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GAMINGIG Genre: Action, Indie, Simulator, Strategy Space Engineers (Europe)
Space Engineers (Europe)
Space Engineers is an open world sandbox game defined by creativity and exploration. It is a sandbox game about engineering, construction, exploration and survival in space and on planets. Players build space ships, wheeled vehicles, space stations, planetary outposts of various sizes and uses (civil and military), pilot ships and travel through space to explore planets and gather resources to survive. Featuring both creative and survival modes, there is no limit to what can be built, utilized and explored. Space Engineers features a realistic, volumetric-based physics engine: everything in the game can be assembled, disassembled, damaged and destroyed. The game can be played either in single or multiplayer modes. Volumetric objects are structures composed from block-like modules interlocked in a grid. Volumetric objects behave like real physical objects with mass, inertia and velocity. Individual modules have real volume and storage capacity. Space Engineers is inspired by reality and by how things work. Think about modern-day NASA technology extrapolated 60 years into the future. Space Engineers strives to follow the laws of physics and doesn't use technologies that wouldn't be feasible in the near future. Space Engineers concentrates on construction and exploration aspects, but can be played as a survival shooter as well. We expect players will avoid engaging in direct man-to-man combat and instead use their creativity and engineering skills to build war machines and fortifications to survive in space and on planets. Space Engineers shouldn't be about troops; it should be about the machinery you build.
Planets and moons – fully destructible & persistent, volumetric, atmosphere, gravity, climate zones
Game modes - Creative – unlimited resources, instant building, no death - Survival – realistic management of resources and inventory capacity; manual building; death/respawn
Single-player – you are the sole space engineer
Multiplayer - Creative and survival mode with your friends - Cooperative and competitive - Privacy customization: offline, private, friends only, public - Up to 16 players - Dedicated servers
New game options - Scenarios - offer linear story with action-packed gameplay, while the majority of Space Engineers scenarios feature unique sandbox environments where players create their own challenges. - Workshop worlds - offer worlds created by other players. - Custom worlds - offer variety of customizable worlds where you can start your own scenario.
Customizable character - skins, colors, community market, male and female character
Ships (small and large) – build and pilot them
Planetary bases, outposts, cities
First-person & Third-person
Super-large worlds – the size of the world to 1,000,000,000 km in diameter (almost infinite)
Procedural asteroids - an infinite number of asteroids to the game world
Exploration - adds an infinite number of ships and stations to the game world; discover, explore, acquire and conquer!
Drilling / harvesting
Manual building in survival mode – use welder to assemble blocks from components; use grinder to disassemble and reuse components
Deformable and destructible objects – real proportions, mass, storage capacity, integrity
Visual script editor - players can create missions and game modes which can be played by other players. Capture the flag, death-match, racing or campaign driven missions - all can be done by using the editor, with your own rules and designs! Even main campaign and game scenarios were created in this tool.
Building blocks - over 200 blocks (gravity generators, jump drive, turrets, doors, landing gears, assembler, refinery, rotors, wheels, thrusters, pistons, wind turbine and many more)
Programmable block - allows players to write small programs that will be executed in the game
Electricity – all blocks in a grid are wired in an electrical and computer network; electricity is generated by nuclear reactors or various power sources
Gravity – produced by planets and gravity generators. Spherical gravity generator also available.
Symmetry/Mirroring – useful in creative mode when building structures that require symmetry
Weapons – automatic rifle, small and large explosive warheads, small ship gatling gun, small ship missile launcher
Steam Workshop – share your creations with the Community (upload and download worlds, blueprints, MODs, scripts)
Localized interface - Official localization: English, Russian, Chinese, French, Spanish, German - Community localization: Czech, Danish, Dutch, German, Icelandic, Polish, Spanish-Spain, Spanish-Latin America, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese-Brazil, Estonian, Norwegian, Swedish, Slovak, Ukrainian
Cargo ships - auto-piloted vessels (miners, freighters and military) that carry ore, ingots, constructions components and other materials from sector to sector. They can be looted but beware, they often contain booby traps!
Oxygen - take off character's helmet, generate oxygen out of ice by using the oxygen generator
Hydrogen - hydrogen thrusters, hydrogen tanks and hydrogen bottles
Factions - create and join factions, determine ownership of blocks and manage the relations between them (hostile/ally).
Remote control – control ships and turrets without being inside
Modding - world files, shaders, textures, 3D models
Modding API - brings a lot of new possibilities to modders and allows them to alter the game by writing C# scripts which have access to in-game objects
Blueprints - save your ship or station on a blueprint and paste it into your game
GPS - create, send, receive and manage GPS coordinates in the game
Voxel hands - shape and form the asteroids and change their material (creative mode only)
Xbox controller support
Sounds – realistic and arcade mode
Space Engineers utilizes an in-house built VRAGE 2.0, realistic volumetric-based physics engine: all objects can be assembled, disassembled, damaged and destroyed. Start by watching this video tutorial: http://www.SpaceEngineersGame.com/how-to-play.html The performance depends on the complexity of your world and the configuration of your computer. Simple worlds run smoothly even on low-end computers, but a more complex world with rich object interactions could overload even high-end computers. Please read our performance advices: http://www.SpaceEngineersGame.com/performance-advices.html Minimum requirements represent the bare minimum to run simple scenes and don't guarantee a perfect experience.
OS: Microsoft Windows 10 (latest SP) 64-bit
Processor: Intel i5 @ 3.0 GHz or higher (or AMD equivalent)
Graphics: Geforce 750/Radeon R9 270X or higher
Sound Card: DirectX® compatible on-board
Processor: Intel Quad Core i7 @ 4.5 GHz or higher (or AMD equivalent)
Graphics: Geforce 1070 GTX / Radeon RX Vega 56 or higher
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Termination of Contract: User Rights
Termination of the contract and the possibility of compensation occurs in such cases:
- you do not want to accept the changes to these Terms, of which you have been notified;
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- there is a possibility of a significant delay in the provision of the Code, which we have no control over;
- the Code became unavailable for technical reasons for more than 48 hours, or you were notified of the suspension of its validity for technical reasons after the same time period
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Please note that purchased and used Codes cannot be canceled or refunded.
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Suppose the User has the right to request a refund (in the case of a desire to return an unused Code within 14 days after purchase, a legitimate desire to terminate the contract or use a remedy) as specified in these Terms. In that case, they will be refunded the cost of the Code within 14 days after informing us of their decision to receive a price reduction or cancel or terminate the contract under these Terms. The refund is sent using the payment method that was used by the User.
Our Rights Concerning Termination
This contract for the use of Codes may terminate at any time, of which you will be notified by email. You agree that no court order is required by either you or us to end this agreement if the termination is in compliance with its terms. This can happen in the following cases:
- you are in breach of any of the provisions of these Terms;
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If this agreement is terminated by us, it means that you are obliged to pay us any money that we have the right to receive from you under this agreement. Also, your rights to use the Code, your access to the Website, and your account may terminate without compensation or liability to you. Any contractual provision that is specified to be effective and existing rights or obligations must begin or continue after termination of the contract.
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Users have the right to receive Codes of satisfactory quality and corresponding descriptions and purposes. We make every reasonable effort to offer the Codes free of defects and harmful Content, but we cannot guarantee that the Content is compatible with the User's software or hardware.
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The purchased Code is intended for your personal use without reference to the place, and it is your responsibility to comply with local laws. The developer's Content can be shared with many Users. The User is prohibited from changing the Content, retrieving its source Code, distributing it, including for their own financial gain, to third parties, as well as changing or removing any marks that indicate who owns this information.
Terms Relating to Codes
Please check the purchased Codes as soon as they become available and notify us immediately if you find any defects. Where appropriate, we may replace the Code or issue you a refund.
The Codes are intended for certain games and their versions and can be used only once. Installing the necessary updates from the developer, using the Content on the software recommended by the developer, and observing the characteristics is the responsibility of the Users themselves. In order for us to verify the cause of the Code error and whether it depends on us, Users agree to allow us to take the necessary steps to do so.
Our Responsibility to Users
We are not responsible for any unexpected loss or damage to Users. Our liability extends to our failure to comply with these Terms and exercise reasonable care. We are not liable for damage that you could have avoided by following our advice or the advice of the developer that occurs due to your improper installation, failure to follow instructions, etc.
Our rights and obligations may be assigned to other organizations in accordance with these Terms.
These Terms are subject to the principle of divisibility. That is, if considered by any relevant authority, any of the provisions or parts thereof will be declared illegal, the rest of the parts will remain in full force. We reserve the right to delay the performance of this contract if we can enforce it later. In relation to Users, we may delay taking action in relation to a violation of these Terms, but this will not prevent us from taking action against them at a later date.
Please note that all rights and remedies referred to in these Terms do not exclude any rights or remedies provided by applicable law.
Biz Solutions Plus Kft
4400 Nyíregyháza, Bethlen Gábor utca 25, Hungary.
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Il Banja Luka-Beograd I 2014, ottava edizione della corsa, valido come evento del circuito UCI Europe Tour 2014, fu disputato il 12 aprile 2014 su un percorso totale di 182 km. Fu vinto dallo sloveno Martin Otonicar, che arrivò al traguardo con il tempo di 3h55'50" alla media di 46,3 km/h.

Al traguardo 134 ciclisti portarono a termine la gara.

Ordine d'arrivo (Top 10)

Collegamenti esterni

Ciclismo nel 2014
Banja Luka-Beograd I

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Allegheny Mountain Swimming
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Michael Phelps was just named Greatest Olympian of All Time. Katie Ledecky is a five-time Olympic gold medalist, and nine-time world champion. She is the current world-record holder in the women's 400-, 800-, and 1,500-meter freestyle. While swimming is not for everyone, it does provide an opportunity for some to stay in shape, some to just enjoy the water, and others to be competitive on the level of National or Olympic athletics like no other sport can provide.
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Perfect for parties, or just a fun Halloween activity for the kids! Twelve pre-baked vanilla cookies shaped like pumpkins, ghosts, and witch hats with easy to use orange, white and black icing tubes and Halloween candy for decorating.
INGREDIENTS: COOKIES: ENRICHED WHEAT FLOUR (FLOUR, NIACIN, IRON, ASCORBIC ACID, THIAMINE MONONITRATE, RIBOFLAVIN, FOLIC ACID), SUGAR, VEGETABLE OIL (PALM), WATER, CORN SYRUP, NATURAL FLAVOR, LEAVENING (SODIUM BICARBONATE), DRIED EGG YOLK, SALT, SKIM MILK POWDER, CORN SYRUP SOLIDS, WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE. PRE-MADE ICINGS: POWDERED SUGAR, WATER, VEGETABLE OILS (PALM, CANOLA), CORN SYRUP AND HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP, MODIFIED CORNSTARCH, SALT, SOY MONO-AND DIGLYCERIDES, ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR, CITRIC ACID, POLYSORBATE 60, PRESERVATIVE – POTASSIUM SORBATE, COLOR (TITANIUM DIOXIDE, FD&C RED 40, FD&C BLUE 1, FD&C YELLOW 5, FD&C YELLOW 6). MINI BEADS: DEXTROSE, GLUCOSE, MALTODEXTRIN, CALCIUM STEARATE, CITRIC ACID, MALIC ACID, TAPIOCA DEXTRIN, CONFECTIONER'S GLAZE, CARNAUBA WAX, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR, COLOR (FD&C RED 3, FD&C RED 40, FD&C YELLOW 5, FD&C YELLOW 6, FD&C BLUE 1, FD&C RED 40 LAKE, FD&C BLUE 1 LAKE, TITANIUM DIOXIDE). SPRINKLES: POWDERED SUGAR, FRACTIONATED PALM KERNEL OIL, CORNSTARCH, GLUCOSE, SOY LECITHIN, COLOR (FD&C RED 40, FD&C YELLOW 5, FD&C YELLOW 6, FD&C BLUE 1), GUM ARABIC, CARNAUBA WAX.
CONTAINS: WHEAT, SOY, EGG, MILK.


We believe Low Carb is the future of healthy eating. BenBanter snacks and meal alternatives are fully compliant with Low Carb / Keto principles, easy to prepare and great tasting. Whether on-the-go or at home, BenBanter makes Low Carb Living easy.
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text:
Buy Satisfaction: The complete first season DVD | GRUV
DVD Drama Television >
Satisfaction: The complet...e first season [DVD]
Satisfaction: The complete first season [DVD]
Format Type: DVDCatalog No: 61166448UPC: 025192272158Rating: NRRelease Date: 07/04/2017Studio Description: Universal StudiosRegion: Region 1Running Time (mins): 450Discs: 2 disc(s)Produced (year): 2014Category: DVD Drama Television
Investment advisor Neil Truman (Matt Passmore, The Glades) is living the American dream - a beautiful family, a comfortable home, a well-paying job. But after Neil stumbles across his wife's shocking indiscretion, he embarks on a secret journey of his own to answer the question: "what do you do when having it all is not enough?" Created by Sean Jablonski (Suits, Nip/Tuck) and executive-produced by Russ Krasnoff (Community), this provocative drama is teeming with surprising twists that may change the way you view modern relationships. Enjoy every episode of this seductive series back-to-back and uninterrupted, and get even more satisfaction with all-new deleted scenes that you couldn't see on TV!
Tom Nowicki, Stéphanie Szostak, Michelle DeShon, Brittany Hall, Katherine LaNasa, Blair Redford, Deanna Russo, Spencer Garrett, Tzi Ma, Matt Passmore, Stephanie Szostak, Leon Thomas III
Masterpiece: Victoria - The Complete Third Season (2019) [DVD]
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Treadstone: Season One (Box Set) [DVD]
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Our large SharePoint Online Site collection used for Intranet Corporate Portal based on Publishing site, we have a large number of subsites into.
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text:
Bloomberg Strikes Again: NYC Bans Food Donations To The Homeless
Has The Mayor Totally Eaten Away At The Public's Desire To Do Good? March 19, 2012 at 8:33 pm
Filed Under:food donations, homeless, Marcia Kramer, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Trending
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg (file / credit: Edward Reed / Mayor's Office)
NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) — Mayor Michael Bloomberg's food police have struck again!
Outlawed are food donations to homeless shelters because the city can't assess their salt, fat and fiber content, reports CBS 2's Marcia Kramer.
Glenn Richter arrived at a West Side synagogue on Monday to collect surplus bagels — fresh nutritious bagels — to donate to the poor. However, under a new edict from Bloomberg's food police he can no longer donate the food to city homeless shelters.
It's the "no bagels for you" edict.
"I can't give you something that's a supplement to the food you already have? Sorry that's wrong," Richter said.
Richter has been collecting food from places like the Ohav Zedek synagogue and bringing it to homeless shelters for more than 20 years, but recently his donation, including a "cholent" or carrot stew, was turned away because the Bloomberg administration wants to monitor the salt, fat and fiber eaten by the homeless.
Richter said he was stunned. He said his family has eaten the same food forever and flourished.
"My father lived to 97; my grandfather lived to 97, and they all enjoyed it and somehow we're being told that this is no good and I think there is a degree of management that becomes micromanagement and when you cross that line simply what you're doing is wrong," Richter said.
But Mayor Bloomberg, a salt-aholic himself, was unapologetic.
"For the things that we run because of all sorts of safety reasons, we just have a policy it is my understanding of not taking donations," Bloomberg said.
Told that his administration recently enacted the policy, the mayor was Grinch-like.
"If they did in the past they shouldn't have done it and we shouldn't have accepted it," Bloomberg said.
Richter said that over the years he's delivered more than two tons of food to the homeless. He said Mayor Bloomberg is eating away at his ability to do good.
The ban on food donations was made by an inter-agency task force that includes the departments of Health and Homeless Services.
Please offer your thoughts in the comments section below …


text:
Microthurge corumbae är en biart som först beskrevs av Cockerell 1901.  Microthurge corumbae ingår i släktet Microthurge och familjen buksamlarbin. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Buksamlarbin
corumbae


text:
Theranostics 2021; 11(1):292-303. doi:10.7150/thno.51872 This issue
Cytogenetic and molecular aberrations and worse outcome for male patients in systemic mastocytosis
Hanneke C. Kluin-Nelemans1 , Mohamad Jawhar2, Andreas Reiter2, Bjorn van Anrooij1,3, Jason Gotlib4, Karin Hartmann5, Anja Illerhaus6, Hanneke N.G. Oude Elberink3, Aleksandra Gorska7, Marek Niedoszytko7, Magdalena Lange8, Luigi Scaffidi9, Roberta Zanotti9, Patrizia Bonadonna10, Cecelia Perkins4, Chiara Elena11, Luca Malcovati11, Khalid Shoumariyeh12, Nikolas von Bubnoff12,13, Sabine Müller14, Massimo Triggiani15, Roberta Parente15, Juliana Schwaab2, Michael Kundi16, Anna Belloni Fortina17, Francesca Caroppo17, Knut Brockow18, Alexander Zink18, David Fuchs19, Irena Angelova-Fischer20, Akif Selim Yavuz21, Michael Doubek22, Mattias Mattsson23, Hans Hagglund23, Jens Panse24, Anne Simonowski24, Vito Sabato25, Tanja Schug26, Madlen Jentzsch27, Christine Breynaert28, Judit Várkonyi29, Vanessa Kennedy30, Olivier Hermine31, Julien Rossignol32, Michel Arock33, Peter Valent34,35, Wolfgang R. Sperr34,35
1. Department of Haematology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
2. III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
3. Internal Medicine, section Allergology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
4. Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
5. Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (KH); *Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
6. Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Uniklinik Köln, Köln, Germany.
7. Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.
8. Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.
9. Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy.
10. Allergy Unit, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy.
11. Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Hematology Oncology, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
12. Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
13. Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
14. Department of Dermatology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
15. Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
16. Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
17. Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
18. Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
19. University Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
20. Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Allergy Centrr, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria.
21. Division of Hematology, Istanbul Medical School, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.
22. University Hospital and CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
23. Dept Immunol, Genetics and Pathology (MM) and Dept Hematol (MM, HH), Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
24. Department of Oncology, Hematology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
25. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Immunology-Allergology-Rheumatology, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium.
26. Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
27. Medical Clinic and Policlinic 1, Hematology and Cellular Therapy,Leipzig University Hospital,Germany.
28. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
29. Department of Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
30. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
31. French Reference Center for Mastocytosis (CEREMAST), Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique Hôpitauxde Paris, Imagine Institute, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
32. Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.
33. Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
34. Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
35. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology.
✉ Corresponding author: Hanneke C. Kluin-Nelemans MD/PhD, Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen. Tel.: +31 50 369111; E-mail: j.c.kluinnl.
Kluin-Nelemans HC, Jawhar M, Reiter A, van Anrooij B, Gotlib J, Hartmann K, Illerhaus A, Oude Elberink HNG, Gorska A, Niedoszytko M, Lange M, Scaffidi L, Zanotti R, Bonadonna P, Perkins C, Elena C, Malcovati L, Shoumariyeh K, von Bubnoff N, Müller S, Triggiani M, Parente R, Schwaab J, Kundi M, Fortina AB, Caroppo F, Brockow K, Zink A, Fuchs D, Angelova-Fischer I, Yavuz AS, Doubek M, Mattsson M, Hagglund H, Panse J, Simonowski A, Sabato V, Schug T, Jentzsch M, Breynaert C, Várkonyi J, Kennedy V, Hermine O, Rossignol J, Arock M, Valent P, Sperr WR. Cytogenetic and molecular aberrations and worse outcome for male patients in systemic mastocytosis. Theranostics 2021; 11(1):292-303. doi:10.7150/thno.51872. Available from https://www.thno.org/v11p0292.htm
In systemic mastocytosis (SM), the clinical features and survival vary greatly. Patient-related factors determining the outcome in SM are largely unknown.
Methods: We examined the impact of sex on the clinical features, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in 3403 patients with mastocytosis collected in the registry of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM). The impact of cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations on sex differences was analyzed in a subset of patients.
Results: Of all patients enrolled, 55.3% were females. However, a male predominance was found in a subset of advanced SM (AdvSM) patients, namely SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm (SM-AHN, 70%; p < 0.001). Correspondingly, organomegaly (male: 23% vs. female: 13%, p = 0.007) was more, whereas skin involvement (male: 71% vs. female: 86%, p = 0.001) was less frequent in males. In all patients together, OS (p < 0.0001) was significantly inferior in males, and also within the WHO sub-categories indolent SM, aggressive SM (ASM) and SM-AHN. PFS was significantly (p = 0.0002) worse in males when all patients were grouped together; due to low numbers of events, this significance persisted only in the subcategory smoldering SM. Finally, prognostically relevant cytogenetic abnormalities (10% vs. 5%, p = 0.006) or molecular aberrations (SRSF2/ASXL1/RUNX1 profile; 63% vs. 40%, p = 0.003) were more frequently present in males.
Conclusions: Male sex has a major impact on clinical features, disease progression, and survival in mastocytosis. Male patients have an inferior survival, which seems related to the fact that they more frequently develop a multi-mutated AdvSM associated with a high-risk molecular background.
Keywords: Mastocytosis, sex difference, cytogenetics, molecular mutations, survival
Mastocytosis is a myeloid neoplasm presenting with an expansion and accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in one or more organ systems, such as the bone marrow (BM), skin, liver, spleen, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [1,2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies the disease into cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM), smoldering SM (SSM), SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm (SM-AHN), aggressive SM (ASM) and mast cell leukemia (MCL) [3-5]. In daily routine, the term advanced SM (AdvSM) has been used to denote ASM, SM-AHN and MCL. Here, new developments including sensitive detection of the KIT D816V mutation and use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels have been of great help in understanding the multilineage basis and complex genetics of this category, especially SM-AHN [6].
Clinical characteristics and disease courses vary greatly from patient to patient, depending on the WHO subset, other disease-specific and patient-related factors, such as age or co-morbidities [7].The prognosis can change during follow-up, especially when the patient progresses to a more advanced type of disease [8,9].
A number of disease-specific and patient-related factors have been examined regarding their clinical and prognostic impact in SM [10-15]. However, the impact of sex on the clinical course and outcome of mastocytosis remains largely unknown. We employed the dataset of the registry of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM) to examine the impact of sex on clinical features, progression and survival in 3403 patients with mastocytosis. In addition, we used data from a sub-cohort of a single ECNM center to investigate the impact of differences regarding the occurrence of cytogenetic and molecular aberrations in male and female patients with mastocytosis.
Diagnostic evaluations
Details about the ECNM registry have been published elsewhere [16]. Although the registry is still recruiting, we used the data from a validated cohort updated in March 2019. Patients with mastocytosis were enrolled in 26 centers in Europe (12 countries) and one in the United States. The following parameters were documented: age, sex, height and weight, date of diagnosis, presence of major and minor diagnostic criteria according to the WHO classification 2008 and 2016 [4], the final WHO category of mastocytosis, laboratory values at diagnosis and during follow-up, including blood counts and differentials, serum tryptase levels, the presence of hepatosplenomegaly and/or lymphadenopathy, the presence and severity of symptoms, including skin symptoms, flushing, osteoporosis, anaphylaxis, allergy and specific IgE, therapy, and responses including the use of symptomatic and cytoreductive drugs. The KIT D816V mutation was measured at local laboratories following the ECNM recommendations [17]. KIT D816V variant allele frequency was only incidentally determined. If the KIT D816V mutation was absent, laboratories were strongly advised to search for other KIT mutations. In a subset of patients, molecular and cytogenetic data were collected. Cytogenetic analysis was performed at local laboratories, and consisted mainly of conventional methods. Molecular analysis using next generation deep amplicon sequencing (NGS) was performed as described [10]. Adult patients with typical mast cell infiltrates in the skin, but without BM data and thus not fully classifiable according to WHO criteria, were included as cases with mastocytosis in the skin (MIS). Two patients with mast cell sarcoma collected in the registry were excluded in this study.
Investigations during follow-up
Physicians were asked to update and check all included data yearly in AdvSM patients and every other year in cutaneous SM and ISM. The database of the ECNM registry, data storage and data distribution comply with the rules and regulations of data protection laws, with local ethics committee regulations of each participating center [16], and with the declaration of Helsinki.
In addition to data from the ECNM registry, we used data from a cohort of 190 AdvSM patients collected by a single ECNM center (Mannheim, Germany). In these cases, detailed molecular data were available. Out of these 190 patients, 90 were also included in the ECNM registry.
The probability of overall survival (OS - time from diagnosis to death from any course) and progression-free survival (PFS) were determined by Kaplan and Meier estimates. PFS was defined as progression from one WHO category to another: from cutaneous to systemic; from ISM to SSM or AdvSM; within AdvSM to MCL; within SM-AHN categories from low grade myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) to high grade MDS, and all transformations into secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For PFS, patients classified as MIS (incomplete BM data) and MCL (no further progression possible) were excluded. Statistical significance of sex differences among distinct subtypes of the WHO classification was determined by a test of equal distribution by sex (50:50) calculating the exact binomial probability. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Clinical symptoms captured in the registry were dichotomized: yes or no. GI symptoms were split into: stomach ulcer, cramping, and diarrhea. The impact of sex on differences in clinical characteristics was examined by determining odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for WHO diagnostic categories in all patients.
Data sharing statement
All data registered in the ECNM database are supervised by a registry consortium consisting of all participants who yearly meet, define the rules and regulations through which patient data are collected, projects are selected and conducted. The data are secured on the servers of the Austrian Control Bank. Individual participant data will not be shared by members outside the ECNM.
Basic characteristics and sex distribution in the ECNM registry cohort
Data from 3403 patients were available of whom 44.7% were male (Table 1). Nineteen percent had CM, 50.8% ISM, 2.0% SSM, and 12.9% AdvSM. In 524 adult patients (15.4%), the pre-diagnostic term mastocytosis in the skin (MIS) was applied. Significant sex differences were observed in distinct subtypes of the WHO classification (Table 1). In the "MIS", MPCM, and ISM groups, females were more frequent than males (MIS: 67% vs. 33%, p < 0.001; MPCM: 56% vs. 44%, p = 0.011; ISM: 56% vs. 44%; p < 0.001). In contrast, there was a statistically significant male predominance in the subgroup of patients with SM-AHN, whereas patients with ASM and MCL showed a trend towards male predominance (ASM, 52%, p = 0.77; SM-AHN, 70%, p < 0.001; MCL, 58%, p = 0.360).
Demographics and description of all 3403 patients according to the WHO categories
Mastocytoma
MPCM
SM-AHN
Number (%) of patients at diagnosis 91 (2.7%) 49 (1.4%) 502 (14.8%) 524 (15.4%) 1730 (50.8%) 69 (2.0%) 112 (3.3%) 283 (8.3%) 43 (1.3%)
% Male 59 51 44 33 44 44 52 70 58
Age at diagnosis in years; median (range)
Male 1 (0-5) 2 (0-59) 3 (0-82) 44 (19-85) 48 (0-82) 61 (30-78) 63 (16-82) 66 (1-87) 60 (35-91)
Female 2 (0-15) 8 (0-68) 26 (0-78) 40 (18-87) 47 (15-83) 52 (25-79) 57 (29-83) 66 (20-87) 51 (27-72)
Tryptase, median (range) 5.9 (1.3-26.4) 15.1 (1.7-103) 7.1 (1-126) 13.8 (1-200) 30 (1-885) 200 (21-2100) 165 (8.9-1432) 135 (1.8-1060) 383 (74.9-4530)
Number of patients with follow-up data 49 32 324 277 1262 61 88 228 36
Abbreviations: DCM: diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis; MPCM: maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis; MIS: mastocytosis in the skin; ISM: indolent systemic mastocytosis; SSM: smoldering systemic mastocytosis; ASM: aggressive systemic mastocytosis; SM-AHN: systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic neoplasm; MCL, mast cell leukemia; WHO, World Health Organization.
The median age at diagnosis of male and female patients was 47.4 years (range, 0-91 years) and 44.4 years (range, 0-87 years), respectively, men being significantly older (p = 0.002). Median age at diagnosis per WHO subcategory and per sex is shown in Table 1. It appeared that in the AdvSM patients (grouped together) men were also significantly older (p < 0.0009), both in the ECNM registry and in the Mannheim cohort (Table 4). In Table 2, clinical features and symptoms related to mastocytosis are presented. Skin involvement (86% vs. 71%), GI symptoms (44% vs. 31%) and headache 16% vs. 8%) were significantly (all p < 0.0001) more often reported by female patients. In contrast, male patients more often had organomegaly (enlargement of spleen and/or liver and/or lymphadenopathy; 23% vs. 13%, p < 0.0001)). Anaphylaxis, allergy and osteoporosis did not show a sex preference (Table 2). In multivariate analysis, including the WHO subcategories, all these features and symptoms remained significant as far as sex difference was concerned (Table 2).
Signs and symptoms in relation to sex difference in patients with mastocytosis
Organ involvement or symptom@
P$ univariate
P^multivariate
Skin involvement
Male n (%) 1087 (71&) 452 (29) 0.0001 0.0001
Female n (%) 1604 (86) 262 (14)
Enlarged spleen
Male n (%) 249 (18) 1161 (82) <0.0001 not tested
Female n (%) 138 (8) 1585 (92)
Enlarged liver
Male n (%) 125 (6) 1189 (90) <0.0001 not tested
Female n (%) 86 (5) 1537 (95)
Organomegaly#
Male n (%) 335 (23) 1092 (77) <0.0001 <0.0001
Female n (%) 217 (13) 1514 (87)
Skin symptoms including flushes
Male n (%) 851 (58) 612 (42) <0.0001 <0.0001
Male n (%) 309 (22) 1101 (78) 0.240 0.232
Bone signs and symptoms (pain, osteoporosis, osteopenia)
Male n (%) 430 (34) 820 (66) 0.232 0.788
Female n (%) 563 (37) 969 (63)
Male n (%) 121 (8) 1418 (92) <0.0001 0.001
@ Signs and symptoms were not documented in all patients
# Any of the three: enlarged spleen, liver or lymph nodes
& Percentages were rounded-up to enhance clarity
$ P-value assessed by univariate (Fischer exact test) and ^multinominal logistic regression including the WHO subcategory.
Male mastocytosis patients have inferior outcome compared to female patients
Sufficient follow-up data, defined as any measure point at least 1 day from diagnosis were available in 2357 patients. There was a significant difference in OS between male and female patients (Figure 1, upper part) with a median OS difference of 11 years (17.4 vs. 28.4 years, p < 0.0001) in favor of female patients. Twelve-year OS for male patients was 72.5% (CI 67.3-77.0% and 87.5% for female patients (CI 83.5-90.5%). When we analyzed children and adults separately, the significance persisted as far as the adult patients are concerned (Figure 1, lower part). In children no differences were seen, because none of the children died during the follow-up. When the various WHO subcategories of mastocytosis were analyzed (Figure 2), the same pattern was seen in ISM, ASM and SM-AHN, but not in MCL. Here, male patients showed a trend towards a better survival (p = 0.095; Figure 2). The survival curves within the largest SM category, ISM, showed an interesting pattern, with overlapping curves during the first 10-15 years, after which more male patients died (Figure 2). Causes of death, however, were not different between both groups: 23 of 755 (3%) male patients with ISM died; causes of death were disease-related (n = 6, mostly progression or anaphylaxis-related deaths), other (n = 12), and unknown (n = 5). Twenty-two of 974 (2%) female ISM patients died; causes of death were disease-related (n = 5, mostly progression or anaphylaxis-related deaths), therapy-related (n = 1), other (n = 11), and unknown (n = 5). OS curves from adult and childhood patients with the WHO subcategory cutaneous mastocytosis (MPCM, DCM, mastocytoma) showed a 100% survival for both male and female patients.
PFS differences between male and female patients
With the exception of MIS and MCL, all patients were included in PFS analyses. In total, 64 male (6.0%) and 43 female (3.7%) patients progressed into a more unfavorable WHO subcategory or AHN subgroup. This male predominance was observed in ISM (male, 21/756, 3.7% vs. female, 23/974, 2.9%), but also in SM-AHN (male, 24/197, 12.2% vs. female, 7/86, 8.1%). In the smaller WHO subgroups, these percentages were 23.3% vs. 7.7% for male vs. female SSM patients, and 17.2% vs. 11.1% for male vs. female ASM patients. In CM, the number of events was rare (one girl with DCM; two girls, one woman and two men with MPCM) and therefore too small to use for comparisons (Figure 3).
In total, a significant difference (p = 0.0002) was seen between PFS of male and female patients (Figure 1, right upper part). When children were excluded from this analysis, the significance persisted (p < 0.0001). For the children, no difference was seen with the very low number of events. Within most WHO subcategories, significance was lost due to the small numbers of progressing patients except for patients with SSM (p = 0.033). However, the curves strongly suggest an earlier progression for male SM-AHN patients (Figure 3).
OS (left part, A, C, and E) and PFS (right part, B, D, and F) according to sex differences of all patients (adult and children), children only (C and D) and adults only (E and F) with mastocytosis specified according to male (grey line) and female (black line) patients. The numbers at risk are given at 6 years intervals.
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OS according to sex differences in the various WHO subcategories of all patients (adult and children) with SM. Grey lines: male patients; black lines: female patients. The numbers at risk are given at the time points outlined on the X-axis. A: MIS: adults with mastocytosis in the skin who did not undergo a BM analysis; B: ISM: indolent systemic mastocytosis; C: SSM: smoldering systemic mastocytosis; D: ASM: aggressive systemic mastocytosis; E: MCL: mast cell leukemia; F: SM-AHN: systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematological neoplasm. As there were no events in patients with cutaneous mastocytosis only (OS 100%), the curves are not shown.
Inferior OS in males can only partly be explained by a higher prevalence of SM-AHN
As mentioned above, male patients presented more frequently with AdvSM, which in part explains the worse outcome in males. Of note, even within the SM-AHN group, the OS was worse for male patients (p = 0.013, Figure 2). Therefore, we studied the frequency of AHN subcategories at first diagnosis. There was no difference in the frequency of high-risk myeloid neoplasms when comparing male and female patients. In males, 16/197 (8.1%) patients had (secondary) AML and 9/197 (4.6%) patients a high-risk MDS with >5% blasts. Comparable numbers in female patients were 8/86 AML (9.3%) and 2/86 MDS (2.3%). Apart from more female patients with essential thrombocythemia/polycythemia vera (11% vs. 3%), most other associated myeloid neoplasms were equally distributed between male and female patients.
Next, we analyzed causes of death within the SM-AHN subcategory, but found no differences either. In male patients, 109/197 died; 73% of deaths were disease-related, 5% therapy-related, 13% other causes, and 9% unknown. In female patients, 32/86 patients died; 72% of deaths were disease related, 6% therapy-related, 19% other causes, and 3% unknown.
Therefore, we asked whether the OS difference between males and females can be explained by an earlier progression and/or unfavorable cytogenetic and molecular profiles.
PFS according to sex differences in the various WHO subcategories of all patients (adult and children) with SM. Patients with MIS and MCL were excluded, see Methods. For the definition of progression: see Methods. Grey lines: male patients; black lines: female patients. The numbers at risk are given at the time points outlined on the X-axis. A: DCM: diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis; B: MPCM: maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis; C: ISM: indolent systemic mastocytosis; D: SSM: smoldering systemic mastocytosis; E: ASM: aggressive systemic mastocytosis; F: SM-AHN: systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematological neoplasm.
Cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities are more frequent in the male cohort
The KIT D816V mutation was analyzed in blood and/or BM in 63% (male patients 64%; female patients 61%) of all patients (children included). The mutation was detected in 84% of male and in 75% of the female patients tested (p < 0.001).
Cytogenetic analyses were performed in 668 patients (20% of the whole cohort; 64% of these analyses came from patients with cutaneous mastocytosis or indolent forms of SM). All abnormalities were restricted to patients with AdvSM except for 9 patients with ISM and one with SSM. An abnormal karyotype was more frequently identified in males than in females (36/348, 10% vs. 16/320, 5%, p = 0.006, Table 3).
Detailed additional molecular analyses using NGS were performed in a subset of 190 patients with AdvSM provided by the Mannheim group (Table 4). In this cohort, additional molecular aberrations (apart from KIT D816V) were found in 88% of the male patients and in 72% of the female patients (p = 0.004). More importantly, high risk molecular mutations (at least one gene mutation in SRSF2, ASXL1, and/or RUNX1, S/A/R panel) were more frequently identified in male patients compared to female patients (63% vs. 40%; p = 0.003; Table 4). The difference was even more impressive if two or more S/A/R mutations were taken into account: 28% vs. 13% (p = 0.027).
Cytogenetic abnormalities in all patients with SM
WHO sub-classification
Male = 348 (total number tested)
Female n = 320 (total number tested)
ISM 46, XY, t(2;22) (p23; q11.2~12) [8]/46, XY [12] 46, XX, inv(2)
45, XY, rob (13;14) 46, XX, t(5;6) (q?23, q?16)
45, X, -Y 46, XX, del(12) (p13)
47, XY, +Y 46, XX, del(20) (q?) [3]/46, XX [16]
47, XY, +Y
SSM 45, X, -Y
ASM 46, XY, del(20) (q11.2q13) [18]/46, XY [9] 46, XX, iso17(q10)
47, XY, +X 46, XX, t(5;12) (q33; p13)
SM-AHN 47, XY, der(1;19) (q10; p10) 45, XX-7 [5]/46, XX [20]
40, XY, der(1)(q), der(2)(p), der(3)(p), -3,-4,der(7)(q), der(7)(p), -8,-9,-10,-11,der(11)(p), -13,-18,+mar complex karyotype 46, XX, t(8; 21) (with AML as AHN)
46, XY, t(2;2) (p23; q32) [10]/47, XY, t(2;2) (p23, q32), +8 [2]/46, XY [9] 46, XX, t(8; 21) (with AML as AHN)
46, XY, t(2;15) (p16; q15) 47, XX, +8
45, XY, -7 46, XX, t(9; 14)
45, XY, -7 [3]/46 XY [1] 46, XX, del (13q14)
45, XY, -7 [10]/46, XY [10]
45, XY, inv(3), -7
45, XY, -7 [16]/48, XY, +8, +19 [4]/46, XY [2]
46, XY, t(7; 9; 11) (q35; p11; q23), del(7) (q32)
47, XY, +8
47, XY, +8, del(12) (p12p13)
46, XY, inv(11)
46, XY, del(12) (p11p13)
46, XY, t(12; 22)
47, XY, +19 [12], 46, XY [8]
47, XY, del(20) (q11.22q13), +22
46, XY, del(20) (q12) [15]/46, XY [3]
45, X, -Y
45, X, -Y [2]; 46, XY [10]
45, X, -Y [16]/46, XY [9]
47, XXY
MCL 45, X, -Y [16]/46, XY [4] 46, XX, del(8)(q21), der(10) t(8; 10)(q22; q26), r(12) (p12q15), der(16) t(12;16) (q21; q22), inv(12) (q21q24) [8]/46, XX [16]
40, XY der(1)(q), der(2)(p), der(3)(p), -3,-4,der(7)(q), der(7)(p), -8,-9,-10,-11,der(11)(p), -13, -18, +mar complex karyotype 46, XX(del12) (p13p13)
complex aberrant
Abbreviations: ISM, indolent systemic mastocytosis; SSM, smoldering systemic mastocytosis; ASM, aggressive systemic mastocytosis; SM-AHN, SM with associated hematologic neoplasm; MCL, mast cell leukemia.
Detailed molecular analysis of the Mannheim cohort of 190 patients with advanced SM
(n = 127)
(n = 63)
Age, years; median (range) 69 (25-90) 64 (24-83) 0.009
WHO diagnosis, n (%)
ASM 6 (5) 10 (16) 0.013
SM-AHN 106 (83) 48 (76) 0.243
MCL (± AHN) 15 (12) 5 (8) 0.464
Leukemic transformationa, n (%) 21 (17) 12 (19) 0.687
Mast cell infiltration in BM, histology (%)
Median (range) 30 (5-95) 25 (5-100) 0.616
Serum tryptase, µg/L
Median (range) 170 (4-1854) 180 (5-1690) 0.835
Driver mutation, n (%)
KIT D816V 119 (94) 56 (89) 0.263
Other KIT mutations 2 (2)b 4 (6)c 0.095
No KIT mutations 6 (5) 3 (5) 1.0
Any additional somatic mutations,
n (%) ≥ 1 additional mutation(s) 112 (88) 44 (70) 0.004
S/A/Rd mutation(s), n (%)
≥ 1 S/A/R mutation(s) 80 (63) 25 (40) 0.003
≥ 2 S/A/R mutations 35 (28) 8 (13) 0.027
Aberrant karyotypee, n (%) 18 (17) 9 (19) 1.0
Follow-up, years
Median (range) 2.1 (0-17) 2.6 (0-21) 0.083
Death, n (%) 69 (54) 26 (41) -
Overall survival, years
Median (95% CI) 2.9 (1.9-3.9) 4.6 (2.7-6.5) 0.027
Abbreviations: AHN, associated hematologic neoplasm; ASM, aggressive systemic mastocytosis; BM, bone marrow; MCL, mast cell leukemia; WHO, World Health Organization.
a to secondary MCL (±AHN) or secondary SM-AML;
b KIT D816H, n = 1; KIT F522C, n = 1;
c KIT D816H, n = 2; KIT D816Y, n = 2;
d gene mutation(s) in SRSF2, ASXL1 and/or RUNX1 (S/A/R) panel;
e data available in n = 168.
A number of disease- and patient-related prognostic variables and several multi-parametric scoring systems have been developed in SM [9-11;18-21]. As a result, prognostication improved substantially in the past few years. However, it is still difficult to predict the clinical course and risk of progression in individual patients. More recently, several patient-related factors, including age, have been identified as emerging risk factors and have been included in risk calculations [9,11]. We screened for additional patient-related factors in our dataset of the ECNM registry and identified sex as a novel strong and independent prognostic factor in SM. In particular, male patients were found to have an inferior outcome compared to females and were more prevalent in the SM-AHN category. Moreover, we observed that male patients more frequently carried high-risk cytogenetic and molecular aberrations compared to females.
So far, only little is known about the impact of sex on prognosis in various categories of SM. This may be due to the fact that in most previous studies, only a limited number of patients were examined. In the largest cohort of patients with mastocytosis ever collected, the ECNM registry, we could now show that male patients have an inferior outcome concerning OS and PFS. This is best explained by the fact that patients with AdvSM, e.g., aggressive SM, SM-AHN or MCL, were more often male. However, even within such subgroups of AdvSM, namely in ASM and SM-AHN, males had still a worse outcome compared to female patients. Also within the subcategory ISM, OS was worse for male patients, especially during longer follow-up, compared to females.
Obviously, the life expectancy of males in the general population is shorter than of females. This together with the slightly higher age in the male population in our study could in part explain these differences. However, there was also a higher rate of progression in the male patients compared to the female ones, which may indicate more aggressive disease resulting in earlier death.
Skin involvement was more frequent in female mastocytosis patients, whereas organomegaly was more often seen in male patients, which may also help explain the higher percentage of male patients in the AdvSM group. In fact, it is well known, that advanced SM is often associated with organomegaly and with a lack of skin lesions [4,6,22-24].
As far as other disease-related features are concerned, gastrointestinal symptoms and headache were more often reported by women with SM, but all other symptoms, including osteoporosis, did not show a sex preference. The latter is interesting, as osteoporosis per se is a typical female phenomenon, suggesting that a relative increase of osteoporosis in male patients with mastocytosis may account for this sex skewing in this disease population. In a Dutch study examining 157 patients, the prevalence of osteoporosis and/or osteoporotic fractures was even higher in male patients than in female patients, especially in younger individuals (46% vs. 18% in patients <50 years) [25].
Only few reports on the clinical impact of demographic features of patients with mastocytosis have been published to date. An epidemiological study from Denmark consisting of 548 patients reported a male prevalence of 40% [26]. Within the 7% of patients with AdvSM, no difference in prevalence between males and females was seen, but the numbers of patients were just too small to draw a definitive conclusion. A clear advantage of our ECNM registry-based cohort is that the numbers of patients are much higher in each category of disease, and that in all the contributing centers, experienced hematopathologists contributed to the final diagnosis, which confirmed that no cases with AdvSM were overlooked. The selected series from the Mayo Clinic with 342 patients of whom half belonged to the AdvSM category, showed that in the ISM group, 43% of the patients were male, whereas in the SM-AHN group 70% were male [11]. These percentages are remarkably similar to the data obtained in our much larger cohort. A systematic review on 1747 children showed a male predominance with a male-female ratio of 1.4 [27]. When we analyzed the 397 children in the ECNM registry, we found an almost similar male-female ratio of 1.35. In the subgroup of children with a mastocytoma, boys dominated even more with a ratio of 1.8.
To explain why male patients more often develop AdvSM and even within this category have a poor outcome compared to female patients, we analyzed causes of death and the distribution of the AHN subcategories, but found no difference between male and female patients with almost identical percentages of high risk AHN. However, an abnormal karyotype, considered to be a high-risk feature [14,28], was more frequently identified in males than in females. In a Mayo clinic series of 348 patients, 53 patients with an abnormal karyotype were detected. Clinical correlative studies disclosed significant associations between abnormal karyotype and male sex [29]. We found that high-risk molecular mutations (S/A/R gene panel) occurred about twice as often in males than in female patients, which might explain the worse outcome as these mutations are highly predictive for OS [10]. It would have strengthened our result if the molecular data in relation to sex differences had been confirmed in other cohorts of advSM patients. Unfortunately, even in the cohort of patients from the Mayo clinics, in which a NGS-based prognostic model for survival was proposed, sex was not included as separate item in their scoring system [30,31].
One can only speculate why male patients with SM more often develop mutations that are associated with high-risk hematological neoplasms. One possibility would be that certain sex hormones facilitate the occurrence of more mutations - for example by introducing clonal instability or by suppressing certain cells or molecules relevant to immune surveillance. An alternative explanation may be that life style factors, such as smoking habits, have an impact on the acquisition of (more) mutations in neoplastic progenitor cells in SM. Indeed, smoking habits and male sex have recently been associated with the occurrence of myeloid mutations in cases with clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) [32]. Jaiswal et al demonstrated that healthy men above 60 years had a significantly higher likelihood to develop a detectable mutation than women with an odds ratio of 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.5; p = 0.0005) [33]. Interestingly, splicing genes (e.g. SRSF2) and ASXL1 were among the most affected genes in humans with clonal hematopoiesis [34]. Whether these mechanisms are also causatively involved in the higher prevalence of male patients with AdvSM and high risk mutations (some of which are CHIP-type mutations as well) remains at present unknown. Unfortunately, data on smoking habits have not been collected in the ECNM registry.
A weak point of our study is the retrospective nature of data collection in our registry. Especially the date of first symptoms and date of first visit to the local hospital were retrospectively collected, which made it difficult to define the exact date of first diagnosis. Although most patients could at least exactly define when they first noticed their skin lesions, defining the real date of onset of disease in patients with ISM without skin lesions is a challenge.
Another point of criticism could be that male patients might delay their first visit once symptoms, especially skin symptoms, occur. However, we could not find any indication that male patients postponed their first visits, because the interval between date of first symptoms and date of first visit was median 2356 days for female patients and 1639 days for male patients. Furthermore, overdiagnosis of ISM patients with specific symptoms could have occurred. For example, bias could occur if patients with anaphylaxis or skin lesions more frequently presented in allergy and dermatology centers, respectively. Similarly, ISM patients with severe osteoporosis could have been more often recognized in centers specialized in bone diseases. However, we are confident that the different medical specialties of European centers that contributed to the registry, e.g., hematology, internal medicine, dermatology, gastroenterology, allergy, and pediatrics will have prevented too much selection.
In some adult patients with mastocytosis, the tests required for a full diagnosis and WHO classification - especially bone marrow analysis including flow cytometry and KIT mutation analysis - were not always performed. This might explain the rather large number of adult patients with the pre-diagnostic subclassification MIS. On purpose, we omitted these patients from PFS analysis. Additional complex tests, such as mutation analysis were mostly performed in patients with AdvSM, and in centers enabling these tests. In those specialized hematology centers, however, missing data were few and could well be used for our analysis.
Finally, we considered it unlikely that with the new therapeutic modalities, such as midostaurin, PFS and OS would change in relation to sex differences. In this cohort that closed in early 2019, the number of patients treated by midostaurin was still low. However, from the world-wide study of midostaurin in AdvSM published in 2016, there was no sex preference in relation to outcome [35].
Sex differences have a major impact on clinical features, disease progression and survival in patients with mastocytosis, with male patients having an inferior survival compared to females. This in not only explained by the fact that male patients more often present with SM-AHN, but also that these patients more frequently develop high-risk cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities.
AdvSM: advanced systemic mastocytosis; AML: acute myeloid leukemia; ASM: aggressive systemic mastocytosis; BM: bone marrow; CHIP: clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential; CI: confidence interval; CM: cutaneous mastocytosis; DCM: diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis; ECNM: European competence network on mastocytosis; GI: gastrointestinal tract; ISM: indolent systemic mastocytosis; MCL: mast cell leukemia; MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome; MIS: mastocytosis in the skin; MPCM: maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis; OR: odds ratio; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; S/A/R panel: SRSF2/ASXL1/RUNX1 panel; SM: systemic mastocytosis; SM-AHN: systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic neoplasm; SSM: smoldering mastocytosis; WHO: World Health Organization.
This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), SFB grants F4701-B28, F4704-B28, and P32470-B (to P.V.), by the 'Charles and Ann Johnson Foundation' (to J.G.). V.S. is a Senior Clinical Researcher of the Research Foundation Flanders/Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO: 1804518N). C.B. is supported by the Clinical Research Fund of the University Hospital Leuven.
We thank all technicians, study coordinators, study nurses, and colleagues for data entry into the registry system. Our special thanks for pathology review of difficult cases goes to Hans-Peter Horny and Tracy George.
Authorship Contributions
Hanneke C Kluin-Nelemans, Andreas Reiter, Peter Valent and Wolfgang Sperr designed the study, contributed to data analysis, data interpretation, and writing of the manuscript, the latter in addition with Mohamad Jawhar and Juliana Schwaab. All authors contributed to data collection and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Hanneke C. Kluin-Nelemans: institutional financial support from Novartis; honoraria from Novartis for participating in e-learning program.
Andreas Reiter: Novartis Pharma - research support, advisory board, honoraria, travel reimbursement, Blueprint Medicines - advisory board, honoraria, travel reimbursement, Deciphera - advisory board, travel reimbursement.
Bjorn van Anrooij: financial support from Novartis for research and advisory boards.
Jason Gotlib: Funding to support conduct of clinical trial: Blueprint Medicines, Deciphera; advisory board/honoraria: Blueprint Medicines, Deciphera, Allakos.
Karin Hartmann: advisory board/honoraria: Allergopharma, ALK-Abelló, Blueprint, Deciphera, Menarini, Novartis and Takeda; research grant: Euroimmun.
Hanneke Oude Elberink: honoraria from ALK-Abelló, Chiesi, MEDA Pharma, Novartis, and Blueprint.
Magdalena Lange: honoraria from Novartis for lectures.
Chiara Elena: advisory board Novartis, Pfizer.
David Fuchs, Julien Rossignol: advisory board Novartis.
Khalid Shoumariyeh: travel support from Abbvie and consultancy fees from Novartis.
Nikolas von Bubnoff: institutional financial support from Novartis.
Massimo Triggiani: advisory board BluePrint Medicines, Deciphera, Novartis.
Akif SelimYavuz: honoraria from Novartis.
Jens Panse: funding to support conduct of clinical trial: Blueprint Medicines, Deciphera; advisory board/honoraria: Blueprint Medicines, Novartis.
Vito Sabato: advisory board/honoraria: Blueprint Medicines, Novartis.
Madlen Jentzsch: honoraria from Novartis.
Olivier Hermine: Research funding support from AB science and Novartis. Advisory board of AB science.
Wolfgang R. Sperr: honoraria from Novartis, Pfizer, AbbVie, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, Thermo Fisher, Deciphera, Incyte, Celgene and Jazz.
Michel Arock: advisory board/honoraria Blueprint Medicines, Deciphera.
All other authors: none.
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Corresponding author: Hanneke C. Kluin-Nelemans MD/PhD, Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen. Tel.: +31 50 369111; E-mail: j.c.kluinnl.
Received 2020-8-12
Accepted 2020-9-23
Published 2021-1-1


text:
Investigation launched after reports man attempted to kidnap two young sisters in Clayhall
Published: 3:03 PM September 18, 2020 Updated: 2:15 PM October 14, 2020
Two girls say that a man shouted at them to get in his car on Fullwell Avenue on Wednesday. Picture: Google Maps - Credit: Archant
Police are investigating claims that a man attempted to kidnap two young girls in Clayhall.
Shortly before 6pm on Wednesday, September 16 a 12-year-old girl and her sister, eight, noticed a man get out of a black car on Fullwell Avenue who then started following them.
As soon as they noticed the man, they started running. They said the man then shouted at them to get in his car.
Two women heard the commotion and came out of their house and then the man got back in his car and drove off towards the High Street.
The girls' mother Lisa Marie described the man as Asian, between 40 and 50 years old, and said he was wearing a green top and black trousers.
Lisa, who has lived in Fullwell Avenue for the last 11 years, said her girls were "petrified" and were so shaken they could barely speak to the police officers about the incident.
A spokesperson for the Metropolitan Police said: "Police were called at 5:59pm on Wednesday, September 16 to reports of a man acting suspiciously on Fullwell Avenue.
"Officers attended and spoke to the mother of two girls who reported they had been walking down the road when a man told the girls to get into his car.
"The man is then reported to have left the scene in a vehicle.
"No arrests have been made and enquiries continue."
People living in the area have told the Recorder that crime has got much worse in recent years with open drug dealing taking place at night down the road near the entrance to Claybury Park.
One resident, who lives in Ravensbourne Gardens, said she gets verbally abused by people doing drugs outside her home and that it was so noisy she goes to her son's house on weekends just to get a full night's sleep.
She described living there as "torture" and said the area outside her home is a "young person's paradise at night."
Another resident said the area is so dangerous she doesn't let go of her five-year-old granddaughter's hand until she drops her off at school.
She said: "I moved here 35 years ago thinking I moved my children to a safe area but in the last year and a half it's gotten very scary.
"The crime has got so bad it's unbelievable."
Anyone with information about the attempted kidnapping is asked to call police on 101 quoting reference 6742/16Sep.