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S. Afr. j. anim. sci. vol.48 no.4 Pretoria 2018
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/SAJAS.V48I47
Effects of energy levels and sources on plasma metabolites and live weight of Holstein cows
B.A. UseniI, #; C.J.C. MullerI, II; C.W. CruywagenI
IDepartment of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
IIWestern Cape Department of Agriculture, Research and Technology Development Services, Directorate: Animal Sciences, Private bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of nutritional treatments, which differed after calving, on energy levels and sources on plasma metabolite profiles and live weight (LW) changes as an indication of the nutritional status in Holstein cows. During the dry period, pregnant heifers (n = 69) and dry cows (n = 153) from Elsenburg Research Farm were maintained under similar feeding and management conditions. After parturition, cows had ad libitum access to cultivated irrigated kikuyu-ryegrass pastures, and were assigned to three concentrate groups, according to calving date, parity, LW and the milk yield of their previous lactation. The groups were supplemented with various levels and types of concentrate, of which the energy was provided by starch and fat. The control group was offered 7 kg/cow/day of a control concentrate supplement for both primiparous and multiparous groups, while concentrates in treatment groups were fed at 11.6 and 12.6 kg/cow/day for primiparous and multiparous groups, respectively. The control supplement was a maize-based concentrate, which contained low levels of starch. The concentrate components of the treatments consisted of high starch-low fat (HSLF) and a high starch-low fat/low starch-high fat (HSLF-LSHF) combination. The HSLF supplement was a glucogenic concentrate, which contained maize as the energy source. The HSLF-LSHF supplements consisted of a glucogenic concentrate, which was offered for the first 60 days in milk (DIM) as per the HSLF treatment, and was followed from 61 DIM with a lipogenic concentrate containing wheat bran and calcium (Ca) salts of long-chain fatty acids as the energy sources. The results showed that all cows mobilized their body fat reserves, as was evident in changes in plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) before and after calving. Postpartum plasma NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) did not differ significantly between nutritional treatments in multiparous cows. However, the postpartum levels of plasma NEFA and BHB were significantly higher for the control, indicating a status of advanced negative energy balance (NEB) and possible subclinical ketosis compared with HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments in primiparous cows. Postpartum plasma urea levels decreased significantly in both primiparous and multiparous animals in the control group, compared with the HSLF and HSLF-LSHF groups. As affected by time, postpartum LW was significantly lowest and LW loss was significantly highest in cows that received the control supplements compared with HSLF and HSLF-LSHF supplements for primiparous and multiparous cows. In addition, LW lossnadir and the number of days to reach it significantly increased in primiparous cows that received the control concentrate, compared with those of the HSLF and HSLF- LSHF treatments. However, this trend was not observed for multiparous cows. The findings of this study showed that HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments improved the nutritional status, as was evident in the reduced extent of NEB and limited LW loss of dairy cows, compared with those in the control group.
Keywords: Concentrate, dairy cattle, energy nutrients, nutritional status, pasture
During the transition period, dry matter intake (DMI) does not generally satisfy the increasing nutrient demand of dairy cows, mainly because of a decrease in feed intake and appetite (Walsh et al., 2011). As a result, dairy cows go into a state of NEB and thus mobilize body reserves as a physiological mechanism to adapt to the energy deficiency from late gestation to early lactation (Van Knegsel et al., 2007b; McArt et al., 2013). NEB starts a few days before parturition, reaching an NEB nadir two to four weeks postpartum, with the energy balance (EB) becoming positive again by 10 to 12 weeks after calving (Butler, 2003). During the NEB period, NEFA are released intensively from adipose tissues and recycled as energy fuels (Adewiyi et al., 2005; Hammon et al., 2009). This strong mobilization of body reserves induces imbalances in fat and carbohydrate metabolism with increases in ketone bodies and tri-acyl glycerol, respectively, leading to sub-or clinical ketosis (Schulz et al., 2014) and fatty liver syndrome (Drackley et al., 2001). A state of NEB results in the loss of body score condition (BCS) and live weight (LW) (Jorritsma et al., 2003; Van Straten et al., 2008). Measurement of LW is an established method for monitoring the growth performance of livestock such as beef cattle, sheep and broilers. Using LW as a tool to assess EB in dairy cows, however, has been discouraged owing to the possible confounding effects of parity, stage of lactation, frame size, stage of gestation, rumen fill and breed (Alawneh et al., 2012; Thorup et al., 2012). Roche et al. (2009) reported that measurement of postpartum LW does not offer a true reflection of the EB status of an individual cow. This report was correct because in many studies the LW of cows in milk was measured on a cross-sectional basis (i.e. at certain key points in the dairy production cycle, for example milk tests). However, the use of continuous Live weight monitoring on a daily or weekly basis could be an efficient means of monitoring on-farm management-related performances in dairy herds (Sakaguchi, 2009). This technique could estimate EB status by identifying cows that continue to lose or gain weight over time (Jorritsma et al., 2003; Thorup et al., 2013). LW is an easy and fast method to use at farm level, compared with the inherent difficulties with BCS measurement owing to inter-observer inconsistency and bias (Broster & Broster, 1998; Van Straten et al., 2008). Also, the continuous walkover or walkthrough weighing system at the exit of the milking parlour is non-intrusive and is a relatively accurate tool that could reduce stress on animals. Numerous nutritional approaches have been investigated to improve the plasma metabolite profile and prevent LW loss. Some studies demonstrated that enhancing the postpartum metabolizable energy (ME) intake by reducing the forage-to-concentrate ratio or by supplementing energy-dense ingredients such as dietary starch and fat reduces the extent and the duration of NEB and improves the LW of dairy cows (Drackley et al., 2003; Staples et al., 1998; Voigt et al., 2003; Van Knegsel et al., 2005; Gilmore et al., 2011). The objective of the current study was therefore to investigate the effect of nutritional treatments that differed after calving in energy levels (low versus high) and sources (starch versus fat) on blood metabolite profile and LW changes until 154 days postpartum, and to determine the extent to which these parameters could provide an indication of the postpartum nutritional status and health of Holstein dairy cows.
Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Western Cape Department of Agriculture (WCDA, Project AP/BR/D/CM31).
The study was conducted at Elsenburg Research Farm of WCDA, which is located approximately 50 km east of Cape Town at an altitude of 177 m, longitude 18° 50' and latitude 33° 51' in the winter rainfall region of South Africa. The area receives an average annual rainfall of 650 mm and has a typical Mediterranean climate with short cool wet winters and long warm dry summers.
Holstein cows in the study were from the Elsenburg herd and had calved from August 2012 to July 2014. Cows were included in the study from four weeks before parturition to 22 weeks postpartum. Fresh drinking water was freely available at all times in the trial. During the dry period of the trial, pregnant heifers and dry cows were maintained in two separated camps under the same feeding and management conditions. Animals were fed unchopped oat hay ad libitum, supplemented with a prepartum concentrate mixture (Table 1), containing maize as the main energy source and anionic salts, at 3 kg/day for heifers and cows from 30 to 14 days prepartum, and thereafter from 13 days prepartum to the calving date, 6 and 5 kg/day for cows and heifers, respectively. Following parturition, cows were allocated to three nutritional treatments, based on parity, LW at calving and milk yield during the previous lactation period. Additionally, allocations to nutritional programmes were done strictly in both parity groups, according to calving dates, so that animals were exposed to similar environment conditions during the observation period of the trial. Primiparous animals were assigned based on their LW and calving dates. Live weights of primiparous cows at calving were 502 ± 14, 493 ± 13 and 491 ± 9 kg for the control, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF groups, respectively. Primiparous cows were 2.22 ± 0.05, 2.18 ± 0.04 and 2.27 ± 0.05 years old at calving for the control, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF groups, respectively. Multiparous animals were assigned according to parity, previous lactation milk yield and calving dates. Live weights of multiparous cows at calving were 621 ± 11, 630 ± 10 and 620 ± 11 kg for the control, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF groups, respectively. Multiparous cows were 5.35 ± 0.20, 5.11 ± 0.29 and 5.15 ± 0.26 years old at calving for the control, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF groups, respectively. The milk yields in the previous lactation of multiparous cows were 8880 ± 141, 8869 ± 156 and 8799 ± 180 kg for the control, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF groups, respectively.
Table 1 presents the chemical composition of feeds used in the trial. Representative samples of feeds were collected weekly, then bulked monthly and analysed for chemical composition. AOAC (1990) official methods were used to determine dry matter (DM), ash, fat as ether extract, crude protein (CP) and nitrogen (N x 6.25) contents of feedstuffs and pastures. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was determined according to Van Soest et al. (1991), using sodium sulphite anhydrous and amylase to decrease nitrogen and starch contaminations. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were determined with an inductively coupled plasma dry ashing method (ALASA dry ashing 6.1.1, RevA/98) with an Iris Advantage thermo elemental instrument, according to Giron (1973).
During the postpartum period of the trial, cows were offered unrestricted access to cultivated kikuyu-ryegrass pastures and were supplemented with pelleted concentrates (Table 2). Pastures were irrigated, as required, using a permanent irrigation system. Cows followed a rotation programme to ensure an ad libitum DMI under normal conditions. A partial total mixed ration consisting of oat hay (48%), lucerne hay (43%) and soybean oil cake meal (9%) was provided ad libitum as additional roughage when pasture availability was low. Owing to the experimental design, it was not practical to determine individual or group feed intake between treatments, because animals were allowed to graze as one herd on pastures for the experiment. Cows were milked twice daily at 05:30 and 15:00. Individually cows received half of the daily concentrate after each milk session in the milking parlour. Concentrates in treatments differed in energy levels (low versus high) and sources (starch versus fat). The control supplement was a maize-based concentrate containing low levels of starch, and was fed at 7 kg/cow/day from calving until 154 DIM for both primiparous and multiparous groups. The supplement in HSLF was offered from calving to 154 DIM, and was a glucogenic concentrate, using maize as the energy source. The supplements in HSLF-LSHF were combinations of a glucogenic concentrate, offered for the first 60 DIM, similarly to HSLF, and followed from 61 to 154 DIM by a lipogenic concentrate with low starch-high fat levels containing wheat bran and Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids (Megalac rumen bypass fat, Volac International Ltd., UK) as the energy sources. The concentrate allowances in HSLF and HSLF-LSHF were 11.6 kg/day for primiparous and 12.6 kg/day for multiparous dairy cows. Postpartum diets were formulated on a DM basis using an intake level of 22 and 25 kg DM/day for primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. The levels of starch, ME and rumen degradable protein were estimated with the CPM Dairy software program (2006).
Diets consisted of the various levels and types of concentrates offered between treatments, with the rest of the intake being supplied by pastures. The postpartum diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous. The control diet contained a low energy level of 10.3 MJ ME/kg DM and had 457 g/kg of total NDF on a DM basis. HSLF and LSHF each contained high levels of energy of 11.3 MJ ME/kg DM and were formulated to improve metabolic and hormonal responses that benefited the restoration of postpartum LW. The HSLF diet consisted of 242 g/kg of total starch content on a DM basis and was fed to increase plasma insulin and glucose levels to improve EB status. In the HSLF-LSHF combination treatment, the high starch-based diet was fed during the first 60 DIM to achieve the same objective as the HSLF treatment. Lastly, the LSHF diet was fed from 61 DIM to improve EB status using a rumen bypass fat at an inclusion level of 58 g/kg on a DM basis, while decreasing plasma insulin level and improving plasma cholesterol level.
During the prepartum period, pregnant heifers and dry cows were weighed once a week until parturition. Calving seasons consisted of summer, from 15 October to 14 April, with December to February being the hottest months, and winter, from 15 April to 14 October, with June to August being the coldest months. Postpartum LW of dairy cows (n = 222; 69 primiparous and 153 multiparous) was recorded daily automatically after milking sessions with a calibrated electronic scale. Daily LW data were re-calculated to weekly means. The nadir point was defined as the DIM in which the lowest postpartum LW value was recorded (Sakaguchi, 2009).
The weekly LW loss was estimated as follows:
LW lossn= (LWweek1 - LWn) x 100(%) / LWweek1
Where LW lossn and LWn were respectively LW loss and LW at n weeks after parturition
LWweek1 was LW within one week after parturition.
The rate of LW loss from calving to LWnadir was estimated in kg/day as follows: Rate of LW loss from calving to LWnadir = (LWatcaiving- LWnadir) / number of days to reach LWnadir. The rate of LW gain from LWnadir to 154 DIM was estimated in kg/day as rate of LW gain from LWnadir to 154
DIM = (LWat 154 DIM - LWnadir) / (154 - number of days to reach LWnadir).
Records on prepartum and postpartum LW changes of 222 primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows were available for analyses. Among these cows, 84 were blocked, based on calving date and parity, and monitored for plasma metabolites. Blood was sampled in the summer season from October 2013 to June 2014. Blood samples were collected from the central middle coccygeal vein on the tail (Sears et al., 1978) after the morning milking session (05:30) every week from four weeks before calving to four weeks postpartum, then every three weeks to 13 weeks after calving. After blood collection, samples were centrifuged and cooled, after which the serum samples were transported with a cooler box and ice packs to a veterinary laboratory for analyses. Serum samples were analysed for plasma NEFA, BHB and urea using infrared spectrography (Thermo Scientific INDIKO analyser, Finland, 2011) and commercial kits (NEFA: FA 115 kit, Randox Laboratories Ltd, Crumlin, UK; BHB: Ranbut kit, Randox Laboratories Ltd, Crumlin, UK; and plasma urea: Urea Thermo Scientific INDIKO procedure reference 981818/981820). Plasma concentrations of BHB were analysed only during the postpartum period. The accuracy of each assay was monitored with a commercial reference serum sample (Bovine precision serum, Randox Ltd) and all coefficients of variation between analyses were < 5%.
Data were analysed using the PROC MIXED of SAS enterprise guide (SAS, 2012), grouped according to parity groups, that is, primiparous and multiparous cows. To avoid problems of fitting a covariance structure in the statistical model, prepartum and postpartum data were analysed separately. The statistical model included year (Y) effect, calving season (S) effect, treatment (T) effect, week (W) effect of observations and the interaction effects between treatment and week of observation (WT) as well as treatment and calving season (ST) as fixed effects, while the animal effect within treatments was specified as a random effect. The effects of year and season of calving were included in the statistical model because of the duration of the experiment. The variables obtained every day within a particular week during the trial were regarded as repeated observations of that particular week block. The approach was to account for the
daily data variations within each week of observations to reduce the error variance of treatment effects in the statistical analysis. Second, this repeated observation permitted a longitudinal analysis to monitor the ways in which the weekly means changed over time. The statistical model was as follows: Model = μ + Yi +Sj+Tk +Wi + (ST)jk + (WT)kl+ δ(ik)j+ εijklm, where
μ = overall mean
Yi= the fixed effect of the ith year of calving (i.e. 2012, 2013 and 2014)
Sj= the fixed effect of the jth season of calving (i.e. summer and winter)
Tk= the fixed effect of the k*h treatment (i.e. Control, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF)
Wi = the fixed effect of the Ith week of observation (i.e. 1 to 22)
(ST)jk = the interaction between levels of the jthseason of calving and kth treatment
(wT)kI= the interaction between levels of the Ith week of sampling and kth treatment
δ(kl)m= the variable effect of the mth block effect in the kth treatment (repeated statement)
εijklm= the random experimental error
Prepartum LW were analysed without the repeated statement (δ(kl)m), while all effects were used to analyse postpartum LW in the statistical model. Because blood was collected every week in one summer season, plasma metabolites were analysed without the repeated statement (δ(kl)m), as well as year and calving season effects in the statistical model. LW traits generated from the postpartum LW curves were analysed without the repeated statement (δ(kl)m), using year, calving season, treatment and the interaction between treatment and calving season as fixed effects in the statistical model. Statistical assumptions were described as fixed effects and their interactions were equal to zero with δ(kl)m~ N(0, σe2) varying independently of eijklm. Differences in means and standard error (SE) of means between treatments were obtained using the pairwise comparison of the Bonferroni t-test. Significance was declared at P < 0.05. Interactions were reported as NS (not significant) if P > 0.05.
The effects of nutritional treatments on the plasma NEFA and BHB for primiparous and multiparous cows are presented in Table 3.
Plasma NEFA did not differ (P > 0.05) during the prepartum period in the primiparous and the multiparous groups, as expected, because cows were maintained under the same prepartum feeding and management conditions. Postpartum plasma NEFA and BHB were similar between treatments for multiparous cows. Also, an interaction between treatment and week of observation was not recorded for multiparous cows. In the primiparous cows, postpartum plasma NEFA and BHB increased (P < 0.05) in animals offered the control concentrate, compared with those that received the HSLF and HSLF-LSHF concentrates. However, the interaction between diet and time of observation was not affected. In both parity groups, the changes in NEFA and BHB over time were as expected during transition (Figures 1 and 2). These variations in both parity groups indicated the overstressed ability of cows to adapt to the energy shortfall caused by the energy requirement exceeding the nutrient intake around parturition. Supporting the current results of energy metabolites, other studies found that plasma NEFA and BHB levels were significantly elevated in cows during early lactation (Adewiyi et al., 2005; Van Knegsel et al., 2007a; McArt et al., 2013; Schulz et al., 2014).
The variations in plasma NEFA and BHB over time are illustrated in Figure 2 for primiparous cows and Figure 3 for multiparous cows, respectively.
An NEB generally occurs before and after calving since the demands for glucose, fatty acids and amino acids for foetal growth or milk production outweigh the increase in voluntary DMI in dairy cows (Hammon et al., 2009), owing to limitations in intake and appetite (Overton & Waldron, 2004; Walsh et al., 2011). In addition, plasma somatotropin increases after calving, resulting in the partitioning of absorbed nutrients from digestion in the liver and from adipose tissues towards milk production (Chagas et al., 2007). In the liver, the increase in growth hormone (GH) directly stimulates gluconeogenesis and indirectly antagonizes the production of insulin, essentially to meet glucose demands for milk production (Lucy, 2004).
In adipose tissue, GH increases lipolysis. This breakdown supplies fatty acids to the mammary gland for the synthesis of the milk triglycerides (Drackley, 2000; Van Knegsel et al., 2007a) and alternative energy sources in the form of NEFA and BHB used as additional fuels to meet the energy requirements (Goff & Horst, 1997; Van Knegsel et al., 2007a, b). A certain level of NEFA and BHB in the bloodstream is regarded in periparturient cows as a normal adaptation to the NEB (McArt et al., 2013). Levels of plasma NEFA and BHB increase slowly at the end of the DP, as cows approach calving time, and peak at calving (Adewiyi et al., 2005). Levels remain high after calving, indicating a status of NEB and ketosis (Schulz et al., 2014). The levels of plasma NEFA and BHB decline to lower levels by six weeks after calving (Adewiyi et al., 2005). This reaction occurs as a biological mechanism to periparturient stresses and changes in physiological, metabolic and endocrinal status, indispensable for the cow maintenance and body growth, pregnancy needs (i.e. foetus and its membranes, uterus, mammary gland), parturition and lactogenesis (Contreras & Sordillo, 2011; McArt et al., 2013; Wankhade et al., 2017).
Importantly, feeding glucogenic-based diets during early lactation resulted in decreased plasma NEFA and BHB concentrations (Lemosquet et al., 1997; Pickett et al., 2003; Reist et al., 2003), while lipogenic-based diets led to increased plasma NEFA and BHB levels (Moallen et al., 1997; Drackley et al., 2003; Ponter et al., 2006). However, other studies showed no effects of energy-based diets on energy biomarkers, probably because of the similar energy levels between diets (Van Knegsel et al., 2007a; Roche et al., 2013). Van Knegsel et al. (2007b) found that plasma NEFA and BHB of primiparous cows were similar, but differed in multiparous cows, with levels being significantly higher in cows fed mixed and lipogenic diets, compared with a glucogenic diet. Recently, the association of various cut-points of elevated NEFA and BHB levels with adverse postpartum health and production problems has been investigated in identifying animals with poor adaptation to NEB. Prepartum NEFA cut-points measured 14 to 3 days prior to calving ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 mmol/L, whereas postpartum cut-points measured from 1 to 14 DIM were from 0.70 to 1.0 mmol/L for NEFA and 0.9 to 1.4 mmol/L for BHB, respectively (Ospina et al., 2010a, b; Chapinal et al., 2011). Above these cut-points, postpartum disruptions could include increased incidences of peripartum diseases, lower milk yields, early culling from the herd and poor fertility (Van Knegsel et al., 2007a; Giuliodori et al., 2011; Seifi et al., 2011; Evans & Walsh, 2012; McArt et al., 2013; Esposito et al., 2014; ; Wankhade et al., 2017). In this study, changes in plasma NEFA over time indicated that all cows relied (P < 0.05) on the mobilization of body reserves to satisfy the nutrient demand during transition (i.e. NEFA > 0.5 mmol/L in one week before calving and peaking after calving. (See Figure 1(a) for primiparous and Figure 2(a) for multiparous cows, respectively.) Also, the increase in postpartum plasma NEFA and BHB levels (P < 0.05) in grazing primiparous cows that received 7 kg/cow/day of concentrate in the control group indicated higher lipolysis and possible subclinical ketosis compared with those that received 11.6 kg/cow/day of concentrates in the HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatment groups (Figure 1). A possible explanation for the alterations in energy biomarkers could be the high starch and fat levels being fed to cows. Although it was not measured in this study, feeding more starch in the first 60 days post partum in HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments presumably increased glucose and insulin levels (Garnsworthy et al., 2008a; Lammoglia et al., 1997), subsequently facilitated the uptake of NEFA (Lee & Hossner, 2002; Van Knegsel et al., 2007a; Garnsworthy et al., 2008a, 2009) and decreased lipolysis of body fat reserves (Lafontan et al., 2009), compared with the control. Another explanation could be related to the differences in parity of dairy cows. Normally, dairy heifers calve for the first time at approximately 24 months old, making them not physically mature at this stage (Coffey et al., 2006). Primiparous cows during transition are thus in a different metabolic status from multiparous cows as they need nutrients for their own growth in addition to that of the developing calf before calving or for milk synthesis after calving (Wathes et al., 2007; McArt et al., 2013). The observed variations in NEFA and BHB levels in this study suggest possible divergences in the control of mobilization of body reserves between primiparous and multiparous cows, which encourage nutrient partitioning into animal growth and milk production during the first lactation. The lack of effects of nutritional treatments on postpartum NEFA and BHB levels could be attributed to the possible advanced hepatic adaptation in matured multiparous cows (parity > 3) to postpartum energy stress, compared with young still growing primiparous cows.
The effects of nutritional treatments on blood urea for primiparous and multiparous cows are presented in Table 4. Changes in plasma urea over time are illustrated in Figure 3(a) for primiparous cows and Figure 3(b) for multiparous cows, respectively. As expected, prepartum plasma urea levels did not differ significantly between treatments in the primiparous and multiparous groups, as prepartum diets and management conditions were similar. Postpartum treatments did not affect plasma urea levels of primiparous cows. The interaction between treatment and time of observation was significant (P < 0.05), with the control being lower compared with the groups that received HSLF and HSLF-LSHF concentrates (Figure 3(a)). In multiparous cows, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments increased (P < 0.05) plasma urea levels, compared with the control (Figure 3(b)). However, the interaction between treatment and time of observation on plasma urea levels was not significant in multiparous cows.
Various factors contribute to plasma urea levels that are measured close to parturition and in early lactating ruminants. During transition, energy and protein in the diet of cows are limiting as a result of the requirements for foetal growth or milk production (Wathes et al., 2007). As a result, low glucose availability is supplemented by an increased rate of gluconeogenesis, which relies on amino acids mobilized from body muscles at the cost of protein synthesis, thus increasing plasma urea production (Bell, 1995; Garnsworthy et al., 2008b). Furthermore, plasma urea levels were reported to increase in situations in which dietary protein supply exceeds energy availability (Oltner & Wiktorsson, 1983; Moore & Varga, 1996). When the energy supply is restricted, the amount of ammonia production from dietary crude protein exceeds the capability of the rumen microbes to convert it into microbial protein synthesis (MPS) (Wathes et al., 2007). This situation increases the circulating plasma ammonia levels, with the excess being converted to urea by the liver (Carlsson & Pehrson, 1994). In previous studies, plasma urea concentrations decreased for cows fed a glucogenic diet, compared with those that were fed a lipogenic diet (Van Knegsel et al., 2007a; Garnsworthy et al., 2008a, 2009). However, Van Knegsel et al. (2007b) found no differences in blood urea levels in primiparous and multiparous cows fed glucogenic, mixed or lipogenic diets. In contrast, plasma urea levels in this study showed a positive relationship with the inclusion level (high versus low) of concentrates, indicating poor N utilization in the rumen in HSLF and HSLF-LSHF compared with the control in both parity groups (Figure 3). Normally, high starch diets improve rumen ammonia capture and decrease plasma urea levels (Reynolds, 2006). The inverse effect in this study could be attributed the structural properties of the pelleted concentrates impeding the rumen fermentation, when grazing cows were fed high levels of concentrates (i.e. 11.6 kg/day for primiparous and 12.6 kg/day for multiparous cows, respectively) compared with a low level (i.e. 7 kg/day for primiparous and multiparous cows). The heat treatment in the pelleting process probably increased its resistance to rumen fermentation and rapidly bypassed the energy nutrients to the small intestine, thus preventing N capture for MPS in the rumen.
The effects of feeding treatments on LW traits are presented in Table 5 for primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. The effects of year of calving and season of calving on prepartum and postpartum LW and on postpartum LW loss were not significant for both primiparous and multiparous groups (therefore, P-values of the effect of year of calving were not indicated in Table 5). Changes in LW and LW loss over week of observation are illustrated in Figure 4 for primiparous cows and Figure 5 for multiparous cows, respectively. Prepartum LW was similar for primiparous (Figure 4) and multiparous cows (Figure 5), owing to the similar feeding and management conditions during this period. Pregnant heifers and dry cows gained LW as calving time approached (Figures 4(a) and 5(b)) (week of observation P < 0.05 not reported in Table 5), as would be expected with increased foetal growth during late pregnancy. Approximately 60% in foetal mass, relative to the calf LW at birth, occurs in the last two months of the pregnancy (Bauman & Currie, 1980). Through the homeorhetic pathway that controls the pregnancy, glucose and amino acids are partitioned for the development of the foetus, and for the growth of the foetal membranes, gravid uterus, and the mammary gland. In addition, the foetus of a ruminant is more vulnerable to maternal undernutrition stresses than that of many other species, resulting in severe foetal growth delay (Everitt, 1964). Hence, maternal adaptions in prepartum heifers and cows prioritized the nutrients required for their own maternal growth and for replenishment of protein and energy reserves to meet the foetal requirements. In this study, the lack of differences in prepartum LW of heifers and dry cows could be related to the partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy to support the foetal needs in both parity groups.
In both seasons, higher (P < 0.05) postpartum LW in primiparous and multiparous cows was recorded for HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments, compared with the control groups (results not reported in Table 5). In primiparous groups, the postpartum LW for the control, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments was 482 ± 4; 495 ± 4 and 497 ± 4 kg in winter versus 477 ± 3; 480 ± 4 and 481 ± 4 kg in the summer season, respectively. In multiparous groups, postpartum LW for the control, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments was 579 ± 2; 595 ± 3 and 600 ± 2 kg in winter versus 588 ± 2; 612 ± 3 and 608 ± 3 kg in summer, respectively.
Postpartum LW was the lowest (P < 0.05) and LW loss was highest (P < 0.05) in cows that received the control diet compared with HSLF and HSLF-LSHF diets for primiparous (Figure 4) and multiparous cows (Figure 5). The interaction between treatment and week of observation on postpartum LW and LW loss was significant (P < 0.05) in both primiparous and multiparous groups (P-values not indicated in Table 5). Also, the interaction between season and treatment on postpartum LW and LW loss was significant (P < 0.05) in primiparous and multiparous cows. The LW lossnadir and the number of days to reach LWnadir increased (P < 0.05) in primiparous cows that received the control concentrate, compared with HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments. This trend was not evident in multiparous cows. A possible explanation could be poor hepatic adaptation to postpartum energy stress and increased LW mobilization in young still growing primiparous cows, compared with mature multiparous cows (parity > 3).
Tamminga et al. (1997) found that the energy partitioning into milk from the mobilization of body fat and protein reserves after parturition resulted in a LW loss in cows fed 11.1 kg/day of roughage and 10.8 kg/day of concentrates on a DM basis. In the eight weeks of the trial period, cows mobilized an average of 0.7 kg LW, namely 0.56 kg fat and 0.04 kg protein per day. The LW loss due to this mobilization was highest in the first week after calving and decreased as the lactation period progressed (Tamminga et al., 1997). Previous studies also reported LW losses during the postpartum period (Senatore et al, 1996; Garnsworthy, 2002; Buckley et al., 2003; Lucy, 2007; Sakaguchi, 2009). However, other studies found no effects on LW (Van Knegsel et al., 2007a; Garnsworthy et al., 2009), probably because of the iso-energetic diets used in the studies. In the current study, postpartum LW of cows in both parity groups decreased until the nadir point in early lactation and increased afterwards. During early lactation, the shift of the somatotropic axis towards improved milk synthesis was reported to be associated with increased prioritization of nutrients to satisfy the demands of the mammary gland at the expense of body reserves and LW (Leroy et al., 2008). Jorritsma et al. (2003) reported that a postpartum cow that is undergoing continuous weight loss over time is in a state of NEB, while a cow that gains weight over time is preventing a mobilization of body reserves to subsequently overcome an NEB. After the LWnadir, cows that are maintaining or gaining LW demonstrate a positive indicator towards process of stabilising or improving the EB status in these cows (Van Straten et al., 2008). Consistent with these arguments, postpartum LW of cows in this study decreased in the control group in comparison to HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments in both parity groups, indicating differences in nutritional status between treatments as the lactation progressed. This finding showed that abnormal deviations in LW over time could be utilized as a proxy to identify the physiological well-being and the nutritional status of each cow in the herd in response to managerial purposes (e.g. nutritional treatment according to performance or to prevent undesired LW loss or gain). Bauman & Currie (1980) reported that improvements in nutritional status of lactating cows resulted in changes in levels of plasma metabolites (i.e. glucose, lipids, amino acids, etc.) and an increase in the ratio of insulin to glucagon in the pancreas. These changes resulted in a greater hepatic uptake of metabolites, supporting the milk synthesis in the udder with the excess being diverted to peripheral circulation of cows. Such diversion of metabolites, occurring when the EB is improved in cows, increased the synthesis of glycogen in the liver, lipids in the adipose tissue and protein in the muscle, all together replenishing the postpartum body reserves and LW. In this study, the difference in postpartum LW in both parity groups can be attributed to changes in the somatotropic responses to the total nutrient and energy intakes from nutritional treatments in coordinating the mobilization/restoration of body mass as a physiological mechanism to adapt to the energy shortfall/excess, while sustaining milk production.
In this study, all cows mobilized their body reserves before and after calving. Compared with the control, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments significantly decreased plasma NEFA and BHB levels in primiparous cows and increased plasma urea levels in both primiparous and multiparous cows. In addition, HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments significantly decreased postpartum LW loss of primiparous and multiparous cows in comparison to the control. These biological responses showed an enhanced nutritional status of dairy cows in HSLF and HSLF-LSHF treatments, benefiting the restoration of body reserves and LW, in comparison to the control. Further research is needed to investigate the point at which long-term changes in postpartum LW (i.e. LW lossnadir and number of days to reach the LWnadir) act as stressors to disrupt milk responses, suppress the gonadotropic axis, and reduce fertility outcomes of dairy cows.
The authors express gratitude to the Western Cape Department of Agriculture (WCDA) for permission to use the facilities and data towards a PhD study for Mr Useni at the University of Stellenbosch. The support of the workers and management at the dairy section of the Elsenburg Research Farm is also greatly appreciated. This study was funded by the Western Cape Agricultural Research Trust (WCART) with technical support by the WCDA. Mr Useni acknowledges the financial support from the WCART towards his PhD studies.
Conception and design of the trial: BAU and CJCM; data collection and statistical analysis: BAU; drafting of paper: BAU; critical revision: CJCM; final approval of version to be published: CWC.
Conflict of Interest Declaration
The authors certify that they have no affiliations with any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
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Received 15 June 2017
Accepted 22 January 2018
First published online 30 July 2018
# Corresponding author: alainub83@gmail.com


The SP1013 includes back-to-back Zener diodes that provide protection for electronic equipment that may experience destructive electrostatic discharges (ESD). It measures 0.52 x 0.27mm making it a true 0201 footprint or about 30% smaller than existing 0201 ESD footprints.
The SP1013 can safely absorb repetitive ESD strikes above the maximum level specified in the IEC61000-4-2 international standard (Level 4, ±8kV contact discharge) without performance degradation, and the back-to-back configuration provides symmetrical ESD protection for data lines when AC signals are present.


The MYKITA Shop in the city's west is housed under the roof of the Bikinihaus, the 1950s architectural icon of West Berlin. The shop concept of the Berlin manufactory combines the characteristic in-house aesthetic with optometric precision, made in Germany. Here the concept of the readymade – objects removed from their original context – merges with specially designed furniture pieces and stage-like lighting. The result is a kind of installation, the simple and clear construction of which preserves the original character of the 1950s building.


The R Quick Syntax Reference is a handy reference book detailing the intricacies of the R language. Not only is R a free, open-source tool, R is powerful, flexible, and has state of the art statistical techniques available. With the many details which must be correct when using any language, however, the R Quick Syntax Reference makes using R easier.


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For Sale: Central Valley
Homes, condos, villas, town homes and apartments for rent in the Central Valley of Costa Rica.
The Central Valley is in the geographic center of Costa Rica, home of San Jose, the nation's capitol, and mostly urban with many towns and villages up in the mountains and off the beaten path. The provinces of San Jose, Cartago, Heredia and Alajuela make up this region that is more defined by the valley between 2 prominent mountain ranges than it is by map boundaries. The Central Valley is home to the greater share of the country's population and is the center of commerce in Costa Rica. With that comes a burgeoning infrastructure that offers all modern conveniences, world class health care, shopping, culture and nightlife - all while still being typically Costa Rica. Some of the more popular destinations are Escazu with the famous Multiplaza shopping complex, the world class CIMA hospital along with a plethora of specialty clinics and doctor's offices. Or you could settle in an upscale golf community like Cariari, or perhaps a wonderful mountain town like Atenas, Grecia or San Ramon where you are up out of the urban fray in timeless tranquility, but still close to the action. There are homes, villas, condos and town homes of all kinds and price ranges for short and long term rental.
Feel free to peruse through the entire collection of rental properties in Puntarenas, Costa Rica, or if you know exactly what you're looking for, perform a detailed search to in the blue Search Listings box.
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Semi-furnished apartment for rent in gated community Heredia Costa Rica
San Pablo, San Pablo, San Pablo, Heredia, Costa Rica
Greenbelt View
Total Lot Size
80.00 m² (861.11 sq ft)
Total Living Area
First floor apartment, excellent location just 5 min from Paseo de las Flores and Heredia center, Universidad Latina y Nacional. Description: Living room, dining room, kitchen, 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, large balconies, 2 covered parks. Common areas: Pool, clubhouse, meeting room, pool area and table tennis, gym, security 24/7. Area: 80sq Rental price: $800 semi-furnished.
House For Rent in Rohrmoser
Rohrmoser, Pavas, San José, San José, Costa Rica
281.00 m² (3,024.65 sq ft)
FAVORITE HOUSE -CASA FAVORITA -LOCATED IN LA FAVORITA; ROHRMOSER: Independent Two story house, a true family jewel, in perfect condition, Located in the West Zone of the City of San José, Costa Rica, La Favorita is an Urban Area of high prestige and quality of life, CASA FAVORITA is located 600 meters from from the El Triángulo shopping area, near the HUMBOLDT College, the United States Embassy, 5 minutes from the Apostolic Nunciature, 10 minutes from the Multiplaza Shopping Center, churches of all denominations, likewise close to the old AID, today Scepter Franklin Chang Díaz of Science and Technology. Shopping Centers, Jewish Synagogue, Office Centers, Route 27 and the General Cañas Highway, 20 minutes from the Juan Santamaría International Airport, and the Tobías Bolaños National Airport, 5 minutes from Paseo Colón, and 30 minutes from downtown San José, 15 minutes from Escazú and one hour from the tourist area of Jacó, Quepos, Manuel Antonio. Close to everything, with excellent public transport service, be it Bus, Taxi, Train, as the upper-middle-class residents of the exclusive Rohrmoser Residential Area are used to.
Furnished studio apartment for rent in Heredia, Santo Domingo
La Valencia, Santa Rosa, Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica
Greenbelt View, Southern View
2,529.00 m² (27,221.82 sq ft)
A beautiful one bedroom apartment, fully furnished, in Santo Domingo, Heredia. Inside the property there are other cabins, it is a condominium-type context with a social area with a pool and a ranch for parties. It is a very safe place, totally private, in the middle of the city but away from the noise. You will love living here!!!
Cozy cabin for rent in Santo Domingo, fully furnished.
Santa Rosa, Santa Rosa, Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica
Greenbelt View, Wooded View
Are you looking for a place to live in Costa Rica? Fully furnished? Quiet? Then, this is a great option for those who like the smell and heat of the wood in a house. Cabin for rent in Santo Domingo, Heredia, is located in a condominium-type context, shared with other 4 cabins, and a social area with pool, BBq ranch, and sauna. A very safe context, totally private, in the middle of the city but far from the noise. You will love living here.
Country Charm / Downtown Convenience: A Tapestry of Tropical Colors filter through Artisan Crafted Windows. Constructed to unparalleled standards.
Mercedes, Mercedes, Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica
2.43 ha (6.00 acre)
Beautiful furnished home. 3 bedrooms, 2.5 bathrooms, 6 acres, close to central Atenas
Apartment fo Rent 3 Rooms with Garden Avalon Country Costa Rica
Santa Ana, Santa Ana, San José, Costa Rica
Living in this condominium is like living in a vacation club, it is very complete and others very central. Located in Santa Ana Río Oro, 4 minutes from Santa Ana Centro,15 minutes from Sabana San José and 12 minutes from Multiplaza plaza Roble. It is Ideal if you work in Forum 1 and Forum 2, Murano, Citizen and Metropolitan. This one-story condominium has a beautiful view of the garden and lots of natural light. Description: Living room, dining room, kitchen, terrace, full bathroom, 2 secondary rooms with views to the garden, large main room with terrace, walking closet and private bathroom, large wine cellar with room for a bicycle and Christmas decorations, 2 indoor parking spaces. Common areas: Restaurant, soccer field, tennis court, swimming pool, recreational pool, BBQ ranches, Total meters: 180sq Habitable: 155sq Price for rent: $1500
Condominio Villa Real: House for rent in Santa Ana, Costa Rica
Mountain, Urban
City View, Greenbelt View, Mountain View
20.79 ha (51.37 acre)
Live in the most exclusive area of Santa Ana. This house for rent in Eco-residential Villa Real, offers you an incredible view that you will fall in love with. Villa Real, Santa Ana, is a beautiful community located to the west of San Jose, between Escazu and Santa Ana, with more than 100 hectares of land, divided into protected areas, forests, gardens, social areas and luxury home constructions. The community has dual access to highway 27, it is located near the new Santa Ana Bible Clinic, and the Lindora and Multiplaza Escazú shopping centers. Just one hour away from pacific central beaches! Villa Real has social areas such as: beautiful gardens, trails, swimming pool, indoor tennis courts and basketball court, club house and recreational parks.
Condominium for rent 2 Bedrooms Brasil de Mora Ciudad Colon Costa Rica
Brasil de Mora, Colón, Mora, San José, Costa Rica
Suburban, Urban
Very well located just 5 minutes from Más x Menos, Fresh Market, Proxi Mart, Banks, restaurants, 10 minutes from Forum, 15 minutes from Multiplaza, Hospital Cima and Avenida Escazú. Condominium Surrounded by green areas. First floor: It has a living room, dining room, kitchen, guest bathroom, BBQ terrace, laundry area, plus office with bathroom. Indoor parking for 2 cars. Second floor: Master bedroom with full bathroom and walking closet, secondary bedroom with closet and full bathroom. Common areas: Beautiful gardens, swimming pool, BBQ area, 24/7 security. In summary: 3 full bathrooms, 2 bedrooms plus an office. Land: 181sq Living area:: 152sq plus 28 meters of 2 covered parking spaces, in front of the house. Price for rent: $1.100
Condominio Qalma: 1 bedroom apartment for rent in Alajuela
El Coyol, Alajuela, Costa Rica
City View, Greenbelt View, Wooded View
Qalma Condominium, is a tower designed with a contemporary structure based on the concept of biophilia, which seeks to give people well-being, reducing stress and increasing happiness through contact with nature. What else do you need!!?? Live only 3km away from 27th highway, and very close to Juan Santamaría international airport.
Beautiful Apartment with a view
San Rafael, Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
City View, Mountain View
Apartment with beautiful view in Escazu, located on the fourth floor, 1679sq ft (156m2) habitable plus parking, nice lobby, offers office, living room, dining room, kitchen with breakfast area, balcony, guest bathroom, master bedroom with balcony walk-in closet and bathroom, two secondary bedrooms share a bathroom, parking for two cars, cellar. Very convenient location for its proximity to restaurants, banks, supermarkets, medical centers, and schools. Amenites : Gym, pool, BBQ, security 24/7.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It was a fairly ordinary Sunday afternoon. My wife, three-year-old boy, and 4 month-old-girl, Sophia, were playing in the living room while I was doing some dishes in the kitchen. I've loved having a laugh and giggle with Alex, he's developed a great sense of humour. Of course, like any 3-year-old he's still discovering boundaries in play. But the smallest thing can set him off giggling and laughing. Daddy has one cross look that seems to set him off. Hide and seek... it's not hard to pinpoint the giggling from behind the curtains. Oh, and he does the best grumpy face with arms folded across his chest.
Sophia has always been a smiley baby, and bright, following people around the room with a curious look but what I heard that afternoon was her uninhibited laughter. It seems her favourite comedy style is a fairly unsophisticated form of slapstick. Alex was jumping around and doing his comedy ballet routine. She was screaming with laughter and giggling at her brother's silly faces.
If you close your eyes, and listen, you can see their faces on that sunny afternoon!
From time to time it's great to find our giggle again. We live fast lives, busy lives and "social" isolated lives. We see funny stuff on Facebook and share it straight faced. But it's great to get among people who keep us giggling, my children certainly do that!


As part of senior management, I worked in large corporates. My behaviour was like that of an entrepreneur, taking complete ownership of the company's business objectives.
However, corporate bureaucracy would have none of that and I broke every rule in the book, to do what was honest for the company!
I always built great teams, trusted the right people and backed them unconditionally. The result was always the same – magic!
I look for people who come with great energy, think differently and are willing to get out of their comfort zone. I like mavericks and actively look for people who sound crazy!
I don't try to do everything (I'm just not that talented!). My focus areas are just a few : Building a great team, Creating a work environment where every member of the team is empowered to behave like an entrepreneur, Business Strategy and Fund Raise are my focus areas.
I have an obsession with providing the Customer with the best possible service and post sale experience. The proof of our Brand's greatness will forever lie in the testimonials of our customers.
This may not sound so fashionable, but I always trust my intuition over data. Sometimes Data can represent the past and mislead. I trust my animal instincts at all times.
To me entrepreneurship is the pursuit of freedom. The chance to dare, dream and be whatever one wishes to be. That pursuit defines me as a person too and my philosophy to life.
The person: Karthik likes to meet up with people and his interest in biking makes him yearn for long lonely rides. He plays cricket, badminton, and loves to watch tennis. He loves South Indian food – no Pizzas please! - with special interest in authentic home made stuff.
The professional: Karthik is a commerce graduate and had completed his Masters in Financial Management from Pondicherry University. Karthik has 12 years of experience that includes marketing of financial services with Citigroup, TVS Group and Fullerton India Credit Company.
The person: Narayanan loves reading, reads lot of Philosophy and a strong believer of the concept "What you think, you will become". He practices Yoga, plays Cricket and Badminton for fitness. Loves travelling across deep rural villages, as he enjoys meeting people and help improving their livelihood.
The professional: Narayanan completed his Masters in Business Administration from TSM, one of premier B-Schools in South India. Narayanan has 17 years of professional experience with leading brands like, Vodafone, Airtel, Tata Docomo having handled Sales & Distribution portfolio for TN & KL regions. During his last stint with Tata Docomo, he was overseeing a sales turnover of Rs.1200 cr per annum, through a distribution network of 60000 retailers, 550 distributors, 1500 distributor sales executives, and 120 member sales team. At Tata Docomo, successfully piloted the Tango alliance with HUL, to take Tata Docomo services to rural TN leveraging the distribution network of HUL. This helped increase the rural distribution network by 23000 retailers, 145 distributors and a 50% growth in Rural revenues from 84cr to 120 crores per annum.
The person: Muthu is very much interested in organic farming and gardening. He is a willing listener of Carnatic music, though not an expert on the subject. Loves to meditate and also yoga practitioner. Also likes to observe simple life in line with Tamil culture.
The professional: Specialised in IT field with relevance to mobile technologies, having served industries like Pharma, FMCG, Retail, etc. by virtue of a key role in Ivy Mobility Solutions Ltd, for 11 yrs. He is an MCA with penchant for knowing new ideas and implementing the same in new environment.
The person: Ashish is an avid traveller, he loves travelling to different destinations globally to explore and enrich himself in Retail. He is also a fitness enthusiast, plays tennis, enjoys listening to music and read autobiographies.
The professional: Ashish is an MBA from Indian Institute of Management Technology (IMT), Ghaziabad and has done Retail Management from Symbiosis Management Institute, Pune. He has 16 years of experience in product buying & merchandising in both offline and online business. He managed multiple categories for Hypermarket, Supermarkets and Speciality stores in India. He is well versed with Retail environment which includes Buying & Merchandising, category management, Retail sales, Operations, Brand management, Market research, Vendor management, and related financials and business administration. Ashish has worked with companies such as Future Group and Wal-Mart India.
The person: Nikhil Anand has joined us as Chief Financial Officer. He carries an overall experience of 20 years. His last assignment was Heading the Finance and Commercial Operations of the FMCG and Corporate Supply Chain verticals of a Middle East Conglomerate. Prior to that he had worked with PwC and Ernst and Young in their Financial Advisory Practice.
The person: He carries an overall experience of 22 years.
The professional: His last assignment was with Servify and prior to this he was associated with Sulekha.com, Bharti Airtel Ltd, Tata Tele Services Ltd and Xerox Modicorp Ltd.His forte encompasses Customer Service, Logistics, Call Centre, Field Operations, Vendor management, Installation & Services Management.Qualification- MBA- Customer Service and Services Management.
#24, Rajasekaran Street, Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai, Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004.


Great information. Have you ever tried FTK's VSS feature to add Volume Shadows to a case? You can select Current state, and any Deltas (oldest to newest or visa versa). I've been doing exams using this feature and its quite a time saver.
No, I haven't. I don't have FTK.
Not a problem...it's well-deserved, and it's just right to give credit where it's due.
Just for information, DFF supports VSS by linking with libvshadow and then you can directly apply NTFS module on each VSS. To ease analysis, a diff module will be soon published.
Regarding vhdtool, it seems there are at least 2 versions: one with a "/repair" option and one without.


text:
package org.sakaiproject.tool.assessment.facade;

import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
import org.hibernate.HibernateException;
import org.hibernate.Query;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.osid.shared.Type;
import org.sakaiproject.tool.assessment.data.dao.shared.TypeD;
import org.sakaiproject.tool.assessment.data.ifc.shared.TypeIfc;
import org.sakaiproject.tool.assessment.osid.shared.extension.TypeExtension;
import org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateCallback;
import org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.support.HibernateDaoSupport;

public class TypeFacadeQueries extends HibernateDaoSupport implements TypeFacadeQueriesAPI{

  private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(TypeFacadeQueries.class);
  private HashMap typeFacadeMap;
  private List itemTypes;

  public TypeFacadeQueries() {
  }

    /**
     * set the typeFacadeMap for TypeFacadeQueries
     */
    public void setTypeFacadeMap(){
	this.typeFacadeMap = getMapForAllTypes();
    }

    /**
     * get the typeFacadeMap
     */
    public HashMap getTypeFacadeMap(){
	return this.typeFacadeMap;
    }

    /**
     * This method returns the TypeFacade with the specified typeId found
     * in the typeFacadeMap that lives in cache.
     * @param typeId
     * @return TypeFacade
     */
    public TypeFacade getTypeFacadeById(Long typeId) {
	TypeFacade typeFacade = null;
	HashMap typeMap = getTypeFacadeMap();
	typeFacade = (TypeFacade)typeMap.get(typeId);
	return typeFacade;
    }

    /**
     * This method return Type with a specified typeId, used by
     * ItemFacade.getItemType()
     * @param typeId
     * @return org.osid.shared.Type or null if no types of that id
     */
    public Type getTypeById(Long typeId){
    	//pbd hack
    	List typeList = getAllTypes();
    	this.typeFacadeMap = createTypeFacadeMapById(typeList);

    	// end pbd hack
	TypeFacade typeFacade = getTypeFacadeById(typeId);
	//SAM-1792 this could be a request for an unkown type
	if (typeFacade == null) {
		log.warn("Unable to find Item Type: " + typeId.toString());
		return null;
	}
	TypeExtension type = new TypeExtension(typeFacade.getAuthority(),
					       typeFacade.getDomain(),
					       typeFacade.getKeyword(),
					       typeFacade.getDescription());
	return type;
    }

    /**
     * This method return an ArrayList (Long typeId, TypeFacade typeFacade)
     * with the specified authority and domain.
     * @param authority
     * @param domain
     * @return ArrayList
     */
    public ArrayList getArrayListByAuthorityDomain(String authority, String domain) {
	List typeList = getListByAuthorityDomain(authority, domain);
	ArrayList typeFacadeList = new ArrayList();
	for (int i = 0; i < typeList.size(); i++) {
	    TypeD typeData = (TypeD) typeList.get(i);
	    TypeFacade typeFacade = new TypeFacade(typeData);
	    typeFacadeList.add(typeFacade);
	}
	return typeFacadeList;
    }

    /**
     * This method returns a Hashmap (Long typeId, TypeFacade typeFacade)
     * with the specified authority and domain.
     * @param authority
     * @param domain
     * @return HashMap
     */
    public HashMap getHashMapByAuthorityDomain(String authority, String domain) {
	List typeList = getListByAuthorityDomain(authority, domain);
	return createTypeFacadeMapById(typeList);
    }

    /**
     * fetch a list of TypeD from the DB or cache (Hibernate decides)
     * @return a list of TypeD
     */
    private List getAllTypes() {
	return getHibernateTemplate().find("from TypeD");
    }

    /**
     * This method returns a HashMap (Long typeId, TypeFacade typeFacade)
     * containing all the TypeFacade available
     * @return HashMap
     */
    private HashMap getMapForAllTypes() {
	//HashMap typeMap = new HashMap();
	List typeList = getAllTypes();
	return createTypeFacadeMapById(typeList);
    }

    /**
     * This method constructs a HashMap (Long typeId, TypeFacade typeFacade) with
     * the items in typeList
     * @param typeList
     * @return a HashMap
     */
    private HashMap createTypeFacadeMapById(List typeList){
	HashMap typeFacadeMap = new HashMap();
	for (int i = 0; i < typeList.size(); i++) {
	    TypeD typeData = (TypeD) typeList.get(i);
	    TypeFacade typeFacade = new TypeFacade(typeData);
	    typeFacadeMap.put(typeData.getTypeId(), typeFacade);
	}
	return typeFacadeMap;
    }

    /**
     * This method return a List of TypeD from DB or cache (Hibernate decides)
     * with the specified authority & domain
     * @param authority
     * @param domain
     * @return List
     */
    public List getListByAuthorityDomain(final String authority, final String domain) {
        final HibernateCallback hcb = new HibernateCallback(){
        	public Object doInHibernate(Session session) throws HibernateException, SQLException {
        		Query q = session.createQuery("from TypeD as t where t.authority=? and t.domain=?");
        		q.setString(0, authority);
        		q.setString(1, domain);
        		return q.list();
        	};
        };
        return getHibernateTemplate().executeFind(hcb);

//        return getHibernateTemplate().find(
//                                           "from TypeD as t where t.authority=? and t.domain=?",
//                                           new Object[] { authority, domain },
//                                           new org.hibernate.type.Type[]{ Hibernate.STRING, Hibernate.STRING });
    }

    public List getFacadeListByAuthorityDomain(String authority, String domain) {
      ArrayList typeList = new ArrayList();
      List list =  getListByAuthorityDomain(authority, domain);
      for (int i=0; i<list.size();i++){
        TypeD type = (TypeD)list.get(i);
        TypeFacade f = new TypeFacade(type.getAuthority(), type.getDomain(),
                        type.getKeyword(), type.getDescription());
        f.setTypeId(type.getTypeId());
        typeList.add(f);
      }
      return (List)typeList;
    }

    public List getFacadeItemTypes() {
      if (this.itemTypes == null){
        this.itemTypes = getFacadeListByAuthorityDomain(TypeIfc.SITE_AUTHORITY, TypeIfc.DOMAIN_ASSESSMENT_ITEM);
      }
      return this.itemTypes;
    }

    public void setFacadeItemTypes() {
      this.itemTypes = getFacadeItemTypes();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
// Copyright (c) 2022, WNProject Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

// clang-format off

#ifndef ROCKETCOREPLUGIN_H
#define ROCKETCOREPLUGIN_H

#include "String.h"
namespace Rocket {
namespace Core {

class Context;
class Element;
class ElementDocument;
class DocumentContext;

/**
        Generic Interface for plugins to Rocket.

        @author Lloyd Weehuizen
 */

class Plugin {
public:
  Plugin(Core::Context* _context) : m_context(_context) {}
  virtual ~Plugin();

  enum EventClasses {
    EVT_BASIC =
        (1 << 0),  // Initialise, Shutdown, ContextCreate, ContextDestroy
    EVT_DOCUMENT = (1 << 1),  // DocumentOpen, DocumentLoad, DocumentUnload
    EVT_ELEMENT = (1 << 2),   // ElementCreate, ElementDestroy

    EVT_ALL = EVT_BASIC | EVT_DOCUMENT | EVT_ELEMENT
  };
  /// Called when the plugin is registered to determine
  /// which of the above event types the plugin is interested in
  virtual int GetEventClasses();

  /// Called when Rocket is initialised, or immediately when the plugin
  /// registers itself if
  /// Rocket has already been initialised.
  virtual void OnInitialise();
  /// Called when Rocket shuts down.
  virtual void OnShutdown();

  /// Called when a new context is created.
  virtual void OnContextCreate(DocumentContext* context);
  /// Called when a context is destroyed.
  virtual void OnContextDestroy(DocumentContext* context);

  /// Called when a document load request occurs, before the document's file is
  /// opened.
  virtual void OnDocumentOpen(
      DocumentContext* context, const String& document_path);
  /// Called when a document is successfully loaded from file or instanced,
  /// initialised and added
  /// to its context. This is called before the document's 'load' event.
  virtual void OnDocumentLoad(ElementDocument* document);
  /// Called when a document is unloaded from its context. This is called after
  /// the document's
  /// 'unload' event.
  virtual void OnDocumentUnload(ElementDocument* document);

  /// Called when a new element is created.
  virtual void OnElementCreate(Element* element);
  /// Called when an element is destroyed.
  virtual void OnElementDestroy(Element* element);

  Core::Context* m_context;
};
}  // namespace Core
}  // namespace Rocket

#endif


text:
Home / Movies / X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST Set Photo
X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST Set Photo
By Xsisted on December 31, 2013@fizx
Here's a new photo from the set of Bryan Singer's X-Men: Days of Future Past featuring the director with his cast of characters sporting their cool '70s style sunglasses. The pic features Hugh Jackman, Michael Fassbender, James McAvoy, and Nicholas Hoult.
The ultimate X-Men ensemble fights a war for the survival of the species across two time periods in X-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST. The beloved characters from the original "X-Men" film trilogy join forces with their younger selves from "X-Men: First Class," in an epic battle that must change the past – to save our future.
Related ItemsfeaturedmoviesX-Men: Days of Future PastX-MEN: DAYS OF FUTURE PAST Set Photo


text:
Lamada's World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC)
[January 15, 2008 01:10:03 AM]
Gameplay:
This run through was no different. Wow immediately sucked me in and made it very hard to stop playing. In fact, it was kind of annoying for me to have to stop playing the game to follow the assignment. Whatever. Either way, I found myself engaging in the great PvP aspects of WoW. Blizzard, the designer of WoW, really outdid themselves with their revolutionary ideas for PvP. Normally in MMO's, when PVP is fought, it's during the course of the game and at any point. This is called World based pvp. WoW has great world pvp, especially around area's such as Hillsbrad, where the general closeness of Horde and Alliance (the two opposing sides in the game) creates a lot of PvP opportunities.
But Blizzard went another step in introducing battlegrounds, which are basically instanced battlefields where you can duke it out with another human player for fat lootz and prizes. You not only play against people on your server, but from other servers that Blizzard has assigned into your battlegroundpools. With this far-reaching potential PvP population, and the level of tracking of stats ect done in game, players are able to rank and recognize the best players across multiple servers. If you value being better then someone else at a video game, at least WoW lets you know how much better.
The design of the game, as I mentioned earlier, is intricate and beautifully done. Blizzard truly has created a long-lasting winner. The game isn't always the best at providing new content as the player progresses upwards through his level life, but then again, its an RPG. Theres bound to be some leveling tediousness. Overall though, I think Blizzard did a great job of keeping things interesting throughout all 70 levels. Recently, a new quest of the day has level 70's scrambling all over Outland to earn more reputation and gold for their characters who have conquered all the non-instanced parts of the game.
Being an MMO, WoW obviously has a lot to do with social interaction. However, WoW was the first MMO to break into mainstream culture. It's easy learning curve and addictive nature, plus changing conceptions about playing video games, make WoW an extremely accesable for those who haven't played an MMO or even many video games. The player structure encourages serious, competative gameplay with honor systems and ranked PvP, yet leaves plenty of fun, rewarding quests for those who wish to take their ride through the WoW universe a little slower.
read comments (1) - add a comment
[January 14, 2008 10:46:18 PM]
In the MMORPG World of Warcraft, the player creates an online avatar our of various fantasy races of the Warcraft universe, and proceeds to fight and explore his way through the world. The player can kill creatures, do quests, and even engaged in raned PVP (player vs. player) combat. All of this creates a world very easy to become immersed in, and to put it frankly, extremely addicting if you don't watch yourself.
Every exposure to the World of Warcraft is a heavy undertaking. I log in, with no general activity in mind, and before I know I have quickly and automatically put my character to "work" doing the things that any respectful Azerothian would do. WoW has the ability, due primarily to the beautiful setting that you find youself in, to pull you in, and only very grudgingly let you go. Every piece of scenery, every house, and even every mob spawn were all placed there individually by a member of a the devolpment team. Unlike many other MMO's, where the lands and places your character exists were spawned with random programming algorithms, the World of Warcraft was lovingly modeled. This great depth and variety in the world really decrease the feeling that you are even playing a game, meaning that long periods of time get unexpectedly spent, well, questing.
This leads me to my next point. With all this questing going on, how can I ever get any work done? Well, it helps that I'm assigned to play WoW for this class, but secondly I find the WoW doesn't take up time that I was using before. I still do my homework, still go to rugby, and still interact with my friends enough that they can mildly accept my new alter-ego/avatar. Kind souls. Either way, I find in my life that I have a lot of time when I'm doing nothing, and just mindlessly bored. WoW has replaced that time completely. Now, I'm always doing something, whether it's searching for more Iradium to mine or trying to finally craft those epic bracers. Plus, if you can convince your friends that its "cool" to play WoW, you feel better about yourself. :-)
Current Status: Playing
GameLog started on: Sunday 13 January, 2008
Lamada's opinion and rating for this game
No comment, yet.
See Lamada's page
See info on World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade
1 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by ajlouie (rating: 5)
2 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by dchattin (rating: 5)
3 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by dmacleod (rating: 5)
4 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by jenalynn (rating: 5)
5 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by jwp79 (rating: 5)
6 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by Level5Dworc (rating: 5)
7 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by magicwaterman (rating: 5)
8 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by Nazoric (rating: 5)
9 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by Ramenth (rating: 4)
10 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by Verp (rating: 5)
11 : World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade (PC) by VRBones (rating: 5)


text:
Tag: Popular Front of India (PFI)
Kerala HC asks Govt to confiscate PFI leaders' properties immediately
The court also made it clear that there was no need to issue any notices for the confiscation proceedings.
NIA raids residences of former PFI leaders in Kerala
Official sources said the simultaneous raids began on Wednesday night at 56 places spread across Ernakulam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Palakkad, Alappuzha, Kozhikode, Kannur and Malappuram districts.
PFI drew up hit list of leaders from a community: NIA to court
The NIA said a secret wing had a state-wide network and was responsible for data collection and the preparation of the list of targets. This secret service was based in the PFI offices.
Kerala govt shifts stance, PFI offices raided, sealed
The police carried out raids at the offices of the PFI and its front organisations across the state on Friday and many of them have been closed and sealed.
BJP demands Kerala minister's scalp for links with PFI
Stating that the INL, which is a constituent in the Left front, is headed by a person who is associated with a banned organization, BJP's Kerala president K Surendran asked as to how such a party is continuing in ruling Left Front.
What's Popular Front of India? Why is it banned? A quick summary
The PFI came into the limelight after several Muslim groups accused a college professor in 2006 of asking derogatory questions about Prophet Muhammad in an examination.
SDPI denied permission to protest at Delhi's Jantar Mantar
Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI) has been denied permission by the Delhi Police to hold a protest at Jantar Mantar on Monday against NIA crackdown on Popular Front of India (PFI).
PFI encouraged anti-national activities, says NIA remand report
In the NIA charge sheet related to the case registered in Kochi, there are 14 accused with PFI as prime accused in the case.
Delhi Police denies permission for PFI rally in Delhi
Delhi Police have denied permission to the Popular Front of India (PFI) to hold a rally which was scheduled to be held on Saturday in the national capital. Notably, the PFI was scheduled to hold a rally– "Save the Republic" at Ambedkar Bhawan in the Jhandewalan area of New Delhi. This comes following the letter …
Continue reading "Delhi Police denies permission for PFI rally in Delhi"
Assam police register 16 cases against PFI
Additional Director General of Police (Special Branch) Hiren Nath said charge sheets were filed in 12 cases while the probe is underway for the remaining cases.


Samsung Z4, the latest and powerful smartphone in Tizen lineup has brought many new features with it. Either it is hardware part or the new software features on it are worth to buy it. It is now bigger, better and faster than its last generation phone Samsung Z2. The 4.5-inch screen, 1.5GHz quad-core processor with 64-bit chipset and 1GB RAM makes it faster Tizen smartphone till to date. The other features like Tizen 3.0 version opened new ways to attract new customers. Now Tizen is even better and user friendly to developers to make their best apps for this platform.
Now with some popular apps it is perfect to use this phone in every day use. Many customers want some basic apps on their smartphones to connect with the friends or to do simple stuffs. Like the WhatsApp Messenger and the Facebook app, which is first choice of every users in the world. These are most recommended apps on every platform and it is not a different here. Thankfully, Samsung Z4 comes with all the popular apps in the world. May be you see some missing apps, but almost all are available in Tizen Store. Here is the list of top 10 best apps to download on Samsung Z4.
This is the first choice of every users. WhatsApp Messenger on Samsung Z4 will help you to chat with your best friends and family. It is largest social sharing app and originally launched by developers for Tizen. Chat with friends, send them images, videos or just text messages. Or why don't you just use images to express your mind in better ways. The app version on Tizen is still in initial stage. You will not get all features like WhatsApp Status, WhatsApp Calling, WhatsApp Emojis and services like WhatsApp Business.
Facebook on Tizen is released by official developers. In today's world every one needs Facebook to connect with old and new friends. Share your images, videos and other stories to your friends. This app comes with all the features that has on other devices. You can do everything in this app and also can keep your privacy. Go to Tizen Store to download Facebook app on Samsung Z4. This app also missing Facebook Page, Facebook Group features. The good thing is Facebook on Tizen don't show any ads in the news feeds.
The My Jio app launched by Reliance Jio telecom operator for all 4G Phones. It firstly released on Samsung Z2 smartphone and now it supports on this device. This is necessary app to use all Jio apps on the phone. To use this you need to first get free Jio SIM from store and later you can access all the Jio apps.
New Instagram app is another must have photo sharing app on devices. This is the third app from Facebook developers for Tizen. Take a selfie and share them on Instagram. Tweak them with different editing tools which inbuilt into the app. Follow your favorite celebrity to see their latest images. To download go to store and install it.
This is most popular entertainment app in India with a lots of movies and shows. You can watch unlimited movies and favorite shows on this tiny device. For some movies and shows you have to get Premium access but many contents are free to use. Hotstar Premium is not supports on Tizen. You can watch all the free content on Hotstar. The premium service may come in near future.
This is another popular entertainment app launched by Reliance Jio telecom operator. Watch all movies, music and trailers absolutely free for limited time period. If you are Jio user then you can access all the data free of cost. Watch bollywood, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Gujarati, English, Bengali movies without paying anything.
The Facebook Messenger App is fourth app from Facebook. If you are continuesly using Facebook app then you need this app too. Facebook has separated Messenger service from their original app so to chat with friends you have to use it. This app has all the features and all emojis to make conversations meaningful. It is must app for every Facebook users so download it on your device.
The Opera Mini Web Browser is fast and secure browser to access Internet. It will provide you security as well as speed while using websites. It has many features and tools to help you in the browsing session. The mobile friendly web pages looks very clean to make your surfing hassle free. You can also open websites in private mode to make your history private and secure.
This is the best content sharing app in Tizen Store. It is not official App and you have to install it with ACL for Tizen app. You can share any files, images, videos and contents to the other smartphone. It doesn't require any internet connection to share your files. It will send 1GB of file within 3 seconds, that is much faster speed.
Note: SHAREit, no longer available in Tizen Store. Instead of it you can use other companion app Xender to share your files.
It is video player app in Tizen Store and it also need ACL for Tizen app to install on smartphone. You can play many types of videos in the MX Player. It supports almost any kind of video formats from your device and also supports all audio formats. To play your videos without any concern install it. It also good to play your camera videos which saved into the gallery. To download MX Player go to Tizen Store and install it on new Samsung Z4.
Note: MX Player is no longer supports on Tizen smartphones. To watch videos you can use Samsung's default video player or use ACL for Tizen player.
These all 10 best apps are top notch in their categories. All the apps are must have apps on Samsung Z4. They supports fine on new Tizen 3.0 version and some are updated for this device. Only last two apps are missing from store. All other apps are available to install on your new smartphone. To download these apps go to Tizen Store on the Samsung Z4 smartphone and get most of from your device. If you have any questions about these apps then comment us in below box.
pls give me whatsapp video call and status in samsung z4… pls update ur z4 apps then give me allow ..
I HATE TIZEN. I dont know why samsung would put their name on this, deceiving us into buying quality. Why dont you mention that one cannot download latest whatsapp on tizen store??? All the basic apps found on Play store are no where to be found on your stupid Tizen. DO NOT BUY TIZEN ANYTHING!
You Must give some time to grow it.
Samsung z4 your the worst….might be better than you…no video call…log out all the time while touching app..just like lumia…only works on Tizen to tizen… Softwar upgrade me where there is none…am sorry I bought you where I can't even sell you cause everybody body knew you ….your the 4g phone ever..I must have stug with lumia..lumia your bad, but a thousand better than Samsung z4…..
Why do not supported coc?and video calling facilities. Don't have any best apps, Android its are best in the world .grow up android. Tizen its last from.
I'm facing a problem in my facebook messenger app on my Samsung Z1 phone . When i make or receive voice call it always fails. Can you please give me the solution of this problem . I also can't make video call in my messenger.


« Do Homicidal Drug Orgies Only Happen in Italy?
Ashley Dupre, the one-time call girl whose tryst with former New York governor Eliot Spitzer brought about his stunning downfall, has recently taken a position as a New York Post advice columnist, claiming that she's in a unique position to teach people using the examples of her own mistakes in life. What are some of the insights she has to offer?
–*A guy has to respect you first if he's going to put you in a blindfold and order you to pick up the money.


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