text:
An Introduction To Rational Choice Theory Philosophy Essay
✅ Paper Type: Free Essay ✅ Subject: Philosophy
Public administrative agencies have very distinctive styles of decision making often depending upon the type of leadership or organizational structure. The literature suggests the decision making process in the public administrative sphere involves "more complexity, dynamism, intervention, and interruption than those in their private counterparts" (Rainey, p. 160). Public administrators are primarily held accountable by the people they serve in their communities; therefore, utilizing the most logical, efficient style of decision making is sought out by public agencies. "Decision-making issues are closely related to power issues, because power determines who gets to decide" (Rainey, p.160). Bureaucracies have commonly used the Rational Choice Theory in their decision making processes. For the purposes of this assignment, the Rational Choice Theory has been chosen for examination.
Through examining the four components of the Rational-Choice Theory Model, theorists have concluded that this style of decision making is not rational. This model has proved to be problematic because it is not realistic, too time consuming, too costly, and too strict. Theorists such as Herbert Simon opposed this style of decision making claiming that it leads to bounded rationality which ultimately leads to satisficing. Bounded Rationality and Satisfying are two public administrative terms that will be explained later on. Conducting an analysis of Rational-Choice Theory, one mainly encounters criticisms of the model in literature.
In this article Stephan clarifies rationality by providing an explanation of the embedded assumptions in Rational-Choice Theory. The embedded assumptions of rationality are the central theme of this article. Quackenbush's central argument is that "much of the criticism of rational choice theory is based on a basic misunderstanding of the assumption of instrumental rationality-which is, after all, the rationality of rational choice theory" (Quackenbush, p. 2). In this article, the author has discusses the role of assumption in theory as well as the assumption of rationality in rational choice theory.
The author utilizes empirical research from several theorists to explain how the debate and the criticisms have evolved with Rational-Choice Theory. Quackenbush strengthens his argument with a discussion regarding "three applications of rational choice theory in international relations and demonstrates ways that rational choice theorists themselves have potentially added to confusion about the assumption of rationality" (Quackenbush, p.2).
Quackenbush presents research from political science theorists such as Donald Green and Ian Shapiro, and Walt Friedman regarding rational choice theory but makes it abundantly clear that this model has been debated in other areas of social sciences. Green and Shapiro's research of rational choice was conducted in the realm of American politics. Green and Shapiro concluded their research with evidence illustrating the rational choice model had not advanced the empirical study of politics as it had initially promised. Walt conducted a review of several formal rational choice works in an attempt to "demonstrate that they have yielded trivial results, have not been empirically tested, and that empirical tests, when used, have been constructed poorly" (Quackenbush, p. 2).
Quackenbush attempted to clarify the role of assumptions in rational choice theory. The empirical works of Green and Shapiro assisted Walt in proving that rational choice is not simply one theory but an approach to theory. An assessment of Quackenbush's article, generally stated, may be the fact that rational choice theory theorizes that individuals use rationality to make choices and that individual theories are more of a concern than the rational choice model itself.
In exploratory rational choice's record, Green and Shapiro paying attention entirely upon the extent to which theorists present empirical evidence about the 'outside' of an event: that is evidence. Evidence, on this view, consists in a 'fit' between the presumptions of rational choice theory and observed institutional or behavioral outcomes in any particular case. In what follows we will refer to empirical evidence of this sort as mortal 'external'.
However, we argue that rational choice is also conciliation by its failure to provide kind of empirical evidence, namely 'internal' or interpretive evidence about the beliefs of the agents whose actions comprise the phenomena to be explained. Our distinction between external and internal evidence maps on to the well-known distinction between a behavioral and ultimately positivist conception of political science and a hermeneutic or interpretive one. Internal's explanations do not claim access to private psychological states; they are 'internal' only in the sense of being internal to the world of meanings inhabited by the actor.
Monk-Hampsher and Hindmoor's research does, however, assume the devil's advocate role towards the end of the article demonstrating how the rational choice theory is valuable in circumstances in which interpretive evidence cannot be relied.
Scholarly Themes
The idea of this article is based on the concept that the rational choice theory misses the interpretive evidence and the research to find out the reality that the empirical research does play any role in the credibility of the rational choice theory.
Green and Shapiro demonstrate that the largely achievements of rational choice theory are in fact profoundly suspect and that fundamental rethinking is needed if rational choice theorists are to supply to the indulgent of politics. Green and Shapiro show that empirical tests of rational choice theories are disfigured by a series of mechanical defects. These defects flow from the characteristic rational choice impulse to defend universal theories of politics.
An individual assessment of Hindmoor's book review may lead to the belief that Hindmoor seems to disagree with Green and Shapiro's thoughts that rational choice theory has been heavily criticized because it is misunderstood. Hindmoor explains that Green and Shapiro theorize that the problem lies with rational choice theorists and rational choice models, not with actual rational choice theory. Hindmoor may find Green and Shapiro's research to be contradictory but acknowledges the importance of their work which it has been powerfully stated in the literature generating significant controversy.
The theme of this book is based on the factors of reliability, validity and empirical evidence of the Rational Choice Theory. In this article the major concerns are the study of the collective action, the behavior and attitude of political parties & politicians and phenomenon of voting cycles and the Prisoner's problems. It has also been evaluated in this article that if rational choice theories are to contribute to the understanding of the politics then deep suspect and the fundamental rethinking is required.
This article is a scholarly work dedicated to examining the primary features of rational choice theory with respect to Lakatos' research program and Laudan's research tradition. The analysis in this article expose that the thin rationality assumption, the axiomatic method and the diminution to the micro level are the only features shared by all rational choice models. On these grounds, it is argued that rational choice theory cannot be exemplified as a research program. This is due to the fact that the thin rationality proposition cannot be understood as a hard core in Lakatos' terms. It is argued that Laudan's conception of a research tradition better differentiate rational choice theory.
Rational choice theory or rational actor theory (RCT) is a common draw near in different fields of social logical research. Broadly speaking, RCT can be differentiating as the maturity of models based on the hypothesis of rational actors. In this article, the nature of RCT is evaluated in more detail. Green and Shapiro suggest that they believe RCT should become a more coherent research program with a hard core – if Lakatos' terms are used.
An assessment of Herne and Setela's article reveals their motivation for conducting this research lies within the context of the actual role of rational choice theory in the political arena. Herne and Setela disagree with Green and Shapiro's strategies and convey that the development of rational actor theory would only be hindered if it were based upon a particular definition of rationality.
The article theme is based on Post hoc theory development and domain restrictions.post hoc theory development is not necessarily harmful, if conceptual clarity and testability are preserved. But on contrary, post hoc theory development can lead to innovative model building. Beside this the domain restriction is also not a goof strategy because it kills the innovative theory building by restricting the domain of application.
Librarians at the Bounds of Rationality: How Bounded Rationality Can Help Us Help Others, by Samantha Schmehl Hines
Hines, S. S. (2009). Librarians at the Bounds of Rationality: How Bounded Rationality Can Help Us Help Others. Behavioral and Social Sciences Librarian, 28(3), 80-86. doi:10.1080/01639260903088927
Social Science theorist, Hebert Simon, claimed that Rational Choice Decision Making resulted in bounded rationality, a theory that explains how the rationality of decision making is limited based on the amount of information one may have. Simon's theory is the topic in Samantha Schmehl Hines's article, Librarians at the Bounds of Rationality: How Bounded Rationality Can Help Us Help Others.
Central Argument
In this article, Hines's is clearly an advocate of bounded rationality describing it as a helpful concept used to identify and predict behavior with decision making. Hines's central argument focuses on how and why bounded rationality is beneficial in predicting human behavior.
Summary of Work
Hines uses the criticisms of Rational Choice Theory to build her argument that bounded rationality is a better mode of decision making. "Bounded rationality" is a perception used in the social sciences to help classify and predict how individuals make decisions. An offshoot of rational choice theory, bounded prudence accounts for the fact that completely rational decisions are not feasible in practice and states that individuals use heuristics, or rules based on past experiences and information, to make decisions. Bounded rationality can explain how our users create heuristic shortcuts to simplify the decision-making practice and deal with the multitude of choices and information available. This concept article will describe bounded rationality, apply bounded rationality to aspects of library service, and discuss the possible use of the concept as an assessment tool for our services.
Hines uses librarians and their daily operations in an attempt to prove that Simon's theory is helpful in two different realms of study: Social Sciences and Human Behavior. Hines explains that daily practices such as collection development and reference review are implicated in the decision making processes of our daily lives. Collection development and reviews of reference books, articles, journals etc are two elements of bounded rationality that draw attention to the resources individuals have at their clearance for making "rational" decisions. Hines argues that becoming aware of this progression will benefit the decision making process.
The theme of this article is based on the idea that the individual's rationality is limited because of the available information, cognitive limitation of their minds and the limited time for decision making. So they use the techniques based on their experiences in past.
Rational Decision Making in Business Organizations, by Herbert A. Simon
Simon, H. A. (1979). Rational Decision Making in Business Organizations. The American Economic Review, 69(4), 493-513. Retrieved April 8, 2010
Herbert Simon, a theorist who has analyzed Rational Choice Theory in multiple areas of study, seeks to examine the theory from an economical perspective in the article, Rational Decision Making in Business Organizations.
The central theme of this article is focused on the concern of the important colonial territory known as decision theory. Simon discusses the normative and descriptive aspects and its applications to business organizations linking his theories back to the core of the political economy.
Simon states economics has focused on one aspect of man's decision making and that one focus had traditionally been his "reason." Furthermore, Simon explains man's "reason" had typically been studied while making decisions in times of scarcity. Simon steps out of the traditional realm in his research viewing decision theory as not being limited to the domains of political science, psychology, and sociology. He explains that the classical model of rational choice calls for all the knowledge of alternatives that are open to choice. Simon explains, in compliance with most of his research on Rational Choice theory, the possession of complete knowledge is not rational or feasible.
Simon uses the works of theorists such as Henry Schultz to provide examples in explaining the more refined aspects of studies conducted within the physical sciences. From a government policy making perspective, Simon reveals the eloquence of the body of descriptive theory (i.e. descriptive statistics) and how quantitative research has been beneficial to normative economics. Although Simon is clearly an advocate of his many of his colleagues' equilibrium theories, he offers an explanation that some of the more refined parts of this study may not be completely beneficial in the real world.
Simon says in his article that when we find the discrepancies between theory and data, we try to patch rather then to rebuild from the foundations.
He argues that we have large quantity of descriptive data from field as well as laboratory. A number of theories have been formed to account for this data. But these theories are not coherent. In one way or other, these incorporate the notions of the bounded rationality. Bounded rationality means the need to search for decisions alternatives, the replacement of optimization by targets and satisficing goals and the mechanism of learning and adaptation.
The theme of this article is one with something can not be defeated with nothing. You cannot neat a measure or a candidate by pointing his/her defects or inefficiencies. An alternative must has to be offered.
Do Sunk Costs Matter, by R. Preston Mcafee and Hugo M. Mialon, and Sue H. Mialon
Mcafee, R. P., Mialon, H. M., & Mialon, S. H. (2007). Do Sunk Costs Matter? Economic Inquiry, 48(2), 323-336. Retrieved April 8, 2010
Authors R. Preston Mcafee, Hugo M. Mialon, and Sue H. Mialon present research examining how people make decisions specifically in the realm of sunk costs in the article Do Sunk Costs Matter; therefore, their research focuses on economics.
In the summary to of this article the authors identify sunk costs as costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered. That sunk costs are not related to rational decision-making is often accessible as one of the basic principles of economics. When people are influenced by sunk costs in their decision-making, they are said to be commend the "sunk cost fallacy." Contrary to conventional wisdom, we argue that, in a broad range of situations, it is rational for people to condition behavior on sunk costs, because of informational content, reputational concerns, or financial and time constriction. Once all the elements of the decision-making environment are taken into account, reacting to sunk costs can often be unstated as rational behavior.
Another argument presented in this article is the idea that decisions based on future prospects, past decisions, scarce resources and infinite time, and reaction to past decisions and the sunk costs they have entailed, is often rational behavior.
The theme of the article is when people engage in this type of behavior it is not rational and they commit a sunk cost fallacy.
Sunk cost is the basic theme of this article in which the authors have discussed that the people might rationally invest more if they have invested more in the past, because it might convince that high past investments would lead towards the closer success. The reaction of people has been discusses for investments in regard to the sunk cost.
Simon's Revenge: or Incommensurability and Satisficing, by Michael Byron
Byron, M. (2005). Simon's revenge: or, incommensurability and satisficing. Analysis, 65(4), 311-315. Retrieved April 9, 2010
Michael Byron's article, Simon's Revenge: or Incommensurability and Satisficing, is another analysis of the Rational Choice Theory based on Herbert Simon's criticisms of the theory. Byron provides a discussion focused on Simon's "solution" to the Rational Choice Model of Decision Making. The central theme of Byron's article is about Simon's coined term, Satisficing, and its potential in serving as an alternative model to Rational Choice Theory.
Byron explains that Simon thought for large-scale decisions, the deluge of relevant information and uncertainties overload the cognitive capacity of managers to process it. Managers strive for rationality; therefore, they tend to be rational. However, Byron uses Simon's argument to strengthen his research by explaining cognitive limits, uncertainties, and time limits cause decisions to be made under conditions of bounded rationality. They do not maximize in accordance with rationality assumptions instead they "satisfice." To paraphrase Bryon's argument, "satisficing" is a term meaning what we do when we make the best of what we can. This is the reality of decision making. "Satisfice" is the combination of two words: "satisfy" and "suffice".
Byron explains Simon's alternative model of satisficing does not require maximization such as Rational Choice Model. Simon saw maximizing had failed; therefore, his "revenge," or model of satisficing, was designed to garner success outcomes descriptively. Byron argues Simon designed this alternative model by making it cognitive demands nominal, simplified its value function, and completely eliminated the probabilities of the model.
The idea of this article is Satisficing. Managers try to be rational but due to limitations they have to be bound rational in their decision making to provide satisficing decision and alternatives.
A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action, by Elinor Ostrom
Elinor Ostrom. (1998). A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1997. The American Political Science Review, 92(1), 1-22. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 26931044).
Elinor Ostrom's article, A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action, is presented in Chapter 16 of Michael Dean McGinnis's book entitled Polycentric Games and Institutions: Readings from the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis.
Ostrom's research regarding the Rational Choice Theory and decision making is based on her argument that the theory is effective if expanded into a behavioral model of collective action when making decisions in times of social dilemma. This is the central argument of her research.
Ostrom explains that Rational Choice Theory assumes that humans are self-interested, maximizers. Her research argues that Rational Choice has been successful in predicting marginal behavior in competitive decision making but when it comes to using this theory to predict decisions that are made during social dilemmas it has proved to be ineffective. Extensive empirical evidence and theoretical events causing change in multiple disciplines motivate a need to develop the range of rational choice models to be used as an establishment for the study of social dilemmas and cooperative action.
After an introduction to the problem of triumph over social dilemmas through collective action, the leftovers of this article is divided into six sections which include theoretical predictions of currently accepted rational choice theory related to social dilemmas, challenges to the sole reliance, empirical findings that begin to show how individuals achieve results that are "better than rational", the possibility of developing second-generation models of rationality, an initial theoretical scenario, implications of placing reciprocity, reputation, and trust at the core of an empirically tested, behavioral theory of collective action.
The implications of developing second-generation models of empirically grounded, bloodedly rational, and moral decision making are substantial. New research questions will open up. We need to expand the type of research methods regularly used in political science. We need to increase the level of understanding among those engaged in formal theory, experimental research, and field research across the social and biological sciences.
Scholarly Theme
The main themes of the article are rational choice models, empirical evidences and theoretical development. The mentioned themes can be used to expand the variety of the rational choice models so that the study of the social dilemma and collective action can be carried out.
To vote or not to vote: the merits and limits of rational choice theory, by Andre Blais
Blais, Andre. To vote or not to vote: the merits and limits of rational choice theory. 2000. USA: University of Pittsburg Press.
Voter turnout and our reasons for voting have been exhaustively examined in the literature; however, Blais expresses his dissatisfaction of what has been presented in the literature about voting. The central theme of Blais's research is whether or not the decision to vote or abstain from voting evolves from a rational choice perspective.
Blais strengthens his argument by pointing out that rational choice authors have admitted a problem with exist voting and rational choice perspective because voting is a paradox of irrational response. Blais concludes his argument, after two solid years dedicated to this topic, with the view that the Rational Choice Theory does make a real contribution to understanding of why people vote but the contribution is quite limited.
Blais uses Green and Shapiro's infamous critique of the Rational Choice Theory to compare his verdict of the actual role Rational Choice plays in one's decision to vote. Green and Shapiro's research blatantly stated the Rational Choice Model had failed to contribute any advancement of the empirical study of politics. Blais's verdict is not as harsh and contrary to his colleagues' findings. Blais uses a strong example to prove his point stating that motivations that make people vote, such as civic duty, are far from Rational Choice that claims people are self-interested. In Blais comparative analysis of his verdict to Green and Sahapiro's, he stresses that political science offers many reasons to not vote. The fact that people still make the decision to vote is irrational. After Blais's research, he candidly reveals that he cannot make sense of why people vote without taking the Rational Choice Model into consideration. Since most citizens vote despite even when it is not in their best personal interests to do so is a fascination that only Rational Choice Theory can explain.
In the book, the author is focusing on the reasons for the choice for casting the vote. Voting and rational choice theory are interlinked and only this theory can explain it.
The 10 articles examined for the purposes of conducting a miniature literature review of Rational Choice Theory clearly indicates that this theory is of the most powerful in the field of social sciences, especially political science. An immovable effort was made to garner research that presented different perspectives about the effectiveness and feasibility of Rational Choice Theory.
Rational Choice Theory has been criticized for being unrealistic. In decision making, Rational Choice is thought to be too time consuming, too costly, and too strict. The literature has criticized the theory for not taking human intuitive behavior into consideration. Furthermore, many theorists and researchers are not satisfied with Rational Choice Theory because it neglects empirical research.
On the other hand, many theorists believe in Rational Choice Theory to explain things such as voting phenomenon. People vote inspire of the fact it may not be in their personal best interests. Some theorists believe only Rational Choice Theory can explain and predict this type of behavior. Other theorists believe the theory can be strengthened through incorporation of behavioral models.
Overall, Rational Choice Theory has been approached with skepticism by theorists. The theory's validity and reliability has been questioned because of its lackadaisical approach to include empirical research. This argument seems to be the central theme of a vast majority of the research on Rational Choice Models. Theorists wonder what Rational Choice should do when empirical anomalies arise. Although there are many critiques for Rational Choice Theory, but still it is helpful in many fields such as to understand the rational of voting, in business organization etc.
UKEssays. (November 2018). An Introduction To Rational Choice Theory Philosophy Essay. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/an-introduction-to-rational-choice-theory-philosophy-essay.php?vref=1
"An Introduction To Rational Choice Theory Philosophy Essay." ukessays.com. 11 2018. UKEssays. 01 2022 <https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/an-introduction-to-rational-choice-theory-philosophy-essay.php?vref=1>.
"An Introduction To Rational Choice Theory Philosophy Essay." UKEssays. ukessays.com, November 2018. Web. 21 January 2022. <https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/an-introduction-to-rational-choice-theory-philosophy-essay.php?vref=1>.
UKEssays. November 2018. An Introduction To Rational Choice Theory Philosophy Essay. [online]. Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/an-introduction-to-rational-choice-theory-philosophy-essay.php?vref=1 [Accessed 21 January 2022].
UKEssays. An Introduction To Rational Choice Theory Philosophy Essay [Internet]. November 2018. [Accessed 21 January 2022]; Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/an-introduction-to-rational-choice-theory-philosophy-essay.php?vref=1.
{{cite web|last=Answers |first=All |url=https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/an-introduction-to-rational-choice-theory-philosophy-essay.php?vref=1 |title=An Introduction To Rational Choice Theory Philosophy Essay |publisher=UKEssays.com |date=November 2018 |accessdate=21 January 2022 |location=Nottingham, UK}}
All Answers ltd, 'An Introduction To Rational Choice Theory Philosophy Essay' (UKEssays.com, January 2022) <https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/an-introduction-to-rational-choice-theory-philosophy-essay.php?vref=1> accessed 21 January 2022


There is no cloth or paper backdrops. No white studios or artificial sets. No forced poses.
In our sessions there will be no script or rigid plans.
Dogs belong in the natural world. In the world they live everyday. Where they can play, jump and run. Where they can be dogs.
LOCATION. You are free to choose the location you love the most. It can be your living room, your garden, a park.
START & DURATION. Your photoshoot will start at a time we agree and can last 1 hour or 1 hour and half.
SUBJECT. Your dog, of course. The photoshoot aims at capturing the true character of your dog through fine portraits, through photos of you together, and action photos of your dog having fun (jumping, running, chasing balls).
DELIVERY. Depending on your selection, I will deliver a number of digital images in full resolution for you to keep and print. If you are willing to have me print the images, we can talk about that too. The images presented will be around 30, of which you can choose a final number based on your booking.
FAMILY. Of course, family photographs are very popular and I love capturing the relationship between you or children and their best friend.
HEALTH. Our friends get older as much as we do, and their health can deteriorate. This is no problem at all. I would like to know everything about possible health conditions so that I can ensure that your dog has a wonderful time and I can capture the images that you want.
WEATHER. If the chosen location for the shooting is outdoor, we will have to have faith in the weather conditions. As we cannot control them, I will contact you the day before the shooting and consider the weather forecast. If it's not going to look great, we will postpone the shooting according to availabilities.
Your dog photographic session is on its way to begin!
2019 ©Alberto Rossini Photography. All Rights Reserved.


text:
President Obama Says He Loved Spock In Moving Tribute To Leonard Nimoy
DATE: Feb 28, 2015 | BY: Brent McKnight | Category: Sci-Fi
We lost one of the all time greats yesterday, as Leonard Nimoy passed away at the age of 83. Since this news hit, there has been an outpouring of mourning and memorials remembering the man, his work, and his legacy. Costars like William Shatner and George Takei have shared moving tributes, as have countless others in the entertainment industry and beyond. Whether we knew him personally or not, he certainly had a lasting impact on many of our lives. If his influence was ever in doubt, the President of the United States even wrote a fond farewell for our Vulcan friend. And regardless of how you feel about Barack Obama politically, you have to admit that's pretty damn cool.
Obama has long garnered comparisons to Nimoy's iconic Star Trek character, Spock, so it only seems fitting that he would have something to say. He wrote:
Long before being nerdy was cool, there was Leonard Nimoy. Leonard was a lifelong lover of the arts and humanities, a supporter of the sciences, generous with his talent and his time. And of course, Leonard was Spock. Cool, logical, big-eared and level-headed, the center of Star Trek's optimistic, inclusive vision of humanity's future.
I loved Spock.
In 2007, I had the chance to meet Leonard in person. It was only logical to greet him with the Vulcan salute, the universal sign for "Live long and prosper." And after 83 years on this planet – and on his visits to many others – it's clear Leonard Nimoy did just that. Michelle and I join his family, friends, and countless fans who miss him so dearly today.
Nimoy's health has been failing for a while. Late last week he was rushed to the hospital with severe chest pains from the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that ultimately took his life. But he never stopped being the passionate, poetic man that many of us came to recognize him as outside of his acting roles. His final tweet from earlier this week is poignant and moving:
A life is like a garden. Perfect moments can be had, but not preserved, except in memory. LLAP
— Leonard Nimoy (@TheRealNimoy) February 23, 2015
We argue about movies and politics and what color a dress is and damn near everything else we can pick a side about. As a species, we agree on almost nothing. But somehow we're all well aware of just how awesome Leonard Nimoy is, and on its own, that fact is enough to illustrate just how unique and special he is.
Orcus says:
When the President give props, you know you did good. Rest well sir
The fact that Nimoy won the respect of a President says volumes about Nimoy, regardless of ones political affiliation. Using that as an excuse to bring hate to a tribute for Nimoy is in poor taste, take that elsewhere
Farnsworth says:
bringing a do nothing but crap on America president into a discussion to honor Nimoy is in poor taste, you can take that elsewhere too.
How you feel about the President is your own affair. Doesn't change the fact that it happened and that tribute was the focus of the article. Bottom line, it's about Nimoy. Deal with it.
I didn't bring Obozo into this.
You didn't bring any respect for Nimoy either.
Good day sir
yep….and while I cant here, I have been posting my favorite Spock moments on other more "open" sites. So I've been doing my due diligence to honor Mr. Nimoy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi held a meeting Wednesday with a delegation of heads and representatives of a number of major international and regional investment funds.
Governor of the Central Bank of Egypt Tarek Amer and Minister of Investment and International Cooperation Dr. Sahar Nasr، Minister of Finance Mohamed Maait and head of the Egyptian Stock Exchange attended the meeting.
During the meeting، the President expressed his keenness to meet the investment delegation to review the latest developments in the economic scene and the promising investment opportunities available in the Egyptian market in various sectors.
In this context، the President stressed that Egypt enjoys many various investment factors، qualifying it to attract foreign investments، including security and economic stability despite the turbulent regional conditions in the region.
The President also reviewed the developments and reform measures adopted by the government to encourage investment and overcome all obstacles facing investors، such as the liberalization of the exchange rate and achieving steady increase in foreign exchange reserves.
For his part، Governor of the Central Bank of Egypt، pointed out to the positive role played by the investment funds in increasing direct and indirect investment flows to Egypt، stressing Egypt's aspiration to attract more investments in various fields through enhancing its cooperation with these funds.


text:
No vibration in the cooled incubator
The perfect ice cream has a creamy consistency without water crystals and melts smoothly and slowly. Thanks to the Meltdown Analyzer TC 1 of the Swiss company Certa Fides GmbH, ice cream manufacturers can now exactly analyse and document the ice cream melting behavior.
In cooperation with the Memmert R&D department, the food engineer and Certa Fides CEO Adrian Dürig made an invention of the Food Process Engineering laboratory of the ETH Zürich (ETH ZH) in Switzerland, headed by Prof. E-J Windhab, ready for industrial series production.
Thanks to the absence of vibration in the climate chamber Peltier technology, ice cream can melt without any mechanical disturbance
On the tracks of ice cream melting behavior
Ice cream manufacturers are challenged by a number of issues in their everyday work. On the one hand, the raw material has to be as natural as possible. On the other hand, they cannot afford making compromises in melting behavior. A dripping water ice is just as unmarketable as ice cream liquefying almost immediately. So far, suitable measurement systems necessary for avoiding those inacceptable product properties in development and production were often not available. With the meltdown analyzer, Memmert and Certa Fides have brought an economically viable ready-to-use solution to the market.
The stability of ice cream is influenced by a multitude of parameters
Scientific literature provides an explanation why the preparation of ice cream is still considered an art. Depending on the flavour, milk or butterfat, cream, egg, water, sugar, vegetable fats, fruits, flavourings, additives as well as emulsifying and stabilising agents are processed in several steps. In the first step, the ingredients are mixed together to form a mass, which is then homogenised, pasteurised and cooled down to the desired temperature. Ripening takes place by stirring the mass for several hours. Temperature-sensitive ingredients like flavourings are often not added before this production step. Subsequently, the mass is strongly whipped and air is introduced. Finally, the ice cream is filled into containers and frozen (typically at – 40 °C) in such a way that it keeps its consistency.
With so many ingredients, temperatures and mechanical forces having an effect on the raw mixture, changing a single parameter can already have a decisive influence on the quality of ice cream. The stability that keeps ice cream from melting or collapsing too quickly and subsequently leads to a slow meltdown is guaranteed due to fat agglomerates stabilising the surface of the air bubbles. The fat agglomerates and air bubbles are created simultaneously, while whipping the mass. The way ice cream melts at room temperature is called melting behavior. For those interested in digging into the molecular structures of ice cream and whipped cream, Prof. H. Douglas Goff from Guelph University offers an informative overview of the structure of ice cream.
The perfect ice cream has a creamy consistency and melts slowly
Standardised monitoring in the cooled incubator
The Certa Fides Meltdown Analyzer TC 1 enables ice cream manufacturers and their suppliers to perform standardised ice cream melting experiments at defined temperatures. The main requirements the climate chamber has to fulfill are sensitive, uniform and fluctuation-free temperature control on the one hand and avoiding mechanical impacts with a compressor while, on the other hand, maintaining the same homogeneous conditions for all samples. Due to the absence of vibration and precise controllability of the Peltier technology used for heating and cooling, the equipment of choice is the Memmert cooled incubator IPP 500. The control electronics was developed by Memmert, with Certa Fides providing the application-specific components like weighing cells, cameras and illumination units as well as comprehensive measuring and evaluation software.
Controlled melting of ice cream in the Memmert cooled incubator
Measurement preparation, the measurement itself and data evaluation are performed with a software specifically developed for this application. In the inner chamber, four sample holders are attached to the weighing cells, where the standardised ice cream samples can melt slowly. With an interval of several seconds, each ice cream sample is weighed, the ambient air temperature measured and a picture is taken with a camera, while the humidity in the measurement chamber is monitored. These so-called raw data form the basis for calculating the product characteristics of form and foam stability and dripping behavior. The calculated data can be graphically represented, exported and printed as a report. The synchronous combination of weight and image analysis enables the user to draw more conclusions on the internal structure of the ice cream than it would be possible with separate weight and image analyses. For more information on the Meltdown Analyzer, go to www.certafides.ch.
For inquiries on Memmert custom products, contact myatmosafe@Laborgeräte.Temperiergeräte.Forschung&@.memmert.com.
Vacuum drying of milk powder
Vacuum drying is part of the basic training in nutritional science and food technology studies. At the TU Weihenstephan, students get acquainted with the method in experiments using the Memmert vacuum drying oven VO.
Overview of focal topics
Material test
Low vibration
Ice cream, whipped cream
Climate chamber
Cooled incubator
Picture credits: Certa Fides, Memmert, QuintanaRoo licensed under Creative Commons
Cooling laboratory equipment
Cooled incubator IPP
Climatic test chamber CTC
Author: Memmert GmbH + Co. KG | 24.08.2011


As program officer, Sharon supports the work of nonprofit organizations throughout the metro and the state. Sharon is responsible for reviewing grantmaking in several key areas, including arts and humanities, disabilities, older adults, legal services and food and nutrition.
Sharon joined the Saint Paul & Minnesota Foundations in 2007. She brought 25 years of prior experience managing performing arts education programs in the Twin Cities and New York City. Sharon received her master's in arts administration from the University of Wisconsin and her bachelor's in creative drama from the University of Virginia.


Code Enforcement Departments for Counties and Municipalities across the United States have been grappling with the elevated workload issues created by the rising variety of vacant and deserted properties due to the steady pursuit of foreclosures by mortgagees (banks, lenders, and lien-holders). Increasing beyond representing householders, the Dann Law Agency has introduced innovative consumer circumstances within the state and federal courts. Whether or not it's Default, Summary Judgment, or perhaps a judgment at trial – in a foreclosure proceeding, the financial institution goes to need to get the property offered and you out of the house – most likely as soon as it might probably.
It's intended merely to control the extrajudicial sale and redemption of the property if and when the mortgagee is given a particular energy or express authority to do so within the deed itself or in a doc annexed thereto. This process is mostly a lot faster and cheaper than foreclosure by judicial sale.
The lender can then sell the foreclosed property and gather and get well the unpaid mortgage stability. As with foreclosures, states have their own legal guidelines to handle this process. The non-disparagement clauses are meant to defend banks from public insults from debtors, which the lender can usually not reply to with out violating privacy legal guidelines, Bryce mentioned.
However beware; the failure rate on these "keep the house" Chapter thirteen instances is high because you are paying the unique home cost(s) plus the month-to-month Chapter thirteen cost to the Courtroom for 5 years. In Wood, the borrower sued the lender in state court docket for, among different issues, a declaratory judgment that the lien was void, breach of contract, and quiet title.
Your proper to chapter relief seems in Article I, Part eight of the United States Constitution : "The Congress shall have power to put and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and supply for the widespread protection and basic welfare of the United States; however all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform all through the United States; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws with regards to bankruptcies throughout the United States".


text:
Watch: 'My Life Directed By Nicolas Winding Refn' Trailer Spotlights Brewing Trouble on 'Only God Forgives' Set
Watch: 'My Life Directed By Nicolas Winding Refn' Trailer Spotlights Brewing Trouble on 'Only God Forgives' Set
The trailer for the acclaimed "My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn" has finally been released, along with the announcement of a theatrical/VOD release date of February 27.
Spotlighting the director of "Drive" as he battles heightened expectations and controversial artistic impulses, "My Life…" has the luxury of featuring raw, intimate access to the artist in question. It's directed by Refn's wife, Liv Corfixen and the trailer teases the aggressively interrogative approach Corfixen takes when the camera is on her husband.
"I've spent three years making this film," Refn laments in the trailer. "And I don't really know what it's about."
For viewers of the documentary, there's advanced knowledge that "Only God Forgives" bombs with critics and audiences alike. But these two minutes of footage work as a fascinating foray into this looming disaster, situating Refn in an alternately sympathetic and damning light.
Check out the full trailer below, and catch "My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn" in theaters or on-demand next week.
READ MORE: Review: 'My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn' Reveals the Sad Story Behind 'Only God Forgives'
This Article is related to: News and tagged My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn, Nicolas Winding Refn, Only God Forgives, Trailers


Teachers. They are a seven million strong audience hiding in plain site in every community in the country. With unique, and singularly attractive demographics, (financially stable, homeowners, brand loyal), they are truly the perfect consumer.
Teachers hit the bricks and mortar: teachers in particular continue to be drawn to stores—with 97% reporting having shopped in a department or large chain store within the past 3 months, compared with 91% of the general population.
Teachers click to shop: educators are considerably more likely to do some of their shopping over the Internet (or by phone or mail) than is the overall group (85% vs. 65%). Women's apparel (24%), books (23%), and hotel/tour reservations (20%) are the top three types of purchases teachers make online.
Teachers buy for kids: not surprisingly, close to half (48%) of educators bought toys and games over the past year.
Want to know more? The entire study is available for download, here.


Find cleaning services in Aliquippa, PA. Listings include Mann's cleaning services llc and Snowy White Dry Cleaners. Click on each in the list below the map for more information.
We will notify you when anything happens in Aliquippa.


Amazing Desk-Planter-Lamp project from Studio Sybrandy. Sybrandy focused on the question whether we can grow food crops in the workplace. Besides the four seasons outside the office, the workplace can offer a landscape for a fifth season. In this artificial season it is always light, dry, sunny and 20 degrees. It offers the ability to produce crops for consummation during lunchtime.


text:
Louisa Masters
Charming Him
Offside Rules
Fake It 'Til You Make It
M/F Romance
Emerald Isle Enchantment
One Night in a Bar & Blake's Choice
Trials and Tribulations of Online Dating
Writing as Olivia Ventura
About Louisa
excerpt, Promo
Excerpt & Giveaway!
May 20, 2017 May 20, 2017 oliviaventura
Author: Lindsay Detwiler
Title: Remember When
BUY LINK
http://books2read.com/remember-when
This wasn't how it was supposed to be….
They met at a wedding, Todd the only man wearing jeans, Jessica the beauty with a troubled background. Settled into married life after falling in love, they have so many things left to do in life. They think they have so much time… until Jessica and Todd's average married life comes to a halt on a snowy back road. When their truck careens down an embankment, they find themselves in a life-or-death situation. With rescue seeming impossible, they cling to the only hope they have left: their love for each other.
As they fight for survival, their connection carries them through the biggest challenge of their lives. Memories and regrets swirl around the couple as they finally take a moment to reflect on what they're doing in life.
There's one big, icy question that haunts them, though: Is this where their story will end?
Together, they were a functioning but crazy couple, living in the adult world of responsibility but straying from the normal every now and then to experience life to the fullest.
Together, they could get through anything. She had to cling to that.
She perked up at the thought of having some temporary relief from the cold as Todd wriggled to get closer to the driver seat, being careful to not jiggle his leg too much. He reached over to the keys, turning it with a whispered "Please."
Nothing happened.
"Shit." He slammed the dashboard in frustration. His temper was always one of his flaws.
"Let me try," she uttered, reaching for the key in his hand.
"It's not working."
She shoved him away, trying the key herself, whispering "Please." If her toes weren't so damn cold, she'd cross them all in hopes of the engine coming to life.
She turned the key and laughed at her luck. The engine chugged to life.
"Wrong again," she gloated, a huge grin on her face.
"You know, I should push you out in the snow."
The smile stifled itself at his words, even as the sound of the engine underscored her hope, emphasized the soon-to-be warmth that would be theirs.
She didn't respond to his statement, lost in her own bout of regrets and guilt.
"Jess?" he asked finally, concern in his voice.
She warmed her hands in front of the heater. It already felt heavenly, even though it wasn't even close to being completely warm. Finally, she responded in a disconsolate voice, "Probably should. This is my fault."
"Hey, stop it. Don't blame yourself." He put a hand on her arm, shaking her a bit.
"If I'd listened…."
"We might still have ended up here, or worse. Things could be worse. We could've hit a tree head-on. By some luck, we landed right between them. It's all okay. It's all going to work out." He, too, rubbed his hands in front of the heater.
"I love you," she whispered, still feeling guilty, still not quite believing him. This was her fault. She'd messed up, big-time. Who knew what price they'd pay for it.
She smiled again, leaning against him as she basked in the warmth of the heat radiating through her fingers. They sat, wordless, reveling in the simple but heavenly feeling.
Todd interrupted the silence a few moments later. "You do know, when we get out of this, I'm never letting you live this down."
She groaned, shaking her head as she pulled away from him. "You just said it's not my fault."
"Of course I did. Because right now, I can't blame you or I look like a dick. Later, though, oh man, is this going to be a great addition to my amateur comedic stand-up at parties."
Facebook I Twitter I Website
A high school English teacher, an author, and a fan of anything pink and/or glittery, Lindsay's the English teacher cliché; she love cats, reading, Shakespeare, and Poe.
She currently lives in her hometown with her husband, Chad (her junior high sweetheart); their cats, Arya, Amelia, Alice, and Bob; and their Mastiff, Henry.
Lindsay's goal with her writing is to show the power of love and the beauty of life while also instilling a true sense of realism in her work. Some reviewers have noted that her books are not the "typical romance." With her novels coming from a place of honesty, Lindsay examines the difficult questions, looks at the tough emotions, and paints the pictures that are sometimes difficult to look at. She wants her fiction to resonate with readers as realistic, poetic, and powerful. Lindsay wants women readers to be able to say, "I see myself in that novel." She wants to speak to the modern woman's experience while also bringing a twist of something new and exciting. Her aim is for readers to say, "That could happen," or "I feel like the characters are real." That's how she knows she's done her job.
Lindsay's hope is that by becoming a published author, she can inspire some of her students and other aspiring writers to pursue their own passions. She wants them to see that any dream can be attained and publishing a novel isn't out of the realm of possibility.
Rafflecopter Link: http://www.rafflecopter.com/rafl/display/ea80a6ed222/
Tagged excerpt, hottreepublishing, new release
Previous postNew Release & Giveaway!
Next postExcerpt & Giveaway!


text:
package rds

//Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
//you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
//Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//limitations under the License.
//
// Code generated by Alibaba Cloud SDK Code Generator.
// Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.

import (
	"github.com/aliyun/alibaba-cloud-sdk-go/sdk/requests"
	"github.com/aliyun/alibaba-cloud-sdk-go/sdk/responses"
)

// ModifyDBProxyInstance invokes the rds.ModifyDBProxyInstance API synchronously
func (client *Client) ModifyDBProxyInstance(request *ModifyDBProxyInstanceRequest) (response *ModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse, err error) {
	response = CreateModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse()
	err = client.DoAction(request, response)
	return
}

// ModifyDBProxyInstanceWithChan invokes the rds.ModifyDBProxyInstance API asynchronously
func (client *Client) ModifyDBProxyInstanceWithChan(request *ModifyDBProxyInstanceRequest) (<-chan *ModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse, <-chan error) {
	responseChan := make(chan *ModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse, 1)
	errChan := make(chan error, 1)
	err := client.AddAsyncTask(func() {
		defer close(responseChan)
		defer close(errChan)
		response, err := client.ModifyDBProxyInstance(request)
		if err != nil {
			errChan <- err
		} else {
			responseChan <- response
		}
	})
	if err != nil {
		errChan <- err
		close(responseChan)
		close(errChan)
	}
	return responseChan, errChan
}

// ModifyDBProxyInstanceWithCallback invokes the rds.ModifyDBProxyInstance API asynchronously
func (client *Client) ModifyDBProxyInstanceWithCallback(request *ModifyDBProxyInstanceRequest, callback func(response *ModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse, err error)) <-chan int {
	result := make(chan int, 1)
	err := client.AddAsyncTask(func() {
		var response *ModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse
		var err error
		defer close(result)
		response, err = client.ModifyDBProxyInstance(request)
		callback(response, err)
		result <- 1
	})
	if err != nil {
		defer close(result)
		callback(nil, err)
		result <- 0
	}
	return result
}

// ModifyDBProxyInstanceRequest is the request struct for api ModifyDBProxyInstance
type ModifyDBProxyInstanceRequest struct {
	*requests.RpcRequest
	ResourceOwnerId       requests.Integer `position:"Query" name:"ResourceOwnerId"`
	EffectiveTime         string           `position:"Query" name:"EffectiveTime"`
	EffectiveSpecificTime string           `position:"Query" name:"EffectiveSpecificTime"`
	DBInstanceId          string           `position:"Query" name:"DBInstanceId"`
	ResourceOwnerAccount  string           `position:"Query" name:"ResourceOwnerAccount"`
	DBProxyEngineType     string           `position:"Query" name:"DBProxyEngineType"`
	OwnerId               requests.Integer `position:"Query" name:"OwnerId"`
	DBProxyInstanceNum    string           `position:"Query" name:"DBProxyInstanceNum"`
	DBProxyInstanceType   string           `position:"Query" name:"DBProxyInstanceType"`
}

// ModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse is the response struct for api ModifyDBProxyInstance
type ModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse struct {
	*responses.BaseResponse
	RequestId string `json:"RequestId" xml:"RequestId"`
}

// CreateModifyDBProxyInstanceRequest creates a request to invoke ModifyDBProxyInstance API
func CreateModifyDBProxyInstanceRequest() (request *ModifyDBProxyInstanceRequest) {
	request = &ModifyDBProxyInstanceRequest{
		RpcRequest: &requests.RpcRequest{},
	}
	request.InitWithApiInfo("Rds", "2014-08-15", "ModifyDBProxyInstance", "rds", "openAPI")
	request.Method = requests.POST
	return
}

// CreateModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse creates a response to parse from ModifyDBProxyInstance response
func CreateModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse() (response *ModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse) {
	response = &ModifyDBProxyInstanceResponse{
		BaseResponse: &responses.BaseResponse{},
	}
	return
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The attached Adobe PDF is a flyer about the District Newsletter, with tear-off tabs at the bottom.
Please print the flyer, or send it to a friend who can, then take it to your favorite meeting – Hey! Why not print two?
Seriously, If you'll print the flyer and pre-cut the vertical lines, people will be able to tear-of the web address of the Newsletter – and as a bonus, they might take a look at our website while they're there.
Hopefully we'll attract some new service volunteers, or at least some interest in the District and the work being done.
If you have trouble with the Newsletter or flyer, suggestions, announcements, or articles. let me know right away.


Curds and Wine has lots of fun events coming up to help you start out the year right! We have a Mozzarella and Ricotta class, as well as our Cheesemaking Fundamentals classes. We also have Vineyard Installation and Management seminars to help you grow your own grapes! You can of course make wine or cider any time of the year on site with us, contact us to make an appointment.
Curds and Wine is proud to be a sponsor of the 2017 Fermentation Festival. This year the festival will be held on Saturday February 4th downtown at the Waterfront park by the Embarcadero! Get tickets and see all the festivities online here.
Join us at Curds and Wine to learn how easy and rewarding it is to make your own fresh cheese at home! At this class you will learn the techniques for making mozzarella, ricotta, paneer and ricotta salata. You will receive a packet with basic supplies to get you started with your cheesemaking as well as recipes for the cheeses, plus a 10% discount on any purchase in the shop following the class.
This class is taught by Paul Savage, a patient and knowledgeable instructor having trained classes as diverse as troubleshooting technique at Microsoft support to hands on photography courses. He has been experimenting with home cheese making for many years, creating marvels such as 5 year old Gouda so nutty in flavor that no cracker was worthy of sharing its spotlight, as odd as green tea mozzarella - imagine a green tea latte flavor paired with tomato or melon - and as common as basil garlic ricotta used to make fresh gnocchi. For only a few times a year Paul will be combining two of his talents: teaching and cheese making to help you find the joy he gets from crafting cheese at home.
Interested in planting your own vineyard, or have one but not sure how to take care of your vines? Curds and Wine will be hosting Vineyard Installation and Management Seminars led by Keith Wasser, local vineyard owner featured on an episode of "A Growing Passion" on KPBS. These seminars will give you all the basic information you need to plant and maintain your own grape vines.
If you already ordered the January releases we will contact you when they arrive at Curds and Wine. If you did not preorder any of these kits, contact us to check availability.


text:
15 June 2019 at 5:22pm
Babies and toddlers take part in major UEA study looking at brain development
Video report by ITV News Anglia's Andy Ward
Around 150 babies and toddlers in Norfolk have been taking part in a new research programme looking at how our brains develop.
The local children have been undergoing cognitive tests which analyse how they think, remember and pay attention, and how these things change as they get older.
The tests look at speech, learning, play and behaviour and the children wear trackers to measure their sleep and activity.
The study is being led by the University of East Anglia in Norwich and it's hoped that it will enable researchers to identify any potential problems that may arise in later life, such as behavioural issues at school.
The babies and their families were treated to a picnic at UEA on Saturday. Credit: ITV News Anglia
"We can track individual differences in working memory by about four months of age and then look at how children change month by month," Lead researcher Professor John Spencer told ITV News Anglia.
"We can measure these differences in working memory in infancy and data shows they predict school performance 11 years later.
"So, that sets up the idea that if we could understand how working memory works, we could potentially intervene with 'at-risk' kids and improve school outcomes 11 years down the line."
As a thank you, the team at UEA laid on a picnic on campus on Saturday lunchtime for the children and their families involved in the study.
The children are monitored as soon as they enrol on the study, and are then assessed again over the following two years.
The project started in late 2016 and is due to run until 2021.
Last updated Sat 15 Jun 2019
Can I see tonight's Partial Lunar Eclipse?
Footprints discovered on Norfolk beach could be 900,000 years old
Anglia Weather Largely dry & sunny initially, becoming unsettled from Thursday
Football legends say goodbye to Justin Edinburgh at Chelmsford funeral
Boat building industry 'hasn't got its act together' over fibreglass
90 firefighters tackle flames on Cambridge's Mill Road
On-board 'Flybrary' to encourage children to read on planes
Catch up: Watch the most recent ITV News Anglia
Anglia Weather: The latest forecast for the East of England
Sister's emotional appeal to find missing Leah Croucher
Lambs and sheep slaughtered in fields
The problem with fibreglass: Environmental concern over old boats


I'm sure I say this every month, but it's really frightening how fast time goes when you're having fun and enjoying life. I feel like I haven't really done anything yet and suddenly the first month of a new year is gone! How did that happened? Well, at least I have some empties to prove that I didn't just sleep through it all!
Two really inexpensive bath salts; my husband and I love our hot baths so we run through tons of bath salts, so it doesn't really make sense and honestly we can't afford to buy expensive ones. I don't know if bath salts really do what they're claimed to do, but I do feel better after having a hot bath with them so I will keep using them.
I actually use up a load more face sheet masks than I show in my empties but the used packaging is usually still filled with liquid and really gross to keep, so I rarely keep them. I rarely find large differences between sheet masks so I just buy whatever I can find on sale; this one is quite nice – moist enough but not dripping wet.
I don't like this because it feels very thick and heavy, and not in a comfortable way. I can feel the cream sitting on top of my skin the whole time and it never really feels absorbed.
My favourite highlighter for a long time. I've used up a full size of it, and now a mini size. I will probably repurchase this at some point but right now I'm ready to try something else.
I actually really like this – it's glides on very smoothly and doesn't tug on the eyelid. It gives a deep dark brown line, and is quite soft so rather easy to smudge out for a smokey eye. Once it sets, it does last quite well without shifting and giving panda eyes.
I quite like using this even though I couldn't really see any real effect, but I don't have any lines or wrinkles around my eyes in the first place – I just prefer to prevent rather than hope for a cure when the wrinkles do appear. This absorbs into the skin quickly, though it has a little bit of tingle when freshly applied so it makes me feel like it's working.
I know that cellulite creams don't work, but we can always dream right?
To be honest, I'm not very sure what this is supposed to be – a toner or a moisturiser?
This smells quite nice and is rather lightweight, as well as absorb very quickly into the skin given its thinner consistency. Probably not my top choice for a winter moisturiser because it's not thick enough, but I think it'll be nice for summer.
I've raved and raved all about their shower oil for a long time so this time I will just say that they are still hands-down my favourite bath oils.
And that's it for the items I've used up in the last fortnight, and it brings the total amount to 24 empties in the month of January 2017! Considering that I wasn't home a third of the month, I'm really quite surprised with how much I've used up! Hopefully I can keep this trend going on, and I can draw down on my large stash of products.
Did you use up anything this month?
Prev The Lipstick Experiment – How Many Days Does It Take to Use Up a Lipstick?


A 9-year-old boy, Abdulrahman Isah of Gwandu road Kaduna on Tuesday appeared before Sharia Court ll at Magajin Gari, Kaduna along with three others over alleged assault.
The complainant, Maryam Sani, told the court that Isah alongside Asmau Abdullahi, Aisha Abdullahi and Huraira Abdullahi of Jos road, Kaduna attacked her in her house and destroyed her properties.
"I had problem with my neighbor, Asmau, few days ago. When I came back from the market in the evening, I met her, Huraira and Aisha at my doorstep.
"They asked me what happened between I and their sister. "I led them into my living room and I narrated what transpired between me and Asmau, but before I knew it Huraira slapped me and they all pounced on me with sticks.
"They broke my kitchen utensils and tore my door net; I started screaming and the vigilante group in the neighborhood heard me screaming and came to my rescue.
"When the women were coming out of my room, I saw Abdulrahman holding a stick.
"The vigilante group asked us to go to their office to resolve the case, but one of my neigbours said it is not proper for me to follow them because my husband was not around and it was late in the night,'' she told the court.
The defendants, however, denied the allegations. The judge, Musa Sa'ad-Goma, ordered the defendant to be remanded in prison pending perfection of their bail.
He, however, said that the boy should be released to a relative and be brought to court on the adjourned date. He adjourned the case until April 17, for further hearing.
Are Tenants Now Haunting Landlords?


Blue Mountains City Council has responsibility for ensuring that its rating structure meets the requirements of the Local Government Act 1993 (the Act). These requirements include that the rating system is simple, fair and broadly uniform and is compliant with the Act. As a means of improving response to these requirements the Council is proposing to reform to its rating structure over a period of three years.
This reform was endorsed for public display at the Council meeting of 23 April 2012 as part of the Draft 2012-2013 Operation Plan from 26 April 2012 to 23 May 2012.
Information on the two rating options proposed under the reform is available in the fact sheet that can be downloaded at right or is available in hardcopy from branch libraries or the counters at the Katoomba and Springwood offices.
Importantly, the proposal will not increase the Council's revenue from rates (this can only be increased by a set amount each year as directed by the NSW Independent Pricing & Regulatory Tribunal). The proposed changes only affect how rates are calculated and distributed across the City.
Ratepayers can obtain an indication of rates for 2012-2013 under the proposal using the calculators available on the Council's website (www.bmcc.nsw.gov.au). As well, ratepayers can receive an indication of rates for each year of the proposal by a written request sent to the Council's email (council@bmcc.nsw.gov.au) or by post to Locked Bag 1005, Katoomba NSW 2780. Please supply your property's assessment number and address and mark the request as "Rating Reform Proposal Rates Estimation".
Public comment on the proposal is invited until 5pm, 23 May 2012. Submissions can be made using the Submission tab on this site or a form in Word can be downloaded from the library at right.


Watching an E. burchelli swarm move through the forest is an amazing experience. The swarm pours forward amoebically, scouring the leaf-litter, bushes, and climbing high into trees. Despite being almost blind, E. burchelli are highly effective foragers, catching and killing nearly every small creature they find in their path.
The first sign of the approaching swarm is quiet a jumping and scurrying in the leaf-litter as insects begin fleeing for their lives. The first army ants arrive as a small trickle. Individual workers run forward, extending the pheromone trail very slightly before turning quickly back the way they came. As each ant turns, another passes it extending the trail a little further. Small insects begin to appear, flushed by the arriving invaders. A burst of red leaf-litter ants, larvae clutched in their mandibles, run for their lives up the nearest plant stem.
The steady trickle of army-ant scouts grows and thickens to a flood and suddenly the leaf-litter boils with terrifying ferocity as tens of thousands of ants cover the ground. A spider, flushed from its home, flees frantically, finding no escape. Jaws clamp down on every limb and soon the only sign of life is a tight, dark pile of stinging ants. An earthworm spasms and jumps, flinging ants in all directions, but its movements only attract more attackers until it is quickly stung to death and cut into pieces. A cockroach staggers from a hole, ants clinging to all sides and then collapses, swiftly becoming another thick pile of busily working ants.
As the front slowly passes, a maze-like network of trails develops behind it. Ants carrying small pieces of prey enter into the steady stream of workers running down the long trail home.
Three Eciton burchelli workers carry a scorpion leg in tandem.
carry quite large pieces of prey and reducing processing time.


text:
Q: clicking events are not working inside my map function I have a little bit of a problem with my code. my onClick is not working inside the map function not only onClick like onKeyPress, onKeyDown. but other methods are working like onmouseover.
here is my sample  https://codesandbox.io/s/exciting-clarke-h1n4u
Thanks for answering.

A: Please change onKeyDown to onMouseDown and selectionHandler to () => selectionHandler(arayValue) like below:
return (
    <DropdownContainer>
      <DropdownInput
        placeholder={"search"}
        onChange={e => setDropValue(e.target.value)}
        value={dropValue}
      />
      <DropdownBlock>
        {array.map(arayValue => (
          <DropDownSpan onMouseDown={() => selectionHandler(arayValue)}>{arayValue}</DropDownSpan>
        ))}
      </DropdownBlock>
    </DropdownContainer>
  );

A: This worked for me to get the value to selectionHandler():
<DropDownSpan onClick={() => selectionHandler(arayValue)}>{arayValue}</DropDownSpan>

You can see it work if you console.log(value) in selectionHandler. However, you are currently logging dropValue right after you set it using setDropValue. Because that update happens asynchronously, the variable may not be set before the console.log() is called.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Permanent Aubergine Hair Dye Regardless of all the niche hair salons which have now been popping up, from home made pubs to blow-out salons into braid studios, specialist hair dye projects still drive the wonder industry. But we've been re thinking the treatment after being ruined via this magnificence horror narrative.
So we asked cosmetic chemist Ni'Kita Wilson, chief executive officer of Catalyst Cosmetic growth and Elizabeth Cunnane Phillips, Philip Kingsley's trichological specialist, to spell out what hair dye is now doing to our hairthinning.
Hair dye contains a couple of barriers that it has to over come before it deposits the shade onto your hair. "It needs to become able to get into the hair shaft, and obstruction one is the cuticle, that's the hair of hair protection," explains Wilson. "If you presume tree bark contains that outer covering, that's how exactly our cuticle acts. Therefore for [dye] to penetrate throughout the cuticle, then it needs to be lifted." Input , ammonia. This chemical elevates the pH of the entire scalp, and in doing so, the cuticle lifts and calms. "The problem with this really is as soon as you have bothered the cuticle, the harm has begun because the cuticle isn't intended to be raised," says Wilson.
Allergy symptoms to hair dye are somewhat pretty frightening, but they are also rare. "It's projected that 4 in one million people are sensitive to hair dyes. But they sometimes happens, and so you need to become careful," says Cunnane Phillips. "The small proportion of danger has a tendency to place people off out of undertaking a patch test, however, we can not stress enough the value of executing a test for safe colouring."
Why can there be a issue that hair dyes may induce cancer?
Many people in the USA and Europe utilize hair dyes. It is projected that more than twenty-five of girls on the age 18 and about 10% of adult males around the age 40 utilize a hair dye.
Modern hair dyes are labeled as long lasting (or amino ), semi permanent , and temporary) Long lasting hair dyesthat make up about 80% of currently marketed solutions, consist of colourless dye"intermediates" (compounds called aromatic amines) and dye"couplers." |} In the existence of hydrogen peroxide, the intermediates and also couplers react with one another to form pigment molecules. Darker colors are created by utilizing higher doses of intermediates. Semi permanent and short-term hair dyes are nonoxidative and include coloured compounds which blot baldness specifically.
Over 5,000 unique compounds are found in hair dye solutions, a number which are noted to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing) in critters (2--4). Because a lot of folks utilize hair dyes, scientists also have experimented with to determine whether experience of the compounds in baldness services and products is associated with a greater chance of cancer in humans.
Permanent Aubergine Hair Dye Historical hair dye formulations comprised compounds, such as aromatic amines which were found to induce cancer in animals. In the mid century - the late 1970 s, yet, producers changed the components in dye services and products to expel a number of the chemicals (two, 5, 3 ). It is as yet not known whether a number of the compounds still utilised in hair dyes can induce cancer. Given the widespread usage of hair dye products, even a tiny increase in threat may have a considerable public health impact.
Lots of reports have also investigated the connection between the personal use of hair dyes as well as the probability of NHL, with contradictory outcomes. Because the tiny quantity of some studies could have confined their capacity to find an association between hair dye use and cancer, also a pooled (combined) analysis of 4 case-control studies had been carried out (8). All four studies had obtained step by step details regarding hair dye use, for example dates and duration of use, and NHL subtype. The pooled analysis contained 4,461 girls with NHL along with 5,799 women who did not have NHL. The outcome of the analysis showed that women who commenced utilizing hair dye earlier 1980 had a slightly (30 percent ) increased risk of NHL in comparison with women who hadn't ever applied hair dye, whereas no such increase in risk was found for girls who commenced utilizing hair dye after 1980.
When the investigators assessed the hazards of several special NHL sub types they unearthed that hair dye people had raised odds of both follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. For the large part, the gains were limited by girls who commenced utilizing hair dye before 1980, but an increased chance of follicular lymphoma was discovered among women who commenced making use of dark-coloured dyes right after 1980. Even though these outcomes are in accordance with the notion the hair dyes are somewhat carcinogenic, it is likewise possible that the lack of raised risks for hair dye users that began utilizing dyes after 1980 reflects lower accumulative exposure levels or insufficient time since first exposure for any increase in hazard to become apparent.
What is the evidence that hair dye use is associated with threat of leukaemia?
Studies of the association between hair dye use as well as the danger of leukaemia have had contradictory outcomes. As an instance, 1 case-control analysis examined hair dye use among 769 people with adult acute leukaemia and also 623 folks with out leukaemia in the United States and Canada (9). It found that the dangers of severe leukaemia were higher among customers of earlier formulations of both permanent and nonpermanent (i.e., semi permanent and temporary) dyes than those who had used dyes, although the gains weren't statistically significant. No risk gains were witnessed one of the of recent dye formulations. The risk was highest amongst those who had consumed long term dyes for longer durations (15 or even more years).
But a case-control study in Italy observed no connection between use of permanent hair dye general and threat of leukaemia, but people of dark lasting stains, however, not one of additional colour dyes, but did have an increased hazard. This analysis, however, did not collect advice over the timing or frequency of hair dye use Permanent Aubergine Hair Dye.
Related Post "Permanent Aubergine Hair Dye"


text:
Soul & Spirit
Sports & Rehab
The Consulting Room
Is Pokemon Go tackling mental health problems?
Home/Wellbeing & Fitness/Is Pokemon Go tackling mental health problems?
The immensely popular game Pokemon go has been reported by NetDoctor to bring additional health benefits to a normally sedentary gaming culture. Players of the game go out of their way to increase their time spent walking outside in order to be able to take part in activities that lets the players increase in levels. Aside from the physical health benefits, the Independent has published an article where users have claimed that playing the game also helps them tackle mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. Of course, it is too early to tell if the benefits are tangible in the long-term, however mental illness is a complicated issue and it is always positive if some feel that playing the game helps them cope in everyday life.
Is it an issue?
Depression and anxiety are important issues for the UK as one in five people here have showed symptoms of depression and anxiety, and of these 21.5 % were females and 14.8 % were males. It is suspected that there are many who go undiagnosed and do not receive the help they need. Undiagnosed mental health issues are particularly prevalent in males, as the ONS reported that of all the suicides in the UK in 2013, 78% were by men. Suicide is actually the biggest killer for men between the ages of 20 and 49. For other men's health issues read about the top 5 symptoms you shouldn't ignore.
A survey has shown that one in three people have admitted to struggling at work because of having to cope with stress or depression. Only half of those who are dealing with these issues confided in a colleague, but even this small step can be positive, with 71% saying it had helped their situation. It is understandable that many are afraid to confide to their colleagues let alone your manager because there are no direct physical manifestations of mental health disease. There are however hopeful stories such as this article written anonymously by a charity worker who's depression came back re-emerged after having moved away from the stability of access to a regular counsellor for a great job. The article charts the writer's fears and relief of discovering of how having an understanding manager can mean working together to come up with solutions to deal with any issues that may arise (Read the article here). If you are having issues at work due to mental health issues here is a mind map that will give you some ideas on how you can manage your mental health with job.
Is it in the genes?
New research has shown that while there might not be a gene that causes mental ill health, there is a gene that might make a person more emotionally susceptible to their environment. People with this specific gene can be affected positively as well as negatively depending on the environment, not necessarily leading to mental ill health but also happiness in certain environments. Perhaps this is why depression and anxiety have been shown to affect so many people in the world. Authors of a review published in Molecular Psychiatry, Professors Elaine Fox and Chris Beevers are calling for a new type of research combining genetic and cognitive bias studies. Cognitive bias is a theory that describes a mental filter by which some people view the world and in depression this filter happens to emphasise negative thoughts. By combining both strands of research, it will allow scientists to understand the link between the genetics and how they can express as depression in some people.
Be aware of depression and seek help
For now, if you think you are feeling depressed it probably won't go away unless you do something about it, as this therapist with depression writes in a recent Huffington Post article. The NHS has some advice on how to deal with depression, including exercise which can be undertaken when playing games such as Pokemon Go. One of the first steps to getting help is to tell someone, however if you feel you cannot speak to anyone you know please contact the Samaritans.
For more advice, visit a GP.
Book an appointment with a GP
By Doctify Team|2018-07-20T10:14:17+00:00August 30th, 2016|Wellbeing & Fitness|Comments Off on Is Pokemon Go tackling mental health problems?
About the Author: Doctify Team
The Doctify Team provide patients with the guidance they need to make the right health choices and we introduce them to forward-thinking health specialists. We are driven by a passionate belief that technology can make the patient-specialist relationship better.
This was a fantastic night! 2020 is going to be a great year for bringing trust and transparency to healthcare glob�twitter.com/i/web/status/1…xQ
#PDAawards19 proud to be presenting "most improved practice" shortly! A great night highlighting some really hardtwitter.com/i/web/status/1…lXlvL0
A warm welcome to Dr Rachael Cave to Doctify & @DrWayneCottrell's clinic! We can't wait to read your reviews!�twitter.com/i/web/status/1…UH
doctify orthopaedic anxiety consultant mental health Cancer Dermatologist reviews psychologist nutrition Baby Sleep health news patient reviews treatment fertility pregnancy diet fitness parenting patient feedback psychology health gynaecology skincare back pain women's health gynaecologist stress pain Skin surgery patients Specialist exercise Research urology mens health orthopaedic surgeon News Cardiologist depression doctor dentist GP
10 hot tips for medical and dental practices: Are you working with the right website builder?
How the Breast Reconstructive practice of Consultant Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic surgeon, Miss Judith Hunter has finessed her Aesthetic Breast Work
how to lose 10 pounds in a week on Acid Reflux Diet Recipe: Crispy Parsnip Fries
Julia on Acid Reflux Diet Recipe: Crispy Parsnip Fries
Mindy on Acid Reflux Diet Recipe: Crispy Parsnip Fries
decarvalho.alexander@gmail.com on What are the Best Healthy Snacks for the Office?
decarvalho.alexander@gmail.com on How to Find the Right Specialist with Doctify


text:
Becoming a benchmark for smallsat IoT-5G
Jaume Sanpera, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Sateliot
The consensus of the 3GPP stakeholders validated the work proposal on what are technically known as NB-IoT/eMTC standards that are adapted to non-terrestrial networks (IoT NTN) and thus endorsed the technical feasibility study, in addition to initiating the necessary preparations for the approval of the IoT NTN regulatory phase.
In fact, Sateliot had been one of the satellite operating companies that had made the most contributions during this time up to the completion of the feasibility study.
What Has Sateliot Achieved?
Why is this agreement so important for Sateliot? With the consolidation of this roadmap, Sateliot gains the backing of the industry. The 5G-IoT services the company will provide to telecom operators from the satellite constellation will be compatible with the official standard as defined by consensus by the main industry representatives.
This standard will enable operators to understand one another and connect to the smallsat network via a roaming service when 5G coverage is needed to provide connectivity for the cargo of ship in transit, or to track the path of a mountain biker and alert emergency services in the event of an accident, as examples.
Beyond this support for Sateliot's value proposition, the company's success also rests in having managed to align the interests of a body as ironclad as 3GPP which, for the first time, is looking beyond terrestrial networks and including smallsat networks in their telecommunications standards.
What's more, Sateliot managed to do exceptionally, by consensus. As many as 44 companies and institutions from the entire value chain (satellite operators, mobile operators, network providers, device manufacturers, and so on), including such well-known names as Vodafone, Deutsche Telekom, China Mobile, Sony, Nokia, Ericsson, Eutelsat and Siemens, have supported this work proposal.
Sateliot's main interests are included in the proposal (NB-IoT, discontinuous coverage, support for low orbit smallsat…) where the impact or importance is measured in the amount of hours allocated to deal with the topic, as the joint work of Sateliot and the entire industry to carry out this project does not end here.
The next step will be to promote the development of devices that allow operators to test and implement IoT-5G connectivity services so that, by early 2023, the connection of all types of objects where terrestrial networks do not reach will finally be a reality.
sateliot.space
Author, Jaume Sanpera, the Founder and CEO of Sateliot, has a background in Telecommunications Engineering, possesses a Master of Business Administration (MBA) and a Senior Management Program (PADE). His career has developed in parallel with technological developments and his entrepreneurial spirit led him to found up to nine companies, such as Eurona, a company that rose from two to 150 million in sales in 6 years.
Sateliot enters the U.S.A with the accelerator of giants Qualcomm and Verizon
Sateliot obtains authorization from the Spanish Government to initiate 5G-IoT communications from space
3GPP endorses the 'Sateliot scenario' and includes nanosatellite constellation in 5G-IoT standard
Sateliot & Spanish MoD promotes first nanosatellite constellation for secure IoT and data exchange


text:
Q: AR face masking with face recognition I want to create an Augmented Reality app that can create a face mask (such as snapchat app does), but I want to do this for certain faces I will train beforehand, and apply it only to them using face recognition.
I've tried searching for some frameworks for Unity to do this, but all face detection\recognition required the OpenCVForUnity plugin, which I am not sure will work well for me, so I don't want to throw my money on it yet.
Are there any recommendations of how this can be achieved?
I am making the app for Android devices, so I don't mind not using Unity.


Mint Matte Grosgrain Ribbon - 3/8"
Sew yourself simple! Mint Matte Grosgrain Ribbon features a solid, no-shine color that is easy to coordinate with sewing and craft projects. Use it with scrapbooks, bags, blouses, pillowcases, quilts, blankets, glass crafts, and more!.


text:
Q: How to remove item from mutableList in kotlin I am scanning a list and adding an unique item in mutableList. Scanning a item through ScanCallback but below example is using for Kotlin Flow for better understanding and make a simple use case. I am giving an example of emiting different types of item.
Basically I want to remove items from the specific condtions :-

*

*when flow data is finished to emit new values.

*when emiting an item, if we no longer receive an item within 30 sec then we remove the item from the list.
import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.collectLatest
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.flow
import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking

class ItemList {
    val scanResultList = mutableListOf<ScanResults>()
    fun doSomething(): Flow<ScanResults> = flow {
       (0..20).forEach {
           delay(200L)
           when (it) {
             in 10..12 -> {
                 emit(ScanResults(Device("item is Adding in range of 10 -- 20")))
             }

             in 15..18 -> {
                 emit(ScanResults(Device("item is Adding in range of 15 -- 18")))
             }

             else -> {
                 emit(ScanResults(Device("item is Adding without range")))
             }
         }
     }
 }

 fun main() = runBlocking {
     doSomething().collectLatest { value ->
         handleScanResult(value)
     }
 }

 private fun handleScanResult(result: ScanResults) {
     if (!scanResultList.contains(result)) {
         result.device?.name?.let {
             if (hasNoDuplicateScanResult(scanResultList, result)) {
                 scanResultList.add(result)
                 println("Item added")
             }
         }
     }
 }

 private fun hasNoDuplicateScanResult(value: List<ScanResults>, result: ScanResults): Boolean {
     return value.count { it.device == result.device } < 1
 }

 data class ScanResults(val device: Device? = null)
 data class Device(val name: String? = null)
}

I am not adding Set because in SnapshotStateList is not available in jetpack compose.

A: I'll try to reword the problem in simple terms. I'll say the input is a Flow of some imaginary data class DeviceInfo so it's easier to describe.
Problem:
There is a source flow of DeviceInfos. We want our output to be a Flow of Set<DeviceInfo>, where the Set is all DeviceInfo's that have been emitted from the source in the past 30 seconds.
(If you want, you can convert this output Flow into State, or collect it and update a mutablestateListOf with it, etc.)
Here is a strategy I thought of. Disclaimer: I haven't tested it.
Tag each incoming DeviceInfo with a unique ID (could be based on system time or a UUID). Add each DeviceInfo to a Map with its latest ID. Launch a child coroutine that delays 30 seconds and then removes the item from the map if the ID matches. If newer values have arrived, then the ID won't match so obsolete child coroutines will expire silently.
val sourceFlow: Flow<DeviceInfo> = TODO()

val outputFlow: Flow<Set<DeviceInfo>> = flow {
    coroutineScope {
        val tagsByDeviceInfo = mutableMapOf<DeviceInfo, Long>()

        suspend fun emitLatest() = emit(tagsByDeviceInfo.keys.toSet())

        sourceFlow.collect { deviceInfo ->
            val id = System.currentTimeMillis()
            if (tagsByDeviceInfo.put(deviceInfo, id) == null) {
                emitLatest() // emit if the key was new to the map
            }
            launch {
                delay(30.seconds)
                if (tagsByDeviceInfo[deviceInfo] == id) {
                    tagsByDeviceInfo.remove(deviceInfo)
                    emitLatest()
                }
            }
        }
    }
}


text:
Ра́ховский райо́н () — административная единица на востоке Закарпатской области Украины. Административный центр — город Рахов.

История
В XIII в. Венгрия полностью овладела горными районами Закарпатья. Постепенно сюда стали прибывать и селиться здесь венгерские феодалы.

Во времена вхождения закарпатских земель в состав Австро-Венгрии сюда было переселено много немецких колонистов, при участии которых происходило становление лесоперерабатывающей отрасли. Огромным толчком к социально-экономическому развитию этого района стало строительство железной дороги в Рахов и Ясиню, которая была сдана в эксплуатацию 15 августа 1895 года. Строили железную дорогу 16 000 итальянцев и специалистов из других стран Европы.

В ноябре 1918 года раховчане решительно поднялись на борьбу за освобождение и воссоединение района с украинским народом. 5 января 1919 года в с. Ясиня было сброшено местное правительство и образована Гуцульская Республика во главе с Степаном Клочураком, которая продержалась до 11 июня 1919 года.

21 марта 1919 года в Венгрии победила пролетарская революция. В апреле Совет рабочих, солдат и крестьян в Рахове возглавил П. Попенко. В конце того же года, когда завоевания венгерской революции были утрачены, поселения над Тиссой заняли румынские войска. Воцарились террор и грабёж.

Во время вхождения Закарпатья (тогдашнее название — Подкарпатская Русь) в состав Чехословакии населённые пункты Раховщины активно развивались как центры туризма. Рахов в то время называли «гуцульским Парижем». Фашистская оккупация времён Второй мировой войны завершилась освобождением района, как и всего Закарпатья, частями Советской Армии в октябре 1944 года. В 1945 году район, как и всё Закарпатье, вошел в состав УССР.

География

Площадь — 1870 км².

Основные реки — Белая Тиса, Чёрная Тиса, Кисва.

Район граничит на севере с Надворнянским районом Ивано-Франковской области, на юге — с Румынией, на западе — с Тячевским районом Закарпатской области, на востоке — с Верховинским районом Ивано-Франковской области.

Район расположен в наиболее высокогорной части Украинских Карпат. На севере возвышаются Внутренние Горганы, на западе — Свидовец, на северо-востоке — Черногора (горные части Полонинского позвоночника), на юге — Раховские горы.

В 40 км от Рахова, в Черногорском массиве, — высочайшая вершина Украинских Карпат и Украины в целом — гора Говерла (2061 м над уровнем моря). Рядом возвышаются ещё шесть вершин-двухтысячников — Бребенескул, Петрос, Поп Иван (Черная гора), Ребра, Гутин Томнатик и Мунчель.

Рельеф высокогорья обозначен следами древнего оледенения с характерными ледниковыми формами.

Климат в Рахове умеренно континентальный. Период с температурой выше плюс 10 °C в среднем составляет 147 дней. По данным метеостанции «Рахов» (430 м над уровнем моря), средняя температура января равна минус 4,8 °C, июля — плюс 18,0 °C, среднегодовая — плюс 7,4 °C.

Среднегодовая сумма осадков составляет 1212 мм, из которых максимум приходится на июнь-июль. Здесь преобладают ветры западного и юго-западного направления. С увеличением высоты над уровнем моря температура воздуха понижается, а количество осадков растет.

Растительный и животный мир
Раховский район — наиболее лесистый район на Украине. Здесь сосредоточена треть видового состава флоры Украины, половина краснокнижных видов растений и животных Карпат. На скалах Близницы, Герешаски, Ненески, Кузи и Поп Ивана растет несколько десятков растений, которые на Украине нигде больше не встречаются, в том числе легендарный эдельвейс (шелковый цветок). Уникальные леса и высокогорные луговые системы Карпатского биосферного заповедника отнесены к ценнейшим экосистемам планеты и Международной сети биосферных резерватов ЮНЕСКО. Эти замечательные места является последним оплотом таких крупных хищников в Европе, как медведь, волк и рысь. В заповеднике охраняется свыше 1000 видов высших сосудистых растений, 64 вида млекопитающих, 173 вида птиц, 9 видов пресмыкающихся, 13 видов земневодних, 23 видов рыб, около 15 000 видов беспозвоночных животных. В заповеднике отмечены 64 вида растений и 72 вида животных, занесенных в Красную книгу Украины и в Европейский Красный список.

Природные богатства
Раховщина владеет настоящим экологическим феноменом и очень мощным природно-ресурсным потенциалом. Здесь находятся самая высокая вершина Украины — гора Говерла (2061 м.) и все шесть вершин Украинских Карпат, превышающих 2000 метров над уровнем моря. Около 68 % территории района покрыто высокопроизводительными лесами. Здесь разведано 82 источника минеральных вод, распространено почти 300 видов лекарственных растений. Встречается половина видов краснокнижных растений и животных Украинских Карпат. Раховщина относится к районам с высокой водообеспеченностью. На Раховщине берёт начало одна из крупнейших притоков Дуная — река Тиса. Протекая просторам Европы, она дает чистую питьевую воду населению Украины, Румынии, Венгрии, Словакии и Югославии. Раховщина наделена чрезвычайно благоприятными условиями для зимней рекреации, развития горнолыжного спорта, а горный массив Драгобрат по своим параметрам может стать местом проведения зимней Олимпиады. Только два аналога в мире имеет Квасовский санаторно-курортный комплекс, построенный на базе минеральных вод с содержанием радона. Из минерально-сырьевых ресурсе перспективны для разработки месторождения золота, доломитов, мраморных доломитов, а также разлив минеральных вод.

Население
Численность населения района в границах до 17 июля 2020 года по состоянию на 1 января 2020 года — 92 543 человека, из них городского населения — 36 878 человек, сельского — 55 665 человек.

По данным всеукраинской переписи населения 2001 года в районе проживало 90,9 тысяч человек (106,2 % по отношению к переписи 1989 года)

Национальный состав Раховского района по переписи 2001 года.

Административное устройство
Район с 17 июля 2020 года делится на 4 территориальные общины, в том числе 1 городскую, 2 поселковые и 1 сельскую общину (в скобках — их административные центры):
 Городские:
 Раховская городская община (город Рахов);
 Поселковые:
 Великобычковская поселковая община (пгт Великий Бычков),
 Ясинянская поселковая община (пгт Ясиня);
 Сельские:
 Богданская сельская община (село Богдан).

Количество населённых пунктов:
 городов районного значения — 1
 посёлков городского типа — 3
 сёл — 28.
Всего — 32 населённых пункта.

Количество местных советов до реформы 2015—2020 годов:
 городских — 1
 поселковых — 3
 сельских — 17.

См. также
 Флаг Раховского района

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Учетная карточка района на сайте Верховной рады Украины

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia