text:
Cobb County courthouse evacuated over white powder in letter
By FOX 5 Digital Team
Cobb County courthouse evacuated due to suspicious substance
Officials say someone mailed an envelope to the courthouse that contained a white substance Friday morning.
COBB COUNTY, Ga. - A portion of the Cobb County Superior Court building was evacuated on Friday morning after police said someone mailed a suspicious white powder. That substance turned out to be benign.
The Cobb County Sheriff's Office said the courthouse was evacuated on Haynes Street around 11:15 a.m. after the discovery of the powder in an envelope sent to the Cobb County Superior Court Clerk's office.
An envelope containing white powder sent to the Cobb County Clerk of Court's Office shuts down a portion of the county courthouse on April 30, 2021. (FOX 5)
Officials said a member of the clerk's office who handled the envelope was decontaminated and transported to a nearby hospital. Three others are remaining at the location for further observation.
Deputies isolated the package, which investigators later learned came from a state prison. A Hazmat team is examined the contents and determined that it was non-hazardous.
Cobb County Superior Court (FOX 5)
"That material was identified. They ran multiple tests to make sure. They checked it for biological material, chemical material, so they tested a myriad of things, and again, it completely was toothpaste. All the ingredients in that stuff to be conclusive with the ingredients of toothpaste," said Nick Danz, Cobb County Fire and Emergency Services.
Deputies blocked off the streets surrounding the court for several hours while they worked to determine the contents. The roads have since reopened.
The Cobb County Sheriff's Office said it will conduct a follow-up investigation into who exactly sent the envelope.
A Hazmat team is on the scene at the Cobb County Courthouse. (Courtesy of the Cobb County Government)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


candidates can send Updated Resume and all educational Certificate Copies to college address given below for MNR Degree and PG College Lecturers , Physical Director,Office Admins,Lab Technicians,Librarian posts. For these jobs can apply from 27-03-2019 to 04-04-2019. More Information can refer the official website http://www.mnrindia.org/. Remaining details like Salary, Important Dates, Available Vacancies, Qualification, College Address are maintained given below.
MNR Degree and PG College, Hyderabad .
Starting Date to apply for Lecturers/Lab Technicians/Librarian Jobs: 27-03-2019.
Ending Date to apply for Lecturers/Lab Technicians/Librarian Jobs: .4-04-2019.
Interested and Eligible Applicants can send Updated Resume and all educational Certificate Copies to college address given below. Last date to apply 04-04-2019.


Most people's jobs require them to solve problems and identify potential solutions. This session looks at some of the problem solving techniques that can be used to do this. Here, problem solving is concerned with the definition of the issue, and identification of possible solutions/courses of action. Selecting between those possibilities is about decision making and isn't covered here.
Explain what a 'problem' is.
Define a problem in specific terms, and use different techniques to identify the real issue(s).
Explain different techniques that can be used to generate possible solutions, and identify when each technique might be useful.
Practice at least one of these techniques.
To get a flavour of the core session, you can download our FREE Key Points Sheet and view the optional PowerPoint Slides. in pdf format. Remember that these do not cover the whole sessios and that more detail is provided in the Session Plan and Delegate Workbook.
Defining the Problem – Trainer input around the importance of isolating the cause of the problem and root cause analysis.
The 5 Whys - Trainer input and group exercise to use the 5 Whys to identify the specific problem that needs to be solved.
Other Useful Techniques – OPTIONAL trainer input and delegate exercises to explore more problem solving techniques such as casue and effect, and is/is not.
Identifying Possibilities – Trainer input and group exercises to explore creative problem solving techniques, including the uses and difficulties of each method.
This session is ideally partnered with our Power Hour Expert session on Decision Making to make a full day workshop.


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Today's ceremony, however, has very special meaning. Because today we are not merely transferring power from one Administration to another, or from one party to another �C but we are transferring power from Washington, D.C. and giving it back to you, the People.
Washington flourished �C but the people did not share in its wealth.
Politicians prospered �C but the jobs left, and the factories closed.
That all changes �C starting right here, and right now, because this moment is your moment: it belongs to you.
We are one nation �C and their pain is our pain. Their dreams are our dreams; and their success will be our success. We share one heart, one home, and one glorious destiny.
I will fight for you with every breath in my body �C and I will never, ever let you down.
We will get our people off of welfare and back to work �C rebuilding our country with American hands and American labor.
We will seek friendship and goodwill with the nations of the world �C but we do so with the understanding that it is the right of all nations to put their own interests first.
We will reinforce old alliances and form new ones �C and unite the civilized world against Radical Islamic Terrorism, which we will eradicate completely from the face of the Earth.
There should be no fear �C we are protected, and we will always be protected.
We will no longer accept politicians who are all talk and no action �C constantly complaining but never doing anything about it.


Stage 1 involves the collection and analysis of data to produce a talent pipeline report. This reports looks at the talent you attract, retain, promote and lose in order to build a picture of where your key challenges are.
From the numbers analysis, together we will choose one key question to be explored in depth qualitatively; for example 'why aren't more women reaching the top here?' or 'why are we having such difficulty retaining key talent?'.
Finally, we move to bespoke recommendations and actions. Following consultation with key stakeholders, a timebound project plan is produced.


Trzaskowski, M. and Eley, T.C. and Davis, O.S.P. and Doherty, S.J. and Hanscombe, K.B. and Meaburn, Emma L. and Haworth, C. and Price, T.S and Plomin, R. (2013) First genome-wide association study on anxiety-related behaviours in childhood. PLoS One 8 (4), e58676. ISSN 1932-6203.
Background: Twin studies have shown that anxiety in a general population sample of children involves both domain-general and trait-specific genetic effects. For this reason, in an attempt to identify genes responsible for these effects, we investigated domain-general and trait-specific genetic associations in the first genome-wide association (GWA) study on anxiety-related behaviours (ARBs) in childhood. Methods: The sample included 2810 7-year-olds drawn from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) with data available for parent-rated anxiety and genome-wide DNA markers. The measure was the Anxiety-Related Behaviours Questionnaire (ARBQ), which assesses four anxiety traits and also yields a general anxiety composite. Affymetrix GeneChip 6.0 DNA arrays were used to genotype nearly 700,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and IMPUTE v2 was used to impute more than 1 million SNPs. Several GWA associations from this discovery sample were followed up in another TEDS sample of 4804 children. In addition, Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) was used on the discovery sample, to estimate the total amount of variance in ARBs that can be accounted for by SNPs on the array. Results: No SNP associations met the demanding criterion of genome-wide significance that corrects for multiple testing across the genome (p<5×10−8). Attempts to replicate the top associations did not yield significant results. In contrast to the substantial twin study estimates of heritability which ranged from 0.50 (0.03) to 0.61 (0.01), the GCTA estimates of phenotypic variance accounted for by the SNPs were much lower 0.01 (0.11) to 0.19 (0.12). Conclusions: Taken together, these GWAS and GCTA results suggest that anxiety – similar to height, weight and intelligence − is affected by many genetic variants of small effect, but unlike these other prototypical polygenic traits, genetic influence on anxiety is not well tagged by common SNPs.


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Art Beat: Rochester gets first look at national Broadway tour
Linda Glosser
Cultural Classics
As the hot days of this 2016 summer continue, local stage crews are hard at work with preparations for another season at Rochester Broadway Theatre League's Auditorium Theatre.
Staff and crew members are readying the venue for a new endeavor, and they are knee deep in boards from the stage floor, which is being ripped up and replaced this month.
RBTL is kicking off the M&T Bank Broadway Season with its first-ever launch of a national Broadway tour.
Rochestarians will be the first audiences in the country to witness the premier touring engagement of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, opening Sept. 27 for one week.
The production itself begins Sept. 5 when the touring crews will arrive to begin work in mounting this new production.
Rochester is the first of more than 30 cities the production will visit in the first year of the national tour. From RBTL's Auditorium Theatre, the tour will head to Washington, D.C., followed by Greenville, South Carolina. Other stops include Hartford, Connecticut; Dallas; Durham, South Carolina; Boston, Nashville, Tennessee; Denver, San Francisco, Seattle; and other communities.
Winner of five 2015 Tony Awards including Best Play, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time is the stage adaptation of Mark Haddon's best-selling novel, which depicts the story of Christopher, a 15-year-old boy who has an extraordinary brain and is exceptionally intelligent but ill-equipped to interpret everyday life.
When he falls under suspicion for killing his neighbor's dog, he sets out to identify the true culprit, which leads to an earth-shattering discovery and a journey that will change his life forever.
Ben Brantley of the The New York Times calls the play, "triumphant ... One of the most fully immersive works ever to wallop Broadway. Be prepared to have all your emotional and sensory buttons pushed, including a few you many have not known existed. It's a production that retunes the way you see and hear."
Art Beat: Seneca Art & Culture Center at Ganondagan
Good for education
RBTL, which as part of its mission provides theater-related education programs to about 5,000 students annually, will incorporate The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time into several of this season's programs.
More than 200 juniors from the Gates Chili school district will study the book and pursue a unit of inquiry within RBTL's "Page to Stage" program this fall as part of their curriculum.
A tour of the venue to observe part of the load-in process and a moderated talk-back session while the show is in rehearsal is being planned. Associate director of education and community engagement, Holly Valentine, cites the show as "an excellent opportunity to combine RBTL's mission of educating, entertaining and engaging audiences with the show's themes."
RBTL plans to offer opportunities for the public to visit the theater during the tech-production period leading up to opening night on Sept. 27.
Art Beat: Documentary filmmakers support each other
John Parkhurst, chief operating officer of the RBTL says that presenting The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time is an important milestone for the organization.
"It's significant for us in several ways. Our presenting partner, Albert Nocciolino, typically programs Broadway musicals in our season, almost exclusively, but when a play of this magnitude is available, similar to when we presented War Horse, he and we feel strongly that our audience deserves the opportunity to see it. In this case, getting it before anyone else in the country is a real coup for the RBTL and Rochester."
Another major determining factor in plotting this show as the season opener is the fact that is Rochester's first opportunity to take advantage of the New York State Tax Incentive program, which offers a 25 percent tax credit to producers who tech their show in the state.
Albert Nocciolino, a four-time Tony Award-winning producer and presenter, is credited with bringing more than 3,000 engagements to Rochester over the past 32 years of partnership with RBTL. He played a leading role in getting the program established for New York state and lobbied — along with other industry leaders — for legislation that allowed for the program to move forward in 2015.
Acting as the Broadway League's vice chairman of the road, and president and CEO of NAC Entertainment, Nocciolino said that with other states offering aggressive tax incentives for theatrical productions, New York's venues have struggled to stay competitive and attract new shows.
He believes that this incentive will level the field and drive millions of dollars into the state.
Producers balance four criteria when determining where to tech: Availability of skilled labor, infrastructure, accessibility and cost.
"With this program, New York will be one of the most attractive places to invest in new productions," added Nocciolino, "while also providing a massive boon to the many beautiful venues that serve the Upstate region."
Community Art Beat shares contributions by Cultural Classics arts community professionals. The writer, Linda Glosser, is executive vice president of RBTL.
Tickets to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time are on sale now and can be purchased at Ticketmaster.com, (800) 745-3000 and the Box Office. For more information, go to rbtl.org.


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Infectious Diseases /
Bacteria and Antibacterial Drugs /
Lipoglycopeptides /
Overview of Bacteria
Overview of Antibacterial Drugs
Aminoglycosides
Beta-Lactams
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
Monobactams
Penicillins
Fosfomycin
Lefamulin
Lincosamides, Oxazolidinones, and Streptogramins
Clindamycin
Linezolid and Tedizolid
Quinupristin and Dalfopristin
Lipoglycopeptides
Macrolides
Metronidazole and Tinidazole
Mupirocin
Nitrofurantoin
Polypeptide Antibiotics: Bacitracin, Colistin, Polymyxin B
Rifamycins
Spectinomycin
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole
Brian J. Werth
, PharmD, University of Washington School of Pharmacy
Last review/revision May 2022 | Modified Sep 2022
Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Dosing Considerations
Telavancin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin are lipoglycopeptides, which are semisynthetic antibacterials Overview of Antibacterial Drugs Antibacterial drugs are derived from bacteria or molds or are synthesized de novo. Technically, "antibiotic" refers only to antimicrobials derived from bacteria or molds but is often (including... read more related to glycopeptides (eg, vancomycin). Lipoglycopeptides have bactericidal activity exclusively against gram-positive bacteria. Lipoglycopeptides inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and disrupt cell membrane integrity.
Lipoglycopeptides are not absorbed orally and are available only as IV formulations. Lipoglycopeptides penetrate well into pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and skin blisters.
Telavancin has a half-life of 7 to 9 hours and a postantibiotic effect of about 4 hours. Dalbavancin has a prolonged half life of 204 hours, and oritavancin has a prolonged half-life of 245 to 393 hours; thus, single-dose regimens with these drugs are possible.
Telavancin is excreted by the kidneys, so the dose must be adjusted in patients with renal insufficiency.
Indications for Lipoglycopeptides
Lipoglycopeptides are broadly active against gram-positive bacteria, including
Streptococci Streptococcal Infections Streptococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms that cause many disorders, including pharyngitis, pneumonia, wound and skin infections, sepsis, and endocarditis. Symptoms vary with the organ... read more
Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcal Infections Enterococci are gram-positive, facultative anaerobic organisms. Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium cause a variety of infections, including endocarditis, urinary tract infections... read more
Enterococcus faecium
Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcal Infections Staphylococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic; it typically causes skin infections and sometimes pneumonia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis... read more , including S. aureus that is methicillin-resistant or vancomycin–intermediate-resistant
Oritavancin is active against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains that harbor the vanA gene; dalbavancin and telavancin are not. Dalbavancin, oritavancin, and telavancin have activity against vanB VRE. All three lipoglycopeptides are active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis regardless of their susceptibility to methicillin. Only oritavancin is active against vancomycin-resistant S. aureus.
Telavancin is used for complicated skin and skin structure infections as well as for hospital-acquired and ventilator-acquired bacterial pneumonia Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) develops at least 48 hours after hospital admission. The most common pathogens are gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus; antibiotic-resistant... read more caused by sensitive isolates of S. aureus.
The long-acting lipoglycopeptides dalbavancin and oritavancin are used to treat acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections but are still being studied as treatment for more invasive infections.
Contraindications to Lipoglycopeptides
Lipoglycopeptides are contraindicated in patients who are allergic to them. They should be used with care in patients who are allergic to vancomycin or other glycopeptides because cross-reactivity is possible.
Lipoglycopeptides have had some adverse effects on fetal development in animals; safety data in pregnant women are limited. Lipoglycopeptides should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the potential risk to the fetus.
There are no data regarding excretion in breast milk in humans, but lipoglycopeptides are known to be excreted in the breast milk of rats.
Adverse Effects of Lipoglycopeptides
Common adverse effects of lipoglycopeptides include
Taste disturbance
Foamy urine
Telavancin and oritavancin may falsely increase values on coagulation tests (prothrombin time/partial thromboplastin time [PT/PTT]) for a period of time. Therefore, blood for these tests should be drawn before these antibiotics are given. Dalbavancin does not artificially prolong PT or PTT. Telavancin interferes with urine protein assays.
Significant adverse effects include
Increased mortality in patients with pre-existing moderate/severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≤ 50 mL/minute) who were treated with telavancin for hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia versus vancomycin
A histamine-mediated pruritus and flushing of the face, neck, and shoulders, similar to vancomycin infusion reaction Adverse Effects Vancomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis. Vancomycin is not appreciably absorbed from a normal gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. Given parenterally... read more .
Nephrotoxicity, which may occur more often with telavancin than with vancomycin but has not been associated with dalbavancin or oritavancin
With telavancin, QTc prolongation
Nephrotoxicity with telavancin is more likely in patients with known kidney dysfunction, disorders that predispose to kidney dysfunction (eg, diabetes, hypertension, heart failure), or use of potentially nephrotoxic drugs. Renal function should be assessed before starting the drug and monitored at least every 48 to 72 hours.
Pruritus and flushing associated with rapid infusion of lipoglycopeptides can be prevented by infusing at a slower rate if the patient shows signs of flushing and pruritis.
QTc prolongation occurred in healthy subjects in the clinical trials of telavancin; thus, telavancin should be used with caution or not be used in patients taking drugs that prolong the QT interval. Telavancin should not be used in patients with congenital long QT syndrome, known QTc prolongation, uncompensated heart failure, or severe left ventricular hypertrophy (patients with these disorders were excluded from the clinical trials).
Dosing Considerations for Lipoglycopeptides
Dalbavancin doses should be reduced in patients with creatinine clearance < 30 mL/minute; clinicians should use 1125 mg for single-dose regimens or 750 mg once followed by 375 mg 1 week later. No dosage adjustment is recommended for patients who are regularly receiving hemodialysis.
Oritavancin does not appear to require renal dose adjustment, but adequate studies to support a recommendation for patients with renal failure have not been done.
Telavancin dosing is based on creatinine clearance:
Creatinine clearance > 50 mL/minute: 10 mg/kg IV every 24 hours
Creatinine clearance 30 to 50 mL/minute: 7.5 mg/kg every 24 hours
Creatinine clearance 10 to < 30 mL/minute: 10 mg/kg every 48 hours
Creatinine clearance < 10 mL/minute: Data limited, no recommendations available
telavancin
Vibativ
dalbavancin
DALVANCE
oritavancin
Kimyrsa, ORBACTIV
Vancocin, Vancocin Powder, VANCOSOL


FERRELLTON — The North Star AYSO VIP — or Very Important Players — team opened its season against the U12 Am Fire Mining team Saturday.
Thanks to great cooperation from the U12 team, the four VIP players who participated won the contest with a shutout. Four other teammates had previous engagements and were unable to attend.
"I'm so happy with the way things went today," head coach Christy Reed said after the game. "You can really see the kids enjoying this more and more. They are really getting to know their buddies and interacting with each other more.
The teams played two seven minute halves. Coach Reed wanted to make sure the kids didn't get too hot or tired in their first game.
Tony Mills scored the first two goals for the VIP team, after dribbling around four defenders and taking his shots. His team led 2-0 at the break in part to solid defense from Sara Reed.
After the break, the duo of Leah Thompson and Vincent McAlexander kept the U12 team on their toes as they kept the ball in the offensive zone.
McAlexander scored two goals in the second half while getting encouragement from dozens of fans.
Region 430 commissioner Brad Speicher refereed the contest.
Speicher said there has been an influx of interest from people outside of the North Star AYSO region. He would be more than willing to help anyone out if they would like to come see how the VIP program works and set them up with information on how to start their own program next season.
For more information contact Reed at 814-893-5428.


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The storage effect is a coexistence mechanism proposed in the ecological theory of species coexistence, which tries to explain how such a wide variety of similar species are able to coexist within the same ecological community or guild. The storage effect was originally proposed in the 1980s to explain coexistence in diverse communities of coral reef fish, however it has since been generalized to cover a variety of ecological communities.  The theory proposes one way for multiple species to coexist: in a changing environment, no species can be the best under all conditions.  Instead, each species must have a unique response to varying environmental conditions, and a way of buffering against the effects of bad years.  The storage effect gets its name because each population "stores" the gains in good years or microhabitats (patches) to help it survive population losses in bad years or patches.  One strength of this theory is that, unlike most coexistence mechanisms, the storage effect can be measured and quantified, with units of per-capita growth rate (offspring per adult per generation).

The storage effect can be caused by both temporal and spatial variation.  The temporal storage effect (often referred to as simply "the storage effect") occurs when species benefit from changes in year-to-year environmental patterns, while the spatial storage effect occurs when species benefit from variation in microhabitats across a landscape.

The concept

For the storage effect to operate, it requires variation (i.e. fluctuations) in the environment and thus can be termed a "fluctuation-dependent mechanism".  This variation can come from a large degree of factors, including resource availability, temperature, and predation levels.  However, for the storage effect to function, this variation must change the birth, survival, or recruitment rate of species from year to year (or patch to patch).

For competing species within the same community to coexist, they have to meet one fundamental requirement: the impact of competition from a species on itself must exceed its competitive impact on other species. In other words, intraspecific competition must exceed interspecific competition. For example, jackrabbits living in the same area compete for food and nesting grounds. Such competition within the same species is called intraspecific competition, which limits the growth of the species itself. Members from different species can also compete. For instance, jackrabbits and cottontail rabbits also compete for food and nesting grounds. Competition between different species is called interspecific competition, which limits the growth of other species. Stable coexistence occurs when any one species in the community limits its own growth more strongly than the growth of others.

The storage effect mixes three essential ingredients to assemble a community of competing species that fulfill the requirement. They are 1) correlation between the quality of an environment and the amount of competition experienced by a population in that environment (i.e. covariance between environment and competition), 2) differences in species response to the same environment (i.e. species-specific environmental responses), and 3) the ability of a population to diminish the impact of competition under worsening environment (i.e. buffered population growth).  Each ingredient is described in detail below with an explanation why the combination of the three leads to species coexistence.

Covariance between environment and competition

The growth of a population can be strongly influenced by the environment it experiences. An environment consists of not only physical elements such as resource abundance, temperature, and level of physical disturbance, but also biological elements such as the abundance of natural enemies and mutualists. Usually organisms reproduce more in a favorable environment (i.e. either during a good year, or within a good patch), build up their population densities, and lead themselves to a high level of competition due to this increasing crowding. Such a trend means that higher quality environments usually correlate with a higher strength of competition experienced by the organisms in those environments. In short, a better environment results in stronger competition. In statistics, such correlation means that there will be a non-zero covariance between the change of population density in response to the environment and that to the competition. That is why the first ingredient is called "covariance between environment and competition".

Species-specific environmental responses

Covariance between environment and competition suggests that organisms experience the strongest competition under their optimal environmental conditions because their populations grow most rapidly in those conditions. In nature, we often find that different species from the same community respond to the same conditions in distinctive manners.  For example, plant species have different preferred levels of light and water availability, which affect their germination and physical growth rates.  Such differences in their response to the environment, which is called "species-specific environmental response," means no two species from a community will have the same best environment in a given year or a given patch. As a result, when a species is under its optimal environmental conditions and thus experiencing the strongest intraspecific competition, other species from the same community only experience the strongest interspecific competition coming from that species, but not the strongest intraspecific competition coming from themselves.

Buffered population growth

A population can decline when environmental conditions worsen and when competition intensifies. If a species cannot limit the impact of competition in a hostile environment, its population will crash, and it will become locally extinct. Marvelously, in nature organisms are often able to slow down the rate of population decline in a hostile environment by alleviating the impact of competition. In so doing, they are able to set up a lower limit on the rate of their population decline. This phenomenon is called "buffered population growth", which occurs under a variety of situations. Under the temporal storage effect, it can be accomplished by the adults of a species having long life spans, which are relatively unaffected by environmental stressors. For example, an adult tree is unlikely to be killed by a few weeks of drought or a single night of freezing temperatures, whereas a seedling may not survive these conditions. Even if all seedlings are killed by bad environmental conditions, the long-lived adults are able to keep the overall population from crashing. Moreover, the adults usually adopt strategies such as dormancy or hibernation under a hostile environment, which make them less sensitive to competition, and allows them to buffer against the double blades of the hostile environment and competition from their rivals. For a different example, buffered population growth is attained by annual plants with a persistent seed bank. Thanks to these long-lived seeds, the entire population cannot be destroyed by a single bad year. Moreover, the seeds stay dormant under unfavorable environmental conditions, avoiding direct competition with rivals who are favored by the same environment, and thus diminish the impact of competition in bad years. There are some temporal situations in which buffered population growth is not expected to occur.  Namely, when multiple generations do not overlap (such as Labord's chameleon) or when adults have a high mortality rate (such as many aquatic insects, or some populations of the Eastern Fence Lizard), buffered growth does not occur. Under the spatial storage effect, buffered population growth is generally automatic, because the effects of a detrimental microhabitat will only be experienced by individuals in that area, rather than the population as a whole.

Outcome

The combined effect of (1) covariance between environment and competition, and (2) species-specific response to the environment decouple the strongest intraspecific and interspecific competition experienced by a species. Intraspecific competition is strongest when a species is favored by the environment, whereas interspecific competition is strongest when its rivals are favored. After this decoupling, buffered population growth limits the impact of interspecific competition when a species is not favored by the environment. As a consequence, the impact of intraspecific competition on the species favored by a particular environment exceeds that of the interspecific competition on species less favored by that environment. We see that the fundamental requirement for species coexistence is fulfilled and thus storage effect is able to maintain stable coexistence in a community of competing species.

For species to coexist in a community, all species must be able to recover from low density. Not surprisingly, being a coexistence mechanism, the storage effect helps species when they become rare. It does so by making the abundant species' effect on itself greater than its effect on the rare species. The difference between species' response to environmental conditions means that a rare species' optimal environment is not the same as its competitors. Under these conditions, the rare species will experience low levels of interspecific competition.  Because the rare species itself is rare, it will experience little impact from intraspecific competition as well, even at its highest possible levels of intraspecific competition. Free from the impact of competition, the rare species is able to make gains in these good years or patches.  Moreover, thanks to the buffered population growth, the rare species is able to survive the bad years or patches by "storing" the gains from the good years/patches. As a result, the population of any rare species is able to grow due to the storage effect.

One natural outcome from the covariance between environment and competition is that the species with very low densities will have more fluctuation in its recruitment rates than species with normal densities.    This occurs because in good environments, species with high densities will often experience large amount of crowding by members of the same species, thus limiting the benefits of good years/patches, and making good years/patches more similar to bad years/patches.  Low-density species are rarely able to cause crowding, thus allowing significantly increased fitness in good years/patches.   Since the fluctuation in recruitment rate is an indicator of covariance between environment and competition, and since species-specific environmental response and buffered population growth can normally be assumed in nature, finding much stronger fluctuation in recruitment rates in rare and low-density species provides a strong indication that the storage effect is operating within a community.

Mathematical formulation

It is important to note that the storage effect is not a model for population growth (such as the Lotka–Volterra equation) itself, but is an effect that appears in non-additive models of population growth.  Thus, the equations shown below will work for any arbitrary model of population growth, but will only be as accurate as the original model.  The derivation below is taken from Chesson 1994.  It is a derivation of the temporal storage effect, but is very similar to the spatial storage effect.

The fitness of an individual, as well as expected growth rate, can be measured in terms of the average number of offspring it will leave during its lifetime.  This parameter, r(t), is a function of both environmental factors, e(t), and how much the organism must compete with other individuals (both of its own species, and different species), c(t).  Thus,

where g is an arbitrary function for growth rate.  Throughout the article, subscripts are occasionally used to represent functions of a particular species (e.g. r j(t) is the fitness of species j).  It is assumed that there must be some values e* and c*, such that g(e*, c*) = 0, representing a zero-population growth equilibrium.  These values need not be unique, but for every e*, there is a unique c*.  For ease of calculation, standard parameters E(t) and C(t) are defined, such that

Both E and C represent the effect of deviations in environmental response from equilibrium.  E represents the effect that varying environmental conditions (e.g. rainfall patterns, temperature, food availability, etc.) have on fitness, in the absence of abnormal competitive effects.  For the storage effect to occur, the environmental response for each species must be unique (i.e. E j(t) ≠ E i(t) when j ≠ i).  C(t) represents how much average fitness is lowered as a result of competition.  For example, if there is more rain during a given year, E(t) will likely increase.  If more plants begin to bloom, and thus compete for that rain, then C(t) will increase as well.  Because e* and c* are not unique, E(t) and C(t) are not unique, and thus one should choose them as conveniently as possible.  Under most conditions (see Chesson 1994), r(t) can be approximated as

where

γ represents the nonadditivity of growth rates.  If γ = 0 (known as additivity) it means that the impact of competition on fitness does not change with the environment.  If γ > 0 (superadditivity), it means that the adverse effects of competition during a bad year are relatively worse than during a good year.  In other words, a population suffers more from competition in bad years than in good years.  If γ < 0 (subadditivity, or buffered population growth), it means that the harm done by competition during a bad year is relatively minor when compared to a good year.  In other words, the population is able to diminish the impact of competition as the environment worsens.  As stated above, for the storage effect to contribute to species coexistence, we must have buffered population growth (i.e. it must be the case that γ < 0).

The long-term average of the above equation is

which, under environments with sufficient variation relative to mean effects, can be approximated as

For any effect to act as a coexistence mechanism, it must boost the average fitness of an individual when they are at below-normal population density.  Otherwise, a species at low density (known as an `invader') will continue to dwindle, and this negative feedback will cause its extinction.  When a species is at equilibrium (known as a `resident'), its average long-term fitness must be 0.  For a species to recover from low density, its average fitness must be greater than 0.  For the remainder of the text, we refer to functions of the invader with the subscript i, and to the resident with the subscript r.

A long-term average growth rate of an invader is often written as

where,

and, ΔI, the storage effect,

where

In this equation, qir tells us how much the competition experienced by r affects the competition experienced by i.

The biological meaning of the storage effect is expressed in the mathematical form of ΔI.  The first term of the expression is covariance between environment and competition (Cov(E C)), scaled by a factor representing buffered population growth (γ).  The difference between the first term and the second term represents the difference in species responses to the environment between the invader and the sum of the residents, scaled by the effect each resident has on the invader (qir).

Predation

Recent work has extended what is known about the storage effect to include apparent competition (i.e., competition mediated through a shared predator).

These models showed that generalist predators can undermine the benefits of the storage effect that from competition. This occurs because generalist predators depress population levels by eating individuals. When this happens, there are fewer individuals competing for resources. As a result, relatively abundant species are less constrained by competition for resource in favorable years (i.e., the covariance between environment and competition is weakened), and therefore the storage effect from competition is weakened. This conclusion follows the general trend that the introduction of a generalist predator will often weaken other competition-based coexistence mechanisms, and which result in competitive exclusion.

Additionally, certain types of predators can produce a storage effect from predation.  This effect has been shown for frequency-dependent predators, who are more likely to attack prey that are abundant, and for generalist pathogens, who cause outbreaks when prey are abundant.  When prey species are especially numerous and active, frequency-dependent predators become more active, and pathogens outbreaks become more severe (i.e., there was a positive covariance between the environment and predation, analogous to the covariance between the environment and competition).  As a result, abundant species are limited during their best years by high predation – an effect that is analogous to the storage effect from competition.

Empirical studies

The first empirical study that tested the requirements of the storage effect was done by Pake and Venable, who looked at three desert annual plants.  They experimentally manipulated density and water availability over a two-year period, and found that fitness and germination rates varied greatly from year to year, and over different environmental conditions.  This shows that each species has a unique environmental response, and implied that likely there is a covariance between environment and competition.  This, combined with the buffered population growth that is a product of a long-lived seed bank, showed that a temporal storage effect was probably an important factor in mediating coexistence.  This study was also important, because it showed that variation in germination conditions could be a major factor promoting species coexistence.

The first attempt made at quantifying the temporal storage effect was by Carla Cáceres in 1997.  Using 30 years of water-column data from Oneida Lake, New York, she studied the effect the storage effect had on two species of plankton (Daphnia galeata mendotae and D. pulicaria).  These species of plankton lay diapausing eggs which, much like the seeds of annual plants, lay dormant in the sediment for many years before hatching.  Cáceres found that the size of reproductive bouts were fairly uncorrelated between the two species.  She also found, in the absence of the storage effect, D. galeata mendotae would have gone extinct.  She was unable to measure certain important parameters (such as the rate of egg predation), but found that her results were robust to a wide range of estimates.

The first test of the spatial storage effect was done by Sears and Chesson  in the desert area east of Portal, Arizona.  Using a common neighbor-removal experiment, they examined whether coexistence between two annual plants, Erodium cicutarium and Phacelia popeii, was due to the spatial storage effect or resource partitioning.  The storage effect was quantified in terms of number of inflorescences (a proxy for fitness) instead of actual population growth rate.  They found that E. cicutarium was able to outcompete P. popeii in many situations, and in the absence of the storage effect, would likely competitively exclude P. popeii.  However, they found a very strong difference in the covariance between environment and competition, which showed that some of the most favorable areas for P. popeii (the rare species), were unfavorable to E. cicutarium (the common species).  This suggests that P. popeii is able to avoid strong interspecific competition in some good patches, and that this may be enough to compensate for losses in areas favorable to E. cicutarium.

Colleen Kelly and colleagues have used congeneric species pairs to examine storage dynamics where species similarity is a natural outcome of relatedness and not dependent on researcher-based estimates.  Initial studies were of 12 species of trees coexisting in a tropical deciduous forest at the Chamela Biological Station in Jalisco, Mexico. For each of the 12 species they examined age structure (calculated from size and species-specific growth rate), and found that recruitment of young trees varies from year to year.  Grouping the species into 6 congeneric pairs, the locally rarer species of each pair unanimously had a more irregular age distributions than the more common species. This finding strongly suggests that between closely competing tree species, the rarer species experiences stronger recruitment fluctuation than the commoner species. Such difference in recruitment fluctuation, combined with evidence of greater competitive ability in the rarer species of each pair, indicates a difference in covariance between the environment and competition between rare and common species. Since species-specific environmental response and buffered population growth can be naturally assumed, their finding strongly suggests that the storage effect operates in this tropical deciduous forest so as to maintain the coexistence between different tree species.  Further work with these species has shown that the storage dynamic is a pairwise, competitive relationship, between congeneric species pairs, and possibly extending as successively nested pairs within a genus.

Angert and colleagues demonstrated the temporal storage effect occurring in the desert annual plant community on Tumamoc Hill, Arizona.  Previous studies had shown the annual plants in that community exhibited a trade-off between growth rate (a proxy for competitive ability) and water use efficiency (a proxy for drought tolerance).  As a result, some plants grew better during wet years, while others grew better during dry years.  This, combined with variation in germination rates, produced an overall community average storage effect of 0.103.  In other words, the storage effect is expected to help the population of any species at low density to increase, on average, by 10.3% each generation, until it recovers from low density.

References

Community ecology
Ecological theories
Theoretical ecology
Biostatistics
Biodiversity

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
A which egy Unix parancs, mely egy végrehajtható állomány helyének meghatározására használható.

A which parancsnak egy vagy több argumentuma lehet, melyek végrehajtható állományok útvonal nélkül. A which kiírja a végrehajtható állomány teljes elérési útvonalát. Ez segít a végrehajtható állományok vagy script-ek keresésében egy könyvtár listában.

A parancs megtalálható a Unix-szerű rendszerekben, de a Microsoft Windows operációs rendszerben is elérhető.

Unix-parancsok


273 East Mill Street – Originally built in 1853 by Heinrich Hohmann of plastered stone and brick. The city's first Western Union telegraph office was housed here by 1865. Subsequent owner Wilhelm Fischer, a tailor and herb specialist, probably added the wood siding, porch and gingerbread woodwork in the 1880's. Now an office building.


text:
Q: Filtering a collection by product entity_id results in collection missing products I'm having issues trying to create a collection of child / associated products given a particular parent / configurable product.
I have no issue creating the collection for the parent (i.e. configurable) products that I want, no issue getting my entity IDs for the child products (that is, in the below code snippet, $childIds contains the correct values) but when I attempt to build my collection, $childrenCollection->getSize() is sometimes different than count($childIds[0]), even though I'm filtering based on those values.
<?php

include_once('app/Mage.php');
Mage::app();

$attCodeBrand = 'brand';

$attBrand = Mage::getModel('catalog/product')->getResource()->getAttribute($attCodeBrand);

$brandId = $attBrand->getSource()->getOptionId('Sears');

$configurableCollection = Mage::getResourceModel('catalog/product_collection')
        ->addAttributeToFilter('type_id', array('eq' => 'configurable'))
        ->addAttributeToFilter('brand', array('eq'=>$brandId));

while ($parent = $configurableCollection->fetchItem())
{
        $parentId = $parent->getId();

        $childIds = Mage::getSingleton('catalog/product_type_configurable')->getChildrenIds($parentId);

        $childrenCollection = Mage::getResourceModel('catalog/product_collection')
        ->addAttributeToFilter('entity_id', array('in'=>$childIds[0]));
}
?>

I thought perhaps that my associated products somehow linked to a product with a bad ID, but I have tested explicitly loading the products that are missed in $childrenCollection and there's no issue there.
Is there some sort of implicit filtering that's going on that I'm not aware of?
Edit: Magento version is 1.14.2.4 EE.

A: I forgot to set the store ID.
Mage::app()->setCurrentStore(Mage_Core_Model_App::ADMIN_STORE_ID);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Mechanochemical synthesis of Ce3Al11 powder and its catalytic effect on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4
Jongkwan Choi, Taejun Ha, Jihye Park, Young Su Lee, Heung Nam Han, Joonho Lee, Jae Hyeok Shim
Mechanochemical synthesis of the Ce3Al11 powder was performed through a reaction among CeCl3, AlCl3 and NaH powders. α-Ce3Al11 particles with an average size of 250 nm were obtained. The catalytic effect of the synthesized Ce3Al11 on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4 was investigated. The hydrogen absorption kinetics of NaAlH4 with Ce3Al11 was significantly enhanced and the hydrogen capacity was improved compared to those properties of NaAlH4 with CeCl3. This can be attributed to the fine distribution of the Ce3Al11 catalyst in NaAlH4 during ball milling. Although the volume of the NaAlH4 pellets generally tends to increase during the hydrogen sorption cycles, the volume expansion of the pellet of NaAlH4 with Ce3Al11 was relatively low with a small pore fraction compared to that of the pellet of NaAlH4 with conventional chloride catalysts such as CeCl3, TiCl3 and TiCl4. The use of a nonchloride catalyst appears to provide an effective approach for suppressing the volume expansion of NaAlH4 pellets during the hydrogen sorption cycles.
Journal of Alloys and Compounds
Hydrogen absorbing materials
Intermetallics
Mechanochemical processing
Metal hydrides
10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.045
Dive into the research topics of 'Mechanochemical synthesis of Ce3Al11 powder and its catalytic effect on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Sorption Engineering & Materials Science 100%
Powders Engineering & Materials Science 67%
Hydrogen Engineering & Materials Science 66%
Pellet Chemical Compounds 65%
Catalysts Engineering & Materials Science 42%
Volume Chemical Compounds 29%
Ball milling Engineering & Materials Science 22%
Catalyst Chemical Compounds 21%
Choi, J., Ha, T., Park, J., Lee, Y. S., Han, H. N., Lee, J., & Shim, J. H. (2019). Mechanochemical synthesis of Ce3Al11 powder and its catalytic effect on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 784, 313-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.045
Mechanochemical synthesis of Ce3Al11 powder and its catalytic effect on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4. / Choi, Jongkwan; Ha, Taejun; Park, Jihye; Lee, Young Su; Han, Heung Nam; Lee, Joonho; Shim, Jae Hyeok.
In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 784, 05.05.2019, p. 313-318.
Choi, J, Ha, T, Park, J, Lee, YS, Han, HN, Lee, J & Shim, JH 2019, 'Mechanochemical synthesis of Ce3Al11 powder and its catalytic effect on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 784, pp. 313-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.045
Choi J, Ha T, Park J, Lee YS, Han HN, Lee J et al. Mechanochemical synthesis of Ce3Al11 powder and its catalytic effect on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019 May 5;784:313-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.045
Choi, Jongkwan ; Ha, Taejun ; Park, Jihye ; Lee, Young Su ; Han, Heung Nam ; Lee, Joonho ; Shim, Jae Hyeok. / Mechanochemical synthesis of Ce3Al11 powder and its catalytic effect on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019 ; Vol. 784. pp. 313-318.
@article{e074680b0b254490aeeda0682dac5a1d,
title = "Mechanochemical synthesis of Ce3Al11 powder and its catalytic effect on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4",
abstract = "Mechanochemical synthesis of the Ce3Al11 powder was performed through a reaction among CeCl3, AlCl3 and NaH powders. α-Ce3Al11 particles with an average size of 250 nm were obtained. The catalytic effect of the synthesized Ce3Al11 on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4 was investigated. The hydrogen absorption kinetics of NaAlH4 with Ce3Al11 was significantly enhanced and the hydrogen capacity was improved compared to those properties of NaAlH4 with CeCl3. This can be attributed to the fine distribution of the Ce3Al11 catalyst in NaAlH4 during ball milling. Although the volume of the NaAlH4 pellets generally tends to increase during the hydrogen sorption cycles, the volume expansion of the pellet of NaAlH4 with Ce3Al11 was relatively low with a small pore fraction compared to that of the pellet of NaAlH4 with conventional chloride catalysts such as CeCl3, TiCl3 and TiCl4. The use of a nonchloride catalyst appears to provide an effective approach for suppressing the volume expansion of NaAlH4 pellets during the hydrogen sorption cycles.",
keywords = "Hydrogen absorbing materials, Intermetallics, Mechanochemical processing, Metal hydrides, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy",
author = "Jongkwan Choi and Taejun Ha and Jihye Park and Lee, {Young Su} and Han, {Heung Nam} and Joonho Lee and Shim, {Jae Hyeok}",
note = "Funding Information: The study has been supported by the Strategic Core Materials Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea (Project No. 10053631) and by the KIST Institutional Program (Project No. 2E28060). One of the authors (HNH) acknowledges the support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT, Republic of Korea (NO. NRF-2015R1A5A1037627). Funding Information: The study has been supported by the Strategic Core Materials Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea (Project No. 10053631 ) and by the KIST Institutional Program (Project No. 2E28060 ). One of the authors (HNH) acknowledges the support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT, Republic of Korea (NO. NRF-2015R1A5A1037627 ). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 Elsevier B.V.",
T1 - Mechanochemical synthesis of Ce3Al11 powder and its catalytic effect on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4
AU - Choi, Jongkwan
AU - Ha, Taejun
AU - Park, Jihye
AU - Lee, Young Su
AU - Han, Heung Nam
AU - Lee, Joonho
AU - Shim, Jae Hyeok
N1 - Funding Information: The study has been supported by the Strategic Core Materials Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea (Project No. 10053631) and by the KIST Institutional Program (Project No. 2E28060). One of the authors (HNH) acknowledges the support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT, Republic of Korea (NO. NRF-2015R1A5A1037627). Funding Information: The study has been supported by the Strategic Core Materials Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea (Project No. 10053631 ) and by the KIST Institutional Program (Project No. 2E28060 ). One of the authors (HNH) acknowledges the support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT, Republic of Korea (NO. NRF-2015R1A5A1037627 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
N2 - Mechanochemical synthesis of the Ce3Al11 powder was performed through a reaction among CeCl3, AlCl3 and NaH powders. α-Ce3Al11 particles with an average size of 250 nm were obtained. The catalytic effect of the synthesized Ce3Al11 on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4 was investigated. The hydrogen absorption kinetics of NaAlH4 with Ce3Al11 was significantly enhanced and the hydrogen capacity was improved compared to those properties of NaAlH4 with CeCl3. This can be attributed to the fine distribution of the Ce3Al11 catalyst in NaAlH4 during ball milling. Although the volume of the NaAlH4 pellets generally tends to increase during the hydrogen sorption cycles, the volume expansion of the pellet of NaAlH4 with Ce3Al11 was relatively low with a small pore fraction compared to that of the pellet of NaAlH4 with conventional chloride catalysts such as CeCl3, TiCl3 and TiCl4. The use of a nonchloride catalyst appears to provide an effective approach for suppressing the volume expansion of NaAlH4 pellets during the hydrogen sorption cycles.
AB - Mechanochemical synthesis of the Ce3Al11 powder was performed through a reaction among CeCl3, AlCl3 and NaH powders. α-Ce3Al11 particles with an average size of 250 nm were obtained. The catalytic effect of the synthesized Ce3Al11 on the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4 was investigated. The hydrogen absorption kinetics of NaAlH4 with Ce3Al11 was significantly enhanced and the hydrogen capacity was improved compared to those properties of NaAlH4 with CeCl3. This can be attributed to the fine distribution of the Ce3Al11 catalyst in NaAlH4 during ball milling. Although the volume of the NaAlH4 pellets generally tends to increase during the hydrogen sorption cycles, the volume expansion of the pellet of NaAlH4 with Ce3Al11 was relatively low with a small pore fraction compared to that of the pellet of NaAlH4 with conventional chloride catalysts such as CeCl3, TiCl3 and TiCl4. The use of a nonchloride catalyst appears to provide an effective approach for suppressing the volume expansion of NaAlH4 pellets during the hydrogen sorption cycles.
KW - Hydrogen absorbing materials
KW - Intermetallics
KW - Mechanochemical processing
KW - Metal hydrides
KW - Scanning electron microscopy
KW - Transmission electron microscopy
U2 - 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.045
DO - 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.045
JO - Journal of Alloys and Compounds
JF - Journal of Alloys and Compounds


text:
Q: Mysterious white space on the right hand side I am using Bootstrap, and whenever my page is resize to < 992 px, the following happened.
The code for the red bar is

Nothing special, not inside a container.
Even if I put the following CSS doesn't help either
html,body {
            padding: 0;
            margin: 0;
        }

I am sure it is some settings of bootstrap that causes this but couldn't figure out what is the cause.

A: This could be caused by @media queries defined in bootstrap css. You need to override them in your own css file or just edit it in bootstrap css file (but thats bad practice, because you can't update lets say to newer version of bootstrap styles without making these changes all over again)


text:
title: Lexeme
teaser: An entry in the vocabulary
tag: class
source: spacy/lexeme.pyx
---

A `Lexeme` has no string context – it's a word type, as opposed to a word token.
It therefore has no part-of-speech tag, dependency parse, or lemma (if
lemmatization depends on the part-of-speech tag).

## Lexeme.\_\_init\_\_ {#init tag="method"}

Create a `Lexeme` object.

| Name    | Description                        |
| ------- | ---------------------------------- |
| `vocab` | The parent vocabulary. ~~Vocab~~   |
| `orth`  | The orth id of the lexeme. ~~int~~ |

## Lexeme.set_flag {#set_flag tag="method"}

Change the value of a boolean flag.

> #### Example
>
> ```python
> COOL_FLAG = nlp.vocab.add_flag(lambda text: False)
> nlp.vocab["spaCy"].set_flag(COOL_FLAG, True)
> ```

| Name      | Description                                  |
| --------- | -------------------------------------------- |
| `flag_id` | The attribute ID of the flag to set. ~~int~~ |
| `value`   | The new value of the flag. ~~bool~~          |

## Lexeme.check_flag {#check_flag tag="method"}

Check the value of a boolean flag.

> #### Example
>
> ```python
> is_my_library = lambda text: text in ["spaCy", "Thinc"]
> MY_LIBRARY = nlp.vocab.add_flag(is_my_library)
> assert nlp.vocab["spaCy"].check_flag(MY_LIBRARY) == True
> ```

| Name        | Description                                    |
| ----------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| `flag_id`   | The attribute ID of the flag to query. ~~int~~ |
| **RETURNS** | The value of the flag. ~~bool~~                |

## Lexeme.similarity {#similarity tag="method" model="vectors"}

Compute a semantic similarity estimate. Defaults to cosine over vectors.

> #### Example
>
> ```python
> apple = nlp.vocab["apple"]
> orange = nlp.vocab["orange"]
> apple_orange = apple.similarity(orange)
> orange_apple = orange.similarity(apple)
> assert apple_orange == orange_apple
> ```

| Name        | Description                                                                                |
| ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| other       | The object to compare with. By default, accepts `Doc`, `Span`, `Token` and `Lexeme` objects. ~~Union[Doc, Span, Token, Lexeme]~~ |
| **RETURNS** | A scalar similarity score. Higher is more similar. ~~float~~                                                                     |

## Lexeme.has_vector {#has_vector tag="property" model="vectors"}

A boolean value indicating whether a word vector is associated with the lexeme.

> #### Example
>
> ```python
> apple = nlp.vocab["apple"]
> assert apple.has_vector
> ```

| Name        | Description                                             |
| ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
| **RETURNS** | Whether the lexeme has a vector data attached. ~~bool~~ |

## Lexeme.vector {#vector tag="property" model="vectors"}

A real-valued meaning representation.

> #### Example
>
> ```python
> apple = nlp.vocab["apple"]
> assert apple.vector.dtype == "float32"
> assert apple.vector.shape == (300,)
> ```

| Name        | Description                                                                                |
| ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| **RETURNS** | A 1-dimensional array representing the lexeme's vector. ~~numpy.ndarray[ndim=1, dtype=float32]~~ |

## Lexeme.vector_norm {#vector_norm tag="property" model="vectors"}

The L2 norm of the lexeme's vector representation.

> #### Example
>
> ```python
> apple = nlp.vocab["apple"]
> pasta = nlp.vocab["pasta"]
> apple.vector_norm  # 7.1346845626831055
> pasta.vector_norm  # 7.759851932525635
> assert apple.vector_norm != pasta.vector_norm
> ```

| Name        | Description                                         |
| ----------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
| **RETURNS** | The L2 norm of the vector representation. ~~float~~ |

## Attributes {#attributes}

| Name             | Description                                                                                |
| ---------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `vocab`          | The lexeme's vocabulary. ~~Vocab~~                                                                                |
| `text`           | Verbatim text content. ~~str~~                                                                                |
| `orth`           | ID of the verbatim text content. ~~int~~                                                                                |
| `orth_`          | Verbatim text content (identical to `Lexeme.text`). Exists mostly for consistency with the other attributes. ~~str~~                                                                                |
| `rank`           | Sequential ID of the lexeme's lexical type, used to index into tables, e.g. for word vectors. ~~int~~                                                                                |
| `flags`          | Container of the lexeme's binary flags. ~~int~~                                                                                |
| `norm`           | The lexeme's norm, i.e. a normalized form of the lexeme text. ~~int~~                                                                                |
| `norm_`          | The lexeme's norm, i.e. a normalized form of the lexeme text. ~~str~~                                                                                |
| `lower`          | Lowercase form of the word. ~~int~~                                                                                |
| `lower_`         | Lowercase form of the word. ~~str~~                                                                                |
| `shape`          | Transform of the word's string, to show orthographic features. Alphabetic characters are replaced by `x` or `X`, and numeric characters are replaced by `d`, and sequences of the same character are truncated after length 4. For example,`"Xxxx"`or`"dd"`. ~~int~~ |
| `shape_`         | Transform of the word's string, to show orthographic features. Alphabetic characters are replaced by `x` or `X`, and numeric characters are replaced by `d`, and sequences of the same character are truncated after length 4. For example,`"Xxxx"`or`"dd"`. ~~str~~ |
| `prefix`         | Length-N substring from the start of the word. Defaults to `N=1`. ~~int~~                                                                                |
| `prefix_`        | Length-N substring from the start of the word. Defaults to `N=1`. ~~str~~                                                                                |
| `suffix`         | Length-N substring from the end of the word. Defaults to `N=3`. ~~int~~                                                                                |
| `suffix_`        | Length-N substring from the start of the word. Defaults to `N=3`. ~~str~~                                                                                |
| `is_alpha`       | Does the lexeme consist of alphabetic characters? Equivalent to `lexeme.text.isalpha()`. ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_ascii`       | Does the lexeme consist of ASCII characters? Equivalent to `[any(ord(c) >= 128 for c in lexeme.text)]`. ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_digit`       | Does the lexeme consist of digits? Equivalent to `lexeme.text.isdigit()`. ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_lower`       | Is the lexeme in lowercase? Equivalent to `lexeme.text.islower()`. ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_upper`       | Is the lexeme in uppercase? Equivalent to `lexeme.text.isupper()`. ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_title`       | Is the lexeme in titlecase? Equivalent to `lexeme.text.istitle()`. ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_punct`       | Is the lexeme punctuation? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_left_punct`  | Is the lexeme a left punctuation mark, e.g. `(`? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_right_punct` | Is the lexeme a right punctuation mark, e.g. `)`? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_space`       | Does the lexeme consist of whitespace characters? Equivalent to `lexeme.text.isspace()`. ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_bracket`     | Is the lexeme a bracket? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_quote`       | Is the lexeme a quotation mark? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_currency`    | Is the lexeme a currency symbol? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `like_url`       | Does the lexeme resemble a URL? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `like_num`       | Does the lexeme represent a number? e.g. "10.9", "10", "ten", etc. ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `like_email`     | Does the lexeme resemble an email address? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_oov`         | Is the lexeme out-of-vocabulary (i.e. does it not have a word vector)? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `is_stop`        | Is the lexeme part of a "stop list"? ~~bool~~                                                                                |
| `lang`           | Language of the parent vocabulary. ~~int~~                                                                                |
| `lang_`          | Language of the parent vocabulary. ~~str~~                                                                                |
| `prob`           | Smoothed log probability estimate of the lexeme's word type (context-independent entry in the vocabulary). ~~float~~                                                                                |
| `cluster`        | Brown cluster ID. ~~int~~                                                                                |
| `sentiment`      | A scalar value indicating the positivity or negativity of the lexeme. ~~float~~                                                                                |

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Halichaetonotus schromi är en djurart som tillhör fylumet bukhårsdjur, och som beskrevs av Kisielewski 1975. Halichaetonotus schromi ingår i släktet Halichaetonotus och familjen Chaetonotidae. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Bukhårsdjur
schromi


text:
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Home » At DeVos Its Full Steam Heat
At DeVos Its Full Steam Heat
| By David Czurak |
Stress: It's The Full-Plate Syndrome
Miller Comes Full Circle At Saints
GRAND RAPIDS — Facility managers who don't do everything under the gray skies to keep a tight lid on heating costs this winter will likely get a cold shoulder from owners and find themselves sitting in a hot seat.
SMG — the firm that manages DeVos Place — may be facing the toughest cost challenge in the region with 162,000 square feet of high-ceilinged exhibit space to heat this winter, the building's busiest stretch of the year.
Chris Machuta, the firm's finance director, estimated that heating the convention center from November through March will cost $572,700, a figure that is 76 percent of the total heating charge for the year and 38 percent of all utility costs for the year.
But thankfully only 15 percent of that will go toward buying natural gas, which has risen in price by 37 percent for the state's commercial customers and by 42 percent for industrial buyers since 1997.
The remaining 85 percent is spent on steam, which warms the building's vast interior.
SMG's director of facilities, Ken Dahlman, told the Business Journal that his company has a very practical plan that management follows to keep energy costs as low as possible.
"The policy has us monitoring the lights and the temperature, which could be wasted heat during dark times. The plan also has us utilizing the equipment in order to make it perform economically, even when we do have a heat load," said Dahlman.
That last point is important. If the building's temperature rises too high, Dahlman said the system shifts into its cooling mode and the result is wasted energy. Apparently very little was wasted during the previous fiscal year, though, as utility costs came in roughly $90,000 under budget at $1 million.
But Machuta prefers to remain cautious, rather than celebratory.
He said SMG is still learning about the building's energy costs, and he noted that his firm will start a brand-new lesson in February when the expansive ballroom opens.
"FY 2006 into FY 2007 is when we will have a good handle on the average utility usage for the convention center," he said.
Progressive AE co-designed the convention center and Progressive engineer Julia Smith — who is also LEED-certified — was the lead mechanical engineer for the $212 million project.
Smith said they used the latest technology to make an old idea work. They installed the most energy-efficient heating system they could find to use the steam that Kent County produces at its Downtown Heating and Cooling Authority.
So how does steam heat the building? Simply put, Smith said heating occurs because the heat exchangers in the building convert the energy from the steam into hot water, and then that water is distributed throughout the building via pipes.
But before that process can happen, the steam must be depressurized. It comes into DeVos Place at 125 pounds per square inch and is diminished by pressure-reducing valves to 50 PSI before the heat exchangers can handle it.
"After it goes to the heat exchangers, you have condensate that comes off it. This condensate still has a huge amount of energy because it is coming from high-pressure steam," said Smith.
The condensate is then used to heat the ceiling of the parking garage, directly below the convention center floor. Then the heat rises into the exhibit space and meeting rooms.
"Normally, the condensate would go to a drain and would be gone. But we're reheating it and reusing that condensate," said Bill Culhane, a LEED-certified architect at Progressive.
"Extracting as much energy as we can," added Smith.
At times, the amount of energy extracted can be more than needed. When the building is full of people and brightly lit with exhibits — as it was for the woodworkers convention last December — DeVos Place must be cooled, even though the temperature outside may suggest doing that would be silly. Still, the cooling is easily done.
"We just bring in the outside air," said Smith, who was the lead mechanical engineer on the project.
"There are a couple of spaces that have 100-percent outside air, a steam shop and the lower level storage area. Those two spaces have heat-recovery units in them. That is another way that we tried to save as much energy as we could."
Besides its efficiency, Smith said simplicity is another benefit of the system, as it doesn't take up a lot of space. Much of the system consists of three steam-water heat exchangers that have no moving parts, plus a handful of pumps, piping and the converters.
"That's it. There is a series of valves. But that's pretty much it," said Smith.
"There are air-handling units that are basically blowers that have heating elements. The steam heats the water and the water runs those elements, which look like a coil," said Culhane, who added the elements "spin" the water with a motion that heats the air.
Without a furnace in the building, the boiler that heats DeVos Place is about eight blocks away at Market and Fulton, where the county has its heating and cooling authority.
Because neither unit is in DeVos Place and because no natural gas line runs to the building, Dahlman said the building's insurance premium is lower than if boiler or line were on site.
Kent County uses natural gas at its plant to generate the steam that heats many buildings downtown, not just DeVos Place. The steam is piped to these structures via an underground system that winds through the central business district, and building owners buy that steam from the county instead of purchasing natural gas or heating oil.
If the county didn't heat downtown, utility bills for DeVos Place would likely be bigger and the building would likely be smaller.
"We had to fit things within the confines of the building and to add boilers would have been very difficult because there wasn't enough space, and we would have ended up with very large boilers that would have taken up a lot of space," said Smith.
"We would have had to have a boiler operator, as well, for that level of boiler."
David Czurak
David Czurak is a former Grand Rapids Business Journal staff reporter who most recently covered city and county government, real estate, construction, architecture and design and sports business.
Recent Articles by David Czurak
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grbj.com provides the same trusted and objective business reporting that the Business Journal is known for -- plus real-time original content, timely enewsletters/alerts, exclusive blogs and more. Business Journal subscribers receive the weekly print edition, including bonus publications like the annual Book of Lists, and also complete access to all content on grbj.com.
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