text:
Freedom on the Net 2013
- Select year - 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Freedom on the Net Status
Partly Free
Freedom on the Net Total
Obstacles to Access
Limits on Content
Violations of User Rights
South Korea is one of the most wired countries in the world, as well as a vibrant fledgling democracy. However, recent years have been marked by sophisticated policing of the online environment. The UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, international journalists, and human rights groups voiced concerns that the space for free expression in the country has diminished since 2008, after the government sought to contain public demonstrations.[1]
Developments in 2012 and 2013, nevertheless, showcased a range of democratic checks and balances partially offsetting the negative trend. In August 2012, the Constitutional Court declared 44(5) of the Information and Communications Network Act—requiring users to verify their real names before posting comments on major domestic websites—unconstitutional, although other laws mandating real-name registration in specific circumstances remain in place.[2] Both parliamentary and presidential elections took place in 2012, in April and December, respectively. In past years, online campaigning was restricted in advance of polls, but another landmark Constitutional Court ruling in December 2011 re-interpreted election laws to allow online and social media campaigns throughout the year.[3] Nevertheless, these positive developments have a possible flip-side. A scandal broke out a week before the presidential race involving intelligence agents and their alleged manipulation of online content during the campaign period.[4]
At the end of his term in office, outgoing President Lee Myung-bak issued dozens of pardons to political allies charged with corruption, including the former chairman of the regulatory Korea Communications Commission (KCC). Park Geun-hye replaced Lee as head of state in February 2013, having led Lee's conservative Grand National (Hannara) Party to win a majority of seats in the April 2012 National Assembly election under a new name, the New Frontier (Saenuri) Party. Park appointed a close aide as the new KCC chairman, perpetuating the impression that the supposedly independent regulator is under the president's direct control.[5]
In another negative development, opposition lawmaker Roh Hoe-chan lost his seat in the National Assembly after the Supreme Court convicted him of publishing online the full names of seven prosecutors implicated in wiretapped conversations exposing political corruption in August 2005, although the content was already in the public domain. Roh discussed the names in public before posting them on his blog, but the sanction was only for their online publication.[6]
Political tensions with North Korea are a significant motivation for online restrictions, and the government said it had traced a series of high-profile March 2013 cyber-attacks on major institutions to Pyongyang, the capital of the communist North. A handful of prosecutions against users who post pro-North Korean content online are ongoing.[7] One Twitter user, for example, is appealing a November 2012 suspended 10 month prison term for reposting tweets from North Korea in 2011.
South Korea is one of the most wired countries in the world, for both usage and connection speed. Approximately 84 percent of South Koreans used the internet in 2012.[8] Counting access via mobile phones, televisions, and game consoles, an estimated 97 percent of households had access as of June 2012.[9]
Several factors have contributed to the country's high degree of connectivity. First, high-speed access is relatively affordable. Most residences have connections capable of reaching 100 Mbps for under KRW 30,000 ($26) per month.[10] Second, the population is densely concentrated in urban areas. Roughly 70 percent of South Koreans live in cities dominated by high-rise apartment buildings that can easily be connected to fiber-optic cables.[11] Finally, the government has implemented programs to expand internet access, including subsidies for low-income groups.[12] A series of state-led initiatives have been implemented since the 1990s, including Cyber Korea 21 (1999–2002), the e-Korea Vision 2006 (2002–2006), and the U-Korea Master Plan (2006–2010). Cyber Korea 21 was well received by the Korean public, partly because a foundation of computer-mediated communications had already been laid with a pre-internet, text-based online communication known as PC tongshin ("communication").
Mobile phone penetration was at 110 percent in 2012—a sign that many users have more than one device.[13] Smartphone users represented 62 percent of all mobile subscribers as of 2012.[14] Wi-Fi coverage has also increased rapidly to accommodate smartphones and tablet computers. Free Wi-Fi services are offered in over 1,000 public spaces across the country, including train stations, airports, libraries, national public hospitals, community centers, and selected tourist spots.[15]
Omnipresent and affordable cybercafés have helped prevent a digital divide in South Korea. Known as PC bang ("rooms"), many offer broadband access for approximately $1 per hour, and also serve as venues for social interaction and online gaming. There is no significant gap in access to ICTs with respect to gender or income level, although differences in computer literacy across generational and professional lines persist.[16]
The telecommunications sector in South Korea is relatively diverse and open to competition, with 118 internet service providers (ISPs) operating as of February 2013.[17] Nevertheless, the market remains dominated by three companies: Korea Telecom (44 percent), SK Telecom (24 percent), and LG Telecom (15 percent). The same firms control equivalent shares of the country's mobile phone service market, at 31 percent, 50 percent, and 19 percent respectively.[18] All three companies are publicly traded (Korea Telecom was state-owned until privatization in 2002), but they are part of the country's chaebol—large, family-controlled conglomerates connected to the political elite, often by marriage ties.[19] This has given rise to speculation that favoritism was at play in the privatization process and in the selection of bidders for mobile phone licenses.[20]
The conservative Lee Myung-bak government, which was in power from February 2008 to February 2013, restructured regulatory institutions dealing with ICTs. The ministry of information and communication and the Korean Broadcasting Commission merged to create the KCC in February 2008, tasked with overseeing both telecommunications and broadcasting to improve policy coherence.[21] The KCC consists of five commissioners, with the president appointing two (including the chairman) and the National Assembly choosing the remainder. The KCC struggled to earn credibility, as its first chairman Choi See-joong was a close associate of then-president Lee, causing some observers to view the restructuring as a government effort to tighten control over the media and ICT sectors.[22] Lee reappointed Choi as chairman in March 2011 over the objections of opposition lawmakers, who said that Choi's personnel choices politicized the agency and that his licensing decisions favored conservative-leaning media outlets. In January 2012, Choi resigned after prosecutors began investigating him in connection with several bribery scandals, including allegations that his former aide received nearly KRW 200 million ($175,400) in bribes from the Korea Broadcasting and Art School in return for business favors.[23] Choi was arrested in April 2012 on charges of accepting KRW 800 million ($701,700) from a real estate developer in return for influence peddling. He was sentenced to two and a half years in prison and a fine of KRW 600 million ($526,300) in September 2012.[24] However, Lee issued 55 pardons marking the end of his term in January 2013, including Choi and other political allies.[25]
In March 2013, the new president Park Geun-hye missed an opportunity to distance herself from this history of cronyism, naming her close aide and former four-term lawmaker Lee Kyeong-jae to head the KCC.[26] Park also transferred the KCC's policy and strategy-related responsibilities to the new Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning. The KCC retains its regulatory remit.
South Korean censors blocked or deleted more than 57,000 sites or web pages in 2012, according to official figures. Law professor Park Kyung Sin, himself a member of the commission responsible for censorship, saw his own conviction and fine for re-posting censored content on his personal blog overturned in July 2012, while a Twitter user who criticized the ruling party in 2011 also saw his fine overturned under a revised interpretation of election laws. During the coverage period, these looser rules allowed online campaigning, diversifying discourse and encouraging the growth of online platforms ranging from independent, not-for-profit news outlets to far-right political forums.[27] In a first for South Korea, however, intelligence agents are currently under investigation for manipulating political discussion online under false IDs in advance of the December 2012 presidential election.
Although South Korean cyberspace is vibrant and creative, there are a number of restrictions on the free circulation of information and opinions. Technical filtering of websites and social media accounts and the administrative deletion of content are particularly evident. Technical filtering of blacklisted URLs focuses on content produced by, or otherwise sympathetic to, the North Korean regime. A series of tests conducted in 2008 and 2010 by the OpenNet Initiative found that a significant number of websites containing North Korean propaganda or writings promoting reunification of the two Koreas were explicitly and consistently blocked in South Korea.[28] The justification provided is that these violate the 1948 National Security Act, which classifies content that "praises, promotes, and glorifies North Korea" as "illegal information."
Censorship is carried out on the orders of the Korea Communications Standards Commission (KCSC), which was established in 2008 to maintain ethical standards in broadcasting and internet communications. Technically an independent statutory organization, its nine members are appointed by the president.[29] Observers criticize its vaguely defined standards and wide discretionary power to determine what information should be censored.[30]
A KCSC member outlined the censorship process for Freedom House.[31] A team of 20 to 30 monitoring officers flag possible offenses, including obscenity, defamation, and threats to national security. Citizens can also submit individual petitions against content they believe has violated their privacy or harmed their reputation, or directly request service providers to temporarily remove the content in question for 30 days, effective immediately, under Article 44(2) of the Information and Communications Network Act. Commissioners meet every two weeks to deliberate over flagged cases—the minutes of which are available on the KCSC website[32]—and then make recommendations to bulletin board operators or ISPs to implement corrective measures such as deletion or blocking designated URLs. Such recommendations are not legally binding, but noncompliant service providers face potential sanctions under Comprehensive Measures on Internet Information Protection issued by the KCC in 2008, so practically all providers conform. Some service providers and websites institute their own registration or content monitoring policies so as to preempt KCSC intervention, though no comprehensive data about the extent of these voluntary practices is available.
The KCSC publishes quarterly statistics of content filtered or deleted.[33] These figures have shot up since 2008, its first year of operation, when it reported blocking 4,731 websites or pages,[34] and deleting another 6,442.[35] In 2012, it blocked 39,296 websites or pages and deleted 17,827.[36] The trend continued in the first quarter of 2013, when 11,396 items were blocked and 5,717 items were deleted.[37] Offenses cited for the censorship included "encouraging gambling," "illegitimate food and medicine," "prostitution and obscenity," "violating others' rights," and "violating other laws and regulations," the category that encompasses North Korean sympathies.
In 2011, law professor Park Kyung Sin, one of the KCSC's nine members, challenged the institution's criteria by posting some censored content—such as non-sexual images of human genitalia—on his personal blog for public discussion.[38] Fellow KCSC members began evaluating his blog for deletion and Park subsequently took the pictures down, but prosecutors indicted him for possible violation of obscenity laws in February 2012.[39] The court fined Park KRW 3 million ($2,630) in July, but a higher court cleared him on appeal in October.[40] The prosecution has appealed to the Supreme Court and the case is currently being heard. Park's blog is still available, and he continues to advocate publicly for freedom of expression.[41]
Park told Freedom House a major cause for concern is that authors of blocked or deleted content are never notified of the commission's decision, nor given an opportunity to defend their right to publish. While they can challenge the commission directly if they learn about a ruling, there is no independent avenue for appeal. This allows the KCSC to make politically, socially, and culturally motivated judgments, often lacking legal grounds. In many cases, the KCSC blocks entire blogs, though only a small portion of posts are considered to be problematic. All this has contributed to an atmosphere of self-censorship, particularly on topics related to North Korea.
In 2011, the KCSC sought to expand the scope of censorship to social networking sites, mobile phone applications, and podcasts.[42] The commission created a team to systematically monitor social media and communication apps, such as Twitter and Facebook, for violations. Since selectively deleting posts is more challenging on social media than from static websites and blogs, the KCSC warns users to voluntarily delete posts containing false or harmful information. If they refuse, the commission can ask ISPs to block other users from accessing the disputed account altogether.[43] Social media cases amount roughly to 5 percent of the total considered by the KCSC, according to Park.
They sometimes lack tolerance for government criticism. In May 2011, the KCSC ordered the blocking of Twitter account "@2MB18nomA," consisting of former President Lee's nickname "2MB" and a phonetic reference to a common Korean curse word.[44] After the KCSC rejected an appeal challenging the block, the user turned to the Seoul Administrative Court, but lost his case in May 2012.[45] He was also fined KRW one million ($877) for violating the election law through tweets posted in May 2011 criticizing the ruling party. That decision was overturned, however, when he successfully appealed in March 2012. [46]
That success was the result of a change in restrictions on online expression surrounding elections in South Korea, which observers have criticized as more stringent than in other democracies.[47] Article 93(1) of the Public Official Election Act, adopted to ensure fair electoral competition, prohibits individual voters from distributing or displaying "an advertisement, letter of greeting, poster, photograph, document, drawing, printed matter, audio tape, video tape, or the like" during the 180 days prior to election day if it contains an endorsement of or opposition to a candidate or a political party. The National Election Commission (NEC) has historically applied this to blog posts, user comments on news websites, and user-generated content in social media, and could demand that websites or blog-hosting services remove such postings. However, the Constitutional Court ruled that interpretation was unconstitutional in December 2011.[48] The NEC allowed online campaigning as of January 13, 2012.[49]
Perhaps the most troubling development stemming from this change came the following year when lawmakers revealed a National Intelligence Service (NIS) agent had published online comments under some 40 different IDs in an effort to influence the December 2012 presidential election. In March 2013, the main opposition party claimed that this manipulation extended to many more NIS agents and implicated NIS Director Won Sei-hoon.[50] In June 2013, Won was indicted on charges of interfering in the election.[51] The prosecution said he also attempted to influence earlier elections in favor of the ruling conservative party.[52]
While the overall media environment is partly restricted,[53] South Koreans continue to enthusiastically embrace online technology for civic engagement and political mobilization. In early 2012, journalists launched a series of strikes against government interference and censorship for the first time since the country's transition to democratic rule in 1987.[54] Born out of this was a variety of alternative and activist media outlets on the internet. The most thriving example is Newstapa, a user-funded investigative journalism platform, which reported over 28,000 regular donors and almost six million views of its YouTube content in April 2013. Filmmakers have also successfully solicited funding via social media for socially conscious films, such as "26 Years," about the military crackdown on a democratic uprising in the southwestern city of Gwangju in 1980—which topped the box office in November 2012[55]—and "Another Family," which documents poor working conditions in Samsung semiconductor factories, and is due for release in late 2013.
The year's most positive development for ICT users came in August 2012, when the Constitutional Court ruled South Korea's historically stringent internet real-name registration requirements violated the constitution. Website administrators are now banned from collecting national identification numbers, except where doing so is mandated by another law such as the Public Official Election Act and the Children and Youth Protection Act. It is not clear whether the court's ruling will also apply to mobile service providers, who still register customers and provided personal information to law enforcement agencies on 395,061 occasions in the first half of 2012, according to official statistics. As in past years, internet users were prosecuted for online activity. Twitter user Park Jung-geun is appealing a November 2012 suspended sentence for re-posting content from a North Korean Twitter account, and lawmaker Roh Hoe-chan was ousted in 2013 following a criminal conviction for exposing political corruption online. Another continuing trend was extensive cyber-attacks that crippled broadcast agencies and financial institutions, exposing millions of subscribers to possible fraud.
The South Korean constitution guarantees freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and association to all citizens, but it also enables restrictions by stating that "neither speech nor the press may violate the honor or rights of other persons nor undermine public morale or social ethics." South Korea has an independent judiciary and a national human rights commission that have made decisions upholding freedom of expression. Nonetheless, the continued prosecution of internet users for online activities has generated a chilling effect and international criticism.[56]
Several laws restrict freedom of expression in traditional media, as well as online. The 1948 National Security Act allows prison sentences of up to seven years for praising or expressing sympathy with the North Korean regime. In April 2010, the Ministry of Unification issued a notice reminding citizens that the 1990 Act on Exchanges and Collaboration Between South and North Korea applies to online communications as well as offline,[57] and that any visit to websites or pages maintained by people of North Korea must be reported to the government in advance.[58] Anyone failing to do so faces a fine of up to KRW 1 million ($878).
National security prosecutions against individuals expressing North Korean sympathies increased while the previous conservative government was in power. Those stemming from online communications rose from 5 in 2008 to 82 in 2010, a trend which looks set to continue: Amnesty International reported 41 people had been either detained for questioning or charged under national security provisions in freedom of expression cases in 2012, some involving online activity.[59] In September 2011, police raided the studio of photographer Park Jung-geun after he retweeted posts from a North Korean Twitter account (@uriminzok).[60] Park said his reposts made fun of the regime. Nevertheless, police interrogated him five times and in January 2012, jailed him for one month before releasing him on bail. A court sentenced him to a suspended 10-month prison term in November 2012, and he is currently appealing his conviction in a higher court.[61]
More prosecutions could result from a cyber-attack allegedly orchestrated by the transnational hacking collective Anonymous, who released details of over 15,000 subscribers of North Korean government websites and social media accounts in April 2013. South Korean law enforcement agencies used the data to investigate citizens violating South Korean law, but many of the subscribers used false names, news reports said.[62]
Within South Korea, such pseudonymous registration has been compromised by the infamous "internet real-name system" adopted in 2004 as part of an amendment to the Public Official Election Act.[63] Users were required to verify their identities by submitting their Resident Registration Numbers (RRNs) to join and contribute to web portals and other major sites. An RRN is a 13-digit number uniquely assigned to a Korean citizen at birth. In 2007, the real-name system was expanded to apply to any website with more than 100,000 visitors per day under Article 44(5) of the Information and Communications Network Act.
Beyond its chilling effect for online expression, the risk of such widespread real-name registration became evident in July 2011 when a cyberattack, allegedly originating from China, targeted the popular portal Nate and its social networking service Cyworld. The hackers reportedly stole the personal details of 35 million users, equivalent to 70 percent of the country's total population. The stolen data included users' real names, passwords, RRNs, mobile phone numbers, and e-mail addresses. The portal's parent company, SK Communications, said RRNs and passwords were encrypted,[64] but the incident renewed public concern about internet users' right to privacy.[65]
In August 2012 the Constitutional Court ruled against the internet real-name system, citing vulnerability to cyberattacks, among other factors.[66] As of February 18, 2013, website administrators are prohibited from collecting users' RRNs, and required to destroy those already on record by 2014.[67] Although much welcomed, this ruling does not entirely abolish real-name registration. The recently amended Children and Youth Protection Act, for example, enhanced the requirements for online identity verification from September 2012 to protect young people online (RRNs contain digits from the user's birth date that reveal their age).[68] Some companies use other methods for linking users' identities to their online profiles, and the KCC is also exploring registration options beyond RRNs, such as Internet Personal Identification Numbers (i-PINs), authenticated certificates, and SMS verification. In the meantime, mobile service providers still require users to provide their RRNs.
Service providers are expected to make individual users' personal information available on request to investigative agencies, including police, prosecutors, and the National Intelligence Service, under Article 83(3) of the Telecommunications Business Act. According to KCC statistics,[69] mobile phone operators fulfilled 395,061 such requests in the first half of 2012, a 21 percent increase over the number they executed during the same period in 2011.[70] The KCC has not published more recent data.
Defamation, including written libel and spoken slander, is a criminal offense in South Korea punishable by up to five years' imprisonment or a fine of up to KRW 10 million ($8,800), whether the contested statement is true or not; insults are punishable by a maximum KRW 2 million ($1,751) fine or a prison sentence of up to one year. Defamation committed via ICTs draws even heavier penalties—seven years in prison or fines of up to KRW 50 million ($43,900)—under the 2005 Information and Communications Network Act, which cites the faster speed and wider audience of online communication as a basis for the harsher sentencing.[71]
In February 2013, Roh Hoe-chan, a lawmaker from a minor opposition party, lost his seat in the National Assembly after being convicted in the Supreme Court for publishing wiretapped conversations online in 2005 in violation of the 1993 Protection of Communications Secrets Act. The conversations, illegally recorded by intelligence agents in the 1990s, documented representatives of The Samsung Group paying regular bribes to prosecutors, politicians, and presidential candidates. The Supreme Court explained its ruling against Roh by stating, "the internet delivers unfiltered information to the public, while the media select what to publish with responsibility."[72] Observers noted that the conviction appeared to have been pushed through in advance of pending revisions to the 1993 Act, which may have led to a different outcome.[73]
A copyright law that restricts file sharing was passed in May 2009 and came into effect two months later. Often referred to as the "three strikes rule," it allows the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism, acting through the Korean Copyright Commission, to shut down an entire online bulletin board after a third warning to take down pirated content. Within a year, the ministry had issued over 450 warnings and disabled 11 accounts for sharing copyrighted materials.[74] Internet companies and civil liberties advocates say the law threatens fair use and free expression.[75]
There have been no reports of physical violence against online users. Technical violence is more common. A notable increase in such technical disruptions in the past two years has highlighted vulnerabilities in the country's ICT infrastructure. Reported violations of electronic data tripled between 2010 and 2012 from 54,832 incidents to 166,801, according to official figures.[76] Whether politically or financially motivated, these breaches affect a significant proportion of the population, yet ordinary users are barely protected or compensated.[77] Recent investigations revealed that over 15 million voters had their electronic information illegally obtained and traded for use in mobile SMS campaigns prior to the April 2012 general election.[78]
Major incidents during the coverage period include a massive cyberattack against three major South Korean banks and the country's two largest broadcasters on March 20, 2013.[79] The government announced on April 10 that it had traced the attacks to six computers in North Korea, concluding that the military intelligence agency in Pyongyang was responsible.[80] In May 2012, the state-run educational TV station EBS, reported hackers had accessed personal data belonging to more than four million of its website subscribers, and one of the three telecommunication companies, KT, estimated 8.8 million of its customers' personal information was stolen between February and July.
[1] Frank La Rue, "Full Text of Press Statement Delivered by UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Mr. Frank La Rue, After the Conclusion of His Visit to the Republic of Korea," United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, May 17, 2010, http://bit.ly/9JplWa; Chico Harlan, "In S. Korea, a shrinking space for speech," Washington Post, December 22, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-s-korea-a-shrinking-space-for-speech/2011/12/21/gIQAmAHgBP_story.html; Reporters Without Borders, Internet Enemies Report 2012 (Paris: Reporters Without Borders, March 12, 2012), http://en.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport-internet2012_ang.pdf; Irene Khan, "Statement by Irene Khan, Amnesty International Secretary General, on the Completion of Her Visit to South Korea," Amnesty International, November 24, 2009, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA25/013/2009/en/81c8df37-c1d9-4d49-aa8c-825cd7ce9203/asa250132009en.pdf.
[2] Sang-hun Choe, "South Korean Court Rejects Online Name Verification Law," New York Times, August 23, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/world/asia/south-korean-court-overturns-online-name-verification-law.html.
[3] The National Election Commission formerly applied legal provisions banning the display and distribution of election-related paraphernalia for 180 days before elections to online content, with penalties of up to 2 years' imprisonment or a fine of up to KRW 4 million (US$3,500). See, Yeon-Ok Lee & Han Woo Park, "E-Campaigning Versus the Public Official Election Act in South Korea: Causes, Consequences and Implications of Cyber-Exile," Aslib Proceedings 65(4), 2013, 388–405.
[4] Hyung-Jin Kim, "South Korea Spy Scandal: Spies Caught in Website Posts Embarrass National Intelligence Service," Huffington Post, May 13, 2013, http://huff.to/17lSaGj.
[5] Yonhap News Agency, "(2nd LD) Park Appoints Former Veteran Lawmaker as Communications Commission Chief," Yonhap News, March 24, 2013, http://bit.ly/16DpUAk.
[6] David McNeill and Donald Kirk, "Tax Evasion, Bribery and Price-fixing: How Samsung Became the Giant that Ate Korea," The Independent, February 25, 2013, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tax-evasion-bribery-and-pricefixing-how-samsung-became-the-giant-that-ate-korea-8510588.html.
[7] Seok Ahn, "11 Online North Korean Sympathizers Arrested. 5 Times More Social Networking Accounts Blocked [for Violating the National Security Act] Over the Past Year" (in Korean), Seoul Shinmun, May 18, 2012, http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20120518011015; Junhee Park, "Violation of the National Security Act in increase. Already 70 Cases in the First Half of the Year" [in Korean], Munhwa Ilbo, July 9, 2012, http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2012070901071027216002.
[8] International Telecommunication Union, "Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet, 2000-2012," http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.
[9] South Korea has consistently led the 34 members of the international trade group the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development for internet access since 2000. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, "Households with Access to the Internet in Selected OECD Countries," http://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/Final_6.b_Internet%20Households_2012.xls.
[10] John D. Sutter, "Why Internet Connections Are Fastest in South Korea," CNN Tech, March 31, 2010, http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-31/tech/broadband.south.korea_1_broadband-plan-south-korea-broadband-internet?_s=PM:TECH. The figures were still current as of April 2013.
[11] J. C. Herz, "The Bandwidth Capital of the World," Wired, August 2002, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.08/korea.html?pg=1&topic=&topic_set.
[12] Sutter, "Why Internet Connections Are Fastest in South Korea."
[13] International Telecommunication Union, "Mobile-cellular Telephone Subscriptions, 2000-2012."
[14] Korea Communications Commission, "Wire and Wireless Communication Service Subscribers in 2012" [in Korean], IT Statistics of Korea, March 5, 2013, http://www.itstat.go.kr/board/boardDetailView.htm?identifier=02-008-130306-000001&pub_code=5&page=1.
[15] Jungyun Kwon, "Free Wi-Fi Now Offered at Public Areas Nationwide," Korea.net, July 25, 2012, http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Sci-Tech/view?articleId=101482.
[16] National Information Society Agency, The 2011 Digital Divide Index [in Korean], http://www.itstat.go.kr/board/boardDetailView.htm?identifier=02-008-120309-000001&pub_code=7&page=1.
[17] Korea Internet & Security Agency, "ISP Statistics" [in Korean], accessed April 7, 2013, http://isis.kisa.or.kr/sub01/?pageId=010302.
[18] Korea Communications Commission, "Wire and Wireless Communication Service Subscribers in 2012."
[19] Hyeok-cheol Kwon, "Is Chojoongdong One Big Family?" [in Korean], Hankyoreh, July 29, 2005, http://www.hani.co.kr/kisa/section-002009000/2005/07/002009000200507291742668.html.
[20] Hyun-ah Kim, "KMI Criticizes Selection Criteria for the 4th Mobile Operator and Sends Out Open Inquiry [to KCC]" [in Korean], e-Daily, February 18, 2013, http://bit.ly/1fXe7y8.
[21] Jong Sung Hwang & Sang-hyun Park, "Republic of Korea," in Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2009–2010 (London: Sage Publications, 2009), 234–240.
[22] Ji-nam Kang, "Who's Who Behind Lee Myung-bak: Choi See-joong the Chairman of the KCC (Appointed)" [in Korean], Shindonga (583, 2008), 48–49, http://shindonga.donga.com/docs/magazine/shin/2008/04/12/200804120500019/200804120500019_1.html.
[23] Yonhap News Agency, "Ex-aide of KCC Chief Under Bribery Probe," The Korea Herald, January 4, 2012, http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20120103000879; Tae-gyu Kim and Jun-beom Hwang, "Choi See-joong's Protégé Jeong Yong-uk Bags a Huge Bribe and Flees to Canada?" [in Korean], Hankyoreh, January 3, 2012, http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/513250.html.
[24] Rahn Kim, "President's Mentor gets Prison Term," The Korea Times, September 14, 2012, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/09/117_119968.html.
[25] BBC, "South Korean President Issues Controversial Pardons," BBC News, January 29, 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21241376.
[26] Yonhap News Agency, "(2nd LD) Park Appoints Former Veteran Lawmaker."
[27] James Pearson, Conservatives Go on the Online Offensive," Yonhap News, April 30, 2013, http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/n_feature/2013/04/29/45/4901000000AEN20130429006500315F.HTML; Seung-hye Yim, "Online Communities Keep Politicians Squirming," Joongang Ilbo, March 16, 2013, http://www.joongang.ca/bbs/board.php?bo_table=g900t400&wr_id=29.
[28] OpenNet Initiative, "Country Profile: South Korea," August 6, 2012, http://opennet.net/research/profiles/south-korea.
[29] Six members are nominated by the president and the party with a parliamentary majority, while three are nominated by the opposition. Jeong-hwan Lee, "A Private Organization Under the President? The KCSC's Structural Irony" [in Korean], Media Today, September 14, 2011, http://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=97350.
[30] Jillian York and Rainey Reitman, "In South Korea, the Only Thing Worse Than Online Censorship is Secret Online Censorship," Electronic Frontier Foundation, September 6, 2011, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/08/south-korea-only-thing-worse-online-censorship.
[31] Author's interview with Park Kyung Sin, one of the nine members of the KCSC, April 4, 2013.
[32] Available at http://www.kocsc.or.kr/02_infoCenter/Records_List.php [in Korean].
[33] Available at http://www.kocsc.or.kr/02_infoCenter/info_Communition_List.php [in Korean].
[34] 3,816 for "encouraging gambling," 549 for "disturbing social order," and 366 for "obscenity."
[35] 3,238 for "disturbing social order,"1,460 for "obscenity," 1,201 for "violating others' rights," 424 for "violence, cruelty and hatred," and 119 for "encouraging gambling."
[36] Among those blocked, 18,971 were for "encouraging gambling," 13,065 for "illegitimate food and medicine," 5,600 for "prostitution and obscenity," 962 for "violating others' rights," and 698 for "violating other laws and regulations." Among those deleted, 6,908 were for "illegitimate food and medicine," 5,481 for "prostitution and obscenity," 3,910 for "violating other laws and regulations," 920 for "encouraging gambling," and 608 for "violating others' rights."
[37] Among those blocked, 6,621 were for "encouraging gambling," 2,875 for "illegitimate food and medicine," 1,179 for "prostitution and obscenity," 412 for "violating other laws and regulations," and 309 for "violating others' rights." Among those deleted, 2,464 were for "violating other laws and regulations," 1,665 for "illegitimate food and medicine," 902 for "prostitution and obscenity," 377 for "violating others' rights," and 309 for "encouraging gambling."
[38] R. Jai Krishna and Evan Ramstad, "'Offensive' Web Content Targeted in Asia," The Wall Street Journal, December 6, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204770404577082080244171866.html; York and Reitman, "In South Korea, the Only Thing Worse Than Online Censorship."
[39] Evan Ramstad, "Prosecutors Target Censorship Critic," The Wall Street Journal, March 8, 2012, http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/03/08/prosecutors-target-censorship-critic/.
[40] Jeongin You, "Professor Park Kyung Sin 'Not Guilty' in an Appellate Court. A Promising Ruling for Freedom of Expression" [in Korean], Kyunghyang Shinmun, October 18, 2012. http://bit.ly/RFfmnp.
[41] K.S. Park's Writings (blog), http://blog.naver.com/kyungsinpark.
[42] Matt Brian, "South Korea May Begin Censoring Social Networking, Mobile Apps from Next Week," The Next Web, December 1, 2011, http://thenextweb.com/asia/2011/12/01/south-korea-may-begin-censoring-social-networking-mobile-apps-from-next-week/.
[43] Interview with Kyung Sin Park. See also, Ji-hyun Cho, "Criticism Escalates Over SNS Censorship," The Korea Herald, January 29, 2012, http://www.koreaherald.com/business/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20120129000285.
[44] Harlan, "In S. Korea, A Shrinking Space." See also, Louisa Lim, "In South Korea, Old Law Leads To Crackdown," National Public Radio (NPR), December 1, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/12/01/142998183/in-south-korea-old-law-leads-to-new-crackdown.
[45] Jeong-min Yang, "Owner of the Twitter ID 'Cursing MB' Lost his Case, But Why?" [in Korean], Money Today, May 4, 2012, http://www.mt.co.kr/view/mtview.php?type=1&no=2012050407583397741&outlink=1.
[46] Seung-mo Kim, "Posting on Twitter a List of Candidates to be Rejected is Not Illegal, Says Court" [in Korean], The Law Times, March 20, 2012, http://www.lawtimes.co.kr/LawNews/News/NewsContents.aspx?serial=63156.
[47] Lee and Park, "E-Campaigning Versus the Public Official Election Act."
[48] Yonhap News Agency, "Constitutional Court OKs Twitter for Election Campaigns," The Korea Times, December 29, 2011, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/12/113_101835.html; Akira Nakano, "S. Korea Allows Campaigning on Social Networking Sites," The Asahi Shimbun, December 30, 2011, http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/AJ201112300023.
[49] Agence France-Presse, "S. Korea Lifts Ban on Internet for Electioneering," AsiaOne, January 13, 2012, http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Science%2Band%2BTech/Story/A1Story20120113-321714.html; Yonhap News Agency, "Election Regulator Allows Internet Election Campaigns," The Korea Times, January 13, 2012, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/01/311_102798.html.
[50] Yonhap News Agency, "Lawmaker Accuses Spy Agency Chief of Intervening in Politics," Yonhap News, March 18, 2013, http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2013/03/18/0401000000AEN20130318006200315.HTML; Chang-sup Lee, "National Intelligence Service Needs Overhaul," The Korea Times, March 28, 2013, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2013/03/298_132922.html.
[51] Chico Harlan, "In South Korea's Latest Controversies, Spy Agency Takes a Leading Role," Washington Post, July 6, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-south-koreas-latest-controversies-spy-agency-takes-a-leading-role/2013/07/06/8b610c74-e3ca-11e2-aef3-339619eab080_story.html.
[52] Dong-hyun Lee, "Won Sei-hoon Ordered Operations Against Opposition Candidates in Every Election, Says Prosecution" [in Korean], Joongang Ilbo, June 6, 2013, http://media.daum.net/issue/438/newsview?issueId=438&newsid=20130606003705675.
[53] Freedom House, "Freedom of the Press 2012 – South Korea," //www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2012/south-korea.
[54] "No News is Bad News: Reporters Complain of Being Muzzled," Economist, March 3, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/21549008.
[55] Erika Kim, "'26 Years' Tops Box Office in Its First Weekend," enewsworld, December 3, 2012, http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=22873.
[56] La Rue, "Full Text of Press Statement."
[57] Ministry of Unification, "Notice on the Use of North Korean Internet Sites" [in Korean], April 8, 2010, http://www.unikorea.go.kr/CmsWeb/viewPage.req?idx=PG0000000346&boardDataId=BD0000186451&CP0000000002_BO0000000033_Action=boardView&CP0000000002_BO0000000033_ViewName=board/BoardView&curNum=12.
[58] Such reports are to be made through an online system at http://www.tongtong.go.kr/.
[59] Sang-hun Choe, "Sometimes, It's a Crime to Praise Pyongyang," New York Times, January 5, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/06/world/asia/06iht-korea06.html?pagewanted=all; Ahn, "11 Online North Korean Sympathizers Arrested" [in Korean]; Park, "Violation of the National Security Act in Increase" [in Korean]; Amnesty International, "Republic of Korea," Amnesty International Report 2013: The State of the World's Human Rights, http://files.amnesty.org/air13/AmnestyInternational_AnnualReport2013_complete_en.pdf, 150-152.
[60] Lim, "In South Korea, Old Law Leads To New Crackdown;" Sang-hun Choe, "South Korean Law Casts Wide Net, Snaring Satirists in a Hunt for Spies," New York Times, January 7, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/world/asia/south-korean-law-casts-wide-net-snaring-satirists-in-a-hunt-for-spies.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1; Agence France-Presse, "Amnesty Urges Release of S. Korean Twitter User," Google News, February 1, 2012, http://bit.ly/1dSvfTA.
[61] Paula Hancocks, "South Korean 'Joke' May Lead to Prison," CNN, July 4, 2012, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/03/world/asia/south-korea-north-joke/index.html; Sang-hun Choe, "South Korean Gets Suspended Sentence in Twitter Case," New York Times, November 21, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/22/world/asia/south-korean-man-gets-suspended-sentence-for-tweets.html.
[62] Chosun Ilbo, "More Details of N.Korean Website Subscribers Released," Chosun Ilbo, April 8, 2013, http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/04/08/2013040801418.html.
[63] The amendment became Article 82, Provision 6.
[64] "Nate, Cyworld Hack Stole Information From 35 Million Users: SKorea Officials," Huffington Post, July 28, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/28/south-korea-nate-cyworld-hack-attack_n_911761.html.
[65] Eric Pfanner, "Naming Names on the Internet," New York Times, September 4, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/05/technology/naming-names-on-the-internet.html.
[66] Park Kyung Sin, "Korean Internet Identity Verification Rule Struck Down Unconstitutional; 12 Highlights of the Judgment," K.S. Park's Writings (blog), August 25, 2012, http://blog.naver.com/kyungsinpark/110145810944.
[67] Yunji Kang, "Hide your RRN Away! Ban on Online Collection of User RRNs" [in Korean], Sympa Korea, February 21, 2013, http://reporter.korea.kr/reporterWeb/getNewsReporter.do?newsDataId=148755878.
[68] Ki-bon Lee, "Effective from September 16, 2012, the New Youth Protection Law" [in Korean], Pol in Love (Police Agency official blog), September 3, 2012, http://polinlove.tistory.com/4371; Yoo Eun Lee, "South Korea's Child Porn Law Blasted for Restricting Freedom of Expression," Global Voices Online, May 24, 2013, http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/05/24/south-koreas-child-porn-law-blasted-for-restricting-freedom-of-expression/.
[69] Published twice a year at http://www.kcc.go.kr/user.do?boardId=1030&page=A02060400&dc=K02060400 [in Korean].
[70] Na-young Shim, "Last Year, 390,000 Users Subjected to 'Telecommunication Surveillance'" [in Korean], Asia Economy, January 9, 2013, http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2013010813361388756. The KCC reported 326,785 requests in the first half of 2011.
[71] See "Article 61: Republic of Korea," Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Data Protection, etc., Amended December 30, 2005, http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/PrivLRes/2005/2.html.
[72] The Associated Press, "MP Loses Seat Over Samsung Wiretaps," MSN News, February 17, 2013, http://news.uk.msn.com/world/mp-loses-seat-over-samsung-wiretaps; Sam Byford, "Korean Lawmaker who Exposed Samsung Corruption Forced from Office," The Verge, February 15, 2013, http://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991338/samsung-x-file-tapes-lawmaker-roh-hoe-chan-loses-government-seat.
[73] Yonhap News Agency, "Song Ho-chang: Ruling on Roh Hoe-chan's Case Should Wait Until the Amendment," [in Korean], OhmyNews, February 8, 2013, http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001832963.
[74] Maekyeong, "First Three-strikeouts for 'Heavy Uploaders,' 11 Accounts Ordered Suspended" [in Korean], MK News, http://news.mk.co.kr/newsRead.php?year=2010&no=596419
[75] Cory Doctorow, "South Korea Lives in the Future (of Brutal Copyright Enforcement)," Boing Boing, March 30, 2013, http://boingboing.net/2013/03/30/south-korea-lives-in-the-futur.html; Open Net Korea, "International Human Rights Organisations in Support for the Abolition of the Three-strike Rule," Open Net Korea, April 1, 2013, http://opennet.or.kr/1529.
[76] Statistics Korea, "Incidents of Personal Information Violation" [in Korean], e-National Indicators, accessed July 2013, http://www.index.go.kr/egams/stts/jsp/potal/stts/PO_STTS_IdxMain.jsp?idx_cd=1366&bbs=INDX_001&clas_div=C&rootKey=1.48.0#.
[77] Soon-taek Kwon, "KT's Penalty as Small as [US$613,000] After Having Lost Personal Information of 8.73 Million Customers" [in Korean], MediaUs, December 13, 2012, http://www.mediaus.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=30287.
[78] Joonho Choi et al., "Voters' Personal Information Floating Around During Elections—One Agency Sends Out as Many as 40 Million Texts" [in Korean], Joongang Ilbo, July 5, 2012, http://article.joins.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=8665527&ctg=1200.
[79] Laura Sciuto, "South Korea Hit Hard by Massive Cyber-Attack," PBS NewsHour Extra, April 1, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/2013/04/south-korea-hit-hard-by-massive-cyber-attack/.
[80] Agence France-Presse, "S. Korea probe says North behind cyber attack," The Straits Times, April 10, 2013, http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/asia/story/s-korea-probe-says-north-behind-cyber-attack-report-20130410.


text:
Q: Angular 5 - how to find filename generated by ng build I am building app with laravel and angular 5.
The problem is that ng build does not create a manifest file which I can read and find out the generated filename to be used in my blade template.
Right now in my blade template I am just reading the index.html file generated by ng build which I dont like.
In react app I do it easily, in angular app i just want a manifest file generated.
Please help in achieving it or advise suitable method other than reading index.html

A: As no one replied, i have just started reading the folder and picking filename based on that. It is not the best method but until someone come up and tell me a better way or how to generate manifest file I will have to use this.
I am using preg_match to match excluding cache busting hash.
if ( $dirHandle = opendir($dirPath) ) {
    while ( ($filename = readdir($dirHandle)) !== false ) {
        list($assetName, ,$assetExtention)  = explode('.', $asset);
        $pattern                            = '/'.$assetName.'\.(\w)+\.bundle\.'.$assetExtention.'/';

        if ( preg_match($pattern, $filename) === 1 ) {
            closedir($dirHandle);
            return url('/').'/apps/'.$assetPath.'/'.$filename;
        }
    }
    closedir($dirHandle);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We takes you on a canyoning adventure down the beautiful Behana Gorge.
We pick you up and drop you off from your accommodation in the Cairns City Area. Only a 45 minute drive from Cairns until we reach Behana Gorge. Once we get to the gorge and soak in the beautiful sights, we'll instruct each of you on abseiling techniques on the safety of flat ground.
No prior abseiling experience required, however, you do need a reasonable level of fitness and swimming ability. Our qualified and experienced guides provide the utmost professionalism to ensure your safety whilst giving you a dose of exciting canyoning adventure.A guide will be with you the entire time to make sure everything is entirely safe. We'll start our adventure near the top of the gorge and abseil into the fresh water. From here, we'll swim, slide, walk over rocky gorges and through the tropical rainforest, leap off rocks into the deep pools below and abseil our way through Behana Gorge. Don't worry, it's not a long distance and anyone of a reasonable fitness level will love this adventure.
Hungry yet? We'll provide a lunch and why not chill out for a while and enjoy this beautiful area that nature provides us. After this, we'll head back to Cairns and drop you at your accommodation between 3:00pm and 4:00pm.
We pickup at all accommodations in the Cairns CBD.


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text:
<idea-plugin version="2">
    <id>de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons</id>
    <idea-version since-build="139.1603.1"/>
    <name>Android Drawable Importer</name>
    <vendor email="marcprengemann@gmail.com" url="https://plus.google.com/+MarcPrengemann">Marc Prengemann</vendor>
    <description><![CDATA[
        This plugin consists of three main features. You can access them by a right-click anywhere, but not on a file, inside an Android module under New.

        1. AndroidIcons and Material Icons Drawable Import

        You are able to select the asset, specify your color, change the target resource name and select all the resolutions you want to import.

        All the missing folders will be created automatically. If there are already drawables with the same name, you will be warned. You can even search for your desired asset by just start typing when the first spinner has focus.

        Since Material Icons provide also Vector Drawables, those can be imported now as well!

        2. Batch Drawable Import

        Select assets (or a whole folder) and specify the source resolutions. You can change the source size of every image as well. Specify all resolutions, to which it should be resized to.

        This works also with 9-Patch-Images. But take care: sometimes it's necessary to remove / add the one or other "pixel" in the 9-Patch-Editor. But just give it a try :)

        3. Multisource-Drawable

        Ever got a zip with drawables for your Android project by your designer with the following structure?

        root/

        ./drawable_ldpi.png

        ./drawable_mdpi.png

        ./drawable_hdpi.png

        ./drawable_xhdpi.png

        No problem! Now you can just select for every resolution a different asset, specify one name for them, and the rest is done by the plugin.

        Or even easier, you can select the whole zip, and this plugin will auto extract the asset to the best matching folder.

        Hint: When you select an asset, you can also just drag a file from your explorer to the text field and drop it there.
        ]]>
    </description>

    <change-notes><![CDATA[
      - Various Bug Fixes
    ]]>
    </change-notes>

    <depends>com.intellij.modules.lang</depends>
    <depends>com.intellij.modules.java</depends>
    <depends>org.jetbrains.android</depends>

    <application-components>

        <component>
            <implementation-class>de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons.IconApplication</implementation-class>
        </component>
    </application-components>

    <project-components>
        <component>
            <interface-class>de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons.IProjectSettingsComponent</interface-class>
            <implementation-class>de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons.ProjectSettingsComponent</implementation-class>
            <option name="workspace" value="true"/>
            <loadForDefaultProject/>
        </component>
    </project-components>

    <actions>
        <group id="de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons.group"
               text="Drawable"
               popup="false"
               class="de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons.actions.AndroidAssetUtilsGroup"
               icon="/src/main/resources/icons/android.png">
            <add-to-group group-id="NewGroup" anchor="after" relative-to-action="NewAndroidAssetImage" />
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            <action id="de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons.actions.IconsAction"
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                    class="de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons.actions.AndroidBatchImportAction" />
            <action id="de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons.AndroidMultiDrawableImporter"
                    class="de.mprengemann.intellij.plugin.androidicons.actions.AndroidMultiDrawableAction" />
            <separator />
        </group>
    </actions>

</idea-plugin>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"What Are The Odds"….well if you ask me the honest truth, I would tell you odds are that this record will fit nicely into your current playlist. B Free brings along Neisha Neshae as the two mesh themselves vocally between some signature Helluva production. The triple effort establishes a dope collection of talent and melds the record together smoothly. It's a strong song & available now on all major streaming platforms. Remember, if your down with what you hear be sure to show your support and #sharethemusic. Enjoy!


The objective of this project was to facilitate student learning of embedded systems design. At WPI, students in ECE3849 must combine hardware and software concepts to develop real-time embedded systems in labs, a process which often frustrates students. This project identified ways to engage students in embedded systems design by 1) identifying ECE3849's educational objectives 2) designing a versatile peripheral board to support new labs, 3) synthesizing student feedback on their frustrations and 4) developing targeted documentation for students to help alleviate their frustrations in labs. My development board, documentation, and critical analysis of student feedback provide recommendations for instructors to help future offerings of ECE3849 challenge students to design embedded systems.


text:
Q: Kolmogorov-smirnov two-sample confidence level I do not find information about how to calculate the $c(\alpha)$ "by hand" (see wikipedia article for two samples: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%E2%80%93Smirnov_test) for the formula:
 $ D_{n,m} > c(\alpha)\sqrt{\frac{n+m}{nm}} $
I would like to try different levels of $\alpha$ not included in the table provided in the article.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
How Refugee Resettlement in the United States Actually Works
The Foreign Service Journal > April 2016 > How Refugee Resettlement in the United States Actually Works
Historically, the United States has permanently resettled more refugees than all other countries combined. Here's what's involved.
BY CAROL COLLOTON
Young children at a Tanzanian refugee camp during the 1990s civil war in Rwanda.
Carol Colloton
Aisha arrived at Kennedy Airport on a rainy afternoon in November 2009 looking more than a little apprehensive as she clutched her two small children and a number of mismatched bags holding their personal belongings. Four years earlier, she had fled her village in Rwanda and ended up in a refugee camp in the Democratic Republic of the Congo run by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. There she awaited resettlement in a third country.
She filled out reams of application forms, provided biographical data, and sat for interviews with representatives of the Resettlement Support Center and numerous security officials, followed by medical exams. When she was finally told that the United States had accepted her application, it was like a dream come true. But it was not until she had a departure date, and started attending cultural orientation classes, that the reality sank in: she was actually going to America!
Aisha was suddenly beset with doubts. She didn't know a soul in America; how would she survive? Maybe she should just stay in the camp, she thought. But with everyone congratulating her and telling her how lucky she was, she put on a brave face and reminded herself of the violent events she had lived through, and the anguish of the years since leaving Rwanda behind. Right now her most pressing concern was hiding from her children her fear of getting on an airplane for the first time in her life.
She was reassured when she was greeted in New York City by a representative of Church World Services, who assisted her family in transiting the airport and boarding another plane to Minneapolis. There, the local CWS sponsor escorted them to a two-bedroom apartment. It was a bitterly cold, snowy day in December; they had never seen snow before.
Of the millions of refugees in the world, who should be selected for resettlement?
Then things began to happen at a bewildering pace. The sponsor explained how the stove, heating system and smoke alarm worked, and took Aisha and her children to a church basement so they could pick out warm clothes. Other CWS staff explained U.S. currency, showed her around the neighborhood, and pointed out where and how to shop, and how to take the local bus. The children were registered in school, doctors' appointments were made, and she was enrolled in English-language classes and a job search program.
Seven years later, Aisha has a job cleaning offices. Her children are picking up English much faster than she, and she often relies on them when they go shopping or visit a doctor. After a year, she received the coveted green card giving her permanent residency and was beginning to feel comfortable in the United States. She hoped and prayed that her sister and her children would soon be able to join her. But then, following last summer's bombings in Paris, Aisha began hearing that many Americans wanted to keep any more refugees from coming.
Aisha's experience is far from unique in both respects. But that does not mean the hostility toward refugees and legal migrants shown by some Americans who got here earlier in our history is any less pleasant.
The Role of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees
People, of course, have migrated throughout human history for various reasons: fleeing war and violence, or seeking a better life economically, politically and socially. But with the advent of the nation-state system, and the demarcation of defined borders, governments began to regulate such mass movements more closely—particularly the flow of refugees, a specific category of migrants governed by international agreements.
To be precise, under international law refugees—as distinguished from internally displaced persons, or IDPs, who have been uprooted from their homes but remain in their country—are defined as "individuals who have fled from their country of nationality or habitual residence, having a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality or membership in a particular social or political group, and owing to such fear are unable or unwilling to return to that country." The first step for a person fleeing his or her own country is to seek refuge in a neighboring country—in international parlance, the country of first asylum. A refugee is thereby distinguished from an individual who applies to immigrate via the visa application process.
Current practices for admitting refugees date from the post-World War II period. Some 146 countries adopted the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees that entered into force on April 20, 1954, and was limited to persons fleeing events occurring before Jan. 1, 1951, within Europe. A 1967 protocol removed those limitations and expanded the Convention to universal coverage. Pursuant to these measures, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees based in Geneva, Switzerland, is the focal point for regularization and international coordination of such efforts.
Whenever there is a large-scale movement of people, national and international nongovernmental agencies, assisted by the UNHCR, concentrate on quickly setting up emergency shelter, food, water, sanitation and medical services. Only then do they focus on screening individuals to determine if they qualify for refugee status. Once the refugees' physical needs are met and refugee status determined, more stable conditions are established. Some refugees live among the local population, while others have families in neighboring countries.
The screening process for refugees is far more rigorous than for any other group entering the United States.
The objective then becomes a durable solution. Ideally, refugees will return to their homeland as soon as the situation allows. Lamentably, all too often this outcome is prevented by continuing political unrest, or the fact that the refugees belong to a minority ethnic or religious group that remains unwelcome. The next-best solution is for them to be settled in the country of first asylum and integrated into its society. But in some relatively few cases, third-country resettlement may be the best option.
Of the millions of refugees in the world, who should be selected for resettlement? In 2006, UNHCR designated broad priority categories for refugee resettlement, such as: survivors of violence or torture, family reunification, medical needs, and women and children at risk. Within these categories, narrower designations were established to respond to specific situations and to apply to specific countries. For example, the category used for resettlement of Liberians to the United States was "women-at-risk"—older women who were raising their grandchildren because the parents had died, either from violence or from diseases such as malaria and HIV/AIDS. Another was "The Lost Boys," young Sudanese who had become separated from their families during their flight from the fighting in the south of Sudan and were resettled in the United States in 2001. Following the Rwandan genocide, "mixed marriage" refugees—Hutu and Tutsi—were identified as "at risk," but the Rwandan government objected to the implication that such families could not reside peacefully in postwar Rwanda.
Is the American Commitment to Aid Refugees Fading?
Historically, the United States has permanently resettled more refugees than all other countries combined. In 1980, the year of highest U.S. resettlement, Congress set an annual ceiling of 207,000 arrivals. This number has gone up and down through the years in response to different periods of unrest leading to increased population migrations as well as to domestic political pressures. From 2008 to 2011, the ceiling was set at 80,000, but not met. Since 2013, the ceiling has been established at 70,000 and has been more or less fulfilled each year.
Recent terrorist attacks have led to calls to bar or severely limit the number of new refugees entering the United States. But such proposals ignore the fact that the screening process for refugees is far more rigorous than for any other group entering the United States (generally taking between 18 and 21 months of vetting). Further, the U.S. government can refuse entry to any foreigner, including a refugee, without cause.
Once individuals are identified as eligible for resettlement they all go through the intensive screening process, as did Aisha mentioned above, conducted by the UNHCR, international voluntary agencies and, for those considered for entry into the United States, representatives of the State Department, the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security. This involves collecting biographical data, medical clearances and intensive security screening.
The majority of refugees are normally resettled in 15 states: California (which takes nearly 16 percent), followed by Washington (just under 15 percent), New York (nearly 9 percent), Florida (7 percent), North Carolina and Texas (5 percent each). Oregon, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Georgia and Arizona each accept just over 3 percent of refugees, while Missouri, Massachusetts, Minnesota and Ohio account for about 2 percent each.
While about 30 state government officials have declared their intention to reject the settlement of any Syrian refugees in their states, it is worth noting that most of those states take few if any refugees to begin with—and the three states accepting the largest numbers have all reaffirmed their participation in resettlement programs.
How Local Resettlement Works
Some U.S. critics of refugee resettlement have claimed that the federal government settles refugees in their states without consultation. This is not the case, however. While only the federal government can determine whether or not a refugee may be admitted to the country, federal law requires consultation with state and local governments on the resettlement of refugees in a particular community.
Fortunately, the State Department and the Department of Health and Human Services have traditionally enjoyed a cooperative, constructive relationship with state and local refugee coordinators and with voluntary agencies in determining where to place refugees.
The plight of millions of refugees encapsulates many aspects of international relations the world appears to be unprepared, or unwilling, to deal with.
The nine voluntary agencies active in resettling refugees in the United States work closely with their local affiliates and state refugee coordinators to determine which locations are the best match for the communities and the refugees. The following factors are considered: family reunification; the number of refugees already in the state and in a particular community (the objective is to avoid overwhelming an area with large numbers, but also to settle refugees where compatriots are already residing); and the availability of affordable housing, employment opportunities, and health and educational facilities.
There have been instances in which a state or local community has objected to resettlement in a particular locality for various reasons. Even if they do not agree that those reasons are valid, the federal government and voluntary agencies generally accede to such objections. After what these refugees have already been put through, the last thing they need is more hostility.
A Problem That Is Not Going Away
Currently, there are nearly 20 million refugees in the world (not including some five million Palestinians). Whole generations are growing up in what are supposedly "temporary" camps. The international governmental agencies and NGOs running them have to build, staff and supply medical clinics, schools and other basic services.
In response, some countries that have not traditionally been resettlement havens have either begun accepting refugees or taking more of them. Several European countries have increased the number of refugees they accept; others have taken in large numbers in proportion to their population. Finland, for example, with a population of about 5.5 million, has accepted 750 refugees a year since 2001 and planned to take in 1,050 in each of 2014 and 2015. Still, this generosity does little to meet the overall needs.
Are we at a major turning point in human history? With international communications and commercial entities dwarfing the power of most governments, we might well ask ourselves whether the nation-state system as we know it is at a point of cataclysmic change. While climate change is not yet a designated qualification for granting refugee status, its impact may well swallow up small island nations and low-lying coastal areas of many countries—setting off chaotic, uncontrollable mass movements beyond anything we have seen thus far.
Let us hope that international diplomatic efforts will succeed in reducing if not eliminating armed conflicts, and international agreements on human rights, economic trade and other international exchanges will narrow the huge gaps between the haves and have-nots. But even in a best-case scenario, we can probably expect continuing mass movements of people across international borders for the foreseeable future. So a firm American commitment to assisting and resettling them remains essential.
Carol Colloton, a State Department Foreign Service officer from 1976 to 2002, served as deputy chief of mission in Mauritania and as the first regional refugee coordinator for Central Africa following the 1994 Rwandan genocide, among many other assignments. After retiring from the Service, she worked for several years with State's Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration on refugee resettlement, and continues to do other work as a When Actually Employed annuitant.
Refugee Resettlement in the United States
Refugees and Asylees in the United States by Jie Zone and Jeanne Batalova (Migration Policy Institute)
Frequently Asked Questions: Refugee Resettlement (U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants)
FOCUS ON HUMANITARIAN DIPLOMACY
Humanitarian Diplomacy
On the Ground in Turkey
Partnering to Meet Urgent Needs
Pitching In to Do Vital Work
Development Aid to Africa: Time for Plan B?
Ethnic and Sectarian Conflict—Two Core Issues
AFSA's Very Own Santa Claus: Carl Edward Dillery, 1930–2016
President's Views: Building the Deep Bench
Speaking Out: The Department of State: Mission and Vision Examined
Reflections: Into the Desert
2016 Global Ties Conference: Promoting the Foreign Service
My Encounter with the IVLP Village


The new design was introduced in 2009 and employers were given five years to implement the changes in their workplace. The deadline of Saturday 5th April for all employers to display the new 2009 Health and Safety Law poster is looming and ARCO, a leading UK safety supplier says it is making sure that businesses aren't unknowingly caught out. Employers have a legal duty to display the approved British Health and Safety Law poster in a prominent position in each workplace. In order to meet the new health and safety requirements, employers can now purchase a poster direct from Arco in a range of formats.


Rockstar are going wild again on GTA Online: Heists bonuses. Starting from May 9 until May 15, all GTA Online players will get double GTA$ and RP payouts. Sounds great, right?
GTA V Online mode changes again for this week. There is a new Premium Vehicle Race, called Beach Party and extra rewards. Only participating in the race, you will get x3 RP. If you find yourself on the top 3 list, you'll end up getting GTA$. Also, all 5 missions will be dishing out 2x GTA$ and RP during this period.
For those who are not familiar with the missions, here is something you would like to see.
There are 5 missions in total, Fleeca Job, Prison Break, Humane Labs Raid, Series A Funding and Pacific Standard Job. Each mission is different, so I'll break it down for you.
In Fleeca Job, you have to prove yourself by taking down the Fleeca Bank. Then get your getaway car and get out clean.
Get an inmate out of the Bolingbroke Penitentiary in Prison Break mission and make him happy.
Your mission in Humane Labs Raid is to go in the facility and get their data.
Help a drug dealer in Series A Funding to get the stock, so he can start his business.
Get the holdings of the biggest banks in the country in Pacific Standard Job with the hacking equipment.
For last, don't forget to take advantage of the currently active discounts and bonuses in GTA Online.
Will Rockstar get rid of all the cheaters in GTA Online?


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Trowbridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sutter County, California. Trowbridge sits at an elevation of . The 2010 United States census reported Trowbridge's population was 226.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 6.7 square miles (17.5 km), all of it land.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Trowbridge has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Trowbridge had a population of 226. The population density was . The racial makeup of Trowbridge was 167 (73.9%) White, 3 (1.3%) African American, 5 (2.2%) Native American, 25 (11.1%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 15 (6.6%) from other races, and 11 (4.9%) from two or more races.  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 38 persons (16.8%).

The Census reported that 226 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 81 households, out of which 25 (30.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 41 (50.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 10 (12.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2 (2.5%) had a male householder with no wife present.  There were 7 (8.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 19 households (23.5%) were made up of individuals, and 9 (11.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79.  There were 53 families (65.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.49.

The population was spread out, with 51 people (22.6%) under the age of 18, 20 people (8.8%) aged 18 to 24, 50 people (22.1%) aged 25 to 44, 71 people (31.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 34 people (15.0%) who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 43.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.8 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males.

There were 88 housing units at an average density of 13.0 per square mile (5.0/km), of which 64 (79.0%) were owner-occupied, and 17 (21.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%.  176 people (77.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 50 people (22.1%) lived in rental housing units.

References

Census-designated places in Sutter County, California
Census-designated places in California

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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In Good Company: Tapping into the Good of LS&Co.
Danielle Samaniego, Unzipped Editor
Levi Strauss & Co. August 4, 2021
We are nothing without our people. The people who are driven each day to build upon the long legacy of Levi Strauss & Co. Since 1873, our jeans and those who contribute to their design and production have been an inspiration — and a symbol — for unwavering originality. We're 'In Good Company.'
Ella Clausen has a particularly unique role with Levi Strauss & Co. — as she puts it, it's her job to tap into the kindness of the company.
As communications and grants coordinator for the Red Tab Foundation (RTF) — our in-house nonprofit organization that provides emergency financial assistance to employees and retirees in need — Ella is responsible for not only ensuring employees across the globe are literally getting support, but also telling the story of the foundation. And it's a story she's all too happy to share.
"As I see it, RTF is a catalyst for kindness between employees. We're the connective tissue that channels this good energy from people who want to care for others in their community," Ella said about the foundation that is funded largely by employee, as well as shareholder and retiree donations. And while not all donors are grantees, many often can be both. "We make that ask or facilitate that kindness between those who want to give and those who need help or some assistance."
That work has never been more critical. COVID-19 shifted needs in ways that required RTF to be agile. When the pandemic was in full swing, the foundation quickly tweaked grant guidelines to address requests unique to the pandemic. Think of an employee needing to cover costs for new modes of transportation when public transit was no longer an option or someone grappling with higher childcare costs when kids could not go back to school.
Then there was the mother of two who faced one hard knock after another. The financial strain caused this employee to hit a breaking point where she was about to be evicted from her home. So, she reached out to RTF which was able to help with back pay for rent and groceries so that she could regain her financial footing. It's stories like these that speak to Ella on a personal level.
"I grew up with a single mother who raised two of us on her own and just worked so hard as a nurse without a lot of help and without a safety net," Ella recalled. "So, when I see that RTF is helping some of these single mothers… those stories really hit so close to home for me. I understand how tough it can be to raise a family on a single income. People's financial lives are so fragile, especially these days. I'm so glad that we're able to help people before their financial downturns can spiral out of control."
Whether they know it or not, that help is available to all LS&Co. employees and retirees. Many can't fathom the fact that the foundation is solely there as a safety net for anyone in our LS&Co. community. But that was precisely the goal of our founder, stock boy-turned-executive Jerry O'Shea, and 40 years later the foundation is going strong.
When she started back in March 2020 right before lockdowns were implemented, Ella said she had no idea how relevant her work would ultimately be. "I didn't know that RTF would be such an integral part of the company's response. We've doubled the amount of giving from before COVID-19. So, it was really serendipitous to join the organization at a time when our work was so needed and relevant."
Of course, the pandemic also forced Ella to navigate her new job entirely remotely. Like many of us, she picked up a side hobby — learning to sew and make clothes, which puts her in good company to connect with those who do the same for LS&Co. someday. But her unconventional working environment never caused a chasm between her and the job at hand.
"I've just always wanted to make a positive impact," she said. "And I love that the foundation so tangibly makes a huge difference for people. Getting to be a part of people's lives and touch people individually — it's what inspires me every day."
Hear more from Ella on her role:
Tags Red Tab Foundation
Values Reflecting on the Significance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day Values Employees Give Back Big in 2021 Values Our Worker Well-being Program SHINEs


rebecca likes nails: watercolor nails, updated!
Good morning! I'm sure you remember my watercolor nails from a few days ago.
Well, I wasn't quite ready to take them off, but my mani needed some refreshing.
What's the solution? Stamp over it!
Refreshed and super cute! It's been a while since I've used the leopard stamp (Konad m57) but I always love it when I use it.
Stamping over a mani that is starting to get boring or chipped is a great way to get another day or two out of it! And I really like all the colors peeking out from behind the leopard.
Did you try the watercolor look yet? Let me know how it goes!
looks great with the stamping over!!!
AHHHHHH THIS IS SO STINKIN' COOL! I'm in love!
That makes for an excellent background! Thanks for sharing!
Looks so amazing! Great mani!
I absolutely LOVE this! I think I will give it a shot!! Thanks for the tutorial on it!! Your mani looks awesome with the stamping!


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October 24, 2019 March 22, 2021 Tim Worthington
Not The Nine O'Clock News – Not All The Albums Again
I'm very pleased to announce that I've written the sleevenotes (alongside some chap called John Lloyd) for a long overdue box set reissue of all four Not The Nine O'Clock News albums – Not The Nine O'Clock News, Hedgehog Sandwich, The Melody Kinda Lingers and Not In Front Of The Audience – which is now available for pre-order. The albums have been newly remastered and are all complete and uncut, including the first which has been out of print pretty much since its initial release. The albums were all massive hits and the first two made the top five, so there will doubtless be a lot of people out there looking forward to replacing their well-worn originals.
The albums – featuring Constable Savage, England My Leotard, The Two Ninnies, That's Lies!, Baronet Oswald Ernold Moseley, Re-Altered Images, Grow Up You Bastards and plenty of other sketches that will hopefully get up the noses of Willie Whitelaw's spiritual heirs all over again – are available in replicas of the original sleeves as both a vinyl box set and a CD box set, and there's also a limited edition vinyl set which comes with a print signed by Rowan Atkinson. All that's missing for your listening pleasure is a bag on your head…
You can order the Not All The Albums Again vinyl box here and the CD box here, and the Limited Edition version (which will probably be sold out by the time I publish this) here.
You can read more about the Not The Nine O'Clock News singles – some of which were different to the album versions – in my book Top Of The Box – The Story Behind Every Single Released By BBC Records And Tapes, which is available in paperback here or from the Kindle Store here.
Me In The Media
BBC Records And Tapes
Griff Rhys Jones
Hedgehog Sandwich
Not The Nine O'Clock News
Pamela Stephenson
Rowan Atkinson
Previous The Sci-Fi That Time Forgot
Next Looks Unfamiliar: Suzy Norman – I Kept This Sweaty Scarf In My Drawer For About Two Years


If you have a toothache, call one of our Coast Dental Poinciana endodontists today at (407) 396-1288. We look forward to helping you find relief through root canal therapy or another type of endodontic treatment in Kissimmee, Florida.
Endodontics is one of the nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association (ADA). Our Kissimmee endodontists specialize in providing our patients with root canals and other endodontic treatments. Whatever your dental condition or concern, our endodontist is committed to providing you with the best possible patient experience. Book an appointment for Kissimmee endodontic treatment or endodontic surgery by calling our office today at (407) 396-1288.


This curated panel explores the complex politics of contemporary textile materials and making. The field of textiles may be characterized on the one hand by its diversity and polyvalence, and on the other as a web of practices grounded in the material and the political. In an era of globalization and rapid technological advances, textiles provide a unique nexus within which to explore a wide range of cultural, social and economic issues including identity, gender, labor, skill, social relations, globalization, ethics and sustainability. The presentations in this panel explore the politics of textile materials and making as they relate to notions of skills sharing and reskilling, the radical potential of craft to enact political change, collectivity in the service of sustainability, and the performance of labor as an antidote to the unequal distribution of resources. Further, these presentations explore the everyday, ritual and function, the relationship between cloth and the nation, and innovative exhibition strategies that unleash the performative power of both materials and making. The diverse range of case studies presented here by academics, artists and curators interrogate the polyvalent politics of textiles together with their modes of production and dissemination in our challenging, contemporary political context.
Panel organized and co-Chaired with Ingrid Bachmann (Concordia University) and Ruth Scheuing.Presented at the Textile Society of America Symposium, Textiles and Politics, Washington DC, 2012.


"We wanted to make a big leap by replacing our old interactive voice response system (IVR) with emerging technology"
We were the second utility in the nation to implement this particular conversational solution. We had an opt-in IVR prior but chose to front-load our new system for all of our customers and see how it went. With our old system, we were getting about 12 to 15 percent total call containment each month, which is very low compared to industry standards. We figured if we doubled that with the new solution, we'd be doing really well. Currently, we are up to 40 percent call containment, without a blimp to customer satisfaction.
We launched with measured implementation. We didn't go gangbusters right away because we wanted to ensure a smooth customer transition with using the new system. We know our most popular transactions and continually optimize them so the system is easy to use.
We work really well together. We have to make sure to merge our corporate systems with our customer system while ensuring speed of delivery. To be able to do this well, there has to be a lot of coordination and communication at all times. Everybody has a seat at the table here, which is really important.
This has been one of the most fun and satisfying projects I've been on. We didn't have anyone to ask for help, so we blazed the trail and put ourselves in the customers' shoes the whole way while protecting their information. It's been a fun journey for us and now has become part of our brand. Oftentimes, customers don't know they are not talking to a real person. They often compliment Rosie and love talking to Ramon. It's proof that technology can have a personal touch and you can make systems fun.


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