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Q: Most efficient way to store reference to container object in each item stored in STL list Say I have this basic setup:
#include <list>

struct Linker
{
 Linker* to;

 //some Linker specific stuff
};

struct Holder
{
 std::list<Linker> links;

 //some Holder specific stuff
 //If I access the "to" variable in a Linker, I want to be able to access the data of the Holder that contains the Linker
};

So simple objects that are stored in lists that point to other objects, in this case of the same type.  When I access to in a Linker and grab another Linker, I want to be able to figure out what Holder that other Linker is in as well as access that Linker's data.
I should specify, after reading Will's answer, that I'm not trying to simulate another list, exactly.  In the real implementation, not every item in Holder's list will be a Linker, and I still need to access everything through the list (with an order specific iteration).  But the list handles that, so that's fine.  I need a level of sporadic linking between items typically in different lists/Holders altogether on top of the list structure in the Holder class.
What's the best way to do this?  I've considered putting a Holder reference or pointer in each Linker, but let's say I want to keep structs like Linker separate from data about their container (using them in other contexts where there is no container sometimes, want to construct outside with no container info then have Holder with an add function to setup that info, etc).
I've considered using std::pair with a Holder reference or pointer as the other type, or extending Linker to something like HeldLinker with the info.  Also have thought of using something like this for more specific variable names than std::pair:
template<typename R, typename O> struct refwrap
{
 R& ref;
 O obj;

 refwrap(R& ref, const O& obj) : ref(ref), obj(obj) {}
};

In all of these cases, the Linker* to and std::list<Linker> links would be modified to use the appropriate class (std::pair, HeldLinker, refwrap, whatever).  However, it seems all of these "solutions" would cause a function like this:
void Holder::addlink(const Linker& link)
{
 //wrap link into whatever will hold a Holder reference/pointer
 //add to links list
}

To copy the incoming link object twice: when creating the wrapper object of whatever type and then again when adding that wrapper to the std::list object.  Not doing any of these wrapper methods would limit it to a single copy.  Is there a way to have my cake and eat it too, and have the single requisite copy for adding while also letting Holder wrap up Linker objects so their references also contain the Holder object they're in?  Or is there some better "addressing" scheme I could use for Linker that doesn't fit this paradigm while accomplishing the same thing?
Preferably, it would be something easily extensible, so if I were to add in this:
struct HolderHolder
{
 std::list<Holder> holders;
};

And it set it up with a similar relationship as Linker to Holder, it could be done without getting really crazy type names.  And for HolderHolderHolder, etc.

A: You want the most efficient way to store a reference to an object in an object?
The most efficient way is a pointer.  It is likely 4 or 8 bytes, and likely doesn't affect the alignment of the next item in the struct, so is therefore fine.
You can save bytes by having numbers that look up owner objects, but this is likely actually not saving real bytes in the struct allocation, its just introducing padding.
Setting a pointer takes a memory word write.  The destination is likely adjacent to other writes you are doing during initialization; its unlikely to impact performance even in a tight loop.
An alternative to using stl::list is to put the list nodes themselves inside the data-structure.
This is common in high-performance environments e.g. kernels.  Here's a description of the Linux kernel one.
By placing the next (and possibly previous) pointer (or XORing them to save space) inside the struct, no separate memory allocation is required.
This means that a object in the list can only ever be in one list at a time, but your to field means this anyway so this does not constrain you.
You can have a convention that the head is actually the owning object; this obviously takes O(n) to discover but perhaps you need to discover the to only occasionally?
So to summarize:

*

*you can save memory by not having an stl::list at all, but rather just have next (and prev, or perhaps XOR them) in the node itself

*you can use this space you save to add a to field explicitly

*or you can have a convention where the head of the list is actually the owner


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Home > Covenant & Conversation > Bereishit (5771) – The G-d of Creation and the Land of Israel
Bereishit (5771) – The G-d of Creation and the Land of Israel
There are times when an ancient text seems to speak more directly to where we are now than to the time when it was first written. Rarely has that been truer than in the case of the famous first comment of Rashi to the Torah, to the words: "In the beginning, G-d created . . ." Let us listen to it in its entirety:
Rabbi Isaac said: The Torah should have begun with the verse, "This month shall be to you the first of months" (Exodus 12: 2) which was the first commandment given to Israel. Why then did it begin with, "In the beginning"? It began thus because it wished to convey the idea contained in the verse (Psalm 111: 6), "The power of his acts He told to his people, in order to give them the estate of the nations." So that if the nations of the world will say to Israel, "You are robbers because you took by force the land of the seven nations," Israel might reply to them, "The whole earth belongs to the Holy One, blessed be He. He created it and gave it to them, and by His will He took it from them and gave it to us."Rashi might have been speaking directly to us in 5771/2010, in an age of anti-Zionism, boycotts, sanctions and divestments against Israel, and even a growing questioning of the State's right to exist.
Rashi (1040-1105) lived in Troyes, Northern France, at a time when the position of Jews under Christian rule was beginning seriously to worsen. He lived through the most traumatic event of that period, the massacre of Jewish communities in the Lorraine at the beginning of the First Crusade in 1096. Jews in his day were persecuted and powerless. They had no realistic hope of imminent return to the land.
As to the logic of Rabbi Isaac's interpretation, it seems strained. Why did the Torah begin with creation? Because that is a fundamental of Jewish faith. Rabbi Isaac seems to be arguing that since the Torah is primarily a book of commandments, it should begin with the first command – at least the first given to the Israelites as a collective entity. But clearly not everything in the Torah is command. Much of it is narrative. So Rabbi Isaac's question is odd.
So too is his answer. Why relate creation to a challenge to the Israelites' right to the land? Why, if Rabbi Isaac's interest is solely in commandments, not give the obvious halakhic answer: the story of creation is told to explain the command to keep Shabbat. It is all highly perplexing.
In fact, however, Rabbi Isaac is making a very cogent point indeed. Some years ago a secular scholar, David Clines, wrote a book entitled The Theme of the Pentateuch. His conclusion was that the single overarching theme of the Five Books of Moses is the promise of the land. That is surely the case. There are sub-themes, but this dominates all others. Seven times in Bereishit G-d promises the land to Abraham, once to Isaac, and three times to Jacob. The rest of the Mosaic books, from the beginning of Exodus when Moses hears about "the land flowing with milk and honey," to the end of Deuteronomy, when he sees it from afar, is about Israel, the destination of the Jewish journey.
There is a fundamental rule of literary form. Chekhov said: if there is a gun on stage in the first act of a play, it must be part of the plot or it should not be there at all. If the central theme of the Mosaic books is the promise of the land, the beginning must in some way be related to it. Hence Rabbi Isaac's point: the creation narrative must have to do with the land of Israel. What could this be if not to signal that the promise in virtue of which the Jewish people holds title to the land comes from the highest conceivable source, the sovereign of the universe, the Author of all.
No sooner have we said this than an obvious question arises. Why should a religion be tied to a land? It sounds absurd, especially in the context of monotheism. Surely the God of everywhere can be served anywhere.
Here too Rabbi Isaac steers us in the right direction. He reminds us of the first commandment given to the Israelites as a people, as they were about to leave Egypt.
Judaism is not primarily about personal salvation, the relationship between the individual and G-d in the inner recesses of the soul. It is about collective redemption, about what it is to create a society that is the opposite of Egypt, where the strong enslave the weak. The Torah is the architectonic of a society in which my freedom is not purchased at the cost of yours, in which justice rules and each individual is recognised as bearing the image of G-d. It is about the truths Thomas Jefferson called self evident, "that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights." It is about what John F Kennedy meant when he spoke of "the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of G-d."
We are social animals. Therefore we find G-d in society. That is what we discover when we reflect on the basic structure of the Torah's many commands. They include laws about the administration of justice, the conduct of war, ownership of land, employer-employee relationships, the welfare of the poor, the periodic cancellation of debts, in short, an entire legislative structure for the creation of what Rav Aaron Lichtenstein called societal beatitude.
Laws shape a society, and a society needs space. A sacred society needs sacred space, a holy land. Hence Jews and Judaism need their own land.
In four thousand years, for much of which Jews lived in exile, the people of the covenant were scattered over the face of the earth. There is no land in which Jews have never lived. Yet in all those centuries, there was only one land where they were able to do what almost every other nation takes for granted: create their own society in accordance with their own beliefs.
The premise of the Torah is that G-d must be found somewhere in particular if He is to be found everywhere in general. Just as, in the creation narrative, Shabbat is holy time, so in the Torah as a whole, Israel is holy space. That is why, in Judaism, religion is tied to a land, and a land is linked to a religion.
But now we come to the most perplexing part of Rabbi Isaac's comment. Recall what he said: Should anyone call into question the Jewish people's right to the land of Israel, the Jewish people can reply,
"G-d created the universe. He divided earth into many lands, languages and landscapes. But one small land He gave to the Jewish people. That is our title to the land."
How on earth could Rabbi Isaac think of this as a compelling answer? Almost inevitably, someone who challenges the Jewish people's right to the land of Israel will not believe in the G-d of Israel. So how will a reference to Israel's God make Israel's case?
Ironically, we know the answer to that question. Today the overwhelming majority of those who challenge Israel's right to exist believe in Israel's G-d, that is to say, the G-d of Abraham. They belong to the large family of faith known as the Abrahamic monotheisms.
To them, we must humbly say: when it comes to political conflict, let us search for a political solution. Let us work together in pursuit of peace. But when it comes to religion, let us not forget that without Judaism, there would be no Christianity and no Islam. Unlike Christianity and Islam, Judaism never sought to convert the world and never created an empire. All it sought was one tiny land, promised to the children of Israel by the creator of the universe, in whom Jews, Christians and Muslims all believe.
Sadly, Rabbi Isaac was right, and Rashi was right to quote him at the beginning of his Torah commentary. The Jewish people would be challenged on its right to the land, by people who claimed to worship the same G-d. That same G-d summons us today to the dignity of the human person, the sanctity of human life, and the imperative of peace. And that same G-d tells us that in a world of 82 Christian nations and 56 Muslim ones, there is room for one small Jewish state.
Tagged with: 5771bereishitconversationcovenantisraeljewish people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


After a long break from work and the passing of the holidays for the year 2010, I've finally caught up on enough sleep to share a post.
Marie and I were fortunate enough to be witness to all three wedding ceremonies for our friends Aswin and Raksha: a legal ceremony in Seattle, USA; a Hindu ceremony in Bangalore, India; and a Western ceremony, also in Bangalore. Additionally, there was a reception for the newlyweds in the groom's hometown, near Mangalore. They are a beautiful couple that deserves all the happiness they've found in each other, and I couldn't be more thrilled that they're finally married.
An added bonus to all the excitement of seeing my friends tie the knot was getting to see India in the days leading up to their official weddings. We flew into New Delhi, and visited Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Udaipur in Rajasthan, before continuing on to Goa, and finally Bangalore and Mangalore in Karnataka. We celebrated Christmas and New Year's in the country, and I "observed" my 30th birthday. I've uploaded a few photos I took using my Canon 1Ds and a 50mm lens.
Those of you familiar with pretty much any book, painting, film or television show ever concerning the subject of India will notice the absence of a certain white, marble building from our itinerary. This was not an intentional omission. Our trip was originally two and a half weeks, but was abbreviated to one and a half weeks, due to the fact that my wife and I are "spoiled Americans" (as my friend Aswin jokingly referred to us) who didn't know we were required to obtain Indian visas prior to departure.
After a weekend "trapped" in NYC, we flew back to Houston and got our visas in a day. We are very lucky to live 4.1 miles from the Southern USA's regional Indian visa outsourcing office, and could apply in person. Still, many days of our vacation (and many dollars from our bank account) were lost. Unfortunate, but not enough to ruin the experience.
Prior to this trip, we visited Scotland to celebrate the marriage of our friends Chris and Michelle. Next stop, Mexico City, for the wedding of my friend Morten, from Frederiksværk, Denmark. The World Wedding Tour continues!


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Masahiro Tanaka throws complete game to lead Yankees to second straight win over the Blue Jays
By Mark Feinsand
YANKEES 4, BLUE JAYS 1
TORONTO — Saturday was Masahiro Tanaka's day, from his first pitch to his last.
The Yankees have been very careful with their ace all season, doing what they can to protect his fragile elbow. But when Tanaka went back to the mound for the ninth inning Saturday against the Blue Jays, catcher John Ryan Murphy tried to fire up his battery-mate.
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"I just wanted him to finish it," Murphy said. "I didn't want anybody coming out of the pen. He deserved to get this one."
Eight pitches later, Tanaka had the Yankees' first complete-game victory in nearly a year, leading the Bombers to a 4-1 win over the Blue Jays to extend their winning streak to three.
"My mind-set was that if they would like me to go, I would like to go," Tanaka said through his translator. "I wanted to go out there. I was actually a little bit pumped up and happy that I was allowed to."
Masahiro Tanaka goes the distance to put the Yankees in position to sweep the Blue Jays. (Fred Thornhill/AP)
Having already taken the first two games from the red-hot Blue Jays, the Yankees now have an opportunity to sweep the series on Sunday less than a week after Toronto swept them in the Bronx.
"We're happy," said Carlos Beltran, who homered for the second straight game. "They went to our home and they took three out of three. Right now, we have the opportunity to do that."
Toronto entered the series leading the division by a half-game after winning 11 straight, while the fading Yankees had lost five of six. Now the Yankees know they'll head home Sunday night in first place, but with 46 games remaining after the weekend, there's still a long way to go.
"I think our guys live for this time of the year," Joe Girardi said. "We went through some good times and bad times this year, but I've said all along this group has been resilient. It's a group that knows how to fight back. And they've done it."
With Dellin Betances and Andrew Miller both unavailable to pitch due to their recent workload, Tanaka (9-5) gave the Yankees exactly what they needed.
The ace held the top-scoring offense in the league to just five hits and three walks, striking out eight.
Yankees designated hitter Mark Teixeira hits a home run against Blue Jays in the sixth inning. (Dan Hamilton/USA Today Sports)
"That's why they signed him, brought him over here to do it, just like we picked up (David) Price," Toronto manager John Gibbons said. "That's what those guys do."
Tanaka hadn't thrown more than 7.2 innings in a start this season, while his 112 pitches were his second-highest total this year, two shy of his season-high.
"Up to this point, I think today was one of the most important games that I've pitched in," Tanaka said through his translator. "My mind-set was I wanted to go as deep into the game as possible. I was really satisfied that I was able to do that."
Tanaka lost a tough 2-0 game to the Jays last weekend in the Bronx, but Beltran staked him to a quick lead with a solo shot to right off Marco Estrada (10-7) in the first.
Tanaka put a runner on base in each of the first four innings, but he held the Blue Jays hitless in five at-bats with a man in scoring position, holding the one-run lead.
Toronto finally put together a rally in the fifth as Tanaka walked No. 8 hitter Ryan Goins, gave up a single to Ben Revere and walked Troy Tulowitzki, loading the bases with nobody out for MVP candidate Josh Donaldson.
Carlos Beltran is congratulated by Chase Headley after hitting a solo home run in the first inning. (Tom Szczerbowski/Getty Images)
"Bases loaded, nobody out and Donaldson up," Murphy said. "That's not exactly a situation we were looking forward to."
Donaldson tied the game with a sacrifice fly to left, but Tanaka struck out Jose Bautista and got Edwin Encarnacion to pop out to second base.
"That was the key to the game for us," Girardi said. "For him to go through those hitters and only give up one run was really tremendous."
"That was our big shot, no doubt about it," Gibbons said.
Mark Teixeira broke the tie in the sixth with a long home run to right field. Teixeira added an insurance run with an RBI single to center against LaTroy Hawkins in the eighth.
Toronto brought the tying run to the plate in the eighth, but Tanaka caught Chris Colabello looking at strike three to end the threat.
"He was strike one all day," Murphy said. "We kept them off-balance, kept mixing his stuff throughout the game. We tried to throw a lot of fastballs early in the game so his off-speed would play a little bit better later in the game. It worked."
masahiro tanaka
carlos beltran


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Recent demonstrations of melting in the metal–organic framework (MOF) family have created interest in the interfacial domain between inorganic glasses and amorphous organic polymers. The chemical and physical behaviour of porous hybrid liquids and glasses is of particular interest, though opportunities are limited by the inaccessible melting temperatures of many MOFs. Here, we show that the processing technique of flux melting, 'borrowed' from the inorganic domain, may be applied in order to melt ZIF-8, a material which does not possess an accessible liquid state in the pure form. Effectively, we employ the high-temperature liquid state of one MOF as a solvent for a secondary, non-melting MOF component. Differential scanning calorimetry, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, electron microscopy and X-ray total scattering techniques are used to show the flux melting of the crystalline component within the liquid. Gas adsorption and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements show that this results in enhanced, accessible porosity to a range of guest molecules in the resultant flux melted MOF glass.


A preliminary design for a battleship prepared for the General Board. This design represented a step in the development of the South Dakota (Battleship # 49) class design. This modification to an earlier plan (see Photo # S-584-105) differed from the original "Scheme 2" in mounting 5-inch guns in six twin turrets and adding two additional guns in casemates for a new total of 20 5-inch guns in the secondary battery. The ship's funnels, originally separated for reduced overall vulnerability, were trunked together above deck, a feature retained in the final design for South Dakota (see Photo S-584-132).
This plan provided twelve 16-inch guns, electric drive machinery, and a speed of 23 knots in a ship 660 feet long on the waterline, 105 feet in beam, and with a normal displacement of 41,500 to 42,000 tons.


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Reporter likely to be charged for using "view source" feature on web browser
Mark Frauenfelder 11:19 am Thu Dec 30, 2021
A St. Louis Post-Dispatch reporter who viewed the source HTML of a Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education website is now likely to be prosecuted for computer tampering, says Missouri Governor Mike Parson.
All web browsers have a "view source" menu item that lets you see the HTML code of the web page it is displaying.
The reporter discovered that the source code of the website contained Social Security numbers of educators. The reporter alerted the state about the social security numbers. After the state removed the numbers from the web page, the Post-Dispatch reported the vulnerability.
Soon after, Governor Parson, "who has often tangled with news outlets over reports he doesn't like, announced a criminal investigation into the reporter and the Post-Dispatch."
"If somebody picks your lock on your house — for whatever reason, it's not a good lock, it's a cheap lock or whatever problem you might have — they do not have the right to go into your house and take anything that belongs to you," Parson said in a statement.
A commenter on the Post-Dispatch story offers a more apt analogy:
A better analogy would be you're walking in the street past a neighbor's house and notice their front door wide open with no one around. You can see a purse and car keys near the door. You phone that neighbor, and tell them their door is open and their purse and keys are easily visible from the street. Would Parson consider this breaking and entering?
From the Post-Dispatch:
[A] state cybersecurity specialist informed Sandra Karsten, the director of the Department of Public Safety, that an FBI agent said the incident "is not an actual network intrusion."
Instead, the specialist wrote, the FBI agent said the state's database was "misconfigured," which "allowed open source tools to be used to query data that should not be public."
"These documents show there was no network intrusion," St. Louis Post-Dispatch President and Publisher Ian Caso said this month. "As DESE initially acknowledged, the reporter should have been thanked for the responsible way he handled the matter and not chastised or investigated as a hacker."
christ what an asshole
Kentucky congressman posts dumb holiday photo of his family showing off their big guns, just days after the Michigan high school shooting
Rep. Thomas Massie (R-Ky) posted this dumb holiday photo to Twitter just a few days after the school shooting in Michigan in which a teenager killed four students using a gun purchased for him by his parents who are also being prosecuted for allegedly allowing it to happen. "Merry Christmas!" Massie tweeted. "Ps. Santa, please… READ THE REST
Basketball jeerer ejected for allegedly telling LeBron James that she hopes his son "dies in a car wreck"
Los Angeles Lakers player LeBron James paused the action in the middle of a game in Indiana yesterday to ask officials to eject two people jeering him. According to at least one person at the game, the woman wished death on James' son: "I hope Bronny dies in a car wreck," she allegedly said. As… READ THE REST
Woman brings megaphone on plane to lecture passengers about Covid and her beauty
Even when the flight crew warned a woman that they would handcuff her, she continued to parade up and down a plane aisle with a mic and amplifier to share her thoughts on the origins of the pandemic and how "I'm not terrible to look at." From the International Business Times: "I brought my microphone.… READ THE REST
Brrrn Board: Six Foot Adjustable Slideboard here to make at home workouts fun again
We hate to break it to you, but gyms are disgusting. Think about it for a hot minute: everyone's sweating, grunting, and throwing basic hygiene social cues out of the window in the name of some gains. Beyond that, we might be banned from gyms once again thanks to a certain global pandemic that shall… READ THE REST
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In terms of germs, the summer gave us a little more leeway than the winter to be relaxed and protected from catching a case of COVID. Now that new strains are upon us, we might have to go back into recluse mode for a while. If history has taught us anything, it's that another lockdown… READ THE REST
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Hey, remember when we used to have a blast with other people instead of giving a hoot about germs? Fun times, fun times. Alas, thanks to the bewildering stupidity of half the country and a new strain of COVID blowing through literally everyone, we're back home and left to our own devices. That's cool, we've… READ THE REST


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The Secret to the Falcons' Success?
The Wall Street Journal's Michael Saffino wrote an article last week about the Falcons' aggressive tendencies on fourth down this season. In opponent territory, with 3 yards or less to go and more than 4 minutes remaining, the Falcons went for the conversion on 72% of their opportunities, the most in the league. They converted on 85% of those attempts. The review of the game's play-by-play indicated that Atlanta would have scored 21 points according to league-average field goal rates, but following their successful conversions the Falcons actually went on to score 51 points--a net of 30 additional points. And in 3 games, the points scored off of 4th down conversions made the difference in the win. Could this be the explanation for the Falcons' dramatic over-performance this season?
In this post, I'll attempt a few things. First, I'll discuss how we should properly measure the impact of 4th down decisions and measure the wisdom of the decisions themselves. Then I'll look specifically at the Falcons' 4th down situations and measure their impact on Atlanta's fortunes in terms of EPA and WPA. Lastly, I'll look at how all the teams did in terms of 4th down decisions.
Measuring the value of 4th downs
The wisdom of 4th down decisions must be judged based on the situation and information available at the time. The outcome itself should not be part of the equation when we decide whether a particular decision was correct or unwise. Additionally, it's not quite correct to count up the points scored on the drive subsequent to a fourth down conversion and then say that they made the ultimate difference in the score of the game. Had the Falcons kicked a FG instead of going for it in any of these situations, the entire game from that point forward changes. Each teams' risk/reward equation is affected and their strategies would change. We can't inject or remove points from a game and pronounce the outcome would have been just so. Things have to be measured probabilistically, and this is where Win Probability (WP) comes in especially handy. In fairness to the author, Mr. Saffino only suggests that the points may have made the difference in the end, which is the best one can do without the benefit of a WP model.
Measuring the actual impact of a 4th down conversion attempt is straightforward, at least in retrospect. We can measure the Win Probability Added (WPA) of the play or the Expected Points Added (EPA) of the play. In other words, the impact of any 4th down attempt can be measured by subtracting the WP of the game state prior to the 4th down play from the WP of the game state following the conversion attempt. The same concept applies with EPA.
Measuring the wisdom of the decision itself, before we know the outcome of the attempt, is more difficult. The best way to measure 4th down decisions is to compare the expected WP of a punt or field goal attempt with the total expected WP of the go-for-it gamble. To the degree that the total go-for-it WP exceeds the punt/kick WP, a coach forfeits that amount of WP when he punts or kicks. This how I have typically analyzed 4th down decisions, including this one in which the Falcons made a big mistake.
To summarize, there are two separate measures here. One is a retrospective measure of the impact of the 4th down plays actually attempted. The other measure is the value of the decision itself, analyzed prior to the outcome of the play.
The 2010 Falcons on 4th down
Looking specifically at the 2010 Falcons, it's true that they led the league in attempts under the specifications in the WSJ article--on opponent territory, 3 or fewer yards to go, and more than 4 minutes left in the game. (I think these are fair restrictions because they identify situations in which the conventional wisdom says it is somewhat reasonable to go for it. The 4-minute restriction is intended to filter out situations in which it's typical for trailing teams to go for it.)
The results of these plays added 0.90 WPA. In other words, in total, Atlanta's 4th down attempts created about one additional win in 2010. That may sound fairly impressive, especially for a league in which the difference between 10-6 and 9-7 can be enormous. However, all teams go for it on 4th downs sometimes, at least in some obvious situations, and the league-average WPA on 4th down under the conditions specified in the WSJ article is 0.20, making the Falcon's net advantage 0.70 WPA. That's impressive and should be cheered loudly, but it's not the 3 wins implied in the article.
In terms of EPA, the Falcons' 4th downs translated into 30.7 expected points (over and above FG attempts or punts), which is very close to the 30 net points estimated in the article.
What if we remove the restrictions of opponent territory, 3 or less yards to go, and more than 4 minutes to play? The Falcons 4th down conversion attempts brought them 0.93 WPA, while the league average was 0.52. That's a net of 0.49 WPA for the Falcons attributed to the outcomes of all 4th downs conversion attempts.
Impressive, but this is based on the outcomes, and Atlanta was very fortunate on their conversion attempts. What if we evaluate their 4th downs decisions, based on expected conversion success rates, prior to knowledge of the outcomes? Using the specifications of the article, when the Falcons punted or kicked in situations where the WP for a conversion attempt exceeded that of the punt or kick, they passed up only 0.09 WPA. This ties them for 2nd best in the league. But when we expand the data to consider all 4th downs, the Falcons forfeit 0.75 WPA when unwisely kicking or punting, which puts them square in the middle of the pack at 17th in the league.
All 32 teams
Now let's take a look at how all the teams fared in 2010 on 4th down. I'll give you two tables. The first limits the data to the specifications from the article, and the second is for all 4th downs.
Each table has several columns. The first data column lists the percentage of opportunities that each team attempted to convert 4th downs in situations in which the go-for-it WP exceeded both the kick and punt WP, an indication of how frequently each team went for the first down when it would have been to their advantage. The second column lists the actual net WP as a result of 4th down conversion attempts, and indication of how much each team actually benefited from its 4th down attempts. The third column lists the total WP forfeited when each team passed up a conversion attempt opportunity that would have been beneficial. The smaller the amount of WP forfeited, the more astute the team's coaching staff.
Opp Territory, 3 or fewer yds to go, >4 min left
Team Go4It Rate (%) Net WP Gained WP Forfeited
HST 63 0.05 0.07
DEN 70 0.32 0.09
ATL 71 0.93 0.09
MIN 50 0.01 0.11
TEN 43 0.18 0.11
ARZ 58 0.18 0.12
KC 71 0.30 0.13
CAR 45 0.14 0.13
NE 55 0.44 0.15
SF 55 0.07 0.15
SL 45 0.30 0.16
OAK 63 0.57 0.17
DAL 50 0.36 0.17
SD 27 0.04 0.17
NO 33 0.10 0.21
NYG 20 0.07 0.21
BLT 25 0.17 0.22
PHI 47 0.20 0.24
CHI 25 -0.16 0.26
WAS 38 0.29 0.26
CLV 29 -0.08 0.27
GB 31 -0.10 0.30
DET 43 0.25 0.30
BUF 50 0.28 0.33
IND 29 0.09 0.34
PIT 18 0.10 0.34
CIN 37 0.32 0.34
JAX 50 0.57 0.34
TB 24 0.15 0.39
SEA 35 -0.02 0.40
NYJ 20 0.26 0.45
MIA 17 0.15 0.61
Average 41 0.20 0.24
All 4th Downs
NE 21 -0.01 0.39
SD 11 -0.09 0.41
GB 41 0.85 0.72
SEA 21 0.90 0.78
TEN 12 -0.04 0.86
KC 8 0.04 0.93
CHI 19 0.04 0.94
CLV 24 0.27 1.21
For the most part, teams with small amounts of forfeited WP are the teams with the fewer number of opportunities for conversion attempts. I could present the average amount of WP forfeited for each team, but I don't think that tells us much. The total WP forfeited numbers are still useful because they tells us which teams, and which kinds of teams, would have benefited the most from a more aggressive strategy.
It's interesting that less than a third of the WP forfeited was on plays inside the constraint of opponent territory, 3 or fewer yards to go, and more than 4 minutes left. Part of the reason is that it very often makes sense to teams ahead to go for it on 4th down within 4 minutes. Just like in the Patriots-Colts game from last season, a relatively easy 4th down conversion that seals the game is a better gamble than punting to a team that has all 4 downs to use and time to score the go-ahead points..
Another consideration is that it very often makes sense to go for it when there is far more than 3 yards to go. In no-man's-land, where a FG is an iffy proposition and a punt buys you very little field position, it can make sense to go for it on 4th and long depending on the score and time.
As always, the usual caveats apply. These numbers are based on league-average baselines. One other caveat is that these WP numbers are minimums. They assume a conversion success would get the exact number of yards required and no more. Realistically, they would often gain more yards than needed, making the conversion attempt even more lucrative.
published on 1/21/2011 in 4th down, analysis, coaching, research, team analysis
13 Responses to "The Secret to the Falcons' Success?"
And we all thought Miami was unlucky. Turns out risk aversion played a big part in their disappointing season.
What's really encouraging for me is that the teams with the highest go for it percentages are actually coming out with the most net WPA. It is what we'd expect, indeed it's why we've been saying coaches should go for it more often, but we all know there's a huge difference between something working in theory and it actually working in practice. These numbers provide great practical evidence that the more you go for it when the stats community says you should, the more you will win.
One in-game situation where Norv comes out looking good.
Scratch that. Another in-game situation where Norv doesn't look good. I'm guessing the WP forfeited is misleading because the Chargers didn't have many opportunities and the 11% Go4It is indicative of Norv's inability to be aggressive when it matters. Not to mention he should be more likely to go for it because of their offense.
So what does this say about Belichick and his aversion to Go4It despite the Patriots' offensive prowess?
Were there any cases this year of teams going for it when your models suggest that they shouldn't?
Bruce D. says:
Another mind bending article.
As stated:
"One other caveat is that these WP numbers are minimums. They assume a conversion success would get the exact number of yards required and no more. Realistically, they would often gain more yards than needed, making the conversion attempt even more lucrative."
Can we assume that statement applies to just WP Forfeited? And if so, could it not be accounted for with average yards over needed(or similar)?
Buzz says:
Are the "all 4th downs" exclusive of the last 3 minutes of the game and just include the entire field and down and distance or do they include the entire 60 minutes of the game?
Also I know that the article used the last 3 minutes of the game as their cutoff but I think even more interesting might be something like what is each team's go4it rate when their WP% is greater than say 10% and they are starting to get desperate.
Random oddity - KC has been talked about how often they "go for it" and I have seen them go for it a lot myself. Indeed they are #1 at going for it in opponents territory (essentially tied with ATL) but they are dead last at 8% in total go for it at 8%. That seems kind of weird. They must almost have some rule that says if its 4th down at this point of the field go for it and every other option dont?
Anyway very interesting.
No. The 'all 4th downs' includes the entire game, including OT.
Noticed that about KC too. I think you're right. Haley must have a rule of thumb he sticks to pretty tightly.
Florida Danny says:
brian-
very insightful. i find it really interesting how your analysis casts singletary in a much better light re "agreesiveness on 4th down" than much of the fan base would. i'm guessing it's probably because his passiveness on downs 1-3 overshadowed his aggressiveness on down 4, you know. then again, even though there are a lot more "observations" of passiveness in downs 1-3, it might not overshadow agressiveness over fewer observations on down 4 because 4th down plays are much more high-profile than those on earlier downs (except for maybe 3rd down). or, on the 3rd hand, the dichotomy here might not be real, with it just being one of those "see what you wan't to see" situations.
i think i'm going to write something up for NN based on what you've found, so just a question or two for clarification purposes:
1) do i understand it correctly that your analysis only included 4th down plays (either constrained sample or full sample) in which the team was supposed to go for it according to WPA? in other words, your analysis doesn't include 4th down plays where the team wasn't supposed to go for it in the first place, right? i'm just clarifying here, but if not, i think a future post looking at coaches with respect to the converse of this situation might be equally interesting. as in, "how much WP did this idiot coach gain or lose by going for it when he shouldn't have?"
2) you mentioned that the teams with the highest WP were generally those that had more opportunities to go for it. did you run any correlations on this or on anything else related to the associations between the stats in the tables? i'd be interested to know if teams that are higher in go4it ratego are higher or lower in net WP gained and/or net WP forfeited. just wondering if there's a practice effect here.
look forward to your response.
Danny-1) Yes, you're correct. 2) No, I just noticed the teams with the most opportunities were the same teams with the most WP forfeited, and vice versa. It's not something I looked at, but I doubt there is a practice effect. WP is so sensitive to situational variables that they tend to swamp other smaller factors.
To me, the most interesting column is the "WP forfeited" column. No surprise to see New England's famously aggressive Belichick on the top of the heap.
I'd like to see that turned into a rate stat. Maybe take that WP forfeited, and divide it by the number of plays involved in that WP forfeited, PLUS the number of times they actually went for it. It would be interesting to see if such a rate stat could account for some additional variance in the prediction model.
Salfino says:
I meant only that the points gained by going for it equaled or exceeded the winning margin in three games. And it should have said that I assumed no field goals over 50 yards were attempted (not made). But this research is excellent, as always, Brian. (I always wish I had more than 270 or so words for those WSJ Counts.)
Don't get me wrong, Mr. Salfino. That was the best 270 words written about football I've read in while. Keep it up.
Great analysis! It makes me a little sick to see the Jets may have left a win on the table due to poor decision making. I knew from watching that they don't have a good grasp on 4th down strategy, but the size of the effect is surprising.
Defensive Gamblers
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text:
Q: How to get DBContext again after the Main Thread disposes? Net core. I am using EF core, Unit Of Work and Repository pattern. In my code I am releasing my main thread using await Task.Delay(150); Then I am trying to get DB Context but exception says Dbcontext is disposed. So Is there any way I can get DBContext again after the main thread disposes? below few are my code snippets,
services.AddDbContext<MyContext>(options =>
           options.UseSqlServer(this.Configuration["AzureSQLConnectionString"]));
services.AddScoped<IUnitOfWork, UnitOfWork>();

Below is my method
public Class MyTestBusinessLogic : IMyTestBusinessLogic
{
    public MyTestBusinessLogic(IUnitOfWork unitOfWork)
    {
        UnitOfWork = unitOfWork ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(unitOfWork));
        MyTestRepository= UnitOfWork.GetRepository<MyTest>();
    }
    private IDbRepository<MyTest> MyTestRepository{ get; set; }
    public async Task MyMethod()
    {
        await MyTestRepository.GetFirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.Id == Id); // works here
        await Task.Delay(150);
        // here after my context disposes
        await MyTestRepository.GetFirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.Id == Id); //this wont work and It will throw error inside GetFirstOrDefaultAsync method.
    }
}

GetFirstOrDefaultAsync method
public class DbRepository<T> : BaseRepository<T>, IDbRepository<T> where T : class
{
    private readonly DbContext dbContext;
    private readonly DbSet<T> dbSet;
    public DbRepository(DbContext dbContext)
    {
        this.dbContext = dbContext;
        this.dbSet = dbContext?.Set<T>();
    }

    public async Task<T> GetFirstOrDefaultAsync(Expression<Func<T, bool>> filter = null, Func<IQueryable<T>, IOrderedQueryable<T>> orderBy = null, params Expression<Func<T, object>>[] includes)
    {
        IQueryable<T> query = this.dbSet; // throws exception saying cannot use disposed object
        foreach (Expression<Func<T, object>> include in includes)
        {
            query = query.Include(include);
        }

        if (filter != null)
        {
            query = query.Where(filter);
        }

        if (orderBy != null)
        {
            query = orderBy(query);
        }

        return await query.FirstOrDefaultAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
    }
}

Can someone help me to fix this? Any help would be appreciated. Thanks

A:
I am calling without await

This is your problem. So-called "fire and forget" is dangerous on ASP.NET, and is only appropriate when it doesn't matter whether the code runs or not. In your case, since you need the code to run, omitting the await is inappropriate.
The correct solution is to call MyMethod with await.
If you absolutely, must return early, then the next-best solution is to introduce a reliable queue (e.g., Azure Queue / Amazon SMS) and a background processor (e.g., Azure Function / Amazon Lambda / .NET Core BackgroundService) that processes messages on that queue. Once you have these, when you have a situation where you need to return early and do the work later, then that code will place a message into the queue and then return a result. When the background processor retrieves the message from the queue, it will then do the work.

A: I presume that you are running MyMethod without awaiting it. So while main thread completes execution it will destroy dbcontext or any scoped objects injected from DI.
To fulfill your requirement you can use IServiceScopeFactory which is singleton object and added by .net core framework. Using it you can create scope using serviceScopeFactory.CreateScope() and create new instance of required dependencies using scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<MyDbContext>();.
So in such scenario you can use like below. Please refer comment for understanding. I don't know exact structure of you application so I added IServiceScopeFactory to your MyTest for example/test. But as per your code you can move it elsewhere I guess in UnitOfWork.
public Class MyTestBusinessLogic : IMyTestBusinessLogic
{

    // Add serviceScopeFactory
    private readonly IServiceScopeFactory serviceScopeFactory;

    // Inject IServiceScopeFactory and assign to class object.
    public MyTestBusinessLogic(IServiceScopeFactory serviceScopeFactory)
    {
        this.serviceScopeFactory = serviceScopeFactory;

        // Create scope with IServiceScopeFactory.CreateScope()
        var scope = serviceScopeFactory.CreateScope();

        // GetRequiredService unitOfWork
        UnitOfWork = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IUnitOfWork>();
        // UnitOfWork = unitOfWork ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(unitOfWork));

        MyTestRepository= UnitOfWork.GetRepository<MyTest>();
    }

    private IDbRepository<MyTest> MyTestRepository{ get; set; }

    public async Task MyMethod()
    {
        await MyTestRepository.GetFirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.Id == Id); // works here
        await Task.Delay(150);
        // here after my context disposes
        await MyTestRepository.GetFirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.Id == Id); //this wont work and It will throw error inside GetFirstOrDefaultAsync method.
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Clever play by Cuixart
Photo: Sergi Alcàzar
Barcelona. Wednesday, 7 August 2019. 18:23
Read in Catalan
The decision by Òmnium's president, Jordi Cuixart, to request that the organisation be received within the round of meetings that the acting PM, Pedro Sánchez, intends to hold with civil society bodies, to look for support to help him unblock his investiture, is a smart and clever play in the ever-complex puzzle of interests, not always coincident, of the pro-independence parties. Cuixart is thus strengthening his role as a dialogue party over any other attribute, even in such an unfair situation as the one he is in, from his pre-trial detention in which he has already been 660 nights sleeping in prison.
The Spanish government's spokespersons do not want to hear about Cuixart's letter, which is partly logical, since the entities summoned will eventually be dependent on state aid on one way or another, which is a different circumstance to that of Òmnium, which lives exclusively from the fees of its more than 170,000 members. In addition to this, it is also true that Òmnium is an entity that has been key in the rise of the pro-independence movement, in the organisation of the mass demonstrations held in Catalonia and in the incorporation of civil disobedience as one of the solutions after the sentences of the Supreme Court.
The consensus that Cuixart holds within the Catalan pro-independence world and the social position of an entity created in 1961, in the middle of the dictatorship, should lead Pedro Sánchez not to offer an easy manual response to satisfy PP and Cs, apparently, the only ones that the PSOE does not want to disturb. Easy things are always the enemy of correct ones. Filling the news with unions and employers associations alike serves the purpose of giving a false image of dialogue and to try and pressure Pablo Iglesias a little. But no investiture shall emerge from that. And neither it will from the King escaping his institutional role and advocating the end of the institutional blockade, a way of advocating for Sánchez's investiture.
The courageous thing, what Adolfo Suárez1 would have done, is to try and find out what Cuixart means when he says "We will do it again". Then people did politics, but today, they simply go through the motions.
1. Adolfo Suárez was the first Spanish prime minister to be elected democratically after the end of the Franco regime.
Jordi Cuixart


Since there has been some buzz on Coherent, I thought I'd see what the state of emulation is in 2015.. .While Qemu 1.2.0 can install Coherent, the hard disk access is incredibly slow. Luckily for me, I was basically stuck on hold, and bouncing between tasks so the four hour long install didn't seem so bad.
Unimplemented transfer 0x31 on Bochs.
The first thing I tried to do was to get it to run on Bochs. This was somewhat as easy as mounting the disk, and setting the hard disk to bootable in the Bochs setup program. Coherent boots up, and then starts to print errors that it's unable to write to the disk.
So, the CPU seems to work, but without the ability to write to the disk, it isn't too useful.
PCem Spurious GP Fault on iret to Ring 3.
Which is a shame, as I thought that PCem would probably handle any sensitive timing issues the best.
Next up, I tried VMware Player.
Which had issues with the hard disk.
Next I thought MESS may actually be able to run it.
It boots, it seemingly doesn't crash, but it just hangs there. I assume it's also plagued by the insanely slow hard disk access that Qemu struggles with.
I don't know if this counts for close. But this is the current state of emulation.
So it's great that there is source, although it looks like it's several internal branches of the PC branch (the source only mentions the PDP11, 68000 and Z8001 ports in libc), but there is a bunch of RCS files. Its more so a matter of going through all of that to parse out project tree's and see which ones are newer. Not all parts have RCS files though, the userland is just a straight source dump.
I'd suspect the only viable way to get this running on modern emulation is to really get it either cross compiling, which means building it's toolchain, and trying to build a new kernel or finding old enough hardware to build on. I can't even begin to imagine trying to use a compiler on a disk that functions at 1kb/sec.
Well I thought I'd go ahead and try a newer version of Qemu for Windows, namely the 20141210 build, and here we go!
Although I don't know if you need to reduce the CPU or limit the RAM (remember Coherent can't swap!).
Maybe now is a good time to read that manual.
So Coherent was free to continue to sell their discount Unix like OS for the bargain price of $99 USD. I had plans on buying a copy as the older versions even supported the 8086, and 80286 however by the time I finally got enough RAM and disk space to make the purchase worth while, Linux was freely available. I believe that Coherent was the first OS to be killed by the Linux juggernaut, followed by SCO Xenix.
So it's a little late to the party, open sourcing may have helped back in the early 1990's although it'd seem like an utterly crazy move at the time.
Better late than never, this includes source dumps, and some RCS data, along with random tgz's and a binary distribution of version 4. Without any doubt this will either help emulators better emulate the machine state Coherent expects, or perhaps fixing Coherent to run on more modern machines.
Coherent was also famous for it's large, and well documented manual. Luckily the sources to the manual are also available.
So without further ado, here is the pages with the sources to coherent.
On final note of interest is that the Mark Williams Company was founded by Robert Swartz, who's son Aaron was quite influential until the time of his death.


The EUR/USD pair has rejected the 1.145 price level once again. At the same time, price action has broken the ascending trendline and as such is approaching the 1.129 support level. A break of this support level would provide weight to the downtrend. Momentum indicators are bearish with RSI approaching the 30 oversold area and MACD testing the zero line.
The GBP/USD pair has returned to the 1.292 price level, however, price action has been held up at the support level. A break would likely send the pair towards the 1.269 price level. Momentum indicators have turned bearish in support of the move and selling pressure has risen in today's trading.
The USD/CAD pair remains volatile in response to volatile oil prices. The pair is once again testing the 1.326 price level with no clear trend established. Momentum indicators are somewhat bearish and as such, are divergent from price action. A break of the support area will likely send the pair towards the 1.316 support level.
The pullback for Silver appears to have been short-lived as the metal rebounds from the 15.69 resistance line. This area will represent a support going forward. Given the lack of support from neutral momentum indicators, it appears unlikely there will be enough conviction to send the metal back to the 16.12 price line.
Gold has broken the 1303.94 price level and despite a few tests; continues to climb beyond this recent price high. Momentum indicators remain bullish, however, there are indications that the metal is overbought.
WTI buyers have returned with moderate bullish moves to take WTI beyond $50 per barrel. A key resistance area lies at $57 per barrel. There appears to be rising bearish momentum however, with MACD testing the zero line and RSI forming a moderate bearish trajectory.


text:
Jangtaesan Mountain Forest
461, Jangan-ro, Seo-gu, Daedjeon
It is in Jangan-dong, Seo-gu, Daejeon and is one of the 12 Attractions of Daejeon with its magnificent landscape. The only Metasequoia forest in Korea is formed here densely and with its exotic landscape, and it is famous as a resting forest for families to enjoy. Jangtaesan Mountain Forest is the first forest developed and run by a private fund in South Korea. It was taken over by Daejeon Metropolitan City in February of 2002 and remodeled and re-opened in April, 2006.
Resting area for citizens of Daejeon
With its exotic landscape, Jangtaesan Mountain Forest is famous as a resting forest for families and has various attractions with an extending forest passing Yongtaewul reservoir near the entrance. The visitors can watch the glow of the setting sun at the observatory on the Brother rock on top of the mountain. Further, it goes back to 1973 when MT. Jangtaesan started to have the look of a forest. Chang-bong Im (deceased), who lamented 'Daejeon has many places for entertainment but there is no real resting place,' started a private fund and started to build a place with trees. He planted trees such as tamaracks, pine, paulownia, metasequoia, etc., and these trees have grown into a total of 134,000 over 20 years to form colonies and form the forest seen now. With a field area of 815,855 m2 and capacity for 6,000 people, Jangtaesan Mountain Forest at an altitude of 306.3 meter opened on Feb. 24th, 2014 as the first private forest in South Korea.
Road calling me
Jangtaesan Mountain Forest not only has a magnificent landscape but also has many attractions. Representative programs are 'Insects Observation' and 'Forest Experiencing Sky Way.' Visitors can search for and observe insects living everywhere in the forest. From an insect craft program using natural by-products, Ganbuljae (shredded trees used to increase gaps between trees to promote their growth), the visitors can understand diverse insect worlds and feel the preciousness of life. After slowly walking around Jangtaesan Mountain Forest, visitors can feel the refreshment of a tired body and mind from their daily lives. The way down is much lighter. The forest cheers quietly.
It is a place where the blue birds hiding in our hearts realize that they are home and fly up to cleanse our mind. At Jangtaesan Mountain Forest, you can meet a blue bird that you have never met before.


If you are looking for an easy and delicious way to boost your nutrients for the day, consider adding chia seeds to your diet. These tiny seeds made from the Salvia HIspanica have a mild nutty flavor. They can be easily sprinkled on dishes like salads, oatmeal, or yogurt or adding to your protein smoothie. Here are our nutritional counselor's favorite ways to incorporate them into your diet.
They are also loaded with calcium, manganese, magnesium, and phosphorous. Chia seeds also contain high amounts of zinc, B vitamins, and potassium. The nutritional profile makes them perfect for both pre and post-workout snacking.
1. Basic Chia Seed Pudding: Probably the most popular way to eat chia seeds is as a pudding. Here is a basic recipe that you can make and add your favorite delicious flavors like fruits, chocolate, or even green tea.
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text:
← Response to the Statistician General – Dr Stephen Taylor
Jobs-For-Cash report *FINALLY* released →
My M&G article responding to the Statistician General
This was first published in the Mail & Guardian on the 13th of May 2016. The PDF of the article is also available as text below:
Black graduates have doubled in last 10 years – Dr Nic Spaull
As someone who has written quite extensively about the failings of our education system, I was unusually surprised by the quotes emerging in the media coverage of a recent Stats SA report and even more so by the Statistician General Pali Lehohla's comments last week. Following publication of the report, titled "The Social Profile of Youth", the Business Day was quick to inform us that apparently black youth were "less educated now than 20 years ago." The Daily Maverick ran a similar headline: "Stats SA claims black youth are less skilled than their parents", with equally alarmist coverage in Times Live, ENCA, SABC etc. Unfortunately StatsSA did not denounce the media's claims. The story seems to have grown legs, with former president Thabo Mbeki calling it a "national emergency" and the Shadow Minister of Basic Education speaking of "the collapse of education in poor communities."
Of course none of this is true. As we shall see, Black youth have higher levels of educational attainment today than at any other point in South Africa's history. There are more Black matrics, more black high level passes in mathematics and science, and many more Black university graduates. (Note that this is both as a proportion of the Black population and in absolute terms). In this article I will focus on black university graduates since everyone agrees that there have been large increases in black youth passing matric and achieving bachelor's passes.
If we cut to the chase the confusion all centres on one strange graph (Figure 4.2) appearing on page 64 of the 2015 Stats SA report "Census 2011: A profile of education enrolment, attainment and progression in South Africa" and the misinterpretation of what that graph apparently shows. That graph shows that the proportion of black and coloured youth that graduate with a bachelor's degree "after completing matric" has been declining for 20 years, while for whites and Indians it has been increasing. This is very strange and does not seem to agree with other, perhaps more reliable data sources. Unlike when trying to measure things like the unemployment rate or wages (where you have to turn to household survey data or the Census), when counting the number of university degrees awarded it's a little easier. We can look at surveys, but we can also just look at the Higher Education Management Information System (Hemis) the record-keeping system stating who has been granted what degree and when. All degrees that are granted must be recorded on this database. So what does Hemis tell us about the number of black youth actually getting degrees over the last 20 years?
Fortuitously, this exact question was addressed in a Stellenbosch Economic Working Paper (08/16) published last week by my colleague Dr Hendrik van Broekhuizen. In that paper he shows that "while the number of White graduates produced annually has increased only moderately from about 27 500 to just over 35 000 in the past 25 years, the number of Black graduates produced has increased more than 16-fold from about 3 400 in 1986 to more than 63 000 in 2012." For this article I was particularly interested in degrees rather than diplomas or certificates) and he kindly provided the figures for degrees only by race (see figure below). The changes have been equally dramatic. Between 1994 and 2014 the number of black graduates with degrees being produced each year has more than quadrupled, from about 11,339 (in 1994) to 20,513 (in 2004) to 48,686 graduates (in 2014). Even if one only focuses on the recent period between 2004 and 2014 Black graduates increased by about 137% (compared to 9% for whites), while the black population grew by about 16% over the same period.
This might lead us to yet another famous South African myth; that graduate unemployment is high (it isn't) or increasing (it's not). Again, rigorous research by Dr Van Broekhuizen and Professor Servaas van der Berg convincingly debunks this hoax. They conclude their research report as follows: "The frequently reported 'crisis in graduate unemployment' in South Africa is a fallacy based on questionable research. Not only is graduate unemployment low at less than 6%, but it also compares well with rates in developed countries. The large expansion of black graduate numbers has not significantly exacerbated unemployment amongst graduates….Black graduates are, however, still more likely to be unemployed than white graduates." (Note: in 2015 black graduate unemployment was about 9% compared to 3% for whites.) [Their extended article is here]
Another colleague of mine, Dr Stephen Taylor in his response to the Statistician General (Business Day, 29 April) has shown why Stats SA's Figure 4.2 is so misleading (essentially the increase in black matrics was larger than the increase in black graduates, but both increased substantially). Unfortunately the SG has simply lashed out at Dr Taylor referring to his critique as "technically incomprehensible and policy irrelevant" (Business Day, 5 May). To avoid a similar riposte let me be clear: Black graduates have more than doubled in the last ten years. The black population hasn't. Therefore, black youth are more likely to get degrees than 10 years ago. I think this is both technically comprehensible and policy relevant.
The argument that "black youth are regressing educationally" feeds a dangerous narrative that is not supported by any education data in South Africa. Not improving fast enough, yes. Regressing, no. Black youth have higher educational attainment now than at any point in South Africa's history. This does not change my firmly held view that our education system is in crisis and that we need meaningful reform, that goes without saying. The egregious levels of educational inequality between working class and middle-class families, and between whites and blacks should cause alarm. And yes, our youth unemployment problem is monumental and unsustainable; there is widespread and legitimate research to show that. But spreading fallacious rumours and causing doubt where there is none, helps no one. Together with a number of colleagues and officials I would ask the Statistician General to please clarify his comments on black graduates and set the record straight.
Dr Nic Spaull is a Research Fellow at the University of Johannesburg, the University of Stellenbosch and the OECD.
Workings for graphs (thanks Hendrik van Broekhuizen!)
Year Black Coloured Asian White
Y1986 2957 1131 1532 17601
Y1994 11339 2127 3023 25538
*These include the following: General Academic Bachelor's Degree; Professional First Bachelor's Degree; Baccalaureus Technologiae Degree; Professional First Bachelor's Degree; First National Diploma (3 years); First National Diploma (4 years)
Figures refer to the number of HE awards and will thus be at least as large as the number of graduates produced in each year. Includes only undergraduate degrees. (Thus excludes all UG diplomas, and certificates


President Donald Trump boards Air Force One as he departs Joint Base Andrews in Maryland, June 13, 2017.
The White House has confirmed that the administration has reached a deal with Boeing for two new Air Force One planes, according to NBC News.
The deal between the Trump administration and Boeing is expected to total $3.9 billion. The Pentagon referred questions to the White House.
Trump tweet: Boeing is building a brand new 747 Air Force One for future presidents, but costs are out of control, more than $4 billion. Cancel order!
The original estimate for the two new planes and their development program totaled over $5 billion. The White House credited Trump's negotiations with the aircraft manufacturer for the smaller bill in the final deal.
Before his inauguration, then President-elect Trump met with the CEOs of Boeing and Lockheed Martin at his Mar-a-Lago resort in Florida and discussed ways to lower the cost of the planes' development. After that meeting, Muilenberg gave Trump his "personal commitment" that Boeing would lower costs below $4 billion.
The aircraft themselves only account for about a fifth of the cost, said Richard Aboulafia, vice president of the aviation analysis firm Teal Group. Much of the cost comes from outfitting the planes for the president, including ensuring communication equipment is secure and the plane is self-sufficient.
"The planes are just a minority cost of the program," Aboulafia said.
The Boeing 747-8 was first selected to serve as the next Air Force One in January 2015. The 747-8 and France's Airbus A380 were the only two four-engine plane designs with a wide enough body to accommodate the needs of a presidential carrier, according to the Air Force.
–CNBC's Amanda Macias and Leslie Josephs contributed to this report.


Thank you for choosing Evers & Gardner Dental. We are dedicated to providing quality care in a comfortable and caring environment. You can expect individualized attention, state-of-the art facilities, prompt service, friendly staff, dental health education, as well as quality care each time you visit us. Our goal is to treat you, the dental patient, as we would want to be treated. We look forward to a lasting relationship with you as we care for your dental health. Again, thank you for choosing Evers & Gardner Dental.
Dr. Evers & Dr. Gardner want to get to know you as well as your individualized dental needs. With this in mind, your first appointment will be exclusively with the doctor and his assistant and last approximately 1 hour for a standard cleaning & exam.
2. How and when do I fill out the necessary paperwork for treatment?
New Patient Forms are available online and in our office.
Online Option – Go to our website at www.eversdental.com, click on the "Patient Info" tab above, and then select New Patient Forms. Enter your information and follow the prompts. A list of 5 possible forms will appear. The 3 needed are Patient Information, Medical & Dental History and Consent for Internet Communications. Click once on the form of your choice. Please note the blue arrows located at the far top & bottom. Be sure to use these blue arrows to move through to the last page of each form before hitting the Submit button. Click Submit after completing each form. These should be completed no later than the night before your appointment date. When you arrive for your appointment your forms will have been processed and the doctors will be ready to see you. We will obtain your signatures at your first visit.
In-Office Option – Please arrive 15 minutes before your scheduled appointment time. You can complete the forms in our office via computer or a written paper copy.
3. How are my insurance claims handled?
In an effort to keep your time with us as convenient as possible, Evers & Gardner Dental staff will gladly process all insurance claims on your behalf.
At your first visit, a photo-copy of your insurance card, the subscribers social-security number & birth-date along with the patients social-security number & birth-date are all necessary to process your insurance claim.
Once we have received payment from your insurance company, a final statement will be mailed to you for any services not covered by your carrier. We do not charge fees for completing these forms and we will do our best to help you get the most benefit from your insurance coverage, but no guarantees can be made. You will be responsible for any balance not covered by insurance.
4. What are allowable forms of payment?
We accept Cash, Check, Debit Cards, Visa, MasterCard, Discover and CareCredit. Please make checks payable to Evers Dental. Pre-payment-in-full, with cash or check, before scheduled appointments will receive a 5% courtesy adjustment.
In an effort to focus on comprehensive dentistry, we understand payment plans are sometimes necessary. For treatments and procedures your insurance doesn't cover, we offer an Easy-Pay payment plan.
Dr. Evers & Dr. Gardner will work with you to determine the following during your treatment plan overview: Total Cost, Number of Payments, Amount Per Payment and Payment Date(s) each month.
Your authorization signature and credit card number is kept on file.
Your credit card is billed for the amount due on the date chosen each month.
This service is offered Interest Free, assuming scheduled payments are made in full & on time.
6. What if I need to change or cancel my appointment?
We pride ourselves on giving each patient personalized care and therefore do not operate with a "clinic" mentality. This means that we schedule one patient per doctor or hygienist per available appointment. This enables us to run on schedule, spend adequate time with each patient and give the highest quality of care. We also realize that our patients' time is very valuable. Canceling appointments with short notice is unfair to others who may have wanted that same time. As a courtesy to our other patients and us, our policy requires a minimum of 48-hour notice for cancelled or changed appointments. This allows us adequate time to schedule another patient in the open time slot. Less than 48-hour notice could result in a $50 cancellation fee per scheduled hour. Exceptions are made in the case of an emergency or our ability to fill the cancelled appointment opening.
7. Do you perform Root Canals & Wisdom Teeth Extractions?
Often both of these procedures can be done in our office. Consultation regarding your specific situation is necessary to determine this option. In the event we recommend otherwise, you would be referred to a trusted specialist.
8. Why isn't Dr. Evers or Dr. Gardner on my Insurance Provider list?
Because we strive to provide the level of quality care that we would desire for our own dental health – to spend adequate time, use the best equipment & materials, and use the best dental lab, we contract with carriers based on the reimbursement levels. Depending on the contract, there is often very little or no penalty in coming to our office even when we are not on the list. If you are unsure, just call our office and we will do our best to answer your questions.
9. How often are X-rays taken?
We recommend bitewings to be taken once per year and full-mouth or panoramic x-rays once every 5 years. This helps us monitor bone structure, look for hidden cavities, rule out any hidden cysts, tumors, etc. We use digital x-ray technology that requires much less radiation exposure and creates better diagnostic images.


A regular in WA state sides, Johnson was a highly skilled winger in his early years. Drafted as the first selection of the short lived original national draft, he won the Demons Best and Fairest in his second year and was one the Demons' best in their early 80s dark era. He came as an experienced player, having already spent five years playing WAFL seniors.
After being in a regular in his first three seasons he ran into injury trouble, first in 1985 then in 1986 after first a ruptured calf kept him out for five weeks then he broke his thumb. On his third return he injured his shoulder and missed the last two weeks of the season. He had pondered returning to Western Australia at the end of 1985 but opted to stay. In 1986 he was restricted to 10 games by a serious calf injury.
In 1987, just as the side started to build towards a finals tilt he tore the hamstring from the back of his knee and missed the second half of the year. He recovered towards the end of the year but couldn't force his way back into a winning side for the finals campaign.
Returning as a defender in 1988 Johnson played 25 of 26 matches for the year, missing only round 1 and was one of the few Demons to come out of that year's Grand Final debacle with any credit.
Johnson became the club's oldest ever Best and Fairest winner when he took his second award aged 32 years and 315 days in 1989. His win came despite missing three weeks late in the season with a knee injury.
He lasted just one more season and retired at the end of 1990. A hamstring injury in a night series game had delayed the start of his year until Round 4, 1990. He hurt his calf and didn't reappear until Round 10, 1990, where he played six games in a row before dropping out of the side again. He missed the last six weeks of the season with damaged ligaments, and an attempt to break back into the senior side before the Elimination Final failed.
The father of Chris Johnson, Alan openly criticised the club about the circumstances surrounding his son's delisting and subsequent departure to Carlton. He returned to the fold at the 2014 Annual General Meeting where he was named a Life Member.


Autumn to me is time to prepare Salted Caramel. It's a delicious product to add to your hot chocolate milk, Apple pie like my friend Linne did last week or just a scoop in your afternoon coffee, but keep it away from the kids because they just love to eat from it with a spoon.
To prepare Salted Caramel is actually very easy, you just got to stay on top of it and you can't go wrong.
In a heavy-bottomed saucepan, combine the sugar and water over medium-low heat until the sugar dissolves. Increase the heat and bring to a boil, without stirring. If necessary, use a wet pastry brushto wash down any crystals on the side of the pan. Boil until the syrup is a deep amber color, about 5 to 6 minutes. Remove the sugar from the heat and carefully whisk in the heavy cream. The mixture will bubble. Stir in the unsalted butter, and salt. Transfer the caramel to a dish and cool.
Combine the ice cream, milk, and caramel sauce in a blender and blend until smooth.
Put the slice of the cold puff pastry on your baking sheet. Spoon a heaping tablespoon of apples on to them, then drizzle each with about a tablespoon of salted caramel. Place another slice of the puff pastry on top of each hand pie and press edges to seal.
Suggestion: Add a scoop of vanilla ice cream with chocolate to it.


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Cam Neely
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Cam Neely is in his ninth season as President of the Bruins, as on June 16, 2010 he became just the eighth man to hold that position in the history of the franchise.
He oversees all of the club's hockey and business operations and his goal from the start has been that the Bruins be at the forefront of setting industry standards in all areas of operation.
A prime example of that mandate came with the club's July, 2014 announcement of a letter of intent for a long-term lease in a new hockey rink in the Boston Landing development in Boston's Allston-Brighton neighborhood. The Bruins opened their 2016 training camp in the Warrior Ice Arena, a state-of-the-art facility which includes approximately 25,000 square feet of dedicated locker room, training and office space and is now their primary year-round practice and training arena.
Neely assumed his current position in his fourth season in the team's front office, as he returned to the organization in September, 2007 as a Vice President. He also serves as an Alternate Governor of the club. It was under his leadership that the Bruins were honored as the Sports Business Journal's 2012 Sports Team of the Year based on the criteria of "excellence, growth, creativity, innovation, sound planning, implementation and outcomes".
No player ever wore a Bruins sweater with more pride than Neely and no one was prouder than he while watching the 2010-11 Bruins squad develop the belief in themselves and each other en route to the Stanley Cup championship. The competitive instinct that fueled him as a player has not left him as an executive and his goal for the organization remains to return the Cup to Boston.
A 1983 first round draft pick of the Vancouver Canucks, Neely came to Boston on his 21st birthday in a June, 1986 trade. His potent blend of offensive talent and a punishing physical presence quickly endeared him to Bruins fans and he became one of the most revered players in team history. He earned four NHL Second-Team All-Star berths in Boston, led the team in goals for seven seasons and in points twice and he still ranks fifth overall on the club's all-time goal list and tenth overall on the team's all-time scoring list. He is the club's all-time leader in playoff goals and ranks seventh overall in team history with 87 career playoff points.
He became just the fifth Bruin in team history to record a 50-goal season when he set a club record for goals by a right wing with 55 in 1989-90 and he was just the second player in team history to record consecutive 50-goal campaigns when he followed that with 51 tallies in 1990-91. His 50 goals in only 44 games in 1993-94 tied as the second-fastest such feat in NHL history and was all the more remarkable because he had missed most of the previous season with thigh and knee injuries. The 1993-94 winner of the Bill Masterton Trophy was forced into retirement by those injuries in September, 1996.
The Bruins retired his number 8 on January 12, 2004, and he was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005. He was honored with the league's Lester Patrick Award in 2010 for his "outstanding service to hockey in the United States". He currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Hockey Hall of Fame.
His impact on the city of Boston was not confined to the ice, as he has long been actively involved in many charitable efforts. Along with his brother and sisters, he established the Cam Neely Foundation for Cancer Care in 1995 in memory of his parents, Mike and Marlene. In addition to the Neely House, which provides housing and support for families of patients undergoing cancer treatments, the Foundation supports the Neely Cancer Fund, whose initiatives include the Neely Center for Clinical Cancer Research, the Neely Cell Therapy and Collection Center and the Neely Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Unit in its mission to fund treatment and research efforts.
Neely and his wife Paulina have two children.
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Sergueï Dmitrievitch Miloradovitch () né le (, village de Tiosovo, district de Mojaïski, gouvernement de Moscou — décédé le , à Moscou) est un peintre russe d'histoire et de scènes de genre, enseignant, académicien de l'Académie russe des beaux-arts, membre de la société des Ambulants.

Sergueï Dmitrievitch est le fils d'un diacre de village. En 1861-1872 il entre au séminaire puis pendant 25 ans il occupe les fonctions de lecteur à l'église de la Résurrection de Gontchary. De 1874 à 1878, il fréquente l'École de peinture, de sculpture et d'architecture de Moscou, où enseignaient notamment Evgraf Sorokine, Vassili Perov, Illarion Prianichnikov. De 1825 à 1923, il fait partie de l'association des artistes Ambulants.

Miloradovitch peint des scènes dont les sujets sont tirés de l'histoire religieuse tels : le clergé, les moines et le schisme du  au sein de l'orthodoxie. Les plus connus sont : «Le concile noir de 1666 » de la Galerie Tretiakov, « Le siège de la Laure de la Trinité-Saint-Serge», «Hermogène», «L'archipretre Avvakoum en prison », « Avvakoum partant en Sibérie », « La veille de Pâques ». En 1909, il reçut le titre d'académicien. Après 1914, il enseigne à Moscou à l'école des beaux-arts; il participe également à la restauration de la cathédrale de la Dormition de Moscou. À l'époque soviétique, du fait de son âge avancé (il est mort à 92 ans) et de la diminution de la demande de peinture à sujet religieux, il a diminué ses activités mais est resté enseignant dans diverses écoles d'art.

Bibliographie

 Lazarev Sergueï, Le raskol du XVII s. Лазарев Сергей Евгеньевич, Курдюмов О. Г. Церковный раскол XVII века в произведениях русской живописи // Научные ведомости Белгородского государственного университета. Серия «История. Политология». 2015. № 19 (216). Выпуск 36. С. 77–83.

Références

Liens

  http://www.artsait.ru/art/m/miloradovich/main.htm

Naissance en décembre 1851
Décès en février 1943
Peintre russe
Naissance dans le gouvernement de Moscou
Décès à 92 ans
Ambulant

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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George Alter: History from the bottom up
George Alter doesn't miss a beat when describing what he was like as a child. He clasps his hands, leans forward, and smiles slightly: "I was a nerdy kid before there were computers to be nerdy with," he says.
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research(ICPSR), has a carefully trimmed white beard, wire-rimmed glasses, and a habitually pleasant expression: If he were a doctor, he would quickly put his patients at ease. He grew up in northeast Pennsylvania, where his father owned a small outerwear garment factory, and his mother ran the factory's retail store.
That world didn't speak to Alter, but life began to ignite at the University of Pennsylvania. Alter was already a history buff when he signed up for a computer programming course "as a lark." Almost immediately, he says, his eyes were opened to the thrill and power of computers. When a history professor learned of Alter's programming skills, he drafted him as an assistant, a stint that led to a job with the Philadelphia Social History Project, an ambitious study of the city's population from the 1830s through the 1880s.
The project was Alter's introduction to historical demography, a relatively new discipline that married two important subjects and, in Alter's mind, brought deeper meaning and perspective to both. "I'm interested in continuities and patterns in human behavior, but those only make sense in a context," he says—a context provided by making quantitative comparisons across time and space.
After earning a Ph.D. in history from the University of Pennsylvania, and doing a two-year economic demography post doc at Michigan, Alter moved on to Indiana University, where he taught history and later directed the Population Institute for Research and Training. In 2007, he came to Michigan as associate director of ICPSR and research professor in the Population Studies Center at the Institute for Social Research. He became acting director of ICPSR in 2009, and was appointed director in August 2011.
Many of the pioneers in historical demography were thinking about contemporary problems. —George Alter
Alter's research is far ranging, but all of it tries to illuminate human behavior by examining decisions and behavior at the level of the individual—an approach that can be described as "history from the bottom up." The insights to be gleaned from this work, he says, can be highly relevant to the present. "Many of the pioneers in historical demography were thinking about contemporary problems," Alter says. Of particular interest to early researchers were fertility decline and population growth.
When Alter was at Michigan as a post doc, for example, ISR Research Professor John Knodel and fellow social scientists were conducting historical research that upended the theory that economic development was the primary engine driving lower fertility. "The work of John and others of that generation showed that there was no real equivalence there," Alter says. "You could not draw a straight line from economic development to family limitation and smaller families. In fact, it operated through changes in culture."
Alter is currently comparing fertility behavior in 19th Century Europe with late 20th Century fertility behavior in sub-Saharan Africa. The work done so far suggests that in Europe, couples did not use birth control until they reached a target family size—often two or three children—at which point they stopped having kids. But in Africa, Alter says, couples more commonly used birth control to space the time between births, but not necessarily to stop. "My results are consistent with other studies suggesting that African couples are using birth control for purposes other than family limitation, and this may help us understand why fertility has not continued to decrease in some African countries," Alter explains.
Similarly, Alter's work in recent years with the Eurasia Project shows different decision making frameworks regarding fertility among European versus Chinese and Japanese couples. The ambitious collaboration is looking at more than 2.5 million individual records to compare how five societies in Europe and East Asia responded to economic stress in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
George Alter (left) at a recent meeting at ICPSR.
Before the transition to small families, European couples married late and did not limit childbearing. But Chinese and Japanese families were subject to various kinds of controls that limited fertility within marriage, Alter says. For example, Chinese extended families could include two or more married sons in one family compound. Complex family interactions played a role in fertility decisions and even in whether a particular couple should strive for sons or daughters.
In addition, both Chinese and Japanese families used infanticide in strategic ways, Alter says. "Infanticide was not simply a response to destitution and overpopulation; it was actually a strategic choice to have families of a certain size and composition." He adds: "When you confront other societies that make decisions in different ways, you end up learning interesting things about your own society—things you might have taken for granted."
Collaborators in the Eurasia Project describe Alter as an unfailingly warm colleague, and as a strong manager and administrator. In addition, they say, Alter stands out because he does his own programming. James Lee, now chair of the Division of Social Science at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, says Alter designs the statistical analysis and crunches his own data whenever possible. "For large projects, it's very unusual for people who are high up to be involved in the nitty gritty on the ground," Lee says. "It gives it very much a George imprint."
Susan Hautaniemi Leonard, an assistant research scientist at ICPSR, agrees. "George really likes to get hands on with the data," she says. For a class they created and co-teach, Alter created a video that painstakingly walks students through the steps necessary to use database software. At the same time, Alter is "intensely curious," Leonard says, and gets a kick out of student interactions. "New ideas really spark his mind," she says, "and he's ready to go and explore new things."
George Alter and his wife, Elyce Rotella, in the windows of their apartment in Paris. (Photo courtesy of George Alter)
In the last few years, Alter has had to step back from his research; as director, he spends many days in meetings, for example, huddling with university lawyers over confidential data agreements, and working with the ICPSR staff to develop new policies and procedures. But colleagues say he always carves out time for his family. He and his wife, Elyce Rotella, who recently retired from Indiana University and now teaches in the economics department at U-M, were parent volunteers for their daughter Miriam's high school band, schlepping, driving, and chaperoning. Last summer, Alter and Rotella were in Paris for a week ("I speak bad French fluently," Alter says with a chuckle), and then visited Moscow, where their now 19-year-old daughter was studying.
Now as director of ICPSR, Alter shies away from putting the emphasis on himself, or from focusing on the personal stamp he might put on the consortium. "I don't think about it that way." Rather, he wants to maintain the steady evolution and expansion already underway under predecessor and long-time friend Myron Guttman. That includes continuing to improve data preservation approaches, bringing in new studies, and making data available in different forms.
That can mean moving beyond surveys to other kinds of data, like video, geographic information systems, and even biomarkers. "Up until now, we've had videos that come from projects where it's in support of quantitative data, but we really haven't had a way to distribute video online to users," Alter explains. Now ICPSR is building a repository and dissemination system that will display videos online. The capability has allowed ICPSR to accept a grant from the Gates Foundation to archive a collection on how to measure effective teaching that features about 20,000 videos of teachers in action.
It's the kind of work—looking at the behavior of individuals to draw important conclusions about a larger issue—that Alter appreciates.
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