text:
Title: Hypothalamus
Subject: Pituitary gland, List of human hormones, Endocrine system, Puberty, Neurotransmitter
Collection: Endocrine System, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Neuroendocrinology
Location of the human hypothalamus
Location of the hypothalamus, in relation to the pituitary and to the rest of the brain
A08.186.211.730.385.357
NeuroNames
hier-358
NeuroLex ID
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑπό = under and θάλαμος = room, chamber) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, just above the brainstem. In the terminology of neuroanatomy, it forms the ventral part of the diencephalon. All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is roughly the size of an almond.
The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst,[1] fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
Nuclei 1.1
Neural connections 1.2
Sexual dimorphism 1.3
Development 1.4
Hormone release 2.1
Stimulation 2.2
Olfactory stimuli 2.2.1
Blood-borne stimuli 2.2.2
Steroids 2.2.3
Neural 2.2.4
Control of food intake 2.3
Fear processing 2.4
Sexual orientation 2.5
Clinical significance 3
Disease 3.1
Additional images 5
Human hypothalamus (shown in red)
The hypothalamus is a brain structure made up of distinct nuclei as well as less anatomically distinct areas. It is found in all vertebrate nervous systems. In mammals, the axons of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus (both located in the hypothalamus) contain oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), and project into the posterior pituitary. Much smaller parvocellular neurosecretory cells, neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, release corticotropin-releasing hormone and other hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, where these hormones diffuse to the anterior pituitary.
The hypothalamic nuclei include the following:[2][3][4]
Region Area Nucleus Function[5]
Anterior Medial Medial preoptic nucleus
Regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones from the adenohypophysis
Contains the sexually dimorphic nucleus, which releases GnRH, differential development between sexes is based upon in utero testosterone levels
Supraoptic nucleus
Vasopressin release
Paraventricular nucleus
thyrotropin-releasing hormone release
corticotropin-releasing hormone release
oxytocin release
somatostatin release
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
thyrotropin inhibition
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Circadian rhythms
Lateral Lateral preoptic nucleus
Lateral nucleus
thirst and hunger
Part of supraoptic nucleus
Tuberal Medial Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
GI stimulation
Ventromedial nucleus
satiety
neuroendocrine control
Arcuate nucleus
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Lateral Lateral nucleus
Lateral tuberal nuclei
Posterior Medial Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies)
Posterior nucleus
pupillary dilation
shivering
See also: ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, periventricular nucleus.
A cross section of the monkey hypothalamus displays 2 of the major hypothalamic nuclei on either side of the fluid-filled 3rd ventricle.
Hypothalamic nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei on one side of the hypothalamus, shown in a 3-D computer reconstruction[1]
Neural connections
The hypothalamus is highly interconnected with other parts of the central nervous system, in particular the brainstem and its reticular formation. As part of the limbic system, it has connections to other limbic structures including the amygdala and septum, and is also connected with areas of the autonomous nervous system.
The hypothalamus receives many inputs from the brainstem, the most notable from the nucleus of the solitary tract, the locus coeruleus, and the ventrolateral medulla.
Most nerve fibres within the hypothalamus run in two ways (bidirectional).
Projections to areas caudal to the hypothalamus go through the medial forebrain bundle, the mammillotegmental tract and the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus.
Projections to areas rostral to the hypothalamus are carried by the mammillothalamic tract, the fornix and terminal stria.
Projections to areas of the sympathetic motor system (lateral horn spinal segments T1-L2/L3) are carried by the hypothalamospinal tract and they activate the sympathetic motor pathway
Sexual dimorphism
Several hypothalamic nuclei are sexually dimorphic; i.e., there are clear differences in both structure and function between males and females.
Some differences are apparent even in gross neuroanatomy: most notable is the sexually dimorphic nucleus within the preoptic area. However most of the differences are subtle changes in the connectivity and chemical sensitivity of particular sets of neurons.
The importance of these changes can be recognised by functional differences between males and females. For instance, males of most species prefer the odor and appearance of females over males, which is instrumental in stimulating male sexual behavior. If the sexually dimorphic nucleus is lesioned, this preference for females by males diminishes. Also, the pattern of secretion of growth hormone is sexually dimorphic, and this is one reason why in many species, adult males are much larger than females.
Responsiveness to ovarian steroids
Other striking functional dimorphisms are in the behavioral responses to ovarian steroids of the adult. Males and females respond to ovarian steroids in different ways, partly because the expression of estrogen-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus is sexually dimorphic; i.e., estrogen receptors are expressed in different sets of neurons.
Estrogen and progesterone can influence gene expression in particular neurons or induce changes in cell membrane potential and kinase activation, leading to diverse non-genomic cellular functions. Estrogen and progesterone bind to their cognate nuclear hormone receptors, which translocate to the cell nucleus and interact with regions of DNA known as hormone response elements (HREs) or get tethered to another transcription factor's binding site. Estrogen receptor (ER) has been shown to transactivate other transcription factors in this manner, despite the absence of an estrogen response element (ERE) in the proximal promoter region of the gene. In general, ERs and progesterone receptors (PRs) are gene activators, with increased mRNA and subsequent protein synthesis following hormone exposure.
Male and female brains differ in the distribution of estrogen receptors, and this difference is an irreversible consequence of neonatal steroid exposure. Estrogen receptors (and progesterone receptors) are found mainly in neurons in the anterior and mediobasal hypothalamus, notably:
the preoptic area (where LHRH neurons are located)
the periventricular nucleus (where somatostatin neurons are located)
the ventromedial hypothalamus (which is important for sexual behavior).
Median sagittal section of brain of human embryo of three months
In neonatal life, gonadal steroids influence the development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. For instance, they determine the ability of females to exhibit a normal reproductive cycle, and of males and females to display appropriate reproductive behaviors in adult life.
If a female rat is injected once with testosterone in the first few days of postnatal life (during the "critical period" of sex-steroid influence), the hypothalamus is irreversibly masculinized; the adult rat will be incapable of generating an LH surge in response to estrogen (a characteristic of females), but will be capable of exhibiting male sexual behaviors (mounting a sexually receptive female).
By contrast, a male rat castrated just after birth will be feminized, and the adult will show female sexual behavior in response to estrogen (sexual receptivity, lordosis behavior).
In primates, the developmental influence of androgens is less clear, and the consequences are less understood. Within the brain, testosterone is aromatized to (estradiol), which is the principal active hormone for developmental influences. The human testis secretes high levels of testosterone from about week 8 of fetal life until 5–6 months after birth (a similar perinatal surge in testosterone is observed in many species), a process that appears to underlie the male phenotype. Estrogen from the maternal circulation is relatively ineffective, partly because of the high circulating levels of steroid-binding proteins in pregnancy.
Sex steroids are not the only important influences upon hypothalamic development; in particular, pre-pubertal stress in early life (of rats) determines the capacity of the adult hypothalamus to respond to an acute stressor.[7] Unlike gonadal steroid receptors, glucocorticoid receptors are very widespread throughout the brain; in the paraventricular nucleus, they mediate negative feedback control of CRF synthesis and secretion, but elsewhere their role is not well understood.
Hormone release
Endocrine glands in the human head and neck and their hormones
The hypothalamus has a central Releasing hormones (also called releasing factors), are produced in hypothalamic nuclei then transported along axons to either the median eminence or the posterior pituitary, where they are stored and released as needed.[8]
In the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal axis, releasing hormones, also known as hypophysiotropic or hypothalamic hormones, are released from the median eminence, a prolongation of the hypothalamus, into the hypophyseal portal system, which carries them to the anterior pituitary where they exert their regulatory functions on the secretion of adenohypopyseal hormones.[9]
Secreted hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(Prolactin-releasing hormone)
TRH, TRF, or PRH Parvocellular neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus Stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from anterior pituitary (primarily)
Stimulate prolactin release from anterior pituitary
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
CRH or CRF Parvocellular neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from anterior pituitary
(Prolactin-inhibiting hormone)
DA or PIH Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus Inhibit prolactin release from anterior pituitary
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
GHRH Neuroendocrine neurons of the Arcuate nucleus Stimulate Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GnRH or LHRH Neuroendocrine cells of the Preoptic area Stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release from anterior pituitary
Stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release from anterior pituitary
Somatostatin[10]
(growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)
SS, GHIH, or SRIF Neuroendocrine cells of the Periventricular nucleus Inhibit Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior pituitary
Inhibit (moderately) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from anterior pituitary
Other hormones secreted from the median eminence include vasopressin, oxytocin, neurotensin, and orexin.[11][12][13][14]
Posterior pituitary
In the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal axis, neurohypophysial hormones are released from the posterior pituitary, which is actually a prolongation of the hypothalamus, into the circulation.
OXY or OXT Magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus Uterine contraction
Lactation (letdown reflex)
(antidiuretic hormone)
ADH or AVP Magnocellular and parvocellular neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular cells in supraoptic nucleus Increase in the permeability to water of the cells of distal tubule and collecting duct in the kidney and thus allows water reabsorption and excretion of concentrated urine
It is also known that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin homeostasis. There is evidence linking hyperactivity of HPA hormones to stress-related skin diseases and skin tumors.[15]
The hypothalamus coordinates many hormonal and behavioural circadian rhythms, complex patterns of neuroendocrine outputs, complex homeostatic mechanisms, and important behaviours. The hypothalamus must, therefore, respond to many different signals, some of which generated externally and some internally. Delta wave signalling arising either in the thalamus or in the cortex influences the secretion of releasing hormones; GHRH and prolactin are stimulated whilst TRH is inhibited.
The hypothalamus is responsive to:
Light: daylength and photoperiod for regulating circadian and seasonal rhythms
Olfactory stimuli, including pheromones
Steroids, including gonadal steroids and corticosteroids
Neurally transmitted information arising in particular from the heart, the stomach, and the reproductive tract
Autonomic inputs
Blood-borne stimuli, including leptin, ghrelin, angiotensin, insulin, pituitary hormones, cytokines, plasma concentrations of glucose and osmolarity etc.
Invading microorganisms by increasing body temperature, resetting the body's thermostat upward.
Olfactory stimuli
Olfactory stimuli are important for sexual reproduction and neuroendocrine function in many species. For instance if a pregnant mouse is exposed to the urine of a 'strange' male during a critical period after coitus then the pregnancy fails (the Bruce effect). Thus, during coitus, a female mouse forms a precise 'olfactory memory' of her partner that persists for several days. Pheromonal cues aid synchronisation of oestrus in many species; in women, synchronised menstruation may also arise from pheromonal cues, although the role of pheromones in humans is doubted by many.
Blood-borne stimuli
interleukins to elicit both fever and ACTH secretion, via effects on paraventricular neurons.
It is not clear how all peptides that influence hypothalamic activity gain the necessary access. In the case of prolactin and leptin, there is evidence of active uptake at the choroid plexus from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Some pituitary hormones have a negative feedback influence upon hypothalamic secretion; for example, growth hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus, but how it enters the brain is not clear. There is also evidence for central actions of prolactin.
Findings have suggested that thyroid hormone (T4) is taken up by the hypothalamic glial cells in the infundibular nucleus/ median eminence, and that it is here converted into T3 by the type 2 deiodinase (D2). Subsequent to this, T3 is transported into the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-producing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus. Thyroid hormone receptors have been found in these neurons, indicating that they are indeed sensitive to T3 stimuli. In addition, these neurons expressed MCT8, a thyroid hormone transporter, supporting the theory that T3 is transported into them. T3 could then bind to the thyroid hormone receptor in these neurons and affect the production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, thereby regulating thyroid hormone production.[16]
The hypothalamus functions as a type of thermostat for the body.[17] It sets a desired body temperature, and stimulates either heat production and retention to raise the blood temperature to a higher setting or sweating and vasodilation to cool the blood to a lower temperature. All fevers result from a raised setting in the hypothalamus; elevated body temperatures due to any other cause are classified as hyperthermia.[17] Rarely, direct damage to the hypothalamus, such as from a stroke, will cause a fever; this is sometimes called a hypothalamic fever. However, it is more common for such damage to cause abnormally low body temperatures.[17]
The hypothalamus contains neurons that react strongly to steroids and glucocorticoids – (the steroid hormones of the adrenal gland, released in response to ACTH). It also contains specialized glucose-sensitive neurons (in the arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamus), which are important for appetite. The preoptic area contains thermosensitive neurons; these are important for TRH secretion.
Oxytocin secretion in response to suckling or vagino-cervical stimulation is mediated by some of these pathways; vasopressin secretion in response to cardiovascular stimuli arising from chemoreceptors in the carotid body and aortic arch, and from low-pressure atrial volume receptors, is mediated by others. In the rat, stimulation of the vagina also causes prolactin secretion, and this results in pseudo-pregnancy following an infertile mating. In the rabbit, coitus elicits reflex ovulation. In the sheep, cervical stimulation in the presence of high levels of estrogen can induce maternal behavior in a virgin ewe. These effects are all mediated by the hypothalamus, and the information is carried mainly by spinal pathways that relay in the brainstem. Stimulation of the nipples stimulates release of oxytocin and prolactin and suppresses the release of LH and FSH.
Cardiovascular stimuli are carried by the vagus nerve. The vagus also conveys a variety of visceral information, including for instance signals arising from gastric distension or emptying, to suppress or promote feeding, by signalling the release of leptin or gastrin, respectively. Again this information reaches the hypothalamus via relays in the brainstem.
In addition hypothalamic function is responsive to—and regulated by—levels of all three classical monoamine neurotransmitters, noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), in those tracts from which it receives innervation. For example noradrenergic inputs arising from the locus coeruleus have important regulatory effects upon corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) levels.
Control of food intake
The extreme lateral part of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for the control of food intake. Stimulation of this area causes increased food intake. Bilateral lesion of this area causes complete cessation of food intake. Medial parts of the nucleus have a controlling effect on the lateral part. Bilateral lesion of the medial part of the ventromedial nucleus causes hyperphagia and obesity of the animal. Further lesion of the lateral part of the ventromedial nucleus in the same animal produces complete cessation of food intake.
There are different hypotheses related to this regulation:[18]
Lipostatic hypothesis: This hypothesis holds that adipose tissue produces a humoral signal that is proportionate to the amount of fat and acts on the hypothalamus to decrease food intake and increase energy output. It has been evident that a hormone leptin acts on the hypothalamus to decrease food intake and increase energy output.
Gutpeptide hypothesis: gastrointestinal hormones like Grp, glucagons, CCK and others claimed to inhibit food intake. The food entering the gastrointestinal tract triggers the release of these hormones, which act on the brain to produce satiety. The brain contains both CCK-A and CCK-B receptors.
Glucostatic hypothesis: The activity of the satiety center in the ventromedial nuclei is probably governed by the glucose utilization in the neurons. It has been postulated that when their glucose utilization is low and consequently when the arteriovenous blood glucose difference across them is low, the activity across the neurons decrease. Under these conditions, the activity of the feeding center is unchecked and the individual feels hungry. Food intake is rapidly increased by intraventricular administration of 2-deoxyglucose therefore decreasing glucose utilization in cells.
Thermostatic hypothesis: According to this hypothesis, a decrease in body temperature below a given set-point stimulates appetite, whereas an increase above the set-point inhibits appetite.
Fear processing
The medial zone of hypothalamus is part of a circuitry that controls motivated behaviors, like defensive behaviors.[19] Analyses of Fos-labeling showed that a series of nuclei in the "behavioral control column" is important in regulating the expression of innate and conditioned defensive behaviors.[20]
Antipredatory defensive behavior
Exposure to a predator (such as a cat) elicits defensive behaviors in laboratory rodents, even when the animal has never been exposed to a cat.[21] In the hypothalamus, this exposure causes an increase in Fos-labeled cells in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, the dorsomedial part of the ventromedial nucleus, and in the ventrolateral part of the premammillary nucleus (PMDvl).[22] The premammillary nucleus has an important role in expression of defensive behaviors towards a predator, since lesions in this nucleus abolish defensive behaviors, like freezing and flight.[22][23] The PMD does not modulate defensive behavior in other situations, as lesions of this nucleus had minimal effects on post-shock freezing scores.[23] The PMD has important connections to the dorsal periaqueductal gray, an important structure in fear expression.[24][25] In addition, animals display risk assessment behaviors to the environment previously associated with the cat. Fos-labeled cell analysis showed that the PMDvl is the most activated structure in the hypothalamus, and inactivation with muscimol prior to exposure to the context abolishes the defensive behavior.[22] Therefore, the hypothalamus, mainly the PMDvl, has an important role in expression of innate and conditioned defensive behaviors to a predator.
Social defeat
Likewise, the hypothalamus has a role in social defeat: Nuclei in medial zone are also mobilized during an encounter with an aggressive conspecific. The defeated animal has an increase in Fos levels in sexually dimorphic structures, such as the medial pre-optic nucleus, the ventrolateral part of ventromedial nucleus, and the ventral premammilary nucleus.[26] Such structures are important in other social behaviors, such as sexual and aggressive behaviors. Moreover, the premammillary nucleus also is mobilized, the dorsomedial part but not the ventrolateral part.[26] Lesions in this nucleus abolish passive defensive behavior, like freezing and the "on-the-back" posture.[26]
According to D. F. Swaab, writing in a July 2008 paper, "Neurobiological research related to sexual orientation in humans is only just gathering momentum, but the evidence already shows that humans have a vast array of brain differences, not only in relation to gender, but also in relation to sexual orientation."[27]
Swaab first reported on the relationship between sexual orientation in males and the hypothalamus's "clock", the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In 1990, Swaab and Hofman[28] reported that the suprachiasmatic nucleus in homosexual men was significantly larger than in heterosexual men. Then in 1995, Swaab et al.[29] linked brain development to sexual orientation by treating male rats both pre- and postnatally with ATD, an aromatase blocker in the brain. This produced an enlarged SCN and bisexual behavior in the adult male rats. In 1991, LeVay showed that part of the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) known as the 3rd interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH 3), is nearly twice as large (in terms of volume) in heterosexual men than in homosexual men and heterosexual women. However, a study in 1992 has shown that the sexually dimorph nucleus of the preoptic area, which include the INAH3, are of similar size in homosexual males who died of AIDS to heterosexual males, and therefore larger than female. This clearly contradicts the hypothesis that homosexual males have a female hypothalamus. Furthermore, the SCN of homosexual males is extremely large (both the volume and the number of neurons are twice as many as in heterosexual males). These areas of the hypothalamus have not yet been explored in homosexual females nor bisexual males nor females. Although the functional implications of such findings still haven't been examined in detail, they cast serious doubt over the widely accepted Dörner hypothesis that homosexual males have a "female hypothalamus" and that the key mechanism of differentiating the "male brain from originally female brain" is the epigenetic influence of testosterone during prenatal development.[30][31]
In 2004 and 2006, two studies by Berglund, Lindström, and Savic[32][33] used positron emission tomography (PET) to observe how the hypothalamus responds to smelling common odors, the scent of testosterone found in male sweat, and the scent of estrogen found in female urine. These studies showed that the hypothalamus of heterosexual men and homosexual women both respond to estrogen. Also, the hypothalamus of homosexual men and heterosexual women both respond to testosterone. The hypothalamus of all four groups did not respond to the common odors, which produced a normal olfactory response in the brain.
Hypothalamic disease A neuro-immunological disease called fibromyalgia syndrome appears to be some disorder of hypothalamus. all the issues of this disease except muscle stiffness is explainable by abnormal functioning of hypothalamus, for example, low metabolism, loss of appetite, changed emotional behavior, infertility, memory loss, low TSH resulting in hypothyroidism, lower serotonin and dopamine levels, sleep disorder.
Copeptin
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis)
Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis)
John Leonora
Incertohypothalamic pathway
Neuroscience of sleep
Human brain left dissected midsagittal view
Location of the hypothalamus
^ Definition of hypothalamus - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
^ Diagram of Nuclei (psycheducation.org)
^ Diagram of Nuclei (universe-review.ca)
^ Diagram of Nuclei (utdallas.edu)
^ Unless else specified in table, then ref is: Guyton Twelfth Edition
^ Brain Research Bulletin 35:323-327, 1994
^ Romeo, Russell D; Rudy Bellani, Ilia N. Karatsoreos, Nara Chhua, Mary Vernov, Cheryl D. Conrad and Bruce S. McEwen (2005). "Stress History and Pubertal Development Interact to Shape Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Plasticity". Endocrinology (The Endocrine Society) 147 (4): 1664–1674.
^ Bowen, R. "Overview of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Melmed S, Jameson JL (2005). "Disorders of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus". In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 2076–97.
^ Ben-Shlomo, Anat; Melmed, Shlomo (28 February 2010). "Pituitary somatostatin receptor signaling". Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 21 (3): 123–133.
^ Horn, A. M.; Robinson, I. C. A. F.; Fink, G. (1 February 1985). "Oxytocin and vasopressin in rat hypophysial portal blood: experimental studies in normal and Brattleboro rats". Journal of Endocrinology 104 (2): 211–NP.
^ Date, Y; Mondal, MS; Matsukura, S; Ueta, Y; Yamashita, H; Kaiya, H; Kangawa, K; Nakazato, M (Mar 10, 2000). "Distribution of orexin/hypocretin in the rat median eminence and pituitary.". Brain research. Molecular brain research 76 (1): 1–6.
^ Watanobe, H; Takebe, K (April 1993). "In vivo release of neurotensin from the median eminence of ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats as estimated by push-pull perfusion: correlation with luteinizing hormone and prolactin surges.". Neuroendocrinology 57 (4): 760–4.
^ Spinazzi, R; Andreis, PG; Rossi, GP; Nussdorfer, GG (March 2006). "Orexins in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.". Pharmacological reviews 58 (1): 46–57.
^ Jung Eun Kim, Baik Kee Cho, Dae Ho Cho, and Hyun Jeong Park (2013). "Expression of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Common Skin Diseases: Evidence of its Association with Stress-related Disease Activity". National Research Foundation of Korea. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ Fliers, Eric; Unmehopa, Alkemade (7 June 2006). "Functional neuroanatomy of thyroid hormone feedback in the human hypothalamus and pituitary gland". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 251 (1–2): 1–8.
^ a b c
^ Theologides A (1976). "Anorexia-producing intermediary metabolites". Am J Clin Nutr 29 (5): 552–8.
^ Swanson, L.W. (2000). "Cerebral Hemisphere Regulation of Motivated Behavior". Brain Research 886: 113–164.
^ Canteras, N.S. (2002). "The medial hypothalamic defensive system:Hodological organization and functional implications". Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 71: 481–491.
^ Ribeiro-Barbosa, E.R.; et al (2005). "An alternative experimental procedure for studying predator-related defensive responses.". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 29 (8): 1255–1263.
^ a b c Cezário, A.F. (2008). "Hypothalamic sites responding to predator threats--the role of the dorsal premammillary nucleus in unconditioned and conditioned antipredatory defensive behavior.". European Journal of Neuroscience 28 (5): 1003–1015.
^ a b Blanchard, D.C. (2003). "Dorsal premammillary nucleus differentially modulates defensive behaviors induced by different threat stimuli in rats". Neuroscience Letters 345 (3): 145–148.
^ Canteras, N.S.; Swanson, L.W. (1992). "The dorsal premammillary nucleus: an unusual component of the mammillary body.". PNAS 89 (21): 10089–10093.
^ Behbehani, M.M. (1995). "Functional characteristics of the midbrain periaqueductal gray.". Progress in Neurobiology 46 (6): 575–605.
^ a b c Motta, S.C.; et al (2009). "Dissecting the brain's fear system reveals the hypothalamus is critical for responding in subordinate conspecific intruders.". PNAS 106 (12): 4870–4875.
^ Swaab DF (2008). "Sexual orientation and its basis in brain structure and function". PNAS 105 (30): 10273–10274.
^ Swaab DF, Hofman MA (1990). "An enlarged suprachiasmatic nucleus in homosexual men". Brain Res. 537 (1–2): 141–8.
^ Swaab DF, Slob AK, Houtsmuller EJ, Brand T, Zhou JN (1995). "Increased number of vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of 'bisexual' adult male rats following perinatal treatment with the aromatase blocker ATD". Developmental Brain Research 85 (2): 273–279.
^ http://www.hiim.unizg.hr/images/knjiga/CNS41.pdf - Judaš, M., Kostović, I., The Fundamentals of Neuroscience, ch. 41, Neurobiology of emotions and sexuality, p. 408 (in Croatian)
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1292983
^ Savic I, Berglund H, Lindström P (2005). "Brain response to putative pheromones in homosexual men". PNAS 102 (20): 7356–7361.
^ Savic I, Berglund H, Lindström P (2006). "Brain response to putative pheromones in lesbian women". PNAS 103 (21): 8269–8274.
de Vries, GJ, and Sodersten P (2009) Sex differences in the brain: the relation between structure and function. Hormones and Behavior 55:589-596.
Stained brain slice images which include the "Hypothalamus" at the BrainMaps project
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary at endotexts.org
NIF Search - Hypothalamus via the Neuroscience Information Framework
Space-filling and cross-sectional diagrams of hypothalamic nuclei: right hypothalamus, anterior, tubular, posterior.
Human brain: diencephalon (TA A14.1.08, GA 9.807)
Epithalamus
Habenula
Habenular trigone
Habenular commissure
Grey matter
Pretectal area
Habenular nuclei
Subcommissural organ
Stria medullaris of thalamus
Thalamic reticular nucleus
Taenia thalami
Grey matter/
paired: AN
Ventral
VA/VL
VP/VPM/VPL
Pulvinar nuclei
Metathalamus
midline: MD
Intralaminar
Centromedian
Midline nuclear group
Interthalamic adhesion
Mammillothalamic fasciculus
Pallidothalamic tracts
Ansa lenticularis
Lenticular fasciculus
Thalamic fasciculus
PCML
Medial lemniscus
Trigeminal lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract
Lateral lemniscus
Dentatothalamic tract
Acoustic radiation
Optic radiation
Subthalamic fasciculus
Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
Medullary laminae
Median eminence/Tuber cinereum
Mammillary body
Infundibulum
Autonomic zones
Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
posterior pituitary: Paraventricular
magnocellular
parvocellular
Supraoptic
oxytocin/vasopressin
other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
Preoptic (GnRH)
Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
Ventromedial
Dorsomedial
SN → Medial forebrain bundle
efferent
Mammillothalamic fasciculus → AN, Stria terminalis → Amygdala, Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus → SC
Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular
Subthalamus
Subthalamic nucleus
Zona incerta
Ventricular system:
Third ventricle
recesses:
Optic recess
Infundibular recess
Suprapineal recess
Pineal recess
Hypothalamic sulcus
Tela chorioidea of third ventricle
Subfornical organ
Apertures: Interventricular/Monro
Posterior commissure
: CNS
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Human anatomy, endocrine system: endocrine glands (TA A11, TH H3.08, GA 11.1269)
Islets of pancreas
Epsilon cell
Hypothalamic/
pituitary axes
+parathyroid
Pars nervosa
Median eminence
Infundibular stalk
Pituicyte
Herring bodies
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
Pars distalis
Acidophil cell
Somatotropic cell
Prolactin cell
Basophil cell
Corticotropic cell
Gonadotropic cell
Thyrotropic cell
Thyroid axis
Thyroid isthmus
Lobes of thyroid gland
Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland
Parafollicular cell
Parathyroid gland
Oxyphil cell
Adrenal axis:
Adrenal gland
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Medullary chromaffin cell
Gonadal axis
Gonad: Testes
Pinealocyte
Corpora arenacea
Paraganglion
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Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2011
Articles to be expanded from October 2014
Use dmy dates from September 2011
Metabolism, Testosterone, Hypothalamus, Anterior pituitary basophil, Luteinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Hypothalamus, Glucocorticoids, Cholecystokinin, Peptide YY
Vagus nerve, Peripheral nervous system, Nervous system, Spinal cord, Thoracic spinal nerve 8
Iodine, Latin, Anatomy, Hypothalamus, Endocrine system
Thyroid, Liver, Pancreas, Immune system, Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus, Thyroid, Endocrine system, Spinal cord, Posterior pituitary
List of human hormones
Pancreas, Skin, Anterior pituitary, Liver, Kidney
Testosterone, Hypothalamus, Adrenal gland, Testicle, Menarche
Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Hippocampus, Phenylalanine, Acetylcholine


text:
St Stephen's Lewisham
"… in a different light"
Anybody who has ever produced a play on stage knows how important it is to get the lighting right. Of course it matters that the play itself should be well-written, the actors should know their lines and speak them in so that people can hear them; but the best-produced, best-written, best-spoken play will soon lose its audience's attention if the lighting is wrong.
It's not only a matter of having enough light. If it were, then it would only be necessary to flood the stage with as much light as possible and leave the lights in the auditorium burning. But trying to watch a play where the audience is completely dazzled the with brightness of the lights is just as bad as having the stage in near darkness. The contrast between stage and auditorium has got to be just right. That's why it's such an exciting moment when the house lights going out and before the curtain rising. The brief interval between the two is necessary partly to enable the audience's eyes to get used seeing things in a different light, the progression from light into darkness warns the spectators that something is about to happen.
The Transfiguration of Jesus Christ, which we are considering today, could be called an "exercise in heavenly stage-lighting". Jesus took Peter and James and John in the very early morning, whilst it was still dark, to the top of a high mountain. They were "heavy with sleep" St Luke tells us, but it must have crossed their minds before they fell asleep that something remarkable was going to happen to them.
So it did. But not immediately. For a while it looked as though nothing was happening. Jesus knelt alone in prayer as they had often seen him do before; and those same three disciples did the same as they were to do a few weeks later on Maundy Thursday night in the Garden of Gethsemane – they fell asleep.
Then the curtain rose, the veil between time and eternity was momentarily drawn apart and the three of them all woke up with a start. Suddenly everything seemed to be happening at once. Everything looked quite different. They had gone to sleep in the dark; they woke up to find that Jesus had been transfigured, had come to shine with a dazzling brightness like the sun. It was as if a whole battery of spotlights had been focused on him. St Matthew tells us "his face shone like the sun and his clothes became as white as the light".
But that was only the beginning. Two other figures, Moses and Elijah were talking with Jesus about the death which he was soon to suffer in Jerusalem, Saint Luke tells us. Next instant a bright cloud covered them with shadow and from the cloud there came a resounding voice which said "this is my Son, the Beloved; he enjoys my favour, listen to him!". At the sound of it the disciples fell on their faces, overcome with fear. But Jesus came up and touched them "Stand up," he said "do not be afraid." And when they raised their eyes they saw no one but only Jesus.
That experience remained with them for the rest of their lives. St Peter, writing many years afterwards said "we have seen his majesty for ourselves. He was honoured and glorified by God the Father when the Sublime Glory (that's to say God himself) spoke to him and said, "This is my Son, the Beloved; he enjoys my favour." St Peter adds, "We heard this ourselves spoken from heaven when we were with him on the holy mountain"; and St John, who was also present, referred to the same experience when he said in the introduction to his Gospel "We beheld his glory, glory as of the only-begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth."
All of us have had similar experiences of "coming to see things (or people) in a different light". What we mean is that somebody, or something we thought we knew well enough, suddenly reveals a side of them- or it- self that we never imagined existed. For example, someone whom we always looked on as bit of a timid wimp goes and does something outstandingly brave, something we ourselves did not have the courage to do at the time; or when someone who has always "gone along with the crowd" and taken his cue from "what everyone else does" suddenly makes a stand about something; or it may be one of our fellow churchgoer who has had little formal education who says something which shows us that they have understood far better than we have what the preacher was getting at in his sermon. Or our enlightenment may result from some painful experience like being a failure in one career that we supposed ourselves to be ideally suited for, may come, in the light of time, to be seen as the necessary preliminary to doing the job that God really intended our talents to be used for.
All those experiences are called enlightenment: We come to see things in a different light.
Enlightenment cannot happen without light. Anything we can see with our eyes or in our minds we can only see because some sort of light is shining on it; and what we see will depend upon the kind of light which is illuminating it. The true colour of an object, an orange, a tomato or a fried egg will only appear when white light, which consists of the seven primary colours, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet shines upon it. A red light shining on a fried egg will make the difference between the white and the yolk disappear; shine a blue light on a painting of the sea and the detail will vanish. Nothing has any colour in itself; only the power to absorb some colours and reflect others when that mixture of colours we call "white" light shines upon it.
Don't imagine that the absence of light make anything stop existing. A chair in a pitch-dark room will still be a chair even whether the light's on or off. Light doesn't by itself make things exist, any more than darkness makes them go away. They are there all the time. But how they appear to us will be fundamentally altered by the light in which we see them.
There are two lessons for us to learn from this. One is that the way we see Jesus is bound to be influences by whether we are walking in the light or in the dark.. We simply cannot get an accurate picture of Jesus unless we are prepared to be enlightened – and enlightenment may come to us in many different ways. It comes through attending the Mass; it comes through reading the Bible; it comes through Prayer; it comes through discussing our own particular insights with someone who has the skills of a Spiritual Director. Never forget, by the way, that anything we learn from such a person may be outshone by what they learn from explaining it to us. Enlightenment is always a two-way process: so whenever and wherever we seek the light we shall be letting our light shine before others that they may, together with us, glorify our heavenly Father.
The second lesson follows on from this. It's summed up in the words you have heard me quote so often, namely There are no ordinary people.
The light in which we presently see anybody else is almost certainly a faulty one – that is to say the spectacles through which we see other people are tinted by the way we want to see them, whether its in a rosy or an unfavourable light.
But the way in which God sees them will be entirely different. Whilst you and I, whose vision is often darkened by our prejudices, instincts and feelings can see nothing but a dull, tedious, person, God may see him or her as the ideal person to carry out some vitally important piece of work for him in his kingdom which requires patience, longsuffering and a meticulous attention to detail; by contrast where you and I see no more than a rather loud-mouthed, boorish direct-speaking individual, God may see in them the one person who can shock people off their backsides and get them to realise that the time has come to stop talking about whatever needs putting right in the local Church and actually doing something about it.
By the grace of God, however, we come to see others "in a different light". We may come to realise that we've been profoundly mistaken about them all along. In either case we shall have ceased to look at them with the coloured spectacles of our choice and begun to see them in the light which radiated from him when he was transfigured early that morning on the Holy Mountain. In other words we shall have become enlightened.
Return to Sermon Salad Index

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Yann Martel's Life of Pi explores spirituality and the nature of existence through the adventures of a young boy named Pi. Pi's parents decide to sell their Pondicherry zoo to escape the repression of 1970's India, taking on their voyage the few animals they plan to sell: a hyena, a zebra, an orang-utan, and a formidable tiger, named Richard Parker. A shipwreck drowns the passengers and crew, save Pi and the four animals, who must coexist aboard a 26-foot-long lifeboat. In the months lost at sea, the animals demonstrate the rule of the food chain, successively devouring one another until only the tiger and Pi remain. The two maintain an uneasy peace, dependent upon Pi's ability to feed the carnivore. After some unsettling encounters with floating islands, the lifeboat washes up on the shore of Mexico, where the tiger returns to the wild. When officials question Pi about the shipwreck and its aftermath, he tells two different versions of the survival story: the seemingly fantastical account involving the animals, and a brutal rendition detailing the plight of four humans forced to cannibalize each other. Martel's compelling tale leaves the reader to decide the unnerving question - which is the true story?


Here at R Dental Clinic, we offer a take-home teeth-whitening system for you to use in the comfort of your own home.
Whitening at R Dental Clinic is a safe and effective way to lighten the natural colour of your teeth. It helps reduce and in most cases remove stains caused by food, drink and even smoking. It can brighten up the shade of discoloured teeth using advanced whitening formulas, without damaging your teeth.
A dentist/dental hygienist will be able to assess whether you are suitable for teeth whitening and will present you with the whitening options available at R Dental.
You will be provided with pre-treatment information about whitening. Our dentist will go through options with you in case there are any obstacles such as white fillings that could affect the whitening results. Once you have decided to go ahead, you will be booked in to have impressions taken of your teeth.
The dentist will take an impression of your teeth which will be sent to a dental technician to make some custom fit trays that only you can use. These will be returned to the practice in approximately 1-2 weeks.
On your second visit, you will collect your trays and whitening gels package. We will demonstrate how to use the gels and trays and advise you on how long you should wear your trays for. Usually we advise that you use the whitening gel for two weeks, every day for the best result. The trays can be worn overnight or for a few hours a day at your convenience.
Our gels are safe and approved, however if you do suffer from sensitivity, it can heighten after using the whitening products due to the nature of the active ingredients (hydrogen peroxide) We may advise that you use the gel on alternate days and use sensitive toothpaste to manage any sensitivity in between.
In the whitening package, we will also provide additional paper instructions to help guide you at home. We may ask you to avoid food and drinks that cause staining such as red wines, strong coloured juices, teas and coffees and curries. This could affect the overall progress of the whitening.
A review appointment after 2-3 weeks will check the progress of the whitening and some comprehensive before and after photographs will illustrate the results.


text:
Q: Are ongoing fetch requests cancelled after changing window.location? I noticed that some fetch requests don't reach the server when I change window.location just after sending the request (location change is not inside the promise response handler).
I tested on Chrome browser
# util.js
function sendLog(payload) {
  const urlApi = `http://api.example.com/public/send-message`;
  return fetch(urlApi, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json'
    },
    body: JSON.stringify(payload)
  }).then(response => {
    return response.json();
  });
}

# main.js
sendLog({
    project: 'FrontEnd-Card',
    countryId: country
}).then(res => {
    console.log(res);
});
window.location.replace(REDIRECT_URL);

I noticed this pattern:
If network is fast, the log is successfully sent to the server
If network is slow, the log doesn't reach the server.
Somehow redirection kills the outgoing request. Is this true ? Where can I find a detailed documentation about this behavior ?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Liverpool Everyman premieres Jeff Young's Bright Phoenix, a wild play about the carnival of the city at night.
Friday 3 to Saturday 25 October
Jeff Young's new play, Bright Phoenix, has its world première at the Everyman in October and is inspired by a hidden Liverpool, a version of the city that is unauthorised and often unseen. The production is directed by Serdar Biliş, designed by Ti Green and features Paul Duckworth, Penny Layden, Rhodri Meilir and Cathy Tyson. The play runs from Friday 3 to Saturday 25 October.
Bright Phoenix is a wild play about the carnival of the city at night seen through different eyes. It is a love story tinged with tragedy about a gang of rebel kids who don't fit in, who grow up to be a gang of rebel adults, who still don't fit in. And about their love for a dying cinema and their mad plan to bring it back to life like a phoenix in the night.
Jeff Young's work includes BBC dramas Eastenders, Doctors, Casualty and Holby City along with 35 radio plays. Jeff's plays have been produced by Bristol Old Vic, Northern Stage, Kneehigh and Liverpool Everyman. He often works in collaboration with artists, musicians, choreographers and film makers and his work has been performed in a drained submarine dock, a disused power station, a derelict school, a bus station in Holland and haunted buildings. Over 10 years he worked on a variety of projects with Pete Townshend, including Lifehouse, a Radio 3 drama and book and a touring version of Quadrophenia.
Jeff Young said: "I wanted to show people a version of the city that is 'unauthorised' or 'unofficial' – a glimpse into the magical margins of the city and its characters that are hidden away down back alleys. I also wanted to write a kind of poetic hymn to my favourite building, which is the derelict Futurist cinema on Lime Street. So I chose to write a play that shines a light on the wonderful, nocturnal madness of the city and the characters that dwell in the half-light."
Paul Duckworth plays Lucas Firebright who left Liverpool on the run from tragedy and has now returned. Paul recently appeared in Twelfth Night at the Everyman and his other credits include Beating Berlusconi (King's Head, London) and Urban Legend (Liverpool Everyman). Penny Layden whose stage and screen credits include Beryl (West Yorkshire Playhouse), Edward II (National Theatre) and Call The Midwife (BBC) plays Lucas' childhood sweetheart Lizzie Flynn. Cathy Tyson, who began her career in the Everyman Youth Theatre, plays Elsie Barmaid. Cathy was last at the Everyman in 2007's The May Queen and her extensive screen credits include Band of Gold, Mona Lisa and Emmerdale.
The cast also includes Rhodri Meilir (Afterlife, ITV; Hogfather, Sky One) who is best known for his role in My Family (BBC), Carl Au (Waterloo Road, BBC; Jersey Boys, Piccadilly Theatre), Mark Rice-Oxley (The Kindness of Strangers, Liverpool Everyman; Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare's Globe) Rhian Green (Captain Oates' Left Sock, The Finborough Theatre; Duw a Wyr, Sherman Cymru) and Young Everyman Playhouse member Kieran Urquhart (The Grid, Young Everyman Playhouse).
The production will also feature live music from Laura J Martin and Vidar Norheim. Laura is a renowned multi-instrumentalist who has released a number of albums on the Static Caravan label and regularly tours the UK. Vidar performs regularly with Lizzie Nunnery, has toured worldwide as a member of Liverpool's alt pop unit Wave Machines and works extensively as a jazz and folk musician. In 2011 he was named as Norway's most promising song writing talent.
Liverpool Everyman & Playhouse present
By Jeff Young
Directed by Serdar Biliş
Designed by Ti Green
Composed by Martin Heslop
Sound Designed by Martin Heslop
Lighting Designed by Chahine Yavroyan
Video Designed by Louis Price
Movement Directed by Elinor Randle
Cast: Carl Au, Paul Duckworth, Rhian Green, Penny Layden, Rhodri Meilir, Mark Rice-Oxley, Cathy Tyson, Kieran Urquhart
Musicians: Laura J Martin, Vidar Norheim
Dates: Friday 3 to Saturday 25 October
Venue: Liverpool Everyman, 5 – 11 Hope Street, Liverpool, L1 9BQ
Evenings: 7.30pm 7. (except Wed 15 Oct)
Matinées: 1.30pm on Wed 22 Oct
2pm on Sat 11 Oct, Sat 18 Oct & Sat 25 Oct
Twilight: Wed 15 Oct at 5.30pm
Tickets: £10 – £20 – No booking fees
Online Booking (24-hour): www.everymanplayhouse.com
The Everyman and Playhouse are supported using public funding by the National Lottery through Arts Council England
The Everyman and Playhouse thank Liverpool City Council for its financial support it's liverpool
Everyman thEATre – street café: Mon to Sat: 8.30am – 10.30pm, Sun: 11.30am – 5.30pm | bistro: Mon to Thu: 12pm – 11.30pm, Fri & Sat: 12pm – 2am | theatre bar: performance nights: 6.30pm – 11.30pm
Liverpool Everyman & Playhouse Theatres, 5-11 Hope Street, Liverpool, L1 9BH
Administration: +44 (0)151 708 3700 Facsimile: +44 (0)151 708 3701
Email: info@everymanplayhouse.com Web: http://www.everymanplayhouse.com
Artistic Director: Gemma Bodinetz
Executive Director: Deborah Aydon
Click here for the Liverpool Echo Bright Phoenix interview with Jeff Young.
Kurt Schwitters' last Merzbau: The Elterwater Merz Barn
Richard Skelton
Giving in to Gift
wine and vinyl
Songdog
The Light & Shadow Salon
CHIARA AMBROSIO
Phoenix Dreaming
Howard Be Thy Name
The Charnel-House
Velvet Coalmine
My Old Weird America
Clive Hicks-Jenkins' Artlog:
The Futurist Cinema 1912 - 1982
This site is no longer updated. Please visit: http://richardskelton.tumblr.com
Now in it's seventh great year. Or eighth. It's getting a bit vague, to be honest.
online forum for Welsh folk noir band Songdog
A place for the moving image and ideas
Filmmaker/Animator
Psychedelic delights that will melt your brain. For bookings, contact HowardBTN@gmail.com
Peter Hammill's Journal
self-preservation is what's really going on today
the photographic journal of dallas sells
An exploration of Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music
Where literature and art intersect, with an emphasis on W.G. Sebald and literature with embedded photographs
views from the artist's studio.
A resource to promote & Inspire the restoration of Liverpool's first purpose Built Cinema.


Bradford-On-Avon Library, BA15 1BY. Information, advice, guidance and support on anything to do with living with sight loss.
We will be on hand to offer you information, advice, guidance and support on anything to do with living with sight loss.
Chippenham Library SN15 3EJ. We will be on hand to offer you information, advice, guidance and support on anything to do with living with sight loss.
Melksham Library, SN12 7DZ. Come and talk to an experienced Sight Adviser about anything related to sight loss.
Kingswood Civic Centre, BS15 9TR. Drop in and speak to us about anything to do with sight loss.
St Edmunds Church, Calne SN11 8AQ. Information, advice, guidance and support on anything to do with living with sight loss.


Rep. Seth Grove (R-Dover) lauded the passage of Senate Bill 383, which will allow for the establishment of special problem-solving courts within the Courts of Common Pleas and Municipal Court of Philadelphia to specifically handle certain cases involving drug and driving under the influence (DUI) charges, as well as arrests relating to mental health issues.
Grove's House Bill 1919 is similar to Senate Bill 383, in that it called for the creation of courts to adjudicate DUI cases. Both bills would allow problem-solving courts to admit defendants into court-supervised individualized treatment programs. However, Grove's legislation imposed a $25 fee on all defendants convicted of drug- or alcohol-related crimes to financially support the court. Senate Bill 383 includes no such provision.
Senate Bill 383 now awaits the signature of the governor to become law.


OTC, who was section hiking the PCT in 1996, stayed at Jack's place and spent many hours listening to his stories. Jack had allowed hikers to camp on his front lawn and resupply with water, and after his death, the new owner, Richard, continued the practice.
Richard, who was self-employed, upgraded the property for the benefit and comfort of the hikers. He constructed a number of small buildings that resembled Tuff Sheds that one can buy from Home Depot and put false fronts on them to resemble the buildings of an old frontier town – hence the name Hiker Town.
There was a doctor's office, a post office, a feed and hay store, a blacksmith's store, etc. Several of the buildings had chairs, couches, and beds in them, allowing hikers to rest during the heat of the day, or overnight if they so choose.
The best part of the conglomerate of outbuildings was the outdoor shower, a contraption consisting of three wooden sides, the fourth side being open to nature, and a shower head, to which was attached a hose that lead to an overhead fifty-five-gallon drum filled with cold water. Believe me, showers were short and quick, but efficient and refreshing.
A mile from Hiker Town was a small gas station/convenience store. Bob, the caretaker of Hiker Town, offered to give rides to the store, which he assured us offered excellent double cheeseburgers and malts. Several of us took him up on the offer and shuttled off to the store.
I've always known that you never want to go shopping when you're hungry, but on this occasion, I told myself to be quiet, as I was here to enjoy whatever goodies caught my fancy. I went through the store and picked out candy bars, ice cream bars, Gatorade, packets of cookies, salty snacks, soda pop, and then ordered the double patty cheeseburger. Happy Feet, Phatman Du, and Walkie Talkie sat at the table with me as we all consumed our plunder. Phatman was nursing a sore elbow with a bag of ice. Apparently, he had taken a bad fall and did some damage to the bone and tissue, which would eventually force him from the trail.
After a refreshing break at the C-store, I rested awhile in one of the little sheds, and then repacked my pack with some items I had received in the mail from my wife. While most of the hikers continued to rest in the shade of the buildings, I choose to head out and make some miles for the day. Although this is the desert and temperatures are often in the triple-digit range, on this day, during this week, the temperatures were only in the mid-seventies, perfect weather for walking.
Within a couple of miles, I came to the flowing water of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the lifeblood of that city, for without it, Los Angeles would be no more than a community of citrus fruit growers. But the diverted water came at the expense of many others, notably those ranchers and farmers who lived in the Owens Valley far to the north, from which the water flowed. The aqueduct was started in 1908 and completed in 1913. It consisted of both - steel pipe, closed cement-lined vaults, and open cement-lined canals.
From my camping spot in the foothills of the Angeles National Forest, I can look across the Mojave Desert, at it narrowest point, to the Tehachapi Mountains in the distance.
The long road walk leading to Hiker Town.
The front gate of Hiker Town. Just unlatch the gate and push it open.
The no frills, all natural hiker shower.
The convenience store, just down the road from Hiker Town was a welcome respite for junk food.
The trail ends at the road, but continues on somewhere on the other side. I just had to look around until I found the connecting link.
And here is the fabled Los Angeles aqueduct. All this water is coming from the Owen River Valley, far to the north, and is the life blood for Los Angeles. Without this water, L.A. would be nothing more than a small community of fruit growers.
I love Chips Ahoy original.


In less than four weeks, I will have students asking, "So what did you do during your summer vacation, Professsor Mohr?" and I'll respond that "vacation" will deserve yet another set of scare quotes. It's been several decades since I had a summer off. This year, I had originally hoped to visit two former students in Croatia and spend a couple weeks reading and writing at an arts colony they founded a couple years ago near Pula, but the illness of one of Linda's sisters impinged on those plans, and so we have stayed in Los Angeles County this summer. I ended up teaching a summer course in 20th century American literature in June and early July, during which time I began reviewing the applications of over 200 writers who live in Minnesota. As is well known to writers in California, Minnesota is the land of milk and honey in terms of literary support. Of course, we who labor at any art other than screenwriting in California tell ourselves that Minnesota has to bribe its writers to stay there. Unless an economic infrastructure provided some cultural largesse, why else would one endure those endless winters?
All envious kidding aside, I was very happy to serve on this panel because I have long felt a kinship with the literary community in Minnesota. I first noticed the editorial hospitality of Minnesota towards poets based in Los Angeles in The Lamp in the Spine, a magazine edited by Jim Moore and Trish Hampl in the 1970s. Their issues included work by Doren Robbins, Holly Prado, and Ameen Alwan. Subsequently, I visited The Loft in 1986 along with Doren Robbins to contribute to an two-day celebration of Tom McGrath's poetry on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
Two hundred applications, each with an average of 20 pages of writing, is quite a pile to go through and comment on, so being on the panel turned out to be a major undertaking, but it was also very gratifying to see how much good work is being done in Minnesota by writers who have not yet published a substantial amount of work. The grants were for "emerging writers," which meant that these applicants did not necessarily have to compete with those whose precocity had already allowed them to flourish. Many of the applicants whose work I read in the past couple months will not have to wait too long for a book to come out, however. I spotted at least two dozen manuscripts, in the samples of these portfolios, that will no doubt end up published or scheduled for publication by the end of this decade. For those not chosen for the award, please know that I read carefully, and I truly wish I could have doubled or tripled the number of awards. While a total of fourteen people were listed as winners, alternates, finalists, or deserving of honorable mention, there were at least a half-dozen others whose writing I found memorable. I wished, in fact, that I could have them as students in a workshop and watch their work grow even more compelling and intriguing.
The Loft has released the names of the writers selected by the panel for the "emerging writers" grants in 2017, and I will let its announcement speak for itself.
I received a notice about LIFE SENTENCES the other day and can't think of a better possible way to start posting on my site than to share this announcement.
If I were able to bring in a single poet from anywhere in the United States who would complicate the dialogue aspired to in this upcoming program, Michael Kincaid would be my first choice. I have met him at only one occasion, a celebration of Tom McGrath's writing that took place at the Loft in Minnesota when McGrath turned 70. Doren Robbins and I flew out together from Los Angeles to be part of the program and one of the people in attendance was a young poet who seemed as equally obstreperous in his poetics as I yearned to be. Kincaid and I corresponded for several years, and I published his chapbook, "Inclemency's Tribe," in 1990 as a sort of coda to my work as editor of Momentum Press. He has remained the most stalwart and uncompromising poet-philosopher in contemporary practice. Here is entry number 43 from his most recent book, "LIGHTNING DIALOGUES," published by Nemesis in Minneapolis.
CHILDREN OF SOCRATES. — From the French dialecticians — Derrida, et al. — to a poet like Jorie Graham, the postmoderns are neo-Socratics, basking in the false prestige Socrates lent to ignorance. They don't know: that is their claim to admiration, the plot and pathos of their drama. Playing to the mirror, they deconstruct their presence, trading on a politic despair. They flaunt their self-doubt as if uncertainty's dialectic were a superior form of presence, not its indefinite deferral.
My expectation is that the program announced by the Poetic Research Bureau will offer the crucial variant that gets left out of Kincaid's summary of postmodern poetics. The desire to know still underpins the writing of many poets who struggle with how to determine the boundaries of negative capability. Of the poets who will be reading this Saturday, Bennett and Bernstein in particular are likely to remind the audience that the yearning for knowledge cuts short the self-serving pose of the neo-Socratics. The advantages of saying "I don't know" lose their momentum when confronted with the question, "What would it mean if you did know? How would you then be held accountable for having not known?" At the very least, there is a poignant desire to know underlying the work of many poets who get lumped together as postmodern, but who agitate that categorization with their jaunty wit, the one quality that most efficiently redeems the deferral of resolute acknowledgement. Even so, I wish I had the means to bring Kincaid's critique into the conversation this Saturday, for it would make this event even more deserving of your attendance. Despite his absence, I hope to see you there.
koans, haiku, quips, dry tweets, pensées.
In sequence, relentlessly, toward 1000 sentences.
form its due, by mouth and by pixel.


Are Trump's rallies meant to affect policy?
President Trump held a rally in Arizona last night. He talked about shutting down the government if Congress doesn't allocate money for the border wall. He urged Congress to get rid of the filibuster, and he railed against the news media. Will any of this translate into substance, or is it mainly politics as entertainment?
What's the future of the LA Times?


If you've ever published a paper with Wiley, you'll likely have used our Author Services website, and we understand that sometimes the submissions process can be challenging. With that in mind we're constantly looking for better ways to better serve our customers. That's why we're really excited this week to announce the launch of our new and improved Author Services site, which is now activated for the majority of Wiley's 1600+ journals!
Author Services is a website where authors can find services, resources and support to publish with Wiley. We asked and you told us what you wanted as part of your experience as an author with us.
The new Author Services site is designed to serve a diverse audience, from authors and researchers, to reviewers, funders and editors. The website provides a clean, more visual interface with improved performance, meaning that you'll be able to easily carry out a range of functions, including payment of open access fees and article license signing. You'll also be able to access a host of other valuable features, including article citation metrics, author resource pages, and peer review training tools.
What does the new Author Services site offer?
Author, Reviewer and Editor Resource Centers: Our pages for authors, reviewers and editors are designed to assist with every stage of the publication process. Here you'll find various training tools, videos and other visual assets, journal finder and toolkits to help you achieve quality, reach and impact. There are also links to editing and translation services, journal submission sites and author guidelines, not to mention online support whenever you need it.
Author Dashboard: The Author Dashboard provides a one-stop shop, where you'll be able to access all of the relevant information connected to your publications and carry out a range of tasks, including ordering OnlineOpen, making open access payments, and viewing article citation metrics. You'll also be able to access additional options for your articles, including ordering video abstracts and reprints.
Article Citation Metrics: From the Author Services site, you'll be able to view the number of citations your articles receive, with a link to the published article on Wiley Online Library.
Online Licensing Service: Using the Online Licensing Service, you'll now be able to change, edit and sign your license agreements yourself, saving time and effort. All licenses are stored in a repository for easy viewing and retrieval.
Setting up an account and registering with Author Services is straightforward, and free. Check the new site out here, and let us know what you think!


10 // collections of declarations in the AST.
46 // temporaries with defaulted ctors are not zero initialized.
59 /// A set of unresolved declarations.
78 // as well use the same implementation twice.
96 /// Replaces the given declaration with the new one, once.
107 /// preserving the original access bits.
142 /// A set of unresolved declarations.


text:
©2018 by Jacob Chung Music. Proudly created with Wix.com
jcchung51@gmail.com
JACOB CHUNG
Award-Winning Toronto Saxophonist/Composer
Saxophonist/composer Jacob Chung (b. 2000) is establishing himself as an engaging contemporary voice in the Toronto jazz community. He has been honoured with the 2019 PEC Jazz Festival Rising Young Star Award and named to both the 2018 National Youth Jazz Combo and the 2017 Conn-Selmer Centerstage Big Band. Jacob is the 2018 recipient of the Yamaha Passion and Performance Award and the 2017 Rico Golden Reed Award. As a 2018 BMO National Scholar at the University of Toronto, he has worked with John Johnson, Kelly Jefferson, Jason Logue, and Gord Foote, and has been awarded the Norman and Joan Promane Jazz Scholarship.
Jacob is an alumnus of the JazzFM91 Youth Big Band and has played in several festivals, including the Toronto Jazz Festival, Markham Jazz Festival, and Niagara Jazz Festival, and at venues such as Koerner Hall, Isabel Bader Theatre, Lula Lounge, the Old Mill Inn, and the Rex. He is also a graduate of the Humber College Community Music School, where he studied with and played under the direction of Jeff King, Kenji Omae, Luis Deniz, Lorne Lofsky, and Kirk MacDonald. Jacob has played alongside the likes of Dennis Mackrel, Rich Perry, Randy Brecker, Ron Westray, Robi Botos, and Tim Hagans.
Jacob's music is as inspired by traditional standard song-form as it is modern art-music. He writes music about people, places, and moments, and having lived in Toronto his entire life, his music is deeply connected to this city he calls home. Jacob's compositions and playing are featured on the 2019 album Stop & Go, by Jacob Wutzke.
To find live dates, click on the Facebook or Instagram icons.
Jacob C
Stop and Go (February 2019)
"Stop and Go" -- Jacob Chung Saxophone -- Jacob Chung Guitar -- Jay Yoo Bass -- Leighton Harrell
C'est Si Bon (February 2019)
"C'est Si Bon" -- Betti/Hornez Saxophone -- Jacob Chung Guitar -- Jay Yoo Bass -- Leighton Harrell
Incomplete -- I'll Be Seeing You (February 2019)
"I'll Be Seeing You" -- Fain/Kahal Saxophone -- Jacob Chung Guitar -- Jay Yoo Bass -- Leighton Harrell


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Louisiana Fever
D.J. Donaldson
Publisher: Astor + Blue Editions
"D.J. Donaldson is superb at spinning medical fact into gripping suspense. With his in-depth knowledge of science and medicine, he is one of very few authors who can write with convincing authority."--Tess Gerritsen, NY Times best-selling author of the Rizzoli & Isles novelsAndy Broussard, the plump and proud New Orleans medical examiner, obviously loves food. Less apparent to the casual observer is his hatred of murderers. Together with his gorgeous sidekick, psychologist Kit Franklyn, the two make a powerful, although improbable, mystery solving duo.When the beautiful Kit goes to meet an anonymous stranger—who's been sending her roses—the man drops dead at her feet before she even could even get his name. Game on.Andy Broussard soon learns that the man carried a lethal pathogen similar to the deadly Ebola virus. Soon, another body turns up with the same bug. Panic is imminent as the threat of pandemic is more real than ever before. The danger is even more acute, because the carrier is mobile, his identity is an absolute shocker, he knows he's a walking weapon and… he's on a quest to find Broussard. And Kit isn't safe either. When she investigates her mystery suitor further, she runs afoul of a cold blooded killer, every bit as deadly as the man searching for Broussard.Louisiana Fever is written in Donaldson's unique style: A hard-hitting, punchy, action-packed prose that's dripping with a folksy, decidedly southern, sense of irony. Add in Donaldson's brilliant first hand knowledge of forensics and the sultry flavor of New Orleans, and the result is first class forensic procedural within an irresistibly delectable mystery.
Help other users to discover new readings
Donald (Don) Jay Donaldson, who also writes as David Best, was born in 1940 and is a now retired professor of Anatomy and Neurobiology. He holds a Ph.D. in human anatomy and his entire academic...
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Get your copy of HIT LIST today and delve into the sequel of the binge-worthy series everyone is talking about.
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Free movies are not a right but a privilege. Even when some organizations offer passes, there's always going to be some fine print involved. Even when said organization doesn't actually put it in print. It means that you take your chances on getting into the screenings. Try not to alienate the sources, and chalk it up to experience, and the next time they offer a film you can decide whether it's worth putting yourself through it again. You may not always get what you want, but you can try sometimes and you just might find you get what you need.
Lots of blockbusters coming up. The moderators have better things to do than delete your errant emails so please direct them properly. Keep in mind we don't all have smart phones, so after 4 pm, those pass offers that come to the list probably won't be cleared in time. Best thing to do is don't wait til the last minute to decide to get rid of your extra passes, or try to find a pass. The calendar is on the group pages for you to make your plans before the screenings.
Recent adventures at the DIFF, Jumping the Broom red carpet the the Texas Frightmare Weekend will be posted soon so keep an eye on these pages for pictures and interviews. In fact you should bookmark this main page and the Yahoo group pages and check them daily.


Adjustments made to mill values by the Montana Department of Revenue will prompt Missoula County to revisit its Fiscal Year 2019 budget and make adjustments to reflect the new values.
And taxpayers stand to benefit.
Commissioners adopted their budget last month, increasing the number of mills by 11.07, including 6.9 mills for the library bond and 4.48 mills to cover increased costs in county services.
But Andrew Czorny, the county's chief financial officer, said Tuesday that DOR revised its certified taxable values for Missoula County to account for newly taxable property near the airport. That will enable commissioners to reduce the number of mills levied in FY19.
The change resulted when DOR revised its certified taxable values for the airport tax increment financing district. The district sunsetted in July, meaning the value of property can now be used to calculate county-wide mills.
The addition of the property increases the value of a countywide mill from $220,300 to $222,590. County-only mills increased from $98,570 to $100,860. The mill value for the open space bond also increased from $216,036 to $219,262.
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text:
Ex-Knick Trey Burke has unique take on Kristaps Porzingis' exit
By Marc Berman
1 Eminem dropped new album mere hours ago — and it's already raising ire	2 Rapper T.I.'s son King filmed fighting during bathroom brawl	3 Now that Pelosi has impeached Trump, she will become his stooge	4 Prince Harry and Meghan Markle abdicate royal titles, public funds	5 'Why I oppose impeachment:' 1999 Schumer letter comes back to bite him
November 30, 2019 | 2:46am
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Karl-Anthony Towns trying to crush Knicks trade noise
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Trey Burke, now a point guard with the 76ers, made his first appearance at the Garden on Friday since being traded to the Mavericks with Kristaps Porzingis, Tim Hardaway Jr. and Courtney Lee in late January.
In the week following the trade, Burke said, the four of them grew closer.
"Me, KP, Tim, Courtney, it was all four of us and we had a week to ourselves to transition to Dallas and throughout that time, we got to know each other more,'' Burke told The Post in the Garden's visitors' locker room before the Sixers rallied from 16 down to snatch a 101-95 victory from the Knicks.
The loss dropped the Knicks to 4-15 — sole possession of last place in the Eastern Conference. No, the Knicks have not recovered from the trade, nor may they ever. Free agency in 2020 — with Anthony Davis loving life in Los Angeles — looks barren.
Burke, who signed with Philadelphia in July as a free agent, learned from his time with Porzingis in Dallas that the familiar story of KP marching in with a trade demand amid irreconcilable differences wasn't as advertised.
Porzingis — who has faced the Knicks twice since the trade — has remained mum on the issue.
"One thing he did say, a lot of things the press said, he felt like wasn't true,'' Burke said. "He feels like there was a narrative that got out about him, he couldn't defend himself. I don't know if [Dallas] told him not to talk that much, but he wasn't talking. I do think he has his side.''
Burke said he didn't want to speak for Porzingis, but gave enough hints that events during his former teammate's four-minute meeting with Knicks president Steve Mills and general manager Scott Perry changed his view forever.
"I don't think he was happy at the time,'' Burke told The Post in the most revealing testimony yet about Porzingis' alleged trade demand. "But I do think he wanted to stay. I think something happened at the meeting. I don't know everything. Going into the meeting, KP had one type of understanding. After the meeting, there was a 180.
"I know once Knicks management and KP had that meeting, KP was out of New York because of what was said. I think he went into the meeting hoping, like, 'OK, what's the plan for next year?' And something went wrong in that meeting and it just blew up. And that was the end of Porzingis."
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And that was the end of Burke in New York after 1½ seasons, in which he rose from G-League Westchester to become their starting point guard on opening night of the 2018-19 season, winning the point guard derby over Frank Ntilikina and Emmanuel Mudiay.
"Did it end the way I wanted?'' Burke said. "Was I disappointed? I was disappointed. Yes, I was mad at first, but I had to get over it and move on. There was more I felt I could've done here. At the time, there was a lot of uncertainty with the coaches who they wanted to play the majority of time at point guard.''
Burke shook his head over the reality that the keystone piece the Knicks received in the Dallas trade (other than cap space), Dennis Smith Jr., is currently coming off the bench.
Burke, who played 17 sound minutes Friday with five points and three assists, stripped Smith on one fastbreak.
"I've seen that [Smith] hasn't been playing a lot,'' Burke said. "You look at it now. Well, what was the point of it? You traded away our Unicorn, Tim [Hardaway Jr.] …"
"It was a new coaching staff in New York, trying to figure things out last year,'' Burke said. "[In Philadelphia] it's more established, the expectations are higher.
"As far as a winning culture, there's a definite one [on the 76ers]. In New York they were trying to build one as well, but we weren't there yet. We didn't have enough talent at the time. We definitely had the heart. We weren't where we wanted to be talent-wise."
David Fizdale desperately wants Knicks to play faster
David Fizdale wants the Knicks to pick up their pace....
The Knicks still aren't there talent-wise after their cap space was used for role players. After sharpshooter Wayne Ellington's corner 3-pointer wound up an airball in the final minute to clinch the loss, the look on Fizdale's face was priceless. Just a bemused smile, as if confirming the Knicks just don't have any closers.
"When you got guys out there like Joel Embiid and Ben Simmons out there, that's why they make the big bucks,'' Fizdale said of the Sixers. "Those guys are closers.''
If Burke's account is accurate, maybe the franchise's future would look appetizingly different if the right things had been said at the four-minute meeting. Instead, it was another Black Friday at the Garden.
"I'll let [Porzingis] tell his own story,'' Burke said. "I know he still has some stuff to get off his chest.''
Filed under kristaps porzingis , new york knicks , trey burke
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Speed, endurance and rudimental manipulation are some of the most sought-after fundamentals of drumming. They are applicable to all percussive instruments and musical genres. From a simple paradiddle to the most complex rudiments,The Mad Practice Pad will help develop these tools with a straightforward and proven method. Michael Beauclerc has performed throughout North America with numerous artists and ensembles. His diversity as a percussionist makes him a first call performer as well as a busy instructor and clinician.


text:
is a Japanese footballer currently playing as a defender for Azul Claro Numazu.

Career statistics

Club
.

Notes

References

External links

1997 births
Living people
Japanese footballers
Association football defenders
Nippon Sport Science University alumni
J3 League players
Azul Claro Numazu players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Twitter Bootstrap 3: Input Add-On with Validation Issue So I've run into an interesting issue with Twitter Bootstrap 3 .. seems like there's a formatting issue when doing validation on input add-on's within a form.  The add-on get's shifted in sizing and in the case of a button just shifted. Direct from the twitter bootstrap page

      Input with success
      <input type="text" class="form-control"/>

        <button class="btn btn-default" type="button">Go!</button>

Looks like the following

Here's a JSFiddle to play with
http://jsfiddle.net/HdxT3/
Thoughts on how to fix this?

A: No need for all the CSS modifications. Bootstrap allows you to do this natively:

    Input with success

        <input type="text" class="form-control"/>

            <button class="btn btn-default" type="button">Go!</button>

A: I changed the structure a little bit, and added some css
Mark-up

      Input with success

       <input type="text" class="form-control"/>
       <button class="btn btn-default" id="style" type="button">Go!</button>

CSS
#style{

    margin-left: -4px;
    border-bottom-right-radius: 5px;
    border-top-right-radius: 5px;
    border-left: none;
}

Sample Fiddle

A: In your CSS:
.control-label{
    display: table-caption;
}

http://jsfiddle.net/HdxT3/3/


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
<script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>

<script>
async_test(t => {
  // Wait for after the load event so that the navigation doesn't get converted
  // into a replace navigation.
  window.onload = () => t.step_timeout(() => {
    assert_equals(appHistory.transition, null);
    const from = appHistory.current;

    appHistory.addEventListener("navigate", t.step_func(e => {
      e.transitionWhile(Promise.resolve());
      assert_equals(appHistory.transition, null);
    }));

    let navigatesuccessFired = false;
    appHistory.addEventListener("navigatesuccess", t.step_func(() => {
      navigatesuccessFired = true;

      assert_equals(appHistory.transition.navigationType, "reload");
      assert_equals(appHistory.transition.from, from);
    }));

    appHistory.reload().finished.then(t.step_func_done(() => {
      assert_equals(appHistory.transition, null);
      assert_true(navigatesuccessFired);
    }));

    assert_equals(appHistory.transition.navigationType, "reload");
    assert_equals(appHistory.transition.from, from);
  }, 0);
}, "transitionWhile()ed reload()");
</script>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
A csikung (hagyományos kínai: 氣功, pinjin: Qigong) a taoizmus és a fő kínai filozófiai hagyományok által kidolgozott ismeretek összessége a pszichológiai és fizikai jólétre vonatkozóan. Tágabb értelemben a csikung az egészség megtartásának és fejlesztésének művészete, egyben tudomány, filozófia, gondolkodásmód és a világegyetemmel történő információ- és energiacsere módszere, amelyet a relaxáció, öngyógyítás, meditáció, az önművelés és harcművészeti edzés céljából is használják.

A csi energiát, életerőt jelent, a kung pedig művelést, gyakorlást.
A gyakorlás technikailag három részre oszlik:
 Tui Na ("energetikai masszázs"),
 dao jin (általános, keleti gimnasztika),
 az igazi csikung ("az energiákkal végzett munka").

Irányzatok
A céloktól és módszerektől függően különböző irányzatok és iskolák léteznek. Ezek alapján megkülönböztetünk konfuciánus, taoista, buddhista, gyógyító és harcművészeti irányzatokat.

A gyógyító csikung

A gyógyító csikung története
A gyógyító csikung a hagyományos kínai gyógyászat egyik ága. A csi modern írásjele amely levegőt, lélegzetet vagy "életerőt" jelent, azt a téves benyomást kelti, hogy a csikung légzőgyakorlat, amelynek célja a megnövekedett oxigén bevitel. Ezzel szemben a csikung ősi írásjele a helyes, amelyben a Wu üresség és a tűz írásjelei vannak. Eszerint a csikung annak az útja, hogy megszabaduljunk a belső hőségtől (harag és nyugtalanság) és elérjük a természetes békét és nyugalmat. Rengeteg válfaja van, amelyek egy része lassú, egyenletes mozgást használ. Néhány változatában szinte egyáltalán nincs mozgás, csak álló, ülő vagy fekvő testhelyzetben való meditáció. A változatok különböző elveken nyugszanak, mint a Jin-Jang, Öt elem, stb., de mind egyetért abban, hogy a csi az élet alapja.

A gong jelentése munka, tehát a csikung (chi gong, qi gong) az életerővel történő gyakorlás, vagy az energia mozgatása. A fogalom az 1970-es években vált igazán ismertté, amikor művelőit már nem üldözték, sőt, az állam támogatta a csikunggal kapcsolatos kutatásokat. Ekkor, az un. "Csikung hullám" idején 10,000-40,000 fős tömegek gyakoroltak együtt sportcsarnokokban. Ekkor születtek a leghatékonyabb, a régi alapokon nyugvó, de modern kutatásokkal támogatott gyógyító új csikung rendszerek. (Pl. Zhineng, Guo Lin, Xiang Gong /lásd a kínai sporthivatal által közzétett listát a leghatékonyabb gyógyító csikungokról). A csikung maga több mint 7000 éves hagyományra tekint vissza  és nemzedékről nemzedékre szájhagyomány útján öröklődött.

A csikung ma

Ma a világ szinte minden pontján ismert a csikung gyakorlatok jótékony hatása. Sokféle válfaját vitték el a kínai csikung mesterek a világ különböző pontjaira. Ehhez az is hozzájárult, hogy egyrészt Kína nyitott a külvilág felé, másrészt azért még mindig korlátozva van Kínában és sok mester inkább azt választotta, hogy elhagyja a szülőföldjét. Jelenleg új mozgalom van kialakulóban Kínában, Európában és az Egyesült Államokban, amely a nyugati világban próbálja megőrizni a csikung értékeit, a nyugati tudományos módszerek alkalmazásával segíteni fejlődését.

Ami a csikung tudományos alapjait illeti, sok nyugati orvos elveti a többi alternatív gyógyászati technikával együtt. Legfeljebb hasznos, egészséges tornának fogadja el ellentétben a kínai gyógyászattal, ahol viszont teljes körű elismertségnek örvend. Ugyanakkor egyre több publikáció lát napvilágot ahol tudományosan alátámasztják, hogy a csikung gyakorlatoknak köszönhető a javulás. Megfigyelhető, hogy a nyugati közlések igyekeznek tompítani a jelentőségét lásd ezt a hivatalos oldalt: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/qigong-what-you-need-to-know míg Kínában évtizedek óta rengeteg orvosi kutatási eredményt publikáltak és publikálnak. Legutóbbi a korona vírussal kapcsolatosan a Wuhan környékén lévő rögtönzött kórházban - erről videó itt érhető el angolul: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSSqTMJ0n_4

A csikung és a harcművészet

Minden keleti harcművészet alapja a csikung. Ez esetben a belső erő kifejlesztésére használják és arra, hogy a gondolataik erejével lefegyverezzék az ellenséget. Itt egy angol nyelvű videó ami ezt bemutatja - a kínai mester el is magyarázza és bemutatja a technikát a hitetlen amerikai riportereknek.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu99GRUUN6Y

A harcművészetben azért vannak mindig körkörös mozdulatok, mert ezt a belső "csi" -t (energiát, életerőt) hozzák fel az úgynevezett "alsó tantienből (dandien). A jó harcművész soha nem az izomerejét használja, hanem ezt a belső erőt és az ellensége erejét. Legismertebb talán a Saolin kungfu, de természetesen ide tartozik a tai chi chuan is.

Itt szeretném még megemlíteni, hogy amíg a csikung lágy mozgásokból, faállásokból és meditációból áll, aminek a célja az energiagyűjtés és az energiapályák kitisztítása, addig a tai chi és a harcművészetek már használják ezt a belső erőt/energiát. Ezért van az, hogy minden harcművészetnél oktatnak csikungot is, mert ez adja meg az alapokat a küzdelemhez.

Kapcsolódó cikkek
 Falun kung

Hivatkozások

Külső hivatkozások
 Csikung tanfolyamok
 Csikung tanfolyamok a Dunántúlon
 Csikung videók
 Csikung gyakorlás
 Online csikung gyakorlás

Ezoterika
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