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By Erica Williams and Nikki Metzgar • January 19, 2023 • Inclusive Economy / Revenue & Budget / Taxes
The District of Columbia is home to the nation's capital, nearly 700,000 residents, and a robust economy that benefits the broader metropolitan area. But despite holding the same responsibilities as other Americans – including paying federal income taxes – DC residents are denied their full rights, including voting representation in Congress.
Black and brown people make up the majority of DC's population, making statehood a racial justice issue. Putting a stop to Black communities' increasing political engagement was the driving intention behind voter suppression in the period following Reconstruction, and that legacy continues today. While DC has no votes in Congress, elected officials from the 50 states have the power to interfere in local laws, with significant consequences on the health, safety, and well-being of District residents.
Denying DC statehood also has extensive fiscal consequences. The revenue forgone each year because DC is denied full taxing authority is $3.2 billion, according to DC Fiscal Policy Institute (DCFPI) analysis. That $3.2 billion equates to nearly one-fifth of DC's Gross Fund spending for fiscal year (FY) 2021, is more than three-fifths of what the District spent on Human Support Services, and it is slightly more than the District's investment in schools that year.[1] And, even though DC would take on additional and substantial expenses as a state, the potential revenue gains surpass the costs. With this increase in resources, District leaders could invest in transformative policy changes that advance racial justice and strengthen DC's economy.
DC residents have been calling for the return of their full democratic rights for more than 200 years. Momentum for statehood is only growing. DC residents themselves made clear their desire for statehood, with 86 percent voting in favor in a 2016 referendum.[2] Mayor Muriel Bowser and Non-Voting Representative Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) have repeatedly called for DC statehood. In 2020 and again in 2021, the House of Representatives passed a bill to make DC a state. This marked the first and second time in history a body of Congress advanced such legislation. The US Senate failed to take up the measure each time.
By recognizing DC residents' rights to self-governance and federal voting representation, Congress would be correcting a historic harm that is rooted in anti-Blackness and perpetuates racial inequality. With fewer restrictions and the potential revenue that statehood offers, DC could take greater steps to minimize economic struggle, end displacement, house residents, guarantee jobs and income, and advance reparative policy in our most neglected communities. In doing so we would create a stronger, equitable economy for the future.
Racist Roots of District Disenfranchisement and Limited Self-Governance
White supremacy and the orchestrated efforts to suppress Black political and economic power have played a driving role in the disenfranchisement of DC residents. After a brief period in which Black men could vote and Black communities became increasingly politically active, all DC residents—Black and white—lost all voting rights in 1874.[3] Following Reconstruction, states across the South made moves to secure white political and economic dominance with lasting impacts on the power and resources available to communities of color.[4]
DC was the first majority Black major city in the US and had a reputation as a haven for Black opportunity even during slavery. At the beginning of the 19th century, Washington City had 400 free Black people—nearly double the number of eligible voters, or landowning white men. Within the first decade, that number had nearly quadrupled, and free Black people were more than 30 percent of the Black population. By 1830, most of DC's Black residents were free and despite the white-led government denying them the same employment opportunities and freedoms of their white counterparts, they secured jobs, established community organizations, and bought property.[5]
During Reconstruction, Congress used its exclusive authority over DC to "field test" policies, from freedman's relief to public education for Black children, before implementing them across the South. In 1867, Congress passed a law over President Andrew Johnson's veto that allowed Black men to vote in the District's municipal elections. Black Washingtonians voted in high numbers and by 1869, Black men had been elected to positions in every ward. The District's biracial local government succeeded in providing jobs to a growing Black middle class, supporting the expansion of the Black public school system, and passing anti-discrimination legislation.[6]
To Suppress Black Political and Economic Power, a Movement to End Democratic Governance Takes Form
Black prosperity repeatedly triggered backlash. The city passed its first Black Code in 1808 to restrict the relative freedom of the free Black community by instituting curfew, prohibiting assembly, and requiring evidence of Black freedom. Over time, Black codes became increasingly restrictive to limit economic opportunity and discourage Black migration to DC.[7]
A movement to consolidate the District under unelected presidential appointees began in direct response to Black Washingtonians exercising their right to vote. Advocates framed undemocratic rule as an efficient method to end the high taxes and spending that came with increased Black political power. In 1871, Congress created a single territorial government for a consolidated District of Columbia that greatly limited residents' electoral power.[8]
In 1874, Congress rescinded that limited local control and DC residents of all races lost all their voting rights. An 1878 Washington Post editorial plainly stated the racist beliefs around this change to rule-by-commissioners: "The present form of alien government is about as bad as to be devised, but a system which gives the control of the District to ignorant and depraved negroes, is still worse."[9] "An experiment had been tried in negro suffrage and it had failed," said an academic study in 1893.[10]
The commissioners who ran the city were all white men until 1961.[11] Losing the right to vote hurt both Black and white voters, but it was devastating for Black Washingtonians who struggled to advocate for their interests and hold the commissioners accountable under this non-representative form of government.
DC Suppression Part of a Broader Effort to Cement White Political and Economic Dominance
States across the South similarly pushed successful efforts to end biracial Reconstruction governance, disenfranchise Black voters, and restore a racial hierarchy with severe economic consequences. In 1890, Mississippi disenfranchised nearly all the state's Black voters and enacted a supermajority requirement for all state tax increases, making it next to impossible to meaningfully raise property taxes and secure public investments in education, health care, and other public goods that would support Black people excluded from full participation in the economy. In Alabama, legislators overturned the state constitution written by a biracial group of delegates during Reconstruction to install highly restrictive caps on property tax rates and limit the amount white landowners would have to contribute for the benefit of the majority Black population that did not own property. These and other similar efforts that were paired with violence and voter suppression effectively pre-empted future efforts of multi-racial coalitions working to resource collective needs.[12]
This practice of racist pre-emption continues today as states obstruct policies that would disproportionately benefit Black people and other people of color. When Birmingham City Council voted to raise the city's minimum wage to $10.10 per hour in 2016, the state blocked the ordinance and brought the wage back down to $7.25.[13] Nearly 70 percent of Birmingham's residents are Black.[14] The state of Texas sought an injunction against Austin when the city passed laws requiring businesses to provide their employees with paid sick leave.[15] In Austin, Hispanic and Black workers are less likely to have paid sick time than workers in any other racial or ethnic group.[16]
Home Rule Was Critical Step Forward but Not Full Autonomy or Representation
Nearly 100 years after Congress stripped District residents of their right to vote for local representation, Congress passed the Home Rule Act in 1973. The law provided residents with the right to vote for a city council, mayor, and advisory neighborhood commissioners.[17] Today, DC residents can work through a democratically elected government to shape local decisions around raising revenue, spending priorities, and other legislation affecting their daily lives. This is the highest level of self-government the District has had since it became the seat of the federal government, and yet it does not offer full autonomy or representation.
DC residents, for example, still do not have voting representation in Congress to advance District priorities or to shape federal policy that affects the nation as a whole. And Congress reviews all legislation passed by the Council before it can become law and retains authority over DC's budget. While the District has largely been able to operate with autonomy, there have been important exceptions. For example, the federal government imposed upon the District a Control Board in the mid-1990s (see discussion below) and DC has at times been subject to federal pre-emption as other cities are by states, with social, health, and economic consequences for DC residents. For example, each year Congress prohibits DC from spending local funds to provide insurance coverage for abortion care through Medicaid. The disproportionate number of people of color who are enrolled in Medicaid often struggle to make ends meet and denying them access to abortion care further perpetuates economic insecurity. In 1998, Congress banned DC from using local tax dollars to fund needle exchange programs, which are shown to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDs, before reversing the ban in 2007.[18] In 2015, Congress passed a budget provision to undermine the results of a District referendum approving the legalization and regulation of cannabis, criminalization of which has had extremely disproportionate negative consequences for Black and brown residents.[19] Today, several members of Congress are taking aim at DC's move to enfranchise people without US citizenship in local elections and to revise its criminal code.[20]
If made a state, DC would have the highest proportion of Black residents of any state[21] and help correct the underrepresentation of voters of color in the American political system.[22] By recognizing DC residents' rights to self-governance and federal voting representation, Congress would be correcting a historic harm that is rooted in anti-Blackness and perpetuates racial inequality.
Fiscal Implications of Statehood
Statehood would bring a full array of benefits to the District, most importantly the voting rights, civic responsibilities, and political representation promised to citizens of the United States but currently denied to DC residents. It would give the District full control over budget and legislative decisions—and more time to make those decisions—by eliminating congressional review and allowing the District to adopt a fiscal year that aligns with the needs of DC's schools and the University of DC.
Statehood also would have important fiscal implications. The District would be newly responsible for several areas of spending that are currently funded by the federal government in recognition of DC's unique status. But statehood also could result in the generation of billions in new revenue to afford the District greater public investment in its neighborhoods and communities, particularly where Black, brown, immigrant, and low-paid residents have been sidelined by racism and economic exclusion. And statehood would expand our income tax base and likely make our tax system more equitable.
With Increased Tax Collections, DC Could See Over $3 Billion More in Annual Revenue
In addition to the denial of voting rights and representation, the District is also denied the full taxing authority of a state. Since the adoption of Home Rule in 1973, DC has held the multi-layered responsibilities of ensuring the administration of public services that normally would be distributed across city, county, and state governments. However, as a federal district, DC is not allowed to tax wage and salary income earned in the District by people living outside of its boundaries (non-residents)—an authority held by all states with income taxes and exercised by many.[23]
According to US Census data, about 226,000 residents of Virginia and 320,000 residents of Maryland earn income in DC, where they enjoy the vibrancy of DC's economy, industry, and many public services and workers' rights such as paid leave benefits.[24] While the District currently has "reciprocity" with the two states—meaning that Maryland and Virginia also do not tax income earned by DC residents within their borders—far fewer DC residents work and earn their living in those states, and the dollars they earn are a small fraction of the total income earned in those states.[25]
In addition, the typical non-resident from Maryland or Virginia working in DC is better paid than the typical worker in those states, according to US Census data (Table 1, pg 6). The median personal earnings of Marylanders and Virginians working in DC is both higher than the median earnings of the residents of the two states and the earnings of residents of DC. The right to tax all DC-earned income would broaden the District's tax base to about 560,000 additional earners whose relatively greater level of prosperity is made possible by DC's strong local economy and the local tax dollars that support it.
The revenue forgone each year because Congress denies DC full taxing authority of non-resident wages and salaries earned in the District is striking—nearly $3.2 billion annually.[26] (There is an additional significant revenue loss because court decisions have barred the District from applying the Unincorporated Business Tax to the profits of businesses like law, accounting, lobbying, and consulting firms whose earnings come from professional services.[27]) Non-resident wage and salary income was $57.3 billion in fiscal year 2021, or 58 percent of all income earned in DC, compared with $42.2 billion earned by residents (Figure 1). To estimate forgone revenue, DCFPI applied an estimated effective income tax rate[28] to the wage and salary income of non-residents. The fact that the median earnings of non-DC residents is higher than the earnings of DC residents suggests that the revenue gains of taxing non-resident income could be even greater than the estimates shown here.
That $3.2 billion equates to nearly one-fifth of DC's Gross Fund spending for FY 2021, is more than three-fifths of what the District spent on Human Support Services, and is slightly more than the District's investment in schools that year.
Revenue Gains Likely Surpass New Expenses
As a state, DC would likely resume responsibility for the cost of several public services that other states finance directly, such as the court system. DC previously funded these services with District revenue between the 1973 Home Rule Act and the 1997 National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act.[29] With Home Rule, the District took on many expenditures of a state without the full, corresponding taxing authority. The federal government partially offset new expenses with annual lump-sum payments that started off woefully inadequate and further declined in value over time. Though created in large part by continued federal limitations on revenue, DC developed a budget deficit and saw its financial health decline, leading the Clinton administration and Congress to appoint the DC Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Authority, otherwise known as the Control Board, in 1995. The Control Board had the ability to override Council and Mayoral decisions and the authority to take a wide range of actions to bring the budget into balance.
Under the Revitalization Act, the federal government followed the recommendations of the Control Board to relieve the District of some of its financial obligations given its unique status and revenue limitations, most notably the massive, unfunded pension liability it had transferred to the District, a greater share of DC's Medicaid costs, and the costs of DC's court system, adult felony prison population, probation and parole, and other criminal justice system expenses.
In 1999, the federal government also provided DC residents with the DC Tuition Assistance Grant (DC TAG) Program, which Congress created to offer DC's college-bound recent high school graduates "in-state tuition" at state colleges and universities outside of the District and grants for attendance at private colleges in the region. (While statehood could shift the costs of this program to DC, it's also possible that this along with other substantial investments could be "earmarked" for DC if residents had voting representation in Congress.)[30] Even with this federal support, the District continued to fund an array of services that are typically paid for, or at the least supplemented, by a state-level government, such as schools, public benefit programs, and infrastructure.
As a state, it is highly likely that DC would take on many of the expenses for which Congress provided relief under the Revitalization Act.[31] These costs are substantial, estimated at about $1.9 billion (Table 2). However, these estimates assume that the District would administer these services in the same manner as the federal government, which may not be the case. Even with expenses in this ballpark, the potential revenue gains surpass the costs. Net revenue gains from taxing non-resident income alone could be as high as $1.4 billion, equal to about 15 percent of local fund revenue in FY 2021. This represents a sizeable increase in resources to invest in transformative policy changes that advance racial justice and strengthen DC's economy.
Other Revenue Implications of Statehood
As the nation's capital, the District has limited ability to tax much of the real property within its own boundaries. Of the more than 11,000 properties in the District that receive property tax exemptions totaling more than $1 billion in forgone revenue, about 3,600 properties and $650 million of that are due to federal exemptions for federal properties and those of foreign governments.[32] Another 955 properties exempted from about $45 million in real property taxes include some individual organizations that were exempted and grandfathered in through special acts of Congress.[33] Statehood would give DC the option of taxing some of these properties.
Taxation and Regulation of Recreational Cannabis Sales
At the federal level, cannabis remains a Schedule I substance, which means that it is recognized as high potential for abuse, not legal, and has no accepted medical uses. DC has been able to create and regulate a medical cannabis industry, and it has decriminalized recreational use. However, DC's lack of statehood and its unique position as a federal district subject to congressional oversight has hindered its ability to join many states in fully exercising their right to set their own local cannabis laws. In fact, an annual congressional budget rider prohibits DC from spending money to regulate and eliminate penalties associated with possessing, using, or distributing recreational cannabis.[34] It also means that the District is unable to tax recreational cannabis sales, thereby denying DC revenue that might be invested in Black and brown communities harmed by the racist War on Drugs.
Justice System Reforms
Even with its recent overhaul of the criminal code, with full control over the justice system the District might pursue more reforms by changing supervision, parole, and probation laws, imprisoning fewer people, and employing alternatives to incarceration that over the long term are less costly and more effective at reducing recidivism. The District Task Force on Jails & Justice report, Transformation Starts Today, offers recommendations for reforming these components of the justice system along with dozens of other recommendations for reducing the number of DC residents who are imprisoned. These range from upstream investments in priorities like housing and behavioral health, to community-informed solutions to increase safety in neighborhoods and public housing, to the removal of law enforcement from DC schools, and more.[35]
As a federal district, DC also navigates prescribed uses of its locally generated revenue. One example is its reserves. The District has two federally mandated reserves created under the presidentially appointed Control Board. These reserves, totaling nearly $500 million, were put in place decades ago and built entirely from DC taxes and fees, but with strict mandates on reserve levels as well as limits on their use. For example, the law requires repayments to start within a year and be completed over two years, limiting their use in a recession.
The Contingency Cash Reserve: This $320 million reserve can be used for "unforeseen needs that arise during the fiscal year," such as a natural disaster, public health or public safety needs, or a 5 percent drop in revenue collections. It is normally tapped when funds can be replenished quickly, such as through a year-end budget surplus or federal recovery dollars. This structure leaves control over the reserve largely within the Mayor's purview.
The Emergency Cash Reserve: This $160 million reserve can be used to meet "extraordinary needs of an emergency nature, including a natural disaster or calamity," or in a state of emergency declared by the Mayor. Lawmakers almost never tap this reserve.
To be clear, DC has an additional two locally mandated reserves that are also in need of reform to better address economic recessions and other kinds of crises that affect revenue collections.[36] But statehood would give the District the ability to repurpose the federally mandated reserve dollars, either to serve as a true "Rainy Day Fund" for use during recessions and emergencies with reasonable repayment requirements or one-time cash infusions into equity-enhancing public investments.[37]
Statehood Would Afford Greater Investments in Equity and Shared Abundance
By granting DC residents the rights to self-governance and federal voting representation, Congress would be correcting a historic harm that is rooted in anti-Blackness and perpetuates racial inequality. With fewer restrictions and the potential revenue boon that statehood offers, DC could take greater steps to minimize economic struggle, end displacement, house residents, guarantee jobs and income, and advance reparative policy in our most neglected communities. In doing so, DC would create a stronger, more equitable economy for the future.
Inequities by race, ethnicity, gender, immigration status, and intersecting identities undermine people, families, communities, and our economy as a whole. This nation's history of structural racism and the discrimination and bias built into our economic, health, and social systems has left Black, indigenous, and people of color more likely to experience poverty, have poorer health, attend lower quality schools, and be shut out of wealth creating opportunities. These disparities are exacerbated for individuals who are also women, gender nonconforming, LGBTQIA, living with disabilities, or otherwise historically excluded from sharing fully in economic prosperity.
Currently, longstanding inequities in the District hold back Black and brown people and communities and its economic potential on the whole:
Median income for Black households is roughly one-third that of white households in DC.[38]
White households own 81 times the wealth of Black households and 21 times that of Latinx households.[39]
More than one-quarter of Black people in DC lives below the poverty line ($28,000 for a family of 4), compared with 5 percent of white residents.[40]
85 percent of the city's homeless population and over 90 percent of its public housing population is Black.[41]
The District's Black workers are five times more likely to be unemployed as white workers in this pandemic — the biggest gap in the nation — and they face the highest Black unemployment rate in the nation (when compared with states).[42]
Black residents consistently make up three-quarters or more of COVID deaths since April of 2020.[43]
These inequities call for greater investments that address the exclusion of Black and brown people in DC's economy. The potential revenue gain from statehood—which would be a reparative policy change in and of itself—could be used to fund policy change that repairs harms done over the course of the District's history that perpetuate racial inequity today.
Nationally, if inequality by race, ethnicity, and gender were eliminated, our economy would experience dramatic, positive shifts, according to research by Robert Lynch for the Washington Center for Equitable Growth.[44] This research models income, poverty, and economic changes that would result from truly equal opportunity,[45] nationally, and found that:
Black, Latinx, and Asian workers would earn nearly 61 percent more, on average, with women of color earning 88 percent more. Total income in the United States would increase by about one-third, or $4.3 trillion.
GDP would be 33.5 percent higher and tax revenue to invest in thriving communities would jump by about $1.2 trillion at the federal level and $636 billion at the state and local level.
The national poverty rate would drop by nearly 40 percent, overall, and the rates for Black and Latinx people by about half.
Unpublished analysis by Dr. Lynch and the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities of more limited data for DC, using the same model and in 2020 dollars, finds that equal opportunity among the Black, Latinx, and white populations would result in:
Average incomes for Black workers rising by 160 percent, from about $45,000 to about $116,000. And in fact, because income tends to rise with age and DC's Black population skews older than its white population, average income for Black households would outpace that of white households by about $6,000.
Average incomes for Latinx workers going up by 90 percent, from about $56,000 to about $107,000.
Average income gains for Black and Latinx workers combined resulting in about $21.1 billion more in aggregate income that would boost income tax revenue for the District to further invest in communities and shared prosperity.
While this model reflects a hypothetical scenario, a growing body of research has deepened collective understanding of the harmful effects of inequality for economic growth, innovation, and the distribution of power and resources.[46] Income inequality in the District as measured by the Gini Index is extreme and surpasses that of every other state and the national as a whole, a status shared only by Puerto Rico.[47]
Statehood would confer upon DC residents voting rights and representation that never should have been denied, addressing an ongoing injustice that has long disenfranchised a largely Black jurisdiction and is rooted in anti-Black racism. It also would have major fiscal benefits. The resulting expansion of District revenues would help DC take further action to address the extreme level of inequity rooted in a racist history that continues to hold it back. That means public investment in services that meet needs, repair harms, expand opportunity, and allow individuals to live to their fullest.
[1] See pages I-10 to I-12 in "FY 2021 Approved Budget and Financial Plan – Congressional Submission," Office of the Chief Financial Officer, District of Columbia.
[2] 2016 General Election Certified Election Results, retrieved from https://electionresults.dcboe.org/election_results/2016-General-Election
[3] Chris Myers Asch and George Derek Musgrove. Chocolate City: A History of Race and Democracy in the Nation's Capital (The University of North Carolina Press, 2017), pg. 165.
[4] Michael Leachman, Michael Mitchell, Nicolas Johnson, and Erica Williams, "Advancing Racial Equity With State Tax Policy," Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, November 15, 2018.
[5] Asch and Musgrove, pg. 44, 59-61.
[6] Asch and Musgrove, pg. 146, 150-151, 154.
[7] Asch and Musgrove, pg. 45, 98.
[8] Asch and Musgrove, pg. 156, 160.
[9] Meagan Flynn, "How White fears of 'Negro domination' kept D.C. disenfranchised for decades," Washington Post, April 14, 2021.
[10] George Derek Musgrove and Chris Myers Asch, "Democracy Deferred: Race, Politics, and D.C.'s Two-Century Struggle for Full Voting Rights," Statehood Research DC, March 2021.
[11] Musgrove and Asch, "Democracy Deferred."
[12] Leachman, Mitchell, Johnson, and Williams, "Advancing Racial Equity With State Tax Policy."
[13] Hunter Blaire, et al., "Preempting progress," Economic Policy Institute, September 30, 2020.
[14] US Census Bureau, "Population Estimates, July 1, 2021 (V2021) – Birmingham City, Alabama," Quick Facts, accessed December 16, 2022.
[15] Emma Platoff, "Rejecting appeal, Texas Supreme Court blocks Austin's paid sick leave ordinance," Texas Tribune, June 5, 2020.
[16] Jessica Milli, "Access to Paid Sick Time in Austin, Texas," Institute for Women's Policy Research, August 2017.
[17] District residents gained the right to vote for United States President and Vice President in 1963 and for a non-voting representative in the U.S. House in 1970. For a brief summary on the development of the Home Rule Act, see "D.C. Home Rule," Council of the District of Columbia.
[18] Lauren Ober, "Once-Controversial DC Needle Exchange Found to Save Money—And Lives," WAMU, September 25, 2015.
[19] Karina Elwood, "What do Biden's mass marijuana pardons mean for DC?" The Washington Post, October 7, 2022.
[20] Christian Blood, "Sen. Cruz introduces bill to stop non-citizen voting in nation's capital," KTSA, November 18, 2022, and Julio Rosas, "Congressional Republicans are Ready to Take Down Proposed DC Criminal Code," Town Hall, November 10, 2022. Note that members of Congress also at times attempt to move legislation that only applies to DC, such as the proposal to experiment with a flat federal income tax for DC residents. See Meghan Clyne, "DC May Be a Flat Tax Laboratory," New York Sun, November 30, 2005.
[21] US Census Bureau, "Black or African American alone, percent (V2021)," Quick Facts, accessed December 16, 2022.
[22] Based on the voting power of each US senator, the average Black American receives 75 percent of the representation of the average white American, according to a New York Times analysis. David Leonhardt, "The Senate: Affirmative Action for White People," New York Times, October 14, 2018.
[23] All forty-one states that levy comprehensive income taxes tax income earned within their borders by non-residents in the form of wages, rents, or self-employment income, although 17 have reciprocity agreements with one or more (usually neighboring) states under which they agree to forgo taxation of non-residents' wages (only) in exchange for the other state forgoing taxation of their residents' wages earned there. See, Tonya Moreno, "Do You Have to File a State Non-Resident Return?," the balance, March 24, 2022,.. It also should be noted that taxing non-resident income is not the same as a commuter tax, which some states might levy on out of state commuters to achieve goals like reducing congestion, incentivizing ride-sharing, or mitigating pollution.
[24] CBPP analysis of US Census Bureau American Community Survey 2015-2019 public use microdata sample. About 16,000 non-resident District earners reside in places other than MD or VA.
[25] CBPP analysis of US Census Bureau American Community Survey 2015-2019 public use microdata sample finds that there are 6 times as many Marylanders and 5 times as many Virginians with earnings in DC than DC residents with earnings in those two respective states.
[26] This is a rough estimate that assumes DC's current tax rates and brackets would be applied in full to non-resident income as is done in states like Minnesota, New Jersey, New York. The effective tax rate is based on the share of income DC residents pay in income taxes, which could be lower or higher for non-residents. Because median income of non-residents earning in DC is higher, that might imply a higher effective tax rate.
[27] For a discussion of the court decisions around DC taxation of businesses providing professional services and non-salaried non-residents, see Charles Butler, Bishop v. District of Columbia: Taxation of Unincorporated Professionals' Net Income Violates Home Rule, Volume 29, Issue 4, Summer 1980.
[28] The Office of the Chief Financial Officer estimates the effective income tax rate for DC in tax year 2023, when recent tax changes are in effect, at 5.6 percent. This rate includes all deductions, exemptions, and credits, including some large credits likely not be available to non-residents, such as the DC Earned Income Tax Credit or the property tax circuit breaker for primary homeowners and renters. The OCFO's effective income tax rate was developed using the agency's individual income tax simulation model and is both more conservative and precise than similar prior methods of calculating an effective income tax rate by dividing total income tax collections by total earned income (adjusted downward by the value of standard deductions).
[29] For a brief but thorough accounting of this history, see the following: Jon Bouker, "Appendix I: The DC Revitalization Act: History, Provisions and Promises," Building the Best Capital City in the World, Brookings Institution, December 2008; CSPAN's coverage of US Office of Management and Budget Director Franklin D. Raines' testimony before a congressional subcommittee on the District of Columbia in February 1997; and "D.C. Home Rule," Council of the District of Columbia.
[30] "Norton Says Lack Of Statehood Cost D.C. Tens To Hundreds Of Millions Of Dollars In Earmarks In Final Fiscal Year 2023 Appropriations Bills," December 22, 2022.
[31] Alice Rivlin, "If the District of Columbia Becomes a State: Fiscal Implications," Testimony to the Council of the District of Columbia, July 2009.
[32] Properties Exempt from taxation in TY 2022 for Tax Types: DC, E0-E9 and US, Office of Tax and Revenue, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, District of Columbia.
[33] District of Columbia Tax Expenditure Report, Office of Revenue Analysis, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, District of Columbia, December 2020, and § 47–1002. Real property — Exemptions, Code of the District of Columbia.
[34] See Doni Crawford, First in Line: A Reparative Approach to Recreational Cannabis Policy,
[35] Jails & Justice: Our Transformation Starts Today, Phase II Findings and Implementation Plan, Council for Court Excellence, February 2021.
[36] Tazra Mitchell, The COVID-19 Recession is DC's Rainy Day, but Reserve Rules Limit its Response, DC Fiscal Policy Institute, February 3, 2021.https://www.dcfpi.org/all/the-covid-19-recession-is-dcs-rainy-day-but-reserve-rules-limit-its-response/
[37] Ibid
[38] Erica Williams and Tazra Mitchell, Large Black-White Disparities in Poverty and Income Persisted in 2021, DC Fiscal Policy Institute, September 15, 2022.
[39] Kilolo Kijakazi, Rachel Marie Brooks Atkins, Mark Paul, Anne E. Price, Darrick Hamilton, Willian A. Darity Jr, The Color of Wealth in the Nation's Capital, Urban Institute, November 2016.
[41] Point-In-Time Dashboard, The Community Partnership for the Prevention of Homelessness, 2022, and "FY2021 Consolidated Annual Performance Evaluation Report (Draft) Addendum (Figure 1)," Department of Housing and Community Development, January 2022.
[42] State unemployment by race and ethnicity, Economic Policy Institute, Updated December 2022
[43] 2021 – 2022 Coronavirus Data, Government of the District of Columbia, Mayor Muriel Bowser, February 28, 2022 (last date for which data were updated).
[44] Robert Lynch, June 2021, The economic benefits of equal opportunity in the United States by ending racial, ethnic, and gender disparities, Washington Center for Equitable Growth.
[45] Equality of opportunity in this analysis is defined as when all racial, ethnic, gender groups earn the same average total money income as white, non-Latinx males, adjusted by age distribution. This results in an increase in hypothetical earnings for women and people of color that reduces poverty and increases tax revenue and GDP. Lynch notes that policies to create equal opportunity would benefit white males, as well, but these benefits were not assessed and included in his study.
[46] See examples in Erica Williams, DC's Extreme Wealth Concentration Exacerbates Racial Inequality, Limits Economic Opportunity, DC Fiscal Policy Institute, October 2022.
[47] DCFPI analysis of 2021 American Community Survey data, Table B19083. DC has a Gini index of 0.531, which is statistically higher than any other state and the nation as a whole. It is not statistically different from the Gini index for Puerto Rico of 0.542. See the definition of the Gini Index here.
By Erica Williams and Nikki Metzgar • January 19, 2023
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An Essential Guide to Mount Eerie, the Microphones and the World of Phil Elverum
By Eric Hill
The earliest releases by Phil Elverum (who, at the time, was still spelling his last name as "Elvrum") firmly embraced the era of lo-fi recording and bedroom four-track exploration that spawned indie favourites like Lou Barlow, Smog and his much beloved Eric's Trip. His first experiments had the hint of trial and error baked in; Microphone Mix was the first of three cassettes that all saw the light of day when Elverum was in his late teens, and the tracks had titles like "Drums.Beats" and "4 Track Stuff."
Adopting the Microphones as a recording moniker, Elverum's love of Eric's Trip was fully on display in the handmade and collage approach he took to both recording and, especially, the artwork of debut full-length Don't Wake Me Up, released by K records in 1999. What might first have appeared scattered or sloppy in execution eventually revealed an artist developing a tone that embraced the juxtaposition of harmony and dissonance, the extension and/or subversion of how instruments typically interact with voice and each other and the use of non-musical sounds to give songs a deeper context in time and space.
Besides a simple change in name, the shift from the Microphones to Mount Eerie was also a shift in focus from the more personal point of view to something more universal and, at times, hermetic. In a Pitchfork interview, Elverum described Mount Eerie songs as "part of this one long chain, these songs about the idea of singing from the point of view of this dark, looming mountain shape." Indeed, these songs are grounded, sometimes metaphorically and literally, in the nature of Pacific Northwest. His birthplace of Anacortes, WA, population 16,000, remains his home and a strong touchstone. From this still point Elverum can draw in influences from Norwegian black metal to Angelo Badalamenti's scores for David Lynch films.
Process and memory, space and time, elements and emotions all have been continual references throughout Elverum's career. Besides more obvious and discrete albums, he's amassed tons of stray unreleased tracks that create bridges spanning the spaces between "official" releases. He's also indulged in the deconstruction and repurposing of elements from releases and has frequently revisited, remixed and re-released albums in an effort to better complete or expand his earlier vision. Over time, these examinations and re-examinations have fed into a kind of deeper folklore or mythology that surrounds and suffuses the recordings.
Mount Eerie releases A Crow Looked at Me this Friday, March 24, a stark, poignant album that confronts the recent and tragic passing of Elverum's wife Geneviève. A video for the song "Ravens" reveals a sparse conversational songwriting style that is an understandable departure from previous work, but still artistically apiece with Elverum's impressive canon of songs. Wondering where to start with his vast catalogue? Dig into Exclaim!'s Essential Guide to Phil Elverum, below.
Essential Albums:
5. Mount Eerie
"No Flashlight": Songs of the Fulfilled Night
"No Flashlight" is an album of transitions. Elverum's first under the Mount Eerie name, at points it feels like a look back to the very beginnings of the Microphones' bedroom recordings. But upon further listens, it's apparent that Elverum is writing/singing from (and towards and into) a new place, where instinct is favoured over intellect — and the dark is both threatening and welcome. It features assistance from Geneviève Elverum (then still Geneviève Castrée) and Jason Wall, who add more subtly moving parts (and weird wolf sounds) to the mix. It may also be one of the few recordings to later be reissued, in part, to clean up bedroom mixes, but primarily to normalize the oversize packaging so that it's, in Elverum's words, on Bandcamp, "trimmed of rambling explanations."
No Flashlight (2015 reissue) by Mount Eerie
Sauna feels like an album about sitting and resetting. Inspired by "Vikings and Zen and real life," Elverum explicitly and implicitly describes a small place of transformation where the world's extremes can be contemplated and interpreted. The sonic output from the insights gained veer wildly between gentle imagist poetry of the quotidian and roiling cosmic proclamations, both given weight by their all-caps, single-word song titles. It comes closest to what could be called classically psychedelic in Elverum's work, with its modestly baroque organ passages, female choirs and occasionally expansive track lengths. It's the sound of someone buried under Mount Eerie and viewing his way to the peak — and beyond.
Sauna by Mount Eerie
Clear Moon / Ocean Roar
These two companion albums were released four months apart, like strangely delayed twins. Both albums possess a determined focus on experimentation with sound and composition, inspired by minimalism, the flattened aftermath of black metal excesses and space rock. Each album comes at things from a slightly different angle: Clear Moon is a drift of synthesizer that melts down the icy soundtrack of Tangerine Dream and pours it into an opaque glass of Elverum's own making; Ocean Roar is the more jagged and unpredictable of the two, creating calm, floating moments of inner peace, only to crash down upon them with a wave of noise and fierce undertow. In some ways, these are like an exploded and further expanded view of 2009's Wind's Poem, reaching into that album's moonlit clockwork and examining each cog and spring for its place of origin. The findings on display resemble everything from Popol Vuh to Twin Peaks soundtracks to mid-'90s British shoegaze and Elverum's beloved Norwegian metal.
Clear Moon by Mount Eerie
2. The Microphones
The Glow Pt. 2
Around the turn of the century, Elverum was living in Olympia, WA and soaking in the modest (and now modestly legendary) art/indie rock traditions that had pooled there, especially those surrounding the K Records family. One of the bonuses of these connections turned out to be unlimited access to label boss Calvin Johnson's Dub Narcotic Studio.
The Glow Pt. 2 reveals Elverum's growing confidence as a writer and arranger, the songs still crackling with the energy of being quickly captured to tape, but now with an expanded framework and new colours that are especially vibrant to an early-20s mind. The genius of the songs is how they exist as moments in time, brief sketches of an emotion or a flaring memory, but also speak to something larger and less concrete. They successfully touch the universal in both ways.
the Glow pt. 2 by the Microphones
Lost Wisdom (with Julie Doiron and Fred Squire)
Lost Wisdom was allegedly unplanned and quickly recorded when Julie Doiron and Fred Squire visited Elverum after the end of a tour, and before starting a recording session of their own in Olympia. For a lifelong Eric's Trip fan, to work with one of his favourite singers was a circle made full.
The songs are indisputably Mount Eerie, full of love made obscure by fog and time's ravages, but simpler and more immediate than ever. Doiron and Elverum's voices have similarly unfaltering ease and gentle delivery, and as such mesh at an organic level, suggesting the stone path leading up to the small wooden house in both lyric and sound.
What is particularly lovely is really hearing the room on record: thumbs on guitar strings, breaths taken in, chair creaks or the quiet slap of a cable on a wooden floor. You can feel the presence of the three people here, in the throes of making living, breathing music — and then having this brief and beautiful document as a result.
Lost Wisdom by Mount Eerie with Julie Doiron & Fred Squire
What to Avoid:
There's no shortage of material out there to amuse and confound completists, and unless you find yourself in that unenviable position, there is likely no reason you would casually come across or desperately want to hear 2003's The Drums from "Mt. Eerie," or The Singing from "Mt. Eerie," or 2005's The Drums from "No Flashlight." These may be windows into Elverum's technique and pure love of sound, but only real diehards will be ready to share the love.
Another contentious release is Pre-Human Ideas from 2013, wherein a batch of songs, primarily taken from the previous year's Clear Moon, were fed into GarageBand and Auto-Tune, then spilled back out with strange and varied results. Some vocal parts are mechanized and granular, while others are reassigned by gender or even age. The album can be appreciated by some as a deconstruction of his art, but an equally valid argument can be made that it resembles talking in cartoon voices after a hit from a helium balloon.
Further Listening:
If diving into Elverum's impressively extensive back catalogue intrigues you, then starting with 2002's Song Islands and 2010's Song Islands vol. 2 is recommended. The former comes from the Microphones era, while the latter collects Mount Eerie tracks. Both feature some songs that didn't quite fit on albums and others that were later reworked and adopted into forever homes, but they also work very well as collections that exhibit the different stages of Elverum's musical growth.
If you had to choose one EP, then the 2008 ten-inch Black Wooden Ceiling Opening would be perfect. Featuring help from Jason Anderson and Kjetil Jenssen, this is a quick distillation of everything that Mount Eerie was in the mid-2000s, and points the way that the project was headed. It benefits from its relative concision and the fuller band approach, but also has a compelling feeling of abandon that doesn't always shine through in other works. It also comes closer to actual metal than anything else in the Elverum canon.
More Phil Elverum
More Mount Eerie
More Microphones
More Mount Eerie With Julie Doiron & Fred Squire
Phil Elverum
Mount Eerie's Phil Elverum Suggests Spotify Is Immoral Even Though It "Is Not Illegal Yet"
If you've listened to the Microphones' new comeback album, Microphones in 2020, you might have noticed that it's not available on Spotify. N...
'Microphones in 2020' Crystallizes Phil Elverum's Lifetime of Soul-Searching
As a society, we are stuck. At a time when the present moment seems so overwhelming and confusing, sometimes the only places we can turn to...
Mount Eerie's Phil Elverum Announces New Album as the Microphones
Before he was Mount Eerie, singular Anacortes singer-songwriter Phil Elverum made music under the name the Microphones. Then, in 2003, he re...
Michelle Williams and Mount Eerie's Phil Elverum Have Separated
Less than a year after quietly marrying, Mount Eerie's Phil Elverum and actor Michelle Williams have separated. According to People, a "s...
Microphones, Mount Eerie and Melancholy: The Career of Phil Elverum
In another life, Phil Elverum could have had Conor Oberst's career. A wunderkind recording wiz who made beguiling DIY recordings in the late...
Mount Eerie
Phil Elverum Is Releasing a Companion Photobook to 'Microphones in 2020'
Phil Elverum recently resurrected the Microphones for a fantastic album called Microphones in 2020 earlier this year. The unique release was...
Hear the Microphones' First New Album in Nearly Two Decades
Phil Elverum is about to leave Mount Eerie and go back to the Microphones for his first new album under his old moniker in 17 years. Microph...
Mount Eerie With Julie Doiron & Fred Squire
Mount Eerie and Julie Doiron Announce Montreal Show
Mount Eerie (a.k.a. Phil Elverum) and Julie Doiron have announced plans to team up for a show in Montreal later this year. The pair will...
Mount Eerie With Julie Doiron & Fred Squire Lost Wisdom
In many ways, Lost Wisdom is the sound of Phil Elverum fulfilling a teenage fantasy. Put on any of his old Microphones albums and the influe...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I just wanted to update everyone on mailing changes for the incoming First Years should anyone receive a call or email your department with questions.
First, we have a Mail Center FAQ webpage under the Orientation page that may assist you with students and their families.
Second, we are making a change over the next four years, beginning with this incoming class, to having the Student mailing address be the physical address of the Mail Center: 345 E. Ninth St. The reason for the change is because newspapers, flowers and various delivery companies are always trying to deliver to the Admission Office and then they have to try and redirect the deliveries. It will also make it much faster and easier for the staff in the Mail Center to sort mail as the 1030 Columbia Ave address will equate to Staff and Faculty and the 345 E. Ninth will equate to Students.
I hope you find the information helpful as we welcome the new students!


The guitar lessons on this page are for players of all levels, and they cover all kinds of different styles as well.
Learning the guitar is an ongoing process, and while you will learn something today, much remains. Therefore, we highly recommend joining our free newsletter (you can signup at the top right of this page) and we'll send you a free guitar lesson every week. Consistency is one of the most powerful tools to learning anything, and the weekly lesson will really help you grow as a player!
If you're really serious about taking your guitar to the next level, we also recommend checking out the Riff Ninja Academy, where you will find longer, in depth lessons covering a wider range of subjects in great detail. You can try it for three days free, no credit card required!
Okay, enough talk, let's get down to business, and take some guitar lessons, shall we?
What is the Nashville Numbering System?


Accreditation is required for all new residency programmes, and re-accreditation for existing programmes is performed every 5 years. Residency directors will be contacted when their programmes are due for re-accreditation. Forms are due by July 1 of the year of accreditation review. The full details are available in section 4.4.8.1 of the Policies and Procedures document.
To begin a new residency accreditation application, or to begin the re-accreditation, log in to your account on http://ecvdi.org and look for the link "Programme Accreditation" under the menu My Details. The forms are available for download, and instructions for submission are provided.
by going to the Resident Credential Guide.
In order to remain 'Active' Diplomate, the EBVS (European Board of Veterinary Specialisation) requests that all members report a satisfactory activity level every five years. For doing so, the Diplomate shall electronically submit a continuing evaluation (CED) form within one month after invitation by the Credential Committee.
To begin the evaluation process, go to the link for "Member Re-Evaluation" under the "My Details" menu once you are logged into the website. The CED form and submission form are available there.
Definitions and requirements regarding Diplomate status can be found in the College constitution, under section 2.3.


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Executive Assistant to the Vice President, Program/Programs Associate
The California Community Foundation (CCF) is a nonprofit grantmaking foundation that administers almost 1,600 individual charitable funds to meet existing and emerging needs in the Greater Los Angeles area. CCF is one of the largest and fastest growing community foundations in the United States. With assets of more than $1.4 billion currently, CCF has awarded more than $1.6 billion in grants and received more than $1.8 billion in contributions over the past ten years. Since 1915, CCF has been helping individuals, families, corporations and nonprofits establish and develop their philanthropic visions.
We envision a future where all Angelenos thrive – a future where the productive capabilities of Angelenos contribute to the health and well-being of our communities. The fate and future of every resident is interwoven, and our success as a community will be defined by how we improve the quality of life of all residents, especially our most vulnerable. We also envision a future in which more donors impact the challenges of Los Angeles and beyond, fulfilling their passions and creating a diverse spectrum of opportunities and philanthropic legacies.
For 100 years, the passion of our living and legacy donors has defined and built the California Community Foundation. Their generosity and dreams for a better tomorrow make our drive for meaningful social change possible. We partner with individuals and families to not only pursue their own personal passions but to collaborate with us, along with the public, private and nonprofit sectors, in transforming Los Angeles County.
This position performs a high level of support and programmatic duties for the Vice President of Programs and other programs areas as directed, including special projects. The Programs Team consists of Programs Officers, Programs Associates & Assistants - a team focused on grantmaking as overseen by CCF board, on behalf of LA County-based nonprofits in education, arts, healthcare, foster youth, and many special initiatives.
Major Responsibilities:
Administrative Support: Provides administrative support to the Vice President, Programs and identified initiatives within the department, including scheduling internal & external meetings; composing, processing and expediting correspondence; preparation of CCF Board and Program Committee materials; agenda prep for bi-weekly Programs Team and Grantmakers meetings; answering phones; processing mailings; creating and maintaining department files; ordering supplies; copying documents; processing fax and messenger communication; making travel arrangements; processing invoices, check requests and expense reports; maintaining department and executive's calendar; event coordination; and managing select vendor relationships. Assists with various departmental projects, including responding to external requests for information and materials. As necessary, takes and prepares minutes for advisory committee and subcommittee meetings. Serves as liaison to communicate pertinent information between the vice president and staff, suggesting courses of action but using discretion when no instructions have been given. Provides relief coverage for reception desk and convening center.
Grantmaking Initiative Support: Provides select assistance to teams responsible for special grantmaking initiatives and programs - such as BLOOM (Building a Lifetime of Options and Opportunities for Men), PAT (Preparing Achievers for Tomorrow), LASIF (Los Angeles Scholars Investment Fund), FVA (Fellowship for Visual Artists), VNC (J.B. and Emily Van Nuys Charities) and El Monte CBI (Community Building Initiative - ensuring a thoughtful and reasonable process, timely preparation and coordination of key activities and materials for review panels, advisory committees and subcommittees.
Specific responsibilities could include:
o Ensures all related key activities and interfacing between key contacts are tracked (e.g. input into RE, GE);
o Tracks timeline activities, helping to ensure deadlines are met;
o Responsible for recordkeeping of all meeting materials, minutes, emails, newsletters, invoices, contracts, grant agreements, etc.;
o Coordinates logistics of grantmaking applications, "how to apply" sessions, and convenings (e.g. grantees, capacity builders etc.);
o Interfaces as necessary with DDR, and helps prepare updates to Donor; and
o Writes correspondence as directed and responds to general inquires from the public.
o Participates on site visits, grantee check-in calls.
Grant Monitoring and Management: Reviews ad-hoc reporting requests on grantmaking activities. Coordinates report requests on grantmaking impact and generates impact reports. Monitors and reports regularly on workshop attendance and webinar participation, proposals and the grant process including grant agreements, progress reports, payment requests, and other related correspondence. Accurately updates and maintains databases to ensure maximum utilization of organizational information systems. Works closely with the Grants Management Group to apply standards, develop new reports and improve process. Communicates and meets with grantees as needed.
Grant Proposal Analysis: Under the direction of the VP and PO/Initiative Lead, assists with the review and analysis of applications for funding support through written materials, site visits, and interviews with other funders and relevant agencies, as well as compares other funding requests with what is known in the field. Under direction, works directly with grantseekers to provide clarification of initiative priorities, direction regarding application procedures, and feedback on proposals.
Community Relations: Participates in philanthropic activities to further build community foundation relationships and enhance their operations. Represents CCF in foundation and community groups related to grantmaking interest areas as needed. Participates in donor events and outreach activities as requested during and outside regular business hours.
General: As appropriate, assists other departments and works as a member of interdepartmental teams to ensure the effective and efficient operations of CCF. At all times, demonstrates cooperative behavior with supervisors and coworkers. Other duties as assigned, dependent on organizational needs and employee skills.
To perform this job successfully, an individual must be able to perform each essential job function assigned satisfactorily. The requirements listed are representative of the knowledge, skill, and/or ability required. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions.
Experience: Minimum of three years progressively responsible administrative experience required. Experience in research, writing and data management preferred. Prior nonprofit experience a plus.
Education: Bachelor's degree required.
Communication Skills: Strong interpersonal, written, and verbal communication skills are required. An ability to compose and edit correspondence and basic reports, knowledge of proper English, grammar and punctuation is required, with knowledge of a variety of written styles and formats. Critical thinking in assessing, compiling and disseminating information is necessary. Ability to prepare and deliver information both internally and externally, and to comfortably interact with diverse audiences as well as nonprofit and community groups. Sense of humor, a plus.
Technology Skills: Internet competency and strong computer proficiency, including mastery of the Microsoft Office software suite and a familiarity with database software, is required. Working knowledge of Blackbaud software preferred, with a willingness and ability to learn appropriate database, spreadsheet and other computer programs.
Team Work & General Skills: Ability to work well as team member.and independently. Ability to take initiative and provide clear direction to PO/Directors/ PAs and follow tasks through to completion.
Organizational Skills: Strong organizational skills and attention to detail. Ability to prioritize work, anticipating the needs of a busy executive, and adjust to multiple demands with minimal supervision.
Judgment and Discretion: Ability to interact in a professional manner with senior level executives, boards of directors and board committees. Ability to use discretion and function independently. Must be able to recognize and appropriately convey the sensitive nature of any situation and possess the ability to keep all matters appropriately confidential.
Requires the ability to sit and work at a desk for several hours at a time.
Requires the ability to travel and attend meetings, presentations and events outside the office, which may require occasional use of a motor vehicle for transportation to other locations. Due to the nature of external appointments and/or responsibilities requiring travel to locations not easily accessible by public transportation, driving is an essential job responsibility for this position.
Work may require occasional weekends and/or extended work day.
Punctuality and satisfactory attendance are essential functions of the job.
This is a full-time, exempt position. Salary is dependent on experience and qualifications. A generous benefit package is provided to all full-time staff, including medical, dental, vision, LTD, life, FSAs and retirement benefits.
To apply to this position, please visit our website at www.calfund.org and select "Careers" or go to http://www.recruitingcenter.net/clients/calfund/publicjobs CCF is an Equal Opportunity Employer.


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Innovate Corporate Center - Building A is located at 2599 Arena Blvd in the RP - Sports Complex neighborhood, CA, Sacramento, 95834. The Class 0 Office building features a total of 115,650 Sqft. There is 1 Office space available for lease at 2599 Arena Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95834, totaling 115,650 Sqft. The largest space available has 115,650 Sqft.
I found a listing for Innovate Corporate Center - Building A on COMMERCIALCafé and I'd like additional information about this property.


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module Silkroad
  class Batch < BasicObject
    attr_reader :requests

    def initialize(&block)
      @requests = []
      instance_eval(&block)
    end

    def rpc(meth, *params)
      @requests << {method: meth, params: params}
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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PAINESVILLE, Ohio – The Lake Erie College baseball team was in action today as they split a double header with Saginaw Valley.
The Storm jumped out to an early lead in the bottom of the first as Austin Bovenzi (Fairport, N.Y. / McQuaid Jesuit) led off the inning with a double, and the next batter Lucas Raley (Hinckley, Ohio / Medina Highland) singled for the Storm. Bovenzi was driven in by Zak Decamp (Gahanna, Ohio / St. Francis DeSales) as he reached on an error, and gave the Storm a 1-0 advantage. The Cardinals tied the game with a run in the third inning. The Storm answered with a run of their own in the bottom of the inning, when Decamp singled to right field to drive home Raley. A solo homerun in the fourth and a run in the fifth gave the Cardinals a 3-2 advantage. The Storm tied the game in the bottom of the sixth when Raley hit a solo homerun. A solo homerun in the top of the seventh gave the Cardinals a 4-3 lead and the Storm fell 4-3.
The Storm took an early lead in game two in the first inning as Ryan Grieco (Murrysville, Pa. / Franklin Regional) and Rutger Luebke (Medina, Ohio / Medina) led off the inning with back to back singles. Grieco was later driven in by a Nigel Williams (Cincinnati, Ohio / La Salle) single. Raley who earlier reached on a fielder's choice was driven in by Kody Bledsoe (Elyria, Ohio / Amherst Steele), and Williams scored on an error by the catcher, to give the Storm a 3-0 advantage. The Cardinals responded with a run in the second to cut the Storm lead to 3-1. The Cardinals took a 4-3 advantage with a three run homerun in the third. The Storm tied the game in the third when Bledsoe singled home Luebke, to tie the game at four runs apiece. The Storm regained the lead in the fifth when Williams hit a three run homerun, to give the Storm a 7-4 advantage. The Cardinals added a run the seventh and two more in the ninth to tie the game at seven. The Storm won the game in the bottom of the ninth. The Storm worked the bases loaded and Bledsoe hit a sacrifice fly to right to score the pinch runner Jake Csizmadia (Elyria, Ohio / Elyria).
Lake Erie will return to the diamond Tuesday (April 5th) when they travel to take on Mercyhurst University.


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Home / Events and news / News / A startup to manage the 'Big data' of genetics
A startup to manage the 'Big data' of genetics
From left to right: Axel Martinelli, Murodzhon Akhmedov, Ivo Kwee and Gabriela Scorici
Institutional Communication Service
Genomics, the study of all the genetic material in organisms, is the new frontline of Big Data, poised to surpass in the amount of data to be stored and analysed other disciplines such as astronomy and particle physics, according to a study published in 2015 in PLOS Biology. The problem is that research groups working on genomics do not always dispose of bioinformaticians, professionals who are knowledgeable in both informatics and biology.
Here comes BigOmics Analytics, a startup born within the USI-affiliated Institute of Oncology Research (IOR). The co-founder and technical director is Ivo Kwee, who landed at IOR after a post-doc at the Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (USI SUPSI). A former student of his, Murodzhon Akhmedov, is also involved in the project.
BigOmics aims to provide researchers with easy-to-use computing tools. "In one day, we can provide 80 per cent of the information specialists need to make their assessments. Without platforms like ours, it would take them months to achieve the same results," explained Kwee in an interview with Michela Perrone for the TicinoScienza website.
BigOmics has received support from the USI Startup Centre and in its growth path has managed to raise significant funding and form a full team; it is now aiming to boost the business side to reach more customers.
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Thank You for buying Lighting Ever LED High Bay Light. To ensure maximum experience, please install it according to these instructions and then pass the instructions to appropriate person for retention and future reference.
Please check carefully whether the light is damaged.
NON-professionals are not allowed to operate, Shut off the power before maintenance.
Risk of burn, allow lamps/fixtures to cool down before handling.
Please install the hook in the install location(such as ceiling) in advance. Hook and link are used together; make sure that bearing capacity of the hook is more than 3 times of the light weight. Shown in Figure 1.
Put the link into the hook so the light is lifted by the link. Shown in Figure 2.
Connect the blue line and the brown line to N and L respectively, and yellow-green line. Then the light can be turned on. Show in Figure 3.
Always observe the minimum distance between the lamp and the surface being lit as indicated on the icon.
IPX5: The fitting is dust protected.
Protection class: the fitting has an earthing connection. The earth wire(yellow/green) has to be connected to the clip marked.
Ensure that you don't drill through electrical wires or any other obstruction in the wall or ceiling during installation!
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This product is not suitable for children under 14year.
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The Mandau () is a  river in Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Saxony (Germany). It is a left tributary of the Lusatian Neisse, which it joins near Zittau.

It originates from multiple springs north of the 580.6m (1902 feet AMSL) Wolf Mountain (Czech: Vlčí hora, German: Wolfsberg) in the Šluknov Hook, which join in Panský (German: Herrnwalde) at 1690 feet above sea level. Coming from Zahrady (German: Gärten) another stream joins in Nové Křečany (Neu Ehrenberg). From there the Mandau flows in a southeasterly direction through Rumburk (Rumburg; Bohemia), Seifhennersdorf (Saxony, Upper Lusatia) and Varnsdorf (Warnsdorf; Bohemia). Afterwards it flows eastwards through another part of Upper Lusatia in which the Lausur joins in Großschönau, from Hainewalde through the  to Mittelherwigsdorf, where the Landwasser joins, and finally it reaches Zittau where it flows east of the town 228 meters above sea level into the Lusatian Neisse.

See also
List of rivers of the Czech Republic
List of rivers of Saxony

International rivers of Europe
Rivers of the Ústí nad Labem Region
Rivers of Saxony
Populated places in Děčín District
Görlitz (district)
Rivers of Germany

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Froala editor v3 rendering buttons all on one line with no dropdowns I am using v3 and I had it set up working fine for several days. I was using moreButtons so I had dropdown menus of buttons. Then all of a sudden today all the buttons are being rendered on one line and are smaller since it is trying to fit them all. I have no console errors. Any idea why this is happening?

toolbarButtons: {
    // Key represents the more button from the toolbar.
    moreText: {
        // List of buttons used in the group.
        buttons: ['bold', 'italic', 'underline', 'strikeThrough', 'subscript', 'superscript', 'fontFamily', 'fontSize', 'textColor', 'backgroundColor', 'inlineClass', 'inlineStyle', 'clearFormatting'],
        // Alignment of the group in the toolbar.
        align: 'left',
        // By default, 3 buttons are shown in the main toolbar. The rest of them are available when using the more button.
        buttonsVisible: 3
    },
    moreParagraph: {
        buttons: ['alignLeft', 'alignCenter', 'formatOLSimple', 'alignRight', 'alignJustify', 'formatOL', 'formatUL', 'paragraphFormat', 'paragraphStyle', 'lineHeight', 'outdent', 'indent', 'quote'],
        align: 'left',
        buttonsVisible: 3
    },
    moreRich: {
        buttons: ['insertLink', 'insertImage', 'insertVideo', 'insertFile', 'insertTable', 'fontAwesome', 'specialCharacters', 'embedly', 'insertHR'],
        align: 'left',
        buttonsVisible: 4
    },
    moreMisc: {
        buttons: ['undo', 'redo', 'fullscreen', 'print', 'getPDF', 'spellChecker', 'selectAll', 'help'],
        align: 'right',
        buttonsVisible: 2
    }
},

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Honourable Mélanie Joly
The Honourable Mélanie Joly is Minister of Tourism, Official Languages and La Francophonie. Her mandate consists of growing, and increasing the visibility of, the Canadian tourism industry, which accounts for nearly two million jobs across the country; safeguarding our two official languages; and promoting the use of French in Canada and around the world, including in the digital sphere. She is taking on this challenge with enthusiasm. As minister of Canadian Heritage, a position she held from 2015 to 2018, she promoted Canadian culture, announcing an unprecedented reinvestment in culture as well as the largest federal investment in official languages to date in this country.
In addition to her ministerial duties, Mélanie Joly occupies a leadership role within Cabinet as a member of the Treasury Board and Chair of the Cabinet Committee on Environment and Clean Growth.
A lawyer by training, Minister Joly holds an Honours Bachelor of Law from Université de Montréal and a Magister Juris in European and Comparative Law from the University of Oxford. Prior to her entry into federal politics, Minister Joly founded Le vrai changement pour Montréal party, running for mayor of Montréal in 2013 under its banner.
She is the author of Changing the Rules of the Game, in which she shares her vision for public policy and civic engagement. She was named a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum.
Minister Joly was elected to the House of Commons for the first time in 2015 and is proud to be the Member of Parliament for Ahuntsic–Cartierville.
Ottawa (Ontario) K1A 0H5
Hon.Melanie.Joly@canada.ca


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Finance & economics | Trade jaw-jaw
Signs of progress in China-US trade talks, but gaps remain big
Negotiations hinge on how to enforce China's pledges
Feb 16th 2019 | SHANGHAI
LAST YEAR, when American officials visited Beijing for trade negotiations, they spent more time fighting among themselves than against China. They could not agree on who should lead the talks or what their goal should be. Seeing such amateurism, their Chinese interlocutors reckoned that they had little to worry about.
Many of the same Americans have been back in Beijing for more talks in recent days. But this time they had an undisputed leader—Robert Lighthizer, the hard-nosed United States Trade Representative—and a clear set of demands. Their Chinese counterparts, having seen President Donald Trump's zeal for tariffs, knew that they had something to worry about after all.
America has set a deadline of March 1st for an agreement. If it is missed, tariffs on $200bn-worth of imports from China are due to rise from 10% to 25%, inflicting more pain on a slowing Chinese economy. That would invite a sharper backlash from China. Its ability to direct firms to shift purchases to other countries has already hurt American exporters (see chart). Chinese officials resent the deadline but it has focused minds. The latest talks, which began on February 11th and were due to end on February 15th, are the third round this year.
All this has fed expectations that the two sides could soon make peace—or at least extend their truce. Mr Trump told reporters that he might let the deadline slide if a good deal is within reach. Another meeting between Mr Trump and Xi Jinping, China's president, is under discussion. Investors have taken heart. American and Chinese stockmarkets have both risen by about 10% this year.
The outlines of a deal have been in view for a while. China would probably promise to buy lots of goods from America, from soyabeans to natural gas, and allow foreign companies more access to its economy. America would cut tariffs and perhaps promise to remain open to Chinese investors, as long as they are not part of a state-backed assault on sensitive technology.
Yet when negotiators get into the details, problems surface. After many frustrating years waiting for China to open its markets, the Americans suspect that its pledges will be empty. The Chinese suspect that America is motivated by a desire not for fair trade but for thwarting a new rival.
Two key outstanding questions are thus how to measure whether China lives up to its word, and what America can do if it fails. Scott Kennedy of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington says changes should be measured by China's economic outcomes, not by its stated policies. The government has, for instance, agreed to scrap rules that foreign firms must find local partners to make cars in China. The test, says Mr Kennedy, ought to be whether foreign carmakers actually do set up wholly owned firms in China and operate them successfully.
And if it is judged that China is not keeping its promises? One option is to submit disputes to neutral arbitration. Mr Lighthizer is said to dislike this idea. Another is to give America the right to slap tariffs unilaterally on Chinese goods—which China is understandably loth to accept. Even as the trade war seems to be cooling, a chasm still lies between the combatants.
This article appeared in the Finance & economics section of the print edition under the headline "An ocean apart"
The biggest bank merger since the crisis may herald more
When trouble strikes, where should you hide? The case for gold
Bill and Melinda Gates publish their annual letter
Men still pick "blue" jobs and women "pink" jobs
Finland's basic-income trial did not much affect work incentives
What would happen if Facebook were turned off?


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2 dozen MLSs plan public-facing sites to compete with Trulia, Zillow
The Greater Chattanooga Association of Realtors is the first of two dozen Realtor associations planning to deploy a new system from vendor Solid Earth that allows both Realtors and consumers to use the same platform to access multiple listing service data, with levels of functionality appropriate for users.
The Chattanooga Times Free Press reports that the new platform, which includes a public-facing search portal, homes.gcar.net, is designed to help the Chattanooga Realtors' MLS "compete against national real estate website competitors like Trulia and Zillow, and allow agents and buyers to access information from both their personal computers and their mobile phones and tablets."
The association had previously announced the launch of the portal in May, which it is now characterizing as "initial testing." Full rollout of the new listings search site and a related site for commercial listings, commercial.gcar.net, took place Monday.
The National Association of Realtors adopted a policy in May intended to allow MLSs to operate and promote public-facing websites as a "basic" service paid for by all members. Some large brokerages have objected to the change, saying they would rather not compete with MLS-run websites or be forced to pay for MLS-provided services that they can provide to their agents themselves.
NAR will revisit the policy at its annual conference in San Francisco, which was opposed by The Realty Alliance, a group made up dozens of the largest brokerages in the country. The Realty Alliance has warned that it considers public-facing MLS websites to be a potential source of conflict between MLSs and their member brokers. Source: timesfreepress.com
Brand Story by Joe Skousen


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Home/News/News & Stories/SUNY Optometry Scientists Discover a Surprising Central Role for Darks in Brain Visual Maps
SUNY Optometry Scientists Discover a Surprising Central Role for Darks in Brain Visual Maps
Scientists have been studying how visual space is mapped in the cerebral cortex for many decades under the assumption that the map is equal for lights and darks. Surprisingly, recent work demonstrates that visual brain maps are dark-centric and that, just as stars rotate around black holes in the Universe, lights rotate around darks in the brain representation of visual space. The work was done by Jens Kremkow and collaborators in the laboratories of Jose Manuel Alonso at SUNY Optometry and published in the May 5, 2016 issue of Nature. A similar result will be reported in the same issue of Nature by Kuo-Sheng Lee et al. in the laboratories of David Fitzpatrick at the Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience.
The primary visual cortex is the area of the cerebral cortex with the most detailed representation of visual space and the main recipient of eye inputs coming through the visual thalamus. In the first description of its functional architecture, Hubel and Wiesel demonstrated that the cortical map of visual space coexisted with other maps for eye input and stimulus orientation. Neurons responding to inputs from the left and right eyes segregated in visual cortex forming a map of alternating stripes that resembled a zebra pattern. Neurons responding to similar stimulus orientations also clustered forming a map with a pinwheel pattern that was discovered later by other scientists. More recent work also found additional maps for stimulus features related with motion and depth. However, while the maps for visual space and eye input were thought to originate from the segregation of thalamic afferents in visual cortex, the origin of the other maps remained unclear.
Distinguished Professor Jose-Manuel Alonso
The work of Kremkow and his colleagues indicates that the organization of all maps originates from the same principle: an arrangement of thalamic afferents that minimizes differences in spatial position, eye input and light/dark polarity among neighboring cortical neurons. Moreover, they show that the organization of visual space, for both monocular and binocular vision, is more precise for darks than lights. As a consequence of the greater spatial mapping of darks, a 0.5 x 0.5 mm cube of visual cortex can represent the same position of a dark spot but different positions of light spots that appear to rotate around a dark anchor in visual space. This surprising dark-centric organization could be a consequence of a size distortion for lights that originates at the photoreceptor (Kremkow et al., PNAS, 2014), the very first neuron in the visual pathway. Taken together, these findings explain why visual acuity is commonly measured with dark characters on light backgrounds and why visual resolution is lower for lights, as already noted by Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei when judging the size of light objects in paintings and the dark sky.
This video, narrated by Dr. Alonso, is an illustration of their findings:
For additional information about this study click here.
(Visual cortex image courtesy of the Database Center for Life Science)


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China blasts US report, reiterates 'no 1st use' nuke policy
Posted: Dec 6, 2022 / 03:43 AM CST | Updated: Dec 6, 2022 / 03:43 AM CST
Visitors tour past military vehicles carrying the Dong Feng 41 and DF-17 ballistic missiles at an exhibition highlighting President Xi Jinping and his China's achievements under his leadership, at the Beijing Exhibition Hall in Beijing on Oct. 12, 2022. China strictly adheres to its policy of no first use of nuclear weapons "at any time and under any circumstances," its Defense Ministry said Tuesday, Dec. 6, 2022, in a scathing response to a U.S. report alleging a major buildup in Beijing's nuclear capabilities. (AP Photo/Andy Wong)
BEIJING (AP) — China strictly adheres to its policy of no first use of nuclear weapons "at any time and under any circumstances," its Defense Ministry said Tuesday in a scathing response to a U.S. report alleging a major buildup in Beijing's nuclear capabilities.
The Pentagon last week released an annual China security report that warned Beijing would likely have 1,500 nuclear warheads by 2035, and that it has provided no clarity on how it plans to use them.
That report "distorts China's national defense policy and military strategy, makes groundless speculation about China's military development and grossly interferes in China's internal affairs on the issue of Taiwan," ministry spokesperson Tan Kefei said in a statement.
Tan accused the U.S. of being the "biggest troublemaker and destroyer of world peace and stability," and repeated that Beijing has never renounced the use of force to conquer self-governing Taiwan, a U.S. ally that China considers part of its territory.
Tan did not directly address the report's allegations about a Chinese nuclear buildup, but blamed the U.S. for raising nuclear tensions, particularly with its plan to help Australia build a fleet of submarines powered by U.S. nuclear technology, which the French president has described as a "confrontation with China."
Australia has said it will not seek to arm the submarines with nuclear weapons. Tan also accused the U.S. of having the world's largest nuclear arsenal, although that title is actually held by Russia, a close Chinese military, economic and diplomatic partner.
As of 2022, Russia possesses a total of 5,977 nuclear warheads compared to 5,428 in the U.S. inventory, according to the Federation of American Scientists. China currently has 350 nuclear warheads, according to the federation.
China has long adhered to what it calls a purely defensive national security strategy, including a claim that it will never be the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict. That stance has frequently been challenged at home and abroad, particularly if it comes to a confrontation over Taiwan.
"What needs to be emphasized is that China firmly pursues the nuclear strategy of self-defense and defense, always adheres to the policy of no first use of nuclear weapons at any time and under any circumstances, and maintains its nuclear force at the minimum level required for national security," Tan said in the statement, which was posted on the ministry's website.
His remarks came days after U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin said the U.S. is at a pivotal point with China and will need military strength to ensure that American values, not Beijing's, set global norms in the 21st century.
Austin's speech Saturday at the Reagan National Defense Forum capped a week in which the Pentagon was squarely focused on China's rise and what that might mean for America's position in the world.
China "is the only country with both the will and, increasingly, the power to reshape its region and the international order to suit its authoritarian preferences," Austin said. "So let me be clear: We will not let that happen."
Austin was on hand Friday for a dramatic nighttime rollout of the U.S. military's newest nuclear stealth bomber, the B-21 Raider, which is being designed to beat the quickly growing cyber, space and nuclear capabilities of Beijing.
The bomber is part of a major China-centric nuclear overhaul underway that the Congressional Budget Office has estimated will cost $1.2 trillion through 2046.
Already-tense relations between Washington and Beijing soured even more in August when U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi visited Taiwan. China responded by firing missiles over the island and holding wargames in what was seen as a rehearsal for a possible blockade of the island.
While the U.S. and Taiwan have no formal diplomatic relations in deference to Beijing, the U.S. maintains informal relations and defense ties with Taiwan, along with a policy of "strategic ambiguity" over whether the U.S. would respond militarily if the island were attacked.
Despite some moves to improve relations, China has shown an increasingly hard line on military affairs. Following a rare meeting last month between Austin and his Chinese counterpart, Wei Fenghe, the Chinese side issued a statement saying, "The responsibility for the current situation facing China-U.S. relations is on the U.S. side, not on the Chinese side."
In his remarks on Taiwan, Tan warned that, "The Chinese military has the confidence and capability to thwart any external interference and separatist plots for 'Taiwan independence' and realize the complete reunification of the motherland."


While sounding a cautionary note to refrain from vandalism and violence, H&M expressed anxiety over the worker unrest that afflicted the Bangladesh textile industry. The brand came out with a statement recently that it is proactively resolving the worker unrest problem through peaceful means. It also expressed benefiting workers across the value chain.
H&M issued the official statement close on heels to media reports that factories in Bangladesh had sacked thousands of workers who went on a protest note for better emoluments.
The statement follows media reports that the factories sacked thousands of workers for joining the protests for better wages, which included suppliers of H&M.
The matter turned into a major concern when the protesting workers clashed with the local police in January. This in turn led to the government intervening and coercing manufacturers to raise the workers' wages.