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Air Canada Adds Eight Routes to 2015 North American Network
AirlinesAirports December 9, 2014 Staff
Air Canada is expanding its North American route network by adding eight non-stop routes in its summer 2015 schedule, as well as increasing capacity...
Air Canada is expanding its North American route network by adding eight non-stop routes in its summer 2015 schedule, as well as increasing capacity on two other routes.
Four of the routes will be operated by Air Canada Express regional-airline partner Jazz Aviation LP and four by Air Canada rouge, Air Canada's leisure-travel subsidiary.
Jazz Aviation LP Bombardier CRJ-705 C-GNJZ departs Montréal-Trudeau International Airport operating an Air Canada Express flight
Montréal-based Air Canada is adding to its North American network new services between Calgary and the British Columbia cities of Terrace and Nanaimo; Vancouver and Comox, British Columbia; Toronto and Austin, Texas; and Montréal and Mexico City.
Air Canada is also increasing capacity in domestic markets that have high volumes of leisure traffic by expanding Air Canada rouge to operate the new seasonal Calgary-Halifax route and current Toronto-Kelowna and Toronto-Sydney, Nova Scotia services.
Tickets on all the new services are now available for purchase at www.aircanada.com.
Air Canada's 200-plus-aircraft mainline fleet includes 45 Embraer 190s. The airline uses the versatile aircraft, which it has configured with 93 passenger seats, to operate domestic routes and transborder services to U.S. destinations
"Air Canada continues to strategically add new routes in response to the strong demand in Western Canada, notably the growing business market between Calgary and Terrace/Kitimat in Northern BC, the increasing demand to and from Vancouver Island, and the continued travel demand between Western Canada and Atlantic Canada," says Benjamin Smith, Air Canada's president, passenger airlines.
"We look forward to returning to Austin, Texas from Toronto and to Mexico City from Montréal," adds Smith.
On May 2, Air Canada will extend its winter seasonal service between Toronto and Florida resort city Sarasota to a May 2 year-round flight, operating the service twice a week with 97-seat Embraer 190 jets offering two classes of service.
Regional-airline partners operate a sizable number of Bombardier Q400 NextGen turboprop regional airliners for the Air Canada Express network
Air Canada is also extending its Ottawa-Fort Lauderdale seasonal service to a year-round flight, operated twice a week by two-class, 97-seat Embraer 190s.
On May 1, regional-airline partner Jazz Aviation LP will launch daily, year-round Air Canada Express service between Calgary and Nanaimo, using 74-seat Bombardier Q400 turboprop regional airliners.
Also on May 1, Jazz Aviation LP will begin twice-daily, year-round Air Canada Express service between Vancouver and Comox, operating the flights with 50-seat Bombardier Q300 (Dash 8-300) turboprop regional airliners.
Air Canada Express Bombardier Dash-8-301 C-GKTA taxis at a Canadian airport
Both Comox and Nanaimo are on Vancouver Island.
On May 18, Jazz Aviation LP will start daily, year-round Air Canada Express service between Toronto and Austin, Texas, operating the round-trips with 75-seat Bombardier CRJ705 regional jets outfitted with both premium and economy cabins.
Then, on June 1, Jazz Aviation LP will begin daily, year-round Air Canada Express service between Calgary and Terrace, operating the route with 50-seat Bombardier CRJ200 jets.
An Air Canada rouge Airbus A319 is prepared for its next departure at a Canadian airport on a gray and rainy day, against the backdrop of a dramatic sky
Air Canada rouge will launch six-times-weekly summer-season service on May 1 between Calgary and Halifax, operating 136-seat Airbus A319 jets offering premium and economy cabins. The service will increase to round-trips a week during the peak summer period.
Also on May 1, Air Canada rouge will take over on a summer-season basis Air Canada's route between Toronto and Sydney, Nova Scotia. Air Canada rouge will operate the service daily, using 136-seat, two-class Airbus A319s, the carrier offering a capacity increase of more than 40 per cent compared with summer 2014.
On May 2, Air Canada rouge will begin summer-season service between Montréal and Mexico City, flying the route up to five times a week. The leisure carrier will operate the route with 136-seat A319s.
Air Canada's leisure-travel brand Air Canada rouge began commercial services on July 1, 2013 with two Airbus A319s and two Boeing 767-300ERs. The carrier's fleet of A319s was due to grow by another 10 aircraft by March 2014
Then, on June 1, Air Canada rouge will take over Air Canada's Kelowna-Toronto route. It will offer a capacity increase of more than 40 per cent on the route compared with summer 2014, operating it with A319s.
In May, Air Canada rouge will also take over Air Canada's Calgary-Varadero and Montréal-Varadero routes, as well as its Montréal-Martinique route.
It will operate the two Cuba services with single-class, 142-seat Airbus A319s and will operate the Montréal-Martinique service with 136-seat, two-class Airbus A319s.
Air Canada43 Air Canada Express8 Air Canada rouge12 Airbus A31963 AUS25 Austin TX33 Austin-Bergstrom International Airport25 Benito Juárez Internacional28 Bombardier CRJ20023 Bombardier CRJ7052


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All About Chromatic Aberration
14 min. to read
What is chromatic aberration? In layman's terms, it is a color interference that adds all sorts of parasitic distortions to the original image.
If you are an amateur, and you heard somewhere that some lens gives strong CA (color aberration, which is how they are most often called for short), and then you looked at the photo for a long time and did not see anything - do not get upset. Nowadays the struggle over CA is in full swing. Nowadays high-quality optics is very good at fighting with CA, so it is really hard to see them.
There are axial, spherical, oblique, and other kinds, but they all boil down to the distortion of a picture.
The main point of chromatic aberration definition comes from dispersion, simply put, when a white beam splits into its spectrum - this is due to the fact that rays with various wavelengths of light (different colors) are refracted at various angles as they pass through the lens. Just remember a physics lesson about the refraction of rays in a prism, and a lens is two prisms connected by bases. You get a layered picture. Often CA adds different color spots and stripes, it is especially pronounced in the transition of contrasting objects, often cited as an example with trees. Of course, there are several lenses (and it is lenses that give CA), which still strongly suffer from this malaise. But as the saying goes: optimists invent the airplane, pessimists - a parachute, so you have to fight CA to get a good picture.
Types of Chromatic Interference
How to define chromatic aberration? Very often CA is pronounced in the in-front or behind-the-focus point. Popular aberrations, usually in the fuzzy area, are called 'fringing around'. Transitions in the area in front of the sharpness area are colored purple, and out of the sharpness area, they are colored dark green.
A spherical aberration example is the blurring of boundaries between contrasting elements in the sharpness area of a photo. For example, above, the model's white shirt flows smoothly into the dark background, erasing the border. Monoculars suffer greatly from spherical aberration. Sometimes people confuse purple and red halos in a photo with CA. Halos are simply parasitic glare from a bright source in the frame. This is why this type of optical interference can be red, magenta, yellow, and any other hue. We are talking about the dispersion of light, which Newton discovered back in 1672. One of the simplest and most understandable phenomena of dispersion is the rainbow or glare of light playing in cut gemstones.
Impact of Chromatic Interference
Distortion is a type of lateral chromatic aberration, where the unnaturally convex or concave-looking contours of objects are not the photographer's artistic intent. In the first case (with inwardly concave lines) this distortion is called "barrel distortion", in the second case (with convex lines) it is called "cushion distortion".
Distortions are caused by the change in linear magnification provided by the optics across the field of the frame. As we said, light rays passing through the lens merge at a point large distance from the lens, as opposed to those rays passing around the edges. Pincushion distortion is usually caused by using the maximum zoom of the camera, while barrel distortion is caused by using the minimal zoom. Photographers using wide-angle lenses encounter such distortions most often.
Cometic Interference
A chromatic aberration in the lenses, which affects only the light rays passing through the lens at an angle, is called a cometic (or simply a coma). In the photos, a coma can be seen in the "tails" of the comet stretching behind the single points of the image. The "tail" of such a comet can be directed toward the center of the photo (negative coma) or its edge (positive coma). The latter distortion is more noticeable the closer the image point is to the edge of the frame. Rays of light enter clearly through the center of the lens and are not objects to comatic aberration.
Most geometric aberrations can be corrected by interacting with the aperture - by adjusting it. By narrowing the aperture the photographer at the same time reduces the amount of light that reaches the edges of the lens. However, this should be used with extreme caution because excessive aperture narrowing leads to an increase in the amount of diffraction.
Diffraction is chromatic aberration meaning an optical system effect that limits the detail of a photograph regardless of the set resolution. Diffraction is caused by the scattering of light as it passes through the aperture. Many novice photographers, to increase the depth of field, cover the aperture so much that the sharpness achieved by this manipulation is completely outweighed by the diffraction smoothing effect.
This effect is called the diffraction limit in the photo world. Knowing its limits makes it possible to avoid image detail problems. Anyone can calculate the diffraction limit.
How to Avoid Chromatic Interference? 4 Best Tips
When choosing a camera, remember that even chromatic lenses with no aberration simply do not exist. At least not until today. Even the most "premium" optics has some image distortions. Because no matter how hard lens makers fight, automatic correction of one type of aberration leads to the strengthening of the second and third ones, etc., making the process of lens improvement endless. However, to be considered a good photographer you don't have to wait for the impossible - the invention of the perfect lens. All you have to do is study the characteristics of a particular lens (your own "tripod" in particular) and correct its flaws with your own hands - using all your skill. In the next section, we will tell you the easiest way to avoid aberrations.
Avoid high-contrast shots. Chromatic aberrations result from the high-contrast scenes. In particular, if the light source is behind the subject, especially in photos taken against a white background, landscape photos were taken at sunrise. In such situations, you should try to recompose the scene you are shooting. Choose a different backdrop that is more in contrast with your subject, or wait for more suitable lighting conditions. If the scene you are shooting needs to be captured in this way, or there is simply no other way to shoot, then switch to RAW format, and you will have to make adjustments in post-processing the final photo.
Control the focus length of the zoom lens. It's nice to have a zoom lens with a wide range of focal lengths, but the reality is that CA shows up on the short and long ends of the focal length. So being able to choose a focal length that is close to the average focal length usually helps remove the issue of visible lens chromatic aberration. An example of chromatic aberrations, photographing with a focus lens at wide focal lengths results not only in but also in various other defects in the image. Consider shooting a panorama with several frames at a focal length that doesn't exhibit visible CA, and then merge the images in the graphic editor.
Increase the numerical value of the aperture. As a rule, "squeezing" the aperture helps reduce noticeable defects in most lenses, including CA. Remember that you need to set up hight the shutter speed or ISO value to compensate for light loss.
Position the subject closer to the center of the image. longitudinal chromatic aberration becomes more pronounced as you move from the center of the frame to the edges. This is mainly due to the uneven curvature of the lens. Positioning the main subject closer to the middle of the frame can help reduce or even completely eliminate CA, and post-process the frame to compose it.
It is also worth mentioning that in many modern cameras CA is corrected automatically. The correction is performed by the camera's processor while converting the file to JPEG and does not decrease the sharpness of the photo.
Let's look at a few examples
Here you can see some examples. At a glance, it is clear what CA is.
Fix CA in Luminar Neo
What does chromatic aberration do? A color fringing, halo, or line around an object. It turns out that to remove this optical distortion, you should find it and discolor it. This is the principle of chromatic aberration removal. Here's how you can do it in Luminar Neo:
Open the image;
Create a duplicate layer. To do that, in the Layers/Layer palette, right-click on the layer and choose Duplicate Layer;
Select the duplicate you just made. Go to Filter/Filter - Blur - Gaussian Blur. The blur radius depends on the size of the file and is chosen experimentally. But you can go for values from 2 to 7 pixels;
Apply the blur. After that, set the blur layer to Color/Color blending mode. Don't confuse it with Color/Hue.
This method will not work in all cases of chromatic aberration, it is much easier to avoid them at the stage of photography than to correct them in the photo editor. After all, suppressing the source of the aberration leads to strengthening the other one.
It is also recommended to just remember that CA will define with high contrast elements in the frame (sun and sky, trees and sky, dark and light areas), when you take a photo of a really high contrast element, just remember that the photo will need to be refined if there are CA.
Most of the CA appear at an open aperture with wide angle and fast lenses, therefore CA is visible almost on all cheap and mid-priced lenses at a fully open aperture (in certain conditions).
Telephoto lenses have the most CA at the long end (maximum permissible focus at the different positions).
A very easy (but not quite correct) way to get rid of CA is to make the photo black and white.
If you want to get rid of CA completely in direct photography, mirror-lens lenses, which do not have them at all, can help.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


TalkTalk has been fined £750,000 by Ofcom for making excessive numbers of nuisance calls to prospective customers in 2011.
Ofcom sets a limit on the number of abandoned and silent calls that organisations can make in a 24-hour period and found the telco exceeded this on four separate occasions between 1 February and 21 March 2011. In total, 9,000 such calls were made to consumers during the period.
The communications watchdog said that although the calls were made by two of TalkTalk's suppliers, Teleperformance and McAlpine Marketing, TalkTalk was ultimately responsible.
A TalkTalk spokesperson told TechWeekEurope that the two firms will pay the fine in its entirety and that it has ended its relationship with them. They believed the calls were the result of individuals rather than company policy, but it could not continue to use their services.
"TalkTalk demands high standards from the companies it works with and as a result TalkTalk immediately stopped using these suppliers," said the spokesperson. "Both suppliers addressed the root cause of the problem and TalkTalk will fully recover the financial penalty imposed by Ofcom from these companies.
Ofcom says abandoned calls can occur when the recipient answers and the caller hangs up, while a silent call is when the phone rings but there is only silence when the call is answered. Ofcom requires that these calls include a recorded information message that identifies the caller and how the recipient can opt out of future sales calls.
These can also be caused by answer mobile detection (AMD) systems that aim to filter out answer machines. Ofcom requires organisations to estimate the accuracy of such systems and keep records to ensure they comply with regulations.
If AMD equipment detects an answer machine, any repeat calls to the same number on the same day should only be made if a call centre agent is guaranteed to be able to handle the call. TalkTalk failed to do this on one day in the investigated period.
TalkTalk will be unhappy about the fine given it has only just lost its unenviable crown as the UK's most complained about ISP to Orange. TalkTalk had been the holder of Ofcom's dubious honour for the previous two years.
Is your broadband up to speed? Try our Speed Test!
Ofcom are totally out of touch with the annoyance these calls cause silent or otherwise, and how much its a vector for con artists.
There should be a complete ban on cold phone calling and calls can only be made if people have opted in.
The penalty for abuse should also be a lot higher, say the current fine or 50% of yearly profit whichever is higher!


When it comes to bright, sunny songs for your summer soundtrack, we've got you covered. Nothing resonates with listeners more than a classic hit being re-imagined into a new favorite. In the past few months, there have been some great covers released by artists like Panama Wedding, Campsite Dream, Filous and Betty Who. You can check them out as well as many other new releases (both covers and originals), selected by our Music Supervisors, using the Brand Radio player below. Discover new favorites, sing along and get nostalgic!
This is a fun, cheerful cover of the 80's smash by Phil Collins and Philip Bailey. It was released with perfect timing, given the fact that the Genesis legend recently announced he'll be coming out of retirement and hitting the studio!
Tropical house duo Campsite Dream have released a steady stream of sun-drenched covers over the past year including versions of 90's hits "Crush" by Jennifer Paige, "Kiss Me" by Sixpence None the Richer and "Save Tonight" by Eagle Eye Cherry. For this track, they rework the 2001 track "Try Again" by the late R&B darling Aaliyah.
Eighteen year old producer Filous pairs up with German vocalist LissA to deliver a smooth, laid-back version of the alt hip-hop track "Feel Good Inc" by British virtual band Gorillaz. This track will not only make you a fan of Filous, but will get you excited to for the upcoming Gorillaz album to be released next year!
Hello, my name is Nicole Maroutsos and I am a music supervisor at PlayNetwork. I have been in the industry since 2004.
Curiosity is probably what got me into the music business; I've always been very open-minded to art and culture. My first radio job out of college wasn't music related, but the program director of the station instantly recognized my passion for music and ability to identify what songs would become hits. This led me to assisting with the music programming and launching me into a career in music. My background is very diverse: from traditional radio to web radio; for a small independent music platform and for a major, mainstream music platform; with tiny mom-and-pop retailers and with globally known brands.
At PlayNetwork I spend hours researching music, seeking out new tracks that reflect a certain brand client's image, learning about my clients and what makes their customers unique in order for their music to enhance their brand. I feel lucky that I get to work in music, while at the same time learning about other industries. It seems I am learning something new every day, which keeps my job exciting.


The U.S. Management team shares decades of experience in developing funding, managing corporate transactions and providing guidance.
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November 9, 2010 at 11:51 am · Filed under Interviews, Joe Dante Interview
What can you say about Joe Dante that has not been said already? Director of The Howling, Gremlins, as well as Amazon Women on the Moon, Joe has been making great films for the last 40 years. When Joe speaks about filmmaking we sit as his feet and listen.
JOE DANTE:
I think that's the only thing you can do — the glass is half empty isn't going to get you anywhere.
Right, right, right. I mean, we're looking at doing webisodes– we're doing a doc now on collectors. And we're doing — you know, we're doing our standard 90 minute narrative which we'll make for, like, 20 or 30 grand of our money. But we're getting so much stuff, we're looking at webisodes, too. And I think it's a leap of faith. We're just going to have to, like, put the — you know —
I think you're right. I think that's exactly what it is. It's a leap of faith.
–if you have a 90 minute movie that you can chop up into different episodes and run them at times that people, you know, will devote the ten minutes it takes to watch it, and then, "Oh, I like that, I'll watch the next one," it's probably safer, I think, than getting them down — plunking them down and thinking that they're going to watch the entire 90 minutes.
Well, that's actually what we did with our last movie, which was a narrative, a bunch of vignettes. And we just ended up — you know, it was at a festival. Nothing happened, so we just chopped it up and we — we're putting it up on YouTube. At least people will watch it.
Yes, people will. But the problem with YouTube is that even YouTube doesn't know how much stuff it has.
Oh, yes. You — I mean, and YouTube it's like someone's basement, you know —
I know. It's as — that's why they're able to actually take regular movies — I have movies that I've made that are on YouTube in segments that have been put up by people.
And the studios involved don't know.
That those are pictures are up there —
–keep the pirated stuff.
–unless somebody calls them and tells them.
Yes. No, that's — I mean, that's the — yes, if they
I never call them and tell them.
Well, how do you feel about the issue with piracy?
Well, piracy is a problem, I mean, and particularly with China and, you know, emergent countries that have no particular interest in our copyright. The whole impetus for making movies originally was that people would pay to see them and that people who, you know, spent the money to make them would get their money back and more. Now, that's not necessarily true. I have a movie that hasn't come out called The Hole in 3D. And it —
Oh —
–opened in Italy. And already, the Italian dubbed version of the picture was up on YouTube.
Oh my gosh. It —
And I — you know, there's — you can get them to take it down, maybe. But it depends on what country it is. I mean, because the laws are different in every country.
Do you think it helps — a useful as a promotional tool? Or do you think that people just —
Well, it is a promotional tool. And if you use it cleverly — and almost all movies have websites now — if you use it cleverly, it can — you can do it to your advantage. But you can't stop a guy with a camcorder from going into a theatre in Singapore and shooting your movie off a screen and putting it on the internet. It's almost impossible.
Yes. So, in low-budget filmmaking what is the one thing that you would never skimp on? And one is the one thing you would never pay for?
The one thing you never skimp on in low-budget filmmaking, I think, is the script. I mean, if you don't have a script worth shooting, it doesn't matter how well you do it or how badly you do it. It's just not going to be any good. And what was the other half of the question?
Oh, and what was the one thing you'd never pay for?
It depends on a filmmaker. I mean, some people stint on the music. You certainly can't stint on the camera. The image is everything. So, I don't — I think it's — that's a variable. It depends on the project.
So, you went to the camera. What do you think — what is your position on the film/video —
I love film. It's going the way of the dodo eventually. And the — because video — I saw — the other day, I just saw Winter's Bone. And nice movie, a little depressing. But I spotted right away that it was shot on video. Because — and the tell-tale thing is usually if you — if there are trees or, you know, bare limbs in a shot, they always have a slight after-image.
Ahhh.
They have a little line next to it, which indicates that this is not film, this is video. But I've seen great video. I mean, I've seen pictures shot on video that looked terrific. I've seen pictures shot on video that looked terrible. And sometimes within the same movie — like, Public Enemies —
Oh, yes —
–Public Enemies has some really bad video in it with — the lights are blowing out and it just looks like a phony home movie. But it's a great tool and certainly is going to make filmmaking more affordable for people. And the cameras now are so small that they look like still cameras. So, you can actually shoot completely surreptitiously on the street without anybody knowing that you're making a movie.
It's — I think it's a boon. I — it's just what's happening. I mean, do I love film? Yes, I love film. I love 65 millimeter film. I love Imax film. I like — you know, film is great. But — and it's always going to have its uses. But the fact — I think, it — the fact that they don't make film cameras anymore, still cameras, should be a tip-off that, you know, film is not going to be around forever.
Yes. We see the visual difference between film and video. But the current generation that sees so much video, I don't know if they're going to, like, have the same aesthetic, visual aesthetic —
No, they're not. It's going to evolve. It's going to change. And it's going to be like the old masters. You know, they painted with a certain kind of paint, and then that paint went out and some other paint came in and the– the paintings didn't look the same. But that's just part of the way things are. You know, like —
That is a great analogy. I really like that.
Well, use it wherever you like.
We're going to definitely reproduce that. And then the five readers that we get will love it. So, what are your some of your favorite low-budget filmmakers?
Well, I mean, almost all my favorite filmmakers are low-budget filmmakers. And remember that the filmmakers that we all talk about, you know, that everybody loves, like, you know, Jim Cameron made Avatar. Well, before he made Avatar, he made Piranha Two. And everybody started on a very cheap low level, on an entry level.
And a lot of their films, a lot of people who made those films, you know, became great filmmakers. But you go back to their original works, and you can still see the gleanings of what was going to turn out to be great movies. I mean, Francis Coppola made the Godfather, but before that he worked for Roger Corman and made Dementia 13. And Dementia 13 is a pretty good movie. You know, the story isn't very good. But it's very cleverly and very artistic.
And I really enjoy watching the early works of people who, you know, went on to do a lot of stuff. Because, you know, when you're starting out, you're not given much to work with and you have to try to make the best of it and use ingenuity. And the things that you learn, you apply to other movies that you make as you go along. And, you know, the only thing that's important when you make a movie is what happens between when you say "action" and when you say "cut." And all the rest of it around that is completely meaningless for the audience. The only thing that matters is what's on the film. And it doesn't matter whether you're making an expensive movie or a cheap movie. It's the same aesthetic. And you do learn, you know, a lot of tricks when you're making low-budget films that you can use later in situations that are, you know, high-budget situations but have the same problem.
Now, all right, it's a good learning environment, I guess a sandbox.
Yes. Yes. I recommend it. I think that — and I also recommend that filmmakers cut their own movies. Because they'll never know what mistakes they make until they have to confront them in the editing room. And woe be to the guy who has a great editor and the editor gets him out of a lot of trouble and then he goes back and makes another movie without that editor and makes the same mistakes and the new editor can't fix them.
You know, we do it all. We're a two-person outfit. And we actually — it's a strange but sort of organic cycle. We love to edit. And then by the time we're done editing — I mean, and we learn something about our shooting when we edit. And when we're done editing, when we're sick of it, we're ready to start writing again. And when we're sick of writing, we're ready — it's funny how it works, at least right now for us.
How did you get involved in filmmaking?
Well, I was a terrific film fan when I was a kid. I practically lived at the movies. And so I've had — I guess, I didn't realize it, but I was storing up a whole lot of film knowledge in my head. And I — I wanted to be a cartoonist. went to art school and discovered that cartooning was not an art and that if I wanted to stay in school, I'd better take something else. So, I took film. And, you know, it's almost related to cartoons in that there are storyboards and frames and shots and things. And I sort of drifted into it, because I didn't really expect to be a filmmaker. But I had an opportunity to come out to California and work for Roger Corman, making trailers. And that led to a chance to direct my first movie, which is an entree that I'm afraid is denied to most people today.
It's funny that you say that. Well, another person we've been speaking with, a friend of ours, Nina Paley, is — was a cartoonist and then she became a filmmaker. And now she wants to go back to cartooning.
Yes. No, I can understand that. There might be a little more future in cartooning than there is in filmmaking.
Yes. I don't know. I think — you know, she had massive problems with rights. She used some music without rights, and she — but we've also been trying to get a hold of Corman as well to write on our Low Budget Legends
No, he's definitely one.
Why do you think there's going to be more of a future in cartooning?
Well, I just — I think the — that movies are changing. I mean, movies as we understood them are a 20th Century art form. And the 20th Century is over. It is now turning into something else. As far as where the movies are distributed and who they're made for and who they're made by — that's all undergoing a tremendous change, partly because of the new technologies available to make films, but also the technologies available to show them.
And, you know, whereas when I was starting out, my advice to a kid would be "Get yourself an eight millimeter camera and, you know, make some eight millimeter films," now you can make with a videocamera some pretty good-looking movies. And you can finish them to a point where we were never able to do with film because you can do it on the computer. Coppola once said that he thought the future belonged to those who were going to make their own movies. I think that's true to a degree, because you can actually make — if you can afford to pay for it, you can make a feature film without the help of the system. The problem is that once you've made it, you have to get someone to watch it. And that becomes the difficulty because there are so many things available, so many channels, so many different pieces of material to look at, that to break out of a pack is very difficult. And that's what film festivals are for. The film festivals used to be just sort of to appreciate film. But now they actually perform a needed function of spotlighting movies that people wouldn't ordinarily know exist.
That's exactly the position we're in. It's funny you should say — I mean, because we make movies now and we couldn't do it with film. Yes, no. It's — so, how much did it cost to make your first movie?
Well, the first movie that I made for Roger Corman cost $60,000. And the only reason it got made was because me and a couple of other people who worked there were chafing at the bit to direct a movie. And we weren't satisfied with just doing the trailers. So, we — on a bet, basically, we said that we would make a picture — we could do it in ten days and we could do it for $60,000 and it would be a releasable movie.
The reason was that we were familiar with all the action scenes from previous movies that were made by the company, and we wrote out script around those. And we made it about a movie company making those kind of movies. So, we dressed our actors the way the actors in the clips were dressed. And we cobbled together this comedy together about making movies, which, when you look at it today is actually almost a newsreel of the way pictures were really made — on the low budget level in the '70s.


About WCD Recruitment: Department of Women and Child Development was called WCD. It was set up in the year 1985 as a part of the Ministry of Human Resource Development. The motive and the implementation purpose for WCD are to give the much-needed impetus to the holistic development of women and children. Like the effect and the prospectus made by WCD, it upgraded to the ministry in the year 2006.
Candidates should have Degree in this Recruitment process they must have passed Post Graduate degree, please other detail official notification.
Interested and Eligible candidates can apply online through the website http://kolhapur.nic.in. on or before 14/04/2017.
Last Date for Submission of Application: 14/04/2017.
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This is what the universe does to you when you make fun of tofu.
I'm a firm believer in eating REAL food. To me, there is no such thing as a substitute. If I want protein, it's time for a big steak. Ice cream should be ice cream, not frozen this or that. Eggs should be made of real crack-the -shell eggs, and as far as I'm concerned, I'd rather not waste my time drinking skim milk when I could be enjoying the fatty goodness of the cream-top variety.
And now, I'm afraid it's me. They're trying to kid me.
Lately I have been totally consumed by my longing for dairy products, so much that I sat down to write this week's column and instead of seeing a blank paper I saw a piece of Swiss cheese. I very nearly nibbled on the corner of my computer screen. And when I went to the bathroom to wash the drool off of my face, I came pretty close to tasting my milk and honey soap.
The reason for this dairy desire, this craving for cream, this yearning for yogurt is that my baby girl has broken out with a bad case of eczema. Her precious baby skin that was smooth and silky suddenly turned red and bumpy. So like any good parent, I panicked.
Multiple trips to the doctor and dermatologist only seemed to increase the mystery of the rash and it wasn't until I snuck her a tiny bite of ice cream that things started adding up. Just the tiniest dab of vanilla soft serve and her face looked like she went hog wild with a tube of red lipstick.
After visiting the allergist it was confirmed. My baby is allergic to milk.
These are the things we do for our children. In fact, having kids often feels like one giant sacrifice after another. First it's small-sized clothing, then sleep, then a tidy home, and the next thing you know you're in the supermarket, staring at the sour cream and salivating.
But no matter what it is, you do it. You do it because you love your kids and you want the best for them. It is those same parental emotions and hormones that make moms lift cars off of their kids and dads coach years of little league.
And now those emotions have made me spend hours in the grocery store, reading labels on things that are supposed to taste like butter and buy slices of cheese that aren't even cheese. I left the checkout lane with soy yogurt, non-dairy creamer, milk-free bread, soy milk, and yes, even a small tub of the ice cream made from tofu.
I might say the universe owes me one, but I know I've already been paid back and then some with a chubby little baby girl.


text:
HM King Edward VII
HM Queen Alexandra
Francis Duke of Teck
Mary Adelaide Princess Mary of Cambridge
HM King George V
HM Queen Mary Mary of Teck
HM King Edward VIII,
King of United Kingdom
20th January 1936 - 11th December 1936
Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David Windsor
Saturday 23 Jun 1894
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor
Emperor Of India
Richmond, Surrey, England, UK
Date of death:
British Royal Navy Officer
King of England/Great Britain (1936)
Oxford University : Magdalen College, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
Osborne Naval College, East Cowes, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom (1907)
Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Devon, England, United Kingdom (1909)
Royal Abdication.
On the 10 December 1936 King Edward VIII signs Instrument of Abdication after a reign of only 326 days.  He chose to abdicate in order to marry Mrs Wallis Simpson.  On the 12 December Edward's brother George is proclaimed King George VI and Edward becomes Duke of Windsor.
shows King Edward VIII in a portrait circa 1920 as Prince of Wales.
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor Siblings
HM King George VI
Mary, Princess Royal. Countess of Harewood
HRH Prince Henry Windsor 1st Duke of Gloucester
Prince George, 1st Duke of Kent
relationship began 1930
until Jan 1934
Thelma Furness Viscountess Furness
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor Family
View HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's Family Tree and History, Ancestry and Genealogy
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's parents:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's father was HM King George V HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's mother was HM Queen Mary Mary of Teck
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's current partners:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's wife was Wallis Simpson
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's former partners:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor had a relationship with Thelma Furness Viscountess Furness
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's siblings:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's brother was HM King George VI HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's brother was Prince George, 1st Duke of Kent HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's sister was Mary, Princess Royal. Countess of Harewood HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's brother was HRH Prince Henry Windsor 1st Duke of Gloucester HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's brother was Prince John
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's nieces and nephews:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's niece is HM Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's niece was HRH The Princess Margaret HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's nephew is HRH Prince Edward, Duke Of Kent HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's niece is HRH Princess Alexandra of Kent HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's nephew is HRH Prince Michael Of Kent HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's nephew was George Lascelles 7th Earl of Harewood HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's nephew was Hon. Gerald Lascelles HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's nephew was HRH William Windsor, Prince of Gloucester HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's nephew is HRH Richard Windsor 2nd Duke of Gloucester HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's nephew was Michael Canfield
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grand nieces and grand nephews:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is Prince Charles The Prince Of Wales HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great niece is HRH Princess Royal Princess Anne HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is Prince Andrew, HRH The Duke of York HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is HRH Prince Edward Earl Of Wessex HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is George, Earl Of St. Andrews HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great niece is Lady Helen Taylor HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is Lord Frederick Windsor HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great niece is Lady Sarah Chatto HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is David Lascelles 8th Earl of Harewood HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is Hon. James Lascelles HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is Robert Lascelles HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is Henry Lascelles HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is Martin Lascelles HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great niece is Lady Davina Lewis HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great niece is Lady Rose Gilman HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is Lord Nicholas Windsor HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great nephew is James Ogilvy HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great niece is Marina Ogilvy HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great niece is Ella Windsor
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grandparents:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grandfather was HM King Edward VII HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grandfather was Francis Duke of Teck HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grandmother was Mary Adelaide Princess Mary of Cambridge HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grandmother was HM Queen Alexandra
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great grandparents:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great grandmother was HM Queen Victoria HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great grandfather was HRH Prince Albert HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great grandmother was Countess Claudine of Hohenstein HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great grandfather was Adolphus Hanover, 1st Duke Of Cambridge HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great grandmother was Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great grandfather was Alexander, Duke Of Württemberg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great grandfather was King Christian IX of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great grandmother was Princess Louise Of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandfather was King George III of Great Britain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandfather was Prince Edward, Duke Of Kent HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandfather was Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg And Gotha HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandmother was Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandmother was Princess Victoria, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandfather was Prince Frederick III of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandmother was Princess Karoline Of Nassau-Usingen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandmother was Queen Charlotte of Great Britain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandfather is Count Laszlo De Kis-Rhede HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandmother is Baroness Agnes De Nagy-Varad HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandfather was Ludwig, Duke Of Württemberg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandmother was Princess Henriette Of Nassau-Weilburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandfather was Prince Wilhelm of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandmother was Princess Charlotte Of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandfather was Duke Frederik Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great great grandmother was Princess Luise Von Hessen-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Frederick, Prince Of Wales HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Augustus, Duke Of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Duchess Louise Charlotte Of Mecklenburg-Schwerin HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Prince Karl Of Nassau-Usingen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Karoline Leiningen-Langsberg-Heidesheim HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Frederick II Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Princess Mary Of Great Britain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Grand Duke Karl Mecklenburg-Strelitz HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Princess Elisabeth Saxe-Hildburghausen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Princess Augusta, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Charles Christian, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Princess Carolina Of Orange-Nassau HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Friedrich II, Duke Of Württemberg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Friederike von Brandenburg-Schwedt HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Crown Prince Frederik Of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Sophie, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Charles Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Princess Louise Of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Friedrich, Duke Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Countess Friederike Amalie Von Schlieben HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandfather was Francis, Duke Of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 3x great grandmother was Princess Augusta Of Reuss-Ebersdorf HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was King George II of Great Britain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Princess Charlotte Of Saxe-Meiningen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Caroline of Ansbach HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was William VIII Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Caroline Wilhelmine of Saxe-Zeitz HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Ernest I, Duke Of Saxe-Hildburghausen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Countess Sophia Of Erbach-Erbach HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Duke Adolphus II Of Mecklenburg-Strelitz HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Christiane Of Mecklenburg-Strelitz HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Friedrich II Of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Prince William IV Of Orange HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Princess Royal Anne Of Great Britain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Friedrich Von Brandenburg-Schwedt HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Princess Sophie Of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Karl I, Duke Of Württemberg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Marie-Auguste Of Thurn And Taxis HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was King Frederik V of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Juliane Von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Princess Louisa Of Great Britain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Count Karl Leopold Von Schlieben HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Countess Marie Eleanore Von Schlieben HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Karl, Duke Of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Friederike, Countess of Dohna-Schlobitten-Leistenau HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss Of Ebersdorf HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Countess Karoline Of Erbach-Schönberg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Ernest, Duke Of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Princess Sophie Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Friedrich Franz I, Grand Duke Of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandmother was Princess Louise Of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 4x great grandfather was Ernest II, Duke Of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was King George I of Great Britain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Sophia Dorothea of Celle HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Johann, Margrave Of Brandenburg-Ansbach HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Princess Eleanore Of Saxe-Eisenach HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Duke Moritz Wilhelm of Saxe-Zeitz HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Princess Marie Amalie Von Brandenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Princess Marie Amalie Von Kurland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Prince Karl Wilhelm Of Anhalt-Zerbst HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Princess Sofie Of Saxe-Weissenfels HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Friedrich I Duke Of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Princess Magdalena Of Saxe-Weissenfels HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Prince John William Friso of Orange HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Marie Luise of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Frederick Wilhelm I Of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Sophia Dorothea Hanover HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was King Christian VI of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Sophie Magdalen Von Brandenburg-Kulmbach HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Ferdinande Henriette, Countess of Stolberg-Gedern HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Heinrich XXIX, Count Of Reuss-Ebersdorf HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Sophie Theodora of Castell-Remlingen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Francis Josias, Duke Of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Duke Louis Of Mecklenburg-Schwerin HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Princess Charlotte Sophie Of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Anton Ulrich, Duke Of Saxe-Meiningen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Charlotte of Hesse-Philippsthal HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandfather was Frederick III, Duke Of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 5x great grandmother was Luise Dorothea Of Saxe-Meiningen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandfather was Johann Georg I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandmother was Joanetta Von Sayn-Wittgenstein HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandfather was Albrecht Margrave Of Brandenburg-Ansbach HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandmother was Sophie Margaret Of Oettingen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandfather was Georg Wilhelm Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandmother was Countess Eleonore Of Williamsburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandfather was Ernest, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandmother was Sophia of Hanover HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandfather was Prince Henry Casimir II Of Nassau-Dietz HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandmother was Princess Henriette von Anhalt-Dessau HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandfather was King Frederick I of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandmother was Princess Sophie Charlotte Of Hanover HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandfather was King Frederick IV of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 6x great grandmother was Luise Von Mecklenburg-Güstrow HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandfather was Alexandre II, Marquis De Desmiers HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandmother is Jacquette Desnier HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandfather was George Duke Of Brunswick-Lüneburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandmother was Princess Anne Of Hesse-Darmstadt HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandfather was King Frederick V of Bohemia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandmother was Elizabeth Stuart, Princess of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandfather was Count Gustav Von Mecklenburg-Güstrow HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandmother was Princess Magdalen Holstein-Gottorp HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandfather was King Christian V of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 7x great grandmother was Princess Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 8x great grandfather was King James I of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 8x great grandmother was Anne Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 8x great grandfather was Friedrich IV Kurfürst Von Der Pfalz HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 8x great grandmother was Countess Louise Juliana Of Nassau HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 8x great grandfather was King Frederick III of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 8x great grandmother was Princess Sophie Of Brunswick-Lüneburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandmother was Mary, Queen of Scots HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandfather was King Frederick II of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandmother was Queen Sophie of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandfather was Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandfather was Prince William I Of Orange HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandmother was Princess Charlotte De Bourbon-Vendôme HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandfather was Ludwig VI Kurfürst Von Der Pfalz HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandmother was Elisabeth of Hesse HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandfather was King Christian IV of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 9x great grandmother was Anne Katherine Oldenburgh HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 10x great grandfather was King James V of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 10x great grandfather was Ulrich, Duke Of Mecklenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 10x great grandmother was Princess Elizabeth Of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 10x great grandfather was King Christian III of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 10x great grandmother was Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 10x great grandmother was Mary Of Lorraine, Duchess of Guise HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 10x great grandfather was Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 10x great grandmother was Lady Margaret Stuart HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 11x great grandfather was King James IV of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 11x great grandfather was Claude De Lorraine, Duke of Guise HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 11x great grandmother was Antoinette De Bourbon HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 11x great grandmother was Margaret, Queen of Scots HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 11x great grandfather was Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 11x great grandfather was John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Lennox HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 11x great grandmother was Lady Elizabeth Stuart HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 12x great grandfather was King James III of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 12x great grandfather was François De Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 12x great grandmother was Marie De Luxembourg, Comtesse de St. Pol HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 12x great grandfather was René II De Vaudémont, Duke Of Lorraine HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 12x great grandmother was Philippa Van Egmont-Gelre HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 12x great grandfather was King Henry VII of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 12x great grandmother was Elizabeth of York HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 12x great grandmother was Queen Consort Margaret Of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 13x great grandfather was King Edward IV HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 13x great grandmother was Elizabeth Woodville HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 13x great grandfather was King James II of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 13x great grandmother was Margaret Beaufort HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 13x great grandfather was Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 13x great grandmother was Queen Consort Marie Of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandfather was King James I of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandfather was Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandmother was Jacquetta Of Luxembourg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandfather was Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandmother was Lady Cecily Neville, Duchess of York HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandfather was John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandmother was Margaret de Welles HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandfather was Sir Owen Tudor HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandmother was Catherine, Queen Consort Catherine of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 14x great grandmother was Queen Consort Joan Of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 15x great grandfather was King Robert III of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 15x great grandfather was Richard of York, 1st Earl of Cambridge HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 15x great grandmother was Lady Anne Mortimer HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 15x great grandfather was John de Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 15x great grandmother was Lady Margaret De Beaufort HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 15x great grandmother was Queen Consort Annabel Of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 16x great grandfather was King Robert II of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 16x great grandfather was Roger de Mortimer, 4th Earl of March HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 16x great grandmother was Alianore de Holand, Countess of March HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 16x great grandfather was Edmund Of Langley, 1st Duke Of York HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 16x great grandmother was Isabella De Castilla HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 16x great grandfather was John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 16x great grandmother was Katherine Swynford HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 16x great grandmother was Elizabeth Stewart HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 17x great grandfather was Edmund de Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 17x great grandmother was Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 17x great grandfather was Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 17x great grandmother was Marjorie Bruce, Princess of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 18x great grandfather was Robert The Bruce, King Of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 18x great grandfather was Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 18x great grandmother was Elizabeth de Burgh HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 18x great grandmother was Isabella Of Mar HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 18x great grandfather was James Stewart, 5th High Stewart of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 18x great grandmother is Gille Stewart HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 19x great grandfather was King Edward III HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 19x great grandmother was Philippa D'Avesnes HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 19x great grandfather was Sir Robert Le Brus HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 19x great grandmother was Margaret Le Brus HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 20x great grandfather was King Edward II HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 20x great grandmother was Isabella of France HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 20x great grandfather was Sir Robert De Brus, Lord of Annandale HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 20x great grandmother was Isabella De Bruce HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 21x great grandfather was Edward Longshanks, King Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 21x great grandmother was Queen Consort Eleanor Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 21x great grandfather was Robert De Brewes, Lord of Annandale HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 21x great grandmother was Isabella De Brewes HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 22x great grandfather was Henry III, King Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 22x great grandmother was Queen Consort Eleanor Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 22x great grandfather was William De Brus, Lord of Annandale HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 22x great grandmother was Beatrice De Brus HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 23x great grandfather was King John I HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 23x great grandmother was Queen Consort Isabella Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 23x great grandfather is Robert Bruce HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 23x great grandmother is Euphemia Bruce HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 24x great grandfather was King Henry II Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 24x great grandmother was Queen Consort Eleanor Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 24x great grandfather was Robert Bruce HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 25x great grandmother was Empress Matilda of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 25x great grandfather was Geoffrey V Plantagenet, Comte d'Anjou et Maine HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 25x great grandfather was Adam Bruce HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 25x great grandmother was Emma Bruce HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 26x great grandfather was King Henry I Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 26x great grandmother was Queen Consort Matilda Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 26x great grandfather was Robert De Brus HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 26x great grandmother was Emma DeBrus HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 27x great grandfather was William The Conqueror HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 27x great grandfather was King Malcolm III Of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 27x great grandmother was Saint Margaret Of Scotland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 27x great grandmother was Queen Consort Matilda Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 28x great grandfather was Edward The Exile HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 28x great grandmother was Agatha Of Kiev HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 28x great grandfather was Robert the Magnificent, 6th Duke of Normandy HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 28x great grandmother was Herleva De Falaise HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 29x great grandfather was King Edward Ironside Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 29x great grandmother was Ealdgyth HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 29x great grandfather was Fulbert HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 29x great grandmother was Duxia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 29x great grandfather was Richard II, Duke Of Normandy HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 29x great grandmother was Judith of Brittany HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 30x great grandfather was Æthelred The Unready, King Of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 30x great grandmother was Ælfgifu Of York HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 31x great grandfather was King Eadgar The Peaceful HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 31x great grandmother was Queen Elfrida of England HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 32x great grandfather was King Edmund I HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 32x great grandmother was Aelfgifu Of Shaftesbury HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 33x great grandfather was King Edward The Elder, King of the Anglo-Saxons HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 33x great grandmother was Eadgifu Of Kent HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 34x great grandfather was Alfred The Great HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 34x great grandmother was Ealhswith, Princess of Mercia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 35x great grandfather was Æðelwulf, King Of Wessex HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 35x great grandmother was Osburga HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 36x great grandfather was Oslac Of Hampshire HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 36x great grandfather was Ecgbeorht, King Of Wessex HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's 36x great grandmother was Redburga
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's uncles and aunts:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's aunt-by-marriage was Princess Alice, Countess Of Athlone HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's uncle was Prince Albert Victor HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's aunt was HRH Louise, Princess Royal HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's uncle-by-marriage was Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's aunt was HRH The Princess Victoria HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's aunt was Princess Maud Of Wales HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's uncle-by-marriage was King Haakon VII of Norway HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's uncle was Prince Alexander John of Wales HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's uncle was Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great uncles and aunts:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great aunt was The Princess Victoria, Princess Royal HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great uncle was King George I of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great aunt was Princess Helena Of The UK HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great aunt was Princess Louise, Duchess Of Argyll HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great uncle was Prince Arthur 1st Duke Of Connaught HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great uncle was Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great aunt was Princess Beatrice of The UK HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great aunt was Princess Dagmar of Denmark Mariya Feodorovna, Empress of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great aunt was Princess Alice Of The UK HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great uncle was Alfred Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great uncle was King Frederick VIII of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great aunt was Princess Thyra Of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's great uncle was Prince Valdemar Of Denmark,
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's cousins:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's cousin was Alastair Duff HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's cousin was Alexandra Windsor, Princess of Great Britain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's cousin was Maud Carnegie HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's cousin was King Olav V of Norway HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's cousin was Prince Maurice of Teck
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousins once removed:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was King Constantine I of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed is HM King Harald V Of Norway HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Queen Sophia of Greece, Queen of the Hellenes HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Queen Consort Marie of Romania HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Maria Of Greece And Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Prince Andrew of Greece & Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia Alix Of Hesse HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Prince Henry of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Margaret of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Elisabeth Of Hesse And By Rhine. Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse and the Rhein HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Alice, Countess Of Athlone HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Tsar Nikolai II Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Ernest Augustus III, Duke Of Brunswick HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Margaret Of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Alistair Windsor 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was James Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Ragnhild Lorentzen, Princess of Norway HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed is Astrid Ferner Princess of Norway HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Wilhelm II German Emperor HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Charlotte HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Prince Sigismund HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Victoria HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Prince Waldemar HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Victoria Of Hesse. Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Alfred, Hereditary Prince Of Saxe-Coburg And Gotha HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Victoria Melita of the United Kingdom HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Alexandra Hohenlohe-Langenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Beatrice Of Saxe-Coburg And Gotha HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Margaret of Connaught HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Charles Edward, Duke Of Saxe-Coburg And Gotha HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Victoria Eugenie, Queen of Spain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Lord Leopold Mountbatten HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Prince Maurice Of Battenberg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was King Haakon VII of Norway HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Ingeburg Of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Prince George of Greece And Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Grand Duke Aleksandr Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Grand Duke Georgii Aleksandrovich Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Grand Duchess Xenia Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Tsar Mikhail Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's first cousin once removed was Grand Duchess Olga Of Russia
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousins:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duke Georg Donatus HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Queen Marie of Yugoslavia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Cecilie Of Greece And Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin is HRH Prince Philip, Duke Of Edinburgh HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was King George II of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was King Alexander I of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Queen Helen of Romania HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was King Paul I of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Irene Of Greece And Denmark, Duchess of Aosta HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Katherine Of Greece And Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Queen Elisabetha of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was King George II of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was King Alexander I of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Queen Helen of Romania HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was King Paul I of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Irene Of Greece And Denmark, Duchess of Aosta HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Katherine Of Greece And Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Margarita Of Greece And Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Theodora of Greece And Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Alice of Greece HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Louis Mountbatten of Burma HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was King Carol II of Romania HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Panayiotis Of Greece And Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Ernst August, Prince Of Brunswick HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Queen Anne of Romania HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Louis, Prince of Hesse and by Rhine HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Juan, Count Of Barcelona HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Irina Yusupov HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Queen Frederica of Hanover HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Wilhelm Eitel-Friedrich Of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Adalbert Of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince August Wilhelm Of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Oskar Of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Joachim Of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Christoph of Hesse HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Queen Louise of Sweden HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was George Mountbatten HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Ileana Of Romania HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Kira Kirillovna Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Gottfried de Hohenlohe-Langenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Marie Hohenlohe-Langenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Alexandra Of Hohenlohe-Langenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Irma Helene Of Hohenlohe-Langenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Alfred Of Hohenlohe-Langenburg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Gustaf Adolf, Crown Prince Of Sweden HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Count Sigvard Bernadotte of Wisborg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Queen Ingrid of Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Bertil Of Sweden, Duke Of Halland HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Count Carl Johan Barnadotte Of Wisborg HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Maurice of Teck HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Infanta Beatriz of Spain HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was King Olav V of Norway HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Eugenie of Greece & Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Olga Of Greece And Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Elisabeth of Greece and Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was HRH Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Nina of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Princess Xenia Georgina of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin is Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin is Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Of Russia HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince George William of Hanover HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Christian Oscar of Hanover HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's second cousin was Prince Welf Henry of Hanover
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's in laws:
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's wife Wallis Simpson's uncle in law was S Davies Warfield HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's father in law was Teackle Wallis Warfield HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's mother in law was Alice Warfield HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's step-father in law is Charles Gordon Allen HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's step-father in law was John Freeman Rasin HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grandfather in law was Henry Warfield HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grandmother in law is Anna Warfield HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grandfather in law is William Montague HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's grandmother in law is Sallie Montague HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's wife Wallis Simpson's aunt in law was Bessie Buchanan Merryman HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor's wife Wallis Simpson's uncle-by-marriage is David Buchanan Merryman
HM King Edward VIII, Duke Of Windsor FameChain Links
Kings and Queens of England / United Kingdom
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King Henry VIII 1509 - 1547
HM King Edward VII 1901 - 1910


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HomeLatest from EU Member StatesPioneer's GM maize 1507: a case history
Pioneer's GM maize 1507: a case history
14 July, 2014 ARC Latest from EU Member States, Main stories
The long decision making process for the genetically modified (GM) maize 1507, owned by Pioneer Hi-Breed, seems to get close to an end. As usual, it's up to the European Commission to take the final decision.
Over almost 14 years, given the pressure made by civil society, based on legal and scientific grounds, EU officials took the easy way out by postponing the decision. The developments in the regulatory procedure, followed by mixed delegation of responsibility, lobbying by the GMO industry, lack of consensus between decision makers and procedural failures in application of the EU GMO law, have also contributed to the longest GMO authorization process in the world.
The European Commission hesitated in three successive terms to authorize this GM maize. Its been a fascinating, long and winding road.
Brief description of 1507
The 1507 maize is genetically modified to tolerate herbicide based on glufosinate and to produce it's own pesticide.
Traits: resistance to European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilialis) and tolerance to glufosinate containing herbicides.
Inserted genes:
cryIF-gene Source: Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki
Function: The gene codes for a Bt-toxin, which kills the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and other lepidopteras such as the pink borer (Sesamia spp.), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) and southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella).
Pat-gene Source: Soil bacterium (Streptomyces viridochromogenes).
Function: This gene codes for the enzyme Phosphinothricin – Acetyltransferase (PAT) and leads to increased tolerance to glufosinate-containing herbicides. This gene is used as a marker gene.
Methods for the genetic modification: Microparticle bombardment of plant cells tissue.
FACTS & PROCEDURES – review of the 1507 GM maize authorization process
The process was initiated back in 2001, when Pioneer Hi-Breed submitted an application for authorization for commercial cultivation of a genetically modified organism called 'insect-resistant genetically modified maize 1507' ('maize 1507'). Due to the change in the GMO legislation, Pioneer's 1507 application was modified on 17 December 2002, in order to meet the requirements of Directive 2001/18.
The European Commission – first steps on the draft decision
In August, 2003, the European Commission (the Commission) forwarded the 1507 application to the competent authorities of the member states. Certain member states raised objections, acknowledged by the Commission.
At the request of the Commission, on 19 January 2005, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) – the competent scientific committee, delivered it's first opinion.
Following a technical meeting between the Commission, the member states, EFSA and Pioneer (the applicant), on 24 July 2006, the Commission asked EFSA to deliver a further scientific opinion on maize 1507. EFSA's second opinion was published on 17 November 2006 in the form of an annex to the first opinion. Following this, the Commission was working on finalizing a draft decision for submission to the Member States.
The first court case
On 2 May 2007, Pioneer Hi-Breed brought an action before the General Court (Case T‑139/07), against the Commission, accusing the Commission for blocking the procedure for adopting the decision. On 25th of February 2009, the Commission submitted the proposal for a decision to the Regulatory Committee, which had no qualified majority either in favor of or against the proposal. Even though the Regulatory Committee failed to deliver an opinion, this vote closed the court action initiated by Pioneer. The General Court did not order the Commission to propose or adopt a decision on the GM crop at stake.
More EFSA recommendations
On 14 June 2010, the Commission requested a new opinion from EFSA, inviting it to examine the scientific content of the opinion of an institute carrying out independent impact assessments in the field of biotechnology. In 2010, that institute brought to the Commission's attention new scientific concerns regarding the application for authorization for the placing on the market of maize 1507. EFSA delivered two successive opinions on 19 October 2011 and 24 February 2012 updating the environmental risk assessment and the risk management recommendations regarding the maize 1507 for cultivation. Following this, on 18 June 2012, the Commission requested Pioneer to modify its monitoring plan and to propose risk mitigation measures for Lepidoptera non-target insects in line with EFSA's recommendations.
Following the requests of the Commission, EFSA published new up-dates on 25 October 2012 and on 6 November 2012. By letters, Pioneer was informed by these recommendations and declared that it will work on improving it's application.
The second court case
In 2010, Pioneer launched a second action (case T-164/10) against the Commission, claiming a failure to act for not having, following that absence of opinion by the Regulatory Committee, send to the Council of the EU a proposal for an authorization decision. The Commission argued that EFSA's new opinion of October 2011 entailed modifications to the applicant's notification, which led to substantial modifications of the proposal for a decision.
The decision of the European Court of Justice came on 26th of September 2013 and found the Commission in breach of EU law on procedural grounds. It is important to stress that nowhere in its ruling the Court states or suggests that the Commission is required to authorize the GM crop. The General Court decided that the Commission has to submit a draft decision of authorization for the GM maize 1507 to the Council. Basically, the Commission was simply required to continue the process, to take a decision whether or not this crop should be authorized for cultivation.
Therefore, the Commission slightly amended the draft decision of authorization, in order to include recommendations made by EFSA in 2011 and 2012, and then sent it to straight the Council, on 6 November 2013. The Commission was criticized for sending the draft decision directly to the Council, instead of consulting before that, the Regulatory Committee.
Hurry up and wait…
After the Commission delivered the draft decision (on 6 November, 2013, mentioned above), the process went on a fast track.
On 16th of February 2014, the European Parliament voted on a resolution against the authorization of the GM maize 1507 (385 for the resolution, 201 against the resolution, 30 abstained), also asking the Commission "not to propose to authorize any new GMO variety and not to renew old ones until the risk assessment methods have been significantly improved".
During the session from 11th of February 2014, the Council of the EU couldn't reach a qualified decision against or in favor of the authorization of the 1507 GM maize, despite the overwhelming majority of votes against it (19 member states voted against whilst only 5 voted in favor).
According to EU legislation, it is now up to the Commission to take the final decision. The main responsibility belongs to Tonio Borg – the Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy and Jose Manuel Barroso – the president of the European Commission. But every vote coming from the 28 members of the Commission will count. The sessions of the Commission take place every Wednesday.
LEGAL & SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTS – against the authorization of 1507 GM maize
The herbicide tolerance trait
EFSA issued several opinions regarding the safety and the risk assessment of the 1507. Because of the fact that this GM maize has 2 traits (production of pesticide and tolerance to herbicide), both of the traits of this GM maize should have been assessed. However, EFSA has not yet carried out the required assessment linked to the herbicide tolerant trait, breaking EU legal requirements. In 2008, the Commission expressly requested the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to conduct such an assessment stating that under EU GMO law "it is necessary to cover under the GMO environmental risk assessment the possible effects on biodiversity and non-target organisms which any individual GM herbicide tolerant crop may cause due to the change in agricultural practices (including those due to different herbicides uses)".
The pesticide trait
The pesticide trait of 1507 is identified as a clear problem. EFSA states that the pesticide produced by 1507 is 350 times more powerful than the insecticide produced by Monsanto's MON810 maize, the only GM crop authorized for commercial cultivation in the EU. According to the EFSA GMO Panel (2011), the Cry1F toxin producing gene presents risks for non-target organisms, such as butterflies, moths and other insects, admitting the lack of knowledge regarding which species are at risk and where these species are in agricultural landscapes. In addition, EFSA also acknowledges that there are no conclusive studies assessing the negative impacts of the continuous presence of this insecticide on other pollinators, such as wild or honey bees, as well as on soil or aquatic organisms.
GMO SITUATION IN THE EU
What GMOs are authorized on the EU market for human and animal consumption?
Besides cultivation, at the moment, on the EU market are authorized for human and animal consumption 50 GMOs, including 29 maizes, 8 cottons, 7 soybeans, 3 oilseed rapes, 1 sugar beet, 2 microorganisms. These GMOs are imported from other countries, outside the EU. They are not cultivated commercially in the EU.
Only 1 GMO authorized for commercial cultivation in the EU
At the moment, the only GMO authorized for commercial cultivation in the EU, remains the GM maize MON810, owned by Monsanto. Last year, in 2013, only 5 EU countries cultivated this GM maize, summing up a total of 148 628 hectares (Spain 136 962 ha, Romania 835 ha, Portugal 8 171 ha, Czech Republic 2 561 ha and Slovakia 2 561 ha). No GMO has been authorized for cultivation in the EU since 2010, when the Amflora GM potato was authorized (subsequently withdrawn from EU market in 2012).
Eight Member States (Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg and Poland) adopted safeguard measures and prohibited the cultivation of the GM maize MON810 on their territories. France also had a cultivation ban in place until August 2013.
New GMO applications for commercial cultivation in the EU: 4 withdraws and 9 remaining in the pipeline.
On the 1st of July 2014, very good news came to the food sovereignty movement in Europe. Monsanto and Pioneer withdrew 4 applications for the cultivation of genetically engineered crops in the EU. 9 applications still remain. From these 9 applications, one is for the renewal of the maize MON 810 authorization. Previously, in 2013, Monsanto withdrew 6 applications for the cultivation of genetically engineered sugar beet and maize.
The GMO industry continues to shrink in Europe. The mandate of the current European Commission is ending towards the end of this year. Will they take the right decision, to refuse the authorization of the 1507 GM maize, in honor of the people, the animals, the land and the biodiversity? All of Europe is waiting…
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