You are looking for an easy to understand guide to buying real estate. This article will suit your needs in this instance. We will present guidelines that are easy to understand.
When trying to negotiate the purchase of real estate, don't be too accommodating or too inflexible. Try to strike a reasonable balance between the two approaches. Many buyers try to offer a real low offer; however, most times this approach will not get you the property that you want. Although it's important to be resolute about some terms, allow your real estate agent and attorney to handle the negotiations because they are the true experts in that field.
When considering relocation, look no further than the Internet to find all the pertinent information about the town. You can discover a great deal of information this way. Take into account factors such as cost of living, unemployment rates, population makeup and density to ensure you're moving to a place with a lifestyle that's suited to your needs.
Generally, properties that are in need of multiple upgrades or repairs carry a lower price tag. These fixer-uppers allow you to save more money from the outset, then invest in the property as you are able. You will be able to design the home you have always dreamed of and significantly enhance the value of your property. It is important to look at the positive potential in the home rather than the drawbacks. You never know, your dream house could be hiding behind warped floorboards or outdated paneling.
Consider where you see yourself in the future when shopping for a home. Take a family, for example. Although you might not have children yet, that doesn't mean that you won't want to start a family in the future. This means you should be focusing on a home's size, the school district, neighborhood safety, and other important factors of raising a family.
Be flexible when you are making choices. While you might not get the perfect house in the community of your choice, you may be able to find something that works for you. If you cannot find the particular home in the right area, shop for the type of home in a different area or vice versa.
You should invest in a property right now. Property values have sunk to an all-time low after the recent housing market crash. That means that it's the perfect time to make that move into the affordable home of your dreams. Eventually, the market will rise again over time, making your investment profitable.
Pennsylvania is in the Northeastern United States. It was one of the original 13 colonies prior to America declaring independence in 1776. It borders New York and New Jersey. However, unlike those states, it does not border the Atlantic Ocean. The state would be landlocked if it wasn't for the fact that it borders Lake Erie. In a way, Pennsylvania seems like it is at a crossroads with being the gateway between the Northeast and the Midwest.
Philadelphia is a very well-known city that the state is known for. It is full of historical sites to see that date back to colonial times. It is also a very modern city with amenities such as a public transit system, roads and modern buildings. Surprisingly, Philadelphia is not the capital of Pennsylvania—Harrisburg is. Harrisburg is in the southeast part of the state, somewhat deep and far from the state's borders. It sits right next to the Susquehanna River—just like how Philadelphia sits right next to the Delaware River. Harrisburg consists of some land on the east side of the river, the part of the river that it sits next to and a number of islands that sit in the river. There is a very obvious for why these major cities sit near rivers. Bodies of water, such as oceans, rivers and lakes, have always been desirable places to settle. This is because of the fact that bodies of water, themselves, provide a variety of resources. These resources include water, plant life, animal life and various types of materials. Also, bodies of water serve as routes for transport and trade.
Montgomery is a small town that sits along the Susquehanna River. In 2014, there were about 1,571 people living there. It was also recorded to be 94.8% white, with very small percentages of other types of people. In Pennsylvania, it is worth looking into single family homes montgomery pa. There are some very affordable and beautiful homes up for sale in Montgomery. Montgomery is north of Harrisburg, and is counted in the Census as being in the Williamsport Metropolitan Statistical area.
There are generally five different land regions in the state of Pennsylvania. These regions include the Allegheny Plateau, the Lake Erie Plain, the Piedmont and the Atlantic Coast Plain. Philadelphia is on the Atlantic Coast Plain—a region that encompasses the southeast corner of Pennsylvania. The Piedmont is an area that has rolling hills with rich soil. The place attracted many German immigrants, and it is currently a place where Amish people live and commute. The Ridge and Valley region has the Appalachian mountains, with valleys and gaps in between them. Harrisburg is located in a gap in this region. The Ridge and Valley Region stretches northeastward from the middle of the southern border to New Jersey. The Allegheny Plateau makes up much of the Pennsylvania's north and west parts. Pittsburgh, another well-known city, is located on the Allegheny Plateau. The Lake Erie Plain includes 50 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and extends a few miles inland.
You may want advice about real estate purchasing in a way that's easy to understand. If you want to learn about real estate and how you can take advantage of some great deals, the tips in this article should be right up your alley. The following articles lays out some practical tips and guidelines that you should quickly be able to digest.
When you are in real estate negotiations, be sure to keep your approach moderate. Many buyers try to offer a real low offer; however, most times this approach will not get you the property that you want. Be firm in what you want, however, let your Realtor and lawyer go at the negotiations since they are used to fighting those battles.
Exercise flexibility when making decisions. You might not have the financial resources to buy your dream house in your dream neighborhood, but you might have enough to choose one of the two. Keep your eyes open and don't fall in love with only one style of home in one particular area of town.
Get a checklist from your realtor. Many Realtors will have a checklist that will cover every aspect of buying a home; from finding the right house that is in your budget to finalizing the mortgage. Using this checklist can help you make sure that you have completed everything in time to close the sale.
Make sure that you always have extra money for any unexpected costs when purchasing a property. You can get a good idea of the closing costs if you add the down payment, taxes and what the bank charges. Most of the time, closing costs also include improvement bonds, school taxes and other considerations.
It is of utmost importance to have a good understanding of mortgage loan terms when buying a home. It is essential that you know exactly how much you will be paying every month and what the total cost of the loan over the entire length of the mortgage will amount to.
When you are preparing to purchase a home, you already know the asking price but determining your offer is an important consideration. Taking into account information on the house's condition, you can arrive at a final amount that seems fair to both you and the seller.
Ask the seller of the home to help with the closing costs before making an offer. You can often "buy down" an interest rate, in which the seller pays to lower your interest rate for some time in the beginning. Some sellers may not want to give you a price break on the home if you ask for financial perks.
If you want to buy a house, make time to take its measurements. Ascertain by checking public records that the owner has correctly listed the square footage of the home. The two numbers should be within 100 square feet of each other; if they do not match, either reconsider buying the property, or figure out what is going on.
If you have decided that now is the time to put your home on the market, you could be wondering how to get started with the process of selling it. You might have tossed around the idea of selling it yourself, and you could be wondering if it is really necessary for you to hire a real estate broker or agent to help with your home sale. Of course, some homeowners have great success with selling their homes on their own, but this does not mean that this is the path that you should take when putting your home on the market. Before you make the decision to sell your home on your own, consider the many things that a real estate broker can assist you with when you decide to sell your house.
If you want to find potential buyers for your home, you're going to have to let people in the community know that the home is up for sale. This is something that a real estate broker is generally good at. Your broker can help with putting up signs in front of your home and advertising your home in multiple ways both online and offline. With all of this advertising, you can help make sure that as many people know about the home that you have up for sale as possible.
Hosting an open house is a good way to show off your home to a lot of potential buyers at one time. Coordinating and running this type of thing yourself can be tough. A good real estate broker should have plenty of experience in planning, advertising, preparing for and hosting open houses and should be able to do this well to show off your home.
There is a lot of communicating that has to be done when you are dealing with potential buyers. You have to worry about scheduling showings, answering questions and more. You might not want to handle all of this on your own, but your real estate broker will be able to help.
It's probably important to you to get a good price for your home. This is something a real estate broker can help with. He or she can help with negotiating with potential buyers so that you get an offer that is fair for both parties.
Of course, there is a lot of paperwork that has to be done when you sell a home. Whether you choose to work with a real estate broker Massapequa NY or not, you are probably going to have to do some paperwork. If you have a real estate broker, though, you don't have to worry about figuring out or doing all of the paperwork yourself. This can make this potentially tricky part of selling a home a whole lot easier.
Selling a home is not very easy. You could do it on your own, but you might find that it's not the best idea. Instead, consider the many things that a real estate broker can do for you. Then, you might find that working with a broker is the ideal decision to make.


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Sequential Phragmén Method
What is the sequential Phragmén method?
The sequential Phragmén method is a multi-winner election method introduced by Edvard Phragmén in the 1890s.
The quote below taken from the reference Phragmén paper sums up the purpose of the sequential Phragmén method:
The problem that Phragmén's methods try to solve is that of electing a set of a given numbers of persons from a larger set of candidates. Phragmén discussed this in the context of a parliamentary election in a multi-member constituency; the same problem can, of course, also occur in local elections, but also in many other situations such as electing a board or a committee in an organization.
Where is the Phragmén method used in Polkadot?
NPoS: Validator Elections
The sequential Phragmén method is used in the Nominated Proof-of-Stake scheme to elect validators based on their own self-stake and the stake that is voted to them from nominators. It also tries to equalize the weights between the validators after each election round. Since validators are paid equally in Polkadot, it is important that the stake behind each validator is spread out. Polkadot tries to optimize three metrics in its elections:
Maximize the total amount at stake.
Maximize the stake behind the minimally staked validator.
Minimize the variance of the stake in the set.
Off-Chain Phragmén
Given the large set of nominators and validators, Phragmén's method is a difficult optimization problem. Polkadot uses off-chain workers to compute the result off-chain and submit a transaction to propose the set of winners. The reason for performing this computation off-chain is to keep a constant block time of six seconds and prevent long block times at the end of each era, when the validator election takes place.
Because certain user actions, like changing nominations, can change the outcome of the Phragmén election, the system forbids calls to these functions for the last quarter of the session before an era change. These functions are not permitted:
bondExtra
unbond
withdrawUnbonded
payoutStakers
The Phragmén method is also used in the council election mechanism. When you vote for council members, you can select up to 16 different candidates, and then place a reserved bond as the weight of your vote. Phragmén will run once on every election to determine the top candidates to assume council positions and then again amongst the top candidates to equalize the weight of the votes behind them as much as possible.
What does it mean for node operators?
Phragmén is something that will run in the background and requires no extra effort from you. However, it is good to understand how it works since it means that not all the stake you've been nominated will end up on your validator after an election. Nominators are likely to nominate a few different validators that they trust to do a good job operating their nodes.
You can use the offline-phragmén script for predicting the outcome of a validator election ahead of a new election.
Understanding Phragmén
This section explains the sequential Phragmén method in-depth and walks through examples.
Basic Phragmén
In order to understand the Weighted Phragmén method, we must first understand the basic Phragmén method. There must be some group of candidates, a group of seats they are vying for (which is less than the size of the group of candidates), and some group of voters. The voters can cast an approval vote - that is, they can signal approval for any subset of the candidates.
The subset should be a minimum size of one (i.e., one cannot vote for no candidates) and a maximum size of one less than the number of candidates (i.e., one cannot vote for all candidates). Users are allowed to vote for all or no candidates, but this will not have an effect on the final result, and so votes of this nature are meaningless.
Note that in this example, all voters are assumed to have equal say (that is, their vote does not count more or less than any other votes). The weighted case will be considered later. However, weighting can be "simulated" by having multiple voters vote for the same slate of candidates. For instance, five people voting for a particular candidate is mathematically the same as a single person with weight 5 voting for that candidate.
The particular algorithm we call here the "Basic Phragmén" was first described by Brill et al. in their paper "Phragmén's Voting Methods and Justified Representation".
The Phragmén method will iterate, selecting one seat at a time, according to the following rules:
Candidates submit their ballots, marking which candidates they approve. Ballots will not be modified after submission.
An initial load of 0 is set for each ballot.
The candidate who wins the next available seat is the one where the ballots of their supporters would have the least average (mean) cost if that candidate wins.
The n ballots that approved that winning candidate get 1/n added to their load.
The load of all ballots that supported the winner of this round are averaged out so that they are equal.
If there are any more seats, go back to step 3. Otherwise, the selection ends.
Let's walk through an example with four candidates vying for three seats, and five voters.
Open Seats: 3
Candidates:   A B C D  L0
Voter V1:       X      0
Voter V2:         X X  0
Voter V3:       X   X  0
Voter V4:     X X      0
Voter V5:       X X X  0
In this example, we can see that voter V1 approves only of candidate B, voter V2 approves of candidates C and D, etc. Voters can approve any number of candidates between 1 and number_of_candidates - 1. An initial "load" of 0 is set for each ballot (L0 = load after round 0, i.e., the "round" before the first round). We shall see shortly how this load is updated and used to select candidates.
We will now run through an iterative algorithm, with each iteration corresponding to one "seat". Since there are three seats, we will walk through three rounds.
For the first round, the winner is simply going to be the candidate with the most votes. Since all loads are equal, the lowest average load will be the candidate with the highest n, since 1/n will get smaller as n increases. For this first example round, for instance, candidate A had only one ballot vote for them. Thus, the average load for candidate A is 1/1, or 1. Candidate C has two ballots approving of them, so the average load is 1/2. Candidate B has the lowest average load, at 1/4 and they get the first seat. Ballots loads are now averaged out, although for the first iteration, this will have not have any effect.
Filled seats: 1 (B)
Candidates:   A B C D  L0 L1
Voter V1:       X      0  1/4
Voter V2:         X X  0  0
Voter V3:       X   X  0  1/4
Voter V4:     X X      0  1/4
Voter V5:       X X X  0  1/4
We are now down to candidates A, C, and D for two open seats. There is only one voter (V4) for A, with load 1/4. C has two voters, V2 and V5, with loads of 0 and 1/4. D has three voters approving of them, V2, V3, and V5, with loads of 0, 1/4, and 1/4, respectively.
If Candidate A wins, the average load would be (1/4 + 1/1) / 1, or 5/4. If candidate C wins, the average load would be ((0 + 1/2) + (1/4 + 1/2)) / 2, or 5/8. If candidate D wins, the average load would be ((0 + 1/3) + (1/4 + 1/3) + (1/4 + 1/3)) / 3, or 1/2. Since 1/2 is the lowest average load, candidate D wins the second round.
Now everybody who voted for Candidate D has their load set to the average, 1/2 of all the loads.
Filled seats: 2 (B, D)
Candidates:   A B C D  L0 L1  L2
Voter V1:       X      0  1/4 1/4
Voter V2:         X X  0  0   1/2
Voter V3:       X   X  0  1/4 1/2
Voter V4:     X X      0  1/4 1/4
Voter V5:       X X X  0  1/4 1/2
There is now one seat open and two candidates, A and C. Voter V4 is the only one voting for A, so if A wins then the average load would be (1/4 + 1/1) / 1, or 5/4. Voters V2 and V5 (both with load 1/2) support C, so if C wins the average load would be ((1/2 + 1/2) + (1/2 + 1/2)) / 2, or 1. Since the average load would be lower with C, C wins the final seat.
Filled seats: 3 (B, D, C)
Candidates:   A B C D  L0 L1  L2  L3
Voter V1:       X      0  1/4 1/4 1/4
Voter V2:         X X  0  0   1/2 1
Voter V3:       X   X  0  1/4 1/2 1/2
Voter V4:     X X      0  1/4 1/4 1/4
Voter V5:       X X X  0  1/4 1/2 1
An interesting characteristic of this calculation is that the total load of all voters will always equal the number of seats filled in that round. In the zeroth round, load starts at 0 and there are no seats filled. After the first round, the total of all loads is 1, after the second round it is 2, etc.
Weighted Phragmén
While this method works well if all voters have equal weight, this is not the case in Polkadot. Elections for both validators and candidates for the Polkadot Council are weighted by the number of tokens held by the voters. This makes elections more similar to a corporate shareholder election than a traditional political election, where some members have more pull than others. Someone with a single token will have much less voting power than someone with 100. Although this may seem anti-democratic, in a pseudonymous system, it is trivial for someone with 100 tokens to create 100 different accounts and spread their wealth to all of their pseudonyms.
Therefore, not only do we want to allow voters to have their preferences expressed in the result, but do so while keeping as equal a distribution of their stake as possible and express the wishes of minorities as much as is possible. The Weighted Phragmén method allows us to reach these goals.
Weighted Phragmén is similar to Basic Phragmén in that it selects candidates sequentially, one per round, until the maximum number of candidates are elected. However, it has additional features to also allocate weight (stake) behind the candidates.
Note: in terms of validator selection, for the following algorithm, you can think of "voters" as "nominators" and "candidates" as "validators".
Candidates are elected, one per round, and added to the set of successful candidates (they have won a "seat"). This aspect of the algorithm is very similar to the "basic Phragmén" algorithm described above.
However, as candidates are elected, a weighted mapping is built, defining the weights of each selection of a validator by each candidate.
In more depth, the algorithm operates like so:
Create a list of all voters, their total amount of stake, and which validators they support.
Generate an initial edge-weighted graph mapping from voters to candidates, where each edge weight is the total potential weight (stake) given by that voter. The sum of all potential weight for a given candidate is called their approval stake.
Now we start electing candidates. For the list of all candidates who have not been elected, get their score, which is equal to 1 / approval_stake.
For each voter, update the score of each candidate they support by adding their total budget (stake) multiplied by the load of the voter and then dividing by that candidate's approval stake (voter_budget * voter_load / candidate_approval_stake.
Determine the candidate with the lowest score and elect that candidate. Remove the elected candidate from the pool of potential candidates.
The load for each edge connecting to the winning candidate is updated, with the edge load set to the score of the candidate minus the voter's load, and the voter's load then set to the candidate's score.
If there are more candidates to elect, go to Step 3. Otherwise, continue to step 8.
Now the stake is distributed amongst each nominator who backed at least one elected candidate. The backing stake for each candidate is calculated by taking the budget of the voter and multiplying by the edge load then dividing by the candidate load (voter_budget * edge_load / candidate_load).
Note: All numbers in this example are rounded off to three decimal places.
In the following example, there are five voters and five candidates vying for three potential seats. Each voter V1 - V5 has an amount of stake equal to their number (e.g., V1 has stake of 1, V2 has stake of 2, etc.). Every voter is also going to have a load, which initially starts at 0.
Filled seats: 0
Candidates:    A B C D E  L0
Voter V1 (1):  X X        0
Voter V3 (3):  X          0
Voter V4 (4):    X X X    0
Voter V5 (5):  X     X    0
Let us now calculate the approval stake of each of the candidates. Recall that this is merely the amount of all support for that candidate by all voters.
Candidate A: 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 = 11
Candidate B: 1 + 2 + 4 = 7
Candidate C: 4 = 4
Candidate D: 4 + 5 = 9
Candidate E: 0
The first step is easy - candidate E has 0 approval stake and can be ignored from here on out. They will never be elected.
We can now calculate the initial scores of the candidates, which is 1 / approval_stake:
Candidate A: 1 / 11 = 0.091
Candidate B: 1 / 7 = 0.143
Candidate C: 1 / 4 = 0.25
Candidate D: 1 / 9 = 0.111
Candidate E: N/A
For every edge, we are going to calculate the score, which is current score plus the total budget * the load of the voter divided by the approval stake of the candidate. However, since the load of every voter starts at 0, and anything multiplied by 0 is 0, any addition will be 0 / x, or 0. This means that this step can be safely ignored for the initial round.
Thus, the best (lowest) score for Round 0 is Candidate A, with a score of 0.091.
Candidates:    A B C D E  L0 L1
Voter V1 (1):  X X        0  0.091
Voter V3 (3):  X          0  0.091
Voter V4 (4):    X X X    0  0
Voter V5 (5):  X     X    0  0.091
Filled seats: 1 (A)
Candidate A is now safe; there is no way that they will lose their seat. Before moving on to the next round, we need to update the scores on the edges of our graph for any candidates who have not yet been elected.
We elided this detail in the previous round, since it made no difference to the final scores, but we should go into depth here to see how scores are updated. We first must calculate the new loads of the voters, and then calculate the new scores of the candidates.
Any voter who had one of their choices for candidate fill the seat in this round (i.e., voters V1, V2, V3, and V5, who all voted for A) will have their load increased. This load increase will blunt the impact of their vote in future rounds, and the edge (which will be used in determining stake allocation later) is set to the score of the elected candidate minus the current voter load.
edge_load = elected_candidate_score - voter_load
voter_load = elected_candidate_score
In this instance, the score of the elected candidate is 0.091 and the voter loads are all 0. So for each voter who voted for A, we will calculate a new edge load Voter -> A of:
Edge load: 0.091 - 0 = 0.091
and a new voter load of:
Voter load: 0.091
As a reminder, here are the current scores. Loads of the voters are all 0.
Candidate B : 0.143
Candidate C : 0.25
Candidate D : 0.111
Now, we go through the weighted graph and update the score of the candidate and the load of the edge, using the algorithm:
candidate_score = candidate_score + ((voter_budget * voter_load) / candidate_approval_stake)
Without walking through each step, this gives us the following modifications to the scores of the different candidates.
V1 updates B to 0.156
V4 updates C to 0.25
V4 updates D to 0.111
After scores are updated, the final scores for the candidates for this round are:
Candidate B: 0.182
Candidate C: 0.25
Candidate D: 0.162
D, with the lowest score, is elected. You will note that even though candidate B had more voters supporting them, candidate D won the election due to their lower score. This is directly due to the fact that they had the lowest score, of course, but the root reason behind them having a lower score was both the greater amount of stake behind them and that voters who did not get one of their choices in an earlier round (in this example, voter V4) correspond to a higher likelihood of a candidate being elected.
We then update the loads for the voters and edges as specified above for any voters who voted for candidate D (viz., V4 and V5) using the same formula as above.
Filled seats: 2 (A, D)
Candidates:    A B C D E  L0 L1    L2
Voter V1 (1):  X X        0  0.091 0.091
Voter V3 (3):  X          0  0.091 0.091
Voter V4 (4):    X X X    0  0     0.162
Voter V5 (5):  X     X    0  0.091 0.162
Following a similar process for Round 2, we start with initial candidate scores of:
We can then update the scores of the remaining two candidates according to the algorithm described above.
V4 updates C to 0.412
With the lowest score of 0.274, Candidate B claims the last open seat. Candidates A, D, and B have been elected, and candidates C and E are not.
Before moving on, we must perform a final load adjustment for the voters and the graph.
Filled seats: 3 (A, D, B)
Candidates:    A B C D E  L0 L1    L2    L3
Voter V1 (1):  X X        0  0.091 0.091 0.274
Voter V3 (3):  X          0  0.091 0.091 0.091
Voter V4 (4):    X X X    0  0     0.162 0.274
Voter V5 (5):  X     X    0  0.091 0.162 0.162
Now we have to determine how much stake every voter should allocate to each candidate. This is done by taking the load of the each edge and dividing it by the voter load, then multiplying by the total budget of the voter.
In this example, the weighted graph ended up looking like this:
Nominator: V1
Edge to A load= 0.091
Edge to B load= 0.183
Edge to D load= 0.162
For instance, the budget of V1 is 1, the edge load to A is 0.091, and the voter load is 0.274. Using our equation:
backing_stake (A) = voter_budget * edge_load / voter_load
We can fill these variables in with:
backing_stake (A) = 1 * 0.091 / 0.274 = 0.332
For V1 backing stake of B, you can simply replace the edge load value and re-calculate.
backing_stake (B) = 1 * 0.183 / 0.274 = 0.668
Note that the total amount of all backing stake for a given voter will equal the total budget of the voter, unless that voter had no candidates elected, in which case it will be 0.
The final results are:
A is elected with stake 6.807.
D is elected with stake 4.545.
B is elected with stake 3.647.
V1 supports: A with stake: 0.332 and B with stake: 0.668.
V3 supports: A with stake: 3.0.
V4 supports: B with stake: 1.642 and D with stake: 2.358.
V5 supports: A with stake: 2.813 and D with stake: 2.187.
You will notice that the total amount of stake for candidates A, D, and B equals (aside from rounding errors) the total amount of stake of all the voters (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15). This is because each voter had at least one of their candidates fill a seat. Any voter whose had none of their candidates selected will also not have any stake in any of the elected candidates.
The results for nominating validators are further optimized for several purposes:
To reduce the number of edges, i.e. to minimize the number of validators any nominator selects
To ensure, as much as possible, an even distribution of stake among the validators
Reduce the amount of block computation time
High-Level Description
After running the weighted Phragmén algorithm, a process is run that redistributes the vote amongst the elected set. This process will never add or remove an elected candidate from the set. Instead, it reduces the variance in the list of backing stake from the voters to the elected candidates. Perfect equalization is not always possible, but the algorithm attempts to equalize as much as possible. It then runs an edge-reducing algorithm to minimize the number of validators per nominator, ideally giving every nominator a single validator to nominate per era.
To minimize block computation time, the staking process is run as an off-chain worker. In order to give time for this off-chain worker to run, staking commands (bond, nominate, etc.) are not allowed in the last quarter of each era.
These optimizations will not be covered in-depth on this page. For more details, you can view the Rust implementation of elections in Substrate, the Rust implementation of staking in Substrate, or the seqPhragménwithpostprocessing method in the Python reference implementation. If you would like to dive even more deeply, you can review the W3F Research Page on Sequential Phragmén Method.
Rationale for Minimizing the Number of Validators Per Nominator
Paying out rewards for staking from every validator to all of their nominators can cost a non-trivial amount of chain resources (in terms of space on chain and resources to compute). Assume a system with 200 validators and 1000 nominators, where each of the nominators has nominated 10 different validators. Payout would thus require 1000 * 10, or 10,000 transactions. In an ideal scenario, if every nominator selects a single validator, only 1,000 transactions would need to take place - an order of magnitude fewer. Empirically, network slowdown at the beginning of an era has occurred due to the large number of individual payouts by validators to nominators. In extreme cases, this could be an attack vector on the system, where nominators nominate many different validators with small amounts of stake in order to slow the system at the next era change.
While this would reduce network and on-chain load, being able to select only a single validator incurs some diversification costs. If the single validator that a nominator has nominated goes offline or acts maliciously, then the nominator incurs a risk of a significant amount of slashing. Nominators are thus allowed to nominate up to 16 different validators. However, after the weighted edge-reducing algorithm is run, the number of validators per nominator is minimized. Nominators are likely to see themselves nominating a single active validator for an era.
At each era change, as the algorithm runs again, nominators are likely to have a different validator than they had before (assuming a significant number of selected validators). Therefore, nominators can diversify against incompetent or corrupt validators causing slashing on their accounts, even if they only nominate a single validator per era.
Rationale for Maintaining an Even Distribution of Stake
Another issue is that we want to ensure that as equal a distribution of votes as possible amongst the elected validators or council members. This helps us increase the security of the system by ensuring that the minimum amount of tokens in order to join the active validator set or council is as high as possible. For example, assume a result of five validators being elected, where validators have the following stake: {1000, 20, 10, 10, 10}, for a total stake of 1,050. In this case, a potential attacker could join the active validator set with only 11 tokens, and could obtain a majority of validators with only 33 tokens (since the attacker only has to have enough stake to "kick out" the three lowest validators).
In contrast, imagine a different result with the same amount of total stake, but with that stake perfectly equally distributed: {210, 210, 210, 210, 210}. With the same amount of stake, an attacker would need to stake 633 tokens in order to get a majority of validators, a much more expensive proposition. Although obtaining an equal distribution is unlikely, the more equal the distribution, the higher the threshold - and thus the higher the expense - for attackers to gain entry to the set.
Rationale for Reducing Block Computing Time
Running the Phragmén algorithm is time-consuming, and often cannot be completed within the time limits of production of a single block. Waiting for calculation to complete would jeopardize the constant block production time of the network. Therefore, as much computation as possible is moved to an offchain worker, which validators can work on the problem without impacting block production time. By restricting the ability of users to make any modifications in the last 25% of an era, and running the selection of validators by nominators as an offchain process, validators have a significant amount of time to calculate the new active validator set and allocate the nominators in an optimal manner.
There are several further restrictions put in place to limit the complexity of the election and payout. As already mentioned, any given nominator can only select up to 16 validators to nominate. Conversely, a single validator can have only {{ polkadot_max_nominators }} nominators. A drawback to this is that it is possible, if the number of nominators is very high or the number of validators is very low, that all available validators may be "oversubscribed" and unable to accept more nominations. In this case, one may need a larger amount of stake to participate in staking, since nominations are priority-ranked in terms of amount of stake.
W3F Research Page on Sequential Phragmén Method - The formal adaptation of the Phragmén method as applied to Polkadot validators.
Python Reference Implementations - Python implementations of Simple and Complicated Phragmén methods.
Substrate Implementation - Rust implementation used in Substrate.
Phragmén's and Thiele's Election Methods - 95-page paper explaining Phragmén's election methods in detail.
Phragmén's Voting Methods and Justified Representation - This paper by Brill et al. is the source for the simple Phragmén algorithm, along with proofs about its properties.
Offline Phragmén - Script to generate the Phragmén validator election outcome before the start of an era.
Last updated on 12/10/2020 by Bill Laboon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


is, of course, nothing that deals specifically with this kind of situation in the traditions of the past. For that matter, the entire matter of adoption is rarely discussed in the traditional halakhic literature (W. Jacob, American Reform Responsa, #63). However, we may draw some conclusions from the system of priority worked out for the recipients of charitable donations.
than the supply and so a procedure had to be established. Charity begins at home and, therefore, members of one's own family had an initial claim on any funds available (Sefer Hassidim, #895, 918, 1039, 1049, etc.) They were followed by individuals in one's own city and one's own country, and only then were funds provided for the poor elsewhere (Sefer Hassidim #869; Shulhan Arukh Yoreh Deah 251.3). Earlier, the same section explained that a woman is provided with food before a man and then in the sequence of priest, kohen, Levite, and Israelite. An exception is made for an Israelite scholar or even a mamzer who is a scholar; these take precedence over a kohen (Ket. 67a; Yad Hil. Matnat Aniyim 8.15, 10.18; Shulhan Arukh Yoreh Deah 251.8). The twelfth century Sefer Hassidim also preferred scholars and students who were poor (#860, 862, 902 ff) as well as the pious over those who were less pious (#1029).
great work on charity, Meil Tzedaqah, by Elijah Hakohen ben Solomon (18th century), provided a similar sequence of distribution along with specific reasons (#92 f, 1435 f, 1500, 1433 f). It also indicated that we act on behalf of Jews first and Gentiles subsequently (#1434 f). Non- Jewish poor also had a claim on charity (Git. 61a) and are supported whenever possible. Jews who were open and willful transgressors were to be refused support from all sources (Shulhan ArukhYoreh Deah 251).
the traditional literature which deal with precedence in the distribution of charity to the poor, we see that they are primarily concerned with obtaining proper gifts from the rich and only secondarily with a system of distribution. However, the above mentioned sources are in general agreement on preferences.
a similar system of priority in the matter of adoption. As Reform Jews we would agree with the traditional priorities. In other words, the priority which your agency has set is appropriate. Families in which both parents are Jewish (by birth or conversion) should be given preference. Within that category priority should be given to families with a real commitment to Judaism, whether Reform, Conservative or Orthodox. Families in which only one party is Jewish, and who intend to raise their children as Jews, should be placed in a second category and be given children when the first category has been exhausted. Since the passage of the Resolution on Patrilineal Descent in March of 1983(W. Jacob, American Reform Responsa, Appendix), we make no distinction between families in which the mother is Christian and the father Jewish, or vice versa.


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Manchester fireman Aaron Parmar launches running club in memory of Manchester Arena bombing victims
By Lee Bennett
You may remember just a few months ago when Aaron Parmar set himself the mammoth task of running 22 10k runs in memory of the 22 victims of the Manchester Arena bombing.
He was working as a police officer at the scene of the horrific attack and witnessed first hand the devastating effect it had not just on the families and friends of the victims involved but the city as a whole.
He dedicated each run to one of the people who lost their lives in the attack. For every run he completed, he received a medal and engraved each one with the names of the 22 victims and delivered them to the families.
"It's been overwhelming," says Aaron. "The support has been the main thing for me, the families of the 22 have come out to the runs and it's been quite emotional seeing them at the finish line and seeing how much it means to them.
"A lot of the survivors have come together and made friends with other survivors just through talking about my runs, and they're all supporting each other now so there's a lot of good come from it."
When Aaron first decided to embark on his 22 10k's challenge, he only expected to raise around £500. On Sunday 19th May, the former police officer turned firefighter completed his final 10k at the Great Manchester Run in full fireman uniform, having raised over £15,000 for the victims' families.
When he crossed the final finishing line, he felt a complete mix of emotions.
"I was knackered because I did the run in my full uniform and I didn't really process it straight away, but when I came on the home straight the crowd just went mad and were clapping for me. It really spurred me on and then when I crossed over there were so many people from different families that all wanted a hug and pictures."
Aaron realised once the runs were over he'd want something else to focus on to continue his support.
"I've fallen in love with running. I was never a runner before this challenge and going to different races and meeting different running clubs and runners, they've all been really welcoming. I love the sport now, so I decided to set up a club in memory of the 22."
Hive 22 is an online running club which continues to raise money for the families. £2 from the sale of each piece of kit, which has been designed by Aaron, will be ringfenced and donated to trusts and charities set up by victims' families every year on the anniversary of the attack.
"I announced it to the families first in a private event and they loved the idea," says Aaron.
"Everyone loves the concept because there's no commitment as such. People can wear the kit and run wherever they are around the world. We'll be getting together at different races and different social events together but mainly it's about getting the kit out there, and hopefully people will see it and know that we're Hive 22."
With their first official team run planned for the Alderley Edge 10K with Run North West, Aaron is hoping that Hive 22 will reach far and wide, with the Great Manchester Run in 2020 a huge goal for the club.
Hive 22 has also received recognition from a host of celebrities and TV stars. Both Kym Marsh and Sally Ann Matthews from Coronation Street have ordered their kits, whilst Hayley Tamaddon and Jodie Prenger are also on board with the club.
Find our more about Hive 22 on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.
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Iranian meddling in the region and U.S. senator's fear on Afghanistan
A delegation from the US Senate visiting Afghanistan emphasized the implementation of the security deal between the two countries. Senator John McCain, a senior member of the Senate who leads this delegation, warned Afghan President Hamid Karzai that if efforts to sign the security agreement do not ...
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Regional conference backs resumption of Afghan peace talks | News OK
ISLAMABAD (AP) — A regional conference held in Pakistan on Wednesday ended with calls for the resumption of Afghan-Taliban peace negotiations and an agreement by Islamabad and New Delhi to relaunch bilateral talks that broke down in August over tensions in Kashmir. Representatives of over two...
10 things you need to know today: September 30, 2014 | The Fifth Column
The Week Afghanistan signs a long-delayed security pact, Hong Kong demonstrators defy China crackdown, and more 1. Afghan government signs security pact with the U.S. Afghanistan's new government signed a long-delayed security agreement with the U.S. on Tuesday, a day after the inauguration of...
Cruz: 'Unconscionable' That U.S. Would Be Forced to Host Terrorists As UN Ambassadors | Tea Party Crusaders
By Patrick Goodenough (CNSNews.com) – Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) introduced legislation Tuesday aimed at preventing "known terrorists" from entering the U.S. to serve as U.N. envoys in New York. "It is unconscionable that, in the name of international diplomatic protocol, the United States would be...
Afghan President Hamid Karzai Visits U.S. Hospital at Bagram Airfield
Footage of Afghan President Hamid Karzai visiting injured service members at U.S. hospital Joint Craig Theater at Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan. Scenes incl...
President Hamid Karzai on his legacy in Afghanistan - BBC News
The President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai has been talking to the BBC about the US troop withdrawal from his country and his legacy surrounding any future security agreement.
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Iran's Rouhani exploits a coal mine explosion for electioneering, gets pelted | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)
By Hassan Mahmoudi American Thinker, May 8, 2017 - A major coal mine explosion struck northern Iran last Thursday, killing at least 35 miners and injuring at least 25 others, all of whom were hospitalized over inhaling the gas during rescue efforts after the blast. The blast occurred in the...
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Middle East, May 6, 2017 - Peyman Barandah, who was arrested by the Iranian regime at 15, is at imminent risk of execution. On May 2, the prosecutor of Shiraz met with his family and told them that if the check of 5.5 billion rails ($169,500 US) representing "blood money" that was given to the...
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Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. Granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone.


Who's ready for kids classroom holiday parties? Did I just see you wince a little bit?
Don't worry! We're going to make this painless and even save you some money in the process. Our Christmas Tree Applesauce Snacks are the perfect healthier classroom snack idea.
We have a tendency to like to create holiday class snacks that usually include me using the hot glue gun. And when I say we, I really mean I. I always end up regretting it in the end, too, because I'm usually missing my fingerprints on at least 3 different fingers by the end of my crafting adventure. I also have a tendency to not think about the price that I'm paying for each little snack cup either. I just usually come up with a shape that I want to use to create my holiday character (reindeer, penguin, grinch, etc.) and I then go find a snack that comes in that shape. Not really the most frugal idea.
Not this year though! I headed off to Dollar General to save myself some money! I was thrilled to see that Dollar General is carries both Mott's® Applesauce Pouches and Apple Juice. Did you know that Dollar General carries the lowest price of Mott's® 100% Original Apple Juice nationally? Mind blown, right?! Now, not only can I make the applesauce pouches conform to the shape that I need, but they are a much healthier option than my usual jello or pudding that I choose.
While I was at Dollar General I grabbed all the supplies that I would need for the Christmas Tree Applesauce Snacks I had envisioned in my mind. You just need the Mott's Applesauce Pouches, glitter ribbon, sparkle pom poms, tape and glitter glue. Clearly, I have a thing for glitter. The best part, though, was that there was no need for me to lose any fingerprints in the making of these Christmas Tree Applesauce Snacks. So score for saving money and fingerprints!
In order to hold the glitter ribbon around the applesauce pouches, I simply taped them down and wrapped them around the applesauce pouches with the top edges folded in so that they were in the shape of a tree. The great part about the decorating of the applesauce pouches is that because I'm not using hot glue, but glitter glue instead, my girls were able to help with the craft. They globbed on dots of glitter glue and then added a couple of small sparkle pom poms as Christmas ornaments to the tree.
The finishing touch was the large sparkle pom pom that was attached with glitter glue to the top of the applesauce pouch. My girls were thrilled with the work. Avery, my four year old, said, "My friends are going to love these. I bet they even give it to Santa because it's so pretty." Now, clearly her standards are not that of my almost eight year olds, who rolled her eyes in her usual wanna-be-teenage fashion, but all in all we were pretty pleased with the outcome of our Christmas Tree Applesauce Snacks.
Check out this site with a variety of ways to use Mott's during the holidays!


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Калака́нская впа́дина — впадина в северной части Забайкальского края России.

Расположение
Калаканская впадина расположена между хребтом Янкан (с севера) и Калаканским хребтом (с юга). Впадина состоит из двух частей: Акуинской (западной) и непосредственно Калаканской (восточной). Начинается от устья реки Тундак и протягивается в восточном-северо-восточном направлении до устья реки Рассыпная. Общая протяжённость впадины составляет 36 км при ширине от 1 до 7 км.

Геология
Калаканская впадина заполнена осадочными и базальтоидными формациями верхнеюрско-мелового возраста, сверху перекрытыми кайнозойскими континентальными отложениями незначительной мощности. Заложение впадины произошло в мезозое, дальнейшее формирование шло в неоген-четвертичное время.

Гидрография и ландшафт
Наиболее пониженную часть Калаканской впадины занимают река Калакан и устьевые участки её притоков с отметками уреза воды от 640 до 705 м. Преобладающие типы ландшафта — горная тайга с ерниками и приречными лугами.

Источники

Впадины Забайкальского края

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Date Ideas in Skaneateles, NY
TripBuzz discovered 53 different types of activities for couples in the Skaneateles area, including Walking Trails (like Charlie Major Nature Trail), Bowling (like Cedar House Lanes), Mini Golf (like Mr Pudder's) and Winery/Vineyard (like Anyela's Vineyards), and much more.
We discovered a total of 57 date ideas in or near Skaneateles, New York, including 47 fun or romantic activities in nearby cities within 25 miles like Syracuse, Auburn, Seneca Falls and Ithaca.
Sports & Fitness (6)
Ithaca (27)
Syracuse (24)
Penn Yan (21)
Hector (16)
Geneva (15)
Canandaigua (15)
Oswego (15)
Watkins Glen (14)
Skaneateles (10)
Cortland (9)
Seneca Falls (9)
Hammondsport (4)
East Liverpool (1)
Cortland Miniature Golf Course
Mini Golf RR 281 & 13, Cortland, NY 13045 MoreLess Info
Providing indoor and outdoor miniature golf courses, Shipwreck Golf Amusement Center offers a variety of challenges to beat, such as a spinning wheel. The indoor course has black lights that make items glow in the dark.
Smith Opera House
Opera Houses 82 Seneca Street, Geneva, NY 14456 MoreLess Info
Housed in a 1894 National Register building, the Smith Opera House was first opened in 1931 as a movie theater. It can welcome up to 1,408 visitors and organizes around 250 shows each year.
Shipwreck Golf Amusement Center
Mini Golf 759 Rt 13, Cortland, NY 13045 MoreLess Info
Designed in a fun and whimsical pirate theme, Shipwreck Golf Amusement Center is fun for the whole family. The center features 18-holes of miniature golf, paintball, on site bounce houses and an ice cream shop.
Smith Opera House For the Performing Arts
The Smith Opera House For the Performing Arts is a 1400-seat multi-use auditorium managed by a local arts council. The theater regularly holds plays, operas, music performances, and even hosts scheduled movie nights as well.
South Main Street
Historic Sites South Main Street, Geneva, NY MoreLess Info
A national historic district, South Main Street features a number of structures that were built between 1825 and 1850. In addition to the view of the structures, there are shopping and dining options nearby.
White Springs Winery
Winery/Vineyard 4200 Route 14, Geneva, NY 14456 MoreLess Info
Since 2003 when it was founded, the White Springs Winery has won 38 awards for its wines, at national and international competitions. Special events are held in here, such as live music concerts.
Finger Lakes Wine Region
Scenic Drives Rochester, NY MoreLess Info
The first recorded winemaking company in the Finger Lakes Wine Region is dating back to 1829. Since then, the region has grown into a popular touristic attraction, with amenities and facilities which include lodging, museums, restaurants, and others.
Geneva Movie Plex Inc
Movie Theaters Town & Country Plz, Geneva, NY 14456 MoreLess Info
A movie theater multiplex with eight auditoriums, Geneva Movie Plex Inc screens primarily first run Hollywood movies in all digital video and sound. The theater offers a variety of promotions and discounts.
Ravines Wine Cellars - Seneca Lake
Winery/Vineyard 400 Barracks Road, Geneva, NY 14456 MoreLess Info
Located among the Finger Lakes, Ravines Wine Cellars - Seneca Lake is a European-style winery that offers a variety of wine choices. They offer tastings and tours for visitors, and offer food pairings, as well.
Billsboro Winery
Winery/Vineyard 4760 West Lake Road (Route 14), Geneva, NY 14456 MoreLess Info
Founded in 2007 and covering 28 acres, the Billsboro Winery offers its clients 4 wine specialties. A painting festival is organized in here, the Plein Air Festival. It can also host private events, for groups no larger than 60 people.
HAVE SUGGESTIONS FOR COOL AND INTERESTING THINGS TO DO IN THE Skaneateles AREA?


The Dementias: Hope through Research is a 1-hour online continuing education (CE/CEU) course that describes specific types of dementia and how the disorders are diagnosed and treated, including drug therapy. A diagnosis of dementia can be frightening for those affected by the syndrome, their family members, and caretakers. Learning more about dementia can help. This course provides a general overview of dementia and specific types of dementia along with their signs and symptoms; lists risk factors that can increase a person's chance of developing one or more kinds of dementia; describes how the disorders are diagnosed and treated, including drug therapy; and offers highlights of research that is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the National Institute on Aging, both part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).


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· Posted on Jan 14, 2017
44 Of The Most Iconic Pictures Of President Barack Obama
Here are the most memorable and moving pictures of the 44th president of the United States.
by Gabriel H. Sanchez
BuzzFeed News Photo Essay Editor
Charles Ommanney / Getty Images
Democratic presidential hopeful US Senator Barack Obama, his wife Michelle, and two daughters Sasha and Malia play cards in their RV on July 4, 2007, during a campaign swing between Oskaloosa and Pella, both in Iowa.
Obama and Michelle fist-bump before an election-night rally at the Xcel Energy Center on June 3, 2008, in St. Paul, Minnesota.
Joe Raedle / Getty Images
President-elect Obama stands on stage with Michelle, Malia, and Sasha during an election-night gathering in Chicago on Nov. 4, 2008. Obama defeated Republican nominee Sen. John McCain by a wide margin in the election to become the first African-American US president-elect.
Barack Obama is sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts as the 44th president of the United States on the West Front of the Capitol alongside Michelle on Jan. 20, 2009, in Washington.
Pete Souza / The White House
President Obama bends down to allow the son of a White House staff member touch his head during a family visit to the Oval Office on May 8, 2009. The boy wanted to see if the president's haircut felt like his own.
President Barack Obama fist-bumps custodian Lawrence Lipscomb in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building following the opening session of the White House Forum on Jobs and Economic Growth, Dec. 3, 2009.
Mike Theiler / Reuters
Obama is welcomed by his daughters on his return to Washington after a day trip to Ohio and Pennsylvania, where he participated in labor and economic rallies on Sept. 15, 2009. Malia walks behind holding their dog Bo.
President Obama meets with members of his Cabinet in the Cabinet Room of the White House on Jan. 29, 2010. The president's chair is marked with a plaque engraved with the date of his inauguration.
Brooks Kraft / Getty Images
Obama signs the health care reform bill in the East Room of the White House in Washington on March 23, 2010, as Marcellus Owens, 11, from Seattle, Washington, looks on.
Win Mcnamee / Getty Images
President Obama picks up balls of tar while touring the beach in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, on May 28, 2010. The oil spill resulting from the Deepwater Horizon disaster now officially ranks as the worst in US history.
Pool / Getty Images
President Obama speaks after a televised national address from the Oval Office of the White House on Aug. 31, 2010, in Washington. In his remarks, Obama formally declared an end to the combat mission in Iraq, saying that after seven years of war that claimed more than 4,400 American lives, it is time to face toward the war in Afghanistan and toward pressing problems at home.
Ho New / Reuters
President Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on the mission to kill Osama bin Laden in the Situation Room of the White House on May 1, 2011. Also pictured are Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Defense Secretary Robert Gates.
Wpa Pool / Getty Images
President Obama and Britain's Prime Minister David Cameron play table tennis at the Globe Academy on May 24, 2011, in London. Barack Obama and his wife Michelle are in the UK for a two-day State visit at the invitation of HM Queen Elizabeth II.
Pete Souza / Official White House Photo
President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden shake hands in the Oval Office on July 31, 2011, following a phone call with House Speaker John Boehner securing a bipartisan deal to reduce the nation's deficit and avoid default.
President Barack Obama hugs a woman in the crowd after addressing the Labor Day celebration in Detroit on Sept. 5, 2011.
President Obama jokes with Vice President Joe Biden backstage before the STOCK Act signing event in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building South Court Auditorium on April 4, 2012.
The White House / Getty Images
President Obama sits on the famed Rosa Parks bus at the Henry Ford Museum following an event April 18, 2012, in Dearborn, Michigan.
President Obama talks with Betty White in the Oval Office on June 11, 2012.
Jason Reed / Reuters
President Obama wipes water off his face during a rain shower at a campaign rally in Glen Allen, Virginia, on July 14, 2012.
Mike Segar / Reuters
Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney and President Obama speak directly to each other during the second US presidential debate in Hempstead, New York, on Oct. 16, 2012.
President Obama jokingly mimics US Olympic gymnast McKayla Maroney's "not impressed" expression while greeting members of the 2012 US Olympic gymnastics teams in the Oval Office Nov. 15, 2012, at the White House in Washington.
President Obama greets the children of US embassy staff during a reception at the Chulalongkorn University Sports Center in Bangkok, Thailand, on Nov. 18, 2012.
Alex Wong / Getty Images
President Obama and daughters share a moment as he pardons the 2012 National Thanksgiving Turkey Cobbler during a Rose Garden event on Nov. 21, 2012, at the White House in Washington. Cobbler and its companion Gobbler will spend the rest of their lives at George Washington's Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens in Virginia.
Lawrence Jackson / The White House
President Barack Obama prays with, from left, Richard Santana, Velma Massenburg, Jimmie Massenburg, and Tiffany Santana, during a visit to the Santana's home in Falls Church, Virginia, on Dec. 6, 2012.
President Obama is sworn in during the public ceremony as first lady Michelle Obama looks on during the presidential inauguration on the West Front of the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 21, 2013, in Washington. Barack Obama was re-elected for a second term as president of the United States.
President Obama and first lady Michelle dance together during the Commander-in-Chief's Inaugural Ball at the Walter Washington Convention Center in Washington on Jan. 21, 2013. Obama was sworn in for his second term of office earlier in the day.
President Barack Obama hugs Amy Simpson, principal of Plaza Towers Elementary School, outside what remains of the school following a tornado in Moore, Oklahoma, on May 26, 2013.
President Obama, Michelle, Malia, and Sasha attend Easter service at the 19th Street Baptist Church in Washington on April 20, 2014.
The Obamas join hands with Rep. John Lewis as they lead the walk across the Edmund Pettus Bridge to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of Bloody Sunday and the Selma to Montgomery civil rights marches in Selma, Alabama, on March 7, 2015. Malia and Sasha Obama join hands with their grandmother, Marian Robinson.
Pool New / Reuters
German Chancellor Angela Merkel speaks with President Obama outside the Elmau castle in Krün near Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, on June 8, 2015.
White House staff photographer Pete Souza writes, "the President carries the twin boys of Katie Beirne Fallon, Director of Legislative Affairs, into the Oval Office just a few months after they were born." June 17, 2015.
Obama brings tears to everyone's eyes when singing "Amazing Grace" during his eulogy for South Carolina State Senator Rev. Clementa Pinckney during Pinckney's funeral service on June 26. Rev. Pinckney was killed, along with eight others, on June 17 during a prayer meeting in one of the nation's oldest black churches in Charleston.
Jonathan Ernst / Reuters
President Obama reacts as Girl Scouts rush to him for a group hug as he and first lady Michelle Obama (not pictured) welcome them for a camp-out on the South Lawn of the White House in Washington on June 30, 2015. A group of 50 fourth-grade Girl Scouts planned to spend the night in camping tents on the lawn in celebration of the scouting movement and the National Park Service centennial.
President Obama and Pope Francis walk down the Colonnade before meeting in the Oval Office of the White House on Sept. 23, 2015.
President Obama extends his hand to Russian President Vladimir Putin during their meeting at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City on Sept. 28, 2015.
President Obama laughs after greeting a child dressed as the Pope during Halloween festivities at the South Portico of the White House in Washington, Friday, Oct. 30, 2015. Obama and Michelle Obama welcomed local children and children of military families to trick-or-treat at the White House for Halloween.
President Obama and family serve Thanksgiving meals to homeless and at-risk veterans at Friendship Place on Nov. 25, 2015, in Washington.
A tear swells in President Obama's eye as he speaks about the youngest victims of the Sandy Hook shootings, while speaking on Jan. 5, 2016, about the steps his administration is taking to reduce gun violence.
Carlos Barria / Reuters
President Obama and Cuban President Raul Castro gesture after a news conference during Obama's three-day visit to Havana, Cuba, on March 21, 2016.
Yuri Gripas / Reuters
President Obama says "Obama out!" at the White House Correspondents' Association annual dinner in Washington on April 30, 2016.
President Obama drinks filtered water from Flint, Michigan, during a briefing on the response and recovery plans of the ongoing water crisis by the unified command group at the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan in Flint.
President Obama greets the Dalai Lama at the entrance of the Map Room of the White House on June 15, 2016.
President Obama meets with President-elect Donald Trump in the Oval Office of the White House on Nov. 10, 2016.
President Barack Obama delivers his farewell address in Chicago, Illinois, on Jan. 10, 2017.


1965 Bell Laboratories joins with MIT and General Electric in the development effort for the new operating system, Multics, which would provide multi-user, multi-processor, and multi-level (hierarchical) file system, among its many forward-looking features.
1969 AT&T was unhappy with the progress and drops out of the Multics project. Some of the Bell Labs programmers who had worked on this project, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canaday, and Doug McIlroy designed and implemented the first version of the Unix File System on a PDP-7 along with a few utilities. It was given the name UNIX by Brian Kernighan as a pun on Multics.
1971 The system now runs on a PDP-11, with 16Kbytes of memory, including 8Kbytes for user programs and a 512Kbyte disk.
architecture independent and transparent to the user.
1973 Unix is re-written mostly in C, a new language developed by Dennis Ritchie. Being written in this high-level language greatly decreased the effort needed to port it to new machines.
1974 Thompson and Ritchie publish a paper in the Communications of the ACM describing the new Unix OS. This generates enthusiasm in the Academic community which sees a potentially great teaching tool for studying programming systems development. Since AT&T is prevented from marketing the product due to the 1956 Consent Decree they license it to Universities for educational purposes and to commercial entities.
1977 There are now about 500 Unix sites world-wide.
1984 There are now about 100,000 Unix sites running on many different hardware platforms, of vastly different capabilities.
1988 AT&T and Sun Microsystems jointly develop System V Release 4 (SVR4). This would later be developed into UnixWare and Solaris 2.
1995 Santa Cruz Operations buys UnixWare from Novell. Santa Cruz Operations and Hewlett-Packard announce that they will jointly develop a 64-bit version of Unix.
1996 International Data Corporation forecasts that in 1997 there will be 3 million Unix systems shipped world-wide.


RIA «Daghestan» Daghestan Tourism Committee discuss preparations for international tourist forum "Open Daghestan-2014"
Daghestan Tourism Committee discuss preparations for international tourist forum "Open Daghestan-2014"
10 June 2014 16:51	Posted in: SOCIETY Source : RIA"Dagestan"
Makhachkala, June 10, 2014. Today, Daghestan Tourism Committee met to discuss preparations for the international tourist forum «Open Daghestan-2014" scheduled for September 24-25. The meeting was attended by Committee's Deputy Chairman Muslimat Halimbekova, Deputy Director of the "Daghestan" reserve Zaripat Magomedova, chief specialist of the Tourism Department of Derbent administration Said Abdulaev, officials from the Tourist Business Centre, and some stagers of tourism.
Opening the meeting, Muslimat Halimbekova stressed that the forum was part of the Daghestan development priority project "Brand new Daghestan". She said that the forum's main objectives were to demonstrate cultural and historical potential of Daghestan and other Russian regions, to promote new projects of effective positioning, promoting the tourism product, and developing hospitality infrastructure, to help professionals and experts discuss problems of tourism development prospects, and to provide Daghestan, Russian and international tourist businesses with platforms to promote their products and services.
Halimbekova added that the forum features an exhibition of tourist products, goods and services in thematic areas like "Active tourism", "Children & Family", "Religious tourism and pilgrimage", "Ethnocultural tourism" and others. "The forum's business program implies a panel discussion called "Development strategy for tourism and recreation". Also, the forum will host a fishing tourism festival named "Fishing on Agrahane" as well as a presentation of Daghestan investment projects for creating and reconstructing tourist and recreational clusters. There will also be the first republican contest in event tourism. The contest program includes 3 competitions: the choice of the year, the capital of event tourism, and the event tourism leader," Muslimat Halimbekova said.
The forum will include a few plenary and breakout sessions and round tables held by Russian State University of Tourism and Service specialists from Moscow and foreign experts; participants will sign a number of agreements on cooperation and partnership in tourism. The visitors will be able to make free tours of Makhachkala and Derbent. The campaign will be an effective tool to promote services of companies engaged in sightseeing tours in Daghestan, and Daghestani will get a better idea of their home town and republic.


text:
> Podcasts > DR DENIS WAITELY ONE
TONY PARINELLO ONENANCE ROSEN TWO
DR DENIS WAITELY ONE
9th February 2016 9/02/16
Episode 88: How champions show up, with Dr Denis Waitley.
Denis Waitley is one of the most listened-to voices on personal and career success. He is the author of 16 non-fiction books, including several international best-sellers, "Seeds of Greatness," "Being the Best," "The Winner's Edge," "The Joy of Working," "Empires of the Mind," and "The Psychology of Winning". His audio albums have sold over 10 million copies in 14 languages! Denis created the all-time best-selling program on self-mastery.
Click to tweet: Dr Denis Waitley shares how champions show up on Selling Across America!
Don't shrink from risk! Always test you potential! Lear what 1,500 of the 'who's who' in America know about success!
How best to connect with Denis
http://www.waitley.com/


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text:
Ram Jethmalani
SOME GOOD NEWS IN THE MATTER OF BLACK MONEY RECOVERY
This morning news of a well advertised step to get at concealed black wealth is welcome but I don't believe it will be a great success. I wish it does though even if honestly implemented it is not a substitute for the grand larceny perpetrated on this unfortunate nation between 2008 and today by the Manmohan and Modi Governments acting in concert and conspiracy.
The step is primarily designed as a cover up operation to conceal the unforgiveable crime committed by the Modi Government. I am sorry that the expression Modi government is almost wholly inaccurate. It is in truth and substance an Arun jaitley government. Modi is a roaming Minister of International Tourism and Contacts.
It is known to the whole of India that for the last decade that I have been fighting for repatriation of illicit money concealed in foreign banks and enterprises estimated by a respected BJP task force to be about 1500 billion U.S Dollars equal to almost ninety lac crores in Indian Rupees . An employee of the famous Liechtenstein bank receiving from the German government a bribe of 475 million U.S Dollars revealed a list of fourteen hundred criminals majority of whom were Indians. The German Government was willing to share this information with Indian Government and without any cost or condition.
Neither the Congress government nor the opposition BJP availed of this magnificent offer. Even though on receiving a satisfactory promise from the German authorities no leader of BJP was willing to help in getting at this money or information. My companions and I fought for two years an intensely contested PIL in the Supreme Court of India. We secured a judgement against the Manmohan Singh Government which declared that no effort had been made by the Government in power to take any effective steps for recovery and repatriation, of this enormous wealth. It then a Special Investigating Team (SIT) under the supervision of two retired judges of Supreme Court of India. In addition the court ordered disclosure to me of the relevant correspondence with Germans relating to recovery of the names of the criminals involved.
This judgement also did not produce any effective action on the part of BJP leaders Arun Jaitley in particular. He was obviously in conspiracy with the Congress ministers particularly Mr. Chidambaram to get at this stolen Indian asset. It produced no response even a mild statement that the alleged correspondence which Chidambaram had disclosed and Jaitley had inherited had nothing to do with the German offer and was in fact correspondence with a small German tax office dealing with the Amended Double Taxation Avoidance Treaty which concerned honest tax payers under legal compulsion of two governments to pay tax on the same income to both. In a report to the Hon'ble Supreme Court, the previous government had explained the blackening out of names of the senders and addresses in both the outgoing and incoming letters in response to an alleged International Practice, which does not exist. It is a puerile joke.
It was obvious to me that this was a further fraud on the people of India by both the previous government and its BJP successor.
Now it is an admitted fact that not a farthing out of the ninety lac crores was recovered by the two finance ministers acting in aid of each other to serve and protect the thieves of vast Indian wealth, which now is almost certainly an unavoidable permanent loss.
Some of the money may have returned to India under some camouflaged in false attire and earning even more money by trading operations in India.
Yes the present order to freeze all undeclared assets is a good one and may well bring some gain to India, but it is almost sure that the real dacoits have now changed the character of the stolen wealth and this new step widely as evidence of government honesty is just a foolish and dishonest claim. Yes some small culprits would suffer but the major ones must be enjoying the joke. Yes some money will be earned but I am almost sure that no substantial gain shall be made by this unfortunate India.
We shall not be persuaded to believe that this is any compensation for the mind-boggling loss of the money which we have deliberately not recovered an action which is treason against this unfortunate nation. The nation should insist that we shall not forgive that monstrous crime of some years ago.
It is a matter of some satisfaction that the new President of the Party Amit Shah has confessed that all this promise of getting black money back was an election joke (Jumla) or a Gimmick.
The ruling Party has officially through its President made this declaration and claim. This statement has not been repudiated or disowned by the Finance Minister or the Prime Minister or anyone else. It is a confession that not availing of the German offer to share the Liechtenstein names was deliberately done, as there was no intention to get at this black money or fulfil the promise in the solemn election manifesto.
This is also an admission that reflects on the honesty of the previous government. They too had no intention to get at the black money as by the secret protocol with the Swiss Finance Minister India had already given up the right to get any information about the past and given up rights created by the relevant United Nations Convention.
The new Finance Minister of India our real Prime Minster now, has faithfully only entered into the Amended DTATs. This is a clear cut solemn confession that he has not moved a finger to get at the black money referred to in the election manifesto of the BJP and widely used to capture votes in the 2014 election. He is a conspirator with the dacoits and he must have warned them of the latest move of yesterday to secure no money from any bank in the past i.e. before 2011.
Some good will doubtless arises from last night's decision but this is not a pardon for the past crimes. My countrymen should not forgive this moral monster called Jaitley.
ramjethmalani
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classicgametunes.net
Tag: FIFA games
FIFA game
Top FIFA online games
May 16, 2020 May 16, 2020 Harper Chambers
Online games become popular and interesting in recent years. It's convenient when you can play game at anytime, anywhere you like through smart phones or computers. It's more exciting when you look like playing a pro match of some tournaments. You can arrange team, then use one fixed performance and lead your team to take action.
Online games make more relaxing and professional for any player. So, it's welcomed warmly.
In this article, we share top FIFA online games you should try at least one time. If you tend to play online game in free time, following our recommendations,
4/ FIFA 14
FIFA 14 has been brought as a great franchise to create new feeling for users. It's applied to PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is also considered as the first game offering Ultimate team legends in chemistry style brings new experiences for users.
Launched since 2014 when all fans followed the World Cup championship in Brazil, the founder of FIFA14 was really smart to take advantage and spread new customer with only 5000 coins for cost. This fee was suitable whereas services were good.
FIFA 15 has taken inspiration from FIFA 14, then there are a few renovations from the previous capacities to make more modern and exciting.
In this game, players can see clearly improvement of the outside views. It's better it can help you to see overview changes or attitudes of fans and other players.
In this game, we see a big event when founders of EA sports have already deal and negotiated with customers and founder of the Premier fight.
6/ FIFA Street pin
Different to other FIFA games, FIFA Street spin focus on develop matches with complicated skills and enough passes.
It also receives good reviews about speed to solve situations. It's has fast pace crazily to make goals super and exactly.
Tagged FIFA games, online games
The best sports games on PC sports lovers should not miss (Part 1)
March 22, 2020 March 22, 2020 Harper Chambers
Here are the best sports games on PC.
Sports games come in a variety of genres and scales. Football Manager and Rocket League are almost nothing alike, but there's no denying that both are sports games. Meanwhile, FIFA has just added a story mode and Pyre is a fantasy RPG but plays like a sport.
For the convenience of readers, this list is divided into four main categories: Sports Simulation Games – games that describe sports closely to reality, Sports Management games, Arcade Sports games – games describing real sports but with additional variations, and fantasy sports games – games that describe sports entirely fictitious.
Obviously, there are games of this type and that, even Rocket League relies a little on football, but hopefully this classification will help you distinguish QWOP-style games from games like FIFA. .
Developer: EA Sports
Premiere Date: September 2017
EA's annual soccer game series is on the rise, with the addition of a surprisingly compelling story mode. Unlike PES, the strength of FIFA is in the short and fast passing style of Xavi style. If you want to play online, FIFA is the choice for you with a large and healthy community, ensuring you always find the match easily.
Release Date: September 92017
While FIFA is suitable for those who like to play the story or play online with other players, PES is the preferred choice of many people when they want to play offline with others, or when they want to play the typical Master League mode of PES. These two games also have a little difference in gameplay, PES is more focused on long passes and slots, helping the game pace faster and more intense.
Developer: Sports Interactive
Premiere Date: November 2017
Football Manager has a huge scale. The game has always maintained its record as one of the most popular games on Steam, the game's scouting system is on par with the real life clubs and even once a player was wrongly summoned by the national team because Football Manager.
This is an extremely fun game, now more interesting when they add a smoother version, Football Manager Touch. But be careful when playing: you will lose all your time!
Tagged FIFA games, football management games, sports games
FIFA 20 Mobile is the top football game of EA nowadays
March 7, 2020 March 7, 2020 Harper Chambers
No need to spend expensive money like the PC version, now just a mid-range phone, you can download and experience 100% free FIFA 20 Mobile game. It is known that this is the top football game in the FIFA series of EA. This mobile version is released in parallel and separately with FIFA 20 on PC and Console.
Very nice graphics, not inferior to the PC / Console version
The first impression of the player about FIFA 20 Mobile is that this game has a fairly demanding configuration. With a total capacity of only 456 MB, FIFA 20 Mobile proved to be much friendlier than its predecessors. This move shows that EA is really interested in mobile players and wants to popularize their game to more segments.
Although the capacity is not too high, the quality of graphics and images of FIFA 20 Mobile is still carefully cared for by the developers. The game runs smoothly, beautiful graphics, realism from each running movement, hand to hand to the finish, celebrate.
The only minus point of this mobile version is the faces of the players. Except for some prominent names, we will see that the rest of the players are the same and there is little difference
The gameplay is getting better and better
If players have had a boring experience with old gameplay, now you can feel secure and enjoy the match the same way it is played on the PC version. The unique way of celebrating, moving and controlling softly, honestly with special skill system, extremely rich with each player. The movements in the game are also quite carefully invested by EA, from the tackling phase to the posture of finishing the ball and finishing, all significantly improved compared to the gameplay of the previous version.
You can choose to build your dream team by using "Team color" – something that is familiar to Fifa Online 3 and 4. believers. It gives you a list of players from the same team. a club, league or country in the current squad, thereby increasing the index of the players. Use filters to add options that help you find potential and suitable players, then make the right decision to be able to complete the remaining pieces of the squad.
Tagged EA game, FIFA 20, FIFA 29 Mobile game, FIFA games
The best Offline football games that you should try on your PC (Part 1)
November 3, 2019 Harper Chambers
Football must be a sport that always attracts the attention of men. Related to this subject there are many great and interesting football games that appeal to players. Let's take a look at the top offline football games for PC and interesting and interesting not to be missed.
Football game offline PC – PES 2017
Pro Evolution Soccer 2017 is the full name of this game. PES version on the game market is very much loved by gamers. This game gives players the feeling of genuine football thinking extremely tactical. The graphics of this game will make you feel like a player on the field.
The shots in the game are more complete and authentic. Players are spoiled for showing their ability to control the characters and to think strategically for their favorite players and teams.
This is one of the offline football games for PC that is very popular with young people. Gamers can find links to download games at football game forums today.
This game was developed and launched before the expectations of thousands of gamers around the world. The publisher has produced based on the engine platform so the player will have a very real and smooth feeling. Many gamers have been and are fans of this series.
Download the online football watching application on Android to discuss how to watch good football games without being stooped.
Fifa offline game PES 2017 will bring you a completely different world of football experience. The Electronic Art feature will support more professional gaming gamers. What are you waiting for without downloading football game for this PC immediately.
Offline football game for this PC possesses extremely outstanding advantages that will make any player will be surprised. The passes and ball touches in the game have reached an extremely smooth level. Surely, after experiencing this game you will have a completely different view on offline football game.
Tagged FIFA games, football game, offline football game, PES 2017
Check list some sport games you should enjoy (Part 3)
10 free driving games you should try (Part 3)
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