One of my New Year's resolutions for Scissors & Sage is to invite other people to guest post throughout the year. I so enjoy getting to learn from crafters and bakers and the like, and thought that this would be a nice way to collaborate. The first guest blog post this year is from my friend Elaine.
Elaine and I went to college together. Have you ever had the experience of knowing someone through a friend, but not really knowing them, only to find out later that you two have so many similar interests? That's me and Elaine. I hope to craft with her in real life someday. She lives in Brooklyn, works for J.Crew, and is an overall lover of crafting. She knits, crochets, bakes, arranges flowers, and embroiders, among other nifty talents. Today she is here to teach us how to make our very own floral arrangements! I can't wait to give this a try.
From Elaine: It's the dead of winter and you're counting down the days until spring — only three more months until warmth! While it may be desolate outside, a perfect (and foolproof) way to bring the promise of springy days ahead into your or a friend's home is with a unique flower arrangement. You really can't go wrong with some added pops of color.
For this arrangement, I spent about $50 at my local grocery store and purchased six bouquets of flowers. When selecting, I aim to assort a variety of textures and shapes: long and skinny (like snap dragons) and round and dome-like (like dahlias). Next, I focus on a color palette.
In addition to selecting the focus-flowers for an arrangement, I am also sure to select some foliage flowers or plants to add needed balance. I used hypericum berries, as well as leaves from carnation stems, in this arrangement.
Once you have the flowers back at home, immediately take them out of the cellophane/paper wrapping, cut the stems at an angle (do not trim the stems at this point), and stick the flowers in a bucket of water. Grab a pair of scissors or a knife — it's now time to process the stems.
When you bring home a bouquet of flowers from the grocery store or farmer's market, they are typically unprocessed, meaning they still have all of their leaves, nubs, and thorns. Use your hands or a knife/scissors to clean these leaves from the stems. This will make it easier (and less messy) to assemble your arrangement.
When I make a vase arrangement, I find it easiest to make a traditional bouquet as my skelton and then add embellishments from there.
To start a bouquet, take two flowers and cross them in an "x" shape. Then, rotate both flowers clockwise. The flower that was on top (in this case, the orange carnation) will now be behind the second flower (here, the light purple dahlia). Repeat again with a third flower: add to the "x", then rotate clockwise. This rotation is important because it creates the spiral shape of a traditional bouquet.
Keep adding flowers; the more the better! With the first ten or so flowers you add, the spiral bouquet shape won't be immediately apparent. But, the more you add, the more pronounced the shape will become.
Once you have added all of the flowers to your bouquet, you can trim the stems (cut at an angle) to fit into your vase of choice. I typically go for mason jars. The one I used here is a vintage find!
From here, it's a matter of finessing your arrangement. Aside from processing the stems, I usually spend the most time on this step. Some flowers probably slipped below others while you were assembling the bouquet, so they will need to be pulled up. If you notice that one side of the bouquet is very heavy in one color, you may need to remove some stems and place them elsewhere. If that is the case, just be sure to continue following the twisted shape of the bouquet. You really can't go wrong!
When processing and arranging a large display, you will inevitably accumulate a collection of smaller buds, extra foliage, or a flower or two that didn't make it into my final arrangement. Bonus!!
These smaller flowers can then be used to filled smaller bud vases (of which I now have a growing collection) and used to pepper the rest of your home with some added color and texture. I usually make a loose bouquet shape before sticking these into a vase.
So, happy winter, all! Here's hoping your home feels a little bit brighter and warmer with the addition of a new floral arrangement.


text:
New FIM SPEEDWAY OF NATIONS format for 2022
FIM Speedway of Nations world championship will be contested over four nights in Danish city Esbjerg from July 27-30, 2022.
The SON Final reverts to a new one-day format.
Countries able to select THREE senior riders from 2022.
FIM Team Speedway Under-21 World Championship becomes SON 2 – and the sport's top youngsters will take centre stage in Esbjerg on Friday, July 29.
Highest-ranked teams in SON 2022 set to join hosts Poland in the relaunched FIM Speedway World Cup in Torun in 2023.
Details of the new FIM Speedway of Nations format have been revealed, with the sport's world team championship now set to be decided by a one-day Final.
For the first time in the competition's history, the SON tournament will take place across four nights at one venue as Danish seaside city Esbjerg stages the action at Granly Speedway Arena from July 27-30, 2022.
Fifteen countries battle it out for the right to become SON world champions – a title currently held by Great Britain, after they won their first world team championship for 32 years in Manchester on October 17.
National team managers must select three riders for their SON side, but in a change from this year, the No.3 is no longer required to be an under-21 rider and it is not mandatory for this reserve star to compete.
However, the sport's top under-21 riders will very much take centre stage on Friday, July 29, in the first-ever SON 2 event, which sees hosts Denmark and six nations nominated by the FIM battle it out for the junior world team title – formerly known as the FIM Team Speedway Under-21 World Championship.
Seven countries race in SON Semi-Final 1 on Wednesday, July 27, with another seven battling it out in Semi-Final 2 on Thursday, July 28. The draw to decide the line-up of nations for each Semi-Final will be made by the FIM.
The top three countries in each Semi-Final progress to the SON Final, where they join hosts Denmark, who are seeded into the event as host nation.
In a change from 2021, the SON Final will no longer take place over two days and will revert to a one-day Final, which will bring the curtain down on an epic week of racing on Saturday, July 30.
In Friday's SON 2 event and Saturday's SON Final, the highest-scoring country over 21 heats will automatically advance to the Grand Final.
The second and third-placed teams meet in the Grand Final Qualifier for the right to join them, with the highest-scoring team in the Grand Final crowned 2022 world champions.
The SON scoring system remains unchanged with riders awarded four points for winning a heat, three for second, two for third and zero points for last place, being disqualified or failing to finish.
The format is designed to reward team riding and means avoiding last places will be vital. Great Britain proved this when Robert Lambert and Dan Bewley finished second and third behind Poland's Bartosz Zmarzlik to clinch the 2021 SON world championship with a 5-4 heat advantage in this year's Grand Final in Manchester.
As an added incentive, next year's highest-ranked SON teams earn the right to race in the re-launched FIM Speedway World Cup, which takes place at iconic Polish venue Torun in July 2023.
Poland is certain of a spot in the 2023 SWC Final as host nation and the eight semi-finalists will be nominated by the FIM according to the 2022 SON rankings.
François Ribeiro, head of Discovery Sports Events, is determined to give fans a week to remember in Esbjerg.
He said: "We are pleased to partner with Esbjerg Motorsport to bring one of the biggest events in FIM Speedway to Esbjerg, a region with a strong speedway fan base.
"The new FIM Speedway of Nations format with racing staged on one circuit over four consecutive nights on the last weekend of July will offer fans a unique opportunity to gather on Denmark's west coast and join fans from all over the world in supporting their national team.
"Discovery Sports Events is committed to offering fans a unique experience and making the SON something special, with a lot of promotional activities during the day and great racing every evening.
"As part of our long-term commitment to invest in the future of the sport from its grassroots right through to professional level, the world's most promising U21s will race on the same stage as the sport's biggest stars. We look forward to celebrating this new era of FIM Speedway of Nations in Denmark next year."
Lars Guldager Dyhr, director of the Esbjerg club, said: "It will of course be a fantastic task for us as a club to stage a real speedway party over four days, and we are proud that Granly Speedway Arena will stage the very first edition of such a speedway event. It's completely unique.
"We are the oldest club that stages speedway in Denmark, so in a way, the sport returns home to its Danish cradle.
"Now it is our task together with Esbjerg Municipality to make sure that we create a good home for not just the SON, but also more big races in the future, because that is what we have worked for.
"It requires improved facilities and this should, of course, elevate the viewing experience in general. It is a proud moment in the club's history, and we look forward to a hopefully long-term collaboration with Discovery and Esbjerg Municipality, which has been a driving force in bringing this event to our city."
Armando Castagna, FIM Track Racing Director, commented: "The new SON system and having all the competitions staged together over a few days at the same venue will create a unique atmosphere for this very special World Championship. I'm sure that it will be a week full of entertainment and surprises."
Further details about the 2022 FIM Speedway of Nations and ticket information will be released in due course.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pre Test Information: Sputum and urine first morning samples should ideally be tested on 3 consecutive days.
Q. What is MTB? Can it cause infertility?
Q. I coughed blood and am being treated for TB. I need expert advise.


to trust that I'll be okay.
This entry was posted on Sunday, November 9th, 2014 at 10:32 pm	and tagged with confessions, daily life, journeys, story, struggles, them, writing and posted in personal.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
No matter how many miles separate us, I am always here for you.
Thank you so much. I appreciate you, and I needed the reminder.
You are never alone in your pain Scribbler. Always remember to reach out for those who can truly reassure you of the fact that you will be okay. Then hopefully you will eventually find the inner trust you seek. Here for you friend.


Dr. Sharon Minott-Warren and our entire team at Bellaire Periodontics is focused on providing you with services that can improve your oral health and fight gum disease. Periodontal disease can be an ongoing issue that affects your teeth, gums, and overall oral health. Normally a bacterial infection, it can lead to very serious and potentially painful conditions that require very detailed periodontal services. Dr. Minott-Warren and our staff are leaders in surgical dentistry and are focused on providing you with superior periodontics. We have years of experience, cutting edge technology, and a compassionate environment to ensure you receive the level of care you deserve. Our team specializes in dental implants and is focused on making sure each and every patient is treated with superior care and respect.
Learn more about how our team at Bellaire Periodontics can assist you by contacting us at (713) 255-8372.
Here at Bellaire Periodontics, our staff does everything we can to ensure that you have a pleasant experience when you visit our office. We are dedicated to providing you with outstanding communication so you can have detailed information about your oral health that is easy to understand. The goal of this is to ensure that you accurate information is provided to your general dentist. In fact, Dr. Minott-Warren is in communication with your dentist so you can receive outstanding care.
Our committed dental care team is here to ensure you receive high-quality dental treatments.
Bellaire Periodontics is led by a highly-decorated periodontist and oral surgeon.
Everything we do is focused on providing outstanding dental care and comfort.
Learn more about how we can help you by scheduling your dental appointment.


Why play at an online casino?
Here is a quick rundown on most of the most frequently asked questions regarding the 7Spins.com online casino.
(tip - contact support via live chat in the software before playing.
On your first deposit, receive a 300% match bonus worth up to $600!
On your second deposit, receive a 200% match bonus worth up to $900!
On your third deposit, receive a 100% match bonus worth up to $900!
100% Bonus for each of your first 5 deposits.
Maximum bonus for each deposit is $100.
7Spins also has a free $7 no deposit bonus to try out their casino.
7Spins Casino offers a unique experience to play casino games online with player entertainment, game satisfaction and customer service in mind. Players are rewarded with truly innovative games and graphics that have yet to be seen while playing other online casinos.
Pictured above is the lobby at 7Spins Casino.
Note: The numbers in this list correspond with the numbers in the screenshot above.
1. When you first enter the 7Spins Casino lobby, you will see a list of all the casino games available on the left hand side.
2. Up in the top left portion of the screen are "tabs" or "windows" or games and rooms that you have opened or played but have not closed. Taking a closer look at my tabs you will see "Lobby", "Multihand Blackjack", and "Electronic Roulette".
Lobby will always be available in the tabs area no matter where you are in the casino. With the other tabs, I can either click on a tab and go back to that game. Clicking on the "X" in the tab closes the tab. You can actually be in the middle of a hand and switch games you are playing.
3. There are 3 more tabs in the top right corner of the lobby. These tabs are part of the right hand column that acts independent to the rest of the online casino. The tabs are "Support", "Hot", and "Window".
4. By default, the "Support" tab is selected showing the Live Chat application on the right side of the casino software. I wish more online casinos had a live chat option built into their software. It is a great feature to be able to contact support the second their is a problem or you have a question without having to open or close any other windows or programs.
The "Hot" tab displays the hottest casino games at 7Spins Casino, ranked by popularity of the game that people are playing at that time.
The "Window" tab displays a list of all your open games and rooms. This list is identical to your open tabs at the top left corner of your screen.
Clicking on the settings button will allow you to customize how the casino looks and sounds on your computer. You can select different genres of sound, like Jazz or Spanish, or turn off the sound all together. You can also toggle between viewing the online casino in full screen mode or not.
7Spins Casino has over 80 Games including Roulette, Blackjack, Video Slots, Video Poker, Keno and more. You have the ability to play multiple games at the same time using 7Spins Casino, something different then most online casinos.
Along with traditional bonuses for signing up and depositing, 7Spins also has an attractive VIP Club with 3 different levels: Black Diamond, Titanium club and Crystal room.
100% Bonus for each of your first 5 deposits where the maximum bonus for each deposit is $100 (5 x $100 deposits = $500 is the max bonus can achieved) as well as $7 free no deposit bonus!
Here is a screenshot of the game Electronic Roulette at 7Spins.


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Q: Nice search URLs I have a form which submits to a search page.  I can handle the MOD_REWRITE stuff at the back end but want to know the best way to get the search result page in a nice format in the first place.
Is it best to receive the form submission, then redirect to a nicer url structure.  In the following example the user searches for blah.
/search.html?searchterm=blah

Which redirects to
/search/blah/

Or can I (my preferred option) do this using javascript (or jQuery) somehow after the user clicks the submit button?

A: definitely you should read this tutorial:

*

*http://matthewjamestaylor.com/blog/how-to-post-forms-to-clean-rewritten-urls

basics:

*

*mysql_real_escape_string() searched term

*remove all non Alpha/Num chars

*place the + between each matched word

*SELECT MATCH AGAINST || IN BOLEAN MODE || LIKE
mod_rewrite
RewriteRule ^search/([^/\.]+)$ search.php?q=$1

PS: the PHP part in the link is a little bit outofdate, so, for example you should use preg_replace instead of ereg_replace, and you can also avoid the extra step of stripping  spaces by doing it all in the first try; you may also check for stopwords and refine your regex as suggested ex.: foo-bar. there are other things to consider but for a novice is a good starting point.

A: From your question I gather you want the browser to go to search/blah directly. You don't want to be forwarded.
The only way to do that is with javascript, since the way a form with method GET works is by definition not that way you want it.
What I would do is leave the form as it is, and use javascript to intercept the button click, then navigate to "search/"+escapedSearchTerm.  This has the advantage that if no javascript is available, the default method still kicks in and the site still works.
The latency should really be neglectable for this.

A: What search API are you calling?
You should be able to use Javascript or jQuery to pull in search results.

A: I'd avoid using JavaScript for this. It's not really necessary. I'd probably just leave it simple with search.php?q=blah, but if clean URLs are important to you, then just rewrite search.html?searchterm=blah to /search/blah/ like you mentioned.
I don't think there really is a "best" way to format your URL. I guess it boils down to personal preference, unless there are performance issues involved with using mod_rewrite that I'm not aware of.

A: I think will be better if the onclick() action of your submit button changes the action property of your form to something like /search/blah/ preventing your site's users to see that ugly url.

A: GET requests are fairly standard for search engines.  Having a URL like /search?q=blah is fairly normal and expected behavior and you should be able to accomplish this using mod_rewrite as you suggested.
JavaScript/jQuery is not a good approach for this.  It would add additional client-side latency for something that should be handled on the server side (rewrite) especially if the request is properly constructed in the search form.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Save Halloween from villains in this classic girls Wonder Woman costume! The kids superhero includes Wonder Woman's classic polyester leotard, with a blue lower section featuring white stars and a red upper section. The accented gold band across the chest is attached. The leotard also has two ties that go behind the neck. The separate large red cape secured around the neck with velcro. The headband, belt, bracelets, and boot covers all have the appearance of vinyl. The gold headband has a red star and an elastic piece in back. The gold belt is also separate and secures with a velcro piece, similar to the included silver bracelets. The golden lasso fits in a loop attached to the leotard. Finally, the red boot covers have a white stripe in front and white tops. Check out our red superhero boots for kids for a look ready to join the Justice League!


"Only Ms. Rosa's boy, running around in his Halloween costume, more than a week early. I swear, the nerve of that woman leaving her brat unsupervised."— Codsworth mistaking the ghoulish appearance of Rosa's son for a costume.
Ms. Rosa's son is one Nora and Nate's neighbors in Sanctuary Hills in 2077. In 2287 he became a feral ghoul roaming in the Commonwealth. He is encountered in a random encounter post-War, being one of a group of hostile ghouls.
Before the War, Ms. Rosa's son was presumably one of the neighbors of the Sole Survivor who was restoring an old Corvega with his mother. When the bombs fell, they didn't make it to safety. He can be found 210 years later roaming the Commonwealth and Boston with Rosa and a few other unlucky pre-War citizens turned ghoul.
After the nukes fell, Codsworth tells the protagonist that he had seen "Ms. Rosa's boy running around in his Halloween costume," implying that Codsworth had seen him as a ghoul and mistaken his ghastly appearance as simply a costume.
In cut terminal entries, his name is revealed to be Louis, and that his father died, and that him and his mother building the Corvega together strengthened their relationship after the loss. Louis wanted a roll cage and a leather interior for the car.
Ms. Rosa's son appears only in Fallout 4.


Head to Leys Avenue in Letchworth from 10am to 4pm on the first Saturday of each month for the Arts & Crafts Market.
The market contains a wide range of stalls selling upcycled, pre-loved and handmade crafts, with vintage and retro items, original paintings and prints. There is also original paintings, prints, homeware, china and ceramics, embroidery, knitting and much more.


Question: Hi, i am a dancer and also interested in pyshics. I thought of an idea; if i could rotate in a way like a gyroscpoe (lets think i have enough musclepower) would i hang in mid air? İ think the gyroscope that the pilot in the army made can be applied to human body //upside down, rotating the legs//.What do you guys think? I ve been really thinking on this for a while.Thanks.


Deloitte was the first of the Big Four international accounting and consulting firms to establish operations in Belarus, opening an office in 1999. Here, Andrei Surmach, Partner & General Director of Deloitte Belarus explains how the ease of doing business has improved over the past decade.
Ten years ago Belarus was on the margins of the global economy, but since then substantial improvements to the investment climate have made the country a serious emerging market.
The country has won the trust of the international business community and improved economic relations with many countries as a result, including the European Union.
International rating agencies now issue ratings for the country and its bigger banks, while over 20 new double taxation treaties and many investment protection agreements have been signed with countries around the globe.
Belarus's attractions have also been underwritten by the fact many multinationals have acquired local subsidiaries or started operations from scratch in the country.
All this activity has been helped enormously by a radical overhaul of the tax system.
Many tax rates have fallen (including income tax, VAT, social security contributions, turnover taxes, capital gains tax) and currency, price and salary controls have been eased.
Some taxes have been phased out altogether while others have been made far simpler to administer, and recently the ability to file tax returns electronically was introduced.
Importantly for foreign companies seeking to establish operations in Belarus, several special tax regimes (Free Economic Zones, High Technologies Park, exemptions for rural areas) have been created to provide substantial tax privileges for business entering the market.
A "one stop shop" principle has been introduced for setting up a company - making it possible to do it in a day – and opening a bank account is a simple process. Many price controls have also been eased and foreign exchange restrictions removed.
From an accounting point of view, there is much wider adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) with all commercial banks in Belarus now required to report under IFRS. Belarusian accounting rules are currently being reformed to become closer to IFRS, too. All these changes have been part of a general trend towards liberalisation of economy.
The Foreign Investment Advisory Council established by the Government and consisting of foreign investors, international economic and business bodies and various state agencies often helps to change legislation to improve the business and investment environment, ranging from aspects of taxation to customs and foreign trade issues.
In short, over the past decade Belarus has made impressive progress and it is seeing the results of its efforts.
As always, there is still a lot to be done, but the political will exists to keep moving forward. Belarus has become an important destination for international capital.


Reviewing for the New York Times the new book by Tom Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum, David Frum asks, "Does America Have a Future"? The backdrop for the question is a combustible mixture of news: more Americans are living in poverty than at any time in the past 50 years and another shocker– the moment during the Tea Party debate among Republican presidential candidates when the audience cheered the idea of letting uninsured patients die. America has a future, but we are heading in an unrecognizable direction without navigation aids.
I recall an American president, Bill Clinton, speaking at the Fountainbleau Hotel in Miami in the spring of 1995. Clinton was a fabulous campaigner. Even his adversaries– especially his adversaries — would agree. He looked over the crowd assembled and sang the virtues of place. He said along these lines, "In the future America is going to look more and more like Miami. Diverse and vibrant and filled with hope." I marveled from the audience of adoring supporters.
You are currently browsing the Alan Farago blog archives for September, 2011.


You can easily access an ISO image of a CD or DVD (e.g. RHEL DVD) from the command line in Linux.
To access an ISO disc image, you have to create a mount point (empty folder that will be used as a root filesystem) and mount an ISO file to it.
In this article, i'll show how to Mount and Unmount an ISO file from the Linux Command Line (CentOS, RHEL, Fedora, Ubuntu, Debian, Mint etc.).
To mount an ISO image in Linux, you must be a root or use sudo.
A mount point – is a directory (typically an empty folder) from which the content of an ISO disc image will be accessible.
After ISO disk is mounted, you will receive the following message: 'mount: warning: /mnt/mount_point seems to be mounted read-only'.
You can ignore it, because according to the ISO 9660 standard, ISO images are always mounted in read-only mode.
You may need a lowercase 'p' when creating the mount point subdirectory.


Classical art history will teach that religion held in high esteem in society — colorful frescoes, grand portraits, open skies with angels and cherubs galore in the traditions of the Baroque. What makes the paintings of the renowned Dutch painter Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn stand out among the museum walls. Here, Parisian portrait photographer Yoann Leveque brings two of these aesthetics to make his own classics with the Daguerreotype Achromat Art Lens attached to his analogue camera.
The Catholic Church helped art flourish by patronizing artists of immense skill. After all, what better way to show reverence than to recreate their likeliness? Leveque cited that Leonardo Da Vinci's "Last Supper" and Rembrandt's extensive knowledge of classical iconography highly influenced this series.
Leveque gathered some of his silk-draped models and had them mimic the poses of saints in Catholicism, very particular with the body language and expressions they showed. It was important that these poses and expressions do not come off too subtle or too indicative, so there was the careful placing of hands, the angles of their heads and necks, the way their eyes and mouths would position.
The focuses of Leveque's portraits are solely on where the light touches.
To achieve the somber mood, Leveque adapted the chiaroscuro, a technique Rembrandt himself was known for by using stark contrasts and lighting. With the Daguerreotype's ability to create soft and sharp focuses simultaneously, and Kodak Portra 400's spectacular toning, Leveque was able to echo Rembrandt's warm oil studies and busts of religious icons.
For more of Yoann Leveque's works, visit his Instagram.
Paint within the night with the Daguerreotype Achromat 2.9/64 Art Lens, available at the Lomography Online Shop and Gallery Stores.


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Q: AgGrid: Changing the Aggregation Header Name Now I have a column eg name is "age"
    {headerName: 'age', field: 'age', filter: 'agNumberColumnFilter', aggFunc: 'sum'}

I add a sum aggFunc on it, so the result of header name is changed to "sum(age)"
However, I still want to show "age", how can I implement this?
Thank you very much


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Q: Pandas groupby filter on column, and then plot the results I have the following df:

subject_id
name
day
value

1
sld
0
0

1
sld
1
5

1
sld
2
12

1
dsld
0
0

1
dsld
1
-1

2
sld
0
0

2
sld
1
7

2
sld
2
8

2
sld
3
4

2
dsld
0
0

I want to make a line plot with the following criteria:

*

*Group by subject_id

*for each group, only take the rows where name == sld

*line plot the data where x is the day, and y is the value
I want to plot all the groups on the same plot. Preferably using seaborn
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 6))
df_sld = df[df['name'] == 'sld']
df_sld.groupby('subject_id').plot(x = 'day', y = 'value', ax = ax)

However, this is taking a long time. Is there a faster way to group by subject_id and then only take the rows where name == sld
I also tried
df.groupby('subject_id')['name'].apply(lambda x: x == 'sld').plot(x = 'day', y = 'value')
df.groupby('subject_id').apply(lambda x: x['name'] == 'sld').plot(x = 'day', y = 'value')

But get an error saying no numerical data

A: IIUC,
df.query('name == "sld"').set_index(['day', 'subject_id'])['value'].unstack().plot()

Output:


text:
Иск — требование, подаваемое в суд, судебное действие истца, обратившегося к помощи суда, чтобы обязать ответчика признать его право или исполнить то, что он должен.

Иск сопутствует всякому гражданскому праву, составляет его естественное свойство; права, которые не сопровождаются исками, представляют редкие исключения и стоят на рубеже права и нравственности. Например, тот, кто получил платёж по карточному долгу, не обязан возвращать деньги, то есть имеет право на них, но потребовать платежа путём иска он не может (так называемое натуральное обязательство).

В римском праве иски предусматривались преторскими эдиктами и число их было ограничено содержанием эдиктов.

В современном праве исков столько, сколько юридических отношений.

Выделяют предмет иска — сущность требования истца (погасить задолженность, признать право, компенсировать вред и т. п.) и основание иска — действие или бездействие ответчика, послужившее причиной для иска (нарушение договора, причинение вреда и т. п.).

Суд рассматривает спор в рамках иска, то есть, как правило, не может самостоятельно выходить за пределы исковых требований. В случае отказа в иске повторное обращение в суд с иском, имеющим тот же предмет и основание, не допускается (принцип Res judicata).

Виды исков

 Коллективный иск
 Вещный иск
 Виндикационный иск
 Негаторный иск
 Негационный иск
 Встречный иск
 Регрессный иск
 Гражданский иск в уголовном процессе
 Публицианов иск
 Кондикционный иск
 Петиторный иск
 Посессорный иск

См. также
 Исковое заявление
 Исковая давность
 Обеспечение иска
 Конкуренция исков
 Иск в российском праве
 Арбитраж:Заявки

Ссылки

 Предмет и основание иска

Гражданское процессуальное право

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Use WP7 camera to read text I need to point camera at some text and fill some textboxes with text it found. Its provided in bing search in wp7. Can i use such functionality in my application?

A: New Mango WP SDK has a feature called Bing Vision. That's exactly what you want. It is available starting from WP 7.5 though.
Or you can try Project Hawaii SDK, it has OCR capabilities too, and is available starting WP 7.1, but is more of research than stable API.


Mombasa, the city of salt and spice, seafaring stories and of intriguing traders from faraway lands has many faces. With the passionate calls to prayer, the flagstones of the Jain temples and the Zanzibar-bound dhows it shows its intoxicating blend of India, Arabia, and Africa.
Also known as the Island of War, Mombasa is East Africa's biggest port and is actually an island connected by bridges and ferries. It is a cultural melting pot where many nationalities have enriched the city's architecture and its cuisine. In the Old Town, fragrant spices from the local markets linger in the air and visitors step back in time to explore the ancient buildings.
Its beachfront hotels are popular for sun, sea and surf.
As with all major ports, Mombasa attracts its fair share of shady characters and occasionally ethnic tensions and security issues threaten to disturb the peace. Make sure you keep your wits with you when exploring this vibrant city.
Experience the hustle and bustle of Africa's biggest port town and book cheap flights to Mombasa with TripIndigo today!
Good prices and excellent value if you look around.
Closest Airport: Moi International Airport (MBA).
https://www.tripindigo.com/fly/destinations/countries/kenya/Kenya lies on the equator and Mombasa's climate is tropical and humid. As the rest of Kenya, it has two rainy seasons. The short rains in November and December and the long rains in March, April and May. The southern hemisphere winter means June, July and August are the coolest months, with temperatures averaging 27°C / 80°F.
Mombasa is a bustling port city with plenty of character and places to explore. Located on the coast it is fortunate to have a marine park right on its doorstep where water sports and sunbathing are popular options.
Fort Jesus is a good place to enhance your understanding of its varied background, before wandering around the Old Town to indulge in Mombasa's amazing architecture, a variety of excellent and exotic food options, and the huge range of shopping options from high-end to the cheap and cheerful local markets. Don't forget to swing past its famous fish market and take a selfie at the Mombasa tusks.
Make sure to check out the local fabrics like kangas and kitenge or the beautiful 100% cotton kikoy, which make excellent souvenirs and presents for loved ones at home.
As a seaside town, Mombasa is perfectly located to indulge in some fun in and around the water. Humpback whales migrate through the area from the end of June to December and anybody who enjoys fishing can try their luck with excellent deep-sea fishing right off the Mombasa coast. A trip between August and October gives you the chance to catch yellowfin tuna or try your luck with a marlin between December and March.
For a dose of nature in town, check out Haller Park and go for a walk, jog or ride on its lovely trails or visit the reptile park or the butterfly sanctuary when you are there. A little further out is Nguuni Nature Sanctuary where you can sip on a cold drink, watching a typical African sunset whilst enjoying a bbq with giraffes, ostriches and some other antelopes around you. There is also a crocodile farm in Mombasa called Mamba Village where you can take a tour and watch them get fed.
And last, but not least Mombasa is an excellent starting point for a trip to the white sandy beaches to the north and south of town, all excellent places to relax and enjoy the best of Kenya's coast, and the national parks and other wildlife reserves like Shimba Hills or even Tsavo National Park.
Like all cultural melting pots, Mombasa has a lot to offer when it comes to picking your next meal, and all budgets are catered for.
Make sure you also try Nyama Choma (grilled meat) at one of the authentic nyama choma places around town.
The majority of people in Mombasa are Muslims although it is a melting pot of all cultures and religions as would be expected from a seaside city.
Although not extreme, there are certain things you should do and don't do when in Mombasa. Shoes should always be removed when entering a home and place of worship. Dress modestly in public and refrain from public displays of affection.
Mombasa has facilities for all budgets. This is true for accommodation, transport, food and excursions.
Mombasa used to belong to the Sultan of Zanzibar until it was ceded to Kenya when it gained independence in 1963.
Due to the many changes of ownership during the centuries of conflict it is called 'Kisiwa Cha Mvita' in Swahili, meaning Island of War.
The city is built on an island and is surrounded by a natural harbour. It is the main link for East Africa with the rest of the world as the vast majority of goods for East Africa come in through this port.
MBA to Malindi (MYD) Search Now for Prices!
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Get the most out of your holiday in Mombasa and Kenya checking out our travel articles.
As with any big city, some reas are safer than others, particularly after dark. Ask!


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Historic Figures
Hands on History
History for Kids
The First Black Britons
By Sukhdev Sandhu
Black people have lived in Britain for centuries - although their circumstances have varied greatly. Some have been enslaved and exploited, while others have enjoyed privilege and status. Trace their story to discover more about the attitudes and conditions they encountered.
Human ornaments
Images of black people
Black and white unite
Black community?
Escaping poverty
Records show that black men and women have lived in Britain in small numbers since at least the 12th century, but it was the empire that caused their numbers to swell exponentially in the 17th and 18th centuries.
As the British empire expanded, African and Afro-Caribbean slaves were ferried across the seas to work on plantations in the Caribbean or the Americas, where they had to do back-breaking labour all their lives under the scalding sun.
Not for nothing did a coin - the guinea - derive its etymology from the West African region of that name
Others, in much smaller numbers, were ferried into the ports of London, Liverpool and Bristol - on the same ships that brought imperial products such as tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, rum, fruit, wine, tobacco and oil to enrich the national economy.
Not for nothing did a coin - the guinea - derive its etymology from the West African region of that name, the area from which hundreds of thousands of indigenous people were seized against their will. For traders of 17th- and 18th-century Britain, the African was literally a unit of currency.
Those who came to Britain were often brought in by planters, government officials, and military and naval officers returning to the United Kingdom. Slaves were seen as reassuring companions, who might staunch some of the loneliness felt by the white expatriates on their long voyages back to an island they had not seen for decades.
Other black people were offered to the commanders of slaving vessels as gifts, and were later sold into domestic service at quayside auctions or at coffee-houses in London, where they were given names such as John Limehouse or Tom Camden.
Slavery was legal in Britain until 1772, and many of these Africans found themselves working as butlers or other household attendants in aristocratic families. Their duties were not necessarily onerous; their chief function often seems to have been just to look decorative. They served as human equivalents of the porcelain, textiles, wallpapers and lacquered pieces that the English nobility was increasingly buying from the east.
These enslaved people were often dressed in fancy garb, their heads wrapped in bright turbans. Owners selected them on the basis of their looks and the lustre of their young skin, much as dog fanciers today might coo and trill over a cute poodle.
Dr Johnson - forbade his black servant to buy food for his cat © Black men and women found life in the UK infinitely preferable to the lives of punishing work they would have faced in the West Indies, but, though they were comparatively well treated, they were not treated as fully human.
Oil paintings of aristocratic families from this period make the point clearly. Artists routinely positioned black people on the edges or at the rear of their canvasses, from where they gaze wonderingly at their masters and mistresses. In order to reveal a 'hierarchy of power relationships', they were often placed next to dogs and other domestic animals, with whom they shared, according to the art critic and novelist David Dabydeen, 'more or less the same status'. Their humanity effaced, they exist in these pictures as solitary mutes, aesthetic foils to their owners' economic fortunes.
Owners often took it upon themselves to educate their 'possessions', and gave them lessons in accomplishments such as prosody, drawing and musical composition
Until the abolitionist movement of the 1770s and 1780s began to challenge existing stereotypes about the moral and intellectual capacity of black people, it was not unusual for them to be portrayed as simians or as occupying the bottom rung of the great chain of being. They were also said to lack reason.
As late as 1810 the Encyclopaedia Britannica described 'the Negro' thus: 'Vices the most notorious seem to be the portion of this unhappy race... they are strangers to every sentiment of compassion, and are an awful example of the corruption of man left to himself.'
Nonetheless, more humane relationships between black servants and the nobility were not unknown. Owners often took it upon themselves to educate their 'possessions', and gave them lessons in accomplishments such as prosody, drawing and musical composition.
Dr Johnson famously left his Jamaica-born employee Francis Barber a £70 annuity, and refused to let him go and buy food for his cat, as he felt that 'it was not good to employ human beings in the service of animals'. Barber's last descendant still lives in the Lichfield area; he's white, his children are all daughters, and the name will die out with this generation.
An anti-slavery banner © Most black people, if they escaped their masters, were doomed to live in poverty. In 1731, the Lord Mayor of London, responding to moral panic about the size of the non-white population in the city, banned them from holding company apprenticeships.
Servants who ran away from their masters' houses were the subjects of lost-and-found ads in the press, and rewards for their capture were offered. They tended to flee to the East End of London, where they lived in overcrowded lodging houses with stinking courtyards, surrounded by brothels and thieves' and sailors' dens.
Few of them had marketable skills. Nor did they have contacts in the provinces or in the countryside to whom they could turn. They were forced to eke out illicit, subterranean livings - a bit of tailoring, voyages at sea, pick-pocketing, begging. They were especially renowned for their skills at the latter; some played musical instruments or pretended to be blind.
The black and white poor of this period were friends, not rivals
A parliamentary report in 1815 claimed that one enslaved person had been able to return to the West Indies with a fortune of £1,500. The likes of Billy Waters and Joseph Johnson made an artistic spectacle out of their poverty - they became underworld celebrities, and were so well rewarded that by the 1850s many white beggars had begun to black up.
The black and white poor of this period were friends, not rivals. So much so, in fact, that Sir John Fielding, a magistrate and brother of the novelist Henry Fielding, complained that when black domestic servants ran away and, as they often did, found '... the Mob on their side, it makes it not only difficult but dangerous to the Proprietor of these Slaves to recover the Possession of them, when once they are sported away'.
Historians often talk about the 'black community' in pre-20th-century Britain, but to what extent did this exist? Slaves and ex-slaves certainly did meet up whenever possible to gossip, reminisce and exchange vital information. It is known that when two of them were imprisoned in Bridewell for begging, they had more than 300 black visitors.
...intermarriage of black people to members of the white population was common, much to the disgust of the white middle classes
A newspaper report from 1764 also describes how 57 black men and women ate, drank and entertained themselves with dancing and music - from violins, French horns and other instruments - until four in the morning, at a public-house in Fleet Street. No white people were allowed to be present, and all the performers were black.
Despite these signs of community, however, barely 20% of the black population was female, and intermarriage of black people to members of the white population was common, much to the disgust of the white middle classes.
In 1788, Philip Thicknesse bemoaned the fact that: '... London abounds with an incredible number of these black men [...] in almost every village are to be seen a little race of mulattoes, mischievous as monkeys and infinitely more dangerous'.
...some, brought up by their aristocrat owners, used refined language; others, educated at sea, used Jack Tar lingo
African and English people also shared the same cramped social spaces - from below-deck quarters at sea, to Newgate gaol cells. They drank gin at the same taverns, and danced together at mixed-race hops. This lack of segregation, combined with the relatively small number of black people in Britain (even in London there were not many more than 10,000, around 1 per cent of the capital's population), created a fleeting and vernacular multi-culturalism.
The word 'black' itself is a loose term; those men and women in Britain hailed from many different tribes and regions of Africa. And they spoke several different kinds of English: some, brought up by their aristocrat owners, used refined language; others, educated at sea, used Jack Tar lingo, a stew of Cockney, Creole, Irish, Spanish and low-grade American. All this created great differences in their way of life, and social class played at least as important a role as colour in their way of dealing with day-to-day vicissitudes.
Ignatius Sancho - a major literary celebrity of Georgian London © Poverty was the norm for most, but not all, black people. Cesar Picton was a former servant, who became a coal merchant in Kingston-upon-Thames, and was wealthy enough by the time he died to be able to bequeath two acres of land, and a house with wharf and shops attached.
More famous yet was Olaudah Equiano (c.1745-1797), a former slave who went on to become a radical reformer and best-selling author. In 1773 he became the first black person to explore the Arctic when he sailed, on the same ship as Horatio Nelson, on Lord Mulgrave's famous expedition to find a passage to India.
In 1786 Equiano also became the first black person ever to be employed by the British government, when he was made Commissary of Provisions and Stores for the 350 impoverished black people who had decided to take up the government's offer of an assisted passage to Sierra Leone. Three years later he published his autobiography, which ran to nine editions over the next five years. He toured the nation promoting its abolitionist sentiments.
...his playful experimental correspondence was... the first book... penned by a black British writer
Most celebrated of all was Ignatius Sancho (1729-1780). This African of Falstaffian girth and bonhomie was born on a slave ship. By the time he was two, both his parents were dead (his father through suicide), yet he went on to become a major literary celebrity in Georgian London.
Sancho's friends included the writer of Tristram Shandy, Laurence Sterne, and the actor David Garrick. He published four collections of musical compositions, and he sat for a Gainsborough oil portrait. And, after his death, his playful experimental correspondence was published - this was the first book known to have been penned by a black British writer. In 1773 Sancho also opened a corner shop, on the street where the Foreign and Commonwealth Office now stands.
His life demonstrates a rare triumph of talent and resourcefulness over the poverty and prejudice that snuffed out so many black men and women in 18th-century Britain.
Staying Power by Peter Fryer (Pluto Press, 1984)
Incomparable World by by SI Martin (Quartet, 1996)
Reconstructing The Black Past by Norma Myers (Frank Cass, 1996)
London Calling: How Black and Asian Writers Imagined A City by Sukhdev Sandhu (HarperCollins, 2003)
Dr Sukhdev Sandhu was educated at Oxford and has taught at New York University. He is the author of London Calling: How Black and Asian Writers Imagined A City (HarperCollins, 2003). Currently chief film critic of the Daily Telegraph, he also writes for the London Review of Books and Modern Painters.
«; More Empire and Seapower
British History Timeline
Explore the British History Timeline from the Neolithic to the present day
World War One Centenary
Find out more about how the BBC is covering the World War One Centenary, and see the latest programmes and online content
Surviving the trenches
Dan Snow asks why so many soldiers survived the trenches in WW1
The History of the Home
Take a journey through the history of the home. Each room tells a different story.
BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more.


PRICE DROP.- this is my bottom Dollar with the built drive train, will be putting it back to stock shortly.
It absolutely kills me to post this for sale, it is one of my dream cars and completed my 90s Toyota Collection. But a business opportunity arose, so I'm posting a few of them for sale and whichever sells first, I will take the others down.
This is a very, very, VERY rare 90's turbo, AWD Celica, same class as the EVO and STI. 1600 were ever produced and sent to the united states between 1990 and 1993, and only a handful remain. Otherwise known as the "GT-FOUR", the ST185 was a homologation car manufactured only so that Toyota could compete in the World Rally Championship. It uses the same motor as the 1991-1995 Toyota MR2 Turbo and made about 200hp in original form.
I searched for nearly a year to find this extremely clean chassis, and used it as a base for a big build. It currently has a 400bhp capable 2001 Gen4 3SGTE (only available with Japan) installed.
The car has some extremely rare parts on it, including a Carlos Sainz ORIGINAL front bumper. That piece itself is worth over $1000 (you can buy a replica for half that). The interior is in good condition and has rare JDM front cloth seats, all electronics function.
The mods list is extensive, but basically it is an ATS Racing bolt on upgraded Gen4, completely refreshed with all new gaskets and OEM pumps, including upgraded CT16 turbo, Clutchmaster Stage 4 unsprung race clutch, Coil on plug ignition, RevTech FMIC intercooler setup, TIAL bov, Kinugawa wastegate, ECU Masters EMU standalone, ID1000cc injectors, Flexfuel E85, Apexi exhaust.
If you are interested in this rare opportunity, please message me and I can provide pictures and details on whichever combination you are interested in. I was not planning to sell and will have to take better pictures when we get some decent weather.


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Covid-19 Update: Return to Office Delayed — Get Vaccinated
The Guild and the Times Union agreed Wednesday that the return to office schedule would be delayed as the Capital Region leads the state in COVID-19 infections. The new schedule calls for those who were to return on Aug. 16 to now go back on Sept. 7. Those who were to initially return on Sept. 7 will now go back on Oct. 4. This schedule may be changed again based on the COVID-19 infection rates. The Guild and the Times Union agreed to monitor the numbers as the Delta variant continues to be prevalent. You Must Get Vaccinated The Guild and the Times Union also discussed protecting our colleagues, families…
Return to Office Delayed by Week
August 5, 2021 /
The Executive Board decided Sunday that given the increasing COVID-19 infection rates that a meeting should be held to seek a delay in the return to the office. Exposure to the Delta variant is too dangerous to be ignore. Local President Ken Crowe sent a letter Sunday to Publisher George Hearst and Human Resources Director Ruth Fantasia requesting a meeting. They asked for a delay to consult with corporate. On Wednesday, Crowe, Hearst and Fantasia met. It was agreed that the Aug. 9 return would be postponed until Aug. 16. This does not impact the September return planned for some. The company will send out an email announcing the one…
Buyout Approved
The Albany Newspaper Guild membership unanimously approved a buyout agreement with the Times Union at a special meeting held Monday night, June 21, 2021. Executive Board Member Jeff Boyer will sign the agreement on behalf of the Guild Tuesday afternoon at the Times Union building.
Pay Raises
On Friday, June 18, 2021 raises will be included in this week's paychecks for members of the Albany Newspaper Guild unit. There will be retroactive pay back to the beginning of June. The raises are from a merit pay pool that Publisher George Hearst described in a recent all hands meeting. The Guild has taken the position that under the McClatchy Doctrine a merit pool distribution, as portrayed by the publisher, should be subject to negotiations between the Guild and Times Union management. The company disagrees citing the merit pay provisions of our contract. The Guild has not waived any of its rights to take future action on this issue.…
Buyout Vote
Special Membership Meeting — Monday, June 21 at 6 p.m. on Zoom The Albany Newspaper Guild and the Times Union reached a tentative agreement for buyouts to be offered to unit members. The Albany Newspaper Guild Executive Board has called a Special Membership Meeting for 6 p.m. Monday, June 21, 2021 on Zoom to vote on a proposed Buyout Agreement. The Executive Board voted unanimously Wednesday night to recommend approval of the agreement. The company is seeking to cut staffing by 8 to 10 people across the newspaper. The company said staff reductions would be from the Guild membership and employees not represented by the Guild. The tentative agreement reached…


More than a month after he was first reported missing, Promise 'Max' Chukwudum has been found dead in Regina's north end.
More than a month after he went missing, Promise "Max" Chukwudum has been found dead in northwest Regina.
Police found a deceased man in a creek area behind the Shell gas station on the corner of Sherwood Drive and McIntosh Street. Officers were dispatched to the area at about 4:45 p.m. on Dec. 21, and police soon announced they were investigating the death and seeking to identify the body.
On Thursday evening, the Regina Police Service confirmed the deceased man had been identified as Chukwudum.
The 19-year-old University of Regina student and rugby player went missing in the early hours of Nov. 17. He was last seen around Marshall Crescent in Regina's Normanview neighbourhood, a few blocks south of the area where his body was found on Friday afternoon.
Promise was originally from Lagos, Nigeria. He followed in the footsteps of his older sister, Chinaza Chukwudum, who had already come to Canada to study at the University of Saskatchewan.
He was in his second year of computer science and played on the University of Regina rugby team. He was preparing for a future in business and technology. His family said he was "carefree," loved sports and was excited to be in Canada.
Soon after Promise went missing, Chinaza joined teams of volunteers during search efforts to find her brother. David Chukwudum, father to both Chinaza and Promise, travelled to Regina from Nigeria in later November to find out what had happened to his son.
Father and daughter combed through Wascana Park earlier this month. Chinaza said she didn't believe Promise had run away.
The University of Regina provided support to both family members, and hosted a rally titled #BringMaxHome on Nov. 29. A candlelight vigil followed on Dec. 13 at City Hall.
A march was scheduled for the afternoon of Dec. 22, but was cancelled that morning — soon after police located the body.
In Thursday's press release, police said there was no indication Chukwudum's death was the result of a criminal act. The release said the Regina Police Service and the Saskatchewan Coroners Service are conducting a death investigation to more fully understand the circumstances of his death.
As of Dec. 10, police said they were still treating the disappearance as a missing person case, and had to consider the possibility that he may have sought shelter somewhere from the cold.
The night Promise disappeared, from Nov. 16 to 17, saw temperatures dip below -20 C.
His friends looked back at his social media posts to reconstruct some of his movements shortly before his disappearance. They said he was at O'Hanlon's Irish Pub on the night of Nov. 16.
Nathan Sgrazzutti, one of Promise's rugby teammates, said Promise appeared to be hanging out with people Sgrazzutti didn't recognize. Promise's next SnapChat update after he left the bar showed him in someone's car. His last post was at 12:33 a.m.
Sgrazzutti spoke with the Leader-Post in the lead-up to the Christmas holidays. He said it was difficult heading into the festive season without knowing where his teammate is.
"It's just a strange feeling knowing that we're all going off to see our families, but Chinaza and Max's father are still working so hard to bring theirs back together," he said.
Police conducted searches of several neighbourhoods, even calling in aerial support. They searched Regina's landfill in late November, and spoke with people who were in contact with Promise shortly before his disappearance. Police also called on homeowners to inspect their own properties for signs of Promise.
After finding Promise's body on Dec. 21, officers called in the major crimes and forensic identification units, as well as the coroner, according to a Regina Police Service news release sent to media on Dec. 22.
Police Chief Evan Bray said as recently as last week that efforts to find Promise would continue in full force over the holidays.


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ChemicalBook > Product Catalog > Organic Chemistry > Carboxylic acids and derivatives > Carboxylic acid esters and derivatives > Vinyl acetate
Vinyl acetate Basic information
Product Name:Vinyl acetate
MF:C4H6O2
Vinyl acetate Chemical Properties
Boiling point:72-73 °C(lit.)
vapor density 3 (vs air)
storage temp. 0-6°C
solubility 20g/l
color Clear colorless to almost colorless
PH7 (20g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility 23 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive Light Sensitive
BRN 1209327
Henry's Law Constant4.81 (calculated, Howard, 1989)
Exposure limitsNIOSH REL: 15-min ceiling 4 ppm (15 mg/m3); ACGIH TLV: TWA 10 ppm, STEL 15 ppm (adopted).
Stability:Stable. Highly flammable. Incompatible with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, peroxides, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene imine, hydrochloric acid, oleum, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, 2-aminoethanol, light. Susceptible to polymerization; commercial product may be stabilized by the addition of hydroquinone.
IARC2B (Vol. Sup 7, 63) 1995
NIST Chemistry ReferenceAcetic acid ethenyl ester(108-05-4)
EPA Substance Registry SystemVinyl acetate (108-05-4)
Hazard Codes F,T,Xn
Risk Statements 11-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-36-20/21/22-40-37-20
Safety Statements 16-23-29-33-45-36/37-7-9
RTECS AK0875000
Autoignition Temperature801 °F
ToxicityLD50 orally in rats: 2.92 g/kg (Smyth, Carpenter)
Language:EnglishProvider:Vinyl acetate
Vinyl acetate Usage And Synthesis
DescriptionVinyl acetate monomer (VAM) is a colourless liquid, immiscible or slightly soluble in water. VAM is a flammable liquid. VAM has a sweet, fruity smell (in small quantities), with sharp, irritating odour at higher levels. VAM is an essential chemical building block used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products. VAM is a key ingredient in emulsion polymers, resins, and intermediates used in paints, adhesives, coatings, textiles, wire and cable polyethylene compounds, laminated safety glass, packaging, automotive plastic fuel tanks, and acrylic fibres. Vinyl acetate is used to produce polyvinyl acetate emulsions and resins. Very small residual levels of vinyl acetate have been found present in products manufactured using VAM, such as moulded plastic items, adhesives, paints, food packaging containers, and hairspray.
Chemical Propertiescolourless mobile liquid with a sweet, irritating odour
Chemical PropertiesVinyl acetate is a colorless, flammable liquid. The odor threshold is 0.12 ppm 0.3 ppm (NY, NJ).
Chemical PropertiesVinyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CH3COOCH = CH2. A colorless liquid with a pungent odor, it is the precursor to polyvinyl acetate, an important polymer in industry.
Physical propertiesColorless, watery liquid with a pleasant, fruity odor. Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 400 μg/m3 (120 ppbv) and 1.4 mg/m3 (400 ppbv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974).
UsesVinyl acetate is primarily used to produce polyvinyl acetate emulsions and polyvinyl alcohol. The principal use of these emulsions has been in adhesives, paints, textiles, and paper products.
UsesProduction of vinyl acetate polymers
UsesIn polymerized form for plastic masses, films and lacquers; in plastic film for food packaging. As modifier for food starch.
Production MethodsThe worldwide production capacity of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) was estimated at 6,154,000 tonnes/annum in 2007, with most capacity concentrated in the United States (1,585,000 all in Texas), China (1,261,000), Japan (725,000) and Taiwan (650,000) . The average list price for 2008 was $1600/tonne. Celanese is the largest producer (ca 25% of the worldwide capacity), while other significant producers include China Petrochemical Corporation (7 %), Chang Chun Group (6%) and LyondellBasell (5%).
It is a key ingredient in furniture - glue.
PreparationThe major industrial route involves the reaction of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen in the presence of a palladium catalyst.
Ethylene + acetic acid + 1/2 O2 → Vinyl acetate +H2O
But by products are also generated:
Ethylene + 3 O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
Vinyl acetate is also prepared by the gas-phase addition of acetic acid to acetylene.
ReactionsVinyl acetate undergoes many of the reactions anticipated for an alkene and an ester. Bromine adds to give the dibromide. Hydrogen halides add to give 1-haloethyl acetates, which cannot be generated by other methods because of the non - availability of the corresponding halo-alcohols. Acetic acid adds in the presence of palladium catalysts to give ethylidene diacetate, CH3CH(OAc)2. It undergoes transesterification with a variety of carboxylic acids.The alkene also undergoes Diels - Alder and 2 + 2 cycloadditions.
General DescriptionA clear colorless liquid. Flash point 18°F. Density 7.8 lb / gal. Slightly soluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Vapors irritate the eyes and respiratory system. May polymerize if heated or contaminated. If polymerization occurs inside a container, the container may violently rupture. Used to make adhesives, paints, and plastics.
Air & Water ReactionsHighly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.
Reactivity ProfileVinyl acetate may undergo spontaneous exothermic polymerization on exposure to light. Reacts with air or water to produces peroxides that initiate explosively violent polymerization. Reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form explosive peracetic acid. Reacts with oxygen to form explosive peroxides. Forms explosive Vinyl acetate ozonide on contact with ozone. Undergoes violent or explosive reactions with 2-aminoethanol, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylenediamine, mineral acids (hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, oleum), and peroxides [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 1311]. Polymerization initiated by dibenzoyl peroxide in ethyl acetate accelerated out of control, ignited and exploded [Vervalin, 1973, p. 81]. Polymerization in toluene solution has caused several large industrial explosions [MCA Case History No. 2087].
Health HazardVinyl acetate has been related to reproductive abnormalities. It is a skin and upper respiratory tract irritantand a central nervous system depressant. Exposure caused gradual deterioration of heart muscles.
Fire HazardWhen heated to decomposition, Vinyl acetate burns and emits acrid fumes. Highly dangerous when exposed to heat, flames or oxidizers; explosion hazard with strong acids and strong oxidizers. Incompatible with alumina, oxidizing materials, 2-aminoethanol, chlorosulfonic acid; ethyleneimine; 36% hydrochloric acid; 48.7% hydrofluoric acid; 70% nitric acid; oleum; 96% sulfuric acid; ethylene diamine; peroxides and silica gel. Avoid light or any polymerizing initiator. Hazardous polymerization can be initiated by organic and inorganic peroxides; azo compounds; redox systems (including organometallic components); light; and high energy radiation.
Safety ProfileConfirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and intraperitoneal routes. A skin and eye irritant. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. Highly dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidzers. A storage hazard, it may undergo spontaneous exothermic polymerization. Reaction with air or water to form peroxides that catalyze an exothermic polymerization reaction has caused several large industrial explosions. Reaction with hydrogen peroxide forms the explosive peracetic acid. Reacts with oxygen above 50℃ to form an unstable explosive peroxide. Reacts with ozone to form the explosive vinyl acetate ozonide. Solution polymerization of the acetate dmolved in toluene has resulted in large industrial explosions. Polymerization reaction with dibenzoyl peroxide + ethyl acetate may release ignitable and explosive vapors. The vapor may react vigorously with desiccants (e.g., sihca gel or alumina). Incompatible (explosive) with 2-amino ethanol, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, HCl, HF, HNO3, oleum, peroxides, H2SO4. See also ESTERS.
Potential ExposureVinyl acetate is used primarily in polymerization processes to produce polyvinyl acetate; polyvinyl alcohol, and vinyl acetate copolymer. The polymers, usually made as emulsions, suspensions, solutions, or resins, are used to prepare adhesives, paints, paper coatings, and textile finishes. Low molecular weight vinyl acetate is used as a chewing gum base.
CarcinogenicityThere is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of vinyl acetate. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of vinyl acetate. Therefore, IARC has classified vinyl acetate as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). This conclusion was based on the following evidence: vinyl acetate is rapidly transformed into acetaldehyde in human blood and animal tissues, there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde, both vinyl acetate and acetaldehyde induce nasal cancer in rats after administration by inhalation, and vinyl acetate and acetaldehyde are genotoxic in human cells in vitro and in animals in vivo .
Environmental FateChemical/Physical. Anticipated hydrolysis products would include acetic acid and vinyl alcohol. Slowly polymerizes in light to a colorless, transparent mass.
At an influent concentration of 1,000 mg/L, treatment with GAC resulted in an effluent concentration of 357 mg/L. The adsorbability of the carbon used was 129 mg/g carbon (Guisti et al., 1974).
ShippingUN1301 Vinyl acetate, stabilized, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.
Purification MethodsInhibitors such as hydroquinone and other impurities are removed by drying with CaCl2 and fractionally distilling under nitrogen, then refluxing briefly with a small amount of benzoyl peroxide and redistilling it under nitrogen. Store it in the dark at 0o. Add inhibitor (~0.004%) for storage. [Beilstein 2 IV 176.]
PolymerizationIt can be polymerized, either by itself to make polyvinyl acetate or with other monomers to prepare copolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), vinyl acetate-acrylic acid (VA / AA), polyvinyl chloride acetate (PVCA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (Vp / Va Copolymer, used in hair gels). Due to the instability of the radical, attempts to control the polymerization via most 'living/controlled' radical processes have proved problematic. However, RAFT (or more specifically MADIX) polymerization offers a convenient method of controlling the synthesis of PVA by the addition of a xanthate or a dithiocarbamate chain transfer agent.
Toxicity evaluationOn January 31, 2009, the Government of Canada's final assessment concluded that exposure to vinyl acetate is not considered to be harmful to human health . This decision under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) was based on new information received during the public comment period, as well as more recent information from the risk assessment conducted by the European Union.
IncompatibilitiesVinyl acetate may undergo spontaneous exothermic polymerization on exposure to light. Vapors may form explosive mixture with air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides, strong light and UV. The vapor may react vigorously with silica gel or aluminum, acids, bases, silica gel; alumina, oxidizers, azo compounds. Ozone readily polymerizes in elevated temperatures, under the influence of light, or peroxides. Usually contains a stabilizer to prevent polymerization.
Waste DisposalDissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed.
Vinyl acetate Preparation Products And Raw materials
Preparation ProductsPoly(vinyl alcohol)Bromoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal((1R,4S)-2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-oneMETHYL 5-FORMYL-2-METHYL-3-FUROATETazobactam acid2-Acetylbutyrolactone1,1-Dimethoxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane2-TRIFLUOROMETHYLQUINOLINE-7-CARBOXYLIC ACIDPOLY(VINYL ACETATE)Adhesive for nonwoven fabricstiffening agent for synthetic fibre 855VINYL STEARATEPressure sensitive adhesivePALMITIC ACID VINYL ESTERStarch, hydrogen phosphate acetateLT-01 emulsionPR-I retanning agentmaleic acid-vinyl acetate copolymerirradiation initiated starch-g-vinyl acetate water absorbent agentAcetylated Dishtarch Phosphateemulsion used for paper series PCPOLY(ETHYLENE-CO-METHACRYLIC ACID)Vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer,emulsionSTARCH ACETATEcoating adhensive SSS-855-NORBORNEN-2-YL ACETATEEthylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
Raw materialsAcetic acid glacialPalladium chlorideAcetylenePlatinum
Vinyl acetate(108-05-4)Related Product Information
ETHYLENE Acrylic acid Terpinyl acetate Geranyl acetate Isoamyl acetate Allyl acetate Isopropenyl acetate Megestrol acetate VINYL PROPIONATE Methyl acetate Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid POLYVINYL ACEATE Butyl acetate Vinyl chloroacetate Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer POLY(VINYL ACETATE) USP Tocopheryl acetate Triacetin
Vinyl acetateSupplierMore
Company Name:Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co.,LTD Gold
Tel:400-620-6333 021-20337333-801
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Company Name:Shandong chuangying chemical co., ltd Gold
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Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM) Uses


text:
Official Website of Author and Family Lawyer
MATTHEW P. BARACH
The Family Law Guide to Appellate Practice
Published by the American Bar Association
Family law matters are intimate, personal and touch upon people's most private treasures and issues. This perspective directly affects all aspects of domestic relations, including appellate practice. Serving as a practical guide on whether to appeal a family court decision, and then how to proceed with the appeal, this is a valuable resource for both the newer and more seasoned family lawyer, and it fills a void in the literature by focusing on the unique issues involved in appealing a family law case.
ABOUT THE FAMILY LAW GUIDE TO APPELLATE PRACTICE
Serving as a practical guide on whether to appeal a family court decision, and then how to proceed with the appeal, this is a valuable resource for both the newer and more seasoned family lawyer, and it fills a void in the literature by focusing on the unique issues involved in appealing a family law case.
With step-by-step guidance for the family law attorney, or a pro se litigant, who receives an adverse decision and wants to appeal the matter but requires some proper guidance, the book begins by focusing on the crucial decision, to appeal and the critical factors involved, including ethical considerations. It also examines the effective use of post-trial remedies, such as utilizing stays of judgments pending appeals, and creating, protecting, and reviewing the record of the trial court.
Author Matthew Barach provides clearly presented practical information on handling the appeal process, including:
The appellate standards of review
Appealing interlocutory issues
Drafting and filing the notice of appeal and assembly of the record
Learning the importance of the Record Appendix
Preparing a brief, including using authorities, drafting techniques and considerations, correct formatting, and effective use of style
Writing a persuasive brief, including the perspective of an appellant versus an appellee
The reply briefs
The guide also focuses on the expectations and importance of an oral argument in an appellate case, including preparing, presenting, and handling panel questions of the various types of jurists and end with the aftermath of an appellate decision.
As demonstrated throughout this book, the family lawyer must consider the potential result and costs on both the individual lives and on the precedent a matter could set upon future litigants, including your own. As an old sage once advised, "There is an equal chance of creating bad law as good law when you appeal."
ABOUT MATTHEW P. BARACH
Considered by many as "the fixer" in Massachusetts family law, Matthew P. Barach is an esteemed family law trial and appellate attorney. He is the Founder and Principal of Barach Law Group LLC, a boutique law firm dedicated to excellence in family law.
With over 20 years of family law experience, Matt regularly appears before Middlesex, Norfolk, Worcester, Suffolk and Essex County Family Law Courts. He also appears before the Massachusetts Appeals Court, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and the First Circuit of Appeals.
His prestigious career includes winning two landmark family law cases in the Commonwealth pertaining to the New Alimony Reform Act and child custody - removal of a minor child from the Commonwealth (George v George and Miller v Miller).
As the author of the legal guide, "The Family Law Guide to Appellate Practice," published by the American Bar Association, Matt shares his family law appellate expertise with other lawyers to help them navigate this highly specialized and complex area of law.
Matt has been ranked as a Top 10 Family Law Attorney in Massachusetts by the American Jurist Institute, and as a Top 100 Lawyer in America by the American Society of Legal Advocates. He is also regularly granted the highest distinction on Avvo.com. His articles have appeared in the Massachusetts Family Law Journal.
A Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Clark University, Matt received the H. Donaldson Jordan Prize (1992) for excellence in writing and earned his J.D. from the University of California, Hastings College of the Law.
Matt is an avid golfer who enjoys spending time with his wife and children at their Boston suburb home. His goal for the future? To appear before the United States Supreme Court in a family law appeal.
For media inquiries, please contact Lisa Murray or Natalia Barrios.
"Unique Issues Involved In Deciding To Appeal A Family Law Case"
"Attorney and Author Matthew P. Barach Discusses Family Law Appellate Process at Senior Partners for Justice - West Luncheon"
"Attorney and Author Matthew P. Barach Discusses Complex Family Law Appellate Process at ABA Webinar"
"I was referred to Barach Law Group and am SO glad I took the recommendation. It took a couple of years to finalize my divorce and reverse some of the custody issues, but Matt was always there for me."
-AnneMarie
40 Speen Street, Suite 205, Framingham, MA 01701


We have been farming for over 45 years, and take pride in only organic methods (no pesticides, or artificial/commercial fertilizers), only organic potting soil, organic amendments, compost, mulching, row cover, irrigation, beneficial insects and companion planting for pest management, and NEVER will use any poisons or genetically-modified anything! We have our future generations and MOTHER EARTH to care for and unnatural GMO'S will never enter the picture! We will be selling plants in the Spring of 2018 at our farm! We also will have outstanding Memorial Day geraniums in unique and traditional colors, hanging plants, many hard-to-find heirloom tomatoes (hybrids too), many heirloom vegetable plants and patio sizes as well, hard to find herbs, flowers & perennials. check Facebook or talons organic gardens.com for opening date and a detailed list of heirloom tomatoes & veg plants for sale! We have taken the safe seed pledge. Also selling vegetables, specialty cut dahlias & zinnias, in the summer and fall, along with garlic for eating & Fall planting.
starter plants available in May, honey, many hard to find herbs, specialty cut dahlias, zinnias, & cut flowers, perennials, bags of organic potting mixes & mulch, birdhouse gourds, birdhouses, lawn art, grapevine & wooden hand made trellises, & much more.


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Wheel weights: Balancing form with function
An introduction to demounting, mounting and inflation
Staying safe when demounting and mounting tires
Introduction: Creating a culture of safety
Protecting your people with proper hygiene
An introduction to tire repair
How to properly patch a puncture
An introduction to TPMS service
The importance of proper relearn procedures
U.S. economy adds 142,000 jobs in Aug.
Tire Business Staff
WASHINGTON (Sept. 5, 2014) — Total nonfarm payroll employment increased in August by 142,000 jobs, with the unemployment rate at 6.1 percent, according to the latest figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Meanwhile, the human resource company ADP, which uses different methods of calculating employment figures from the BLS, said U.S. employment increased in August by 204,000 jobs. Some 21,360 of those jobs were in the franchise sector, ADP said.
The strongest August job gains were in the professional and business services sector, according to the BLS. That sector added 47,000 jobs, with 23,000 of them in administrative and support services.
Construction gained 20,000 jobs in August, but manufacturing was flat, with motor vehicle and parts manufacturing losing 5,000 jobs.
"This jobs report is a big disappointment for factory workers," said Scott Paul, president of the Alliance for American Manufacturing. "While we can never read too much into just a month's worth of data, a goose egg for manufacturing doesn't look like progress to us."
Retail trade lost 8,000 jobs in August, though much of that was due to the Market Basket supermarket strike in Massachusetts, the BLS said. Auto dealers added 5,000 jobs, it said.
The ADP report said that small businesses—those with fewer than 50 employees—gained 78,000 jobs in August. Medium-sized businesses (50 to 499 employees) added 75,000, and largest businesses (500 or more employees) 52,000.
Because of rounding, the sum of the components does not equal the total, ADP said.
Unlike the BLS report, the ADP report said manufacturing gained 23,000 jobs in August. It also listed job increases of 51,000 in professional and business services; 28,000 in trade/transportation/utilities; 15,000 in construction; and 5,000 in financial activities.
ADP derives its figures from payroll data, the company said. Its franchise report, which is separate from its employment report, said that franchise job growth in August was slightly down from the 12-month average. Auto parts and dealers, however, continued to be strong, the company said.


While citizenship rules along the lines of religion are not unknown in India, the new Bill has made this distinction explicit.
While it is arduous for a country to demarcate its citizens from non-citizens at its inception as a unified whole, this problem was further accentuated in India for two reasons. One, the large scale movement of people during partition broadly on religious contours and second, the recurrent influx of immigrants and refugees owing to domestic instability in neighbouring countries. The citizenship laws had to be tweaked each time (five to be specific) whenever such a movement occurred and each such opportunity was seized by the lawmakers to earn political mileage.
The citizenship debate has started up again, for all the wrong reasons. The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016 seeks to make drastic changes in the citizenship and immigration norms of the country by relaxing the requirements for Indian citizenship. The problem here is not with the flexibility of the rules, but the applicability of the amendments on purely religious lines. The Citizenship Act of 1955 denies citizenship rights to any illegal immigrant, whereby an 'illegal immigrant' is defined as a person who (i) enters India without a valid passport or with forged documents, or (ii) who stays in the country beyond the visa permit.
The proposed Bill amends this definition to exclude "minority-religious individuals" – specifically Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Parsis and Christians – from "Muslim-dominated countries" – specifically Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan – from the ambit of being an "illegal immigrant". The Bill further reduces the requirement of 11 years to acquire "citizenship by naturalisation" to only six years of ordinary residence for such immigrants. In simpler terms, this means that a Hindu from Pakistan can cross the border illegally and simply claim Indian citizenship after six years!
The Bill is a furtherance of the BJP's election promise to grant citizenship to Hindus from Muslim majority countries. In its 2014 parliamentary election manifesto, the BJP had declared India to be a natural home for persecuted Hindus around the world and welcomed them to seek refuge; while making a distinction between Muslim and Hindu refugees during an election rally, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had said, "We have a responsibility towards Hindus who are harassed and suffer in other countries. India is the only place for them. We will have to accommodate them here".
This is not the first time that religion is being made the consideration for the conferral of citizenship, notwithstanding that the manifestation has never been so direct on previous occasions. A veiled reference to religion can be found in Article 6 and 7 of the constitution. Article 6 confers citizenship to people who migrated to what is now India after the announcement of partition, whereas article 7 grants citizenship to individuals who migrated to Pakistan after the announcement of partition but returned to India later on. Those included in the second category had to go through an elaborate process of registration before they could be awarded citizenship rights.
Although neutral on the surface, these provisions have deep religious markers attached to them. While article 6 was directed towards Pakistani Hindus who had moved to India, article 7 implicitly referred to the Indian Muslims who had left India during the violence of partition but wanted to return to claim back their lives, livelihood and property. Termed as the 'obnoxious clause,' there was a pronounced resistance to grant citizenship to such people since their 'loyalties could not be determined'.
However, what is relevant for our purpose is that the expression of religion was not explicit in the text, but was deeply embedded in the framing of the law.
The Assam Accord of 1985 was the second significant attempt to cloak religion with citizenship laws. The massive wave of immigration from Bangladesh had altered the demographic structure of Assam, leading to a staggering growth of the Muslim population. Unchecked immigration and a dwindling Hindu population caused resentment among the native Assamese, lead by the All Assam Students' Union (AASU). The Congress government at the Centre responded by enacting the Illegal Migrant (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983, which provided for the detection and expulsion of illegal immigrants from the state. Their aim was to score two goals – check the political unrest and address the vulnerabilities of the Muslim migrants. The word illegal immigrant was a thinly caped reference to the Muslims who had entered the state. However, the burden of proof shifted to the complainant from the accused, in contrast to the pan-India Foreigners Act, 1946. The inevitable consequence was that only a handful of people could be deported. The farce of the Illegal Migrant Act made the Muslim migrants compassionate Congress supporters, which resulted in the party's victory in the state. The act was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2005 for being discriminatory, but long after the political advantage of it was reaped.
The Illegal Migrant Act consequentially failed to subdue the chaos in Assam, forcing the Congress government to negotiate the 'Assam Accord' with AASU. The accord declared every individual entering Assam after 1971 an 'illegal immigrant.' Again, the word illegal immigrant was a latent reference to the Muslims who were now rendered incapable of obtaining Indian citizenship even after one and half decades of residence. Their franchise was snatched away, resulting in the victory of Asom Gana Parishad, the political wing of AASU. The NDA government amended section 3 of the Citizenship Act in 2003 to try and further seize citizenship rights of all children born to such 'illegal immigrants'.
The amendment to the citizenship rules in 2004 was the first instance where religion was made an explicit ground for granting citizenship. The increasing vulnerability of minority Hindus in Pakistan resulted in the movement of over 17,000 individuals over the western border. Once in India, these people simply refused to return. The government amended the citizenship rules of 1956 to specifically accommodate such Hindu migrants. Section 3(2)(ii) of the amendment reads: "In respect of minority Hindus with Pakistan citizenship who have migrated to India more than five years back… the authority to register a person as a citizen of India… shall be the Collector of the district where the applicant is normally resident". The religious markers were always present; they just became more intelligible with successive changes.
The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill also fails on the tenets of international refugee law. Although India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, granting refuge based on humanitarian considerations is arguably a norm of customary international law. There are two fallacies with the proposed law in this regard. First, the Bill terms minority religious people as migrants, when they are not migrants but refugees. The word migration refers to the voluntary movement of people, primarily for better economic prospects. In contrast, refuge is an involuntary act of forced movement. The concerns of refugees are human rights and safety, not economic advantage. The purpose and intention of the Bill, as stated by the home minister, is to provide shelter to vulnerable, religiously persecuted people whose fundamental human rights are at risk. The correct terminology is important because the laws and policies for migrants and refugees are entirely different.
Second, shelter to individuals of a select religion defeats not only the intention but also the rationality of refugee policy. If the motive of the government is to protect religiously persecuted people in the neighbourhood, the question of why they are ignoring the Muslim community is inevitable. Muslims are considerably discriminated against and exploited in the neighbouring countries of China, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Their demands for asylum in India have fallen on deaf ears. The 36,000 Rohingyas Muslims from Myanmar who fled to India in the wake of 2015 insurgency is just one such example.
The proposed act also violates India's long-standing refugee policy. Although India does not have a codified refugee policy, the basic tenants of the scheme were listed by Jawaharlal Nehru during the Tibetan refugee crisis. One of the primary conditions given then was that refugees would have to return to their homeland once normalcy prevailed. The proposed law not only provides citizenship rights to such refugees, but greatly relaxes the procedure to avail of them. From reducing the registration fees to Rs 100 from Rs 3000 to delegating the authority from the Union government to district magistrate for speedy processing of applications, the proposed law serves citizenship to illegal immigrants on a platter.
Notwithstanding the tampering of domestic law with religious markers, the proposed Bill, if passed, will also put our international relations in jeopardy. The Bill will stamp these countries as institutions of religious oppression and worsen bilateral ties in an already skewed regional socio-political atmosphere. The new law will also act as a push to the movement of India's citizenship policy on jus soli to the racially manifested jus sanguine principle, something which was actively avoided by our constitution makers.
What the Congress tried to do in Assam with the Muslims is a replica of what the BJP and Sangh are seeking to do with the Hindus in rest of India – altering citizenship laws and mastering vote bank politics. There is no harm in accommodating religiously persecuted people in the country. However, India's 'law of return' should be looked at with suspicion, for it severely undermines the otherwise secular socio-legal framework of our nation.


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Q: Rename file with parent string if filename is a substring of list of strings I have files in a directory and the filenames are a substring of a list of strings. I need to rename the files with the strings in the list
filenames in "./temp" = aa.txt, bb.txt, cc.txt
list_of_names = ['aa12.txt', 'bb12.txt', 'cc12.txt']

I want the files to be renamed to those in the list_of_names. Tried the code below but get an error
for filename in os.listdir('./temp'):
for i, item in enumerate(list_of_names):
    if filename in item:
        os.rename(filename,list_of_names[I])

FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'aa.txt' ->
  'aa12.txt'

A: Try:
os.rename('./temp/' + filename, './temp/'+ list_of_names[i])

Also, consider using pathlib for file system operations.

A: I think this would be simpler:
os.chdir('./temp')
for filename in os.listdir():
    for newname in list_of_names:
        if filename.split('.')[0] in newname.split('.')[0]:
            os.rename(filename, newname)

Note that 'aa.txt' in 'aa12.txt' is going to return False.

A: import os;
%loading names of files in A
A = os.listdir();
%creating B for intermediate processing
B = os.listdir();
i = 0;
for x in A:
    t = x.split(".")    %temp variable to store two outputs of split string
    B[i] = t[0]+'12.txt'
    os.rename(A[i],B[i])
    i = i+1