Today I 'll test two kind of BB creams- Garnier vs. La Roche Posay. I bought my first one for like a year , but I also forgot about it and didn't used it. Now I bought for christmas another one and I'm crazy about it. It has got so much advantages, it is a good moisturizer,foundation,sunblock and powder. It's a super all-in one facial product. The name is coming from : "Blemish Balm ". It has been used only on the Korean and East Asian markets, but now it is avalaible in all of the countries. Yeahhh! Usually all brands offer two shades of their BB cream and for different skin types. I'm using normal or sensitive, and the lightest tone of them. In this test definitely the winner was : La Roche Posay, I like the colour, the way how it covers .Unfortunately it cost more than the Garnier one. The only thing that disappointed me was the covering of red areas. Both of them failed at that point. I recommend all of you guys to try this awesome product, it's a must have piece in your make-up kit.
We decided with Ili, to prepare a few kind of makeups for you guys. Just because it is not a great idea to shoot outside, when you non-stop cough. So just to bring back the summer, we prepared a very simple eye-lining, but it consists 4 colors (different shades of blue and green). First I thought, that green won't match to my blue eyes, but fortunately it isn't true.
This will be a post that lot of you guys requested to do. It's about my everyday make-up routine. Lets start with the products , that I use actually every single day, to create the perfect look for the day.
I always start with applying a concealer under my eyes, to avoid that heavy-eyed look. When I have some problems on my skin, like : spots, I use a cover stick foundation, that can be applied directly from the stick and just blend it with your fingers. I don't love so much using a foundation, because I've never had skin problems, but when I should, I choose a BB cream and after it a translucent face powder. After that I love to use my eyeliner. I use also black and brown one, it depends on my mood and of course how dramatic I wanna be. ( I also recommend gel eyeliner and eye pencils ). For beginners I recommend to buy a harder pencil, because that's the easiest to use. Gel eyeliners need some time, to learn how to use it in a perfect way. For my eyes and faceshape it looks much better to highlight all over my eyes, to create a frame. I don't really use any eyeshadows, just when I go out. I use a black mascara that gives a much longer look to my lashes. To highlight my eyebrows I use under them a basic white colour, you will see the difference how much your face changes. For perfectly designed eyebrows, you should fill in the gaps with an eyebrow designer pencil, I use for that a brown one. It has a cute brush on the top, that will help you fade into your real eyebrows . To underline my cheek bones, I use a blusher, it's important to use a little bit on your T-zone also. To end my look, I pick a lip pencil and a colourful lipgloss.


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Mother Earth Brew Co. Increases Production, Adds Distribution
Fistful of Cake by Monday Night Brewing
Melissa Duron
Green Flash Releases Gin Barrel-Aged Tripel - 3rd in Barrelmaster's Reserve Series
OMBAC to Host Second Annual Beerfest & Over-the-Line Tournament
Beer Alien Report: Council Brewing grand opening
Stone Brewing's First What3Words named Beer ///Fear.Movie.Lions Available Nationwide
Stone Brewing announces the first nationwide release of Stone ///Fear.Movie.Lions Double IPA. First introduced exclusively along the eastern seaboard in summer '18, Stone Brewing – Richmond boosted Stone's IPA prowess with this West Coast-inspired and East Coast-influenced unfiltered double IPA. Eight months later, the new bold favorite is ready to answer the call of Stone's demanding fans across all 50 states.
Fittingly, Stone ///Fear.Movie.Lions Double IPA takes the East Coast influence of an unfiltered IPA, but spares any predictability beyond its juicy lack of filtration. Ringing in at 8.5% ABV with a notably West Coast-inspired bitterness, the beer manages to artfully include a balanced Richmond-style finish. The aroma provides a bounty of fresh fruit and fresh hops. Its fresh-squeezed flavors include a hint of white sage and pair beautifully with sweet, salty and tangy dishes like Pad Thai noodles, Hawaiian Fried Rice or Prosciutto-wrapped melon.
Stone ///Fear.Movie.Lions Double IPA is not named for its terrifyingly bold flavors or its Hollywood-worthy cast of brewers. No, it's named after a 3m x 3m square in Stone's Richmond, VA brewery with a square to mark the spot that includes said three words painted in black. What three words? Exactly! For the uninitiated, that's what3words, a global addressing system that enabled every place on Earth to be communicated using just three words. In your language of choice, no less. Ours is English, and thus ///Fear.Movie.Lions.
Got three words thought ballooning over your head?
WTF is right. Here is an explanation:
what3words provides a precise and incredibly simple way to talk about location by dividing the world into a grid of 3m x 3m squares. Each square has a unique three word address. So ensuring that your Uber drops you at the correct entrance, finding your friend at a concert, or bringing emergency medical services to a remote mountainside just got easier. what3words is making the world less frustrating, more efficient, and safer, three words at a time.
Watch the what3words video here.
Watch the Wall Street Journal video on what3words here.
Stone was inspired by the massive potential for positive impact of this system, used for everything from Mercedes navigation systems and Airbnb hosting, to United Nations and Red Cross disaster response – saving lives where street addresses have been wiped out by natural disaster or never existed prior to a crisis. It can also help you to find friends at an outdoor music fest, at a campground, or them to find you when you're marooned on a remote island beach (presuming you have WiFi). In honor of the system, Stone ///Fear.Movie.Lions Double IPA is named after a three-meter square smack dab in the middle of the brewery in which the recipe was created. Stone's Richmond location is at the heart of the beer's name, and the beer's name is quite literally at the heart of the location. Kinda nifty really.
"We're supporting the what3words convention because we think it's cool, and we see the significant social good and connectivity in it," said Stone Brewing Executive Chairman & co-founder Greg Koch.
"We're early adopters of the convention, and while companies like GPS company TomTom, Ford and Mercedes also believe that what3words is onto something big, we're the first ones to use the convention to name a beer. Which is so much cooler. We see a not-so-distant future in which you'll be able to use what3words to get beer delivered to you wherever you are, or to verbally tell your self-driving car to take you to said beer. In the meantime, we can relax and enjoy a Stone ///Fear.Movie.Lions Double IPA and dream about the world of the future."
"Not being able to meet up and have a beer with friends at a concert, a tailgate, at a game or picnic can be really frustrating," said Giles Rhys Jones, what3words chief marketing officer. "We are honoured that Stone Brewing has crafted this lovely IPA in our name and is helping to raise awareness of the system and the impact it can have. Now 'where shall we meet for a beer?' can be solved with 3 simple words!"
Available in 16oz six-pack cans and on draft, the unfiltered Double IPA is now brewed in Richmond, VA, and Escondido, CA. It is available in all 50 states and internationally. And speaking of location, Stone's beer finder can help you locate the freshest beer near you: find.stonebrewing.com. So, crack one open, load up the w3w app, and check out the w3w for your front door. Or your favorite pub.
Name: Stone ///Fear.Movie.Lions Double IPA
Release Date: East Coast: June 2018; Nationwide: March 2019
Web: stonebrewing.com///fear.movie.lions
Stats: 8.5% ABV, 60 IBUs
Featured Hops: Magnum, Loral & Mosaic
Drink Fresh: 120 day date code
Availability: Year-round
Packaging: 16oz six-pack cans & draft
Find Beer: find.stonebrewing.com
Appearance: Opaque, murky gold with a fluffy white head.
Aroma: A medley of fresh fruit with juicy, fresh hops and a hint of pineapple.
Taste: Fresh-squeezed fruit juice, strawberry, blueberry, grapes and a hint of white sage.
Palate: Juicy and leading to a short, moderately bitter finish.
Overall: This is our take on a hazy East Coast Double IPA. Juicy and smooth with just the right touch of West Coast bitterness in the finish. The aroma on this beer is insane and reminds us of getting fresh fruit from a farm stand on the side of the road. Now, make that a farm stand on the side of the road in Yakima, WA during hop harvest. The aroma of fresh hops envelops!
PAIRING NOTES:
Starters: Olive Oil Hummus**, BBQ Pulled Pork Filo Dough Spring Roll***, Tempeh-Stuffed Red Bell Pepper, Prosciutto Wrapped Melon Balls
Soups and Salads: Organic Mixed Greens**, Cucumber Salad, Gazpacho, Lobster Bisque.
Main Courses: Stone's Impossible Burger*, Asada Steak and Potatoes*, Hawaiian Style Fried Rice, Pad Thai
Desserts: Strawberry Parfait, Bread Pudding, Salted Caramel Sundae, Strawberry Shortcake
*Pairings available at Stone Brewing World Bistro & Gardens – Escondido. View the full menu here.
**Pairings available at Stone Brewing World Bistro & Gardens – Liberty Station. View the full menu here.
***Pairings available at Stone Brewing World Bistro & Gardens – Berlin. View the full menu here.
ABOUT STONE BREWING:
Founded by Greg Koch and Steve Wagner in 1996, the groundbreaking San Diego-based Stone Brewing is the 9th largest craft brewer in the United States. Recognized as an award-winning industry leader, Stone has been listed on the Inc. 500 | 5000 Fastest Growing Private Companies list 12 times and has been called the "All-time Top Brewery on Planet Earth" by BeerAdvocate magazine twice. The multifaceted company was the first American craft brewer to build, own and operate its own brewery in Europe (Berlin, Germany), and also opened a production brewery in Richmond, Virginia in 2016. In 2018, Stone opened Stone Brewing – Napa in the heart of California's wine country. Known for its bold, flavorful and largely hop-centric beers, Stone has earned a reputation for brewing outstanding, unique beers while maintaining an unwavering commitment to sustainability, business ethics, philanthropy and the art of brewing… and pledging never, ever, sell out to the man. For more information on Stone Brewing, please visit stonebrewing.com or the company's social media sites: Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.
ABOUT WHAT3WORDS:
www.what3words.com
Co-founded in London in 2013 by Chris Sheldrick, what3words is the simplest way to talk about location. The system covers the entire world, never needs updating, and works offline. A 3 word address is a human-friendly way to share very precise locations with other people, or to input them into platforms and machines such as autonomous cars or e-commerce checkouts. It is optimised for voice input and contains built-in error prevention to immediately identify and correct input mistakes.
The free what3words app, available for iOS and Android, and the online map enable people to find, share and navigate to 3 word addresses in 26 languages to date. A 3 word addresses in one language can be switched instantly into any other supported language, and even looked up in one language and shared in another. what3words can be easily integrated by businesses, governments and NGOs into apps, platforms or websites, with just a few lines of code, and products are available for free or for a nominal fee for qualifying NGOs.
what3words has a team of over 70 people, across offices in London UK, Johannesburg ZA and Ulaanbaatar Mongolia. In early 2018, Daimler took stake of around 10%, following a Series B raise of £17 million led by Aramex. Prior to this, investors include Intel Capital, Deutsche-Bahn and Horizons Ventures.
CaliforniaStone BrewingVirginia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


OSLO, Norway (March 22, 2019) – The U.S. men's team rose to the challenge Friday on a foggy afternoon in Oslo, placing all three starters in the top-60 of the men's sprint field to qualify for Saturday's pursuit race at the BMW IBU World Cup in Oslo. A whopping 113 starters took the course in the men's 10-kilometer sprint. The three American men's qualifiers matches the three qualifiers from Thursday's women's sprint to give the U.S. all six of its athletes in Saturday's pursuits.
Sean Doherty (Center Conway, N.H.) led the U.S. trio in 32nd place with two penalties, 1 minute, 39.6 seconds back of gold medalist Johannes Thingnes Boe of Norway.
"Today we had some fog blow in just in the closing minutes of zero. Props to the organizing committee and the IBU for letting us go for it," said Doherty. "It was pretty thick, but you just have to trust that the target is there and take a shot."
Doherty will be joined in Saturday's 12.5km men's pursuit by teammates Jake Brown (Saint Paul, Minn.) and Leif Nordgren (Marine, Minn.). Brown crossed the line in 47th place, 2:10.6 back with three penalties, while Nordgren was 53rd with two penalties, 2:25.9 behind Boe.
For Boe, it was his eighth sprint victory of the season. He finished in 24:39.9 with a single penalty. Italy's Lukas Hofer was second with clean shooting, 31.7 seconds back, while France's Quentin Fillon Maillet also shot clean to place third, 35 seconds back of Boe.
Saturday's pursuit races will begin with the women's 10km event at 8:00 a.m. ET. Clare Egan (Cape Elizabeth, Maine), Susan Dunklee (Barton, Vt.) and Joanne Reid (Grand Junction, Colo.) will start for the U.S., followed by the men's 12.5km pursuit at 10:15 a.m. ET.
Streams will be available on all digital platforms: desktop via NBCSports.com/Gold, and mobile, tablet and connected television platforms via the NBC Sports app. Broadcast simulstreams will be available on NBCSports.com/live and the NBC Sports app (and do not require a Gold subscription to watch).


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Bad Foreigner. Baaaad Foreigner. Bad! [UPDATE]
By Anthony Tao July 3, 2012 2:22 pm Comments: 4
Via Sina, its caption: "A New Zealander is being taken away by police after tossing a young girl into a swimming pool in Jinan, Shandong province, Sunday."
A New Zealand national, believed in his 50s, tossed a 5-year-old Chinese girl into a swimming pool for "her bumping into him" in Jinan, capital city of E China's Shandong province on July 1, the provincial newspaper Qilu Evening News reported.
That's from Sina English. Apparently the man (a university lecturer), when confronted by the girl's appropriately incensed mother, cursed her in English and then tried to start a fight, according to witnesses. Read more if you'd like.
(H/T Reddit) UPDATE, 2:59 pm:
According to Xinhua, the family of the five-year-old girl strong-armed the foreigner, surnamed Phillips, into paying 20,000 yuan as compensation. As translated by Shanghaiist, the girl's mother, surnamed Tian, said, "[Phillips's wife] cried to us saying her husband was working at the university as a foreign teacher, making a meager monthly salary of just 5,000RMB. He had just had an operation and was short on money. But we refused to retreat — since he was not detained by police, we had to give him some of punishment."
A spokesperson with the Shandong University of Finance and Economics confirmed that Phillips was an employee and had just had heart surgery in February.
"Because of his health condition, we have revoked his foreign expert's certificate. We will not be signing a new contract with him after this," said the spokesman according to the Xinhua report.
UPDATE, 7/5, 12:08 am: Welcome to the pool party, WSJ. Maybe you can tell us how "sentiments against foreigners have been stirred."
Tags: Bad Laowai, Toddlers
4 Responses to "Bad Foreigner. Baaaad Foreigner. Bad! [UPDATE]"
July 3rd, 2012 7:05pm
Unfortunately the pool's security cameras were undergoing maintenance.
I'd probably have concerns about a public pool that films its patrons in such a manner…
July 4th, 2012 5:28am
From the Sina article:
"The foreigner reportedly did this after the girl accidentally touched him while swimming."
Ok, accidentally touching him…where?
September 14th, 2012 12:40pm
Why are white westerners being attacked all over the world? Why are they so absolutely hated?


Lucky Friday 13th for me. I was given a book of knitting patterns, plus I found 10 cents. Also I was intending to buy a 5.5mm circular needle which costs $9.90 at KnitWorld. I mentioned it to a friend and she found one listed on TradeMe for $3 plus $3 p&p. So she has put a hold on it for me until it closes next Wed, and if she gets it I will give her the money. Wish I could save $3.90 on everything I buy.
I think it's so smart to buy gently used items for things like knitting needles, where it really doesn't matter!
Great idea to buy something used. Wish you lived closer. We have had a lot of knitting needles donated to church, including the circular kind. I would have given it to you.
Many of my crochet hooks I have either belonged to my mom or I bought at thrift stores or rummage sales. I really like the older ones better than the new ones that are out.
Most of my straights come from the thrift store. I like to have several pairs in the same size, but it's not so easy to find circs second hand. Glad my friend found this one as it's not a size I use very often.


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in: Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia, Articles with content from Theopedia, Articles with content from Wikipedia,
Inaugurated eschatology
Intermediate state
Sheol
Annihilationism
Universalism
Hell is generally considered a place where sinners who are not saved by their religious faith are burned, tormented, tortured, and harmed by fire for eternity. It is also considered as a place ruled by Satan, or the absence of God (2 Thessalonians 1:6-9, esp. v. 9: "eternal destruction from the face of the Lord and from the glory of his might"). However, some sects of Christianity, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, believe that Hell is simply a place where unrighteous people go to be unconscious forever, i.e. die.
The English word corresponds to the Biblical concept of Gehenna, although Sheol (the world of the dead) is sometimes described as a region of Hell in certain contexts.
The Christian idea of Hell is arguably different from the Sheol of Judaism, though it is generally acknowledged as being the same as the place created by God to punish Satan. The nature of Hell is described in the New Testament on several occasions. In the following chapters and verses, Hell is mentioned (see also the issues with the word "Hell" rendered in the original languages)
Book of Matthew (Matthew 3:10-12), (Matthew 5:22), (Matthew 5:29-30), (Matthew 7:19), (Matthew 8:12), (Matthew 22:13), (Matthew 25:30).
Gospel of Luke (Luke 3:9), (Luke 12:5),(Luke 13:28), (Luke 16:19-28)
and the Book of Revelation (Revelation 12:9), (Revelation 14:9-11), (Revelation 19:20), (Revelation 20:10) and (Revelation 14:14-15), (Revelation 21:8); in the Book of Revelation Hell is also mentioned as the "abyss" and "the Earth".
Please note that all citations use the World English Bible.
1 Issues with the word "Hell"
2 Catholicism
3 Protestantism
4 Eastern Orthodox view on Hell
5 Other sects' views on Hell
5.1 Mormons
5.2 Jehovah's Witnesses
5.3 Universalism
Issues with the word "Hell"
When the Bible was translated into English, several words are rendered as "Hell".
Jeff Priddy, writing in The Idle Babbler Illustrated (Volume 4, Issue 2), expresses the problem:
The religious and secular man's nightmarish ideas of HELL (that is, of a Christ-managed hothouse where sinners get burned forever) come to them compliments of ... careless translating ... the practice of ignoring separate Greek words.
In 2 Peter 2:4, God chose the Greek word "Tartaros" (ταρταροω; English transliteration, "Tartarus") to identify the temporary abode of sinning angels. Tartarus holds spirit beings, not humans, and there is not a flame on the premises. The KJV and NIV translators (neither of whose versions have any influence in the expression of Eastern Orthodox doctrine) gave this specific Greek word the English equivalent, "hell".
In Matthew 5:22 (and in several other places), God chose a different Greek word, "Geenna," (English transliteration: "Gehenna") to name a valley on the southwest corner of Jerusalem where the corpses of criminals will be disposed of during the thousand-year kingdom. There are flames here, yes, but the flames cremate the dead (Isaiah 66:24), they don't torture the living. Most of humanity is not even alive to see Gehenna (Revelation 20:5), let alone be tormented there. The KJV and NIV translators gave this specific Greek word the English equivalent, "hell".
In Luke 16:23 (and in other places), God chose the Greek word, "hades", to describe the state of invisibility; in Greek, the word means "unseen". God uses this word often to describe a person's nonexistence in death: unless spoken of figuratively, a dead person doesn't see anything, hear anything, feel anything, know anything, do anything: hades. Flames, screams, pointy tails and pitchforks are conspicuously absent. All the dead "go" here, not just the wicked. The KJV and NIV translators gave this specific Greek word the English equivalent, "hell".
Priddy goes on to point out that if a (Western) Christian says that someone is in "Hell", that "is a terrible lack of information", because many versions of the Bible indiscriminately use the word "Hell" to describe three different places. If you press the point, and the Christian says that person is in Gehenna, then you could take a plane to Jerusalem and look for the person there. If the claim is that the person is in Tartarus, you can point out that they were never a stubborn, sinning angel who surrendered their sovereignty during the days of Noah (1 Peter 3:19-20, 2 Peter 2:4, Jude 6). And if in Hades, you could rejoice that, like Christ (Acts 2:31), David (Psalm 16: 10), and Jacob (Genesis 37:35) before him, the person has ceased from their troubles and sufferings (Job 3:11-19), and now rests, as if asleep (John 11:11,14). However, given the perfectly natural evolution of concepts over a long period of time, examples such as Sheol, provide us with a good example of how ideas can begin with a simple meaning - "the grave" - and morph into a far larger concept - a place of eternal torment.
Catholic theologians distinguish four meanings of the term "Hell":
Hell in the strict sense, or the place of punishment for the damned, be they demons or men. Hell is the destination for all those who die in mortal sin. This definition is identified with Gehenna.
the limbo of infants (limbus parvulorum), where those who die in original sin alone, and without personal mortal sin, are confined and undergo some kind of punishment.
the limbo of the Fathers (limbus patrum), identified with Sheol, in which the souls of the just who died before Christ awaited their admission to heaven; for in the meantime heaven was closed against them in punishment for the sin of Adam.
purgatory, where the just, who die in venial sin or who still owe a debt of temporal punishment for sin, are cleansed by suffering before their admission to heaven.
The pain of loss (separation from God) and the pain of sense (torment by fire) constitute the very essence of Hell, the former being by far the most dreadful part of eternal punishment. But the damned also suffer various "accidental" punishments. Just as the blessed in heaven are free from all pain, so, on the other hand, the damned never experience even the least real pleasure. In Hell separation from the blissful influence of Divine love has reached its consummation. The reprobate must live in the midst of the damned; and their outbursts of hatred or of reproach as they gloat over his sufferings, and their hideous presence, are an ever fresh source of torment. The reunion of soul and body after the Resurrection of the dead will be a special punishment for the reprobate, although there will be no essential change in the pain of sense which they are already suffering.
Dante Alighieri, in The Divine Comedy described seven circles of Hell, each with its own category of sinner. Dante's portrayal of Hell, and the afterlife in general, reflect Medieval Catholic beliefs.
This article incorporates text from the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913, a publication now in the public domain.
Protestantism generally rejects the view that Hell is an unclear doctrine based on differing translations of Hebrew or Greek words. (Sheol, Tartarus, Hades, etc.) Protestants generally reject Catholic teachings on Limbo and Purgatory, and also reject the temporary Hell of Universalism. For most Protestants, Hell is the place of eternal punishment and torment for all those who die and are not born again, due to man's inherently sinful nature and God's infinitely just nature. In Hell the "worm does not die and the fire is not quenched." Without faith in Jesus to save one from the consequences of sin, most Protestants feel that God must send a sinner to Hell because He cannot abide by sin.
The scriptural references to the concept of hell (or eternal judgment) may be summarized to present a unified biblical view:
First and foremost, hell is eternal (Isaiah 66:24; Matthew 18:8; Matthew 25:41,46; 2 Thessalonians 1:9; Jude 1:7), everlasting (Daniel 12:2; Matthew 25:46), and lasts forever and ever (Jude 1:13; Revelation 14:11; Revelation 20:10). There is no other way to state it; hell will never cease to exist. Secondly, hell itself is described as a lake of fire (Revelation 19:20; Revelation 20:10,14,15; Revelation 21:8), eternal fire (Revelation 18:8, Matthew 25:41; Jude 1:7), unquenchable fire (Mark 9:43), the second death (Revelation 20:14), and darkness (Matthew 8:12; Matthew 22:13; Matthew 25:30; Jude 1:13).
The wicked consigned to hell will never cease to exist and their body will never be consumed (Isaiah 66:24; Mark 9:43,48); they must face eternal punishment (Matthew 25:46), eternal destruction (Matthew 10:28; 2 Thessalonians 1:9), and their torment will last forever and ever (Revelation 14:11; Revelation 20:10). There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 8:12; Matthew 22:13; Matthew 25:30), they will be weak (Isaiah 14:9-10) and lack any interaction with those outside of hell (Ecclesiastes 9:4-6). Upon the unbeliever's death, they will be an abhorrence (Isaiah 66:24), shut out from the fellowship of God (2 Thessalonians 1:9), experiencing God's wrath (Romans 2:8; Hebrews 10:27; Revelation 14:10), anger (Revelation 14:10), indignation (Romans 2:8), retribution (2 Thessalonians 1:8), vengeance (Hebrews 10:30), and judgment (Matthew 25:31-46; Hebrews 9:27; Hebrews 10:27,30; Revelation 20:11-15).
Hell will be dreadful and painful for all, but for some it will be worse than others (Matthew 5:22; Revelation 20:12-14). Finally, there will be no second chance for the unbeliever to change his destiny (Matthew 12:32; Mark 3:29; Luke 16:26; Hebrews 9:27). All in all, "It is a terrifying thing to fall into the hands of the living God" (Hebrews 10:31).
This page uses content from Theopedia, which favors a Calvinistic/Reform POV. The original article was at Hell. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with the Religion Wiki, the text of Theopedia is under [Creative Commons 3.0 license]
Eastern Orthodox view on Hell
In Eastern Christianity, Hell is a place of eternal torment for those who of their own free will reject the grace and mercy of God. Damnation will come after the Day of Judgement.
For many ancient Christians, Hell was the same "place" as Heaven: living in the presence of God and directly experiencing God's love. Whether this was experienced as pleasure or torment depended on one's disposition towards God. St. Isaac of Syria wrote in Mystic Treatises: "... those who find themselves in Hell will be chastised by the scourge of love. How cruel and bitter this torment of love will be! For those who understand that they have sinned against love, undergo greater suffering than those produced by the most fearful tortures. The sorrow which takes hold of the heart, which has sinned against love, is more piercing than any other pain. It is not right to say that the sinners in Hell are deprived of the love of God ... But love acts in two ways, as suffering of the reproved, and as joy in the blessed!" This ancient view is still the doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Hell in Christian beliefs#Eastern Orthodoxy. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.
Other sects' views on Hell
According to the Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Mormon scriptures describe at least three senses of hell: (1) that condition of misery which may attend a person in mortality due to disobedience to divine law; (2) the miserable, but temporary, state of disobedient spirits in the spirit world awaiting the resurrection (also referred to as spirit prison); (3) the permanent habitation of the sons of perdition, who suffer the second spiritual death and remain in hell even after the resurrection (also referred to as outer darkness). A fourth sense of hell arises from Mormon teachings about 3 degrees of glory described in D&C 76, the Celestial, Terrestrial and Telestial. It is generally believed that only those who are judged worthy of the Celestial Kingdom will be blessed with the opportunity of eternal progression. Anyone not receiving this blessing will be damned in the sense of not being able to eternally progress—this damnation is sometimes viewed as a type of hell.
Mormons believe that when John says in (Rev. 20:13) that hell shall deliver up the dead to be judged "according to their works," that he is describing spirit prison, a place where the spirits of those who did wickedness while in mortality reside until the time of the second resurrection at the end of Christ's millennial reign. This resurrection is described in the Bible as the resurrection of the "unjust" (Acts 24:15) and the resurrection of damnation (John 5:29). However, when John the Revelator speaks of the "great white throne" judgment, which follows the second resurrection, and then speaks of a "second death" which some will experience at that time (Rev. 20:11-15), he is describing outer darkness, a concept conforming more closely to other Protestant conceptions of hell.
The Mormon concept of a temporary spirit prison has made Mormon belief in hell somewhat controversial amidst the larger Christian (esp. Protestant) community. One example is Bill McKeever & Eric Johnson an article by Bill McKeever & Eric Johnson. For a Mormon response to this article, see Marc A. Schindler's article.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Hell is a place where the unrighteous people go (here, hell referring to the word "Hades" from the Bible). It is simply where they "rest", or die. They cannot taste, smell or sense anything, and they cannot harm anyone.
Also, they believe that the different words translated into "Hell" have different meanings other than "Hell". For example, the word "Gehenna" (see above) is a south-west corner of Jerusalem, where criminals' corpses are dumped, not a place where people are tortured forever.
Finally, some verses in the Bible are often used to support the above. (some of which are instrumental in Universalists arguments as well.)
"God is love." 1 John 4:8
Never had ideas of torture "...come up into his heart" Jeremiah 19:5
Universalists believe in the doctrine of apocatastasis, in which Hell is merely a place where some people go to be punished for only a little while before every single person in the world goes to heaven, similar to the catholic idea of purgatory, except everybody eventually goes to heaven. Many universalists bring up objections to Hell based on arguments around the word "Sheol" and "Ghenna", and often object to words like "eternal" which Jesus used to describe Hell. This often brings up problems, since the very same word for "eternal" is often used to describe God, and there is no context which supports a temporary Hell in the Bible. Apocatastasis was formally pronounced anathema by the Synod of Constantinople in 543 AD.
Apocatastasis
Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
Articles with content from Theopedia
Articles with content from Wikipedia


In this application we show the possibilities for high-resolution brain imaging and compatibility of our β-CUBE with preclinical MR-systems. A glioblastoma rat model was injected with 250 µCi (9.25 MBq) immediately after scan initiation. A 50 minute dynamic PET acquisition was done and the data was reconstructed into 39 frames ranging from 5 to 300 seconds. A gadolinium enhanced T1 MRI was done for anatomical correlation.
The region of interest around the tumor was delineated on the PET-MR coregistered image using PMOD version 3.8 in order to obtain the tumor time activity curve.


MICEMonkey is an online marketplace for buyers and sellers for M.I.C.E. industry (a.k.a. Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions) with a focus on Greater China and Asia Pacific market. The platform provides a one-stop solution for meeting organizers (buyers) to source event destinations, venues and service providers (sellers) through comprehensive listings, reviews and automated RFP (Request-for-Proposals) system.
CEO / Co-Founder of MICEMonkey. Aspire to bring in the smart and disruptive elements of digital to the meeting industry in China and Asia.


text:
The Western Addition Community Technology Center Bridges The Digital Divide
The CTC's Open Access Lab, which has 12 computers for public use, free of charge. Photos: Adam Fischer / Hoodline.
By Adam Fischer - Published on February 20, 2016.
San FranciscoWestern Addition
James Rabb is a PC guy.
He's got nothing against Apple computers, but they're just not compatible with his current job. They're expensive, hard to repair if something breaks, and not everyone has easy access to them.
"If you got the money, Macs are probably the greatest thing you can own," Rabb said. "But for the average Joe Blow, I always recommend they use a PC."
Rabb, the technology director of the Western Addition Community Technology Center (CTC), a non-profit on Turk between Gough and Laguna that offers free computer use and classes to the less-tech-savvy public, works mostly with average Joe Blows when it comes to computer literacy. Every Monday and Wednesday afternoon, he teaches a class called Basic Computer.
The lessons cover what most people embedded in the digital fabric of society might consider unconscious commands — how to turn the machine on, how to get from the "Start" tab to a web browser, the differences between a right click and a left click.
"People think that just because they have smartphones they will be computer literate but that's not the case," he explained from an adjacent conference room after he got the class started on a project.
James Rabb teaching his Basic Computer class.
The room Rabb teaches from, stocked with monitors adjacent to towers and a dim projector, looks unfairly archaic in the shadow of Silicon Valley. The software systems are up to date, thanks to a free giveaway of Windows 10 from Microsoft, and the wireless internet connection got a boost from a recent upgrade to DSL. But multiple routers instead of a central server can slow things down, especially when all 53 computers are in use — not to mention the stress some of the oldest machines experience when dealing with today's powerful CPUs.
But for the senior citizens who comprise nearly every one of the students in Rabb's Basic Computer class, the above technical terms are not in their assignments, let alone their vocabulary. The goal is to make a computer part of their daily lives, regardless of where the machine sits on the state-of-the-art scale.
"[The older students] didn't see the relationship between social issues and how far computers have come," said Rabb, a graduate of Hill College with a computer science degree. "They're learning through personal experience — you cannot apply for a job unless you can use a computer; at the DMV, you need to take a test online; at a dentist's office, you need to use a kiosk."
George Owens, a 75-year-old resident of Fellowship Manor on Golden Gate and Webster was bored of filling his retirement with golf and DVDs. When he wanted to get concert tickets to see blues guitarist Robert Cray, his daughter took him online and showed him how to buy remotely. Now, he's purchased his own ASUS laptop to improve his computer skills outside of Rabb's class.
Owens worked with computers as a merchant marine in the Navy and as a Chevron employee, but those, he said, were tools tied to specific equipment, not flexible devices that could accomplish complex tasks. For now, the intricacies of e-mail and video chat kill two birds: keeping in touch with scattered family, and giving him a cognitive workout.
"It's something new for an old fart like me," he said with a laugh. "The computer wakes up the grey matter."
George Owens, who recently purchased his own laptop, enjoys the challenge of learning new skills.
The CTC's classes run on eight-week sections and are outlined with broad curricula. But both the fixed schedule and syllabi are loose guides for the self-paced nature of each course. People will float in and out over years and progress at different speeds, Rabb said, so teachers cater to individuals' needs. For example, one former student was interested in e-commerce for his carpet business, so Rabb fast-paced him on building template websites. When the student's typing wasn't up to snuff, Rabb installed a training program on his personal laptop.
In addition to Basic Computer, Rabb teaches Internet Marketing, and is working on a troubleshooting class to make use of all the excess hardware people donate to the center. Three other volunteers and one full-time employee teach the remaining classes, which include Intro to Linux, Smartphone/Tablet, Microsoft Office, Computer/Internet Security and a popular Genealogy class, which the San Francisco Chronicle covered in January 2014. The center is looking to add a coding class, which already has a waiting list of 70 people, and has reached out to Twitter and Galvanize to act as partners.
For those simply in need of a computer, there is the CTC's Open Access Lab, a space with 12 computers that has no time limit on the machines, and limited printing and faxing capabilities.
"Most of the people that come in are here for job services," Mary Rivers, the administrative/program director and the CTC's only full-time employee, said on a slow afternoon.
Pratapsinh Saraiya found out about the center through EDD and travels to the CTC weekly from the Richmond District.
The center is not a direct resource for jobs, but the CTC works closely with EDD, Veteran Services, SCSEP (a job program for senior citizens), and other agencies to turn new computer skills into tangible gains. According to data provided by the center, over 1,600 people who used the CTC in 2015, either as a sole client or a referral from another organization, found full- or part-time employment.
The center also assists with more indirect needs of job hunting, such as polishing up resumes and cover-letter writing, as well as hosting job fairs and offering certified courses for security guard training.
Beyond running a smooth business, the biggest challenge is getting the word out that the CTC exists.
"Some people will stop in and say, 'we didn't realize you had computers.' Then they'll walk to the back and say, 'we didn't realize you were this big,'" Rivers, who also teaches the Smartphone/Tablet class, explained.
The biggest (and most cost effective) marketing assets are the students. Mazie Williams, a student in her mid-70s, was allergic to technology. After she reluctantly enrolled in Basic Computer, she set up an e-mail address only to find herself limited to the CTC's computers for checking the pictures her son in Atlanta sent. A former teacher then let Williams borrow an old smartphone for the Smartphone/Tablet class. She learned one task per week, and showed off her new skills in church every Sunday. Now, she uses the digital tools of someone five decades her junior — Google Maps, YouTube, Facebook — and lobbies whoever will listen about the CTC's benefits.
The CTC, founded in 2001 through a federal grant, has navigated the competitive world of non-profit fundraising for the last 15 years with long-term partners, state money and donations. The key to success is to not get complacent during fruitful funding years.
"There's not a whole lot of funding out there for what we do," said Bobby Sisk, the board chairman of Allen CDC, the company that runs the CTC along with two other community centers in the Western Addition. "You might be successful in getting funding for two or three years then someone else — be it their bid, or be it their influence or a contact — gets on the gravy train and that cycles for three years. So you've got to recognize when to start looking for other funding."
To combat the dry spells in funding, the CTC has a strategic partner: Bethel AME Church. Situated two blocks away on Laguna and Golden Gate, the church has allocated funds for outreach in the community to the CTC for a number of years. Sisk, a San Francisco native, has been a member of Bethel AME Church his entire life, and a trustee in the organization since he was 18. After using his business acumen to help the church acquire assets for affordable housing, he sold Bethel AME's board on the CTC's value and continues to prove the center's worth as a sound investment in the community.
"We just don't put our hands out at Allen CDC and say, 'Help us.' We've got to demonstrate to them they we're responsible gatekeepers of the money, and that the expenses that we have are legitimate expenses, and that we are managing it in such a way that we're not wasting their funds."
The CTC's building, which is located next to the Margaret S. Hayward Playground, has a moratorium of understanding with San Francisco Rec & Parks that allows the organization to operate rent free (the CTC covers utilities) as long as the center provides a service to the community. But the building will be knocked down at the end of the year, and the CTC will need to find a new home.
The building that houses the CTC is scheduled for demolition by the end of the year. The search for a new space is ongoing.
Sisk is calm over the search for a new facility. SF Rec & Parks holds weekly meetings with the CTC and has assured the center they'll help to locate a new short-term (if needed) and long-term space, Sisk said.
Sisk did admit he is wary about two possible outcomes: one, the CTC losing its identity as a hub if it gets consolidated into another community center; and two, moving far enough outside of the Western Addition to deter the attendance of those who really need it.
"Sometimes you ask a kid to walk three blocks to his left or to his right, and that might be the difference between night and day to that kid. And they might not tell you, but that might be a driver for that kid not to come," Sisk said.
Rivers' Google Calendar, dedicated to the relocation effort, now resembles an oversized Tetris board. When we asked her, a former student and employee for the last four years, how she felt about changing locations, she didn't have time to dwell on the question; a new student had walked in, and he needed help uploading his resume.
The Western Addition Community Technology Center is located at 1003A Turk St. and is open Monday-Friday, 9am-5pm. For information on classes, services and volunteer opportunities call 415-431-2206 or visit www.westernadditionctc.org.


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Research & Reviews in BioSciences
Res Rev Biosci, Volume: 14( 1) DOI: 10.21767/0974-7532.1000147
Plasma Level of Homocysteine and Lipid Profile in Patients with Cerebrovascular Accident in Tertiary Health Centre in Ogbomoso Oyo State South-West Nigeria
JO Akande1*, AA Salawu2, RO Akande3, AA Adeomi4, EO Oke11, TW Oloyede5 and RA Kareem2
1Department of Chemical Pathology, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria
2Department of Chemical Pathology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomosos
3Department of Community Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso
4Department of Community Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Osun State
5Federal Teaching Hospital, Kastina, Kastina State
Joel Olufunminiyi Akande Department of Chemical Pathology, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria; Tel: +234-7066377491; E-mail: [email protected]
Received: November 6, 2019; Accepted: November 15, 2019; Published: November 25, 2019
Citation: Akande JO, Salawu AA, Akande RO, et al. Plasma Level of Homocysteine and Lipid Profile in Patients with Cardiovascular Event in Tertiary Health Centre in Ogbomoso Oyo State South-West Nigeria. Res Rev Biosci. 2019;14(1):147.
Apart from the traditional risk factors, there are newer risk factors such as high plasma level of Homocysteine, Folate deficiency and Vitamin B12 deficiency, associated with cardiovascular disease. Plasma Homocysteine level has been link to the level of LDL-C and functionality of HDL-C. This study is therefore designed to correlate plasma level of Homocysteine with Lipid profile in patient newly diagnosed of cerebrovascular accident. Seventy-Two newly diagnosed stroke patients were consecutively recruited into the study. Seventy-Two apparently healthy, age and sex matched volunteers were recruited from the community as controls. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Level of significance for the study was set at p<0.05. High plasma level of Homocysteine (12.72 ± 5.10 μmol/L), Total-Cholesterol (4.58 ± 1.40 mmol/L) and LDL (3.34 ± 1.41 mmol/L) were obtained from the study population when compared with Homocysteine (7.60 ± 1.80 μmol/L), Total-Cholesterol (3.93 ± 0.91) and LDL (2.23 ± 0.80 mmol/L) obtained from the controls and the difference was highly significant (p<0.01). The difference in the mean plasma level of HDL was statistically significant among study population (0.74 ± 0.32 mmol/L) when compared with Control (1.26 ± 0.38 mmol/L) p<0.001. Homocysteine had weak positive correlations with T-Cholesterol (r=0.172), LDL (r=0.213), Body Fat (r=178) and negative correlation with HDL (r=-0.178) but statistically significant p<0.05. We concluded that elevated plasma level of Homocysteine has significant correlat ion with abnormal lipid profile which is one of the major risk factors for cerebrovascular accident.
Cerebrovascular accident; Homocysteine; Lipid profile; HDL-C; LDL-C
The theme for World Stroke Day in 2008 was "Little stroke, big trouble" focusing on the importance of stroke as a critical warning sign of more debilitating vascular events or death. Presently, stroke constitutes a leading cause of mortality and long term physical and mental disability throughout the world [1,2].
The management is largely conservative, therefore primary prevention is the key to reducing the increasing burden of stroke worldwide especially in developing world like Nigeria [3,4]. A key component of the secondary prevention strategies for stroke advocated by the World Health Organization (WHO) is intensified reduction in exposure to major cardiovascular risk factors [5-7]. There are traditional risk factors associated with cardiovascular events, newer independent risk factors such as high plasma level of homocysteine, folate deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency have come to limelight and have been focus of research lately. High plasma homocysteine level has been linked to the level of Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) and functionality of High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) [4,8].
High plasma homocysteine concentrations have been associated with increased risk of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) [9,10]. However, several large randomized clinical trials have not been able to show a direct link between lowering homocysteine plasma levels with vitamin B therapy and reduction in the risk of CVD or mortality among subjects with known CVD [11]. Endothelial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, alterations of lipid metabolism, and induction of thrombosis have been suggested to be pathogenesis of CVD in Hyperhomocysteinemia [12,13]. However, the mechanism by which homocysteine could promote atherogenesis and thromboembolic disorders is far from clear and the role of Homocysteine in human CVD is largely unclear and subject of debate [11].
This study was, therefore, designed to see the relationship between plasma Homocysteine level and well established risk factor for CVD-abnormal lipid profile.
Bowen University Teaching Hospital (BUTH) and Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital (LTH) both located in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria, were used as the sites of the study. The subjects were new clinically diagnosed with Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) with CT scan confirmation. Patients with complications such as renal, liver pathology or other medical illnesses were excluded. Patients on lipid regulating drugs were also excluded from the study. History and physical examination were taken from the subjects and blood samples were collected for analysis It was a cross-sectional study with semi-structured questioner administered as a survey instrument. Seventy-Two newly diagnosed CVA patients presenting at Accident and Emergency units of both institutions were consecutively recruited into the study after obtaining their informed consent. Another seven-two apparently healthy normotensive, age, and sex-matched volunteers were recruited from Ogbomoso Community as controls after obtaining their informed consent.
Ethical clearances for the study were obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital and Bowen Teaching Hospital.
Blood sample collection, storage and laboratory analysis
A fasting venous blood was collected into 0.1% Na EDTA bottle from each subject and control using the standard technique of phlebotomy. Each sample was centrifuged at 3,000 xg for 5 minutes. The plasma obtained was stored frozen at -200°C before analysis. Plasma from both subjects and controls were analyzed in batches using standards and controls for all the biochemical parameters. The enzymatic endpoint was used for lipid profile parameters except LDL-Cholesterol, using kits from Randox Laboratories Limited, (Batch Number; CH 200 Lot 363904/97QX, TR 210 325799 87 D8, CH203 2344CH) Crumlin, UK. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated using freidwald's formula [14]. Homocysteine was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immune-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) using commercial kits (Human) purchased from Span Biotech Limited (Batch Number; E201509198050), Hong Kong.
The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Frequency distribution tables were generated from variables like age, sex, religion, marital status, and ethnicity, while cross-tabulation and test statistics were done. The Chi-square test was used to compare proportion, while Student 't' test was used to compare means of continuous variables. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the means of more than two variables. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to test the strength and direction of relationship between continuous variables. The level of significance was set with p-value less than or equal to 0.05.
TABLE 1 shows the socio-demographic characteristics of the study population and controls. The study population included 72 patients with stroke and 72 apparently healthy people as controls. The age range for controls and subjects were between 30-95years. There was no significant difference in the mean age when compared to subjects with controls. The employment status in subjects compared with controls was significantly different (p<0.05) as shown above. All other socio-demographic characteristics were not statistically significant.
Categories (%)
Study population (n=72)
Total (N=144)
Age group (in years) 6.455 4 0.168
30-39 3 (4.2) 4 (5.6) 7 (4.9)
40-49 8 (11.1) 14 (19.4) 22 (15.3)
50-59 14 (19.4) 22 (30.6) 36 (25.0)
≥70 32 (44.4) 21 (29.2) 53 (36.8)
Gender 2.418 1 0.12
Male 31 (43.1) 22 (30.6) 53 (36.8)
Female 41 (56.9) 50 (69.4) 91 (63.2)
Education 1.972 3 0.578
No formal education 30 (41.7) 35 (48.6) 65 (45.1)
Primary 16 (22.2) 18 (25.0) 34 (23.6)
Secondary 14 (19.4) 12 (16.7) 26 (18.1)
Tertiary 12 (16.7)) 7 (9.7) 19 (13.2)
Religion 0 1 1
Christianity 57 (79.2) 57 (79.4) 114 (79.2)
Islam 15 (20.8) 15 (20.8) 30 (22.8)
Employed 4.079 1 0.043*
Yes 35 (48.6) 47 (65.3) 82 (56.9)
No 37 (51.4) 25 (34.7) 62 (43.1)
Occupation status 5.482 2 0.065
Unskilled 15 (42.9) 28 (59.6) 43 (52.4)
Semiskilled 12 (34.3) 6 (12.8) 18 (22.0)
Skilled 8 (22.9) 13 (27.2) 21 (25.6)
Marital status 8.125 4 0.087
Never married 0 (0.0) 2 (2.8) 2 (1.4)
Currently married 44 (61.1) 41 (56.9) 85 (59.0)
Separated 3 (4.2) 0 (0.0) 3 (2.1)
Divorced 0 (0.0) 3 (4.2) 3 (2.1)
Widowed 25 (34.7) 26 (36.1) 51 (35.4)
*Statistically significant
TABLE 1. Demographic profile of the respondents.
TABLE 2 shows above statistically significant differences were observed in those who had hypertension, Family history of hypertension, involved in exercise, had DM and had a family history of DM (p<0.005) in study population compared to controls. More people had abnormal BMI in study population compared with controls and were statistically significant. Although, more people had abnormal waist/hip ratio among study population the differences were not statistically significant.
Control (n=7)
Alcohol intake 6.477 3 0.091
Yes frequently 8 (11.1) 2 (2.8) 10 (6.9)
Yes occasionally 6 (8.3) 2 (2.8) 8 (5.6)
No but in the past 6 (8.3) 6 (8.3) 12 (8.3)
No never before 52 (72.2) 62 (86.1) 114 (79.2)
Tobacco 4.114 2 0.128
Yes frequently 0 (0.0) 2 (2.8) 2 (1.4)
No but in the past 0 (0.0) 2 (2..8) 2 (1.4)
No never before 72 (100.0) 68 (94.4) 140 (97.2 )
Hypertension (HNT) 86.4 1 <0.001**
Yes 54 (75.0) 0 (0.0) 54 (37.5)
No 18 (25.0) 72 (100.0) 90 (62.5)
Diabetic Mellitus (DM) 8.471 1 0.004**
Yes 8 (11.1) 0 (0.0) 8 (5.6)
No 64 (88.9) 72 (100.0) 136 (94.4)
Exercise 24.167 1 <0.001**
Yes 6 (8.3) 32 (47.2) 38 (26.4)
No 66 (91.7) 38 (52.8) 104 (72.2)
Family history HNT 14.3954 2 0.001**
Don't know 12 (16.7) 6 (8.3) 18 (12.5)
Family history DM 8.508 2 0.014*
No 38 (52.8) 49 (68.1.2) 87 (60.4)
Don't know 20 (27.8) 20 (27.8) 40 (27.8)
Family history of stroke 2.165 2 0.339
Yes 6 (8.3) 6 (8.3) 12 (8.3)
Waist hip ratio 3.575 1 0.059
Normal 24 (33.3) 14 (19.4) 38 (26.4)
Elevated 48 (66.7) 57 (79.2) 105 (72.9)
Body mass index 16.784 3 0.001**
Underweight 0 (0.0) 6 (8.3) 6 (4.2)
Overweight 26 (36.1) 13 (18.4) 39 (27.1)
Obesity 19 (26.4) 10 (13.9) 29 (20.1)
*Statistically significant p<0.05; **Highly significant p<0.01
TABLE 2. Assessment of risk factors for stroke.
TABLE 3 shows high level of plasma Homocysteine (12.72 ± 5.10 μmol/L), Total Cholesterol (4.58 ± 1.40 mmol/L) and LDL-C (3.34 ± 1.41 mmol/L) in the study population when compared with Homocysteine (7.60 ± 1.80 μmol/L), Total Cholesterol (3.93 ± 0.91) and LDL-C (2.23 ± 0.80 mmol/L) than that of control and the difference was highly significant (p<0.01). The difference in the mean plasma level of HDL-C was statistically significant among study population (0.74 ± 0.32 mmol/L) when compared with Control (1.26 ± 0.38 mmol/L) p<0.001 The mean value of SBP (152.69 ± 29.80 mmHg) and DBP (89.38 ± 17.47 mmHg) for study population and SBP (117.23 ± 16.93 mmHg) and DBP (71.13 ± 11.59 mmHg) for controls and they were significantly elevated in study population (p<0.001). The Mean Body Fat (33.33 ± 6.49) in subjects compared with mean body fat (29.79 ± 7.97) in controls were significantly different (p<0.005).
HCY(μmol/L) 12.72 ± 5.10 7.60 ± 1.80 8.073 **<0.001
Total- Chol (mmol/L) 4.58 ± 1.40 3.93 ± 0.91 3.136 **0.002
HDL-C (mmol/L) 0.74 ± 0.32 1.26 ± 0.38 8.89 **<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L) 3.34 ± 1.41 2.23 ± 0.80 5.521 **<0.001
TRIG (mmol/L) 1.12 ± 0.68 0.98 ± 0.45 1.431 0.155
SBP (mmHg) 152.69 ± 29.80 117.23 ± 16.93 8.927 **<0.001
DBP (mmHg) 89.38 ± 17.47 71.13 ± 11.59 7.514 **<0.001
BODYFAT (%) 33.3 3± 6.49 29.79 ± 7.97 2.33 *0.021
*Statistically significant p<0.05; **Highly significant p<0.01; SBP-Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg); DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
TABLE 3. Comparison of anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters.
TABLE 4 shows that HCY had weak positive correlations with T-Chol (r=0.172), LDL-C (r=0.213), Body Fat (r=178) and negative correlation with HDL (r=˗0.178) but statistically significant p<0.05. T-Chol had a positive correlation with LDL-C (r=0.932 strong) and TRIG (r=0.309) both were highly significant, p<0.01. HDL-C showed a weak negative correlation with LDL-C (r=˗0.231), TRIG (r=˗0.170) and Waist/Hip ratio. The correlations were significant p<0.05. There was strong and highly significant correlation between percentage Body Fat and BMI (r=0.678), p<0.01. Also, a significant but weak positive correlation exists but percentage Body Fat and Waist/Hip ratio (r=0.215), p<0.5.
HCY
T-Chol
HDL-C
LDL-C
Waist/hip
HCY (μmol/L) r 1 0.172 -0.178 0.213 0.058 0.91 -0.011 0.178
p *0.040 *0.033 *0.010 0.487 0.278 0.994 *0.033
T-Chol (mmol/L) r 0.172 1 -0.101 0.932 0.309 -0.006 -0.095 0.025
p *0.040 0.226 **<0.001 **<0.001 0.943 0.256 0.768
HDL-C (mmol/L) r -0.178 -0.101 1 -0.239 -0.17 -0.048 -0.182 -0.106
p *0.033 0.226 *0.043 *0.042 0.564 *0.029 0.206
LDL-C (mmol/L) r 0.213 0.932 -0.398 1 0.145 -0.001 0..003 0.041
p *0.010 **<0.001 **<0.001 0.084 0.99 0.967 0.625
TRIG (mmol/L) r 0.058 0.309 -0.17 0.145 1 0.055 -0.163 0.088
p 0.487 **<0.001 *0.042 0.084 0.512 0.051 0.295
BMI r 0.91 -0.006 -0.048 -0.001 0.055 1 0.126 0.676
p 0.278 0.943 0.564 0.99 0.512 0.133 **<0.001
Waist/hip r -0.011 -0.095 -0.182 0.003 -0.163 0.126 1 0.215
p 0.994 0.256 *0.029 0.967 0.051 0.133 *0.010
Body fat (%) r 0.178 0.025 -0.106 0.041 0.088 0.676 0.215 1
p *0.033 0.768 0.206 0.625 0.295 **<0.001 *0.010
TABLE 4. Correlation of plasma level of homocysteine, T-Chol, HDL-C, LDL-C, TRIG, BMI, WHR and % body fat in patients with stroke.
The aim of this study is to access the correlation between major risk factors of cerebrovascular accident for the purpose of primary prevention. The major risk factor for cerebrovascular accident in this study was hypertension. Seventy-five percent of the study population was hypertensive and was highly significant when compared with controls (p<0.001), this has been documented in studies [15,16]. Family history of hypertension, DM, and lack of regular exercise had been shown to play a significant role in development of the cardiovascular event, as well as abnormal anthropometric measurements such as BMI and Waist/Hip Ratio, are established risk factors for cardiovascular event and those were significantly high in the study population. Weight reduction and prescribed regular exercise have been found to be integral part of primary preventive measures [17,18].
Abnormal lipid profile was found to be high among the study population when compared with that of controls, that is, elevated plasma level of total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol while plasma level of HDL-Cholesterol was low. This abnormal pattern has been established and documented in many journals as primary risk factors for cardiovascular events. Primary and secondary preventive measures have been centered on the treatment of abnormal lipid profile [19,20].
A high significant plasma level of Homocysteine was observed in the study population when compared with that of controls. This is similar to a study done by Suleiman et al. in Northwest Nigeria [21]. Elevated plasma level of Homocysteine has been implicated in pathogenesis of vascular events and now regards as isolated newer risk factor for stroke [13,22].
Pearsons correlation was done to see if there was any correlation between plasma level of Homocysteine and lipid parameters and various degrees of correlations were observed. We found that Total Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, and Triglyceride have positive though weak correlation with plasma level of Homocysteine. This is similar to a report obtained from Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University [23]. Elevated plasma homocysteine levels have been linked with abnormal lipid profile. Homocysteine level was found to interfere with metabolism of lipids, especially Apo A1 in HDL-Cholesterol. Statistically significant, negative correlation between plasma level of Homocysteine and HDL-Cholesterol was observed in this study. This explained one of the pathophysiologies of elevated plasma Homocysteine levels as independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease [24,25]. Although, abnormal anthropometric measures have been linked with risk of cardiovascular event no significant correlation was found with plasma level of Homocysteine.
We concluded that elevated plasma level of Homocysteine has a significant correlation with abnormal lipid profile which is one of the major risk factors for cerebrovascular accident.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article.
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text:
Myanmar, terrorism and the demands of international politics
Andrew Selth
Name-calling is one thing, but the new kind of civil war may cause problems for the opposition movement.
Handmade guns to be used in fighting against security forces, near Demoso, Kayah state, Myanamar, 4 June 2021 (STR/AFP via Getty Images)
Published 15 Jun 2021
Follow @adrewselth
During the 1970s and 1980s, when international terrorism was capturing global headlines and exercising the minds of governments and security experts, there were heated arguments over how to describe this kind of political violence. It was more than just a theoretical exercise, as a rigorous definition of terrorism was required, not just for greater clarity in diplomatic exchanges and academic debates, but also to make policies and laws surrounding responses to this particular threat.
Countless definitions were offered, but few were very helpful. Some academic efforts were so long and detailed that they were impractical. Others, including a few that eventually found their way into formal legal instruments, were so broad and ambiguous that they could potentially be applied to almost any form of political protest. In the end, most professionals working in the field accepted that a universally applicable definition was impossible.
A key reason for this was that the term "terrorism", strictly speaking a name coined to describe a specific set of violent actions, had become so hopelessly politicised that it could not be applied objectively. Also, in the public mind at least, it was always accompanied by a heavy overlay of moral and emotional considerations. These problems were encapsulated in the maxim that "one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter" or, put more simply, "terrorism is what the bad guys do".
This debate has risen again in the context of the current conflict in Myanmar, which has evolved since the February coup from peaceful street protests against the police and armed forces (or Tatmadaw), into a new kind of civil war that threatens to engulf the entire country.
Even if only a small minority of activists conducts bombings and assassinations in Myanmar's urban centres, such a campaign is likely to be seen as representative of the whole opposition movement.
Exploiting popular notions of the term, the junta has branded as terrorists the nation-wide opposition movement, its "National Unity Government" (NUG) and self-styled "defence forces". The opposition movement has in turn labelled the Tatmadaw a terrorist organisation, and branded its brutal crackdown on pro-democracy protesters as "state terrorism". This reciprocal name-calling seems aimed mainly at international audiences, from whom both sides hope to win support.
In this regard, however, the position of the opposition movement has been complicated by the emergence of a number of shadowy groups which are conducting campaigns of terrorist-style attacks against the junta and its supporters. They apparently hope to inspire continued resistance to the regime among the civilian population, while draining the resources and weakening the morale of the security forces.
Since the coup, there have reportedly been more than 300 bombs detonated by opposition elements across the country, in cities and towns, against military bases and police stations, and at the offices and homes of those deemed traitors to the democratic cause. Some have caused unintended casualties. For example, last month a parcel bomb sent to the wedding of a well-known "nationalist" appears to have killed his new wife and two guests.
There have also been assassinations conducted by members of the opposition movement. According to unconfirmed news reports, the targets have included soldiers, police, local officials, suspected informers and others known to support the new military regime. Some victims have been shot or stabbed, while others were killed in bomb blasts. At least one was reportedly kidnapped and later murdered.
These attacks have been associated with, but separate from, the insurgency campaigns being conducted in rural districts by long-established ethnic armed organisations (EAO), and local self-defence "militias" that have been created over the past few months.
It is perhaps not surprising that opposition members have eschewed Aung San Suu Kyi's non-violent approach.
The anger of Myanmar's pro-democracy movement in the face of the military regime's brutal repression is understandable. According to dissident sources, more than 845 people have been killed since 1 February and at least 4,500 have been arrested. Many appear to have been tortured. The Tatmadaw leadership has shown no sign of reconsidering its decision to overthrow Aung San Suu Kyi's popularly elected government.
There is also considerable frustration with the international community's apparent lack of response to these events. Repeated calls for UN intervention, for example under the "Responsibility to Protect" convention, have gone unanswered. Despite pleas, there have been no moves by foreign countries to recognise the NUG. Many governments have expressed concern about internal developments in Myanmar and a few have imposed sanctions, but these measures have been seen by the opposition movement as too little, too late.
In these circumstances, it is perhaps not surprising that opposition members have eschewed Aung San Suu Kyi's non-violent approach and taken more extreme steps. Many protesters have armed themselves with home-made weapons. Chinese businesses in Myanmar have been attacked, to protest Beijing's support for the generals. Also, 1,000 or more pro-democracy activists have taken to the jungle, to receive weapons training from EAOs. Some seem to envisage a rural guerrilla campaign, but others have clearly had something else in mind.
Even if only a small minority of activists conducts bombings and assassinations in Myanmar's urban centres, such a campaign is likely to be seen as representative of the whole opposition movement. This raises some difficult political and moral questions.
Politics will always play a major role in the classification of different forms of violent protest, but a clandestine urban campaign of assassinations and bombings to achieve political ends falls within most accepted definitions of terrorism. As such, it is a propaganda gift to the junta, particularly when innocent people are killed or injured. Such attacks also permit the generals to raise broader questions about the motives of Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy and, by implication, the whole democratic project in Myanmar.
The use of these tactics also restricts the scope for foreign governments and international organisations to assist the opposition movement. The Western democracies and the UN, for example, could never publicly endorse a terrorist campaign, no matter how noble the cause and how great the provocation. They must uphold, and be seen to be upholding, the comprehensive legal structure that has been developed over the past 50 years to help manage the global terrorism problem.
Myanmar's opposition movement is desperate, and doubtless feels that it has few options in its fight against a powerful and ruthless security apparatus that is gradually forcing its will on the civil population, at great cost. Yet, by choosing a clandestine campaign of terrorist-style attacks, some of its members may be contributing to the movement's longer term political problems.
A collected volume of Andrew Selth's Interpreter columns on Myanmar, Interpreting Myanmar: A Decade of Analysis, was recently published by ANU Press.
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