When did you figure out that art—with a big "A"—was an option for a lifestyle, versus, say, working for ups?
You know, it took a long time to figure that out, because there wasn't any precedent in my family for being an artist. Although, ironically, when my mother was younger, she wanted to be a singer, which I found odd because I never thought she had a good voice. [both laugh] But at some point she must have had a good voice. I remember seeing pictures of her from the '40s, when she'd just gotten married. She was very glamorous, very stylish, and being a singer once must have been a possibility for her. When I started showing artistic talent at a very young age, she was encouraging.
What was your artistic talent?
Drawing, mostly. But I also had a deep interest in literature, which became a big part of what my work is about. But back then I was just filling up notebooks with sketches and drawings. So my mother sent me to pottery classes after school. At this point she had separated from my father. My brother and I were going to private school on scholarship. There wasn't a lot of extra money, but there was an attitude that money could be spent for anything that bettered us—in that black, working-class, striving kind of way. Culture was betterment. Anything we wanted to read was fine. Pottery classes or trips to the Met were fine. Hundred-dollar sneakers? No.
We're talking about the late '60s and early '70s in New York. But, as I said, my mother really didn't come from artists. Her famous quote to me was, "The only artists I've ever heard of are dead." The pottery classes were meant to be a part of my overall uplift. I knew what it meant to be sent to art classes, but I still didn't know anything about being an artist. I graduated from Wesleyan University with a [BA] in art. I was really headed toward an architecture degree, but when I did the requirements for the major, I realized I was more interested in how people live in buildings than in making buildings. I was more interested in the interactions that happened inside the structures. So I got an art degree as a default position. When I got out of school, I went to work proofreading for a law firm. That became the thing that I told my mother I was doing—proofreading—because that was understandable. I had a job.
After college you lived in the city?
That was when they still gave individual grants.
Yes. And they learned their lesson. [both laugh] They don't trust artists anymore. Now the money has to go through arts organizations. But, yeah, back then you could get a grant, and I got $5,000—a huge amount of money. It was a turning point for me because I could either keep working at the law firm or I could cut back and think about how to become an artist rather than just make art, you know?
I used a distinctive methodology in preparing this manuscript which illustrates how thought and action can work together in generating theory. Much of my formal academic training has been designed to show me that I must alienate myself from my communities, my family, and even my own self in order to produce credible intellectual work. Instead of viewing the everyday as a negative influence on my theorizing, I tried to see how the everyday actions and ideas of the Black women in my life reflected the theoretical issues I claimed were so important to them. Lacking grants, fellowships, release time, or other benefits that allow scholars to remove themselves from everyday life and contemplate its contours and meaning, I wrote this book while fully immersed in ordinary activities that brought me into contact with a variety of African-American women. Through caring for my daughter, mentoring Black women undergraduates, assisting a Brownie troop, and engaging in other "unscholarly" activities, I reassessed my relationships with a range of African-American women and their relationships with one another. Theory allowed me to see all of these associations with fresh eyes, while concrete experiences challenged the worldviews offered by theory. During this period of self-reflection, work on this manuscript inched along, and I produced little "theory." But without this involvement in the everyday, the theory in this volume would have been greatly impoverished.
It could be by my own unconscious design, but I am incredibly isolated from all of the people, places, things, and ideas that I think of as being relevant to me (well, except for the moods and needs of the people around me, the sea, the atmosphere of this place, and the celestial rotations – that, by themselves, aren't enough to build a life; I know that now).
Regardless, when we do talk about community, I think we think only about proximity and not the constant, conscious negotiation of our relationships with one another – and not just negotiations to neutralize conflict, either.
I don't know much in the way of specifics about the roots of my ties to nature, my acceptance of people, my approach to learning, the elasticity of my love, my sense of community. For me, these things are never about ownership or dominance or mastery, they're never about control – or, if they are, then I've taken a wrong turn somewhere, forgotten myself, or I've been left no other choice.
Yet, I have a sense that, with each generation, our connection to those roots weaken if they're not actively tended. First, my family tended my roots. Then they were tended at Howard and in DC. Now, they're tended in my every interaction with my students.
Each February, I pay closer attention to where Blackness is in my life, how it's moving, what it's saying.
In 2014, in the middle of writing my Thesis, I posted something by a Black American artist or writer on my website every day that February. At first, I didn't think I could come up with 28 different individuals, but I found way more than 28 and I was heartened. However, I had to search to gather artists and writers and their work.
Last year, I watched what others around me did, and I realized that any project of the quality I needed, I'd have to do myself.
This year, I decided to focus on living Black American artists and writers and how they approach the work of making art and writing. I selected artists and writers whose work is connected formally, conceptually, or emotionally to my own. Again, I've found way more than 281 such people. The only people I repeated were Glenn Ligon and Patricia Hill Collins… I can't explain why, though2.
Anyway, the whole thing has shaped up to be a pretty amazing compendium that I think any Black artist or writer might find helpful if they're looking for the types of models Alice Walker thinks are necessary for artists to grow.


The main component of Z979 organic sulfur remover is activated carbon as carrier with some special active component. It can be used to remove the organic and inorganic sulfur compound in all kinds of some gases and liquids, such as hydrogen, synthesis gas, catalytic dry gas, acetylene, ammonia, CO2, light oil, naphtha, solvent oil, ethylene, propylene, liquefied petroleum gas propylene, as well as in H2S,COS, CS2, CH3SH, CH3SCH3, CH3CH2SH, CH3SCH2CH3 and so on. The products have the advantages of high sulfur adsorption, good purification and adaptability.
Z979 is packed in hard paper drum, inner lined with plastic film. The net weight is 40kg per drum. Pay attention to moisture proof in storage, and ensure the catalyst not contacting with other chemical products. During transportation, loading and unloading, it is forbidden to bump and roll the drum to avoid catalyst breaking. Under airtight condition, the product can be stored for 3-5 years, with its quality not deteriorated.


"%3.1f" % BigDecimal.new("-1.2499999999999999") should return "-1.2".
"%3.1f" % BigDecimal.new("-1.2499999999999999") actually returns "-1.3".
The primary problem is consistency across Ruby implementations.
It would be also ok that "%3.1f" % BigDecimal.new("-1.2499999999999999") actually returned "-1.3" if MRI would also return the same value, which it currently does not.
Or that the full BigDecimal precision would be supported.
The current situation silently produces data loss, which is surprising if ever detected.
Interestingly enough, both JRuby and MRI produce -1.25 for BigDecimal#to_f here. MRI rounds that to -1.2 (or 1.2 for the positive form) and we round to -1.3.
MRI does the same float conversion we do on the way to formatting the value, so if you dislike that you'll have to get MRI folks involved.
Ok actually it doesn't look like MRI does anything at all; the rounding is done by snprintf.
This all boils down to sprintf behavior, but I'm having trouble finding definitive information on how/why sprintf rounds half down rather than up.
Oh btw...the simple answer to "why doesn't MRI format the BigDecimal directly" is probably "*printf doesn't know anything about BigDecimal."
I'll fix the other issue for JRuby by rounding half to even in the double-related sprintf formats.
Format initial string to specific precision, so rounding works.
values manually by inspecting a long-form version of the double.
presence of inaccurately-represented IEEE754 decimals.
logic to to the work for us.
This was obviously an attempt to guess at sprintf behavior by observation, but it rounds down rather than to even. I've got a patch that tries to pre-round the float before this logic, but we might be able to fix this logic too.
The first two values here are output I added to our sprintf logic: the first is a simple println of 0.000005 and the second is a NumberFormat-produced representation of the value. In all three cases no inexactness can be found.
I had to revert the change from #4159 because it introduced new failures. This still needs to be fixed.


text:
3D Articles
Dental Anatomy
Spine and Back
Organ Systems
Neurocranium
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Parietal bone
Viscerocranium
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Palatine bone
Vomer
Hyoid bone
Sutures of skull
Topography of skull
Cranial base
Internal cranial base
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
External cranial base
Temporal fossa
Infratemporal fossa
Pterygopalatine fossa
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoidal air cells
Skeleton of trunk
Rib cage
Thoracic vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Skeleton of upper limb
Bones of shoulder girdle
Scapula
Humerus
Bones of forearm
Ulna
Bones of hand
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges of hand
Skeleton of lower limb
Hip bone
Bones of leg
Bones of foot
Tarsal bones
Calcaneus
Cuboid bone
Navicular bone
Cuneiform bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges of foot
Classification of joints
Joints of skull
Joints of lower limb
Joints of pelvis
Obturator membrane
Pubic symphysis
Tibiofibular joints
Superior tibiofibular joint
Inferior tibiofibular joint
Joints of foot
Ankle joint
Intertarsal joints
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Transverse tarsal joint (Chopart's joint)
Cuneonavicular joint
Subtalar joint
Tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc's joint)
Intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints of foot
Head muscles
Facial muscles
Occipitofrontalis
Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
Corrugator supercilii
Depressor supercilii
Orbicularis oculi
Orbital part of orbicularis oculi
Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi
Lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi
Buccinator
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Levator anguli oris
Levator labii superioris
Risorius
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Nasalis
Alar nasalis
Transverse nasalis
Procerus
Depressor septi nasi
Compressor narium minor
Dilator naris anterior
Muscles of mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Neck muscles
Superficial neck muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Platysma
Scalene muscles
Anterior scalene
Middle scalene
Posterior scalene
Suprahyoid muscles
Digastric
Anterior belly of digastric
Posterior belly of digastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Infrahyoid muscles
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Prevertebral muscles
Longus capitis
Longus colli
Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis
Suboccipital muscles
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Obliquus capitis inferior
Obliquus capitis superior
Muscles of upper limb
Muscles of pectoral girdle
Pectoralis major
Muscles of shoulder region
Teres major
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Muscles of upper arm
Anterior compartment
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Posterior compartment
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Muscles of forearm
Pronator teres
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator quadratus
Lateral compartment
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Brachioradialis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor digiti minimi
Supinator
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Muscles of hand
Medial group (Muscles of little finger)
Opponens digiti minimi (of hand)
Flexor digiti minimi (of hand)
Palmaris brevis
Abductor digiti minimi (of hand)
Lateral group (Muscles of thumb)
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Middle group of hand muscles
Lumbricals (of hand)
Dorsal interossei (of hand)
Palmar interossei
Muscles of back
Superficial back muscles
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Rhomboid muscles
Intermediate back muscles
Serratus posterior inferior
Serratus posterior superior
Deep back muscles
Deep layer (Transversospinales)
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Intermediate layer (Erector Spinae)
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Superficial layer
Splenius cervicis
Splenius capitis
Deepest layer
Intertransversarii
Levatores costarum
Interspinales
Muscles of lower limb
Pelvic muscles
Quadratus femoris
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Gemellus inferior
Tensor fasciae latae
Piriformis
Iliopsoas
Iliacus
Psoas major
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Gemellus superior
Gluteus maximus
Psoas minor
Muscles of thigh
Semimembranosus
Medial compartment
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Pectineus
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Muscles of leg
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus brevis
Plantaris
Triceps surae
Deep layer
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Muscles of foot
Dorsal muscles of foot
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Plantar muscles of foot
Middle group of foot muscles
Dorsal interossei (of foot)
Lumbricals (of foot)
Flexor digitorum brevis
Quadratus plantae
Plantar interossei
Medial group (Muscles of big toe)
Adductor hallucis
Abductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Lateral group (Muscles of little toe)
Flexor digiti minimi (of foot)
Opponens digiti minimi (of foot)
Abductor digiti minimi (of foot)
Blood vessels
Blood vessels of systemic circulation
Blood vessels of head and neck
Arteries of head and neck
Brachiocephalic trunk
Subclavian artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Inferior thyroid artery
Ascending cervical artery
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Costocervical trunk
Deep cervical artery
Superior intercostal artery
Common carotid artery
External carotid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Occipital artery
Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Mental artery
Lingual artery
Posterior auricular artery
Facial artery
Inferior labial artery
Superior labial artery
Submental artery
Angular artery
Superior thyroid artery
Internal carotid artery
Pericallosal artery
Superior hypophyseal artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Ophthalmic artery
Veins of head and neck
Veins of head
Extracranial veins
Angular vein
Facial vein
Submental vein
Occipital vein
Posterior auricular vein
Superficial temporal vein
Lingual vein
Intracranial veins
Dural venous sinuses
Marginal sinus
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Petrosal sinuses
Petrosquamous sinus
Sphenoparietal sinus
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Occipital sinus
Diploic veins
Meningeal veins
Cerebral veins
Deep cerebral veins
Superficial cerebral veins
Ophthalmic veins
Veins of labyrinth
Veins of neck
External jugular vein
Superior thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid vein
Subclavian vein
Anterior jugular vein
Internal jugular vein
Vertebral vein
Deep cervical vein
Blood vessels of upper limb
Arteries of upper limb
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Ulnar artery
Veins of upper limb
Superficial veins of upper limb
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Deep veins of upper limb
Blood vessels of thorax
Systemic arteries of thorax
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Thoracic aorta
Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
Posterior intercostal arteries
Subcostal artery
Superior phrenic arteries
Visceral branches of thoracic aorta
Bronchial arteries
Esophageal branches of thoracic aorta
Mediastinal branches
Systemic veins of thorax
Superior vena cava
Azygos venous system
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Accessory hemiazygos vein
Blood vessels of abdomen
Arteries of abdomen
Abdominal aorta
Posterior branches of abdominal aorta
Inferior phrenic arteries
Lumbar arteries
Median sacral artery
Visceral branches of abdominal aorta
Unpaired visceral branches
Coeliac trunk
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Jejunal and ileal arteries
Middle colic artery
Right colic artery
Ileocolic artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Left colic artery
Superior rectal artery
Sigmoid arteries
Paired visceral branches
Middle suprarenal arteries
Renal arteries
Ovarian arteries
Testicular arteries
Veins of abdomen
Portal venous system
Hepatic portal vein
Inferior vena cava
Blood vessels of pelvis and lower limb
Arteries of pelvis and lower limb
Femoral artery
Superficial epigastric artery
Superficial iliac circumflex artery
Superficial external pudendal artery
Deep external pudendal artery
Deep femoral artery
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Descending genicular artery
Perforating arteries
Anterior tibial artery
Anterior lateral malleolar artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Arcuate artery
Deep plantar artery
Lateral tarsal artery
Medial tarsal arteries
Posterior tibial recurrent artery
Anterior tibial recurrent artery
Anterior medial malleolar artery
Posterior tibial artery
Circumflex fibular artery
Medial malleolar branches
Peroneal artery
Lateral plantar artery
Medial plantar artery
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Middle rectal artery
Lateral sacral arteries
Superior gluteal artery
Umbilical artery
Artery to ductus deferens
Internal pudendal artery
Iliolumbar artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Inferior vesical artery
Obturator artery
External iliac artery
Inferior epigastric artery
Deep circumflex iliac artery
Popliteal artery
Middle genicular artery
Sural arteries
Veins of pelvis and lower limb
Deep veins of lower limb
Femoral vein
Popliteal vein
Anterior tibial vein
Posterior tibial vein
Common iliac vein
Internal iliac vein
External iliac vein
Inferior epigastric veins
Deep iliac circumflex vein
Superficial veins of lower limb
Small saphenous vein
Great saphenous vein
Gingiva
Duodenum
Jejunum and ileum
Cecum and vermiform appendix
Endocrine glands
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Ovaries
Peripheral nervous system
Spinal nerves
Anterior rami of spinal nerves
Cervical plexus
Lumbar plexus
Obturator nerve
Iliohypogastric nerve
Femoral nerve
Saphenous nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Genitofemoral nerve
Sacral plexus
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Sciatic nerve
Common peroneal nerve
Deep peroneal nerve
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
Superficial peroneal nerve
Tibial nerve
Medial plantar nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
Medial sural cutaneous nerve
Sural nerve
Pudendal nerve
Perineal nerve
Dorsal nerve of penis
Dorsal nerve of clitoris
Inferior rectal nerves
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Inferior cluneal nerves
Perineal branches
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
Optic nerve (CN II)
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Layers of the eyeball
Fibrous layer
Vascular pigmented layer
Nervous layer
Refractive media of the eyeball
Aqueous humor and eye chambers
Accessory structures of eye
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Extraocular muscles
Inferior rectus
Superior oblique
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebrae superioris
Superior rectus
Lateral rectus
External ear
Auricle
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane
Auditory tube
Tympanic cavity
Internal ear
Bony labyrinth
Semicircular canals
Membranous labyrinth
Saccule
Utricle
Cochlear duct
Semicircular ducts
Article Media (1)
Ovaries (Latin: ovarium) are women's leading hormonal endocrine glands, part of the endocrine system, where ovocytes are maturing, the egg is produced and sex hormones - estrogens and progestogens - are secreted. The ovaries release the ovocyte that travels through the fallopian tube ending up in the uterus. The hormones affect the menstrual cycle and fertility.
Ovaries anatomy
Ovaries, female gonads, have almond shapes, and they are pair organs located on both sides of the body. Their length is 3-5 cm, width 1.5-3 cm, thickness 0.7-1.5 cm, and weight 5-8 grams. Ovaries are located in the small pelvis, almost vertically against the pelvis's lateral side across the sacroiliac joint, in the peritoneal cavity.
As for the uterus, the ovaries are located along the lateral wall of the uterus in a region known as the ovarian fossa. The ovaries are connected to the uterus via the fallopian tubes. The ovaries are somewhere white in color. Ovaries have two poles, two surfaces, and two margins.
The ovarian poles:
Superior pole - also called the tubal pole. It is located by the infundibulum of the fallopian tubes. This pole is covered by the fimbriae of the fallopian tube. It is attached to the suspensory ligament of the ovary.
Inferior pole - also called the uterine pole. It is located more inferiorly than the other pole and towards the uterus. The inferior pole is attached by the ligament of the ovary.
The ovarian surfaces:
Medial surface - facing the small pelvis cavity. Fimbriae of the fallopian tubes are lying against this surface.
Lateral surface - towards the pelvis lateral wall, which is spread out with parietal peritoneum.
The ovarian margins:
Anterior margin - mesovarium. Meosvarium is a part o the broad ligament of the uterus covering the ovaries to their anterior up till the posterior part of the broad ligament. In the middle of the margin is the hilum of the ovary, through which blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels go.
Posterior margin - it is free, without any connections, and is exposed to the peritoneal cavity.
Fixating structures of the ovaries
The ovaries are fixated in the small pelvis with the help of ligaments.
The ligament of the ovary
The ligament of the ovary connects the inferior pole of the ovary to the cornu of the uterus, below the place where the fallopian tube enters the uterus. The ligament lies between layers of the broad ligament of the uterus. The ligament of the ovary has the consistency of a cord.
The ligament has connective tissues, elastic fibers, blood vessels, and smooth muscle cells within it. The elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells allow the ligament to change its length slightly. As the urinary bladder volume increases, the uterus is bent back; the ligament of the ovary stretches so that the ovary can stay in its location.
The suspensory ligament of the ovary
The suspensory ligament of the ovary is a fold of the peritoneum laterally from the broad ligament of the uterus. The ligament stretches from the lateral wall of the pelvis to the superior pole of the ovary. Within the ligament are the ovarian artery, the ovarian vein, the ovary plexus from the celiac plexus.
Mesovarium
Mesovarium is a duplication of the posterior fold of the broad ligament of the uterus. From the posterior surface of the broad ligament of the uterus to the mesovarium or anterior margin of the ovary. Between its folds are nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels.
Ovaries microanatomy
The ovaries are located in the peritoneal cavity, but the peritoneum is not covering them. The peritoneum is attached to the ovaries in the form of a mesovarium. The ovaries have four layers. The outer layer or the surface is formed by cuboidal epithelial cells known as the germinal epithelium. The layer below it is made of collagenous connective tissues, which is known as tunica albuginea.
The parenchyma itself is divided into an ovarian cortex and an ovarian medulla—no distinct border between these. Within the ovarian cortex connective tissues, the follicles of the ovary are located. In the ovarian medulla lies loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve branches. The most middle part is called the stroma. The stroma is made of loose connective tissues supplied with blood vessels. The stroma is also what fills the space between ovarian follicles.
Ovaries functions
The ovaries have two main functions: the production and maturation of ovocytes and the secretion of hormones. The production of the ovocyte is a process with different types of follicles and ovocytes along the way. The hormones secreted by the ovaries take part in the ovocyte production, endometrial lining.
The follicles of the ovary and oogenesis
In the outer side of the cortex, beneath the tunica albuginea, are immature ovocytes or primary ovarian follicles. Every newborn girl has a significant amount of these follicles, around 50 000 - 80 000, in every ovary. With every year, this number decreases, so each ovary has only about 10 000 follicles at the time of puberty.
When girls reach sexual maturity, ovaries start to work in cycles. The average cycle is 28 days (the period between the two first days of menstrual bleeding). During the reproduction period between age 13 and 50, in every cycle, only one, in rare cases, two, follicles are matured, and ovulation happens. So from puberty till the climax, approximately 400-450 follicles get complete maturation and ovulation. As the climax starts, the growth and development of ovocytes stop.
Oogenesis is the production of female gametes. Similar to spermatogenesis, oogenesis engages meiosis and produces haploid gametes. Unlike spermatogenesis, which is continuing process, oogenesis happens in a specific rhythm called the ovarian cycle. Only one functional gamete is made from the original germ cell. The other daughter cells become small polar bodies and eventually disintegrate.
Like those of the male, the female primordial germ cells arise from the embryo's yolk sac. These cells eventually differentiate into oogonia. Oogonia keep multiplying till the fifth gestation month and reach up to six to seven million, after which they stop developing with starting again shortly before birth.
Before birth, some of the oogonia transforms into primary ovocytes and continues development until meiosis I. Primary ovocytes that will not be stimulated to go through the meiosis I division are kept in small follicles called primordial follicles. The primordial follicle has a single layer of squamous follicular cells surrounding the ovocyte. Approximately three days before the menstrual period starts, the pituitary gland secrets follicle-stimulating hormone. If primary ovocytes respond to that, they will get larger, and the follicular cells will divide to produce the follicular epithelium. These new follicles are called the primary ovarian follicles.
In the primary follicles, the follicular cells differentiate into cuboidal epithelium and become stratified called granulosa cells. The stroma by the follicle turns into a fibrous capsule - theca folliculi - divides in theca interna and theca externa. The theca and granulosa cells together synthesize estrogens. Most primary follicles degenerate without further development, while some primary follicles continue growing in size as the granulosa cells secrete estrogen-rich fluid. The fluid eventually forms one big cavity called the antrum. At this point, follicles are known as the secondary ovarian follicles. This happens when menstruation ends around day 5.
Around day 10, only one follicle survives. It increases in size and bulges from the ovarian surface. This is the follicle that will ovulate. The ovocyte in this secondary follicle is connected to the follicular wall with the help of a mound of granulosa cells called cumulus oophorus. The ovocyte and the corona radiata, the inner part of the cumulus oophorus cells, are separated by a thin gel-like layer of proteins and polysaccharides - zona pellucida.
Under the stimulation of follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary, the follicular cells secrete increasing estrogen amounts as the follicles grow. The follicular cells produce estrogen from its precursor testosterone, supplied by a layer of cells immediately outside the follicle called the theca interna.
Now the primary ovocyte can complete its division through meiosis I. This division does not form two complete cells. Only one of the cells gets a significant amount of cytoplasm - the secondary ovocyte. The other smaller cell forms are called the first small polar body, which eventually fragments and disappears. The second ovocyte begins meiosis II, but it is arrested in it and is in this state unless fertilization happens.
If fertilization happens, meiosis II is completed, an ovum is formed, and a second polar body is formed. If fertilization does not occur, the ovocyte dies without finishing meiosis II.
The term ovum can be used only when the secondary ovocyte has undergone meiosis II. Meiosis II occurs when the sperm cell has penetrated the ovocyte. Only within matured ovocyte or ovum, after the second polar body has been released, the fusion of two nuclei can happen to form a zygota.
Ovulation is the release of an ovocyte that usually happens around the tenth to the fourteenth day following the first day of the menstrual cycle. One follicle has matured fully to become a vesicular ovarian follicle which is 1 cm in diameter. Other secondary follicles regress during menstrual cycle and become atretic. The vesicular ovarian follicle is so large that it forms a bulge on the surface of the ovary.
Under the stimulation of luteinizing hormone, this follicle ruptures and extrudes the secondary ovocyte, now can be called the egg, into the peritoneal cavity near the fallopian tube's opening in the process of ovulation. The ovocyte is caught by the fimbriae of the fallopian tube and enters the fallopian tube. After the ovulation, the corpus luteum forms.
Corpus luteum
After the ovulation happens, usually during the middle of the cycle, the ex-vesicular follicle's wall deflates. Blood from the blood vessels in the ruptured connective tissue enters into the center of the follicle and, together with the follicle's leftovers, forms the corpus hemorrhagicum. A blood clot develops and is absorbed, leaving only connective tissues.
After a while, corpus hemmorrhagicum changes into corpus luteum, which differentiates into an active endocrine gland over a couple of days. Its yellow name is because a yellow lipid accumulates in the theca interna cells. These cells are now called lutein cells. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone that stimulates the uterus to be ready for a possible pregnancy. The corpus luteum has two types:
If fertilization happens, menstruation or fake corpus luteum develops. It functions till the ovary cycle's second half until the 27th day of the cycle. Afterward, it gets absorbed, and connective tissue appears.
If fertilization does not happen, corpus luteum graviditatis or real corpus luteum develops. It is secreting very actively during the first four months of the pregnancy. After the pregnancy, it gets absorbed, and a scar appears. In the scar, calcium salt can settle, forming corpus albicans that can stay in the ovary until five years.
In both cases, the absorption leaves small scars. Ovaries work in a cycle with 2 phases. The first phase is during the first half of the cycle and is called the follicular phase, while the second phase starts on the second half or 14th day of the cycle and is called the corpus luteum phase.
Ovarian hormones
The ovaries secrete the steroids - estrogen, progesterone, androgens - and the peptides - inhibin, activin, relaxin. Estrogen and progesterone play an essential part in keeping the uterus endometrial lining and are a part of the negative feedback regulation of pituitary hormone release. The function of peptide hormones is not yet completely understood.
The estrogen
Theca cells secrete androgens due to the luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland, while granulosa cells convert androgens to estrogens.
Estrogens affect secondary sex characteristics, bone, metabolism, and the brain. The estrogens are needed for the development of the secondary sexual features of women. The growth of the breast ducts and pigmentation of the areoles is stimulated by the estrogens during puberty and pregnancy.
The estrogens keep the structure of the vaginal mucosa and stimulate cervical mucus production. They also take part in the development of the ovarian follicles and stimulation of endometrial cell proliferation. The estrogen's effect on the brain is to increase libido. Also, bone health depends on the estrogens, especially during puberty.
Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum, its lutein cells. It is pregnancy's main hormone until week eight, when the placenta takes over. Progesterone is needed for maintaining the pregnancy. Progesterone provides the right structure of the uterus for implantation of the embryo. Progesterone is known to raise body temperature.
Even though androgens are thought to be male sex hormones, they still have functions in women. Androgens have a part in the production of estrogens. Aromatase, an enzyme, converts androgens to estrogens in the ovaries and fat tissue. Androgens help the development of pubic and axillary hair, controlling libido. If a woman has too much androgens, it can cause masculinization and problems with the menstrual cycle.
Ovarian peptide hormones
Inhibin and activin are produced by Sertoli cells in the testis in men, but in women, they are made by the ovaries. The ovaries also secrete relaxin.
Inhibin is a glycoprotein that can inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone. Inhibin is secreted by the granulosa and theca cells. Inhibin could also be involved in the selection of follicles. Increased inhibin levels can be seen in early menopause.
Activin is a growth factor beta-peptide. Endometrium produces great amounts of activin. During the menstrual cycle it allows the development of endometrium.
Relaxin stimulates follicular development and ovocyte maturation, as well as helps the implantation of the embryo.
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle can be described as hormonal and physiological changes that start with the endometrium's shedding, including the release of the matured ovocyte from the follicle. The menstrual cycle is the basic unit of reproductive time. On average, the cycle lasts 28 days. The cycle's length can vary within individuals but is quite regular for an individual. During puberty and the perimenopausal period, the cycle can be longer. The two main phases are the follicular phase and the luteal phase. Two different phases, the menstrual phase, and the ovulation, overlap or are a part of the two main phases.
The menstrual phase
This phase is a part of the follicular phase. The menstrual phase and the follicular phase starts on day one of the menstrual cycle. The endometrium shedding begins on day one. The endometrium lining that was developed during the previous cycle is shedded through the vagina together with small amounts of blood. The bleeding or the menstrual phase lasts four to seven days. This phase usually is painful, which is caused by vasospasms.
The follicular phase
The follicular phase starts on day one of the menstrual cycles and lasts till ovulation. Changes in the uterus and follicle maturing are happening during this phase. Ovarian follicles secrete estrogens that make the endometrium proliferate and gain an extensive blood supply. It is known as the decidualization of the endometrium. Selected follicles are maturing, so during ovulation, the ovocyte can be released. The developing follicle is secreting increased amounts of estrogen.
The ovulation
During ovulation, as mentioned before, the ovocyte is released from the ovary. Luteinizing hormone stimulates the release of prostaglandins and inflammatory cytokines that allows the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovocyte.
The luteal phase
In the luteal phase, the primary hormone is progesterone. This phase follows ovulation, and corpus hemmorrhagicum and corpus lutem are formed. If fertilization happens, the corpus luteum persists and keeps secreting progesterone. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, a decrease in progesterone is seen, which causes the shedding of the endometrium and the start of menstrual bleeding.
Vasculature and innervation of the ovaries
Blood supply
The ovaries receive their blood supply through two arteries - the ovarian branch of the uterine artery that goes through the mesovarium and the ovarian artery that goes through the suspensory ligament. The ovarian arteries start by branching off the anterolateral side of the abdominal aorta at the level of L2.
They are bilateral arteries below the renal arteries. They cross the ureters in front of them and reach the ovaries through the suspensory ligament of the ovary, and enters the ovaries through their superior poles. Before reaching the ovary, ovarian arteries branch to the fallopian tube. Afterward, the ovarian artery and its tubal branches form an anastomosis with their corresponding uterine artery branches and give off multiple small arteries that enter the ovaries.
Venous drainage
The ovarian veins start as a pampiniform plexus located in the mesovarium. Then they blend to form two left and two right ovarian veins. These veins also go within the suspensory ligament of the ovary. Both veins on each side converge together and form one left and one right ovarian vein during their path. These veins then go superomedially, crossing ureters as arteries do. The left ovary vein ends in the renal vein, while the right ovary vein ends into the inferior vena cava.
The ovarian artery is innervated by the postganglionic nerve fibers of the aortic ganglia located at the beginning of the ovarian arteries. The fibers are responsible for vasoconstriction. The aortic ganglia synapses with preganglionic fibers of the lesser splanchnic nerves.
Pelvic splanchnic nerves send preganglionic fibers to the inferior hypogastric plexus, which postganglionic fibers are responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the ovaries. Postganglionic fibers move alongside the uterine arteries and are accountable for vasodilatation.
Even if the ovaries were not innervated, they would still perform ovulation as hormones regulate ovulation.
The lymphatic drainage has three ways to leave the ovaries. One way is superiorly alongside the ovarian artery draining the lymph into the para-aortic lymph nodes. Drainage can also happen inferiorly via the inguinal canal to the superficial inguinal node's medial group. The third way is that lymph gets drained horizontally to the other ovary crossing the uterine fundus.
The most common ovary diseases
Ovarian diseases can happen to young and older women, with more cases in young. Ovarian disorders are considered to be endocrine diseases due to the organs' functions. The most common ovarian conditions are endometriosis, ovarian cysts, ovarian epithelial cancer, ovarian germ cell tumors, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and disorders of the menstrual cycle.
Endometriosis can be a painful disorder when tissue typically found in the uterus grows outside the uterus. Most commonly, endometriosis affects ovaries, fallopian tubes, or peritoneal spaces. Despite that the tissue grows outside the uterus, the endometrium still thickens, breaks down, and causes menstrual bleeding; only in these cases, the blood stays inside the body. There is no specific cause for endometriosis, but the possible ones are:
retrograde menstruation - menstrual blood containing endometrium flow backward to the fallopian tubes or the pelvic cavity
transformation of peritoneal cells - possible that hormones stimulate the conversion of peritoneal cells into endometrial-like cells
surgery - after C-section or hysterectomy, endometrial cells can attach to the surgical scar
endometrial cell transport - endometrial cells travel through the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels
immune system disorders.
There are also risk factors for the development of endometriosis:
the period starting at an early age
later menopause
short menstrual cycles (<27 days)
heavy menstrual bleeding (> 7 days)
low body mass index
never giving birth
endometriosis in relatives
reproductive tract abnormalities
Endometriosis is usually painful, but apart from that, women can also experience dysmenorrhea (painful periods), pain during intercourse, pain while urinating or during bowel movements, excessive menstrual bleeding, infertility, fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating.
Treatment for endometriosis usually is medication and surgery. Pain medication with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormone therapy using hormonal contraceptives, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists, progestin therapy, aromatase inhibitors. As for surgery, it can be conservative in removing the endometriosis implants while saving the uterus and ovaries. Sometimes hysterectomy with removal of ovaries is needed.
Ovarian cysts are sacs filled with fluid in the ovary or on its surface. Cysts can be found in many women. Most of the time, they are painless, harmless, and without causing discomfort.
Risk factors for the development of cysts are:
hormonal problems
severe pelvic infection
previous ovarian cyst.
Ovarian cysts usually develop due to the menstrual cycle; they are called functional cysts and are the most common type. Typically, follicles form in the ovaries, but if the normal follicle keeps growing, it turns into a cyst. Functional cysts can be divided into a follicular cyst and a corpus luteum cyst. Other types of cysts are not related to the menstrual cycle, like dermoid cyst (contains different tissue - hair, teeth, skin), cystadenomas (filled with water or mucous), endometriomas (during endometriosis).
Cysts are usually painless and can go away by themselves. If the cyst is larger, women can experience pelvic pain, fullness in the abdomen, bloating, in rare cases, fever and vomiting.
Treatment can be started just with a follow-up once a while. From medication, hormonal contraceptives can be used. Surgery might be done for cysts that are not functional, are large, and cause pain.
Ovarian epithelial cancer
Ovarian epithelial cancer is one of the most common ovarian cancer. It develops outside the ovaries and, overtime spreads and can affect other organs. Risk factors for developing cancer:
age (>50 years)
family history of ovarian cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, or uterine cancer
the woman herself has breast cancer
BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation
estrogen hormone replacement therapy
Ovarian cancer does not have any early symptoms. Symptoms appear only in the late stages. Possible symptoms: bloatedness, pain in the abdomen or pelvis, trouble eating, feeling full before eating. Treatment is surgery, chemotherapy.
Ovarian germ cell tumor
Most of these tumors are benign; malignant germ cell tumors are rare. Germ cell tumors usually start in the ovarian cells that produce ovocytes.
No specific cause is known, but some suggest congenital disabilities affecting the nervous system, genitals, and urinary tract. Ovarian germ cell tumors are more found in teens or young girls. It has unspecific symptoms:
swelling in the abdomen
pain, pressure, fullness in the abdomen
bleeding from the vagina.
Treatment is with surgery and chemotherapy.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. In this syndrome, ovaries have many follicles filled with fluid causing failure in ovocyte release. The cause is unknown, but risk factors are excess insulin, low-grade inflammation, hereditary, excess androgens. If a woman has the polycystic ovarian syndrome, the first symptoms will often appear around the first menstrual period. Symptoms can also develop later.
To diagnose the polycystic ovarian syndrome, two of the following signs need to be present:
irregular periods - infrequent, irregular, prolonged
excess androgen - increased levels of male hormones
polycystic ovaries
The polycystic ovarian syndrome can result in:
depression, anxiety
Treatment can start with lifestyle changes, like losing weight, more physical activities. For regulation of the menstrual cycle, doctors may prescribe combined contraceptive hormonal pills, progestin therapy. To help women ovulate - metformin, gonadotropins, clomiphene. For excessive hair growth - birth control pills, spironolactone, electrolysis.
Disorders of the menstrual cycle
The most common menstrual cycle disorder is premenstrual syndrome. This syndrome can be painful and unpleasant. Women may experience:
depression, anxiety, irritability
vertigo, fainting
low libido.
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding for more than three monthly cycles. Primary amenorrhea is when menstruation does not start during puberty. Secondary amenorrhea is when at the beginning woman has had regular periods, but eventually, periods become irregular or absent.
Dysmenorrhea is when severe and frequent cramps and pain accompany period,
Menorrhagia has heavy and prolonged menstrual periods.
Summary on the ovaries
What are the ovaries and their function?
Ovaries are small, almond-shaped pair organs, a part of the female reproductive system. The ovaries are secreting hormones, estrogens, and progesterone, and producing ovocyte that, after fertilization, become an ovum.
Are ovaries important?
The ovaries are an essential part of the female reproductive system and the endocrine system. The ovaries are the place where ovocytes mature that allow further pregnancy. Hormones secreted by the ovaries are responsible for secondary sex characteristics in women, development of ovocyte, ovum and maintaining pregnancy, and preparing the uterine wall for implantation.
Where would you feel pain from your ovaries?
Because the ovaries are located in the lower abdomen, it is most likely that the pain could be felt in the lower abdomen and the pelvis.
Where is ovarian cyst pain felt?
Most ovarian cysts are small and do not cause any pain. If the cyst is bigger and causes pain, it can be felt in the lower right of the pelvis's left side.
What are the symptoms of ovary problems?
The most common symptoms are pelvic pain, pressure or swelling in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, abnormal bleeding, bloatedness.
How do I know if my ovaries are functioning?
Blood tests like a follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol can show if there are any problems. Also, a regular menstrual cycle and period are signs that everything is functioning fine, as well as a woman does not have issues with getting pregnant.
What are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?
The first stage is the follicular phase that starts on day one of the menstrual cycle and lasts till day fourteen when ovulation occurs together with the menstrual phase that also begins on day one and lasts for four till seven days. The third phase is ovulation that happens in the middle of the cycle. The last phase is the luteal phase lasting between ovulation until the first day of the next menstrual cycle.
How do you count your menstrual cycle?
The first day of the menstrual cycle is the first day of menstrual bleeding, so this is the best way to start counting. The day before the next menstrual bleeding is the last day of your menstrual cycle.
What is a normal menstrual cycle?
The length of the menstrual cycle differs between each woman, but the average length is 28 days. 21-40 days are also considered a regular cycle.
How many days after your period do you ovulate?
Ovulation usually happens in the middle of the cycle, so if the menstrual cycle is 28 days, then ovulation occurs around day 14.
What happens when you have polycystic ovaries?
If a woman has polycystic ovaries, she will have irregular menstrual periods or no periods at all, excessive hair growth on the face. Weight gain, infertility can also be seen.
How common is epithelial ovarian cancer?
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common ovarian cancer. Epithelial ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies, with almost half of the cases occurring in women older than 65. All in all, ovarian cancer itself is not the most common cancer in women.
Why is ovarian cancer aggressive?
Ovarian cancer is aggressive because most of the time, it is diagnosed in the late stage when it has already spread in surrounding tissue and organs. This cancer is quiet and does not show any early signs. Exactly being silent is what makes it aggressive.
How long do you live after being diagnosed with ovarian cancer?
75% of women usually live for at least one year after the diagnosis, but 50% can live up to 5 years. All of this depends on the type and stage of cancer.
Does ovarian cancer spread quickly?
Yes, ovarian cancer spreads very quickly. Even within one-year, cancer can progress from early stage to late stage. Malignant epithelial carcinoma can even spread and grow out of control within weeks or months.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Using writerow() with individual numbers and a list The following function takes a list and outputs each item as an individual cell in a spreadsheet. However, the last item within csvwriter.writerow() called latlist is an entire list. I need to take each item in that list an export it into separate cells on the same line that contains the other values being exported.
Any suggestions?
def writeToCSV(dataset):

 AnimalID = 0
 CellID = 1
 File = 2
 latency = 3
 Atten = 4
 latlist = 5

 csvWriter = csv.writer(open('dtnlat.csv', 'wb'), delimiter=',', quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
 csvWriter.writerow(['AnimalID','CellID', 'File', 'type', 'attenuation','latlist'])
 for x in range(len(dataset)):
     csvWriter.writerow([dataset[x][AnimalID],dataset[x][CellID], dataset[x][File], dataset[x][latency], dataset[x][Atten], dataset[x][latlist]])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Predictions from Statista state that there could be as many as 30.73 billion IoT devices online by the year 2020, and the number will only increase from then onwards. Engineers must embrace at the design level the importance of security standards in IoT, particularly in view of the following major security breaches.
Among many other applications, IoT devices are making great strides in the spheres of entertainment, connected automotive, and precision guidance systems. The below covers three device types that fall into each of these respective areas and ultimately considers why such security breaches have proved an almost inevitable occurrence in recent years.
Made by manufacturer Spiral Toys, CloudPets are children's soft toys that, via a Bluetooth-connected smartphone app, allow their young users to record and send voice messages between their friends and family.
Image courtesy of Spiral Toys, via BBC News.
But in what led to CloudPets' widespread withdrawal from retailers (including Tesco and eBay), it transpired that the URIs of the voice data were being stored insecurely: namely on an unauthenticated database segment on MongoDB.
Such database insecurity enabled hackers to then access the files themselves on their final destination, AWS S3. This was achieved with further ease, as the CloudPets' account registration stage involved no password rules, meaning that many users' passwords were as guessable as 'a', '12345' and 'cloudpets'.
Ultimately, half a million users' details were leaked and over 2 million of their recordings and other information were made accessible to malicious actors, some of whom even held the data to ransom. Spiral Toys' eventual solutions were made a week after renowned security researcher Troy Hunt made his first of many urges for Spiral Toys to combat the breaches of sensitive consumer data.
The vulnerabilities that come with vehicles' increasing IoT connectivity have already been well publicized. The hacking of a Jeep Cherokee in 2015 showed just how breachable connected cars can be when ethical hackers Charlie Miller and Chris Vasalek exploited the internet connectivity made possible by the Cherokee's head unit infotainment system, Uconnect.
Using only a laptop and a remote connection to the never-before-tampered Jeep, it was through weaknesses in the car's IP configuration and CAN that the infotainment system proved a point of access to manipulate numerous ECUs. These included those responsible for the very powering of the car: the researchers were able to turn off the engine while willing journalist Andy Greenberg drove the test car on a freeway.
Texas-based applied technology company TrackingPoint offer publicly-available precision guidance sniper rifles: Linux-powered devices whose connectivity applications include a simple domestic Wi-Fi connection.
As hacking researchers Runa Sandvik and Michael Auger demonstrated at 2015's Black Hat conference, the weapon's Wi-Fi functionality meant a point of access for hackers. This is primarily as the gun's network connection had a default password: anyone within range and with the right know-how could then use the rifle essentially as a web server, leading to the weapon's APIs being at the hackers' disposal.
Through such access to the application programming interfaces, the device's self-aiming calculations, namely the variables involved (such as wind and ammunition weight) could then be altered by the hackers. And while the operator will always have to be the one to pull the trigger, without their knowledge of the tampered calculations, dangerous firearm misuse could be mistaken for a safe shot. Sandvik and Auger's research is another example, therefore, of how seemingly innocent IoT functions could bring dangers to both the users and those around them.
Although the latter two examples introduce controlled research into IoT device weaknesses, such scenarios may soon prove increasingly less hypothetical given the exponential growth in store for the internet of things and, with it, the potential for cybercriminal activity.
At their worst, IoT security breaches stem from human error itself. Consider Spiral Toys' lack of preparation over data protection measures (which also applies to some of the consumers, given their choice of weak passwords) and, ultimately, the manufacturers' delay in troubleshooting it, even when such design flaws were brought to the fore.
Other times, IoT breaches, of course, occur even in spite of good intentions at the design level; after all, even the strict compliance involved in the smart automotive and firearms industries could not change just how penetrable the connected Jeep Cherokee and Tracking Point's smart rifle both proved to be.
All three of the above security oversights reflect an industry-wide design approach that is reactive rather than proactive. IoT devices are designed with future breaches being treated as an inevitability—a necessary evil that has to essentially be 'taken as it comes'.
The reasons for this are primarily to do with manufacturing complexity and the resource concerns that come with it, especially the 'build versus buy' dilemma, but also simply a lack of concrete rules to uncloud such confusion.
The IoT has become increasingly multi-faceted in its growth: unlike traditional internet-based technology, the network connectivity of the former is far from direct and uniform and so a one-size-fits-all design solution is out of the question.
In view of this, design engineers are therefore faced with a double-edged sword, the said 'build versus buy' dilemma. They can save time and money by ensuring security measures in-house but put their company's reputation on the line in the (likely, or even inevitable) event of a breach, or, they can outsource their vulnerability protection demands, but know that their prospective IoT device could require up to 6 to 12 months longer to manufacture and, of course, cost a lot more money.
Whichever action is taken, there again remains no guarantee that the IoT device you're designing could ever be fully impenetrable and, all the while, further questions of occupational liability persist, even after the 'build or buy' dilemma has been settled.
Consider the diffusion of responsibility that may arise from the UK government's 'Code of Practice for Consumer IoT Security' (among other regulatory precautions). Given the complexity of the IoT, such a code of practice is understandably a self-proclaimed "outcome-focused, rather than prescriptive" set of guidelines; but perhaps the rate of IoT device growth and the unanswered questions over manufacturers' duty of care calls for more categorical approaches to modern security demands.
Whether this will be achieved through revised legislation, or simply an improved dialogue between designers and end-users, it is clear that system security needs to grow at the same speed as the IoT itself.
While most may think of Tesla as another car manufacturer, the thriving company is actually much more than that. Other businesses in the technology sector have a lot to learn from Tesla's wins.
The KPMG Autonomous Vehicles Readiness Index places four European countries among the top ten best prepared to deal with autonomous vehicles. China is ranked 16th on the index of 20 countries, which includes four factors in the total score calculation: policy and legislation, technology and innovation, infrastructure, and consumer acceptance.


text:
Page 35, 1 December 1894 — THE EVOLUTION OF THE NOVEL.* Ix Mr. Raleigh's excellent little
THE EVOLUTION OF THE NOVEL.* Ix Mr. Raleigh's excellent little
book, the evolution of the English novel is traced, step by step, through the four hundred years that separate the "Canterbury Tales" from "The Lay of the Last Minstrel." During that period the English genius had found expression in every imaginable form, and in every conceivable direction, to complete the circle at last by arriving at the very point from which it started,—the narration of romance in verse.
Perhaps the inference that emerges most clearly from this history of the changing forms of fiction is that of the undying popularity of romance. The novel of sentiment, the novel of manners, the novel-with-a-purpose, the dramatic novel—all have their day according as the wind of fashion chops and changes; but the romance has never, even for a time, been entirely super. ceded. For the art of fiction is no more than the attempt to satisfy the perennial, deeply-seated craving of the human mind for a broader outlook upon life than is afforded by the narrow experience of the individual : its function is to illustrate, for his delectation, the multifarious phenomena of man's existence. Thus it is a criticism of life not directly but by implication ; and its final expression is the epic. Indeed, except as a curiosity, it may be safely asserted that there is no work which has survived the winnowing of time but contains something of the epical quality. Now, romance, in the hands of a master, becomes epic ; and hence, as the root-idea of the epic has never altered, we may arrive at some sort of working formula applicable to the products of
• The English Novel. By Walter Raleigh. London : John Murray.
It is, then, in the epical romance that we find all these se diverse elements of pleasure comprehended in one harmonious structure built upon the fundamental conception of man's• position in the universe. Thus, the history of the novel is an account of the process by which the multitudinous themes, suggested by the contemplation of life, after attaining an independent existence at the hands of lesser artists, are from time to time (perhaps once in a century) taken at the point, of their highest development by the great creative artist, and by him moulded into an enduring monument. Chaucer, Shakespeare, Fielding, Scott,—these are the giants full-armed
of English literature, the supreme exponents of the spirit of
their time. For the artist is invariably the mouthpiece of his. age : he is created by the age, however his influence may eventually react upon it. This is a point very well brought out by Mr. Raleigh, except perhaps in one instance, when, in dealing with Defoe, he barely mentions a momentous force
which had been in full and vigorous operation for a hundred and thirty odd years before the publication of Robinson Crusoe, in the year 1719, founded a new tradition in fiction. For in 1582 Hakluyt published his first volume of Voyages, to be followed in 1613 by Purchas's Pilgrimage, in 1625 by Purchas His P ilgrimes (four folio volumes of Voyages and Travels), and early in the next century, by the huge com- pilations of Harris and the two Churchills. Thus, while the polite world was amusing itself during the sixteenth century with Arcadian gallantries and the embroidered conceits of Euphuism, and during the seventeenth by the perusal of the long-winded romances imported from Paris, the people at large were sating their appetites with the sturdier fare of the Travellers' Tales. Now, there is• nothing in literature more romantic, and at the same time more realistic, than the stories of the early adventurers, told as they are in admirable narrative prose. And Defoe's, adaptation of their methods to fiction proper, and the unit- versal acceptance it met with (while Swift made deliberate choice of this form of presentment for his political satires as, the surest road to an immediate and wide popularity), were merely the natural outcome of more than a century's pre- paration.
In treating of Fielding, Mr. Raleigh takes a very proper point of view with regard to that courageous and laborious artist ; and exhibits him as he was, the " heroic man of letters," the founder of a new school of fiction, the master of irony. But were he never so great he would still be the child of his age; and so his books are each and all definitely designed to illus- trate some moral thesis. Yet so sane and so powerful is his, genius, that he can affront the distorted morality of his age with a nobler conception ; establish a new canon of criticism; and attain, in spite of all inevitable limitations, a tincture of the epic quality. And it is comfortable to reflect, at thin point, that here at least we owe nothing to France : that the self-sufficing progenitor of the modern novel borrowed nothing from across the water. On the other hand, Mr. Raleigh, we are inclined to think, does something more than justice to Laurence Sterne. He eulogises the whimsical parson's senti. went and pathos. Well, it is a matter of individual opinion ; but it would not be hard to maintain that Sterne, as an absolutely selfish character, was totally incapable of either. A sixth-form boy of genius, a trifle underbred—" cc chevalier Shandy "—when he attempts the pathetic, is—is frankly intolerable.
Mr. Raleigh concludes his book with a brief notice of Scott, his account of whom is extremely inadequate. It is no
part of his purpose, he says, to oritticise Sir Walter. We regret it ; for a fuller criticism would have added much to all time. It is that of man at war with vast antagonisms. His appearance, his weapons, the scope of his combat,— these things vary from age to age ; the nature of the foreeir against which he contends are differently conceived according to the time; but this immortal figure of the armed man is the one essential element, the one constant factor, in all literature. And as the pleasure that we discover in the spec- tecle of this eternal warfare is of two sorts—the sensuous and the intellectual—so the various interests disengaged fan naturally in two divisions—that of incident, and that of character or passion. Bound up with these, inherent not only in man's nature but in the very fibre of the forces against which he contends, is the nameless, indefinable quality of beauty.
the value of the history, and most appropriately rounded it off. For in the work of Scott are found combined all the disparate excellences of four centuries, save one,—that of style. "The asceticism of style," remarks Mr. Raleigh, coldly, "belongs to a different race of artists, the lesser of whom are sadly anxmic." That is true ; but nevertheless the defect remains,—a spot in the sun. And in applauding the change in style that took place under the auspices of the Royal Society in the days of Dryden. Mr. Raleigh comes perilously near to overlooking the mass of excellent material afforded to these scientific artificers in the diction of the histories, travels, and voyages that had been extant for generations. It has also to be borne in mind that what the disciples of Dryden gained in precision they lost in colour, and that their efforts eventually shackled the language in fetters from which it is only now beginning to be freed.
For Mr. Raleigh's own style we have nothing but praise. He writes with an engaging clearness, and at times his phrase is particularly apt. What, for instance, could be more vividly expressive than this :—" The dream-like, formal cavalcade of early prose-romance " P In fine, Mr. Raleigh, discarding almost entirely the spectacles of the schoolman, has been content to regard his subject with his own eyes ; and his book is a contribution to the study of letters.


Evening Stocking for a Young Lady: I have turned the heel on the second sock. Just need a few hours to finish this one off.
Hexagon Blanket: I have squared up two sides. This took a lot of time and trial and error to understand what spaces needed to be filled in to make a rectangle. I believe I know what I need to do to complete this project. This makes me feel like it should already be done since I've already completed it in my mind. Instead I think I still have about a third left to knit.
Merino Baby Dress: I reknit the body and cast off last week. It's been sitting waiting for me to finish up the edging on the the armholes and neck opening.
Sock Yarn Blanket: I pulled this guy out of the trunk last night when I went to the movies. It's getting really big but I still think it won't be done for a few more years.
Red Red Raglan: On Friday my younger son told me that he wanted a sweater. A red sweater. I pulled some REALLY RED yarn that I got for him a few years ago and cast on for a seamless raglan. I started it on Saturday afternoon. The body is done and I have just started the sleeves. The yarn, Merino Mix 100 by Madil, is discontinued. It's a real shame. It's a wonderfully squishy, drapey yarn that knits up beautifully and is machine-washable. I'm glad I stashed this one. I'm a little worried that I won't have enough to complete the sweater so I brought my son by the shop yesterday to pick out a color of Bingo to use for stripes in the yoke. He picked a very bright blue to go with the intensely vivid red. It's a color palette that proudly declares, "I was selected by an 8 year old boy!"
So which project should I work on tonight at Purlygirls? I can't decide so I'm bringing them all.


Could have helped if you had shared your CJT or request object to cloud print api! I doubt if you still have them :/ – arjithn Jul 13 at 11:12... I have kept a .pdf file which already has 2 pages with contents inside it, but when it shows print dialog box and i select "Print" from it, it prints only the file name with path at the bottom of the page. It does not print anything else at the page, page is blank except that file name at the bottom of the page.
17/12/2018 · I figured out the issue that I was having. The documents file name has the '%' sign in the documents name which was causing it not to be able to print.
By the way, if you want to print to a format that's easily viewable by humans rather than machines, consider printing to PDF. If you do not have software such as Adobe Acrobat or NitroPDF, you can use a free PDF printer driver, or an add-on to create the PDF.


text:
Volunteers help others find their voice
The free laryngectomy support group provides education, support and cameraderie for patients who have undergone laryngectomy.
Janet Sechrist, Jen Thomas and Jenny Shao have made it their mission to give a voice to people who have had their larynx, or voice box, removed due to cancer or other causes.
During the day, the three speech pathologists treat patients with a variety of speech difficulties. Outside the office, they donate time and voluntarily run a free support group for patients who have undergone a laryngectomy. They call the support group the Blue Hen Speak Easy.
Laryngectomy is a surgical procedure in which the whole larynx or voice box is removed and the stoma, an external opening into the larynx, is made permanent.
"The Speak Easy is a good outlet for discussion and an opportunity for new patients who have had this procedure to gain advice from seasoned peers who are prospering," says facilitator Janet Sechrist, M.A., CCC-SLP, a Christiana Care speech-language pathologist.
Only 57,000 people nationwide live without a larynx, many of them young people in their 40s and 50s. Most continue to work post-surgery despite the unique challenges of communicating in a non-traditional way.
Monthly meetings of the support group focus on peer fellowship, education and support. Information about essential communication devices and supplies that improve breathing, swallowing and communication challenges is also available.
"As professionals, we feel compelled to share what we know. As citizens, it feels good to help people in our community and watch them help each other," say Jennifer Thomas, M.S., CCC-SLP, Christiana Care speech-pathology clinical supervisor.
Gene Broderick, who attends the support group, says that the meetings ease the isolation she sometimes feels. "It's nice to know I'm not alone," she says.
The Blue Hen Speak Easy is Delaware's only support group dedicated to improving the lives of persons who have lost their natural voices because of laryngectomy. The group features frequent guest speakers on a variety of topics. Meetings are held the third Thursday of every month at 4:30 p.m. in the Helen F. Graham Cancer Center's small conference room. Attendance is free and open to anyone who has had a laryngectomy, their family members and caregivers.
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text:
Keeper of the Registers of Scotland to step down from role
The Keeper of the Registers of Scotland, Sheenagh Adams, announced this evening that she is stepping down from her role.
Speaking at her annual Christmas reception at the National Gallery in Edinburgh, the keeper signed off on a remarkable year for RoS, and told stakeholders and partners that she was ready to hand over the Great Seal and the 18 public registers under her control.
Sheenagh joined RoS as Managing Director in 2006, becoming keeper in 2009. During her time at the helm, Sheenagh has overseen a process of ongoing dynamic change. Just this year alone, RoS celebrated the 400th Anniversary of the General Register of Sasines, saw the roll out of our Digital Discharge Service, and the launch of ScotLIS. RoS also hosted the Registrars of Title Conference for the first time ever in Scotland, bringing colleagues from all over the world to Edinburgh to share their insight and expertise.
Speaking about her decision, Sheenagh said:
"We are a very different business to the one I joined in 2006, as Managing Director. As we continue with an ambitious programme of business change that will see us become fully digital by 2020, I am delighted to have been part of that drive to change and improve our business for both customers and colleagues alike.
"But all good things must come to an end, and I would like to share with you my decision to step down from my role as Keeper of the Registers of Scotland. I know that I am leaving RoS in a great place, ready to move forward with its change programme, delivering real value for all of our stakeholders. The achievements made over the last 12 years have been in no small part down to the hard work of colleagues across the business and I thank them for their support."
Sheenagh will officially leave her role as keeper in March 2018.
Jacq Kelly
Press and public affairs manager
jacqueline.kelly@ros.gov.uk