erwähnt, als der Patriarch von Jerusalem, Garmond von Picquigny, in der Burg ansässige Räuber belagerte. Strategisch diente sie den Kreuzfahrern, zusammen mit den weiter östlich gelegenen befestigten Höhlen von Tyron zur Sicherung des Hinterlandes von Sidon.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 maxime.goepp.free.fr (französisch)

Burgruine im Libanon
Höhenburg im Libanon
Kreuzfahrerburg
Erbaut im 12. Jahrhundert
Gouvernement Süd-Libanon
Burg in Asien

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


With open enrollment in the new health-insurance exchanges ending March 31, at least one rural editor wonders why most people in his community who lack coverage haven't take advantage of the historic opportunity. And since he's in Kentucky, he used the state's next-to-last ranking in the latest Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index as the point of departure for an article that took up most of his editorial page.
"Kentucky is its own worst enemy . . . and if you think this is just an Eastern Kentucky problem, you aren't paying attention," Editor-Publisher Ryan Craig, right, wrote in last week's Todd County Standard, in Western Kentucky. "Our numbers suggest we are as miserable as anywhere in the state, i.e., the nation." Craig then listed statistics for poverty, income, education and health insurance and said bluntly, "We are near the bottom in all of these categories, which are the same categories that cause Kentucky to have such a dismal ranking in the Miserable Test year after year."
Craig said Todd County, "it seems, is among the bottom of counties who signed up for the Affordable Care Act," and wondered why only 533 of the estimated 2,455 people in his county without health insurance have signed up for it: "Is it because of fear of the unknown? Politics?" President Obama got only 29.7 percent of the county's vote in the 2012 election.
"The prevailing answer people tell me is that they would rather pay the tax penalty and not have the insurance," Craig reported. "What would happen if that person or someone in their family was in a car wreck? They readily admit that they are taking a big chance, but don't see how they can afford the insurance even when it is cheaper now, especially those who are very sick and couldn't get insurance before." One man told Craig he would have to declare bankruptcy.
"The deadline to apply for health insurance through the exchange is March 31," Craig wrote. "If you don't have insurance, at least consider the process." The Standard has been judged Kentucky's best small weekly newspaper seven years in a row, but doesn't put news or editorials online. For a scan of the editorial as a PDF, click here.
A decision by a federal judge on Thursday could open the door for more commercial enterprises, such as as farming and journalism, to use drones in their daily operations. The judge dismissed a $10,000 fine the Federal Aviation Administration levied on a Swiss drone operator for using one of the aircraft while filming a commercial for the University of Virginia's medical school, "saying there was no law banning the commercial use of small drones," Kevin Robillard reports for Politico. "The ruling, for now, appears to make it legal for drones to fly at the low altitude (below 400 feet) as part of a business."
And that's why drones could be an effective tool for community newspapers, Allen and Shastry wrote in the latest issue of SEJournal: "Because of their multimedia potential and relatively low cost (helicopters generally run $1,000 an hour), drones can even the playing field and lower barriers to entry for smaller news organizations looking to develop new technologies and sustain their competitiveness. Local news coverage in particular could benefit greatly. They're also easily obtained. You could finish this article, go to amazon.com and have a fully-equipped, almost-ready-to-fly DJI Phantom quadcopter delivered to your door tomorrow." (Read more) Allen is an academic partner of the University of Kentucky's Institute for Rural Journalism and Community Issues, publisher of The Rural Blog.
An increase in earthquakes in Oklahoma has been blamed by some on injection wells used to dispose of fluids used in hydraulic fracturing, while others have criticized that theory. Either way, Oklahoma ranked second in earthquakes in 2013 with 99. A paper published this week, by researchers at the U.S. Geological Survey, Cornell University and Columbia University, points the finger at fracking. On Thursday, USGS "said that the magnitude-5.7 earthquake that rocked Oklahoma in 2011 was the largest ever attributed to the injection of waste from oil and gas drilling," Mike Soraghan reports for EnergyWire.
Rural residents are less sensitive to allergens than people in metropolitan areas, according to a study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The study found that in metro areas, "50 percent of the population was sensitized to at least one allergen, but only 40 percent in rural areas," Nicholas Bakalar reports for The New York Times. "Outdoor allergens like grass and ragweed affected 37.8 percent of the urban population, but less than a quarter of people in non-metropolitan areas, possibly because respiratory allergies are associated with air pollution."
"Frustrated student leaders from the state's campuses said lawmakers dismissed opposition from all eight public university presidents, the state Board of Education, faculty senates and student associations," Russell writes. "Petitions with more than 3,000 signatures opposing the bill were delivered to the Idaho Legislature on Wednesday." It didn't matter, with the bill easily passing 50-19.
A Superior Court judge in North Carolina on Thursday ordered Duke Energy to "'take immediate action to eliminate sources of contamination, such as ash ponds that allow sludge-like coal waste to leach into the ground. The utility company must do so regardless of the continuing negotiations it has pending with the N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources over past groundwater contamination or future clean-up efforts,'" Bertrand Gutierrez reports for the Winston-Salem Journal.
In honor of Sunshine Week, scheduled March 16-22, Watchdog Wire, part of the conservative Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity, is encouraging Americans to get involved in open government through a process that can be used by anyone with Internet access. The organization, which has news sites in many states, wants people to audit their city, county or township websites and send a blog post to Watchdog about how user friendly and transparent the sites are to use. Watchdog will post the responses on their site, and send feedback to local government agencies on behalf of respondents.
State certification officers for drinking water laboratories can be found by clicking here. Water testing information from WellOwner can be found by clicking here.
Alpha Natural Resources agreed in federal court at Charleston, W.Va., to pay a record $27.5 million civil penalty for nearly 6,300 cases of pollution at the company's operations across 79 active coal mines and 25 coal processing plants in Appalachia, Ken Ward reports for the Charleston Gazette. Kentucky, Pennsylvania and West Virginia will share half the fine; the agreement also applies to locations in Virginia and Tennessee.
As part of the agreement with the Environmental Protection Agency, the Bristol, Va., company will also be required to improve its water treatment practices, Ward writes. It will spend $200 million "to install and operate wastewater treatment systems and to implement comprehensive, system-wide upgrades to reduce discharges of pollution from coal mines."
Other plans "include building new treatment facilities, but others would piggyback on treatment operations already underway as a result of previous court settlements with citizen groups," Ward writes. "The deal also involves some locations where Alpha will deal with selenium by pumping contaminated water into old underground mines."
"Monitoring records attached to the complaint show that in some cases, the releases exceeded permit limits by as much as 35 times," Allie Robinson Gibson writes for the Bristol Herald Courier.
Residents in a small town in Vermont have spoken loud and clear that they want to be classified as rural so they can retain direct control over land-use planning. The state allows towns with populations between 2,500 to 5,000 to choose whether they want to be designated as urban or rural, and residents in Shaftsbury (right) voted down an amendment from "the planning commission and select board that the town switch to an urban designation," which would leave zoning decisions up to the Board of Selectmen rather than meetings open to all town residents, in the New England tradition. Derek Carson reports for the Bennington Banner. The amendment failed 493-242.
Students stressed about taking the SAT can relax a little. Beginning in 2016, the test, which added a timed essay in 2006, will drop that requirement, making the essay optional, and will switch up vocabulary, replacing more complicated words with ones more commonly used in college and the workplace, Nick Anderson reports for The Washington Post. The test will also return to a 1600-point format instead of the 2400-point format used since 2006.
The National Center for Fair and Open Testing said scores have dropped by an average score of 20 points since the essay was added, and the College Board said only 43 percent of students who took the test in 2013 received a high enough grade to likely earn A's and B's in college, Adrienne Lu reports for Stateline.
But this time, the show—and any campaign to get it off the air—probably won't make the news, Lockman opines. "The closest we'll be able to get to 'The Real Beverly Hillbillies' is here, and I'm not worried. You shouldn't be either. Because I can't imagine that the show will last longer than a season. Sure, someone turns his truck bed into a Jacuzzi, and there are some references to urinating outside. But aside from their accents, the family in 'Hollywood Hillbillies' could have come from almost any town in the United States."
"Three environmental and public health groups sued the Environmental Protection Agency on Wednesday, seeking to press it to move forward with rules that would require public disclosure of certain pesticide ingredients," Carey Gilliam reports for Reuters. The groups, the Center for Environmental Health, Beyond Pesticides and Physicians for Social Responsibility, "claimed there has been an 'unreasonable delay' on the EPA's part in finalizing rules to require chemical manufacturers to disclose hazardous inert ingredients in their pesticide products."
Almost two million Americans who have been unemployed for at least six months are missing out on benefits since Congress let the program expire, and it's likely that some of them live in your coverage area. In seven states—California, Texas, Florida, Illinois, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania—more than 100,000 people are going without benefits, Jake Grovum reports for Stateline. In most other states, the numbers are in the thousands.
For the past four years The Daily Republic has been named the best small daily newspaper in South Dakota. The 11,000-circulation paper in Mitchell recently received another honor: the inaugural Public Notice Journalism Award. The Public Notice Resource Center awarded it to the Republic for using public notice to champion open records and freedom of the press. The paper will receive the award March 13 at the National Press Club.
"The newspaper is recognized for a series inaugurated by an alert reader who spotted a payment by a local school board in a public notice," the PNRC says on its website. "The reader's tip to the newspaper led to a protracted open-records lawsuit by the newspaper against the school district. The conclusion: the revelation of a $175,000 severance agreement with a former school superintendent that otherwise would not have reached the readers' attention."
Republic Editor Seth Tupper told PNRC that the series "all started with the reader who saw the payment in the legals and called us with the tip. Without those legals, I don't believe anyone outside of the school district board and administration would ever have known about the amount or nature of the $175,000 agreement between the school district and the ex-superintendent."
PNRC President Bradley L. Thompson II, chairman and CEO of the Detroit Legal News, said, "This series is a terrific illustration of why it is important for governments to keep these notices where the public is likely to find them. The reader in this case helped to point to the story. The reporting staff and their freedom-of-information lawsuit did the rest." (Read more) To view the Daily Republic click here.
In many states, local governments are asking legislatures to reduce legal-notice requirements to reduce costs. "We think that cost is a small and worthy investment in keeping the public informed about the workings of government," said Al Cross, director of the Institute for Rural Journalism and Community Issues, publisher of The Rural Blog, and a former president of the Society of Professional Journalists. "Public-notice laws are the often-overlooked third leg of the three-legged stool that supports freedom of information, the others being laws for open records and open meetings, including open courts."
Here are links to the Republic series, all in 2013: Secretive contract ordered public, Secret agreement goes to court, Paper wins lawsuit against school, Secret agreement still secret, Huron secret agreement unsealed, read aloud, Amount of secret agreement confirmed, and the column above: We raise hell – because it's our duty.
Primary-care doctors are key to the nation's health by providing preventive care to people who haven't been getting it but are now under federal health reform. However, some independent physicians are struggling to run their businesses due to "flat or dropping reimbursement rates and new federal rules," many related to reform, Abby Goodnough writes for The New York Times.
Primary care is more in demand because many states used it to expand Medicaid to people earning up to 138 percent of the poverty line.
Dr. Sven Jonsson joined Kentucky's Baptist Health System two years ago after leaving private practice in Louisville, fearing the law's often-expensive requirements. Now he is treating more patients, in the rural exurb of Taylorsville, and Baptist is handling all the details of the transition into the new health-care system. "This is just a much saner place for me right now," he said.
Conversely, Dr. Tracy Ragland owns a small private practice in the wealthy suburb of Crestwood, and is concerned about the rules and payments associated with the new system. "The possibility of not being able to survive in a private practice, especially primary care, is very real," she said.
According to the American Medical Association, 40 percent of family doctors and pediatricians are independent. Though Ragland supports the idea of providing health coverage to more Americans, but says Medicaid and some private plans offered through Kentucky's health-insurance exchange don't pay enough, so she does not treat those patients. She says she values the flexibility of her private practice and the ability to spend as much time with patients as they need.
However, Ragland did join an "accountable care organization," a group of independent physicians who arrange care for a number of patients. "These networks, encouraged by the new law, reap financial rewards if they improve patients' health and spend less doing it," Goodnough notes. Ragland and her associates know that primary-care doctors can receive higher, Medicare-level reimbursements for seeing Medicaid patients, but this only lasts through 2014 and they didn't take the bait.
Doctors who have joined hospitals, like Jonsson, receive a baseline salary with bonuses for extra productivity, but that will probably change because the reform law will base payments on results. When Jonsson owned his own practice, he didn't accept Medicaid. At his new workplace at Baptist Medical Associates, he can treat Medicaid patients because the practice has space to grow, said Donna Ghobadi, an assistant vice president at the hospital.
The oil-and-gas boom from deep, dense shales in the U.S. will only last until 2025, when it will flatten out and go down, and most drilling will shift to Asia, International Energy Agency chief executive Maria van der Hoeven told David Unger of The Christian Science Monitor. Her prediction for the end of the U.S. boom comes sooner than most other organizations have estimated.
The recently passed Farm Bill increased investments in crop insurance by $5.7 billion, but President Obama's $3.9 trillion fiscal 2015 budget proposal released Tuesday calls for the program to be cut by about $14 billion over 10 years. "The bill also contains language restricting the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ability to make future budget cuts in crop insurance," reports Agri-Pulse, a Washington newsletter. The government pays $3 billion per year "for the private insurance companies to administer and underwrite the program and $6 billion per year in premium subsidies to the farmers."
USDA's proposed budget of $23.7 billion in discretionary spending would be $938 million less than its current funding, but it includes more money fro rural broadband and "the creation of three agricultural research institutes dedicated to crop science, advanced bio-based manufacturing and anti-microbial resistance research," costing $75 million, Lisa Rein reports for The Washington Post.
• Has $50 million "to enhance research through public-private grants, strengthen pollinator habitat in core areas, double the number of acres in the Conservation Reserve Program that are dedicated to pollinator health and increase funding for surveys to determine the impacts on pollinator losses."
• Has "$58 million for a new economic-development grant program designed to target small and emerging private businesses and cooperatives in rural areas."
• "Supports direct and guaranteed loans to assist 40,000 producers, 85 percent of which will be beginning farmers and ranchers and socially disadvantaged producers."
• "Provides an increase of $12 million to reduce waste, fraud and abuse in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program," better known as food stamps, the big-ticket item in any Farm Bill.
Agri-Pulse is subscription only, but a free trial is available by clicking here. To read a statement by Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack on the budget proposal, click here.
Groups that promote hate speech are alive and well in the U.S., especially in the South, with more than half of the 939 known active hate groups located in 11 Southern states, says the Southern Poverty Law Center. The total number of active groups is currently down from an all-time high of 1,018 in 2011 but is still double the 457 groups in 1999, Reid Wilson reports for The Washington Post.
"The eight types of hate groups the center has identified include white nationalists, black separatists, neo-confederates, Christian identity, skinheads, Ku Klux Klans and neo-Nazis, along with a handful of miscellaneous groups," Wilson writes. The Southern Poverty Law Center says hate group activity includes "criminal acts, marches, rallies, speeches, meetings, leafleting or publishing."
Nebraska is investing in saving the lives of rural heart-attack victims. The Midwest Affiliate of the American Heart Association announced Tuesday a $5.3 million initiative called Mission: Lifeline that "will update the equipment in rural ambulances to help emergency responders better identify and triage a severe type of heart attack known as ST-elevated myocardial infarction," Shelby Fleig reports for the Omaha World-Herald. "The hope is that by identifying this type of heart attack more quickly, patients can be taken to the nearest medical facility ready to perform a coronary angioplasty, the ideal treatment for this kind of attack, the association said."
Recycling can be problematic in rural America because it lacks the population density to make pickup practical, and in many areas there is a tradition of disposing of trash on your own land. Some rural recycling centers in states like Indiana are losing money and struggling to remain open, Laura Lane reports for the Bloomington Herald Times: "Despite hard work, years of promotion and increased citizen participation, money continues to leach from many small-town recycling ventures."
The problem is that recycling just doesn't bring in much money, with newspapers going for a penny a pound, and businesses that collect trash charging $1 or $2 per bag, Lane writes. The solution, some say, is to stop the service. That's not good news for people like Owen County Interim director John Reeves, who lives in a remote rural area, who has no trash service at his home, and takes his trash to recycling centers. He told Lane, "I don't know what will happen. We are taking it a week and a month at a time. Nobody wants to close the recycling center, but it doesn't look like there is anything we can do to keep it open. But we keep trying." (Read more) The Herald Times is subscription only, but some stories can be accessed by clicking here.
It is now illegal to secretly film animal cruelty at Idaho agricultural businesses. On Friday Republican Gov. C.L. "Butch" Otter (left) signed a bill that imposes up to a year in jail and a $5,000 fine for "people caught surreptitiously filming agricultural operation," John Miller reports for The Associated Press. The bill "prohibits making audio or video recordings of such operations without first getting permission, and criminalizes obtaining records from agricultural operations by force or misrepresentation. Lying on an employment application for such a farm is also outlawed."
The bill was a response to undercover videos by the animal rights group Mercy for Animals that showed workers at Bettencourt Dairy, which has more than 60,000 cows in various locations, "beating, stomping, dragging and sexually abusing cows in 2012," Miller writes. "Idaho's $2.5 billion dairy industry complained the group used its videos not to curb abuse, but to unfairly hurt Bettencourt's business. Bettencourt operates dairies at numerous locations that include more than 60,000 cows and is one of the largest dairy companies in the U.S."
Guns "are donated by local businesses and presented briefly to the winners in church, so they can be photographed with their prize," Wolfson writes for the Louisville newspaper. "For legal and liability reasons, the firearms are taken back and must be reclaimed at a local gun shop, where the winner must pass a federal background check."
"It's a tested evangelism strategy: To find new members, get out of the church and go to where they live, work and play," writes Cheryl Truman of the Lexington Herald-Leader, in a story that is more a profile of McAlister.
But the gun giveaway isn't going over well with some religious leaders. Rev. Joe Phelps, pastor of Louisville's independent and liberal Highland Baptist Church, told Wolfson, "Can you picture Jesus giving away guns, or toasters or raffle tickets? . . . He gave away bread once, but that was as a sign, not a sales pitch." Nancy Jo Kemper, pastor of New Union Church in Versailles and the former director of the Kentucky Council of Churches, told Wolfson: "Churches should not be encouraging people in their communities to arm themselves against their neighbors, but to love their neighbors, as instructed by Jesus. How terrible it would be if one of those guns given away at a church were to cause the death of an innocent victim." Notably, the Southern Baptist Convention and the National Rifle Association declined Wolfson's requests for comment.
Hunting reduced the bison population in the early 20th century to "fewer than 50 that found refuge" in Yellowstone, Zuckerman writes. "Today, the more than 4,000 buffalo that roam Yellowstone are a top tourist attraction in the park, which occupies the northwestern corner of Wyoming and spills over into Idaho and Montana. But the iconic animals face capture and death when they wander beyond the park in Montana during winter in search of food."
But the Yellowstone bison face a new threat in the form of brucellosis, "an infection that can cause stillbirths in cows and was introduced to the park by domestic livestock," Zuckerman writes. "Montana's cattle industry, an influential political constituency in the state, fears that straying buffalo will transmit the illness to cows that graze near Yellowstone. That could cause Montana to lose its brucellosis-free status, which allows cattle to be shipped out of state without testing and preserves their market value." That led to a controversial federal-state management plan "that has allowed thousands to be shipped to slaughter when harsh winters lead them from the snow-covered high country to winter range in lower elevations outside the park in Montana."
EPA said a number of steps must happen before it decides whether to block the mine, but officials also stressed that the fishery is an 'extraordinary resource' that needs special protection," Demer writes. "Half of the world's sockeye salmon are produced in the Bristol Bay watershed in runs that average 37.5 million fish a year."
The International Center for Journalists is offering 10 Community Health Reporting Fellowships for journalists who cover rural, low-income and minority communities. March 24 is the deadline for proposing a project to be published or broadcast by Oct. 1.
The center says it "will select 10 journalists to spend a week in Washington, D.C., in June 2014. The fellows will hone their skills and learn about new tools that will help them improve their coverage of health issues and engagement with their audiences. While in Washington, they will also meet with top leaders on Capitol Hill and other major players in the health industry, giving them face-to-face contact and access to sources. They will go on reporting field trips to local, underserved communities. And they will meet with experts at health-care associations and major health-research institutes and agencies."
An applicant's proposed project must meet the mission of the program. The center expects the fellows to use their new tools and resources on the in-depth projects, and will award small grants to help cover the projects' costs. For more information, click here.
The rough winter isn't all bad for some animals, including some endangered species that use snow and ice to protect themselves and their eggs.
Populations of the butterfly fell last year, "but there is hope that this severe winter will allow for a rise in population," Shepard reports, noting that it is among more than 100 endangered species in Michigan that are "threatened to some degree by a warming climate."
California's plan to shift to electric and other less-polluting forms of transportation is leaving out rural residents who "drive older, high-polluting cars and can't afford electric vehicles" and have little or no public transportation, reports Sarah Rohrs for Media News Group.
"This large fleet of polluting vehicles form a big barrier in the state's effort to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions as required by law," Rohrs writes, citing a report by the Next Generation think tank, based in San Francisco. It estimates that 15 percent of California's cars produce half the state's air pollution.
Many of those cars are in the rural, agricultural Central Valley and San Joaquin Valley, "where a large percentage of the low-income residents can't afford electric vehicles or have no public transportation systems," Rohrs writes.


Agave tequilana is native to Mexico and famous for its use in the production of alcoholic beverage tequila. Due to the growing demands of tequila it has been intensively cultivated through asexual means resulting in a narrow genetic variability. The crop is extremely prone to insects and diseases and a breeding programme for selection and conservation of the crop is required. However poorly understood classification of agave and limited availability of molecular data is a big hurdle in establishing a useful breeding programme. Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that can replicate through a copy and paste mechanism occupying large proportions of genomes in short periods of time. They can play a vital role in the organisation and evolution of plant genomes and retrotransposon based molecular markers can be used as powerful molecular tools. Retrotransposons can play a key role in understanding Agave tequilana genetics as well as its relationship with other agave species and cultivars. In the work described here Ty1-copia retrotransposon have been isolated and characterised, retrotransposon based molecular markers have been used to evaluate the asexual genetic diversity in different vegitatively propagated mother and daughter plants. The phylogenetic relationship of these sequences revealed that Ty1-copia retrotransposons are heterogeneous in nature and they might have been actively replicating in recent past. The copy number of Ty1- copia retreotransposon was also evaluated and it was found that a large proportion of agave genome is occupied by these elements. Ty1-copia retrotransposons were also found to be polymorphic in agave tissue culture lines suggesting that they might be activated under the effect of stressed conditions. The findings of this study will help in understanding the genetics of Agave tequilana, and will provide a basis for further research on retrotransposon mediated asexual genetic variability in agave and other clonally propagated plants in general. It will also help us understand the activity of retrotransposons in the genome of agave in unusual environmental conditions.


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Atlanta police investigating shooting at Black Pride that left 5 wounded
Atlanta police said that as of Monday evening no arrests had been made and the shooting is under active investigation
Shooting at the Marquette Lounge under investigation. (Screenshot via WGCL-TV, CBS46 Atlanta)
ATLANTA – A shooting that left 5 persons wounded with non-life threatening injuries over the weekend outside an Atlanta Black Pride event hosted at the Marquette Lounge is under investigation an Atlanta police spokesperson said.
The nightclub, located on Joseph E. Boone Boulevard in the northwestern area of the city was hosting an appearance by musical artist, rapper Lil Kim, in its outside events area. According to the club's Facebook page, her appearance was part of an all-night event to celebrate the Black Pride Weekend.
Atlanta Police detectives believe a fight started outside the club before a man started shooting into the crowd the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported.
"Following the shooting, patrons ran across the street to Proctor Street, where they contacted 911," Atlanta police said Monday afternoon. "The suspected shooter fled the scene before officers arrived."
All five of those injured were taken to local hospitals for treatment, including some who went by ambulance and others by private vehicle, according to police.
In a statement released Sunday night, the club said the shooting did not happen on their property.
"Our premises were fully secured at the time and to our knowledge, no major occurrence happened that would warrant the shooting that took place across the street," the emailed statement said. "We are limited in the level of control we have in situations that do not occur on our property. We have reached out to the Atlanta Police Department and are fully cooperating with the ongoing investigation."
Atlanta police said that as of Monday evening no arrests had been made and the shooting is under active investigation.
Shots were fired after a fight yesterday during Black Pride Weekend outside the Marquette Lounge in #Atlanta. Rapper Lil Kim was performing at the club. Five people were injured. No suspects were arrested. pic.twitter.com/zcGHYCE9De
— ATL Uncensored (@ATLUncensored) September 7, 2021
Related Topics:AtlantaAtlanta Black PrideAtlanta PolicecrimefeaturedLil Kim
Charges filed in viral anti-LGBTQ assault incident at a Georgia high school
FBI joins investigation into murder of LGBTQ Atlantan
North Carolina LGBTQ+ center head was fired after allegations of fraud
Critics attack LA DA over complicated case involving Trans woman
There are ongoing complaints that this current administration has been discriminatory against women, LGBTQ people & English language learners
Brody Levesque
Courtesy of a Oglethorpe Avenue Elementary parent
ATHENS, Ga. – A display of student artwork at Oglethorpe Avenue Elementary School in Athens this past week created a controversy, when a poster that was hung in the collection by a faculty member for a student that had rainbow colors and the words; "Gay is OK," was taken down by an school administrator who labeled it comparable to exhibition of a Nazi flag.
Atlanta's NBC affiliate WXIA-TV 11 reported that some parents whose children attend Oglethorpe said they are concerned about how this situation and others have been handled.
"There are ongoing complaints about this current administration has been discriminatory against women, being discriminatory against LGBTQ people, being discriminatory against English language learners or emerging bilinguals, emerging multilingual and Spanish speakers. So we have seen a pattern of inequity at our school and we have been asking for support at this point for years," said Jemelleh Coes, a parent and professor at the University of Georgia.
WXIA-TV 11 heard from staff and faculty at the school expressed their disagreement with the characterization of Oglethorpe. A current teacher, who wished to remain anonymous, told the station:
On behalf of a majority of the staff at Oglethorpe Avenue Elementary School, we are disheartened that these words and actions have happened in our school building during this time. This does not represent why we chose this profession, and it does not represent the feelings, beliefs, values, and attributes our amazing school family has within these four walls. We are disheartened that there has been no action taken by CCSD or our building administration to rectify the divide that has been caused. We will continue to seek resolution and promote a community of love, acceptance, and tolerance within our building and community.
Parents want action.
The Clarke County School District released a statement this week:
Dear Oglethorpe Avenue Elementary Community,
I write this letter to acknowledge a situation at Oglethorpe Avenue Elementary that has caused a great deal of anger and frustration in our community.
It has been alleged that a piece of student artwork was compared to Nazi symbolism. We have investigated the situation and are working to address the issues with all parties involved. To be clear, we condemn this comparison and discrimination in all its forms.
The Clarke County School District embraces diversity and inclusion for all students and staff. We stand with our LGBTQIA+ community and are dedicated to proving our commitment to diversity and inclusion.
To that end, we will continue having sensitive and appropriate conversations with our school communities.
Brannon Gaskins
Acting Superintendent
Athens Pride weighed in on their social media accounts raising awareness on the issue and then asking people to donate to help LGBTQ people in need.
Athens Pride is appalled to hear of the actions that transpired at a local elementary school. Our organization is committed to providing resources and support to LGBTQ+ students, parents, and community members- especially now. We are in contact with all parties involved, who at this time request privacy. We will keep the community updated on further information as it becomes available. We are reminded today that our school, city, and people have a lot of work to do to create true safe spaces for our children. Homophobia, Anti-semitism, and all forms of hate have should have no home here in Athens – especially in our public schools."
State of Georgia settles wrongful-death suit by family of Trans inmate
She is calling for a criminal investigation into the death. She believes her daughter was neglected by the guards because she was transgender
Valdosta State Prison (Photo Credit: Georgia Department of Corrections)
ATLANTA – The Georgia Department of Corrections (GDC) agreed to settle a lawsuit brought by the family of a 25-year-old Trans female inmate who committed suicide at Valdosta State Prison December 6, 2017, hanging herself in her cell. The prison system had agreed this week to pay a $2.2 million settlement to her parents.
The four defendants who were named in the lawsuit are the GDC, the warden at the time, Don Blakely, a correctional officer at the time, James Igou, and the Georgia Board of Regents.
The regents board is named because it manages Augusta University's program called Georgia Correctional Healthcare, which provides health care for inmates, including mental health care.
"The financial settlement is barely nudging any kind of justice," Sheba Maree, Mitchell's mother, told CNN in an exclusive interview. "I'd rather have my child … nothing will ever, ever, ever, ever take the place of my child. To me, this is blood money, and I will not stop until the people involved with her death are held responsible."
Maree told CNN that she is calling for a criminal investigation into the death. She believes her daughter was neglected by the guards because she was transgender.
Convicted in Union County, Georgia in 2015, court documents show Mitchell was sentenced to 10 years in prison after pleading guilty to robbery by intimidation.
In the lawsuit filing, Sheba Maree, her mother, stated that she had called prison staff December 2, after receiving a letter from her daughter warning that she was going to kill herself. Maree indicated in the lawsuit that she had called staff at Valdosta warning them to keep an eye on Mitchell, who suffered from schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and gender identity issues.
The lawsuit also said that Mitchell had a history of hurting herself.
According to the suit filed in 2019, Mitchell had been approved for gender reassignment surgery but was being held at Valdosta State Prison, a men's prison. Albany, Georgia's NBC/ABC-affiliated television station WALB 10 reported that the lawsuit focuses a lot on what happened between 1:30 and 2:00 p.m. that day that Mitchell committed suicide.
From WALB 10:
Around 1:30 p.m., the suit says Mitchell asked an attendant to find corrections officer, James Igou, and a sergeant, Wallace Richardson.
Richardson is not named as a defendant in the current version of the lawsuit, but he was named as a defendant in the original version filed with the court.
The lawsuit said Igou went to Mitchell's cell and saw a noose around her neck.
The suit accuses Igou of taunting her and encouraging her to commit suicide.
Around 1:35 p.m., they say Igou walked away, and at least one other inmate told him Mitchell was committing suicide.
They say he laughed and shouted that she should wait until he got back because he "wanted to see."
Before he returned, the lawsuit says Mitchell hanged herself.
Meanwhile, Igou told the sergeant that Mitchell intended to commit suicide, and an inmate told the sergeant Mitchell was hanging in her cell.
Around 1:40 p.m., the lawsuit implies Igou and the sergeant took their time getting back to the cell. A minute later, they say Igou left, and the sergeant stood outside the open cell door a few feet from where Mitchell's body was hanging. Around 1:45, the suit says Richardson closed Mitchell's cell, locked it, and walked away.
Two minutes later, Igou, the sergeant, and another officer walked back. At some point between 1:47 and 1:54 p.m., the lawsuit says Igou and Richardson handcuffed Mitchell. Around 1:54 p.m., Mitchell's parents say she was cut down.
Records from Lowndes County show a 911 call was made around 1:57 p.m., apparently from a staff member.
This is a transcript of that call:
Caller: "What time is it? 1357. Okay, okay."
Dispatcher: "Lowndes County 911, where is your emergency?"
Caller: "Hey, can I get an ambulance dispatched to Valdosta State Prison?"
Dispatcher: "Okay. What's the address there?"
Caller: "It's 3259 Val Tech Road."
Dispatcher: "Okay. Is this the main prison?"
Caller: "Yes. Come in by the tower. I'm not sure of the nature of the emergency, but everybody's running. So, we need them like real fast."
Dispatcher: "You need an ambulance?"
Caller: "Yes, but I'm not sure why."
Dispatcher: "You don't know any patient information?"
Caller: "No, I don't. I just heard them call it over the radio, to call 911, like 1018."
Dispatcher: "We're going to have to know what's going on at some point."
Caller: "Unresponsive. Unresponsive. They're doing CPR."
Dispatcher: "Okay, well there's a difference between CPR and somebody unresponsive. So, they're not breathing?"
Caller: "Okay, they're doing CPR. I'm watching them. They're doing CPR."
Dispatcher: "Okay, you've got a 'code blue.'"
Caller: "Yeah."
Dispatcher: "Okay. We'll get them on the way."
Mitchell was pronounced dead at the hospital two days later.
The Georgia Department of Corrections is currently under investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division for years of reported homicides inside prisons, prisoner-on-prisoner violence and the sexual abuse of gay, lesbian and transgender prisoners by other inmates and staffers.
Family members, concerned residents and civil rights organizations including the ACLU of Georgia have filed complaints about the situation within the state's correctional system that has been described as inhumane condition. pointing to such issues as feces- and urine-covered cells due to sewage backups and prisoner-on-prisoner violence.
Georgia Tech settles lawsuit in case of LGBTQ+ student killed by its cops
William and Lynne Schultz alleged that one of the responding campus police officers was inadequately and improperly trained
Georgia Tech Pride Alliance Memorial to Scout Schultz after the shooting via GTPA Facebook
ATLANTA – The family of a non-binary LGBTQ+ student leader shot to death in 2017 by university police officers during a call over a mental health breakdown crisis situation, has agreed to a settlement in a wrongful death lawsuit that the family had filed against Georgia Tech.
The family of 21-year-old Scout Schultz, who was intersex, non-binary and bisexual, a fourth-year student and head of Georgia Tech's LGBTQ+ Pride Alliance, settled this week after the university agreed to pay the family a $1 million settlement in their case.
The lawsuit, filed in September of 2019 by the parents of the slain student, William and Lynne Schultz in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, alleged that one of the responding campus police officers was inadequately and improperly trained.
In the suit, the Schultze's alleged that Tech campus police officer Tyler Beck, 23, "had received no training in crisis intervention." The suit goes on to say that the other responding officers "remained calm and followed standard de-escalation techniques without initiating physical force directed" at Schultz, but Beck "did not de-escalate and instead used deadly physical force."
Schultz called 911 on Sept. 16, 2017. Campus police responded and found Schultz in a residential area of campus holding what appeared to be a knife. Schultz approached the officers in what later characterized in the official report of the incident as a 'menacing manner.' One officer told Schultz that "nobody wants to hurt you" and another told the distraught student to "relax."
But as Schultz continued to advance, one of the officers, Beck, shot Schultz once in the heart and they died about 30 minutes later at Grady Memorial Hospital.
During a subsequent investigation by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation found three suicide notes and Schultz's parents confirmed he suffered from depression and tried to kill himself two years earlier the Associated Press reported.
The Schultz's claimed that the university, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, the City of Atlanta and Fulton County prosecutors had kept details of the case from the family, Attorney Chris Stewart, who represents Schultz's parents said in a press conference when the lawsuit was first announced.
"Schultz's death was the result of Georgia Tech's and the state of Georgia's failure over time to properly train their personnel to act in such a way as to prevent the exclusion of persons such as Schultz from the safety to which all students were entitled on the campus of Georgia Tech," the lawsuit stated. The Schultze's filed the lawsuit against the school, Beck and the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia.
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution later reported that now former Fulton County District Attorney Paul Howard said Beck won't face criminal charges in Schultz's death. Howard said two use-of-force experts concluded the shooting was justified.
According to Project Q Atlanta, the university has assigned $1 million to mental health and wellness initiatives for LGBTQ+ students, has awarded Schultz's degree posthumously to their family, and now requires all Georgia Tech campus police officers to carry tasers as well as guns and complete 40 hours of crisis intervention training.
Arizona8 hours ago


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It's like LinkedIn for the Navy
By Mark D. Faram
Hull Maintenance Technician 3rd Class Zachary Yenco welds a pipe fitting aboard the amphibious assault ship Essex while it sailed the Gulf of Aden on Sept. 5. Navy reforms promise to let hull techs take advantage of career advancement in similar fields such as damage control. (MC3 Molly DiServio/Navy)
Flush with data and happy with ongoing technological experiments, the Navy is poised to let sailors start managing much of their careers on their personal cellphones and computer tablets.
The online innovations are part of a new "Detailing Marketplace" system expected to emerge by mid-2019, according to the Navy's top uniformed personnel officer.
"It's like a kind of LinkedIn for the Navy," Vice Adm. Robert P. Burke told Navy Times during an interview. "But it's that in the deeper sense in that it will know who the sailor is and have the ability to use that information to help them better manage their careers."
In development since 2016, the one-stop electronic site promises to combine what sailors know as the current "orders negotiation" and "re-up approval" systems with their service records.
The smart device app will be similar to the desktop web version of today's online electronic service record, only more robust, Burke said.
The innovation comes alongside an ongoing reworking of the Navy's ratings and training systems so that the service can offer more career options than ever before to sailors.
For example, the Detailing Marketplace will display a menu not only of what's available in a sailor's current rating but also what's being offered in similar career fields.
It will list incentives for tough jobs and provide a way to negotiate multiple tours in a row so that the sailor can achieve a stable home life while also getting essential training and educational opportunities, Navy leaders hope.
"If you are going for geographic stability, for example, it makes sense to negotiate two sets of orders at once," Burke said.
A "My Navy Record" tab will be added to the "My Navy Portal" website and app so that sailors can instantly and conveniently look up their ASVAB scores, security clearance status, deployability details, qualifications and performance evaluations, a detailed history of the Navy Enlisted Classifications they hold, training certifications and duty preferences.
"It's their entire career history," Burke said. "It's all going to come into play as we try to fit sailors to jobs to a depth that hasn't ever happened before."
And that innovation could be ready early next year.
"We're shooting for the end of this calendar year to have a mobile version of My Navy Portal up and running. We're testing that now," Burke said. "Portions of My Navy Record will be available on that mobile version which will access this totally new database and no [common access card] will be required on the mobile version."
Navy moves to help enlisted get ahead
In a few years, sailors might be able to take advancement exams online and get promoted that month.
The new system also will let sailors change and update their records quickly and easily, ending long lines at personnel support detachments across the fleet.
Navy leaders hope that means sailors will swiftly seize opportunities to change their ratings, collect reenlistment and assignment bonuses or find a way to advance by choosing to fill a demanding billet.
Part of that will be made easier by other Navy reforms, such as an ongoing effort by officials to list common training, certifications and employment requirements for multiple career fields.
The idea is that the Navy's "Ratings Modernization" initiative will find common work activities.
Hull maintenance technicians, for example, share several job skills with damage controlmen.
In fact, officials have found a dozen crossover areas between the ratings. Hull techs do about 35 percent of what damage controlmen also, just as damage controlmen do about 20 percent of what hull techs do.
The new system might alert hull technicians that advancement opportunities to the next pay grade can be found in the damage control field — or the other way around — depending on manning levels.
"In that case, the system could show you other ratings that are looking better," Burke said. "By clicking on that link, it will show you, based on what training you already have, which schools that you will have to go to convert and, if you take that route, here's your [re-up bonus] and updated advancement opportunity once you get there."
Hull Technician Fireman Michael Bloise prepares to fight a simulated aircraft fire aboard the guided-missile destroyer Carney on Sept. 15. The forward-deployed to Carney was sailing across the Mediterranean Sea. (Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Ryan U. Kledzik/Navy).
The current system lets sailors cross-rate but rarely are they allowed to switch back to an original rating. The new process promises to remember where sailors came from and allow them to negotiate orders back to ratings they've already earned.
The Navy is testing this new technology on both desktop and mobile devices for the aerographer's mate rating.
"We're calling this a 'war game' because we're using real data and sailors will be able to test functions and negotiate for money, advance to vacancy, geographic stability, educational opportunities — all those things — just as if they're doing it for real," Burke said.
Officials are gathering data from the ongoing tests to refine the system.
"Major muscle movement parts will be in place April or May 2019 to support this," Burke said. "Then we'll commence a rating-by-rating roll out because we won't be able to do it all at once as that would just be too difficult."
About Mark D. Faram
Mark D. Faram is a former reporter for Navy Times. He was a senior writer covering personnel, cultural and historical issues. A nine-year active duty Navy veteran, Faram served from 1978 to 1987 as a Navy Diver and photographer.
Navy ratingsDetailing MarketplaceRatings modernizationRobert P. BurkeMy Navy RecordMy Navy PortalNavy ASVAB scoresASVABHull maintenance technicianDamage controlVice Adm. Robert P. BurkeNavy service recordsNavy service records smart phone appASVAB scoressecurity clearance statusenlisted classificationsperformance evaluations


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Brazil / Genocides of Indigenous Peoples
"They're Killing Us": World's Most Endangered Tribe Cries for Help
The Observer, April 21, 2012
"Trundling along the dirt roads of the Amazon, the giant logging lorry dwarfed the vehicle of the investigators following it. The trunks of nine huge trees were piled high on the back -- incontrovertible proof of the continuing destruction of the world's greatest rainforest and its most endangered tribe, the Awá. Yet as they travelled through the jungle early this year, the small team from Funai -- Brazil's National Indian Foundation -- did not dare try to stop the loggers; the vehicle was too large and the loggers were almost certainly armed. All they could do was video the lorry and add the film to the growing mountain of evidence showing how the Awá -- with only 355 surviving members, more than 100 of whom have had no contact with the outside world -- are teetering on the edge of extinction. It is a scene played out throughout the Amazon as the authorities struggle to tackle the powerful illegal logging industry. But it is not just the loss of the trees that has created a situation so serious that it led a Brazilian judge, José Carlos do Vale Madeira, to describe it as 'a real genocide'. People are pouring on to the Awá's land, building illegal settlements, running cattle ranches. Hired gunmen -- known as pistoleros -- are reported to be hunting Awá who have stood in the way of land-grabbers. Members of the tribe describe seeing their families wiped out. Human rights campaigners say the tribe has reached a tipping point and only immediate action by the Brazilian government to prevent logging can save the tribe.
Iraq / Iraqi Kurdistan
"Kurds in northern Diyala Province have faced a campaign of terror. In Jalawla, a Kurdish official's home was bombed." (Ayman Oghanna/The New York Times)
In the Uprooting of Kurds, Iraq Tests a Fragile National Unity
By Tim Arango
The New York Times, April 21, 2012
"In January, the dismembered body of Wisam Jumai, a Kurdish intelligence officer, was discovered in a field in Sadiyah, a small town in northeastern Iraq. Soon his family and friends, one after another, received text messages offering a choice: leave or be killed. 'Wisam has been killed,' read one message sent to a cousin. 'Wait for your turn. If you want your life, leave Sadiyah.' After Mr. Jumai's killing, nearly three dozen Kurdish families fled their homes and moved here, according to local officials, to the sanctuary of a city that is claimed by the government in Baghdad but patrolled by Kurdish forces. Other Kurds from the area have come here after being pushed out over property disputes that can be traced to Saddam Hussein's policy in the 1970s of expelling Kurds and resettling Arabs. Whether by terrorism or judicial order, the continuing displacement of Iraq's Kurdish minority lays bare the unfinished business of reconciliation in the wake of the American military's withdrawal, and it is a symptom of the rapidly deteriorating relationship between the semiautonomous Kurdish government based in Erbil and the central government in Baghdad. The schism, which is most immediately over sharing oil wealth but is more deeply about historical grievances and Kurdish aspirations for independence, raises serious questions about the future of a unified Iraq. The crisis, American officials say, is far more grave than the political tensions between the Shiite-dominated government of Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki and the country's Sunni Arab minority set off by an arrest warrant on terrorism charges issued in December for Tariq al-Hashimi, the Sunni vice president. The Kurds, unlike the Sunnis, have their own security forces, oil reserves, ports of entry and even their own de facto foreign policy, with envoys operating in other countries. This could eventually lead them to seek more independence from Baghdad. 'Fearing a resurgence of a strong central state, Kurdish leaders want to leave Iraq, and they appear to believe their moment to do so may soon arrive,' wrote Joost Hiltermann, an analyst at the International Crisis Group, in a recent report. [...]"
Posted by Adam Jones, Ph.D. at 7:21 PM 1 comment:
Sudan / South Sudan / South Kordofan
"Rahma Mohammed Osman, Sudanese undersecretary of foreign affairs, pictured after Sudan's parliament called a halt to negotiations with South Sudan." (Ashraf Shazly/AFP/Getty Images)
The International Community Must Wake Up to Looming Sudan Disaster
The Guardian, April 18, 2012
"Sudan burns -- and the world yawns. Clashes along the north-south border multiply and spread, presaging all-out war -- and the UN talks vaguely of new sanctions. Khartoum's parliament brands newly independent South Sudan an 'enemy', oil wells burn, civilians are bombed, a humanitarian emergency looms -- and Thabo Mbeki, the African Union's forlorn mediator, suggests there is not much he can do. In the order of global business, it seems Sudan does not rate highly. This is odd, given the massive effort the US, Britain, and other guarantors put into securing the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended 22 years of civil war. The deal was loudly applauded at the time, leading directly to last year's southern secession. But its loose ends, principally over border demarcation and oil sharing, may be its undoing. Both countries say they remain committed to peace. Neither can afford another conflict. But in Mbeki's words, they are trapped in the 'logic of war'. Expressions of alarm are not in short supply following the provocative occupation by southern forces last week of the oil-producing Heglig region of South Kordofan state. The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, called for an immediate halt to hostilities. Egypt has tried in vain to bring the two sides together. China, which will host South Sudan's president Salva Kiir this month, seeks a resumption of suspended oil output. Even Iran, ostensibly playing the good guy though doubtless eyeing Israeli support for the Juba government, has called for calm. But Kiir, like his opposite number in Khartoum, President Omar al-Bashir, is acting stubborn, drawing on decades of mutual distrust, bad faith and bloody-mindedness while casting aside more recent pledges of amity. Kiir complained last week, in a boastful sort of way, that he could not sleep for all the phone calls he was getting. 'Those who have been calling me starting with the UN secretary-general, he gave me an order that I'm ordering you to immediately withdraw from Heglig. I said I'm not under your command,' Kiir said. For his part, Bashir told Egypt's foreign minister he would resume negotiations only after southern forces left Heglig (which produces half of Sudan's oil). According to the official Sudan news agency, Bashir said Sudan reserved the right to respond to the occupation of Heglig 'in any manner that guarantees its security, sovereignty and stability'. That was a clear hint that a big counter-offensive could be in the making. And for once at least, Bashir has a modicum of western understanding, if not sympathy. [...]"
Sudan / South Kordofan
Southern Kordofan: Unfinished Business
Al Jazeera, April 9, 2012
"Sudan, once Africa's biggest country, has been in conflict for decades. The mainly African south and predominately Arab north fought for almost 40 years over the past six decades over differences in ideology, politics, resources, land and oil. The most recent war raged from 1983 to 2005, claiming the lives of at least two million people and leaving another four million displaced. When South Sudan became independent in July 2011, it was supposed to usher in a new period of peace and stability in the region. But Sudan is still highly unstable with a continuing humanitarian crisis in Darfur in the west and fighting in oil-rich regions bordering South Sudan together known as the 'Three Areas'. The country is also recovering from a conflict in the east. Southern Kordofan is region that used to be the geographical centre of Sudan, but when the south won independence, it found itself on the southern border. At its heart is the Nuba Mountains where some 50 black African tribes have lived for thousands of years. There was heavy fighting in the region during the north-south civil war, but the comprehensive peace agreement that ended the conflict never resolved its status. In a special show, Al Jazeera investigates a hidden war in the remote state of Southern Kordofan in Sudan where rebels are fighting to defend their people against what they say is 'genocide'. Al Jazeera's Peter Greste travelled to the isolated Nuba Mountains where he found entire communities hiding in caves from a bombing campaign that Khartoum says is aimed only at putting down an armed insurrection. [...]"
Serbia / Kosovo
"Graffiti criticising the EU's rule of law mission in Kosovo, which is known as Eulex." (Mary Fitzgerald)
Festering Sore That is Northern Kosovo
By Mary Fitzgerald
The Irish Times, April 9, 2012
"Not so long ago the smoke-filled La Dolce Vita bar next to Mitrovica's flashpoint bridge was synonymous with Serb vigilantes known as 'bridge watchers' whose job it was to keep ethnic Albanians out of their enclave. Its position overlooking the Ibar river that marks the dividing line between the town's Serb-dominated northern flank and its ethnic Albanian south provided the bar's patrons with a birds-eye view, but also made it a target for attack. The 'bridge watchers' are still there, but La Dolce Vita's customers are now a more diverse bunch. They include university students such as Alexandra and Sasha who chain-smoke while bemoaning the lack of opportunity in this grimy former industrial town. 'We have cafes like this and nothing else,' says Alexandra. 'Sometimes it feels like we have been forgotten.' Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008 and has since been recognised by the US and 22 of the EU's 27 member states. But the fate of the Serb-dominated pockets of northern Kosovo, whose residents effectively live as if still forming part of Serbia, remains a festering sore, while their resentment of the Pristina government continues to bubble. Nowhere is the divide between Kosovo's ethnic Albanian majority and its Serb minority as obvious as in the hinterland that surrounds this contested northern town.
Bosnia and Herzegovina / Post-Genocide Reconciliation
"A woman peers from the window of her bullet-riddled flat in the Grbavica district of Sarajevo, Bosnia, during the war." (Tom Stoddart Archive/Getty Images)
Bosnian War 20 Years On: Peace Holds But Conflict Continues to Haunt
The Guardian, April 4, 2012
"In the last heavy storm of the winter, so much snow built up on the roof of Skenderija, one of Sarajevo's most important commercial centres, that it caved in, crushing cars, offices and shops. The cause was evident: no one had got round to clearing the roof until it was too late. Nonetheless, the authorities blamed the war. Bosnia's war, which brought the worst atrocities Europe had seen since the Nazi era, began 20 years ago on Thursday. It has been over for more than 16 years, in which time the country has been more peaceful that even the optimists dared hope. Yet it continues to haunt the blighted country -- as a constant excuse for dysfunction, as a bitter memory, a psychic scar and a malaise. At the anniversary of the conflict the internationally enforced peace settlement still holds, but there is little else to celebrate. Bosnia is more divided now than two decades ago. Intermarriage between the three principal ethnic groups -- Muslim Bosniaks, Catholic Croats and Orthodox Serbs -- is far less common that it was before the war, and children in Bosnia's two constituent entities, a Bosniak-Croat federation, and a Serb republic (Republika Srpska) are now growing up with minimal contact with each other. The once cosmopolitan capital, Sarajevo, is now almost monolithically Bosniak.
Germany / Jewish Holocaust / Genocide and Restitution
German Railway Fears Flood of Lawsuits over Holocaust Trains
By Tony Paterson
The Independent, April 3, 2012
"The German railway company Deutsche Bahn has engaged a New York law firm to fight off compensation claims that it might face under proposed legislation enabling Holocaust victims and their relatives to sue for damages in US courts. The state-owned network is the main successor to the Nazi-run Deutsche Reichsbahn which, along with other railways in German-occupied Europe, deported millions of Jews to death camps during the Second World War. Deutsche Bahn has in the past compensated Holocaust victims under extensive German government reparations to survivors. The German Foundation Agreement reached with the US in 2000 was considered to have conclusively resolved all outstanding claims against Germany. But under the laws proposed by the US Holocaust Rail Justice Act, which is now before Congress, Deutsche Bahn fears it could face fresh compensation claims in US courts. Efraim Zuroff, of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre in Jerusalem, said: 'To the best of my knowledge, no railroad company has ever been forced to compensate deportees. The cardinal question is the degree of independence which each railway company had in dealing with the deportations of the Jews.' Deutsche Bahn has been highly guarded about Holocaust issues in the past. In 2006, it refused to allow a French exhibition about the role of trains in death camp deportations to be shown at German stations. Last year, a group of eastern European victims of the Nazis announced plans to file a suit against the company in an American court. Contacted by Der Spiegel magazine yesterday, Deutsche Bahn said it had recruited lawyers and PR advisers to monitor the situation in America, but refused to comment further. It is reported to have contracted the New York PR company Strategy XXI Partners to develop a 'communications plan related to Holocaust asset issues'.
Eastern Europe / Baltic States / Neo-Nazism / Anti-Semitism
"With Latvian flags, people march in a procession to honor soldiers who fought in a Waffen SS unit during World War II, in Riga, Latvia, Tuesday, March 16, 2012." (AP Photo/Roman Koksarov)
Eastern Europe's Hitler Nostalgia
By Michael Goldfarb
Global Post on Salon.com, April 2, 2012
"In the Baltic States they celebrate their liberation from the Soviet Union in the middle of March. Winter's worst lies grey on the streets, but that doesn't stop people in Vilnius, capital of Lithuania, and Riga, capital of Latvia, from marching solemnly to honor the heroes who fought vainly to keep the Soviet Union at bay. Among those who march are groups who honor those who fell wearing the uniform of the Waffen SS, the military arm of the notorious Nazi paramilitary unit. These SS veteran marches are not fringe events. Thousands march and thousands more turn out to cheer them on. The parades' permits are applied for by members of the governing party in parliament. Marchers are defended by the government. Latvia's president Andris Berzins reportedly praised the SS veterans on Latvian television last week, 'It's crazy to think they're war criminals.' Berzins added, 'Many people lost their lives for the future of Latvia. I don't see any basis to deny this ... it seems to me it's not acceptable to dishonor these people, before whom we should bow our heads,' he said. It's not just on Independence Day that the Nazi past intrudes on public life. In 2008, the Lithuanian parliament passed a law banning the display of Soviet and Nazi symbols. In 2010, a local Lithuanian court ruled that Swastikas were exempt from that law because the twisted crosses were 'Lithuania's historical heritage rather than symbols of Nazi Germany.' It would be easier to accept that explanation if the crowds didn't cheer the marchers on with cries of 'Juden Raus!' or 'Jews out!' as eyewitnesses have attested. The official tolerance for marches honoring those who fought with the SS is part of a general trend in the Baltic States and all along the eastern borders of Europe: an embrace of a form of exclusionary nationalism that belongs to the 19th century, rather than the globalized 21st. It is the kind of nationalism that underpinned Hitler's theory of 'One People and One Reich.'


The mathematical works of the Français, brothers, Francois and Jacques Frédéric, are so poorly distinguished by most authors and their biographies so imprecise that it is necessary to devote a common article to the two of them. Sons of Jacques Frédéric Français,, a grocer, and of Maria Barbara Steib, they were both born at Saverne, seven years apart. In 1789, François, the elder, became a seminarist. Named professor at the college in Colmar in June 1791, he assumed the chair of mathematics at the collège in Strasbourg in September 1792. He participated actively in political life and was a secretary of the société populaire of Strasbourg. He took part in the Vendee campaign from May to October 1793 and, after a brief return to civilian life, went back to the army as an officer until October 1797, when he was named professor of mathematics at the École Centrale du Haut-Rhin in Colmar. He left this position in September 1803 to teach mathematics, first at the lycee in Mainz, then at the École d'Artillerie at La Fere (1804), and, finally, at the École, d'Artillerie in Mainz. At his death he left four small children, whom his younger brother adopted soon afterward.
Jacques Frédéric Français,, after having been an outstanding student at the collège of Strasbourg, enrolled as a volunteer in 1793 and was named assistant in the corps of engineers in September 1794. He was admitted to the École Polytechnique on 30 December 1797, and from there he went, in March 1800, to the École du Genie. A first lieutenant in January 1801, he participated in the expedition sent by Napoleon to attempt to save the French army in Egypt. On his return he was quartered at Toulon and was named captain of the sappers in December 1801; in November 1802, he became second in command of the staff headquarters of the corps of engineers. In this capacity he participated, with Admiral Villeneuve's squadron, in the expedition to the Antilles and in the naval battles of Cape Finisterre and Trafalgar (1805). Beginning at the end of that year, he was successively assigned to garrisons at Condé-sur-Escaut; then Kehl (1806); Strasbourg (1807), under the command of Malus; and Metz (from 1808), to the staff headquarters of the École d'Application. Promoted to first in command in July 1810, he was named, at the beginning of 1811, professor of military art at the École d'Application du Génie et de l'Artillerie in Metz. He held this last position until his death.
In July 1795 François Français, presented a memoir on the integration of partial differential equations; a new version of this paper, addressed to the Académie des Sciences in 1797, is mentioned by S. F. Lacroix (Traité du calcul différential et du calcul integral, III, 598) as an important contribution to the theory of these equations. According to the testimony of Biot (Procès-verbaux de l'Académie des sciences, III, 204–205), Français, then assisted "his uncle" Louis-Francois Arbogast in the elaboration of the "calculus of derivations" and in the preparation of a treatise that he devoted to this subject (1800). Having inherited Arbogast's papers in April 1803, he continued to work on the development of the calculus of derivations and its applications; thus, in a memoir presented to the Academy in November 1804, he applied this calculus to the movement of projectiles in a resistant medium. Highly esteemed by the mathematicians of the Paris Academy—Lagrange, Legendre, Lacroix, and Biot—Francois Français, pursued original mathematical investigations, but without publishing anything. Following his death his brother Jacques Frédéric included several brief extracts in the Annales de mathematiques from his unpublished papers (the application of the calculus of derivations; formulas concerning polygons and polyhedra; and a study of a special curve, the tractrix); these papers were, moreover, a precious source of inspiration to him.
After having presented a memoir, now lost, on the complete integral of first-order partial differential equations in 1800, Jacques Frédéric Français, did not return to mathematics until 1807–1808. He then published, on the urging of Malus, two memoirs on analytic geometry; they treated the equation of the straight line and of the plane in oblique coordinates and the transformation of the systems of oblique coordinates. Applying his method to the famous problem of finding a sphere tangent to four given spheres, he gave a solution to it in 1808, which he corrected immediately before completing it in 1812.
In September 1813 Français, published in the Annales de mathématiques a resounding article in which he presents the principles of the geometric representation of complex numbers and draws from them several applications. However, in the final paragraph, he acknowledges having taken a portion of his ideas from a letter of 1806 in which Legendre gave his brother François information about a manuscript study on this same subject that had been entrusted to him by an anonymous young author, and he requested that this author reveal himself. In fact, in the following issue of the Annales de mathematiques, this author, Jean-Robert Argand, whose study, although printed, had remained practically unknown, replied with a summary of the main conceptions of his work (Essai sur une manière de représenter les quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques [Paris, 1806]). A polemic then arose in the Annales, in 1813 and 1814, between Argand himself, Français,, and Français,-Joseph Servois: the first two attempted to justify the principle itself of this geometric representation, while Servois was concerned above all else to preserve the rigor and purity of algebra. These publications had the great merit of widely diffusing an innovation whose essence, although presented by Caspar Wessel in Copenhagen in 1797 (and published in 1799), by the Abbé Adrien-Quentin Buée in London in 1805, and by Argand in Paris in 1806, had remained unnoticed by the leading mathematicians.
Although Jacques Frédéric Français,'s mathematical publications were interrupted rather suddenly at the end of 1815, it does not seem that his curiosity was extinguished, and Poncelet's long stay in Metz certainly contributed to maintaining it. While not of the first rank, the mathematical activity of the Français, brothers merits mention for its originality and diversity.
J. F. Soleirol, in his Éloge de Monsieur Français,. . . prononcé sur sa tombele 11 mars 1833 . . . (Metz, 1833), points out that Français, also composed a course on military art, a course on geodesy, and two memoirs, one on permanent fortifications and the other on the thrust of the earth.
A final point remains to be made. Upon the death of Arbogast in April 1803, his writings, his important mathematical library, and the rich collection of scientific manuscripts that he had gathered passed to his "nephew," François Français,. When François died, he bequeathed this collection of manuscripts and books, augmented by his own writings, to his brother Jacques Frédéric, who announced in December 1823 that they were being placed on sale (see Bulletin general et universel des announces . . . I, fasc. 3 , 493–495). Upon the latter's death the essential portion of the collection, not yet sold, passed into the hands of a bookseller in Metz, at whose shop Count Libri was still able to find various valuable manuscripts in 1839. With the sale of Libri's library, these items were dispersed; some are now in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence (in particular, certain papers of Francois Français,) and in the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, while others, which are very precious, have not yet been found. It is hoped that a thorough investigation will be undertaken in order to locate them.
(1) Francois Français,. His work amounts to four posthumous memoirs published by his brother in the Annales de mathematiques pures et appliquées. They deal with an aspect of the "Calcul des dérivations" ("Méthode de différentiation indépendante du développement des fonctions en series," in Annales, 2 [May 1812], 325–331); with theorems concerning polyhedra and polygons (ibid., 3 [Dec. 1812], 189–191, and 5 [May 1815], 341–350); and with the tractrix (4 [Apr. 1814], 305–319). Two important memoirs presented to the Académie des Sciences remain unpublished but were known and utilized by different authors—the memoir on the integration of partial differential equations, presented in 1797 (see S.F. Lacroix, Traité du calcul différentiel et du calcul intégral, 2nd, ed., III [Paris, 1819], 598); and the memoir on the movement of projectiles in resisting media, presented on 26 Nov. 1804, which, moreover, was the object of a flattering report by Biot on 22 April 1805 (Procesverbaux de l'Académie des sciences . . ., III [Hendaye, 1913], 159, 204–205).
(2) Jacques Frédéric Français,. His work includes an individual publication, Memoire sur le mouvement de rotation d'un corps solide libre autour de son centre de masse (Paris, 1813); and a series of memoirs published in the Correspondance sur l'École polytechnique (C.E.P.), the Journal de l'École polytechnique (J.E.P.), and the Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées of Gergonne (Annales). They are listed below by subject and in chronological order.
Analytic Geometry: letter to Hachette, in C.E.P., 1 no. 8 (May 1807), 320–321; on the straight line and the plane in oblique coordinates, in C.E.P., 1, no. 9 (Jan. 1808), 337–346; on a sphere tangent to four spheres in the following issues of C.E.P.:1, no. 9 (Jan. 1808), 346–349; 1, no. 10 (Apr. 1808), 418–421; 2, no. 2 (Jan. 1810), 63–66; 2, no. 5 (Jan. 1813), 409–410; and in Annales, 3 (Nov. 1812), 158–161; on the transformation of oblique coordinates, in J.E.P., 7, Cahier 14 (Apr. 1808), 182–190; and on various Problems, in C.E.P., 2, no. 2 (Jan. 1810), 60–70.
Infinitesimal Calculus: on a singular case of the theory of the extrema of functions of several variables, in Annales, 3 (Oct. 1812), 132–137; and ibid., 3 (June 1813), 197–206; on scales of differentiation and integration, ibid., 3 (Feb. 1813), 244–272; on the calculus of derivations derived from its true principles, ibid., 6 (Sept. 1815), 61–111.
Solid Mechanics: on rotation of solid bodies, in Annales, 3 (Jan. 1813), 197–206.
Geometric Representation of Imaginary Numbers: articles in Annales , 4 (Sept. 1813), 61–71; 4 (Jan. 1814), 222–227; 4 (June 1814), 364–366; and articles repr. in J. Houel, ed. (see below), pp. 63–74, 96–101, 109–110.
Other Topics: problems concerning, the calendar, in Annales, 4 (Mar. 1814), 273–276, and ibid., 4 (May 1814), 337–338; remarks on the tractrix, ibid., 332–336; and a problem involving the pendulum and the flying bridge, ibid., 6 (Oct. 1815), 126–129.
II. Secondary Literature. On the brothers FranÇais, see M. Chasles, Rapport sur les progrès de la géométrie (Paris, 1870), p. 57 (on Francois), pp. 35, 61 (on Jacques Frédéric); S.F. Lacroix, Traite du calcul différential et du calcul integral (Paris, 1819), II, pp. 656–658, 789, III, p.598, 726, 752 (on Francois), pp. 631–632, 752 (on Jacques Frédéric); N. Nielsen, Géomètres français, sous la Révolution (Copenhagen, 1929), pp. 96–97 (on Francois), pp. 97–103 (on Jacques Frédéric); and the Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers, II (London, 1868), 694–695: nos, 4, 7, 14, and 16 are on Francois, the others on Jacques Frédéric. Baptism records may be found in the municipal archives of Saverne.
On FranÇois FranÇais, see (in chronological order), Almanach national (later Almanach imperial) for an VII (1798–1799) to 1810; Procès-verbaux du Comité d'instruction publique de la convention nationale, Vi (Paris, 1907), 452; Procés-verbaux de l'Académie des sciences, III (Hendaye, 1913), 59, 159, 204–205, 262, 504; and J. Joachim, L'école centrale du Haut-Rhin (Colmar, 1934), esp. pp. 151–155, where there is partial confusion with Louis Francois Français,, war commissioner. See also the archives of the Departement du Haut-Rhin.
On Jacques Frédéric Français,, see R. Argand, Essai sur une nouvelle manière de representer les quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1874), pp. v-xvi, 63–74, 96–101, 109–110; S. Bachelard, La représentation géométrique des quantités imaginaires au debut du XIXe siecle (Paris, 1966), pp. 11–13, 30; C.B. Boyer, History of Analytic Geometry (New York, 1956). pp.222–223; A. Fourcy, Histoire de l'École polytechnique (Paris, 1828), p. 403' G. Libri, in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences, 9 (1839), 357–358, and "Fermat," in Revue des deux mondes (15 May 1845), pp. 679–707; G. Loria, "Origines, perfectionnement et developpement de la notion de coordonnees," in Osiris, 8 (1948), esp. 220–223, where there is confusion with Frédéric Louis Lefran÷ois; and J.V. Poncelet, Applications d'analyse et de géométrie, II (Paris, 1864), 592–595; and J. F. Soleirol, Eloge de Monsieur Français,. . . prononcé sur sa tombe le 11 mars 1833 . . .. (Metz, 1833). Furthér material may be found in Almanach national (later Almanach impérial, then Almanach royal) for an VII (1798–1799) to 1833; Ferussac, ed., Bulletin général et universel des annonces et des nouvelles scientifiques, 1, fasc. 3 (1823), 493–495; and Procesverbaux de l'Academie des sciences, III-V (Hendaye, 19131914), III, 265; IV, 475, 554; V, 152, 168, 524.
Part of the original documentation of this article comes from the archives of the École Polytechnique, the Service Historique de l'Armée, and the archives of the Legion of Honor.
"Français, Fran." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. 25 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.


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PiP iT Global, the Galway-based fintech start-up, is now in recruitment mode having hired eight new staff in its Galway offices in 2018, with plans to recruit a further 17 people in the next 12 -18 months. The expansion follows a successful fund-raising exercise earlier this year when they secured over €1 million from private investors and Enterprise Ireland.
PiP iT is a secure and private online payment platform which helps customers spend cash digitally. It allows migrants living and working around the world, who are often denied access to backing facilities most people take for granted, to pay bills and transfer money overseas at a fraction of the cost and time taken by more traditional international payment providers. Described as a "social impact company", PiP iT founders have a clear and genuine mission statement when it comes to what they aim to achieve with this payment system.
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PiP iT Global is already in partnership with 12 international payment partners in UK, Africa, the Middle East, Canada and India, and the new marketing, sales and IT roles will help to grow the business in the countries most suited to the payment services.


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