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A Father-Son Endeavor
From Rye to Raphael: The Walters Story
https://judithdobrzynski.com/15913/a-father-son-endeavor
Even before J.P. Morgan, Henry Clay Frick and the other U.S. industrialists whose names are today synonymous with museums began amassing art, there was William T. Walters. Beginning in the 1850s, this whiskey merchant and railroad magnate started a collection that became the Walters Art Museum here, whose 35,000 objects span ancient Egypt to the early 20th century. Yet his story and that of his son, Henry, who followed his father's lead and then bequeathed their trove to the city, is far less known.
"Sea of Galilee"
"From Rye to Raphael: The Walters Story," which opened this fall to celebrate the museum's 80th anniversary as a public institution, is a welcome and fascinating, if slightly flawed, corrective.
To tell its creation story, the museum has filled its fourth floor—normally home to 19th-century paintings, a gallery for prints and drawings, and some decorative arts—with more than 200 works of art, purchased internationally, that show the tastes and passions of the father-and-son duo. Some are always on view; others were pulled from storage. They are supplemented by photographs, archival documents, monogrammed china and a 19th-century whiskey bottle.
William Walters developed his penchant for art because his mother said it would make him a better citizen. He began buying and commissioning American art (mostly), often with a moralistic message, to display in his townhouse. A classical, life-size marble that stood at the base of his grand staircase, William Henry Rinehart's "The Woman of Samaria" (1862), dominates the introductory gallery of his early purchases. With a draped blouse baring her shoulder, she is the fallen woman who, during their conversation at a well, recognizes Jesus as the Messiah. Walters championed Rinehart and bought many pieces from him.
On a nearby wall, "The Scarlet Letter" (1861) by Hugues Merle illustrates why this French artist was a rival to famed realist painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau, who is renowned for his rendering of, well, female flesh. Here, Hester Prynne, protectively clutching her illegitimate daughter in a Madonna-and-Child pose, is a symbol of the redemption that can follow sin. Nice, but not quite Bouguereau.
Morality and religious themes pop up occasionally throughout the exhibition—notably in the next gallery, where Delacroix's "Christ on the Sea of Galilee" (1854) and "Christ on the Cross" (1846) hang—but father and son also collected landscapes, among other things. They started with canvases like "The Catskills" (1859), commissioned from Asher B. Durand and a fine, representative work by this charter member of the Hudson River School.
But after the Civil War broke out in 1861, enveloping Baltimore in turmoil, the Walters family fled to Paris, precipitating a change in taste. Upon their return, William sold many American paintings—including "Twilight in the Wilderness" by Frederic Edwin Church, which is now owned by the Cleveland Museum of Art—and started to focus on French paintings (by Ingres, Gerome, Millet, Breton, Daubigny, etc.) plus works by a few other European artists.
"Hoarfrost"
Initially, Henry Walters tended to buy what his father bought, less successfully. He purchased three more works by Delacroix, for example, and "Marphise" (1852)—a fable depicting virtue triumphing over beauty and not normally on view—is a bit of a muddle. It looks as if the artist could not get the central image right, whereas "Sea of Galilee"—bought by William—is powerful and crisp. Henry's other Delacroix works remain in storage.
Henry got better, though, especially once he envisioned the collection as a museum for the public. In a long gallery filled with landscapes, the acquisitions are fairly evenly matched. Both men seemed to admire storm scenes, mountains, clouded skies. An interesting tale surrounds Théodore Rousseau's "Hoarfrost" (1845), a cold, dark sunset picture, with one small figure traversing a field dotted with white, the only light provided by a break in the clouds. William first bid on it in 1880, unsuccessfully. Two years later, ready to spend more, he paid more for this painting than he had ever done before. Then he gave it another name, "Winter Solitude."
Around 1900, Henry veered away from Barbizon school works and bought some by Impressionists—Monet, Sisley, Pissarro and Boudin. He bought a J.M.W. Turner—"Raby Castle, the Seat of the Earl of Darlington" (1817)—a rather traditional house painting, with fox hunt, distinguished by its dramatic sky. In 1909 and 1910, he also purchased an atypical—for him—brushy cafe scene by Manet and a racehorse scene by Degas. Comparatively small works, they were never hung by him, but they are on view here.
Henry also came into his own buying decorative arts and jewelry at World's Fairs, particularly those in Paris in 1900 and St. Louis in 1904. A small gallery here is filled with these purchases. Among the most stunning are an ivory-and-gold orchid comb, the central vein of each leaf lined with diamonds, and a gold, glass and enamel pansy brooch—both by Rene Lalique.
Pansy brooch
Also of note is the re-creation of a gallery, hung salon-style from ceiling to floor, that William Walters had opened to about 200 invited artists, dignitaries and friends as early as 1884—an event heralded even in New York. Later, the collection was opened on certain days to the public, with proceeds going to the poor.
So what's wrong with this show, other than the fact that the Raphael of the title, "Madonna of the Candelabra" (c. 1513)—the first Raphael to enter a U.S. collection—is downstairs in the permanent-collection galleries?
Some 70% of the museum's collection was purchased by William or Henry, and selecting what to single out for this installation must have been difficult. Parts of their story had to be left out: There's no mention of their antiquities or Renaissance purchases, for example.
Yet here and there the curators have added works that were not owned by the founders—and sometimes for the wrong, politically correct reason. This flaw starts in the very first gallery, with "River Scene" (1868) by Robert Seldon Duncanson, which was bought by the museum in 2012, and a bust of Dr. Dio Lewis (1868) by Edmonia Lewis, purchased in 2002. Both are fine works by African-American artists, but neither has anything to do with the founders' story.
To my mind, this kind of attempt to be "inclusive" is not only condescending, but also a distortion of history. Rather than being intermixed, those works could easily have been shown in the final gallery, titled "Continuing the Story," which displays gifts and purchases made by the museum after Henry died in 1931.


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General Microbial Ecology
Spatial and Temporal Deposition of Adhesive Extracellular Polysaccharide Capsule and Fimbriae byHyphomonas Strain MHS-3
Ernesto J. Quintero, Kathryn Busch, Ronald M. Weiner
Ernesto J. Quintero
Department of Microbiology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
Kathryn Busch
Ronald M. Weiner
Hyphomonas strain MHS-3, a member of a genus of primary colonizers of surfaces immersed in marine water, synthesizes two structures that mediate adhesion to solid substrata, namely, capsular exopolysaccharide and fimbriae. Specific stains, gold-labelled lectins, and monoclonal antibodies, along with transmission electron microscopy of synchronized populations, revealed that both structures are polarly and temporally expressed. The timed synthesis and placement of the fimbriae and capsule correlated with the timing and locus of MHS-3 adhesion.
Members of the marine bacterial genus Hyphomonas have a biphasic life cycle; swarm cells are planktonic entities, and prosthecate cells are sessile, benthic forms (14). These organisms are primary colonizers of surfaces in the marine environment (1, 3, 19, 38, 39, 42, 54) and are important because they adhere and form microcolonies (8, 33) which modify and enrich the surfaces. Thus, they can render a surface more suitable for subsequent attachment of heterotrophic bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and protozoans (13, 17). Such an adherent community can have profound effects on the subsequent colonization of the surface by invertebrates and on its ultimate performance (5,12, 56, 57).
In order to adhere, bacteria produce extracellular adhesive structures that bridge repulsive electrostatic forces on submerged substrata. Functionally, these structures reduce the effective radius of interaction between the surface and the cell, thereby lowering the energy barrier (32, 40). Several types of proteinaceous structures may mediate transitory (primary) attachment of bacteria to surfaces. Among these are polar flagella (40, 61) and fimbriae (27, 40). Permanent cementation to surfaces requires the synthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPS) (9, 16,32). EPS form the hydrated matrix in which multiple layers of cells and other materials become embedded, forming a biofilm (7). It has also been suggested that bacterial EPS are involved in primary adhesion (12), and more than 80% of the marine bacteria associated with deep-sea aggregates have EPS capsules (10).
The positions of polar structures in bacteria often correlate with physiological function (31). A number of different species of bacteria produce polar adhesive structures (holdfasts), leading to cell asymmetry and cell attachment in a distinct orientation. InThiothrix spp., Seliberia stellata, and members of the prosthecate genera Caulobacter andAsticcacaulis, cells attach to inanimate surfaces and to one another (forming rosette-like aggregates) by polar production of fimbriae and EPS holdfasts (22, 30, 42, 51, 59). Several members of the prosthecate genus Hyphomonas and the related genus Hyphomicrobium also attach polarly to surfaces and form rosettes (36, 55). It has been theorized, but not demonstrated, that a Hyphomicrobium cell adheres via a polar holdfast opposite the prosthecum (35).
Hyphomonas strain MHS-3 synthesizes copious amounts of an integral, capsule-like EPS, which is associated with flocculation in broth cultures and the formation of thick biofilms on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. The MHS-3 EPS capsule has been observed only during the sessile stage (43), and its adhesive properties have been demonstrated (43, 47). The purified polymer has been partially characterized; one of its major components is galactosamine which appears to be acetylated (44). In this paper, we show that adhesive fimbriae and capsular EPS are expressed both polarly and temporally by MHS-3 and that the presence and location of these structures correlate with the previously reported timing and locus of cell adhesion (43).
Bacterial strains, media, and chemicals.Wild-typeHyphomonas strain MHS-3 was isolated from shallow-water sediments in Puget Sound in Washington by J. Smit and was kindly given to R.M.W. Reduced-adhesion (rad) phase variants were isolated on the basis of their different colony morphology on agar plates and were named for their low adhesion to surfaces and low biofilm production. These strains were cultured in marine broth 2216 (MB) (54) (37.4 g/liter; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) at 25°C. Marine agar contained MB and 2% (wt/vol) agar.
Electron microscopy stains and supplies were purchased from Electron Microscopy Sciences (Fort Washington, Pa.) or Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.). Other chemicals and supplies were obtained from VWR Scientific (Bridgeport, N.J.). Copper grids (200 or 400 mesh) were used for electron microscopy; all grids were coated with collodion and then coated with carbon by using a type MED 10 deposition system (Balzers Union, Fürstentum, Liechtenstein).
Negative staining.Single drops of MHS-3 were placed on collodion-coated copper grids, cells were allowed to attach for 1 min, and the grids were blotted with filter paper. To negatively stain the cells, 5 drops of 1% uranyl acetate were placed on the grid (for <1 min) and then blotted. The stained cells were observed with a model JEM-100CX II transmission electron microscope (TEM) (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
Preparation of whole-cell antigen.Cultures (100 ml) of MHS-3 in the early stationary phase were pelleted by centrifugation (10,000 × g), resuspended in 100 ml of a sterile 3% NaCl solution containing 0.337% formaldehyde, incubated at 25°C for 30 min, washed once with 100 ml of 3% NaCl and twice with sterile 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and resuspended in 0.1 M PBS at a concentration of approximately 1.25 mg (dry weight)/ml.
Immunization of mice.Six-week-old BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.2 ml of a 1:1 mixture of whole formalized cells (125 μg of dry wild-type cells) and complete Freund's adjuvant. The mice were boosted i.p. with whole cells mixed as described above in incomplete Freund's adjuvant five times at 2-week intervals. The serum antibody titer was monitored 3 days after each boost by performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (see below). If the antibody titer was sufficient (>10,000) after the sixth boost, the mice were sacrificed 3 days later.
Production of MAbs.The weak immunogen method of Lane et al. (28) was used for spleenocyte fusions to Sp2/O myeloma cells. Hybridomas were grown, screened, cloned, and stored in liquid nitrogen as described elsewhere (18). The monoclonal antibody (MAb) isotype was determined by using a Screentype isotyping kit (Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.). Ascites fluid was produced by using 6-week-old BALB/c mice injected i.p. with 0.3 ml of pristane (18). Antibodies were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation (18). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) MAbs were purified by affinity chromatography with a MAC protein A capsule (Amicon, Beverly, Mass.) and were concentrated by using Centriprep concentrator centrifuge tubes (Amicon).
ELISA.Serum titers and hybridomas were initially screened by an ELISA (15, 52), with each well of 96-well Falcon flexible microtiter plates coated overnight at 4°C with 100 μl of formalized MHS-3 cells (prepared as described above) in coating buffer (10.6 g of Na2CO3 per liter; pH 9.6). For serum testing, the titer was defined as the largest dilution showing a strong positive reaction, and only these antibodies were examined further.
Screening for anti-MHS-3 LPS MAbs.Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) samples were prepared with protease-treated whole-cell lysates and were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by a modification of the method of Hitchcock and Brown (20). Lanes were loaded with the equivalent of 100 μg (dry weight) of whole cells. In the control gels, LPS was stained by the silver staining method of Tsai and Frasch (48), as modified by Hitchcock and Brown (20), in order to identify the MHS-3 LPS band pattern. Other gels were blotted onto nitrocellulose membrane filters (model 2117-250 Novablot electrophoretic transfer kit; Pharmacia LKB) by using continuous transfer buffer (39 mM glycine, 48 mM Tris, 0.375% [wt/vol] sodium dodecyl sulfate, 20% [vol/vol] methanol) and 140 mA.
To screen for anti-LPS MAbs, LPS-loaded nitrocellulose strips were blocked for 1 h with 5% skim milk (Difco) in PBS buffer and then individually incubated for 2 to 12 h with 50 ml of 5% skim milk (in PBS) containing 2 to 5 ml of supernatant from positive hybridoma cell lines. The blots were washed three times with PBS and incubated for 2 h with horseradish peroxidase-labelled goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (GIBCO BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.) diluted 1:2,000 in milk-PBS. The strips were washed three times with PBS and incubated for 10 to 20 min in 50 ml of peroxidase substrate buffer (1 ml of 2 M Tris [pH 8.0], 20 mg of 4-chloro-1-naphthol, 10 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide, and 49 ml of distilled H2O). Strips that developed band patterns identical to the pattern obtained with the LPS silver stain were considered positive, and the hybridoma cell lines were cloned and examined further. The hybridoma ultimately selected for this study produced an IgG2A kappa light chain.
Immunoelectron microscopy.Cells were placed on collodion-coated copper grids (see above) and blocked for 10 min with 5% skim milk in PBS, and then the grids were inverted on 1 drop of a 1:750 anti-MHS-3 LPS MAb–skim milk solution for 10 min. The grids were rinsed by inverting them on 2 successive drops of skim milk, placed on 1 drop of 1:10 gold-conjugated protein A in skim milk (15-nm colloidal gold particles), and incubated for 10 to 30 min to allow the protein A to bind the IgG bound to the MHS-3 cell surface. Finally, the grids were rinsed by inverting them on 4 to 6 successive drops of distilled H2O (10 to 20 s each) and then observed with a model JEM-100CX II TEM (JEOL Ltd.).
Thin sectioning.Cells were fixed by adding glutaraldehyde to mid-log-phase cultures of wild-type MHS-3 and rad phase variants (final concentration of fixative, 1%), incubated for 2 h at 25°C, and washed twice with 1× PBS. Cell pellets were resuspended in 1 ml of 1× PBS and mixed with an equal volume of molten agar (4%, 45°C), which was placed on Parafilm and allowed to harden. The agar was cut into 1- to 3-mm3 blocks, which were dehydrated by using a graded series of ethanol dilutions (30, 50, and 70% [twice], 30 min at each dilution), placed in microcentrifuge tubes containing LR White resin (LRW) and 70% ethanol (2:1) for 30 min, incubated with LRW for 1 h, transferred to tubes containing fresh LRW, incubated overnight at 25°C, transferred to tubes containing fresh LRW again, and incubated for 1 h. Finally, the blocks were placed in gelatin capsules with fresh LRW and incubated in a vacuum oven at 50°C for 72 h to allow the resin to polymerize.
Each gelatin capsule was removed from the polymerized resin, trimmed with a blade to expose the agar block region containing the embedded cells, and cut to make a 1-mm2 face. Thin sections (50 to 70 nm thick) were obtained with a model FC4E Ultracut E microtome (Reichert-Jung, Vienna, Austria) equipped with a diamond knife (Du Pont Co., Wilmington, Del.). For immunostaining, the sections were blocked with 5% skim milk and treated with anti-MHS-3 LPS MAb and protein A-gold as described above for whole cells.
Labelling of capsule with polycationic ferritin.The procedure used to label capsule with polycationic ferritin was a modification of the protocol described by Jacques and Foiry (25). Briefly, mid-log-phase cultures of MHS-3 were fixed with glutaraldehyde as described above. The fixed bacteria were resuspended in cacodylate buffer (0.1 M sodium cacodylate, pH 7.0) and treated with polycationic ferritin (final concentration, 1.0 mg/ml) for 30 min at 25°C. The reaction was slowed by diluting the preparation 10-fold with buffer, and the cells were centrifuged and washed three times with cacodylate buffer. The bacteria were mixed with molten agar, embedded in LRW, and thin sectioned as described above.
Lectin-gold labelling of capsular EPS.The procedure used for lectin-gold labelling of capsular EPS was carried out as reported previously (43). Gold-labelled Bauhinia purpurealectin (BPA-Au) (10-nm gold particles; EY Laboratories, Inc., San Mateo, Calif.) was used to visualize MHS-3 capsular EPS. Briefly, 1 drop of a mid-log-phase culture was placed on a collodion-coated copper grid, incubated at room temperature for 1 min, blocked with a solution containing 5% bovine serum albumin in 0.1 M PBS for 5 to 10 min, incubated with a 1:10 dilution of BPA-Au in 5% bovine serum albumin for 10 to 15 min, and then rinsed five times with distilled water. The grids were observed with the TEM.
Synchronization of Hyphomonas strain MHS-3 cultures.An effective protocol to isolate MHS-3 swarm cells is a modification of the differential size separation procedure used by Wali et al. (53) to synchronize cultures of Hyphomonas neptunium. Briefly, an early- to mid-log-phase broth culture of MHS-3 was chilled on ice and centrifuged at 2,500 × gfor 3 to 5 min to pellet large flocs and cell aggregates. The pellet was discarded, and the chilled supernatant was passed through sterile 1.2-μm-pore-size membrane filters (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.). Prosthecate cells were retained by the filters, and the filtrates, containing the swarm cells, were pooled and pelleted by centrifugation (16,000 × g, 30 min, 4°C). The pellet was resuspended in 10 ml of MB to start a synchronous culture at 25°C. These manipulations yielded a highly synchronous population; however, they also caused a lag period of approximately 90 min (14,53).
Once the synchronous culture was initiated, 400-μl aliquots were removed at 15-min intervals, placed in microcentrifuge tubes with either glutaraldehyde (final concentration, 1%) or sodium azide (final concentration, 0.02%), and stored at 4°C. Glutaraldehyde was not used as a fixative for cells labelled with lectin-gold because it interfered with the binding of the conjugate to the MHS-3 capsule. Cells at different stages of development were negatively stained with uranyl acetate and labelled with lectin-gold as described above.
The location of the EPS capsule on Hyphomonas strain MHS-3 was determined by immunoprobing with EPS-specific stains and the TEM. An EPS-deficient mutant of MHS-3 (a rad strain [43]) was used as the negative control. The body, prosthecum, and bud were easily recognized in each prosthecate reproductive cell. In wild-type cells, MAb bound to swarm cells and to the prosthecum, but not the body, of a prosthecate reproductive cell (Fig. 1A). In a control rad strain cell, the MAb bound everywhere, including the body (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, when wild-type cells were sheared in a blender in the presence of EDTA to remove most of the capsular EPS, anti-LPS MAb also bound to the bodies of prosthecate reproductive cells (data not shown). We interpreted these results to mean that the EPS capsule blocked access of MAb to the outer membrane of the body of a wild-type cell. Thus, anti-LPS MAb served as a negative stain for the capsule, which was found to surround only the main body of each wild-type prosthecate cell.
Immunoelectron microscopy of Hyphomonasstrain MHS-3 wild-type (A) and rad (B) whole cells. Anti-LPS MAb bound only the prosthecum and swarm cell in the wild-type strain (A); it labelled all the structures in the rad strain (B). Bars = 1 μm.
The same results were obtained when MHS-3 cells were treated with polycationic ferritin prior to fixing, embedding, and sectioning (Fig.2). The polycationic ferritin penetrated the EPS capsule just enough to reveal its outer edge. When these cells were thin sectioned and then treated with anti-LPS MAb, the outer membrane was delineated, revealing that it was covered by the capsule (Fig. 3A), which was calculated to be 200 to 300 nm in diameter (by using the average diameter of the 15-nm gold particles as a reference). When the same experiment was repeated with the rad strain, the anti-LPS MAb and the polycationized ferritin each bound in the same location, the site of the outer membrane (Fig. 3B).
Thin section of polycationic ferritin-treatedHyphomonas wild-type strain MHS-3. Note the presence of a spatially defined capsule on the body of the prosthecate reproductive cell (arrowhead). Bar = 0.5 μm.
Immunoelectron microscopy of thin sections ofHyphomonas wild-type strain MHS-3 (A) and the rad strain (B) treated with polycationic ferritin by using anti-LPS MAb. Whole cells were stained with polycationic ferritin, fixed, embedded, and thin sectioned; the thin sections were exposed to the MAb. In wild-type strain MHS-3 the outer edge of the EPS capsule is delineated by polycationic ferritin binding (large arrowhead), while the outer membrane is clearly delineated by the binding of the MAb-protein A-gold complexes (small arrowhead). In the MHS-3 rad strain polycationic ferritin bound to the outer membrane of the cell (large arrowhead), as did anti-LPS MAb (small arrowhead), indicating that no capsule was present. Bars = 0.5 μm.
The temporality of capsule elaboration during the relatively complex life cycle of Hyphomonas strain MHS-3 was ascertained by using synchronous cultures. The postulated MHS-3 biphasic developmental cycle is diagrammed in Fig. 4. Generation I swarm (S I) cells required 30 min for maturation and initiation of prosthecal outgrowth and capsule deposition (swarm maturation period), which occurred concurrently (Fig. 4 and5). The EPS appeared to be uniformly exported over the entire surface of the developing prosthecate reproductive cell. In Fig. 5A, which shows two adjacent young prosthecate reproductive cells, the onset of the timing of these processes is underscored. One cell was completely labelled with the MHS-3 capsular EPS-specific lectin, BPA-Au, while the other cell was not labelled (onset of capsule deposition). This difference was also revealed by using anti-LPS MAbs. Only the nascent prosthecae of cells at the same time point bound anti-LPS MAbs (Fig. 5B), leading to the conclusion that the onset of capsule deposition coincides with the initiation of prosthecal synthesis. S I prosthecate cells formed buds at 120 ± 15 min. After 150 min, S I cells were fully developed reproductive cells that budded at the distal ends of their prosthecae (bud maturation period, 30 min). The generation II swarm (S II) cells were released by the prosthecate reproductive cells at 165 ± 15 min during the synchronous cycle.
Timing of morphogenesis during synchronous growth ofHyphomonas strain MHS-3. S I cells, S II cells, and the first prosthecal generation (P I) are shown. The experimentally induced lag period was factored out.
Initiation of capsular EPS synthesis byHyphomonas wild-type strain MHS-3 in synchronous culture. The cell stages, labelled with BPA-Au (A) and anti-LPS MAb (B), correspond to 15 ± 15 min for S I cells and 195 ± 15 min for S II cells. EPS is deposited all over the body of the young prosthecate reproductive cells, as indicated by the binding pattern of BPA-Au (A) and the localized binding of the MAb (B), where only the nascent prosthecae are labelled. The timing of capsule deposition is readily apparent in panel A, in which one cell is heavily labelled with BPA-Au while the other cell, which is just beginning to excrete EPS, is lightly labelled. Bars = 1 μm.
During the second swarm cell generation (S II) (Fig. 4) swarm cells matured and initiated prosthecal outgrowth and capsule deposition within 30 min after they were released, as they had during the first generation. New buds formed approximately 90 min into the S II phase. One unexpected generation II event, not observed during the first generation, occurred at 195 ± 15 min. Polar fimbriae were synthesized on the main body of each nascent reproductive cell (Fig.6A). The fimbriae and capsule were produced simultaneously by the young prosthecate reproductive cells. Fimbriae were still evident at 225 ± 15 min (Fig. 6B), after which they were no longer observed on cells in subsequent S II stages. Thus, fimbrial elaboration in MHS-3 was confined to the swarm cell-to-prosthecate cell transition; fimbriae were present only during approximately 30 min of the developmental cycle (<20% of the time). In parallel experiments, synchronously cultured MHS-3 rad cells did not produce any capsular EPS at any stage of the life cycle. However, they did produce fimbriae during the same stages of the life cycle in which fimbriae were produced by the wild-type strain.
Uranyl acetate-stained Hyphomonas wild-type strain MHS-3 from a synchronous culture, showing polar fimbrial production by young prosthecate reproductive cells. The cell stages shown correspond to 195 ± 15 min (A) and 225 ± 15 min (B) for S II cells. These are the only stages in which fimbriae are found on MHS-3. Bars = 0.5 μm.
The prosthecal generation was also monitored (Fig. 4). Approximately 90 ± 15 min (180 to 270 min) was required for a prosthecate cell from the first generation to produce a second swarm cell (period of swarm maturation and separation).
This is the first report of temporal and spatial deposition of capsular EPS in the genus Hyphomonas. In strain MHS-3, it was found by using negative immunoelectron microscopy probing with anti-LPS MAb and EPS-specific stains that a capsule is synthesized only by prosthecate reproductive cells and only on the main body of a reproductive cell. These observations were verified in a synchronous culture, in which the temporality and polarity of fimbrial synthesis were also observed. These findings are summarized in Fig.7.
Representation of the Hyphomonas strain MHS-3 developmental cycle, showing the temporality and polarity of capsule and fimbria expression.
It was confirmed by indirect immunostaining and direct ferritin staining that rad variants, which spontaneously arise at a low frequency (43), do not synthesize observable capsules, as hypothesized previously (43) on the basis of results obtained with direct lectin (BPA-Au) probes. The rad offspring may be less likely to be trapped in biofilms than the wild-type offspring, which would be advantageous in species dispersal.
Most EPS capsules are highly hydrated and require special treatment to stabilize their structure during fixation. During the graded specimen dehydration step required for embedding, most capsules usually collapse, and subsequent exposure to water fails to rehydrate the precipitated EPS (2). Several techniques involving antibody cross-linking, Lowcryl resin imbedding, or cationic ferritin binding have been developed to preserve the structure of capsules (2). In the case of MHS-3, although polycationic ferritin was used to label the outline of the capsule, it did not penetrate and bind the entire cross section of the capsule enough to stabilize it (Fig. 2). Furthermore, thin sections of wild-type cells that were not treated with polycationic ferritin revealed the faint outline of a well-preserved capsule after staining with uranyl acetate (data not shown). This suggests that standard glutaraldehyde fixation is sufficient to preserve the MHS-3 capsular structure. Moreover, the EPS capsules of marine bacteria are naturally stabilized by absorbing metals and are readily observed by TEM after glutaraldehyde fixation and embedding, with or without the use of heavy-metal stains (10).
Since the MHS-3 capsule blocks penetration of anti-LPS MAb (Fig. 1A) and polycationic ferritin (Fig. 2), it is probably an effective molecular sieve. The anti-LPS MAb used was a mouse IgG which has an approximate molecular weight of 150,000. The molecular weight of horse spleen ferritin (used to manufacture polycationic ferritin) is approximately 445,000. There is a long-held belief that EPS capsules of pathogenic bacteria interfere with host defense mechanisms, antibodies, and complement via masking mechanisms, rendering binding sites physically inaccessible (11). EPS capsules have been listed as virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria precisely because they prevent antibodies from binding to membrane epitopes (37). Such capsules are found on clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and were identified by using EPS-specific MAbs to immunostain thin sections after standard fixation, dehydration, and embedding procedures (21), without any special capsule stabilization procedure. While MHS-3 is not a mammalian pathogen, its capsule also thwarts antibody binding to target sublayers (e.g., LPS).
Few other prokaryotes produce polar adhesive EPS. Previously published reports indicate that Caulobacter spp. (42),Asticcacaulis biprosthecum (51),Thiothrix spp. (30, 59), S. stellata(22), and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce these molecules (31, 49, 50). The presence of an EPS holdfast has been inferred but not demonstrated in Hyphomicrobium spp. (36). The MHS-3 capsule is not just unusual; it is unique among the examples cited above because it is an extensive, integral EPS capsule, while the other structures are not.
S I cells required 165 ± 15 min to develop into mature prosthecate reproductive cells and release progeny. The only difference in the timing of S I and S II cells was in the prosthecal elongation period; S I cells required 90 min, which was 30 min longer than S II cells required. Swarm cell maturation and release required a little more than 30 min in each of the stable synchronous generations (Fig.4). In Hyphomonas strain MHS-3, the hyphal growth period required a greater percentage of the cell cycle time than the percentage reported for Hyphomicrobium neptunium under similar growth conditions (53). For the first time, it was found by observing cells in synchronous cultures that the production of the capsule in the genus Hyphomonas is a temporally regulated event which is linked to major physiological and morphological changes during the transition from swarm cells to prosthecate cells. Thus, MHS-3 appears to be a member of a group of prosthecate bacteria in which the production of EPS is temporally governed by an obligate life cycle and occurs at specific stages of development. In contrast, in most other genera, the biosynthesis of EPS is regulated by nutritional (26, 62) and environmental (4) cues.
This is also the first report of fimbrial production inHyphomonas, one of several genera that produce polar fimbriae. These fimbriae are expressed at a very specific stage during the transition from swarm cells to prosthecate cells (Fig. 6A). A close examination revealed that the fimbriae vary in diameter along their length, from about 5.0 to 8.0 nm, suggesting that they are flexible (58). Polar fimbriae of Pseudomonas aeruginosahave been implicated in adhesion to mammalian tissues during pathogenesis (60, 63) and to solid surfaces, such as stainless steel and polystyrene (23). Interestingly,Thiothrix spp., Caulobacter spp., and A. biprosthecum also produce polar tufts of fimbriae at the same locus as the holdfast (30, 42, 51, 59).
The primary role of fimbriae is to mediate bacterial adhesion to inanimate surfaces or to other cells. They help negatively charged bacteria bind to negatively charged substrata, bridging the electrostatic repulsive forces in accordance with the DLVO theory (bodies with very small radii experience less repulsion) (40). It has been proposed that fimbriae mediate primary (transitory) adhesion and that EPS promotes irreversible attachment to surfaces (16, 32). The experimental results obtained with MHS-3 are consistent with this hypothesis, except that it is possible that MHS-3 EPS mediates primary adhesion as well as permanent cementation, since both wild-type and rad strains produce fimbriae, but the wild-type (EPS-positive) cells adhere better (43). Similar results have been reported for A. biprosthecum, in which holdfast mutants failed to attach to surfaces (51).Thiothrix spp. attach to ciliated protozoa (34) and to one another (30) by means of EPS holdfasts. InThiothrix nivea, the initial attachment step involves the fimbriated pole and is followed by the production of a holdfast (30). Another line of evidence which supports the importance of the capsule in primary adhesion is the transitory appearance of MHS-3 fimbriae. MHS-3 adheres at times when the fimbriae are not expressed.
In Caulobacter crescentus, fimbriae are functionally expressed during the swarm cell stage and disappear when a swarm cell differentiates into a prosthecate cell (29). Although the pilin monomer is present inside the cell throughout the entireCaulobacter life cycle (29), the fimbriae are assembled after separation of the swarm cell from the prosthecate cell (46). In MHS-3, as in C. crescentus, fimbriae are not shed into the culture medium, suggesting that they are probably also retracted into the cells (29, 46). Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and C. crescentus have been shown to have retractable fimbriae by using fimbria-specific bacteriophages to inhibit retraction (6, 25,46). In the case of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, fimbria retraction pulls fimbria-associated bacteriophage f 6 through the EPS of the host and brings it into contact with the outer membrane, where membrane fusion can take place (45). Fimbria retraction may be a mechanism to bring cells closer to the surface once attachment has occurred (27). In contrast,A. biprosthecum and other bacteria shed their fimbriae (41).
The temporal and spatial regulation of the adhesive structures of MHS-3 can be correlated with putative function (43). MHS-3 appears to synthesize capsular EPS and fimbriae simultaneously. The value of these events as an attachment strategy could be that two chemically distinct adhesive molecules are presented, which should allow interactions with a wide array of surfaces. MHS-3 fimbriae are 1,000 to 2,000 nm long, and the EPS capsule is 200 to 300 nm thick. Alternatively, fimbriae could mediate long-range, primary binding to surfaces, since they extend beyond the EPS capsule and can tether the cell to the surface and then retract and bring the EPS adhesive capsule in contact with the surface, as represented in Fig.8.
Representation of fimbrial retraction during the process of adhesion of Hyphomonas strain MHS-3 to surfaces. Fimbriae putatively mediate long-range, primary binding to surfaces, retract, and bring the EPS adhesin involved in permanent attachment in contact with the surface.
Species that synthesize polar adhesive structures in lieu of surrounding capsules could conserve energy. Furthermore, adhesive structures (fimbriae, EPS) could foster polar attachment to surfaces, another potential survival advantage. This is exemplified by starved marine Vibrio strain DW1, which attaches perpendicularly to surfaces by an as-yet-unknown mechanism. During cell division, the original cells (analogous to the MHS-3 prosthecate reproductive cells) remain attached, while the progeny cells detach and become planktonic (32). This strategy is even more favorable for members of the genus Hyphomonas, since each swarm cell is released at the distal tip of the prosthecum, further elevating the cell. Therefore, prosthecate cells could release motile swarm cells closer to the water interface of the biofilm and into the water column to colonize new substrata.
We thank G. Geesey for helpful discussions and M. Kessel for help and insights concerning fine structure.
This work was supported in part by grants from the Office of Naval Research and the Maryland Industrial Partnerships.
Received 25 August 1997.
Accepted 7 January 1998.
Copyright © 1998 American Society for Microbiology
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Applied and Environmental Microbiology Apr 1998, 64 (4) 1246-1255; DOI:
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Star Trek Conventions
DST Celebrates DS9
By Vic, October 21, 2018 in Star Trek Conventions
Destination Star Trek Birmingham showed Deep Space Nine some serious love on Saturday, Day Two of the epic event in England, with a wide array of panels with stars and creatives, once-in-a-lifetime photo ops and the world premiere of the documentary, What We Left Behind. So much was going on, in fact, that we're devoting a full, separate highlights piece to it…
Quark Again
Armin Shimerman, courtesy of his longtime DS9 makeup artist, Karen Westerfield, donned Quark's full makeup and costume for the first time since the show ended. A lucky contingent of fans participating in a private event, got to look on as Westerfield worked her magic, step by step, over three hours, and heard from both Shimerman and Westerfield as Quark spring back to life. (They returned hours later when Shimerman sat down and Westerfield removed his makeup.)
"I always say that Karen helped create Quark as much as I did," Shimerman notes. "It was her idea to put the maroon shading around my eyes. The makeup accented the eyes, so you could see the eyes better. The other Ferengi characters didn't have that, and it made a huge difference."
At the two-hour mark, and well after both Aron Eisenberg and Kitty Swink (Mrs. Shimerman) popped in briefly, Westerfield handed Shimerman a large mirror in which to check himself out. "Good job, Karen," he announced, playfully adding, "Christ, I look 20 years younger."
Ferengi Family Reunion
It was a full-on Ferengi Family Reunion, as the gang was back together and, for the first time in nearly 20 years, back in costume. May we present Armin Shimerman as Quark, Chase Masterson as Leeta, Max Grodenchik as Rom and Aron Eisenberg as Nog. The quartet shared memories of the time on the show, the horrors of the makeup, rehearsing at Shimerman's house, and more.
The actors also posed together for extraordinarily rare photo ops with fans.
And, yes, Shimerman/Quark revisited Quark's Bar.
Rene Auberjonois and Nana Visitor have lost none of the chemistry that they shared for so long as Odo and Kira on DS9, or so their joint panel proved. There was an endless supply of love, affection, respect and laughter in the room as the two longtime friends played off each other.
Both actors confirmed that the way they interacted with each other on set convinced the writers to pair up Odo and Kira, though Auberjonois had his doubts and still does, a bit. "He was liquid," Auberjonois explained. "He wasn't a sexual creature. He was more than that. He was… everything. So, I never knew how that quite was supposed to be working."
Visitor isn't sure a character like Kira would fly today: a terrorist? Especially on a Star Trek show. "My character didn't leave one stone unturned," Visitor observed. "She got away with a lot. A lot."
Drinking in Cirroc
Cirroc Lofton – are you ready? -- is 40 years old and stands six-foot-three. And so it was a man talking about his time as a boy on DS9. Lofton shared numerous memories about growing up on the set, chatted about his life today and, as always espoused his affection for Avery Brooks, who was as much his father figure off set as he was on it.
The Red-Carpet Treatment
As the day rolled into the evening at DST, fans were treated to the world premiere of the Deep Space Nine documentary, What We Left Behind. Prior to the screening, the film's subjects and makers mingled with fans – many of them backers of the crowd-sourced project --on the red carpet.
Once the red-carpet festivities concluded and the audience was gathered in the main room, everyone involved directly with the film took a joint bow. Well, nearly everyone. Andrew Robinson somehow hadn't made it onto the stage. When his colleagues noticed, they literally pulled him up off the floor to join them.
Ira Steven Behr then welcomed everyone. "It took us seven years to make 176 episodes of the show, and it took us five years to do an hour and 54 minutes of this doc," he said. "After the movie, if you can explain to me why, I would love to hear it." Behr then asked everyone who backed the film to stand up and requested a round of applause for them. And then it was show time.
Scroll down for more photos from the red carpet premiere:
Armin Shimerman, Kitty Swink and Rene Auberjonois
Vaughn Armstrong
Aron Eisenberg and his fiance
Chase Masterson
Cirroc Lofton
Jeffrey Combs and Casey Biggs
Ira Steven Behr and his wife
Make-up artists Karen Westerfield and John Paladin
Martha Hackett
Max Grodenchik and his wife
Nana Visitor with son, Django
Nicole de Boer and Walter Koenig
Robert O'Reilly
Producers of What We Left Behind
Steve Rankin with his wife
Andrew Robinson, Terry Farrell and Alexander Siddig
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If you can still do the same thing on a whiteboard/chalkboard, it's not really technology integration.
The ones who I'd honor with the title of teacher love their students and put the students' learning first.
Lessons that infuse critical thinking with student-led, student-centered learning DO take time and effort from the teacher in advance (in planning).
Critical thinking does not happen on a multiple-choice, fill-in-the blank worksheet.
The final product of a project is just that, a final product.
Just because you call it project-based learning doesn't make it project-based learning. It's all about the process!!!
Great teachers inspire their students to find out more on their own.
Spitting back information word-for-word is NOT learning; it's memorizing.
Googling a topic and printing the first article is NOT research.
The Google-print method above is NOT a good use of technology – we did the same thing with books, and it was called copying.
Just because you use a computer (or any other device) does not mean you integrated technology.
Not succeeding is almost better than succeeding because you can learn so much from failure.
Saying things louder when students don't understand you the first time does not help students learn.
Flipped teaching is nothing until you infuse a methodology that incorporates strong pedagogy that supports student engagement, motivation, and learning.
EdCamp is the best professional development. Ever.
CUE conferences, local and state ones, are pretty darned good too.
iPads are not really made for multiple users.
Shiny new technology does not improve bad pedagogy.
Great leaders challenge you, inspire you, and support you.
If you don't respect your students, they will never respect you.
Sarcasm with students is just another way of insulting them in a passive aggressive way. Don't do it.
Tell your students that you support them and that you believe in them. Often.
Don't ask me to teach computer keyboarding/typing instead of teaching kids how to create using technology.
Begin every class session with the thought: What will my students CREATE today?
End every class session with reflection about the positive and negative aspects, and then FIX IT for next time!
COLLABORATE with other teachers; let students COLLABORATE with each other.
Twitter is your friend. Twitter is your mentor. Twitter is your PLN. Twitter is your Pinterest. Twitter is support. Twitter is sharing.
Follow lots of people on Twitter.
Teacher-centric teaching only helps the teacher; that's why it's called teacher-centered.
Students need to know you're human. You're not a robot.
You need to know students are human. They're not robots.
If we continue to teach without infusing critical thinking and creativity, we'll continue to build a low-skilled, manual labor workforce.
Attending professional development in-services does not improve teaching; acting upon what you've learned improves teaching.
Not sharing good ideas is purely selfish.
Change is hard, but you certainly couldn't live in your mother's womb forever, now, could you?
If you truly are a life-long learner, you will be able to overcome challenge and change more easily than one who is close-minded to new ideas.
The Borg were right: Resistance is futile. It's so much easier to accept change when you aren't running away from it.
Kindergarten kids know more about using technology than some 8th graders. That's how much technology has changed and become infused with daily life.
If you make learning meaningful, not only will students remember it, they will want to learn more and more.
Giving letter grades is a waste of time.
A mixture of flipped classroom, project-based learning, problem-based learning, and collaboration baked in 100% strong pedagogy is the recipe to a successful year.
Letting your students teach can be a powerful experience for you and your students.
Complaining about that boring in-service/presentation? Ask yourself if you are viewed that way by your own students.
Giving students a wider audience motivates students to shine.
What is the best thing about teaching? If you answered summer break, you might be in the wrong field.
Interactive whiteboards are passe, expensive, and teacher-centric for most classrooms. Try using something that allows collaboration between students, like a 1:1 laptop or a set of interactive tablets.
Give a man a fish, he'll eat for one day. Teach a man to fish, he will get sick of eating fish everyday. Inspire, innovate, and collaborate, and the man will be able to do anything he puts his mind to.
I have learned that teachers are expected to parent, police, counsel, AND teach. They should be paid the salaries of 4 professionals!


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July 1, 2019 July 1, 2019 rayjsid
VERSE-atility – Young carers exploring the future through music and dance.
Shropshire inclusive Dance were invited by the Hive to be part of this exciting and rewarding music and movement project.
During the Easter holidays, the verse-atility team of dance and music leaders, including the SiD outreach team, once again welcomed a group of young carers to the Hive to learn, connect, create and explore together. This was the second intensive project following the launch of the programme in 2018.
A group of seven young people aged between 8 and 14 from across Shropshire came together for five days to use music and dance in response to the question 'What will our planet be like in 20 years time?'. The group came up with a range of responses that explored caring for each other and the environment, climate change, young voices and protest.
The group, guided by the professional team choreographed movement, made music and wrote a song that was all performed for an audience at the end of the week. Some of the young people also took their arts award, gaining a qualification for their participation.
The aims of verse-atility are to create a safe, creative space for young carers to build their confidence, express themselves, collaborate with like minded people and to develop their skills. All of the young people had a brilliant time, making new friends and working together.
We feel the footage in the film below speaks much louder then words. Sit back and enjoy.
VERSE-atility Documentary 2019 from Hiveshrewsbury on Vimeo.
Tagged Anna Belyavin, Inclusive youth dance, Rachel liggitt, Shropshire Inclusive dance, young carers, youth dance
One thought on "VERSE-atility – Young carers exploring the future through music and dance."
E R Kendrich says:
Fantastic work – made me smile and cry at the same time!
'A Bridge Between Us' to be shown at the Assim Vivemos film festival in Brazil.
Contact Dance Company premier performances of 'Human Range' and 'Being Seen'


"If I showed up late this often to any other job, I would have been fired a long time ago." Those words of a friend have stuck with me for years. Am I late for the doctor or dentist? Probably not, the consequences are often unpleasant.
The consequences of chronically starting your school day late are also unpleasant.
You become impatient trying to play catch up or from the guilt of skipping planned activities.
It is hard to get children motivated if they had too long of a down time before starting morning work.
Your children are watching and learning from everything you do, show them the importance of a good start.
I could go on, but you get the idea. In honor of my friend's husband who is in the army: Homeschooling, the toughest job you'll ever love.
I was attending a homeschool conference where the speaker was giving facts on how many Olympiads raised children that became Olympiads themselves. The point the speaker was making is that children are a lot like their parents. So whenever my husband says, "What is with our kids and math?" I remind him that we were late bloomers.
On one hand, our children will be like us and we shouldn't have unrealistic fantasies for expectations. However, they are also a unique individual and homeschooling gives them the opportunity to explore personal interest. God uses ordinary people for extraordinary circumstances, not just straight A students.
One of my fondest memories of high school was the opportunity to hear speakers who came and made presentations especially for teens. These speakers captivated my attention and introduced me to adult issues, motivating and inspiring me to reach beyond my youth. My friends and I, beleaguered and sometimes resistant teens, but curious nevertheless, truly looked forward to these assemblies. Some speakers especially, changed our lives forever.
That's why we created The Worldview Teen Track at the Homeschool Expo – to offer the same opportunities to homeschool students. Parents can conveniently enroll their teens in this optional two day seminar and then attend the Alabama Homeschool Expo, seeing exhibitors and participating in a wide variety of workshops. Although teens are always welcome anywhere at the Expo, this optional Worldview Teen Track is sure to enrich and inform every young person who attends. Our speakers have years of experience working with teens and know just how to engage them.
Don't miss this once a year opportunity to enroll a student! Parents are always welcome to attend Teen Track, too!


Schneier is one of three keynote speakers at Linux.conf.au 2008 and speaks with Dahna McConnachie about his presentation, books and thoughts.
Internationally renowned security guru, Bruce Schneier, will be encouraging technologists at linux.conf.au to take a lesson from Luke Skywalker, and "feel the force" a little more when it comes to security.
Schneier, who is CTO of BT Counterpane, is one of the three keynote speakers at the 2008 Linux.conf.au. He joins Python release manager, Anthony Baxter and founding member of HP's Linux division, Stormy Peters.
Dahna McConnachie speaks with Schneier about his talk, "Reconceptualising Security" and how technologists need to remember the importance of the human element. He also discusses cyber-war, what Linux has done for security, and the likelihood of another edition of Applied Cryptography.


We took two tiny kittens from you in September 2011, who were then called Coby and Cleo.
They are now fully grown and totally part of the Carter family. We renamed them after our favourite books, the Harry Potter series. So now the black one is Sirius (as in Sirius Black) and the black and white is Remus (after Remus Lupin).
They have developed very distinct characters. Remus is absolutely mad – he will eat anything he can get hold of, often gets stuck up trees and has grown a tail like a fox's brush! He looks rather scruffy, as he is now quite long-haired, so in that respect he is like his namesake.
Sirius is quieter but a very independent young cat. He likes to disappear for hours at a time, exploring the local area, and then stroll back for feeding time. Both have lovely natures and our two children love them dearly – as do we.
Thanks for finding our new family members.


text:
50 Fish, 50 States: The Bass of Emiquon
A yellow bass. Photo © Matthew L. Miller / TNC
I'm on a quest to catch a fish in each of the 50 U.S. states – and to use each adventure as a way to explore conservation, the latest fisheries research and our complicated connections to the natural world.
It's a still, humid night, but the water before me bubbles with disturbance. Everywhere I look small fish – gizzard shad – skitter along the surface. They're trying to escape hungry predators below. It's hard to focus on rigging up my fishing rod.
I'm at The Nature Conservancy's Emiquon Preserve along the Illinois River in central Illinois. Already I've seen waterfowl and wading birds galore, circling ospreys and blooming lotus flowers. I'll be spending the next few days learning about the research and conservation conducted by the Conservancy at this world-class floodplain wetland. But minutes after my evening arrival, I'm going fishing.
Doug Blodgett, director of river conservation for The Nature Conservancy in Illinois, is almost apologetic as we head out. "The word is fishing on the preserve has been really slow this summer, so no guarantees," he says.
After a long day of travel, I'm happy to have herons overhead. I tie on a Rapala, a balsa fishing lure that mimics an injured minnow, and begin fishing. I don't have to wait long. Five casts later, a whirlpool engulfs my lure and I'm tight to a chunky largemouth bass.
50 Fish, 50 States: A Conservation Journey By Matthew L. Miller
50 Fish, 50 States: Garkansas By Matthew L. Miller
It darts for the weedbed, but I reel and soon have the nice fish to the bank. I slip the hook and continue fishing. Two casts later, another nice bass is on my line.
"This is slow fishing?" I ask Doug with a laugh.
"At the peak, we had anglers catching 300 fish in a day," he replies.
Crazy. But you know what's even crazier? Twenty years ago, this paradise for bass and birds was a giant cornfield.
A former cornfield. Photo © Matthew L. Miller / TNC
The Once and Future Bass
The area I'm casting may have one of the longest bass fishing histories on the continent. Until the early 1900s, this area was known as Thompson Lake, a floodplain wetland connected to the Illinois River. People lived along Thompson Lake for at least 12,000 years.
Floodplain wetlands provide ideal habitat for a wide diversity of wildlife, and those creatures provided food for the cultures living there. The Mississippi culture built religious and burial mounds on the bluffs, and archaeologists have found evidence of a rich fishing culture.
The Dickson Mounds Museum, adjacent to Emiquon Preserve, features an exhibition of bone fish hooks, weights for nets and arrows all used to harvest fish. Excavations have found plentiful largemouth bass bones, as well as those of channel catfish, bowfin, longnose gar and a diversity of other species.
The Emiquon wetlands Photo © Matthew L. Miller / TNC
Thompson Lake remained a haven for fish through the centuries. In 1909, the Illinois River was the most productive commercial inland fishery in the United States. At that time, it was also a destination for hunters and anglers, who came for the abundant ducks and gamefish.
By 1930, half of the property was leveed, and soon the floodplain would be seemingly lost forever. The land was just deemed too valuable as farmland. "It went from an area of high diversity and high productivity to one of low diversity and high productivity," says Blodgett.
Over time, it became difficult to imagine it as a wetland alive with the sounds of wild creatures. Instead, it became a large corporate farm, with cornfields stretching to the levees, farm buildings and a beef feedlot.
A water control structure on the preserve. Photo © Matthew L. Miller / TNC
But this wasn't the last chapter for Lake Thompson, not by a long shot. In 2000, The Nature Conservancy purchased the 7,800 farm and began, as Blodgett puts it, "putting Humpty Dumpty back together again."
The Conservancy worked with a long list of research, conservation and community partners to consider every aspect of restoration. In 2007, a new chapter began at Emiquon as it was returned to a floodplain wetland.
One aspect of restoration was the reintroduction of native fish. Thirty-three native species were stocked, including more than 1.2 million largemouth bass fingerlings. Other fish included ancient species like bowfin and two species of gar, common gamefish like channel catfish and bluegill, and small, colorful species like darters. Twenty-two of the reintroduced species have been documented on the preserve during subsequent fish surveys. Additionally, 22 other species (all but five of them native) have also become established with no help from conservationists.
Largemouth bass were a native species and also of high interest to the local community and anglers. Within two years, it was clear the bass had grown phenomenally fast. Electrofishing by researchers turned up more than 100 bass per hour.
"Soon Emiquon had a reputation as one of the best bass fisheries in the state, if not the Midwest," says Blodgett.
The author holding a largemouth bass. Photo © Doug Blodgett / TNC
White Bass Frenzy
After fishing just a short time on Emiquon, this wasn't difficult for me to see. I had landed a couple more bass, as well as several other strikes. And then the water in front of me appeared to be boiling. Small fish frantically darted across the surface as larger fish exploded all around.
"White bass are hunting the shad," Blodgett says.
White bass are no relation to largemouth bass (which are actually a member of the sunfish family). The white bass hunt in schools, surrounding smaller shad and then feeding on them in a predatory frenzy.
I cast my lure into the center of the action and immediately felt a fish hammer it. I lifted up and had a fat white bass on the end of my line. After a quick photo, I released it and cast again. Another fish immediately was on. The school then moved on.
A white bass. Photo © Matthew L. Miller / TNC
As white bass fishing on Emiquon goes, this is a slow day. Many anglers visit to fill their freezers with fish. This is in no small part due to how water is managed at the preserve.
When restoration began at Emiquon, some believe that the Conservancy should let nature take its course and just let the Illinois River flow into the wetland. The problem was, since the days of Thompson Lake, the Illinois River had been irrevocably altered. It carried silt and pollutants, as well as astonishing populations of invasive silver and bighead carp.
The Conservancy made the decision to install a state-of-the-art water control structure that would allow managers to mimic the cycles of a "natural" wetland. Water levels could be controlled so that dry and wet cycles would allow native vegetation – and the wildlife that depends on it – to flourish.
When water levels are dropped at the preserve, the gizzard shad also move with it. These forage fish swim out into the Illinois River, where predators wait to gorge on the bounty. "In one 30-minute period, we counted 123,000 fish, most of them shad, moving from the preserve to the river," says Blodgett. "And the white bass in the river just hammer them."
And anglers also take advantage of the bounty, catching enough white bass to provide plentiful summer meals.
While largemouth and white bass might get most of the attention, anglers encounter many other bass. The yellow bass, similar to white bass, sometimes strike small lures. I caught my first one at Emiquon. Bowfin, an ancient fish with a savage strike, thrive in the grassy margins.
I was not fishing for my freezer, just to experience the preserve. And just seeing predators like white basss in action – and to briefly connect to them with my fishing lure – was more than enough for me.
Wildflowers on the Emiquon Preserve. Photo © Todd Winters
Emiquon Preserve was not, of course, established for bass fishing. "I consider the ecosystem to be the customer I'm serving," says Blodgett. "It's why I'm here. But from the very beginning, we knew that this preserve would be very important to people for a number of reasons. We planned for a variety of educational and recreational opportunities for people to enjoy and learn about this special place."
Providing fishing opportunities was part of the plan. Visitors must pick up a free permit at the nearby Dickson Mounds Museum. They can only use boats that use electric motors or are human powered, creating a quieter, less intrusive experience. About 1,200 to 1,600 anglers a year obtain a permit.
TNC's Emiquon Preserve
Fishing is just one use of the preserve. There is a 2-mile walking loop with interpretive signs, plus a canoe launch. There is public waterfowl hunting. The area is popular for birding, and the Conservancy hosts many educational tours and volunteer opportunities each year.
"People have been a part of this floodplain wetland for thousands of years," says Blodgett. "We knew that the conservation we did here had to benefit people. Recreation is one part of that."
Of course, recreation can bring its own challenges. An angler who catches 100 bass in an outing has raised expectations. If fishing is slow, preserve staff hear concerns that the fishery is in decline.
"Emiquon is a dynamic system," says Blodgett. "It changes from year to year. The vegetation and water levels change. That can also change where the fish are."
Emiquon is one of the largest floodplain restoration projects in the Midwest. Photo © Todd Winters
An Emiquon Evening
I continue tossing out my imitation of an injured minnow, and land another largemouth and another white bass. Despite being tired and hungry from a day on the road, I know I could stay here all night. This kind of bass fishing is one of the simplest outdoor pursuits, just you, the fishing rod and the fish. Perfect summer fun.
I know bass fishing is just a small part of Emiquon Preserve. Floodplain wetlands provide so many benefits, from storing flood waters to improving water quality, from sequestering carbon to providing habitat for a diversity of birds. It's a place to experiment, to see how a seemingly lost habitat can be put back together. And a place where conservationists can monitor the many benefits that wetlands provide.
But chasing bass brings me into the heart of this place. As I cast, an osprey dive bombs a great blue heron that got too close to its nest. Dragonflies dart overhead. Frogs begin to fill the evening with their chorus.
I cast my lure one more time into the clear water, as people have done here for thousands of years. Cast again into this wetland paradise, once lost, but now back again.
Tags: 50 Fish, 50 States, Fish, Protected Areas, Restoration, TNC Science
By JANE DOLENCE | Reply
TNC always excites me with new projects and great stories.
By ken sterling | Reply
Wow. Very impressed, must be very satisfying for those who have worked on this project.
By Kyle Embler | Reply
Awesome story. So glad areas like this have been restored and are thriving with wildlife. Keep up the good work as there are many other areas that can benefit from the Nature Conservancy.
By Larry Nolan | Reply
Matt, I enjoyed your telling of Emiquon's story. We visited Dixon Mounds museum a few years ago and took the opportunity to get a view of Emiquon that summer's day. I'd like to visit it again during autumn.
By Lee Englehart | Reply
What was accomplished here can be done elsewhere to improve habitat for a variety of species. There are a number of places just itching to be restored to their former selves. Great work TNC!
By Piyali Sen Dasgupta | Reply
We thank you for bringing up this experience to our attention today.These are times of reviewing and revivals of water forests which we always relied upon perhaps in more recent times we became a nonchalant humanity from conservations of these gems around us.We find hope in your work as does our earth.
By Paul Bagoon | Reply
Great article about another fantastic project completed by the Nature Conservancy. Please do a project like this in NJ or FL were I reside. If there is already an area like this in these two states please let me know.
By Everett McLaughlin | Reply
Kudos for the NC to have the foresight and ability to bring the area back. The high production of bass, etc. likely will level off at some point, but I'd like to be catching those bass , having been a bass angler since I caught my first one as a youngster and ran all the way back home yelling "I caught a bass!!!!" It was all of 4″ but it was a BASS! Nothing has changed. Only got one yesterday but got 5 the day before.
By bob steffen | Reply
I did not fish emiquon last year. I was told fishing was not good. Will fishing be any good in 2020.
By Matt Miller | Reply
It's hard to predict fishing conditions and fish. The experience in the blog occurred this year, and I thought the fishing was pretty great (although I only fished a short period of time).
Also In Fish
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The Living Benefits of East Coast Dam Removal
| October 2, 2019


Whats indicatif in simple English?
Mode Indicatif is indicative mood in English grammar and describes a collection of tenses describing facts that are happening, have happened or will happen in the present, past and future.
What this lesson illustrates is the present tense which we use most often of things you do, (or are doing) using some irregular verbs which conjugate in their particular way and being used in the present tense of the indicative (mood).
In time you will learn different present tenses of different moods and this is to distinguish them from each other.
The indicative is the realm of certainty and facts.
I have tried to simplify as much as possible.


text:
Wesmaelius conspurcatus is een insect uit de familie van de bruine gaasvliegen (Hemerobiidae), die tot de orde netvleugeligen (Neuroptera) behoort.

Wesmaelius conspurcatus is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door McLachlan in Fedchenko in 1875.

Bruine gaasvliegen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Wastewater plant upgrades pushing forward
Contruction begins on the administration building as part of the Gallipolis Wastewater Treatment Plant upgrades.
Here lies the site for a wastewater final processing tank that needed to be moved a few yards from its initially planned site and one of the lines meant to be abandoned.
GALLIPOLIS — Footers have been placed and foundation walls will soon be poured for the new administration building as part of the Gallipolis Wastewater Treatment Plant upgrades.
Delays occurred around mid-May due partially to an old abandoned chlorine tank from the 1980s that was not properly processed when it was abandoned. The new administration building was proposed to sit atop the structure.
According to Brian Lane, Gallipolis Wastewater Treatment Plant superintendent, when workers "rolled" over the site to compact dirt with a vehicle, water leaked up from the old tank site. During plant upgrades in the 1980s, the old tank was "drained, abandoned and supposed to have six one-foot holes cut in the side of its wall down at the bottom." Stone filled the holes and rest was filled with sand.
Workers have since pulled the remaining old material out of the tank site and filled it with gravel for better drainage. It was then filled and rolled to meet state standards for compaction.
"It took us longer to figure it out than the fix the problem," Lane said. "It took us maybe two days to fix it once we had it figured out."
Due to recent rains, plant constructors anticipate pouring the remaining foundation for the site as soon as weather conditions improve.
"Hopefully we'll pour (the foundation) this week," Lane stated.
Some amendments were needed to the plant's upgrade plans as workers encountered another problem while excavating dirt around the proposed location of one final process digestion tank. Apparently, an electric duct bank with the majority of the plant's wiring sits in the way. Planners have had to move the coming tank a few yards from its previous location, otherwise work shall continue. Some debate has been had over an old emergency transport water line and its location to the new tank. Lane states he has spoken with OEPA representatives and it is possible the line can be abandoned, strengthened with concrete mixtures poured around it and then building can resume atop the old line.
The Gallipolis City Commission budgeted $8.4 million to the project in March using a variety of low-interest loans and grants received with help from the Ohio Water Development Authority, City Auditor Annette Landers said earlier in the year.
Excavators broke ground on the project in mid-April. Kanauga and Addison villages, as well as Green Township, are being added to the new septic systems. Ohio Environment Protection Agency regulations require the new locations to be added to comply with currently held policies.
Dean Wright can be reached at (740) 446-2342, Ext. 2103.
Hi! A visitor to our site felt the following article might be of interest to you: Wastewater plant upgrades pushing forward. Here is a link to that story: http://www.mydailytribune.com/top-stories/505/505


text:
What Did Alia Bhatt Talk About Her Daughter in the Recent Interview? Let's See!!
Alia Bhatt talked about her decision to have a baby while she was at the top of her career in a recent interview. She worked on movies like "Darlings" and "Brahmastra" while she was pregnant, and she even shot her first movie in Hollywood, "Heart of Stone."
Alia Bhatt, an actor, recently talked about what she wants to do with her life as she looks ahead to 2022. In an interview, she said that she lets her heart guide her in everything she does, both at work and at home. She said she had never been happier in her life and that she would never regret having Raha Kapoor when she was at the top of her Bollywood career.
After dating for a while, Alia and Ranbir Kapoor got married on April 14, 2022. Their wedding was small and private, and it took place at their home in Mumbai, Vastu. After being married for two months, Alia said they were ready to start having kids.
Alia told the world on Instagram in November that her daughter Raha had been born "And in the best news of our lives:- Our baby is here… and what a magical girl she is. We are officially bursting with love – blessed and obsessed Parents! Love, love, love Alia and Ranbir."
Alia was asked in a recent interview what makes her want to live her own life. "There is no right or wrong in life," she told Bombay Times. What helps me may not help someone else. I have always paid attention to what my heart tells me. Life can't be planned. Life makes its own plans, and all you have to do is follow them. I always let my heart decide, whether it's about movies or something else.
Yes, I got married and had a child when I was at the top of my career. But who says that getting married or having children will change anything about my job? Even if it does, so be it. I don't care. I knew that having a child was a choice I would never regret. It's in your nature to do so. It's the smartest thing I've ever done. I have never been happier or more fulfilled."
"As a mother, everything is more important. Also, I think I'm a good actor. If you work hard, are a good actor, and people want to work with you, then your job will come to you. And if you can't find work, that's fine. It might not be your time. I'm not the kind of person who worries too much about it. I care a lot about my work, but I also care a lot about my life outside of work, and I want to find a good balance between the two. " "If your heart tells you to do something, do it," she said.
Alia and Ranbir chose the name Raha Kapoor for their daughter. They haven't shown what the baby's face looks like yet. Alia will be next seen in Karan Johar's Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani.
Are Bollywood Star Kartik Aaryan and Sara Ali Khan Taking a Trip to London Together? Explore Here!


MAXAM believes that seeking out innovative solutions for new products and technologies is what makes a business successful.
Our R & D department continuously works to create new products and develop new technologies to improve existing ones. The use of computers has revolutionised the design process for tires, with engineers able to accurately predict performance characteristics before the tire physically exists.
As mining, construction and agricultural machinery continues to evolve - faster speeds, greater payloads etc - so too must the tyres. The pace of change is ever-increasing and this presents a formidable challenge to the tire manufacturer - a challenge that MAXAM's designers are always willing to accept and to overcome.


text:
Q: Inject dependency via constructor or at class method level? Need one design suggestion.
Please see the class below.
Class has just one method
Class has constructor that takes userName and passWord as parameters.
Question is - Whats the difference if
-- If i remove the username and pwd from constructor
-- And send (userName, password) to the AuthoriseUser method
All this in the background of injecting dependency
 public class UserNameAuthorisationService : IUserNameAuthorisationService
{
    private readonly string _userName;
    private readonly string _password;
    private readonly IUserNameAuthorisationRepository _usernameAuthRepository;

    public UserNameAuthorisationService(string UserName, string Password, IUserNameAuthorisationRepository UsernameAuthRepository)
    {
        _userName = UserName;
        _password = Password;
        _usernameAuthRepository = UsernameAuthRepository;
    }

    public IUser AuthoriseUser()
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
}

Thanks in advance.

A: The main idea to define arguments constructor is to initiate class with start parameters.
If you don't want to change user/password in the future its good practice to use   arguments constructor.
On other hand if you going to change user/password - use set methods and no-arguments constructor.
BTW, creating a class that is not fully initialized  called two-step construction is an anti-pattern

A: Ok, in general, I try to follow this pattern:
If I have a chance, I will use the Constructor Injection for the external dependencies

*

*I will use Constructor Injection where possible

*I will use the Property Injection in case there is no possibility to incorporate the Constructor Injection and I have a good Default value

*The Method Injection has certain advantages in a specific scenarios when the dependency can vary with each method call (look here for
more details: http://manning.com/seemann/DIi.NET_sample_ch04.pdf)

In your case, I would do the following:

*

*Leave the repository injection in the constructor

*Move user name and password to the method context as most likely they will not be provided by the DI container but they are context-specific. I would not consider these parameters as dependencies but as value objects or so.

Having the constructor injection in place is the best possible approach with the DI in general. One of the biggest advantages is that you can easily see if your class violates SOLID principles and you see how many dependencies you have in a single place

A: Passing initial parameters in constructor is good for non-mutable objects, as if you dont provide setter method it is "impossible" (if not considering any reflection tricks) to change them.
If you plan to not allow this values to change via your API, this is the only way to achieve this requirement. Otherwise you can implement setters. Even implementing setters you may think that this object cant exist (is pointless to exist) without a username and a password, in this  case I would keep both setters and constructor initiation.
As I see this object has no meaning to exist without password/username/repository, so I would keep their initialization at constructor.
I would move username and password params to AuthoriseUser method if UserNameAuthorisationService were supposed to act as a component, and have for example, one unique application instance (your DI container should manage this). In this scenario I would inject this object in client objects via DI.
The key point is to keep your object at a consistent state all the times, not using init() nor populate() methods. So as @Maxim pointed out, alway fully initialize your objects and keep them always at a usable state, in a way you dont have to throw an exception if AuthoriseUser() is called without mandatory parameters that were supposed to be pre-populated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
var PARSE_APP_ID = 'your_app_id';
var PARSE_JAVASCRIPT_KEY = 'your_javascript_key';

Parse.initialize(PARSE_APP_ID, PARSE_JAVASCRIPT_KEY);

// Initialize Angular App and require all modules
angular.module( 'betterBP', [
  // 3rd-Party Libraries
  'ngAria',
  'ngAnimate',
  'ngMaterial',

  // App Routes
  'betterBP.routes',

  // Parse Services
  'betterBP.services.user',
  'betterBP.services.customEvent',

  // Page Controllers
  'betterBP.controllers.app',
  'betterBP.controllers.home',

  // Custom Directives
  'betterBP.directives.stopEvent',

  // Templates
  'templates.module'
]);


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text:
The Republican governor also bemoaned that a proposal he found to be a "reasonable compromise" was rejected by health care representatives.
"Nevertheless, this bill does appropriately address safety concerns at state mental health hospitals," Brownback said in his statement. "As a result, I will permit House Bill 2278 to become law without my signature."
Had lawmakers not granted the hospitals an exemption to the 2013 state law allowing people to carry handguns in public places, the medical sites that included the state's psychiatric hospitals would have been required to put in place security measures like metal detectors and armed guards to keep banning handguns.
Their exemption from the state's concealed-carry law was set to end July 1.
Some conservative lawmakers have criticized the bill as taking guns away from law-abiding citizens.
"I was hoping that when the bill hit his desk two Mondays ago that he would veto it," said Rep. Blake Carpenter, a Derby Republican. "...Ultimately, he held onto it for too long and decided not to take a stance."
Rep. Kathy Wolfe Moore, a Kansas City, Kan., Democrat, who pushed for the bill, predicted earlier this month that there may have been "somewhat of a meltdown" if Brownback chose to veto the legislation.
On Thursday, Wolfe Moore said she was grateful for the governor making the decision he did and called it "an amazing outcome for such a hard-fought battle."
KU Health System officials lobbied lawmakers to grant the hospital an exemption to the state's concealed-carry law throughout this year's legislative session.
The NRA opposed bills that allowed the hospitals to continue banning the handguns without added security.
Senate President Susan Wagle, a Wichita Republican, tried during the Senate debate on the legislation to amend the bill with what she said was an NRA compromise.
She said that failed effort would have allowed guns in parking lots and reception areas of certain hospitals but restricted the guns from patient areas.
It became clear earlier this year that it would cost Kansas millions if the state's hospitals had to follow the current gun law without a continued exemption and add security measures. Estimates provided to lawmakers ranged from roughly $12 million to around $24 million.
State or municipal-owned medical care facilities and adult care homes, community mental health centers and indigent health care clinics will now be exempted from the concealed-carry law, according to the bill that became law Thursday.
Senate Majority Leader Jim Denning, an Overland Park Republican, said he was glad Brownback let the bill become law.
"The optics of guns in mental health hospitals obviously is, you know, not defendable," Denning said.
Though the public hospitals will be able to continue banning the handguns, public colleges and universities were not granted the same continued exemption despite efforts from some lawmakers.
Talking about the new law for guns in hospitals, Carpenter said "we may have lost a battle. But we also won another battle, or potentially the war, I would say, as far as other concealed carry pieces of legislation that are currently going into law or that we have currently."
Hunter Woodall: 785-354-1388, @HunterMw
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