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The biological stress of early weaned piglets
Author/s : Joy M. Campbell, Joe D. Crenshaw and Javier Polo. / APC, Inc., Ankeny, IA, USA.
Pigs experience biological stress such as physiological, environmental, and social challenges when weaned from the sow. The process of weaning is one of the most stressful events in the pig's life that can contribute to intestinal and immune system dysfunctions that result in reduced pig health, growth, and feed intake, particularly during the first week after weaning. Technological improvements in housing, nutrition, health, and management have been used to minimize some of the adverse effects of weaning stress, but a greater understanding of the biological impact of stress is needed to improve strategies to overcome weaning stress. The focus of this review paper is to briefly describe how the biological stress associated with weaning impacts intestinal morphology, structure, physiology, and intestinal immune responses that can impact subsequent production efficiencies such as growth, intake, morbidity, and mortality.
Keywords: Biological stress, Intestine, Pig, Weaning.
Weaning pigs from the sow is one of the most stressful events in the pig's life that can contribute to intestinal and immune system dysfunctions that result in reduced pig health, growth, and feed intake, particularly during the first week after weaning. Technological improvements in housing, nutrition, health, and management have been used to minimize some of the adverse effects of weaning stress, but a greater understanding of the biological impact of stress is needed to improve strategies to overcome weaning stress.
The focus of this review paper is to briefly describe how the biological stress associated with weaning impacts intestinal morphology, structure, physiology, and intestinal immune responses that can impact subsequent production efficiencies such as growth, intake, morbidity, and mortality.
Stressors during weaning
The pig experiences significant physiological, environmental, and social challenges when it is weaned from the sow that can predispose the pig to subsequent diseases and other production losses. Weaning is one of the most stressful periods that results in intestinal, immunological, and behavioral changes. During this time, pigs are subjected to a number of stressors, such as, an abrupt separation from the sow, transportation and handling stress, a different food source, social hierarchy stress, co-mingling with pigs from other litters, a different physical environment (room, building, farm, water supply, etc.), increased exposure to pathogens, and dietary or environmental antigens. The piglet must adapt to all of these stressors rapidly in order to be productive and efficient. When the different stressors of weaning are too great for the pig to overcome, it can lead to poor performance and increased mortality.
Feed intake and weaning
The gastro-intestinal system has multiple functions, such as, digestion and absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, maintenance of bodily fluid balance, secretion of digestive enzymes, mucin, immunoglobulins, and multiple other components, and to serve as a barrier for the host against harmful pathogens and antigens.
When the piglet is weaned, the piglet must adapt abruptly from highly digestible and palatable liquid milk from its mother that is equally spaced throughout the day to a solid dry diet that is less digestible and palatable. As a consequence, feed intake is usually reduced initially after weaning and the piglet becomes mal-nourished with reduced transient growth rate. As reviewed by Le Dividich and Sève [1], the extent and duration of reduced feed intake is variable. It is estimated that by the end of the first week post-weaning, metabolizable energy (ME) intake is about 60-70% of pre-weaning milk intake and that it takes approximately 2 wk post-weaning to achieve full recovery to the pre-weaning ME intake level. Spreeuwenberg et al. [2] evaluated the relationship between low feed intake with different diet compositions (lactose/protein ratios) and small intestinal barrier function. They reported during the first 4 d post-weaning, that diet composition was not as important a factor to maintain intestinal barrier function; but that continued low feed intake was more important to predispose the pig to intestinal barrier dysfunction. McCracken et al. [3] determined that low feed intake during the post-weaning period may contribute to intestinal inflammation and adversely affect villous height and crypt depth.
Growth performance is reduced with low feed intake. In general, pigs lose about 100–250 g body weight (BW) the first day after weaning, regardless of weaning age and recover this loss in BW by about 4 d post-weaning [1]. Tokach et al. [4] reported that weight gain in the first week after weaning impacts the total days to market (at approximately 110 kg BW). When pigs were gaining greater than 227 g/d during the first week after weaning, days to market was reduced about 6–10 d compared to pigs gaining 0 g/d to 150 g/d the first week.
Thus, it is important to get pigs eating and growing as soon as possible after weaning. It is difficult to prevent some of the decline in BW as the pigs move from sow's milk to the starter diet. However, understanding the challenges and impact of low feed intake associated with weaning and the subsequent impact on performance can help the nutritionist better design diets by utilizing various feed ingredients and additives proven to increase feed intake and help the producer to use other management techniques that help to reduce the weaning stress.
Structure and functional changes of intestine and Weaning
Along with experiencing low feed intake, weaned pigs experience physiological changes in structure and function (enzyme activities and absorption or secretion) of the intestine. As reviewed by Pluske et al. [5], these physiological changes affect the absorptive capacity of the small intestine which can likely influence feed efficiency. Pluske et al. [5] and Boudry et al. [6] reported that weaning induces both acute and long-lasting structural and functional changes in the small intestine including shortening of the villi (villous atrophy) and an increase in crypt depth (crypt elongation) after weaning. Hampson et al. [7] demonstrated that villous height can rapidly decrease by about 25 to 35% of pre-weaning height within the first 24 h in pigs weaned at 21 d of age. The decrease in villous height continued until about 5 d after weaning, when the villi were approximately only half of the initial height. Unweaned groups showed only small changes in villous height. Crypt elongation was also evaluated with slower changes occurring over the first 11 d post-weaning. Additionally, Montagne et al. [8] reviewed several intestinal markers associated with weaning that may allow research to be conducted to reduce the physiological changes associated with weaning. After weaning, pigs also experience reduced brushborder digestive enzyme activities [5]. Lalles et al. [9] reported reductions in lactase and amino-peptidase activity from d 2 to 15 post-weaning, while maltase was reduced for 2 d post-weaning, then increased d 8 to 15 post-weaning. Additionally pancreatic secretions had a transient decrease to d 15 after weaning, before trypsin and amylase activity began to increase. Alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme that plays a role in detoxification of pathogenic bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and impacts intestinal inflammation [10], is also reduced in early weaned pigs [11]. These alterations can impact the ability of the small intestine's digestive, absorptive, and secretory capacity and ultimately the intestinal barrier function, which may contribute to post-weaning diarrhea.
Inflammation associated with weaning
Beyond the compromised digestive and absorptive capacity, consequences associated with weaning also induce a deleterious effect on intestinal barrier function [2,6,12]. The epithelial layer of the intestinal lumen serves as the body's first line of defense for protecting the pig from various harmful microorganisms, toxins, or antigens that reside within the lumen of the small intestine. When the intestinal barrier is disrupted, the result is increased permeability that allows toxins, bacteria, or feed-associated antigens to cross the epithelium resulting in inflammation, mal-absorption, diarrhea, and reduced growth and production.
Nabuurs et al. [13] evaluated the effects of weaning and Escherichia coli infection on absorption capacity of the small intestine in pigs. Pigs were either weaned at 30 to 32 d of age or unweaned by remaining on the sow, while Escherichia coli infection consisted of infecting segments of the small intestine using perfusion procedures. In unweaned non-infected pigs, no differences were noted in net absorption of fluid, potassium or chloride. However, pigs that had been weaned but not infected with Escherichia coli had less fluid absorption on d 4, 7, and 14, while sodium and chloride absorption was less on d 4 and 7 in the intestinal segments compared to segments from unweaned non-infected pigs. In the Escherichia coli infected intestinal segments of weaned pigs, fluid absorption was less on d 11 and 14, while sodium and potassium on d 11, and chloride absorption on d 4 and 11 was less than that of infected intestinal segments from unweaned pigs. Furthermore, Escherichia coli infected weaned pigs had greater net reduced absorption compared to infected unweaned pigs. The authors concluded that after weaning the net absorption of fluid and electrolytes is temporarily decreased which may contribute to diarrhea.
Studies conducted at North Carolina State University have investigated the effects of stress-induced intestinal damage associated with a weaning stress model. Moeser et al. [12] evaluated intestinal dysfunction in 19 d old weaned pigs compared to unweaned pigs. Twenty–four h after weaning, the pig's intestinal barrier function was evaluated for secretory activity by transepithelial resistance (TER) and intestinal permeability by paracellular mannitol flux in the jejunum and colon. In both the jejunum and colon, weaned pigs had greater secretory activity and intestinal permeability than unweaned pigs. This research corresponds with Boudry et al. [6], who demonstrated a transient reduction in jejunal TER, but not in the colon. Moeser et al. [12] also evaluated stress hormones and intestinal barrier function over 7 d postweaning. They reported increased serum corticotrophinreleasing factor (CRF) and cortisol in weaned pigs indicating that weaning induces activation of the stress pathways which may be mediating the intestinal dysfunction. Subsequent studies by Moeser et al. [14] demonstrated that weaning age can affect the intestinal stress response in the pig. Finally, Smith et al. [15] utilizing the weaning stress model evaluated the effects of early weaning stress on intestinal barrier function and intestinal health. Pigs from 5 different weaning ages (15, 18, 21, 23, and 28 d of age) were utilized. At 35 d of age, all pigs were evaluated for secretory activity and intestinal permeability in the jejunum. The results indicate that as weaning age was incrementally increased, improvements in intestinal barrier function were observed as indicated by improved TER and lower permeability as measured by mannitol and inulin flux. To evaluate if the intestinal dysfunction was sustained, 15 or 28 d old weaned pigs were evaluated after 9 wk of age. The results were similar to previous observations; earlier weaned pigs had a reduced TER and increased permeability. Thus, the research demonstrated that the stress resulting from weaning induces a breakdown in intestinal barrier function associated with increased permeability and mucosal inflammation and that weaning age can impact present and future mucosal barrier function [12,14,15].
Other immunological responses that occur during the weaning process are alterations in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have an influence on intestinal integrity and epithelial function as it relates to permeability and transport of nutrients [16]. Pié et al. [17] evaluated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α during the weaning process. They utilized 28 d old pigs and measured gene expression over 8 d post-weaning. The research demonstrated that weaning is associated with an up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Pié et al. [17] reported increased TNF-α expression initially by d 1 in the proximal and mid intestine followed by increases in the distal small intestine and proximal colon from d 2 to 8. Thus, indicating that weaning is associated with an early up-regulation of genes of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may contribute to functional disorders resulting in reduced subsequent performance and play a role in post-weaning diarrhea.
Regulation of metabolism may also be altered in response to weaning when inflammation associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines occurs. Pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate both immune function and growth or metabolic processes [18,19]. Thus, weaning stress impacts both structural alterations and active immune responses. The intestine is a major site for amino acid oxidation, net synthesis, and utilization of amino acids for protein synthesis as reviewed by Burrin et al. [20]. Alterations in amino acid metabolism occur after weaning [8], which may impact protein synthesis and subsequent tissue deposition. Williams et al. [21-23] demonstrated that when the immune system is activated growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, and lean tissue deposition is reduced. Therefore, the reduction or mitigation of post-weaning stress and subsequent effects in the structural changes of the intestine and activation of the inflammatory immune response is critical for improving swine performance from weaning to market.
To counter or reduce the negative effects associated with weaning and pro-inflammatory cytokine activation, heat shock proteins may play a role in mitigating the effect. Heat shock proteins have various cytoprotective functions related to various kinds of stress responses as reviewed by Feder et al. [24]. Heat shock proteins are produced by epithelial cells in response to heat stress to help protect cells under stress situations. David et al. [25] utilized 21 or 28 d old pigs to evaluate the impact of weaning on intestinal heat shock protein patterns. The heat shock proteins 27 and 70 were transiently increased in the stomach and duodenum between 6 to 12 h after weaning and in the mid-jejunum, ileum, and colon between 24 to 48 h after weaning, while in the ileum the heat shock proteins were transiently decreased 36–38 h. In unweaned pigs, heat shock protein expression was similar in all segments of the intestine. The factors that impact the spatial modulation are unknown. However, the increase in heat shock proteins associated with weaning may help to reduce the negative effects of inflammation and weaning stress by their cytoprotection mechanism that involves both inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and cellular proliferation [26]. Further research is needed to understand modulation of heat shock proteins and their beneficial effects in the intestinal tract.
Research into other methods such as increasing feed intake, reducing disease exposure, and utilization of nutritional ingredients such as glutamine, spray-dried plasma, colostrum, arginine, pre- and probiotics, n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and n-6 linoleic acid that may reduce negative effects associated with weaning is needed to further improve production efficiencies. These and other technologies are beyond the scope of this paper.
Biological alterations in metabolism, immune system, and intestinal functions occur during and immediately after weaning that may have both short and long-term effects on subsequent pig growth and health, regardless of age of pig at weaning. It is critical that swine producers utilize appropriate health, nutrition, and management strategies to minimize the adverse effects of weaning stress and to improve swine productive measures all the way to market weight.
Competing interest
The authors declare they have no competing interest.
JMC composed the manuscript and JDC and JP reviewed and provided input. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Received: 11 December 2012 Accepted: 19 April 2013
This article was originally published in Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2013, 4:19. DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-19. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0).
1. LeDividich J, Sève B: Effects of underfeeding during the weaning period on growth metabolism, and hormonal adjustments in the piglet. Dom Anim Endocrinol 2000, 19:63–74.
2. Spreeuwenberg MAM, Verdonk JMAJ, Gaskins HR, Verstegen MWA: Small intestine epithelial barrier function is compromised in pigs with low feed intake at weaning. J Nutr 2001, 131:1520–1527.
3. McCracken BA, Spurlock ME, Roos MA, Zuchermann FA, Gaskins HR: Weaning anorexia may contribute to local inflammation in the piglet small intestine. J Nutr 1999, 129:613–619.
4. Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Nelssen JL, Kats LJ: Influence of weaning weight and growth during the first week postweaning on subsequent pig performance. Proc of Kansas State University Swine Day; 1992:19–21.
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6. Boudry G, Peron V, Le Huerou-Luron I, Lalles JP, Sève B: Weaning induces both transient and long-lasting modifications of absorptive, secretory, and barrier properties of piglet intestine. J Nutr 2004, 134:2256–2262.
7. Hampson DJ: Alterations of piglet small intestine structure at weaning. Res Vet Sci 1986, 40:32–40.
8. Montagne L, Boudry G, Favier C, Le Huerou-Luron I, Lalles JP, Seve B: Main intestinal markers associated with the changes in gut architecture and function in piglets after weaning. Br J Nutr 2007, 97:45–57.
9. Lalles J, Boudry G, Favier C, LeFloc N, Luron I, Montagne L, Oswald IP, Pié S, Piel C, Sève B: Gut function and dysfunction in young pigs: physiology. Anim Res 2004, 53:301–316.
10. Lalles J: Intestinal alkaline phosphatase: multiple biological roles in maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and modulation by diet. Nutr Rev 2010, 68:323–332.
11. Lackeyram D, Yang C, Archbold T, Swanson KC, Fan MZ: Early weaning reduces small intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression in pigs. J Nutr 2010, 140:461–468.
12. Moeser AJ, Vander Klok C, Ryan KA, Wooten JG, Little JG, Cook VL, Blisklager AT: Stress signaling pathways activated by weaning mediate intestinal dysfunction in the pig. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007, 292:G173–G181.
13. Nabuurs MJA, Hoogendoorn A, Van Zijderveld FG: Effects of weaning and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli on net absorption in the small intestine of pigs. Res Vet Sci 1994, 56:379–385.
14. Moeser AJ, Ryan KA, Nighot PK, Blikslager AT: Gastrointestinal dysfunction induced by early weaning is attenuated by delayed weaning and mast cell blockade in pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007, 293:G413–G421.
15. Smith F, Clark JE, Overman BL, Tozel CC, Huang JH, Rivier JEF, Blisklager AT, Moeser AJ: Early weaning stress impairs development of mucosal barrier function in the porcine intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010, 298:G352–G363.
16. McKay DM, Baird AW: Cytokine regulation of epithelial permeability and ion transport. Gut 1999, 44:282–289.
17. Pié S, Lallès JP, Blazy F, Laffitte J, Sève B, Oswald IP: Weaning is associated with an upregulation of expression of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine of piglets. J Nutr 2004, 134:641–647.
18. Johnson RW: Inhibition of growth by pro-inflammatory cytokines: An integrated view. J Anim Sci 1997, 75:1244–1255.
19. Spurlock ME: Regulation of metabolism and growth during immune challenge: An overview of cytokine function. J Anim Sci 1997, 75:1773–1783.
20. Burrin D, Stoll B: Enhancing intestinal function to improve growth and efficiency. 9th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs; 2003:121–137.
21. Williams NH, Stahly TS, Zimmerman DR: Effect of level of chronic immune system activation on the growth and dietary lysine needs of pigs fed from 6 to 112 kg. J Anim Sci 1997, 75:2481–2496.
22. Williams NH, Stahly TS, Zimmerman DR: Effect of chronic immune system activation on body nitrogen retention, partial efficiency of lysine utilization, and lysine needs of pigs. J Anim Sci 1997, 75:2472–2480.
23. Williams NH, Stahly TS, Zimmerman DR: Effect of chronic immune system activation on rate, efficiency, and composition of growth and lysine needs of pigs fed from 6 to 27 kg. J Anim Sci 1997, 75:2463–2471.
24. Feder ME, Hofmann GE: Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: Evolutionary and ecological physiology. Annu Rev Physiol 1999, 61:243–282.
25. David JC, Grongnet JF, Lalles JP: Weaning affects the expression of heat shock proteins in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. J Nutr 2002, 132:2551–2561.
26. Malago JJ, Koninkx JFJG, van Dijk JE: The heat shock response and cytoprotection of the intestinal epithelium. Cell Stress Chaperones 2002, 7:191–199.
Joy Campbell
Joe Crenshaw
Javier Polo
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This year we have decided to have our annual Halloween carnival in the evening instead of during the school day. We hope that it will enable more families to attend and also make the event more comfortable for the kids without the intense heat of the daytime sun... The Cadman Halloween "Trunk or Treat" Carnival will take place at the school on Friday 10/26 beginning at 4pm and will end at 7pm. We will have a taco man serving up all kinds of delicious food for dinner throughout the event, and he has graciously agreed to donate 10% of his sales back to the school. So come eat, trick or treat, play and show off your amazing costumes that evening!
We are looking for parents / teachers / family members who would like to participate in the trunk or treat! Your role would be to decorate the trunk or tailgate of your vehicle for the Halloween carnival and pass out prizes or candy for the students trick or treating. Set up would begin after school on 10/26 so your car is ready at the start of the carnival. If you would like to volunteer, please do so ASAP so we know how many trunks we will have. Keep a look out for the konstella sign-up sheet following this announcement.
We are holding a brief meeting this Monday evening to discuss the trunk or treat carnival plans, if you would like to participate and share your ideas or check out what the PTA has for decorations we encourage you to join us. 6pm at the school library, 10/15.
We hope to get lots of help and volunteers to make this an extra special Halloween event for our children. Thank you for making Cadman such an awesome school!


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The Death Penalty Back in Canada
The Death Penalty Back in Canada Persuasive Essay by Top Papers
An argument that the death penalty should return to Canada.
Published on Dec 01, 2008 in Criminology (Criminal Justice and Corrections) , Canadian Studies (Government and Government Policy) , Hot Topics (Capital Punishment)
The paper is an argumentative essay that takes the position that the death penalty should return to Canada; this is, of course, a highly contentious position and there are plenty of academics who would dispute it. The paper looks at how some scholars, many scholars actually, believe that the death penalty really does not deter homicide; other scholars - most famously Isaac Ehrlich - insist that the death penalty really can cut down on the number of homicides. The paper reviews the arguments presented for the death penalty and assumes the position that the death penalty works because it convinces individuals contemplating heinous crimes that there will be a severe punishment if they take another human life in a premeditated manner. The paper asserts that there is enough data out there now for people to give serious consideration to revisiting the death penalty.
"The following paper is an argumentative essay that takes the position that the death penalty should return to Canada; this is, of course, a highly contentious position and there are plenty of academics who would dispute it. Some scholars, many scholars actually, believe that the death penalty really does not deter homicide; other scholars - most famously Isaac Ehrlich - insist that the death penalty really can cut down on the number of homicides. Over the next several pages, this paper will look at the arguments presented for the death penalty and assume the position that the death penalty works because it convinces (or can convince) individuals..."
Cite this Persuasive Essay:
The Death Penalty Back in Canada (2008, December 01) Retrieved July 18, 2019, from https://www.academon.com/persuasive-essay/the-death-penalty-back-in-canada-142258/
"The Death Penalty Back in Canada" 01 December 2008. Web. 18 July. 2019. <https://www.academon.com/persuasive-essay/the-death-penalty-back-in-canada-142258/>
A review of the death penalty issue, with a personal opinion at the end.
The Juvenile Death Penalty
This paper presents a detailed exploration of the juvenile death penalty.
The Death Penalty: Analyzing Arguments
A discussion regarding capital punishment and the death penalty.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hey everyone! I came across this contest where you can win a free trip to Wynn Las Vegas with PerfectEscapes.com. All you have to do is register with the company by the end of today to qualify and you're all set! By registering on their site you get great deals for luxery travelling, and you'd also receive the Perfect 10 Newsletter. Sounds good doesn't it?!
So give it a try...you've got nothing to lose...who knows, maybe you'll win! What would I do if I won?! I'd of course gamble...can't go to Vegas without gambling! But I'd also use my $400 credit towards the spa...I definatly need some relaxation.
So like I said, give it a try...you've got nothing to lose!


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Die Division 1 2007 war die zweite Spielzeit der drittklassigen schwedischen Fußballliga. Die Südstaffel spielte vom 14. April bis 14. Oktober, die Nordstaffel vom 21. April bis 13. Oktober 2007.

Die Staffelsieger und -zweiten Assyriska Föreningen und Väsby United im Norden und Qviding FIF und Ängelholms FF im Süden stiegen in die Superettan auf. Die zwei letztplatzierten Mannschaften der jeweiligen Staffeln stiegen in die Division 2 ab.

Abschlusstabelle Nordstaffel

Abschlusstabelle Südstaffel

Weblinks
 Nordstaffel auf der offiziellen Website des Schwedischen Fußballverbandes (schwedisch)
 Südstaffel auf der offiziellen Website des Schwedischen Fußballverbandes (schwedisch)

2007
Fußballsaison 2007

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Scientific name: Order Lepidoptera, family Lasiocampidae, Malacasoma spp. Forest Tent Caterpillar (no tent) - Malacasoma disstria. Tent Caterpillar - Malacasoma americanum.
Identification: Adults are heavy-bodied, hairy, yellow to brown moths. They have a short proboscis or none, short wings, and feathery antennae. Larvae are hairy with black heads and a white strip or row of diamond-shaped marks along the back. Also brownish and blue or red markings along the side. Egg masses are covered with a hard foamy material.
Biology and life cycle: Adult moths do little or no feeding. Larvae live together in a silken tent. Cocoons are usually located in a protected place. Females lay eggs on twigs in summer, but eggs don't hatch until early spring. Larvae spin a silk tent in the protection of the nearest tree crotch. They feed for five to eight weeks, pupate in leaf litter, and emerge ten days later as moths. One generation a year.
Habitat: Many deciduous trees and shrubs, especially apple, cherry, and plum. Field and vegetable crops during migrations.
Feeding habits: Larvae feed on the foliage of trees and can completely defoliate the plants.
Economic importance: Will defoliate and stress deciduous trees.
Natural control: Birds; parasitic flies and wasps. Plant nectar and pollen plants to attract them.
Organic control: Rip tents with a stick or prune branches with tents and destroy. Spray caterpillars while young with Liquid Fire Ant Control sprays or catch them in sticky tree bands. Release trichogramma wasps in the spring. Spray plant oil products. Spray Bacillus thuringiensis product as a last resort.
Insight: Do not kill caterpillars with white eggs or cocoons attached to their backs. These parasites will do the job for you. Texas has four species of tent caterpillars. The eastern tent caterpillar and western tent caterpillar both build large tents in the crotches of trees. The Sonoran tent caterpillars builds small tents, and the forest tent caterpillar doesn't build tents at all. The eastern has a solid white line down the back; the western has white dashes down the back. The Sonoran has yellow and blue markings. The forest has a row of keyhole-shaped white marks.
Pest caterpillars that attack trees in the late spring or early summer. They are generally more cosmetic than destructive. Release trichogramma wasps as the leaves start to emerge in the spring and as a last resort spray Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) per label at dusk. Add 1 tablespoon molasses per gallon. They can also be killed with a spray mix of orange oil, compost tea and molasses.


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Kindred University
Know The Truth
Setting Things Straight
March 10, 2019 Pastor: Philip De Courcy Series: Doing Good
Topic: Sunday Sermons
Sermon Application Notes | Setting Things Straight
Transcript - Setting Things Straight | dg01_96kb
Transcripts are of our sermon audio file:
Let's take our Bibles and turn to the epistle of Paul to Titus. We are not going to stand to read because I'm kind of basing my sermon on the whole letter this morning. I've entitled this series, Doing Good. You're going to see that this morning. One of the themes of Titus is doing good. Good works is something that is laced and peppered throughout this letter and that's going to be the challenge. Are you doing good? Wherever you are, are you being good and are you doing good? Are you reflecting the purpose of Jesus Christ and His death for you and me? Because He died to purchase to Himself a people zealous for good works. A people who will put their Christianity out there on the pavement the public square. I hope that's true of you. Titus is going to challenge you and I to do good. We'll see that as we go through this letter.
If I'm just going to read one verse it would simply be verse four of chapter one. Paul is writing, because chapter one verse one tells us that Paul, the bondservant of God and an apostle of Jesus Christ is writing this letter. In verse four he writes the letter to Titus, a true son in our common faith, grace, mercy and peace from God the father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Savior. The message this morning is entitled Setting Things Straight. Setting Things Straight, the letter of Titus.
I don't know about you, but when June and I go on vacation the first thing we do, if we have time to do it, is scout the place out. You know, unless it's midnight and we want to get to bed. But we usually spend an hour or two, as soon as we drop our bags off in our room in the hotel, and we like to kind of walk around the hotel to see where the amenities are, we want to get a handle on the landmarks in the surrounding area, June wants to know where the shops are, I want to know where the beach is or the nearest golf course, and we both want to know where the nearest Starbucks is. After our little expedition we kind of head back to the room so that in the morning we can get up with a sense of direction and discovery because we kind of got our bearings as newbies wherever we are.
As we begin our study of the book of Titus, I want to spend this Sunday just helping you get your bearings. Kind of know where we are going, give you a sense of direction and discovery in this short, spirited, but significant letter in the New Testament. Let me say by way of introduction, this letter is known as a pastoral epistle. A pastoral epistle. Now remember, an epistle is not the wife of an apostle, okay? It's a letter. It's correspondence from the apostle Paul. It is one among many letters, in fact you can categorize his letters for the most part into two categories, there is the prison epistles and there is the pastoral epistles.
What are the prison epistles? Those are Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. We believe that Paul wrote them during his first imprisonment, which is described and recorded for us in Acts 28. Then you have three pastoral epistles, or three pastoral letters. First and second Timothy and Titus. We believe these were written around his second imprisonment, leading to his death. First Timothy and Titus were written before his second imprisonment, second Timothy was written during his second imprisonment where he acknowledges the time of my departure is at hand, I don't think I'm going to escape this one.
What you have in this pastoral epistle is one pastor talking to another pastor on how they ought to conduct themselves among the people of God over whom God has made them an overseer. You see that in first Timothy chapter three verse 15 explicitly where Paul writes to Timothy as he will write to Titus and he says, "I write so that you may know how to act or how you ought to conduct yourself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and the ground of truth." Paul's hourglass is emptying and he is driven and preoccupied with his desire to make sure that there is gospel continuity. That there is a legacy of faithfulness to that which he has started in preaching the gospel, making disciples of all nations and establishing local churches as expressions of the body of Christ.
So this is usually in the pastoral epistle, it's the case of Paul, the older pastor, talking to Timothy and Titus the younger pastor. Helping them to indeed be faithful, reminding them of their call, their mandate, their commission. Reminding them of what a good church looks like and what are the component parts of a ministry that God honors.
Let's begin to work our way through this little letter. We've got several things we want to cover this morning. The author, the audience, the aims, the arrangement, the applications. Let's look at the author. Well, verse one solves that mystery. "Paul, a servant of God and an apostle of Jesus Christ according to the faith of God's elect and the acknowledgment of the truth which accords with godliness." The letter was probably written somewhere in Macedonia or northern Greece, while Paul was in route to Nicopolis, in western Greece. We see in chapter three verse 12 that he is heading to Nicopolis and we believe somewhere around that time he writes this letter. The time and context of the letters writing falls between Paul's first imprisonment and Paul's second imprisonment.
Now, biblical scholars have had to kind of work this out because Paul is arrested for the first time and that is recorded in Acts 28. He is under house arrest and we read in Acts 28 verse 30-31 that he is preaching and teaching the kingdom of God. But we are not told how that works out. Are we to read into second Timothy that the time of his departure was Acts 28? Most biblical scholars say no. Our assumption is he did get released from there. If you read his prison epistle to the Philippians he has this kind of confidence through their prayers and the help of the Holy Spirit, he will get his head out of this noose and get back to gospel missions. That's our assumption.
The book of Acts doesn't tell us what happens after that. But in reading Paul's letters we have kind of pieced together this kind of travelogue. Let me just throw it your way and not spend a lot of time here. So he gets arrested and he endures his first imprisonment around A.D. 60-62, that's Acts 28. Our assumption is, although we are not told but is inferenced in Philippians and elsewhere, he is released from the first Roman imprisonment. And if you read Eusebius and some of the church fathers, that seems to be what actually happened. Then he travels west. He may have perhaps gotten as far west as Spain because in his Roman letter in chapter 15:24-28 he hints at his desire to get to Spain. Let's hope he got there.
We also believe that he travels to Crete. That's where Titus has been left to indeed fix what is lacking in the churches there. He travels to Miletus, second Timothy four verse 20. He travels to Ephesus and he leaves Timothy there, first Timothy one verse three. He travels to Macedonia and Nicopolis, which we have made reference of here in Titus three verse 12. And we believe on his way to Ephesus he's arrested for the second time. He is imprisoned and we believe he's martyred. That seems to be the case in second Timothy chapter four verses six to 8. He was martyred by Nero probably around A.D. 67-68, by means of beheading.
That's kind of the background to where we are. The author is Paul, he's writing this pastoral epistle to one of his young protégés in the ministry, somewhere between his first and second imprisonment, probably bumping up against his second imprisonment. The audience, well that's clear also, verse four. The author is Paul, the bondservant of God and an apostle of Jesus Christ, the audience is Titus and the church and churches in Crete. To Titus, verse four, a true son in our common faith. He is writing to a young pastor, one of his apostolic delegates. Paul had evidently ministered alongside Titus alongside the island of Crete at some point, because look at verse five. "For this reason I left you in Crete." The inference seems to be that I was with you in Crete but I left you in Crete, that you should set in order the things that are lacking and appoint elders in every city I have commanded. So he was left there to strengthen and straighten out the emerging churches that we believe were born out of the day of Pentecost, hence my sermon title straightening things out.
Now the churches at Crete, there's a plurality of churches because he is told to appoint elders in every city. There is a plurality of churches in Crete. Where did they emerge? How did they come about? Well, our assumption is in Acts two verse 11 you will read about Cretans who were at the Pentecost, who got saved along with the 3,000 and they went home and we believe that some of them established certain churches. We believe that Paul visited Crete, though it's not stated anywhere in the New Testament that he did that.
The two verses we would use to come up with that is Acts 27 verses seven and eight when he is on that boat, which will ultimately be shipwrecked on the way to Rome, it says that they harbored or found shelter in Crete, so we believe that Paul at some point stayed at Crete, maybe only for a few days but he maybe met some of the believers or they came and met him and he got a sense of what needs to be done there so he committed to returning there a leader, which he seems to have done and after he ministered there he left Titus in Crete, Titus one verse five. To do what? Well, we read here, to set in order the things that are lacking. That's the Greek word that gives us our English word orthopedics. He was left there to kind of straighten things out like a bone that needs set.
Crete. What do we know about Crete? Well, Crete is an island in the Mediterranean just south of Greece. According to chapter one in verse 12 culturally it was pretty pagan. We read here one of them, a prophet of their own, said that the Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons. I mean if you were looking at a vacation brochure back in those days, you would send your wife, "I think we'll skip Crete. I don't fancy it.' Although it's got climate and mountains and is an island in the Mediterranean, it doesn't sound like you would want to hang out with people on Crete. They were morally decadent.
In terms of Greek mythology it was said that the god Zeus was born on the island of Crete. The minotaur, a kind of half bull half man creature, again in Greek mythology, was there in Crete. Just to get an idea in your mind, it's an island in the Mediterranean. Someone called it the island of 100 cities. Morally decadent, riddled through with paganism and Greek mythology. But the gospel takes root and Titus is used by God.
Now, let's just do a quick profile of Titus as we look at the audience. The audience is Titus, but over Titus's shoulder you have got elders that Paul wants to address and Christians in general. But let's give your profile and Titus. He is mentioned 13 times in the New Testament. In the pastoral epistles in second Corinthians and Galatians. He is not, interestingly, mentioned in Acts. We believe he is from the city of Antioch. The fact that he is not mentioned in the book of Acts has led some to posit a theory that out of deference to his brother Luke, the writer of Acts doesn't mention Titus less he seems to be pushing his family. He is mentioned in Paul's letters. He is from the city of Antioch, possibly this brother of Luke.
He is certainly a friend of Timothy. He seems to be a stronger personality than Timothy, both physically and psychologically. Timothy was more fragile than Titus. According to Galatians two verse three he was a Greek or a Gentile by birth. We read there that he was not made to be circumcised after the whole controversy at the Jerusalem Council. We see here in Titus one verse four, to Titus, a son in the faith. He was a convert of Paul. Paul led him to faith in Jesus Christ. According to Galatians two verses one to three he attended the Jerusalem Council, the controversy over whether Gentile believers need to be circumcised, whether they need to be a partial Jew to be a complete Christian, whether they need to add the law of Moses to the gospel of Jesus Christ, Paul says no. That's why Titus will not be circumcised. He doesn't need to be. Now Timothy was but that was done for pragmatic, emotional reasons.
When Titus is with Barnabas and Paul at the Council of Jerusalem Paul uses to have Titus circumcised because in his mind that would be caving in and we would be move away from the gospel of faith alone in Christ alone by grace alone. So he is a convert of Paul, he is a Gentile by birth, he was with Paul at the Jerusalem Council, he will later travel with Paul on his third missionary journey, second Corinthians eight verse 23, he helps collect the collection for the poor Jerusalem and Judean churches, according to second Corinthians eight verse six, so Paul tends that sends them to Corinth to collect the collection.
You also realize, and this is one of his biggest traits and one of his biggest skill sets, he's a problem solver. He's a problem solver. He's a troubleshooter. Literally. In fact, when we call him a pastor that's not really technically correct. Timothy is not technically a pastor either. They are apostolic delegates who are sent by Paul on short-term missions. They will stay for the while but they won't stay for a long time. They will raise up elders or they will appoint elders who will stay for a long time.
You read in second Corinthians seven verse six and verses 13 to 16 that Paul sends Titus to Corinthians because there are some within the Corinthian church that don't like Paul and are trying to undermine his authority and Titus goes on Paul's behalf and tries to troubleshoot and wedge himself in between all of that and bring about some reconciliation. You read about the fact that he's left in Crete to set in order the things that are lacking. You know what, if that's true, which I think is, he was a troubleshooter, he was a problem solver, he was a bridge builder. By implication, I think we can get an idea of what kind of guy this guy is. He is a trusted, capable leader. He is a man of a forceful personality, tactful, resourceful, skillful, personal, and good with public relations.
That just would have to be the inference of a guy who is sent to bring about fractured relationships to a point of harmony. Also, what of ministry. The man that mentored me and is a friend of Stephen's, Pastor Freddie McLachlan, that's his role right now to some degree. Back in Northern Ireland he pastored several churches residentially for a long time but now he is like a pastor to pastors, and the Irish Baptists have released him and financially support him to go around smaller churches to pastors who are in trouble or need encouragement. He's a bit of a troubleshooter, bit of a bridge builder. It's a biblical role.
I had a friend of Freddie McLachlan's, Pastor Jim Smith, who is now with the Lord. A wonderful man of God. In his latter years he deliberately accepted calls to broken churches. We used to say, "Jim, great will be your reward in heaven." He would deliberately go into those churches and try to bring about healing and get some momentum going where maybe some younger guy maybe a middle-aged pastor can get in there and kick that church somewhere. He took all the arrows, he mopped up all the blood and brought about something that resembled a church. That's what's going on here with Titus.
In fact, when I was at Placerita Baptist Church in Santa Clarita I got to know a wonderful man by the name of C.W. Smith, in fact one of the dorms is named after him right now. I was on an oncology committee at Henry Mayo Hospital with him in Santa Clarita and he was a troubleshooter. He worked for a body of churches I'll not name and he would troubleshoot and help struggling churches and if there was leadership tension he would go in there and help them. I remember one day he told me about a church he was working with, where he said it was so divided that the only thing they had in common was the car lot. That's pretty bad.
His son-in-law, Tom Pennington, told me one day that C.W. Smith used to describe himself as a church pooper scooper. That's not a great image, but you kind of get what he saying. I've got to go in and fix stuff. I'm a church pooper scooper. I got to straighten out staff, and that's kind of where Titus is at. That's what we are dealing with in Titus. I love to think of him that way, and that's what we meet him here in Crete straightening out, orthopedics, you know? Things are broken, fractured, things need fixed, he is getting about fixing them.
Let's go to the aims, the aims. Several lines of investigation, I'm going to just go popcorn style here because I have got four applications I want to make sure we cover, set ourselves up for a wonderful study in this letter. There are several lines of investigation, why did he write this, what's aim, what's his purpose, what's his intent? Number one, he wants to continue to mentor Titus. He loves this young man. He takes a certain pride and satisfaction in watching him grow and develop. Titus 1:4. To Titus, a true son in our common faith. Can you hear affection there? I love you, boy. Stay at Crete, build the churches up, carry on gospel continuity. I will be so thankful if you do that. Grace and mercy and peace to you.
Secondly, the purpose is to establish godly leadership, we'll come back to that before we are done this morning. Titus one verse five, "For this reason I left you in Crete that you should set in order the things that are lacking and appoint elders in every city as I commanded you." The letter is there to promote the development of leaders within the local church. Number three, promotion of sound doctrine. This is one of the themes of this letter. He says in verse nine, hold fast the faithful word as you have been taught and he wants the men that Titus will appoint to do the same thing, holding fast the faithful word that he has been taught, that he might be able to, by sound doctrine, to exhort and convince those who contradict.
Verse ten through to verse 16 is all about false teachers that need to be confronted. In chapter three verses nine and ten, avoid foolish disputes, genealogies, contention, striving about the law, reject the device of man. This letter is all about the promotion of sound doctrine and the confrontation of false teaching. It's to encourage good works. To encourage good works. We see in chapter two in verse 14 that the Lord Jesus gave himself that he might redeem us from every evil or lawless deed and purify for himself a people zealous for good works.
Look at what he says to Christians, remind them, verse one of chapter 3, to be subject to leaders and authorities, to obey, to be ready for every good work. Look at verse eight of chapter three. This is a faithful saying and these things I want you to affirm constantly, that those who have belief in God should be careful to maintain good works. What's the purpose of this letter? To continue to mentor Titus, establish godly leaders, promote sound doctrine, confront false teachers, and encourage good works. That faith be accompanied by works. That these Christians in Crete amidst liars and evil beasts and gluttons, in the middle of the birthplace almost of Greek mythology, that they put their Christianity evidently, publicly on display. Not just verbally, but through good and attractive actions. Finally, it is also to summon Titus to Nicopolis to enlist his support, chapter three verses 12 to 13.
Okay, one more thing and then we will get the applications, what I call the arrangement. It'll take me 30 seconds to do this, stole it from my friend Mark Hitchcock, don't tell him next week. Here is his breakdown of the book of Titus. Chapter 1, church order. Chapter two and three, Christian obligation. Chapter one is all about establishing leaders, the quality of those leaders, one of the qualities is they will refute error, and then he goes on to talk about false teachers and how they need to be faced down.
Chapter 1, church order. Let's get the church in order. Let's get church is healthy and holy in biblical and theological and then chapter two and three, Christian obligation. Inside the church and outside the church, let the older women teach the younger women, let the older men teach the younger men. Do you know why Jesus died, to redeem a people zealous for good works. Do you know how you live under pagan government? By displaying good works and submitting. The arrangement is church order, Christian obligation.
Let's now get in, for the remainder of this morning, on the applications. We're going to come back to these, but I want to give you four big applications from Titus. I want to remind you that this is a wonderful little letter. Danny Akin, who is the president of Southeastern seminary in North Carolina, calls Titus a bargain-basement letter. What does he mean by that? A bargain-basement letter. He says, "You know what, in three short chapters you get your money's worth. It's punchy. It's pithy. It's practical. Everyday truths are forced into and packed into a confined space." Three chapters, 46 verses, beautifully balanced between creed conduct, conduct, duty, doctrine. Gospel indicatives, gospel imperatives.
Here's the four things that jumped out at me. Number one, Titus promotes Christian leadership. Titus promotes Christian leadership. We'll get into this soon enough, but these churches were emerging and Paul wants them to be healthy and holy. He wants them to be an effective witness for Jesus Christ, and so what does he do? Right out the gate, first order of business, he directs Titus to develop competent leaders. Going back to verse five, for this reason I left you in Crete that you should set in order the things that are lacking, appoint elders in every city, and then he goes on to describe those elders, man that is blameless, husband of one wife, having faithful children, not accused of dissipation, insubordination.
A bishop must be blameless, assured of God, not self-willed, not quick-tempered, not given to wine, not violent, not greedy for money, hospitable, lover of what is good. There's that theme of goodness again, even in the leadership. Sober-minded, just, holy, self-controlled, holding to the faith. The key to the church's health is leadership. Leaders that help the church and cause the church to be well led, well fed, and well bred. That's the role of a leader. Well led, well fed, well bred. Paul wants that for the churches in Crete. Everything starts with godly theological, caring, excellent, wise, male leadership. That's where this letter letter begins. Progress will require that, the appointment of competent leaders.
You know what we'll see in a few weeks? We have their commission, their character, their credibility, their creed, their calling, their courage. It's all there. The thing that strikes me about most of the emphasis is on who they are because everything begins with their personal holiness. Robert Murray M'Cheyne, "My people's greatest need is my personal holiness." Beyond that, the one element that they are to give themselves to is the ability to teach. That's kind of the one quality or ability that is marked out in the text, that they would be male and able to teach. We see that in first Timothy three and here in verse nine, holding fast the faithful word as has been taught that he might be able by sound doctrine to exhort convince those who contradict.
That elder, that leader, that bishop, it's all interchangeable. It's got to be a man who can handle the word of God, preach the word of God. He must model it through obedience, and he must be fearless in refuting those who refute what he has preached as sound doctrine. That's maybe the one thing that I'm going to pick up because we are coming back to this because that so I want to leave something there. I think it's worth noting because I don't see this emphasis as much today, holding fast the faithful word as it has been taught, being able to, by sound doctrine that you may be able by sound doctrine both to exhort and convince those who contradict.
These leaders need to be theological men who can handle text and men who have got backbone. Too many pastors today have a wishbone where they ought to have a backbone. They don't say what needs to be said. It's always positive and it's always upbeat and it's always constructive and you know what? I like that. That's nothing wrong with that but that's only part of your ministry. Exhortation is part of it, encouraging people, part of it loving people, part of it. Helping them work through their problems in life, part of it. But you've also got to contradict those who contradict the gospel, who refute what you preach. You can't always be positive.
We need leaders today who will call homosexuality what it is unwaveringly, a sin. They will say also that transgender is a lie, and an undermining of God's will for his creation. They will call Roman Catholicism a false gospel. They will not call the Pope our pope. He's not our Pope. Never was, and the popes before him martyred our forefathers and burned them at the stake. We need men who call Islam a threat, theologically and politically. Men who call evangelical egalitarianism a danger, men who call charismatic mania a deception, men who call theistic evolution a compromise, men who call open theism is a blasphemy against God, men who call social justice a distraction. We need men who blow the trumpet clear and loud, men who know that when there is a fog in the pulpit there is a mist in the pew.
I'm not inviting what Spurgeon warns against, theological pugilism. I don't want a cast of men who want to fight everything about everything. I'm not into that. I think you've known me long enough, I'm not into that but where I have to say something tough, where I have to blow the trumpet clearly and loudly, I will do it. Because my audience is God first of all. My commitment first of all is to the gospel of Jesus Christ and I am given an apostolic mandate once in a while to contradict those who contradict, and in some places to stop their mouths or to use my mouth to stop then, or to warn the church.
I mean, we've got that. We must be willing, and maybe this is going to come sooner than later, to lose friendships, salary, invitations, popularity, and even freedom for the sake of the gospel. The New Testament church leader must not only feed the flock, he must confront the wolf. When Paul left the Ephesians, whom Timothy will be with soon enough, he says, guys, when I leave you, there will be men that will rise up among you who will draw disciples after themselves. They are wolves in sheep's clothing. Shepherds not only feed the sheep, not only love the sheep, they protect the sheep.
I'm so proud of one of our pastors, who several years ago determined and ran it by us that there was a false teacher who turned up at our church and the next time he turned up we met him in the car lot, or one of us did, before he got out of his car with the door open we said, get back in your car along with Satan and get out of here. You go, "Ohhh." No. We're not going to allow wolves to come in and rip the flock apart. Men who rise up in the church to draw disciples after themselves. We love you too much for that, even if you don't understand what we do, that's what good parents do. They still do what their children don't understand.
I like John Calvin, who said that every pastor has to have two voices. One voice for gathering the sheep, and one another voice for driving away the wolves. That great Southern Baptist preacher, Adrian Rogers, rightly said it is better to be divided by truth then to be united in error. It's better to speak the truth that hurts and then ultimately heals than falsehood that comforts but ultimately kills.
I've told you before about this old pastor back in Northern Ireland, I didn't know him personally but I knew of him because he pastored a well-known church called the Temple Moore Hall in East Belfast where my mother grew up and although he had kind of past his days of active preaching he still kept an eye on his congregation, so he would sit behind the pulpit in this large chair and some of the young preachers would get up or guest speakers would come ... He was a little infirm and needed a walking stick to get about and so it is said, I never saw it but I heard about it, that once in a while if he heard something that he didn't like you would rap them about the ankles with a walking stick, and true bill he would whack them on the ankle and then he could be verbally heard to say, cut that out. Enough of that.
You know what? That might seem a little eccentric, but you know what? We do need men in the church, in whatever form, that just stand up sometimes and say, enough of that. That's not sound doctrine. That's not historic Christianity. That's a betrayal of the martyrs. That's a denial of the gospel. We are not standing for it. In the name of being contemporary or positive or conciliatory. Let's move on. I know you want me to.
He not only promotes Christian leadership, he promotes Christian learning. Christian learning. We touched on this, sound doctrine is one of the notes that as run throughout this little epistle. Because leaders are important, they are the first order of business. A church will never rise above its leadership. It can fall to where they are, but it will never rise above them. If a leader is to be fundamentally a teacher who holds fast the faithful word, who exhorts that word and contradicts those who contradict it, then the assumption is that there are churches are like a classroom for those teachers. The church gathers to hear the word, the word of God preached, sound doctrine.
The early Christians met with this conviction, they had the word of God. They met with this conviction that in times past God had spoken, God had spoken, what a thought. If that's not true nothing else matters. If it is true nothing else matters. We believe God has spoken. In former times he spoke through prophets and all kinds of people in all kinds of ways, but today, in these last days, he has spoken through his son, who spoke through his apostles. So we have God's word. So when the church gathers, what happens, what's happening right now, teachers of the word speak to a classroom of disciples of Jesus Christ and they teach sound doctrine.
That's what comes out of the letter to Titus. The church isn't looking to hear rumors from God. We are not going to get involved in competing conjecture or endless debates over what is true. There is a faith once delivered to the saints, Jude 3. We do have a pattern of good doctrine, we have a limited theology. And we want to understand it through exposition, because what is exposition? It is exposing the meaning of the text and the author's intent historically within his context. We want to understand that and see in proper obligation have impinges upon our life.
That's why you should bring your Bible, that's why you should get a good night sleep, that's why should take notes, that's why you should re-listen to this during the week. That's why should have a half decent library at your home, because you see, you are the church under godly teachers and you want to kick in sound doctrine. Sound doctrine means healthy, effective doctrine. It is mentioned nine times in the pastorals, five times in this letter.
I will give you a flavor of it, chapter one verse nine concerning the elder, he is holding fast the faithful word as has been taught that he may be able by sound doctrine, sound is healthy, wholesome doctrine, what is true about the gospel. Verse 13, this testimony is true therefore rebuke by implication these false teachers that they may be sound in the faith. Titus, I want soundness. I want wholesomeness. I want healthy theology. Look at chapter two, verse one, but as for you, speak the things which are proper for sound doctrine. Titus in all things, verse seven, show yourself to be a pattern of good works and doctrine, show integrity, reverence, incorruptibility, sound speech that cannot be condemned. The sound speech there is his preaching, his exhortation of God's word.
Old J.C. Ryle of England said that the results of per theology and a dislike of dogma among the church is a generation of jellyfish Christians. It's Christians who have got no bone, muscle, or power. It seems today, as I go into a Christian bookstores and I listen to Christians in general, they have an allergic reaction to the word doctrine. "Well, doctrine divides." They get the impression that doctrine is for seminarians, for scholastic study. Huh, interesting. In this little letter written to a live Christian leader in an island dotted by emerging churches that are young and early in their growth cycle regarding Christianity, it's all about doctrine. Because it produces sound and healthy churches.
Listen, a good church is not marked primarily by good music, big buildings, multiple ministries. It is marked by sound doctrine and a congregation that reads and loves theology. In fact, in this little letter there will be two clear theological statements about the gospel, chapter two verses 11 through 14 and chapter three verses three through eight. In fact, if you go to chapter three verse eight at the end of this treatise on the gospel and the doctrine of salvation by grace alone through the regenerating work of the Holy Spirit in relation to the work of Jesus Christ, what do we read? Verse eight, this is a faithful saying, and these things I want you to affirm constantly. Make theological statements, Titus, constantly.
Do you realize that sound theology keeps us from idolatry? Because what is idolatry? It's not only bowing to a physical image of God that falls short of his glory, it can be bowing to an intellectual image of God that you have created through your own ignorance about God. That's what it can be, and sound doctrine will fill in your gaps about what you need to know about God so you may worship him properly. Sound doctrine keeps us from idolatry and by implication as I've said inspires worship. It just defines the church's expect existence.
Because in his letter to Timothy, another pastoral epistle, chapter three verse 15, Paul says, I write to you that you might know how to conduct yourself or behave yourself in the Church of God, which is the ground and the pillar of truth. If you go to a church and you don't get doctrine you didn't go to church. If you sit under a ministry that doesn't promote sound theology you're not going to church, because church is the ground and pillar of truth. You'll hear the word truth a lot in a good church. You'll sit under a man who takes time to be precise in the text because God has spoken. Sound theology guards against false teachers. Sound theology shapes our behavior. Sound theology offers us a place to stand in the storm. When we understand what God commits himself to do for his people we understand the nature of God and how in his sovereignty and providence he can work all things together for good. Sound doctrine is a good thing.
There is an old cartoon by Charles Schultz in the Peanuts series, Lucy and Linus are at home, they are looking out the window and the storm is gathering and then in begins to drop buckets of rain, cats and dogs are raining from the sky so to speak and in typical candidness Lucy says to Linus, "I hope it doesn't rain and rain and rain until the whole world is flooded." Linus says to Lucy, "You know what, don't worry. In Genesis nine verse 13 to 14 God promises know that he will never again set a flood to the earth and he put a rainbow in the sky so we know his promise is true." Lucy sighs of relief and says, "That sure makes me feel better," to which Linus replies, "Sound doctrine has a way of doing that." Sound doctrine has a way of keeping us from idolatry, inspiring true worship, justifying the church's existence, guarding against false teachers, offering a refuge in the storm and shaping our behavior.
Let's move on, two more. Promotes not only leadership, Christian learning, but Christian living. It's one of the great emphases of this letter, gospel centered living. This little letter is going to punch you right in the face in the sense, are you living a transformed Christian life? Do your neighbors see it? Are your children the better for it? Is the culture feeling the presence of the church in terms of salt and light? As we said, remember Mark's division, chapter one, church order, chapter two and three Christian obligation inside the church and outside the church. It's all about Christian living. This is an economic little letter peppered with gospel imperatives, Christian commands, and good works is a major, major theme.
I like this idea, I think one commentator said it, according to Titus Christianity has a civilizing function within the world. That's a beautiful phrase. We need to think about that. The church exists to both reach the world through the gospel and civilize the world through its influence. Remember what this island is all about? It's full of liars, people who live like evil beasts, and who are greedy, materialistic. Does that sound like anywhere where you live? What's your job in the middle of all that? To live the gospel. To preach and share the gospel. To have a civilizing influence in the world.
That's the backdrop, a rotting culture where the church is called to sensibly, righteously, and in a godly manner live for Jesus Christ. Good works is the theme here. Can I show you it again? One of the qualifications of an elder is he is a lover of what is good. You can't be a lover of what is good without doing good, or at least that should be the case. Good works is part of the Christian's calling, in chapter two verse seven Titus is charged to model good works. Jesus died, chapter two verse 14, to produce a people zealous for good works. Chapter three verse one, we are to be ready for every good work. Chapter three verse eight we are to be careful to devote ourselves to good work. Verse 14 of chapter three, we are to indeed devote ourselves again to good works.
Through Titus, Paul is promoting the compelling apologetic of a godly life. Good works is the result of God's saving grace. Now we are not saved by good works. We are saved by grace alone, through faith alone in Jesus Christ. Not of works, lest anyone should boast. Trying to go to heaven by good works, said George Whitfield, is like trying to climb to heaven on a rope of sand. Can't be done. Sir, stop it. Stop trying to please God through good works as a means of placating God's wrath against your sin. Jesus did it. He did it all. All to him we owe. Sin had left a crimson stain, he washed it white as snow.
Come to Jesus Christ and start loving him because he has loved you in a manner you cannot believe by giving his life on the cross because God so loved the world that he gave his only son that whosoever believes in him, believes, rests all their confidence in him, shall not perish. But Paul says, while we are saved by faith through grace without works, saving faith, putting our faith in Jesus leads to good works because for we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus, what, onto good works. We are not saved by good works but once we are saved good works result.
That's the whole thesis of James. "Oh, I've got faith." "Funny, I don't see it in your life," says James. Because faith is invisible. That's a transaction of the heart. James says I need to see that that's true by the effect that it has on your life. So if you've got faith without works your faith is dead, but if you've got saving faith in Jesus Christ now indwelt by the Holy Spirit who is committed to change you from the inside out, I want to see that bubbling to the surface. I want to see how you treat your neighbor, love your wife, take care of your kids. Live purely in an impure world, live honestly in a dishonest world. I want to see that and so does Paul and Titus is told to tell that to the Christians in Crete.
Good works are the result of salvation. Good work gain a hearing for the gospel. Good works create platforms for proclamation. Good work builds a bridge between the credibility gap and the church and the culture. Maybe the one verse I will finish on and move on is Titus two verse ten. Speaking to slaves, speaking to those who were in the Roman Empire as a slave, he says in verse ten, "Don't steal, don't pilfer from your boss, showing all good fidelity that you may adorn the doctrine of God our Savior in all things, adorn the doctrine of God."
It's a beautiful word. It's a word that gives us the word cosmos. When we speak of the cosmos, when we speak of cosmology, we are talking about how our world is beautifully arranged. The tilt of the son in relation to the earth, the movement of the planets, cosmos, order, beauty. That's where we get our view word cosmetics. The adorning, a woman taking a little bit of makeup and you know, accentuating her natural beauty, or covering a few spots, whatever the case might be.
By the way, ladies, it's a little makeup. Okay? You don't want to be like the woman a preacher northern island described that said, "She put on enough paint to paint a ship and she put enough powder to blow it up." We don't want that. But there's nothing wrong with a little bit of makeup, a little bit of jewelry, always remembering that it is the inner beauty of the heart that is most important, but there's nothing godly about looking like an unkempt bed. Nothing godly about that whatsoever. Christians can dress nice and look nice, but alongside that there must be a life that beautifies the gospel, that makes Jesus attractive. Life is a catwalk and you and I are modeling the gospel before a watching world. Let me say that again, life is a catwalk and you and I must model the gospel for a watching world.
It was old D.L. Moody who said, "We have the gospel according to Matthew, the gospel according to Luke, the gossiping according to Mark, and the gospel according to John, and then we have the gospel according to you." He said this, that some of us are the only Bible some people will read and some of us need revising. Do you realize that? For some of your neighbors in an increasingly post-Christian America you are the only Bible they are ever going to read. What did they see? What do they hear? Does it make Jesus attractive or unattractive?
Last thought, he promotes Christian legacy. Christian legacy. One of the themes of Titus, as with first Timothy and especially second Timothy, is the transference of faith and the transition of leadership. In first Timothy six verses 20 to 21 along with second Timothy one verses 14 to 15 Paul says to Timothy, I want you to guard the deposit, speaking about the gospel. I want you to guard the gospel, the positive truth we find in the gospel Jesus Christ. I want there to be a transference of faith. Will you preach what I have preached? I hope that what we hear in this pulpit is what was preached in the 19th century, 18th-century, 16th-century, first century. I'm not desiring to preach anything new. There is no new revelation. I'm just preaching the old revelation in our day, hopefully with some new fervor and faithfulness.
So there is not only going to be a transference of the faith, there is going to be a transition of leadership because Paul is about to die according to second Timothy, so right in that world he has left Titus and Timothy and he calls them his sons in the faith and he urges them to preach the word in season and out of season. He encourages him to appoint elders in every city, to get the right men in the right seats of leadership over the church. So what is Paul's desire in the pastoral epistles and it's the same in Timothy? It is to establish the church for a post-apostolic period.
There are no apostles today and there are no prophets today. Ephesians 2:20, they are in the foundation, but there are those men that the apostles initially appointed, the elders who have hopefully, in a chain of faithfulness appointed other faithful men who will also teach the word and train other men to be faithful and somewhere along the line this pulpit is connected to all those faithful pulpits going back to pulpits that were erected in Crete by Titus, an apostolic delegate.
Titus is all about legacy. It's all about appointing elders who will carry on gospel ministry. In fact, even in Titus two verses one to ten it's all that legacy within the body of Christ. Not only is there an emphasis on elders reproducing themselves, there is an emphasis on the congregation reproducing themselves. Older women teaching younger women, older men teaching younger men. I can't wait to get to Titus 2, when you've got this view of the Christian faith like a relay race where the faith is passed on dynamically, theologically, personally, historically. I hope you are involved in that.
Listen to this as we wrap up. Coming to Christ is a sprint. If you are not a Christian you I need to get into a sprint to Jesus. The sooner you come, the better, because the sun is setting, Jesus is coming, hell is filling, you need to come to Jesus. Sprint. Coming to Jesus as a sprint but coming after Jesus once you have come to Jesus, that's a marathon. That's running the race with endurance, day in and day out until death calls or Jesus comes. But it's one more thing, it's a sprint to get to Jesus, it's a marathon after Jesus, and it's a relay race where we are meant to pass on our faith to others.
Mom and dad, are you doing it? Every older man in this conversation, have you got a Timothy? Every older woman, in this congregation, have you got it Tina? Where you are pouring your life into her? That's what it's all about, getting things setting up for gospel continuity. That's what Titus is going to challenge you and me about.
As the theme comes up, I like sports movies. I Remember the Titans, I also like the movie Race about Jesse Owens running before Hitler. I like the movie 42 about Jackie Robinson, African-American baseball player who faced opposition, racism, hatred. Things were thrown at him, epithets were hurled at him from every stand and stadium he found himself in, but he persevered with both dignity and courage. He opened the door for a flood of African-American athletes into the major leagues. He did such a wonderful job of that at the MLB honored him by retiring the number 42 because he was a trailblazer. Jackie Robinson says this, a life isn't significant except for its impact on other lives. That's a good word. That's Paul. That comes out of the book of Titus, first Timothy, second Timothy. A life, lesson, life is not significant unless it is impacting other lives.
Father, we thank you for our study in Titus. We are looking forward to pick this up soon and work through it verse by verse, line upon line, precept upon precept. We believe it is a letter that will speak to us because we live in our Crete, in our culture marked by increasing paganism, godlessness, moral degradation and deterioration, where every man seems to be a liar. We are rising up in talking opposition to your word. Lord, we couldn't even commit ourselves in theory and in law to taking care of a child born after birth.
That's the world we are in, but you have called us to have a civilizing influence and have a gospel impact and we pray that we will do that through good works, through gospel proclamation, through churches that form under godly leadership where the young speak to the old and the old speak to the young and each disciple each other. Help us to become that. We thank you for what we have become here at Kindred but help us to straighten, set in order the things that are lacking. Help us to become the church that we are not yet. Help us to pursue Jesus. Help us to love sound doctrine. Help us to disciple each other. Help us to reach out into a world by adorning, beautifying the most beautiful of all, Lord Jesus. For we ask in previous things in his name, amen.
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Well…since it is Thursday it is time for another challenge over at Create with Connie and Mary. We have a unique color challenge for you…Sahara Sand, Soft Sky and Rose Red. I will admit…this one was a CHALLENGE!!! But I do like the card I ended up with.
Something Borrowed dsp – 3 3/8 x 3 3/8, layer onto Whisper White 3 1/2 x 3 1/2 and add to card front.
Soft Sky and Soft Sky dsp banners – 1 1/4 x 3 1/2. Stamp plain one with greeting using Rose Red. Sponge around edges using Soft Sky. Layer, add to card front, trim edge.
Bottom flower – Rose Red using Bouquet Die, Rose Red dotted (Painted Blossom dsp) Pansy punch – they layers soooo wonderfully! Add to card front.
Add large Silver Basic Metal Button to center of flower, tie bow using Painted Blooms Cotton Twine, add to center of button.
Punch Rose Red mini flowers using Itty Bitty Accents punch. Add to card front. Add Basic Rhinestone to center of each and on card front to finish it off.
And don't forget to head over to Create with Connie and Mary to check out what the design team did with this delightful challenge!
This entry was posted in Create with Connie and Mary, Spring Mini and tagged And Many More. Bookmark the permalink.
Beautiful!! I'm CASEing this one for sure. You have such a gift. TFS!!!
I love that layered flower and the use of the spot DSP, with the blue banner behind – great way to use this week's colours!
These patterns are so pretty together, and I love your angled banners with the greeting peeking out! Great card!
At first glance the paper looks like it has raindrops on it – way better than snow! Anything is better than snow! Beautiful Spring card, Mary.
Wow, what a happy card! I love your curled up flower with the silver button center! Lovely!
What a sweet card! I love that DSP and am sorry I haven't gotten it.. it is such a great background for your pretty flowers and banner!


So this is good news. DirectX 12 has been announced! I guess a few people have seen this coming with the competition in the GPU API market heating up with the announcement of Mantle and the looks of talks to be given at GDC this year surrounding that.
For us in graphics programming I am glad to see a response from Microsoft, the last thing I want is to be writing render code on the game for one vendor then having to redo the work again for other vendor. I couldn't think of anything that could hurt AAA PC game development more. Although (the oddly named) GSync (I guess someone beat them to putting N on the front of everything...) looks like it is going to have go at it to some extent to make the barrier to entry more complicated for the casual user looking to step in.
Still, with all that being said, I am still looking forward to see what Mantle can do.


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Going beyond patch cycles and change control to keep cyber criminals away
By Lilia Guan
| June 22, 2020 June 24, 2020
Governments must work with industry to have a collaborative approach and response.
The risks of running unpatched hardware/software in their environments in the current environment has been disastrous for government and private organisations.
Last week the Australian Government announced it had been the victim of sustained cyber attacks by sophisticated actors, showed the importance of having the right controls in place.
Fernando Serto director of security technology and strategy Asia Pacific at Akamai Technologies told CIO Tech Asia, he had done some research to try and understand how long large enterprises in both public and private sector take to patch vulnerabilities depending on criticality.
"Perhaps instead of relying on patching cycles and change control, organisations should consider a different approach to protecting their assets," he said. "The methodology used for this was to use Shodan's APIs to track devices online and indexed by their engine.
"I [also] used a couple of tools available on GitHub to test a device for this particular vulnerability, and to ensure the data was as accurate as it could be, I worked with a friend to test against an unpatched device vs patched to make sure results would be accurate."
Serto said at the end of the exercise and to get enough data for a couple of engagements he ended with results on Australia, Singapore, India, USA and Brazil.
The percentages of devices still vulnerable at the time of my research were:
Australia at 7 per cent
USA at 12 per cent
Singapore at 18 per cent
India at 23 per cent
Brazil at 28 per cent
"While in some cases the percentage value may seem low, like in Australia, this still leaves around 140 organisations exposed, some in the public sector, which would be a high value target to a nation state," he said. "In the USA, 12 per cent also equates to over a thousand organisations potentially exposed to this same attack vectors."
Serto said it really showed there "are no tools to fix the people and processes part of the equation".
Another way of ensuring cybersecurity takes precedent in organisations both private and public, Joseph Carson chief security scientist and advisory CISO for Thycotic, said it was time for "Australia to strongly consider a Cyber Defence League".
"News of sophisticated nation-state cyberattacks targeting Australia should set alarms off around the world," said Carson. "However, the lack of information released from the Australian Government also raises more questions than it answers. Using words such as 'sophisticated' without sufficient context or 'nation-state actors' without evidence of attribution reduces the confidence of the statements.
He said it was critical to be clear on the cyberattacks:
On what stage they are at and what companies should know to detect and protect against such attacks.
If the attacks are indeed targeting both government and industry, then we need to know more about what techniques are being used so we can all work together to respond effectively.
"During such times, governments must work with industry to have a collaborative approach and response," he said.
Carson said it was the right time for Australia to strongly consider a "Cyber Defence League such as the one that Estonia implemented after the cyberattack in 2007" so that cyber volunteers can bring their expertise to defend against cyber bullying.
According to Carson When mercenaries or cybercriminals are involved they tend to be more noisy and use more common classic techniques.
"The government must share the exact techniques being used so companies and citizens can help defend against such attacks," he said.
Tags: AkamaiAustraliaAustralian Cyber Security CentreCOVID-19cyber attackCyber SecurityPrime MinisterThycotic
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Why Society? Tell Me Why.
By System_Error_26 PLATINUM, Edmond, Oklahoma
System_Error_26 PLATINUM, Edmond, Oklahoma
"When we're born we cry, because we feel the pain of living for the first time."- Alice C.
"Always be yourself... Unless you can be Batman. Be Batman."- Andy Biersack
"No matter how hard you try, you can never tame a wild spirit!"- CC
"I am not a monster, I am but a man."- Ronnie Radke
"Suicide is not cowardly! I'll tell you what's cowardly... treating someone so badly that they want to take their own life!"- Ashley Purdy
"I'm an artist and I make art-arty-art-art!"- Andy Biersack
"I'm TOP 'Stressed Out' what does that mean? I'm a rap fiend with a bad lead..."- NF
"I GOT A JAR OF DIRT AND GUESS WHAT'S INSIDE IT!!!"- Johnny Depp
Can somebody please tell me why teenagers are always seen as "confused" or "seeking attention" whenever they truly say what's on their mind and yet when they don't there's something wrong with them? Tell me why I can hide who I really am for years and my parents can grow so used to it that they notice when I change my hairstyle for one day, but they didn't notice when I was crying myself to sleep because my girlfriend was mentally abusive towards me? Why can parents hate the thing that they created just because they identify differently than they wanted them to? Why can I walk into school and know that everyone thinks I'm an attention-seeking "girl" because I have no female friends when in reality I am trans? Why is it okay that I can be called names by all my peers and family? Why can my male friends accept me as "one of the guys" even after knowing me as a female for years and years, yet my own parents can't accept me as their son? Why can I be judged for the fact that I wear mostly black? Why can people tell me that because I'm emo, I can't be Christian, or that I am automatically a devil worshiper? Why can my girlfriend be r^ped by her uncle time and time again, just because she identifies as female? Why has it become normal to expect that we (emos, punks, etc., and LGBTQIA+) won't be safe to be ourselves in our own homes? Why can most of us say "Yeah, no. They absolutely hate everything about me."? Why can 90% of us say that we are discriminated against and abused for who we are in our own homes?? Why society, is it okay to listen to Cardi B's songs in public, but it's not okay to listen to NF or Black Veil Brides? Tell me why I can't be a member of the LGBTQIA+ community and emo, and still be Christian. Tell me why I can be hated by the people who are supposed to love me unconditionally.
© Vivian T., San Francisco, CA
Denied Civil Rights
By MandaPanda1011 BRONZE
MandaPanda1011 BRONZE, Aurora, Colorado
You can turn off the sun but I'm still gonna shine.
Think before you speak
By Aitana Libreros BRONZE
West New York, New Jersey
Aitana Libreros BRONZE, West New York, New Jersey
Suffering Among a Troubled Continent
By lxpompa BRONZE
Litchfield Park, Arizona
lxpompa BRONZE, Litchfield Park, Arizona
love should have no limits
By dylonmichael GOLD
El Dorado, Kansas
dylonmichael GOLD, El Dorado, Kansas
i have two one is "live life as if it were your last day on earth" and two is "never make some one your everything because when they leave you you have nothing"
Abuse & Is it ok?
Two Hearts, Same Sex
By dirinity SILVER
Clayton, North Carolina
dirinity SILVER, Clayton, North Carolina
"Certain things catch your eye,
But pursue only those
that capture your heart.
Hex SILVER said...
Hex SILVER, Raleigh, North Carolina
"Homework is like medicine.... If you take too much, it can kill you,"
Because life's messed up
LadyWhimsy SILVER said...
on May. 12 2021 at 4:50 pm
LadyWhimsy SILVER, Edmond, Oklahoma
9 articles 1 photo 11 comments
This really moved me and I understand you go through hard things that's why I try to accept people as who they want to be and not as what I see, so thank you.


text:
Home TV personality Molly Shannon Net Worth, Salary, Age, Husband Fritz Chesnut, Children
Molly Shannon Net Worth, Salary, Age, Husband Fritz Chesnut, Children
Leonardo Torrence
Some people are naturally born funny, while others immerse themselves in character and execute the comical roles they play. Meet one, Molly Shannon, an American actress known for voicing many acts as well as playing diverse roles in movies and TV shows. She has been in show business for quite some time now, and we're here to give you the highlight reel of Molly Shannon's net worth, salary, age, husband Fritz Chesnut, and kids.
Molly Shannon Net Worth & Salary.
The actress has made a fortune from her movie appearances and voice roles in Hotel Transylvania where she voiced Wanda. However, much of her success comes from her role in Saturday Night Live between 1995-2001.
Molly Shannon has amassed a net worth of roughly $7 million during her career in front of the camera. Making people laugh is no joke – no pun intended. Her comical voice impressions have landed her tons of work next to other renown Hollywood celebrities.
Molly Shannon net worth is $7 million
Other sources income come from related ventures such as producing and directing shows. The actress even appeared in Katy Perry and Nicki Minaj's Swish Swish music video released in 2017 where she played Coach Molly. Her ability to play diverse roles are what define her as a great actress and reflected on Molly Shannon's net worth figure.
Molly Shannon's Salary is $200,000 annually.
Molly Shannon Is Married To Husband Fritz Chesnut
Away from her passion on stage, the actress loves kids. Most of her voice adaptations are usually in animations and kids films. Sooner or later she settled down and had her kids. The comical actress has two kids named Stella and Nolan. Her daughter, Stella brought her much joy when she was born in 2003 and her son, Nolan brought even more cheer during his birth in 2005. Not saying that she loves her son more, she adores them both equally.
Molly Shannon with his husband (Fritz Chesnut)
Molly Shannon is a married woman. The humorous actress dater her current husband named Fritz Chesnut for two years before their marriage on May 29th, 2004. Just like her, he is also quite established in the industry.
However, his is particular to art as he is a talented artist. The couple is mostly seen spending time together as a family with all smiles and laughter. We all know who's responsible for those. There have been no controversies relating to their 14 years of marriage, and they intend to keep it that way.
How old is Molly Shannon? Her age, birthdate.
The Hollywood actress first blessed her parents' lives with her birth on September 16th, 1964. This date makes her age stand at 53 years old. Her star sign is that of Virgo. She has been aging quite gracefully such that there were rumors speculated that she got Botox. These allegations are, however, not right as she has never undergone any plastic surgery to enhance her looks.
Career info.
The story of how she managed to make her breakthrough into Hollywood is such an Inspiring story that they should write a book about it. Kids nowadays will call them waitresses, but back in the day, she used to work as a hostess at a Cravings Restaurant on Sunset Boulevard. She mostly ushered people in and to their tables. One of her other jobs was at Gelson's supermarket where she worked as a food demo girl.
It wasn't long before Molly Shannon realized that her life didn't just have to revolve around food. It was this mindset that pushed her to audition for various roles in films. She landed her couple small roles like the Horror remake of The Phantom of the Opera and a parody of Star Trek.
Her talent got recognized, and much came her breakthrough on NBC's sitcom, Saturday Night Live for six years. The roles she played opened career paths for her that she took with open arms. The actress has stared insignificant leading roles as well as supporting characters in films like Scary Movie 4, My Boss's Daughter, The Santa Clause 2, Little Man and many more.
Wiki-bio
Name Molly Shannon
Date of Birth September 16th, 1964
Place of Birth Shaker Heights, Ohio
Profession TV personality, actress, comedian
Husband Fritz Chesnut
Height 5 feet 4 inches.
The SNL actress was born to her parents James Francis Shannon and Mary Margaret Keating in Shaker Height, Ohio. Her nationality is American by birth ethnicity as white. She grew up Catholic as the result of her parentage. Her dad was a sales manager and a mom, a teacher. Her mother passed away when she was four years old through a gruesome accident which killed her younger sister and cousin as well.
She attended St. Dominic School and pursued higher education at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts. Guess her education finally paid off as seen through her acting roles.
Unknown to many, especially when she is doing voice roles, Molly Shannon has been the cause of joy to many kids. The actress enjoys her time with her husband and two kids while balancing her career. From her net worth, we can tell she does her splendid job.
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Twenty Three Years Ago, Whitney's 'Step By Step' Was Released Off Of 'The Preacher's Wife' Soundtrack
On February 24, 1997 (23 years ago today), "Step By Step," Whitney's second single from The Preacher's Wife soundtrack was released. The song was originally written and recorded by Annie Lennox – Whitney did a re-worked version and Annie provided backing vocals for her rendition. Billboard called the song "one of the shining moments on the soundtrack to The Preacher's Wife." The video was directed by Paul Hunter.


New Image Art is pleased to present OUT TÖ LUNCH, a solo exhibition with London based artist Funeral French featuring a series of new works on paper and ceramic.
'Out Tö Lunch' conjures imagery of a ghoulish fantasy realm, not too dissimilar from a roll the dice styled board game, 'Fighting Fantasy' book or an 80's tape loaded video game. Trophies, flocked screen prints, nickel plate & enamel works, ceramic sculptures, ink illustrations and animations become the physical incarnations of the work in an ode to the objects one might decorate their teenage bedroom or denim jacket. Castles, knights, eyeballs, skulls, cell phones, Xerox copiers, reapers, space voids and pizza, face off in French's illustrated universe resulting in a body of work demonstrating his unique understanding of the illustrated form.


The traditional elegance of this impressive ballroom leads the eye through to its charming terrace, overlooking the pool. This versatile room can be divided into three separate rooms.
The main ballroom features a built-in stage and dancefloor, and its signature chandeliers have been maintained and restored to their original splendour. An adjacent pre-function area is enhanced by drapery fringe accents and a built-in-bar featuring natural stone.


text:
Wuthering Heights. Episode 4 / BBC Worldwide Ltd.
Kay Adshead 1954-; John Duttine 1949-; BBC Worldwide Ltd.; Infobase, film distributor.
Place of publication not identified : BBC Worldwide Ltd 1978
Author: Kay Adshead 1954-; John Duttine 1949-; BBC Worldwide Ltd.; Infobase, film distributor.
Contents: Catherine's Grave (3:33) -- Another Fight Ensues (3:57) -- Revenge Complete (3:36) -- Time Passes (4:30) -- Moving in (2:47) -- Reaching Adulthood (3:20) -- Reunited (4:10) -- Thrushcross Grange (3:50) -- Cathy Loses her Hat (3:04) -- Caring for Edgar and Nelly (5:23) -- Nelly Recovers (4:11) -- Hoping for a Positive Outcome (2:29) -- Edgar is Dying (4:56) -- Credits: Wuthering Heights: Episode 4 (0:50)
Brontë, Emily, 1818-1848. Wuthering Heights
Publisher: Place of publication not identified : BBC Worldwide Ltd
Physical Description: 1 online resource (1 video file (51 min., 35 sec.)) : sound, color..
OCLC Number: 1004241137