text:
مساعدة	الصفحات الخاصّة
وبينار مصادر بريــد مدونات صور
الأخبار مخطوطات منتديات فيديو تشاركيات
أن أول عملية تشريح مسجلة للجسم البشري أُجريت في الإسكندرية القديمة وقام بها هيروفيلوس وإراسيستراتوس.
أن صناعة الموضة هي ثاني أكبر ملوث للمياه العذبة، والمسئولة عن 10% من بصمة الكربون في العالم. تغطي فضلات الملابس سنوياً ضعف مساحة ألمانيا.
في عصر الديناصورات كان عدد أيام السنة 370 يوم وليس 365، وذلك لتباطؤ دوران الأرض بسبب جاذبية القمر، وعليه يطول اليوم بنحو 1.7 ملي ثانية في القرن الواحد.
أن أول عملية استئصال زائدة دودية أجريت في لندن عام 1735.
أن العناكب القافزة تُفرز مادة شبيهة بالحيب لإرضاع صغارها حتى البلوغ.
أن أول خريطة للعالم رسمها الإدريسي عام 1154 واستغرق في رسمها 15 عام.
هل تعلم الكرسي الكهربائي الذي يستخدم في الإعدام اخترعه طبيب أسنان، وتم تطويره في معمل توماس إديسون.
تناول الموز قبل النوم يحفز على إفراز السيروتونين مما يساعد على الاسترخاء ومكافحة الأرق.
لغات أخرى
الأسترية
البلغارية
التشيكية
الإسبرانتو
الفنلندية
الأيرلندية
الجاليكية
الإندونيسية
الإيطالية
الجورجية
الكورية
الماليزية
الهولندية
النرويجية نينورسك
النرويجية
البولندية
البرتغالية
الألبانية
التايلاندية
التاغالوغية
الأويغورية
الأوكرانية
الفيتنامية
Chinese (Min Nan)
مستخدم مميز
Chek761
1000 points this week
مقالة ناقش هذه الصفحة عرض المصدر للمقالة التاريخ
المزيد من الخيارات
ماذا يرتبط هنا؟
اللغة الڤيتنامية
(تم التحويل من لغة ڤيتنامية)
الڤيتنامية
[tǐəŋ vìəˀt] (الشمالية)
[tǐəŋ jìək] (الجنوبية)
موطنها
ڤيتنام و جنوب الصين
الناطقون الأصليون
96 مليون (2017)
عائلة اللغات
Austro-Asiatic
Vietic
Viet–Muong
نظام الكتابة
اللاتينية (الأبجدية الڤيتنامية)
برايل الڤيتنامية
تشو نوم
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
ڤيتنام
لغة أقلية
معترف بها في
التشيك[1]
آسيان[2]
أكواد اللغات
viet1252[3]
46-EBA
Natively Vietnamese-speaking (non-minority) areas of Vietnam[4]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
هذه المقالة تحتوي على نص بالڤيتنامية. بدون دعم العرض المناصب، فقد ترى علامات استفهام، مربعات، أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من چو نوم، چو هان وچو Quốc Ngữ.
قالب:Contains Nom text
Percentage of Vietnamese people, by province[5]
Global distribution of speakers
اللغة الفيتنامية (tiếng Việt) هي اللغة الرسمية لفيتنام، وهي اللغة الأم للفيتناميين الذين يمثلون 86 % من سكان فيتنام. تستخدم اللغة أيضاً في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وكمبوديا، وفرنسا، وأستراليا، والصين، ودول أخرى. يستخدمها 70 إلى 73 ميلون متحدث كلغة أم. العديد من كلمات اللغة مقتبسة من اللغة الصينية. تستخدم اللغة اليوم الكتابة اللاتينية مع علامات صوتية إضافية لبعض الألفاظ.
1 المعجم
1.1 Similes
2 الصوتيات
2.1 الصوائت
2.2 الصوامت
2.3 التنغيم
3 تنويعات اللغة
3.1 المعجم
4 النحو
5 نظم الكتابة
5.1 الدعم الحاسوبي
6 التاريخ
6.1 Proto-Viet–Muong
6.2 أصل النغمات
7 أمثلة
9 المراجع
10 ببليوگرافيا
10.1 العامة
10.2 النظام الصوتي
10.3 Language variation
10.4 الذرائع
10.5 تاريخي ومقارن
10.6 الخط
10.7 التعليم
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المعجم
Vietnamese has two types of similes: meaning similes and rhyming similes. The following is an example of a rhyming simile:
Nghèo như con mèo
[ŋɛ̀w ɲɨ̄ kɔ̄n mɛ̀w]
"Poor as a cat"
Compare the above rhyming Vietnamese example to the English phrase "(as) drunk as a skunk", which is also a rhyming simile, and "(as) poor as a church mouse", which is only semantic.[6]
المقالة الرئيسية: صوتيات الڤيتنامية
الصوائت
Like other Southeast Asian languages, Vietnamese has a comparatively large number of vowels.
Below is a vowel diagram of Hanoi Vietnamese (including centering diphthongs):
ia~iê [iə̯] ưa~ươ [ɨə̯] ua~uô [uə̯]
i/y [i] ư [ɨ] u [u]
Close-mid/
ê [e] ơ [əː]
â [ə] ô [o]
Open-mid/
e [ɛ] a [aː]
ă [a] o [ɔ]
Front and central vowels (i, ê, e, ư, â, ơ, ă, a) are unrounded, whereas the back vowels (u, ô, o) are rounded. The vowels â [ə] and ă [a] are pronounced very short, much shorter than the other vowels. Thus, ơ and â are basically pronounced the same except that ơ [əː] is of normal length while â [ə] is short – the same applies to the vowels long a [aː] and short ă [a].[7] There are restrictions on the high offglides: /j/ cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and /w/ cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.[8]
/w/ offglide
/j/ offglide
iêu [iə̯w] ươu [ɨə̯w] ươi [ɨə̯j] uôi [uə̯j]
iu [iw] ưu [ɨw] ưi [ɨj] ui [uj]
êu [ew] –
âu [əw] ơi [əːj]
ây [əj] ôi [oj]
eo [ɛw] ao [aːw]
au [aw] ai [aːj]
ay [aj] oi [ɔj]
الصوامت
The consonants that occur in Vietnamese are listed below in the Vietnamese orthography with the phonetic pronunciation to the right.
Dental/
Glottal
m [m] n [n] nh [ɲ] ng/ngh [ŋ]
tenuis
p [p] t [t] tr [ʈ] ch [c] c/k/q [k]
th [tʰ]
glottalized
b [ɓ] đ [ɗ]
Fricative
ph [f] x [s] s [ʂ] kh [x] h [h]
voiced
v [v] d/gi [z~j] g/gh [ɣ]
l [l] y/i [j] u/o [w]
Rhotic
r [r]
Some consonant sounds are written with only one letter (like "p"), other consonant sounds are written with a digraph (like "ph"), and others are written with more than one letter or digraph (the velar stop is written variously as "c", "k", or "q").
التنغيم
Pitch contours and duration of the six Northern Vietnamese tones as spoken by a male speaker (not from Hanoi). Fundamental frequency is plotted over time. From Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998).
Each Vietnamese syllable is pronounced with an inherent tone,[9] centered on the main vowel or group of vowels. Tones differ in:
length (duration)
pitch contour (i.e. pitch melody)
pitch height
phonation
Tone is indicated by diacritics written above or below the vowel (most of the tone diacritics appear above the vowel; however, the nặng tone dot diacritic goes below the vowel).[10] The six tones in the northern varieties (including Hanoi), with their self-referential Vietnamese names, are:
مثال
صائت عينة
ngang 'level' mid level (no mark) ma 'ghost' a (المساعدة·معلومات)
huyền 'hanging' low falling (often breathy) ` (grave accent) mà 'but' à (المساعدة·معلومات)
sắc 'sharp' high rising ´ (acute accent) má 'cheek, mother (southern)' á (المساعدة·معلومات)
hỏi 'asking' mid dipping-rising ̉ (hook above) mả 'tomb, grave' ả (المساعدة·معلومات)
ngã 'tumbling' high breaking-rising ˜ (tilde) mã 'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code' ã (المساعدة·معلومات)
nặng 'heavy' low falling constricted (short length) ̣ (dot below) mạ 'rice seedling' ạ (المساعدة·معلومات)
Other dialects of Vietnamese have fewer tones (typically only five).
In Vietnamese poetry, tones are classed into two groups: (tone pattern)
Tone group
Tones within tone group
bằng "level, flat" ngang and huyền
trắc "oblique, sharp" sắc, hỏi, ngã, and nặng
Words with tones belonging to a particular tone group must occur in certain positions within the poetic verse.
Vietnamese Catholics practice a distinctive style of prayer recitation called đọc kinh, in which each tone is assigned a specific note or sequence of notes.
تنويعات اللغة
The Vietnamese language has several mutually intelligible regional varieties (or dialects). The five main dialects are as follows:[11]
منطقة اللهجة
Names under French colonization
الڤيتنامية الشمالية Hanoi, Haiphong, Red River Delta, Northwest and Northeast Tonkinese
ڤيتنامية شمال الوسط (أو المنطقة IV) Thanh Hoá, Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh Annamese
الڤيتنامية الوسطى Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, Huế, Thừa Thiên Annamese
ڤيتنامية جنوب الوسط (or Area V) Đà Nẵng, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Nha Trang Annamese
الڤيتنامية الجنوبية Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Ho Chi Minh City, Lâm Đồng, Mekong Delta Cochinchinese
Regional variation in vocabulary[12]
Northern Central
English gloss
này ni, nì này "this"
thế này như ri như vầy "thus, this way"
đấy nớ, tê đó "that"
thế, thế ấy rứa, rứa tê vậy, vậy đó "thus, so, that way"
kia, kìa tê, tề đó "that yonder"
đâu mô đâu "where"
nào mồ nào "which"
tại sao răng tại sao "why"
thế nào, như nào răng, làm răng làm sao "how"
tôi tui tui "I, me (polite)"
tao tau tao "I, me (arrogant, familiar)"
chúng tao choa, bọn choa tụi tao, tụi tui "we, us (but not you, colloquial, familiar)"
mày mi mày "you (thou) (arrogant, familiar)"
chúng mày bây, bọn bây tụi mầy, tụi bây "you guys, y'all (arrogant, familiar)"
chúng nó bọn nớ tụi nó "they/them (arrogant, familiar)"
ông ấy ông nớ ổng "he/him, that gentleman, sir"
bà ấy bà nớ bả "she/her, that lady, madam"
anh ấy anh nớ ảnh "he/him, that young man (of equal status)"
ruộng nương ruộng,rẫy "field"
bát đọi chén "rice bowl"
bẩn nhớp dơ "dirty"
muôi môi vá "ladle"
đầu trốc đầu "head"
lười nhác làm biếng "lazy"
ô tô ô tô xe hơi "car"
thìa thìa muỗng "spoon"
The syllable-initial ch and tr digraphs are pronounced distinctly in North-central, Central, and Southern varieties, but are merged in Northern varieties (i.e. they are both pronounced the same way). The North-central varieties preserve three distinct pronunciations for d, gi, and r whereas the North has a three-way merger and the Central and South have a merger of d and gi while keeping r distinct. At the end of syllables, palatals ch and nh have merged with alveolars t and n, which, in turn, have also partially merged with velars c and ng in Central and Southern varieties.
Regional consonant correspondences
Syllable position
syllable-initial
[s] [s]
[ʂ] [s, ʂ][13]
[c] [c]
[ʈ] [c, ʈ][13]
[z] [r]
[ɟ] [j] [j]
[v] [v, j][14]
syllable-final
[t] [k]
after i, ê
[t] [t]
[k̟]
after u, ô
[t] [kp]
after u, ô, o
[kp]
[n] [ŋ]
[ŋ]
[n] [n]
[ŋ̟]
[n] [ŋm]
[ŋm]
In addition to the regional variation described above, there is also a merger of l and n in certain rural varieties:
l, n variation
"Mainstream" varieties
Rural varieties
Generally, the Northern varieties have six tones while those in other regions have five tones. The hỏi and ngã tones are distinct in North and some North-central varieties (although often with different pitch contours) but have merged in Central, Southern, and some North-central varieties (also with different pitch contours). Some North-central varieties (such as Hà Tĩnh Vietnamese) have a merger of the ngã and nặng tones while keeping the hỏi tone distinct. Still other North-central varieties have a three-way merger of hỏi, ngã, and nặng resulting in a four-tone system. In addition, there are several phonetic differences (mostly in pitch contour and phonation type) in the tones among dialects.
Regional tone correspondences
Chương
ngang
˧ 33 ˧˥ 35 ˧˥ 35 ˧˥ 35, ˧˥˧ 353 ˧˥ 35 ˧ 33
˨˩̤ 21̤ ˧ 33 ˧ 33 ˧ 33 ˧ 33 ˨˩ 21
˧˥ 35 ˩ 11 ˩ 11, ˩˧̰ 13̰ ˩˧̰ 13̰ ˩˧̰ 13̰ ˧˥ 35
hỏi
˧˩˧̰ 31̰3 ˧˩ 31 ˧˩ 31 ˧˩̰ʔ 31̰ʔ ˧˩˨ 312 ˨˩˦ 214
ngã
˧ʔ˥ 3ʔ5 ˩˧̰ 13̰ ˨̰ 22̰
nặng
˨˩̰ʔ 21̰ʔ ˨ 22 ˨̰ 22̰ ˨̰ 22̰ ˨˩˨ 212
The table above shows the pitch contour of each tone using Chao tone number notation (where 1 = lowest pitch, 5 = highest pitch); glottalization (creaky, stiff, harsh) is indicated with the 〈◌̰〉 symbol; murmured voice with 〈◌̤〉; glottal stop with 〈ʔ〉; sub-dialectal variants are separated with commas. (See also the tone section below.)
المقالة الرئيسية: النحو الڤيتنامي and شكل الڤيتنامية
نظم الكتابة
المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ الكتابة في ڤيتنام, الأبجدية الڤيتنامية, تشو نوم, and برايل الڤيتنامية
In the bilingual dictionary Nhật dụng thường đàm (1851), Chinese characters (chữ nho) are explained in chữ Nôm.
Jean-Louis Taberd's dictionary Dictionarium anamitico-latinum (1838) represents Vietnamese (then Annamese) words in the Latin alphabet and chữ Nôm.
A sign at the Hỏa Lò Prison museum in Hanoi lists rules for visitors in both Vietnamese and English.
Up to the late 19th century, two writing systems based on Chinese characters were used in Vietnam.[15] All formal writing, including government business, scholarship and formal literature, was done in Classical Chinese (chữ nho قالب:Vi-nom "scholar's characters").
Folk literature in Vietnamese was recorded using the chữ Nôm script, in which many Chinese characters were borrowed and many more modified and invented to represent native Vietnamese words. Created in the 13th century or earlier, the Nôm writing reached its zenith in the 18th century when many Vietnamese writers and poets composed their works in Nôm, most notably Nguyễn Du and Hồ Xuân Hương (dubbed "the Queen of Nôm poetry"). However it was only used for official purposes during the brief Hồ and Tây Sơn dynasties.
A Vietnamese Catholic, Nguyễn Trường Tộ, sent petitions to the Court which suggested a Chinese character-based syllabary which would be used for Vietnamese sounds; however, his petition failed. The French colonial administration sought to eliminate the Chinese writing system, Confucianism, and other Chinese influences from Vietnam by getting rid of Nôm.[16]
A romanization of Vietnamese was codified in the 17th century by the French Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes (1591–1660), based on works of earlier Portuguese missionaries Gaspar do Amaral and António Barbosa. This Vietnamese alphabet (chữ quốc ngữ or "national script") was gradually expanded from its initial domain in Christian writing to become more popular among the general public. However, the Romanized script did not come to predominate until the beginning of the 20th century, when education became widespread and a simpler writing system was found more expedient for teaching and communication with the general population. Under French Indochina colonial rule, French superseded Chinese in administration. Vietnamese written with the alphabet became required for all public documents in 1910 by issue of a decree by the French Résident Supérieur of the protectorate of Tonkin. By the middle of the 20th century virtually all writing was done in chữ quốc ngữ, which became the official script on independence. Chữ nho was still in use on early North Vietnamese and late French Indochinese banknotes issued after World War II,[17][18] but fell out of official use shortly thereafter. Only a few scholars and some extremely elderly people are able to read chữ Nôm today. In China, members of the Jing minority still write in chữ Nôm.
Changes in the script were made by French scholars and administrators and by conferences held after independence during 1954–1974. The script now reflects a so-called Middle Vietnamese dialect that has vowels and final consonants most similar to northern dialects and initial consonants most similar to southern dialects (Nguyễn 1996). This Middle Vietnamese is presumably close to the Hanoi variety as spoken sometime after 1600 but before the present. (This is not unlike how English orthography is based on the Chancery Standard of Late Middle English, with many spellings retained even after the Great Vowel Shift.)
الدعم الحاسوبي
المقالة الرئيسية: اللغة الڤيتنامية والحاسوب
The Unicode character set contains all Vietnamese characters and the Vietnamese currency symbol. On systems that do not support Unicode, many 8-bit Vietnamese code pages are available such as Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange (VSCII) or Windows-1258. Where ASCII must be used, Vietnamese letters are often typed using the VIQR convention, though this is largely unnecessary with the increasing ubiquity of Unicode. There are many software tools that help type true Vietnamese text on US keyboards, such as WinVNKey and Unikey on Windows, or MacVNKey on Macintosh.
It seems likely that in the distant past, Vietnamese shared more characteristics common to other languages in the Austroasiatic family, such as an inflectional morphology and a richer set of consonant clusters, which have subsequently disappeared from the language. However, Vietnamese appears to have been heavily influenced by its location in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, with the result that it has acquired or converged toward characteristics such as isolating morphology and phonemically distinctive tones, through processes of tonogenesis. These characteristics have become part of many of the genetically unrelated languages of Southeast Asia; for example, Tsat (a member of the Malayo-Polynesian group within Austronesian), and Vietnamese each developed tones as a phonemic feature.
The ancestor of the Vietnamese language was previously believed to have been originally based in the area of the Red River in what is now northern Vietnam but this theory has been widely rejected by modern Western scholarship, based on historical records and linguistic evidence. The Red River Delta region is now considered to be originally Tai-speaking, ethnic Li people in particular, or Austronesian-speaking. The area is believed to have become Vietnamese-speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD, or even as late as the tenth century, as a result of immigration from the south, i.e., modern central Vietnam, where the highly distinctive and conservative North-Central Vietnamese dialects are spoken today. Therefore, the region of origin of Vietnamese (and the earlier Viet–Muong) was well south of the Red River.[19][20][21][22][23]
Like the ethnonym Lao, the name Yue/Việt originally referred to Tai–Kadai-speaking groups. In northern Vietnam, these later adopted Viet–Muong and further north Chinese varieties, where the designation Yue Chinese preserves the ethnonym. (Both in Vietnam and southern China, however, many Tai–Kadai languages remain in use.) This explains the fact that the same ethnonym Yue ~ Việt is associated with groups that speak Tai–Kadai, Austroasiatic and Chinese languages, which are typologically similar and share significant amounts of lexicon, but have different origins.
Linguists Sagart (2011) and Bellwood (2013) favour the middle Yangzte, although there is no direct linguistic evidence for this, and the expansion of the phylum in its present form would have to begin further south.[24]
Distinctive tonal variations emerged during the subsequent expansion of the Vietnamese language and people into what is now central and southern Vietnam through conquest of the ancient nation of Champa and the Khmer people of the Mekong Delta in the vicinity of present-day Ho Chi Minh City, also known as Saigon.
Vietnamese was primarily influenced by Chinese, which came to predominate politically in the 2nd century BC. After Vietnam achieved independence in the 10th century, the ruling class adopted Classical Chinese as the medium of government, scholarship and literature. With the dominance of Chinese came radical importation of Chinese vocabulary and grammatical influence. A portion of the Vietnamese lexicon in all realms consists of Sino-Vietnamese words (They comprise about a third of the Vietnamese lexicon, and may account for as much as 60% of the vocabulary used in formal texts.[25])
When France invaded Vietnam in the late 19th century, French gradually replaced Chinese as the official language in education and government. Vietnamese adopted many French terms, such as đầm (dame, from madame), ga (train station, from gare), sơ mi (shirt, from chemise), and búp bê (doll, from poupée). In addition, many Sino-Vietnamese terms were devised for Western ideas imported through the French.
Henri Maspero described six periods of the Vietnamese language:[26][27]
Pre-Vietnamese, also known as Proto-Viet–Muong or Proto-Vietnamuong, the ancestor of Vietnamese and the related Muong language.
Proto-Vietnamese, the oldest reconstructable version of Vietnamese, dated to just before the entry of massive amounts of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary into the language, c. 7th to 9th century AD? At this state, the language had three tones.
Archaic Vietnamese, the state of the language upon adoption of the Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, c. 10th century AD.
Ancient Vietnamese, the language represented by Chữ Nôm (c. 15th century) and the Chinese–Vietnamese glossary Huáyí Yìyǔ (بالصينية: 华夷译语 c. 15th century). By this point, a tone split had happened in the language, leading to six tones but a loss of contrastive voicing among consonants.
Middle Vietnamese, the language of the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum of the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes (c. 17th century).
Modern Vietnamese, from the 19th century.
Proto-Viet–Muong
The following diagram shows the phonology of Proto-Viet–Muong (the nearest ancestor of Vietnamese and the closely related Muong language), along with the outcomes in the modern language:[28][29][30][31]
Dental/Alveolar
tenuis *p > b *t > đ *c > ch *k > k/c/q *ʔ > #
voiced *b > b *d > đ *ɟ > ch *ɡ > k/c/q
aspirated *pʰ > ph *tʰ > th *kʰ > kh
voiced glottalized *ɓ > m *ɗ > n *ʄ > nh [1]
*m > m *n > n *ɲ > nh *ŋ > ng/ngh
*tʃ > x [2]
voiceless *s > t *h > h
voiced [3] *(β) > v [4] *(ð) > d *(r̝) > r [5] *(ʝ) > gi *(ɣ) > g/gh
*w > v *l > l *r > r *j > d
^ According to Ferlus, */tʃ/ and */ʄ/ are not accepted by all researchers. Ferlus 1992[28] also had additional phonemes */dʒ/ and */ɕ/.
^ The fricatives indicated above in parentheses developed as allophones of stop consonants occurring between vowels (i.e. when a minor syllable occurred). These fricatives were not present in Proto-Viet–Muong, as indicated by their absence in Muong, but were evidently present in the later Proto-Vietnamese stage. Subsequent loss of the minor-syllable prefixes phonemicized the fricatives. Ferlus 1992[28] proposes that originally there were both voiced and voiceless fricatives, corresponding to original voiced or voiceless stops, but Ferlus 2009[29] appears to have abandoned that hypothesis, suggesting that stops were softened and voiced at approximately the same time, according to the following pattern:
*p, *b > /β/
*t, *d > /ð/
*s > /r̝/
*c, *ɟ, *tʃ > /ʝ/
*k, *ɡ > /ɣ/
^ In Middle Vietnamese, the outcome of these sounds was written with a hooked b ( ), representing a /β/ that was still distinct from v (then pronounced /w/). See below.
^ It is unclear what this sound was. According to Ferlus 1992,[28] in the Archaic Vietnamese period (c. 10th century AD, when Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary was borrowed) it was *r̝, distinct at that time from *r.
The following initial clusters occurred, with outcomes indicated:
*pr, *br, *tr, *dr, *kr, *gr > /kʰr/ > /kʂ/ > s
*pl, *bl > MV bl > Northern gi, Southern tr
*kl, *gl > MV tl > tr
*ml > MV ml > mnh > nh
*kj > gi
Note also that a large number of words were borrowed from Middle Chinese, forming part of the Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. These caused the original introduction of the retroflex sounds /ʂ/ and /ʈ/ (modern s, tr) into the language.
أصل النغمات
Proto-Viet–Muong had no tones to speak of. The tones later developed in some of the daughter languages from distinctions in the initial and final consonants. Vietnamese tones developed as follows:
Initial consonant
Smooth ending
Glottal ending
Fricative ending
High (first) register
Voiceless A1 ngang "level" B1 sắc "sharp" C1 hỏi "asking"
Low (second) register
Voiced A2 huyền "hanging" B2 nặng "heavy" C2 ngã "tumbling"
Glottal-ending syllables ended with a glottal stop /ʔ/, while fricative-ending syllables ended with /s/ or /h/. Both types of syllables could co-occur with a resonant (e.g. /m/ or /n/).
The Tale of Kieu is an epic narrative poem by the celebrated poet Nguyễn Du, (قالب:Vi-nom), which is often considered the most significant work of Vietnamese literature. It was originally written in Chữ Nôm (titled Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh قالب:Vi-nom) and is widely taught in Vietnam today.
انظر أيضاً
الضمائر الڤيتنامية
الدراسات الڤيتنامية
^ Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic, Belorussian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy). The article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law.
^ "Languages of ASEAN". Retrieved 7 August 2017.
^ قالب:Glottolog
^ From Ethnologue (2009, 2013)
^ "The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results". General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. June 2010. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
^ See p. 98 in Thuy Nga Nguyen and Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2012), "Stupid as a Coin: Meaning and Rhyming Similes in Vietnamese", International Journal of Language Studies 6(4), 97–118.
^ There are different descriptions of Hanoi vowels. Another common description is that of Thompson (1965):
unrounded
ia~iê [iə̯] ưa~ươ [ɯə̯] ua~uô [uə̯]
i [i] ư [ɯ] u [u]
Close-mid
ê [e] ơ [ɤ] ô [o]
Open-mid
e [ɛ] ă [ɐ] â [ʌ] o [ɔ]
a [a]
iêu [iə̯w] ươu [ɯə̯w] ươi [ɯə̯j] uôi [uə̯j]
iu [iw] ưu [ɯw] ưi [ɯj] ui [uj]
âu [ʌw] ơi [ɤj]
ây [ʌj] ôi [oj]
eo [ɛw] oi [ɔj]
ao [aw]
au [ɐw] ai [aj]
ay [ɐj]
^ The lack of diphthong consisting of a ơ + back offglide (i.e., [əːw]) is an apparent gap.
^ Called thanh điệu or thanh in Vietnamese
^ Note that the name of each tone has the corresponding tonal diacritic on the vowel.
^ Sources on Vietnamese variation include: Alves (forthcoming), Alves & Nguyễn (2007), Emeneau (1947), Hoàng (1989), Honda (2006), Nguyễn, Đ.-H. (1995), Pham (2005), Thompson (1991[1965]), Vũ (1982), Vương (1981).
^ Table data from Hoàng (1989).
^ أ ب In southern dialects, ch and tr are increasingly being merged as [c]. Similarly, x and s are increasingly being merged as [s].
^ In southern dialects, v is increasingly being pronounced [v] among educated speakers. Less educated speakers have [j] more consistently throughout their speech.
^ DeFrancis, John (1977). Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam. Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7643-7.
^ Marr, David G. (1984). Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945. University of California Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-520-90744-7.
^ "French Indochina 500 Piastres 1951". art-hanoi.com.
^ "North Vietnam 5 Dong 1946". art-hanoi.com.
^ John D. Phan, 'Re-Imagining "Annam": A New Analysis of Sino-Viet-Muong Linguistic Contact', Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, vol.4 (2010)
^ Schliesinger, Joachim (2018). Origin of the Tai People 6―Northern Tai-Speaking People of the Red River Delta and Their Habitat Today Volume 6 of Origin of the Tai People. Booksmango,. pp. 3–4, 22, 50, 54. ISBN 1641531835. CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Chamberlain, James R. (2000). "The origin of the Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history". In Burusphat, Somsonge (ed.). Proceedings of the International Conference on Tai Studies, July 29–31, 1998 (PDF). Bangkok, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. 97–127. ISBN 974-85916-9-7. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ Schliesinger, Joachim (2018). Origin of the Tai People 5―Cradle of the Tai People and the Ethnic Setup Today Volume 5 of Origin of the Tai People. Booksmango,. pp. 21, 97. ISBN 1641531827. line feed character in |title= at position 79 (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Chamberlain, James R. (2016). "Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam". Journal of the Siam Society. Volume 104,. CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Blench, Roger (2014), Reconstructing Austroasiatic prehistory. Chapter in the forthcoming Jenny, M. & P. Sidwell (eds.). forthcoming 2015. Handbook of the Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill, p. 1.
^ DeFrancis (1977), p. 8.
^ Maspero, Henri (1912). "Études sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite" [Studies on the phonetic history of the Annamite language]. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (in الفرنسية). 12 (1): 10.
^ Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (2009), "Vietnamese", in Comrie, Bernard, The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.), Routledge, pp. 677–692, ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7.
^ أ ب ت ث Ferlus, Michel (1992), "Histoire abrégée de l'évolution des consonnes initiales du Vietnamien et du Sino-Vietnamien", Mon–Khmer Studies 20: 111–125, https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00923038 .
^ أ ب Ferlus, Michel (2009), "A layer of Dongsonian vocabulary in Vietnamese", Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1: 95–109, https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00932218 .
^ Ferlus, Michel (1982), "Spirantisation des obstruantes médiales et formation du système consonantique du vietnamien", Cahiers de linguistique – Asie Orientale 11 (1): 83–106, doi:10.3406/clao.1982.1105, https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01063845 .
^ Thompson, Laurence C., "Proto-Viet–Muong Phonology", Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, Austroasiatic Studies Part II (University of Hawai'i Press) 13: 1113–1203 .
ببليوگرافيا
Dương, Quảng-Hàm. (1941). Việt-nam văn-học sử-yếu [Outline history of Vietnamese literature]. Saigon: Bộ Quốc gia Giáo dục.
Emeneau, M. B. (1947). "Homonyms and puns in Annamese". Language, 23(3), 239–244. DOI:10.2307/409878. قالب:JSTOR.
Emeneau, M. B. (1951). Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) grammar. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 8). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hashimoto, Mantaro. (1978). "Current developments in Sino-Vietnamese studies". Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 6, 1–26. قالب:JSTOR
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1995). NTC's Vietnamese–English dictionary (updated ed.). NTC language dictionaries. Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC Pub. Press.
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1997). Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Rhodes, Alexandre de. (1991). Từ điển Annam-Lusitan-Latinh [original: Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum]. (L. Thanh, X. V. Hoàng, & Q. C. Đỗ, Trans.). Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội. (Original work published 1651).
Thompson, Laurence C. (1991). A Vietnamese reference grammar. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (Original work published 1965)
Uỷ ban Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam. (1983). Ngữ-pháp tiếng Việt [Vietnamese grammar]. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội.
Brunelle, Marc. (2009). "Tone perception in Northern and Southern Vietnamese". Journal of Phonetics, 37(1), 79–96. DOI:10.1016/j.wocn.2008.09.003.
Brunelle, Marc. (2009). "Northern and Southern Vietnamese Tone Coarticulation: A Comparative Case Study". Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics, 1, 49–62.
Kirby, James P. (2011). "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 41 (3): 381–392. doi:10.1017/S0025100311000181.
Michaud, Alexis. (2004). "Final consonants and glottalization: New perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese". Phonetica 61(2–3), 119–146. DOI:10.1159/000082560.
Nguyễn, Văn Lợi; & Edmondson, Jerold A. (1998). "Tones and voice quality in modern northern Vietnamese: Instrumental case studies". Mon–Khmer Studies, 28, 1–18
Thompson, Laurence E. (1959). "Saigon phonemics". Language, 35(3), 454–476. DOI:10.2307/411232. قالب:JSTOR.
Language variation
Alves, Mark J. 2007. "A Look At North-Central Vietnamese" In SEALS XII Papers from the 12th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2002, edited by Ratree Wayland et al. Canberra, Australia, 1–7. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University
Alves, Mark J.; & Nguyễn, Duy Hương. (2007). "Notes on Thanh-Chương Vietnamese in Nghệ-An province". In M. Alves, M. Sidwell, & D. Gil (Eds.), SEALS VIII: Papers from the 8th annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1998 (pp. 1–9). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies
Hoàng, Thị Châu. (1989). Tiếng Việt trên các miền đất nước: Phương ngữ học [Vietnamese in different areas of the country: Dialectology]. Hà Nội: Khoa học xã hội.
Honda, Koichi. (2006). "F0 and phonation types in Nghe Tinh Vietnamese tones"[dead link]. In P. Warren & C. I. Watson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology (pp. 454–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland.
Pham, Andrea Hoa. (2005). "Vietnamese tonal system in Nghi Loc: A preliminary report". In C. Frigeni, M. Hirayama, & S. Mackenzie (Eds.), Toronto working papers in linguistics: Special issue on similarity in phonology (Vol. 24, pp. 183–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland.
Vũ, Thanh Phương. (1982). "Phonetic properties of Vietnamese tones across dialects". In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in Southeast Asian linguistics: Tonation (Vol. 8, pp. 55–75). Sydney: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University.
Vương, Hữu Lễ. (1981). "Vài nhận xét về đặc diểm của vần trong thổ âm Quảng Nam ở Hội An" [Some notes on special qualities of the rhyme in local Quảng Nam speech in Hội An]. In Một Số Vấn Ðề Ngôn Ngữ Học Việt Nam [Some linguistics issues in Vietnam] (pp. 311–320). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Ðại Học và Trung Học Chuyên Nghiệp.
الذرائع
Luong, Hy Van. (1987). "Plural markers and personal pronouns in Vietnamese person reference: An analysis of pragmatic ambiguity and negative models". Anthropological Linguistics, 29(1), 49–70. قالب:JSTOR
Sophana, Srichampa. (2004). "Politeness strategies in Hanoi Vietnamese speech". Mon–Khmer Studies, 34, 137–157
Sophana, Srichampa. (2005). "Comparison of greetings in the Vietnamese dialects of Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City". Mon–Khmer Studies, 35, 83–99
تاريخي ومقارن
Alves, Mark J. (2001). "What's So Chinese About Vietnamese?" (PDF). In Thurgood, Graham W. (ed.). Papers from the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 221–242. ISBN 978-1-881044-27-7.
Cooke, Joseph R. (1968). Pronominal reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese. University of California publications in linguistics (No. 52). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1969). "A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology". Bulletin de la Société des Etudes Indochinoises, 44, 135–193. (Reprinted in 1981).
Maspero, Henri (1912). "Etudes sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite. Les initiales". Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient. 12 (1): 1–124.
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1986). "Alexandre de Rhodes' dictionary". Papers in Linguistics, 19, 1–18. DOI:10.1080/08351818609389247.
Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN
Thompson, Laurence E. (1967). "The history of Vietnamese final palatals". Language, 43(1), 362–371. DOI:10.2307/411402. قالب:JSTOR.
Haudricourt, André-Georges (1949). "Origine des particularités de l'alphabet vietnamien". Dân Việt-Nam. 3: 61–68.
English translation: Michaud, Alexis; Haudricourt, André-Georges (2010). "The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet". Mon-Khmer Studies. 39: 89–104.
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1955). Quốc-ngữ: The modern writing system in Vietnam. Washington, DC: Author.
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1990). "Graphemic borrowing from Chinese: The case of chữ nôm, Vietnam's demotic script". Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 61, 383–432.
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1996). Vietnamese. In P. T. Daniels, & W. Bright (Eds.), The world's writing systems, (pp. 691–699). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
Nguyen, Bich Thuan. (1997). Contemporary Vietnamese: An intermediate text. Southeast Asian language series. Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies.
Healy, Dana. (2004). Teach Yourself Vietnamese. Teach Yourself. Chicago: McGraw-Hill. ISBN
Hoang, Thinh; Nguyen, Xuan Thu; Trinh, Quynh-Tram; (2000). Vietnamese phrasebook, (3rd ed.). Hawthorn, Vic.: Lonely Planet. ISBN
Moore, John. (1994). Colloquial Vietnamese: A complete language course. London: Routledge.
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1967). Read Vietnamese: A graded course in written Vietnamese. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle.
Lâm, Lý-duc; Emeneau, M. B.; von den Steinen, Diether. (1944). An Annamese reader. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley.
Nguyễn, Đăng Liêm. (1970). Vietnamese pronunciation. PALI language texts: Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
وصلات خارجية
دروس أونلاين
Online Vietnamese lessons from Northern Illinois University
Learn Vietnamese with Annie, video lessons by a native speaker
معجم
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Vietnamese.
Vietnamese Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
Swadesh list of Vietnamese basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
Diccionario Vietnamita
Nôm look-up from the Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation
Lexicon of Vietnamese words borrowed from French by Jubinell
List of Japanese-Vietnamese Kanjis by Jubinell
أدوات لغوية
The Vietnamese keyboard its layout is compared with US, UK, Canada, France, and Germany's keyboards.
The Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project
Research projects and data resources
http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93ED-5@view Vietnamese in RWAAI Digital Archive
روابط إلى مقالات ذات صلة
قالب:Languages of Vietnam
قالب:Languages of Cambodia قالب:Languages of Taiwan قالب:Languages of Laos قالب:Languages of China
لغات الفلپين واللغات الفلپينية
لغات الرسمية
الفلپينية
الإنگليزية
لغات محلية
بيكول
تگالوگ
لغات رئيسية أخرى
Aklanon
Capiznon
Chavacano (Spanish-based creole)
Masbatenyo
Surigaonon
لغات الأقلية
Hokkien Chinese
الإسپانية
لغات مهاجرة
البورمية
مجموعات لغوية
Borneo–Philippines
Northern Philippine {Northern Luzon (Batanic)
{Central Luzon (Sambalic)}
Central Philippine {Bikol (Coastal
Pandan)
Visayan (Bisakol)}
Southern Philippine (South Mindanao)
قالب:Languages of the Czech Republic قالب:Languages of California قالب:Languages of Texas
قالب:Austro-Asiatic languages
خطأ لوا في وحدة:Authority_control على السطر 346: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/index.php?title=اللغة_الڤيتنامية&oldid=2030203"
CS1 errors: deprecated parameters
CS1 maint: extra punctuation
CS1 errors: invisible characters
CS1: long volume value
CS1 الفرنسية-language sources (fr)
Language articles without reference field
Portal templates with all redlinked portals
لغات تحليلية
Isolating languages
لغات كمبوديا
لغات الصين
لغات جمهورية التشيك
لغات لاوس
لغات تايوان
لغات ڤيتنام
Subject–verb–object languages
Vietic languages
الصفحة الرئيسية حول الصفحات الخاصّة مساعدة عدم مسؤوليةنسخة المحمول


text:
Q: how to add multiple maps on one page dynamically with coordinates from database I have google map Api which i want to use and  display multiple maps on one page, each map with its own coordinate and marker,the coordinates are coming from database using PHP but on my page i get only one map with one maker , where i need maps that are equal to the number of coordinates(latitude and longitude) i fetched.
Please if is possible help me.
PHP HTML code :
<?php while($lakeRow=mysql_fetch_array($res)) { ?>

        <input type="hidden" class="a" id="latitude" value="<?php echo $lakeRow['latitude'];?>">
        <input type="hidden" class="b" id="longitude" value="<?php echo $lakeRow['longitude'];?>">

<?php echo $lakeRow['photo_caption_one'];?>

                <?php echo '
'  ; ?>

<?php echo $lakeRow['photo_caption_one'] ; ?> .

<?php }?>

Javascript code:

A: It's not tested but you could try along these lines perhaps
<?php
    /*
        before the html is begun select the recordset
        and store lat/lng to an array

    */

    $lakes=array();
    while( $lakeRow=mysql_fetch_array( $res ) ) {
        $lakes[]=array(
            'lat' => $lakeRow['latitude'],
            'lng' => $lakeRow['longitude'],
            'caption' => $lakeRow['photo_caption_one'],
            'photo' => $lakeRow['photo']
        );
    }

    $json=json_encode( $lakes );
?>
<!doctype html>

        <title>multiple maps</title>

        <?php
            foreach( $lakes as $index => $lake ){

                echo "

{$lake['caption']}

{$lake['caption']}

";
            }
        ?>

The test page I made to illustrate the above:
<?php
    /* a db connection */
    $dbhost =   'localhost';
    $dbuser =   'root';
    $dbpwd  =   'xxx';
    $dbname =   'xxx';
    $db =   new mysqli( $dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpwd, $dbname );

    /* a query to select lat,lng and other fields */
    $sql='select
            venue_name as `photo_caption_one`,
            null as `photo`, venue_map_centre_Latitude as `latitude`,
            venue_map_centre_Longitude as `longitude`
            from fishing_venue
            where venue_id > 1
            limit 10';
    $result=$db->query( $sql );

    /* store results in $lakes */
    $lakes=array();

    /* process recordset - store items */
    while( $lakeRow=$result->fetch_array() ) {
        $lakes[]=array(
            'lat'       => $lakeRow['latitude'],
            'lng'       => $lakeRow['longitude'],
            'caption'   => $lakeRow['photo_caption_one'],
            'photo'     => $lakeRow['photo']
        );
    }

    /* encode data for use by javascript */
    $json=json_encode( $lakes );
?>
<!doctype html>

        <title>multiple maps</title>

        <?php
            foreach( $lakes as $index => $lake ){

                echo "

{$lake['caption']}

{$lake['caption']}

";
            }
        ?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Калиманел () насеље је у Румунији у округу Харгита у општини Топлица. Oпштина се налази на надморској висини од 661 -{m}-.

Становништво
Према подацима из 2002. године у насељу је живело 967 становника.

Попис 2002.

Референце

Спољашње везе

Насељена места у Румунији
Википројект географија/Насеља у Румунији

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Congratulations to MIASF's newest Board Members, Megan Lagasse/Bahia Mar Beach Resort and Yachting Center and Marieke van Peer/Suntex Marinas, who were elected on May 16, 2017 to serve on the board for a two-year term. We are excited to welcome them both on board and look forward to sharing the energy and excitement they bring to the association.
We are also pleased to welcome back Jimmie Harrison/Frank & Jimmie's Propeller and James Brewer/Derecktor Shipyard, who were re-elected to serve another two-year term. We are thankful for their continued leadership and industry perspective.
The 2017-2018 Executive Officers are Chairperson David Reed/The Triton, Vice Chairperson Jim Naugle/Jim Naugle & Co., Secretary/Treasurer Doug West/Lauderdale Marine Center, and Immediate Past Chairperson Danielle Butler/Luxury Law Group.
We sincerely thank our two retiring Board of Directors members, Kristina Hebert/Ward's Marine Electric and Paul Engle/Bradford Marine for their many years of service and dedication to MIASF's mission, goals, and initiatives. We appreciate their past guidance and look forward to them staying involved with the association.
The Fifth Annual Pȝ Eco-Challenge Awards Ceremony, held May 10, 2017 at the Long Key Nature Center, celebrated top Broward County Public Schools' teachers, students, non-instructional staff, and volunteers who show evidence of promoting civic responsibility, environmental stewardship, and education of environmental issues. The Pȝ Eco-Challenge, which MIASF proudly supports with some of the funds raised from the Broward County Waterway Cleanup, promotes sustainable practices and environmental stewardship within Broward County schools. Winners in several different categories received awards ranging from $150 to $2,500.
The 2016-17 Annual Dinner Meeting and Awards Ceremony held on Saturday, June 3rd at the Broward Center for the Performing Arts Riverview Ballroom was a sold-out event. Incredible food and entertainment were enhanced by our Master of Ceremony, Lt. Robert Furman of the Broward County Sheriff's Office, and Keynote Speaker Charlie McCurdy, Informa Global Exhibitions' Chief Executive.
The 2017 Anchor Award was given to Joe Rubano of RPM Diesel for a lifetime of industry contribution and achievement. Project of the Year Awards were won by F.I.N.D. for the Intracoastal Waterway dredge, and the eight sponsors of the Habitat for Humanity home build. Awards of Excellence were presented to Christine Battles of Advanced Mechanical Enterprises, and John Mann of Bluewater Books and Charts.
The Fourth Annual Marine Industry Day, held on Saturday, June 17th from 12:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. at Esplanade Park, was a huge success once again. Despite predictions to the contrary, the weather was ideal. Over 30 sponsors engaged with about 3,000 visitors throughout the day with activities, games, giveaways, prizes, train rides, and boat rides, and everyone enjoyed the outstanding entertainment from School of Rock, Big Harvest, and the Shane Duncan Band, and the six differently delicious food trucks on site. The sand sculpture was fascinating to watch being created and a wonder when it was finished. Many thanks to everyone who came out, and special thanks to our Master of Ceremony, James Maitland, who kept things running smoothly and on time.


'O Allāh! To You I have submitted, and in You do I believe, and in You I put my trust, to You do I turn, and for You I argued. O Allāh, I seek refuge with You through Your Power; there is none worthy of worship except You Alone; that You safeguard me against going astray. You are the Ever Living, the One Who sustains and protects all that exists; the One Who never dies, whereas human beings and jinn will all die'.
The Prophet (sall Allāhu ʿalayhi wa sallam) said, 'A group of people (both men and women) whose hearts will be like the hearts of birds, will enter Jannah'.
According to the renowned author of Riyādh As Ṣālihīn, this ḥadīth has been interpreted to mean that it is those people who put their trust in Allāh who will be in Jannah. Under this interpretation, there seems to be direct correlation between the way the people of Tawakkul lived their lives in this world, and their reward. It is the people of Tawakkul who would never have worried about their provisions, food, and means of subsistence, and are like the birds who do not collect any food to keep in reserve but go out every morning in search of food, hoping for and believing in Allāh's provision, and then returning home to their nests fully satisfied.
There is much more that can be stated about Tawakkul but for the purposes of succinctness, we will now move onto the levels of Tawakkul. There are said to be levels of Tawakkul and these are easier to understand if we remember that Tawḥīd itself is the basis for Tawakkul. As for the levels of Tawakkul, then the first level is to know Allāh by His qualities and attributes, such as the fact that He is all capable and sufficient to rely on; that He is the Sustainer and that He is All–Knowing and that things can only happen with His Will and Decree.
The second level is to believe that every matter has a cause or a means. Some people give up utilising these means due to their ignorance, and think that this is reliance on Allāh (subḥānahu wa taʿālā). This causes people to become like those who wait for 'the miracle to drop from the sky' without striving towards it in any way. Such people wait for Allāh to send down their provisions, feed them and take care of their concerns and affairs while they do nothing. In Arabic, this is called "tawākul" (تواكل); the difference may be one letter, but it is significant enough; we should not be complacent or stagnant; we should do everything that is available to us to reach our goals.
'If Allāh helps you, none can overcome you; and if He forsakes you, who is there after Him that can help you? And in Allāh (Alone) let the believers put their trust'.
The fourth level is to depend on Allāh wholeheartedly and feel tranquillity when doing so, to the extent that one does not feel anxious or confused about their provision. Some people do not feel secure until they utilise certain means, and if Allāh decrees that these means are not available they feel overwrought. Such people's reliance on Allāh is incomplete, because true reliance is when a person does not care if means are available or not, because they know that all matters are in the Hands of Allāh. All Allāh (subḥānahu wa taʿālā) has to do for a matter to occur is say 'Be! And it becomes'. Of course, a person will have to utilise all the means available to them also.
The highest level of Tawakkul, towards which we should all strive of course, is to realise that the essence of reliance on Allāh is to entrust all matters to Him willingly, without feeling forced to do so.
In closing this article on Tawakkul, it is worth pondering the benefits of Tawakkul. There are many, the first of which is, of course, that, as mentioned earlier, it is part of the completion of one's faith. Secondly, and on a more practical note, knowing that our responsibility for what happens is limited is very comforting. We know that as long as we are trying our utmost, we can rely on Him, safe in the knowledge that whatever trial we are going through, Allāh has decreed it for us and we will by His Leave be able to bear it. That is the meaning of the verse, 'Allāh burdens not a person beyond his scope'. Moreover, Tawakkul also gives us a good understanding of the balance to be had between putting our trust and reliance on Allāh (subḥānahu wa taʿālā) willingly on the one hand, and our individual responsibility in utilising the means available on the other.
Another consequence of Tawakkul is that it invites us to connect to a powerful Ally: this is the Lord Himself, Allāh (subḥānahu wa taʿālā). The more we rely on Him, the greater the chances that we will try to please Him by following the guidance He has given us.
In closing, the one who entrusts Allāh (subḥānahu wa taʿālā) does so with the certainty that what Allāh (subḥānahu wa taʿālā) decrees is best for them, whether the benefit is apparent or not.
Relying on Allāh (subḥānahu wa taʿālā) can instil an enormous amount of peace and contentment in a person, and we ask Allāh (subḥānahu wa taʿālā) that He helps us all attain the highest degree of Tawakkul, in order that, by His Permission, we may benefit from that in this world, and in the eternal world of the Hereafter.
one of your footnotes are wrong: 8] Al-Qur'ān,1:286.
Asslam o alaikum brothers and sisters…..! Jaza k Allah khair for this article. Let me share a story with you, it's a time of tribulations and trails for me. May Allah have mercy on me and All the belivers i was almost denied of every thing i wanted one after another and its almost 4 years am trying my level best to get a job but miserabley failed. I have done everything in my capicity including charity,nawafils, cooking and distributing food among people,and His other creations, wazaif, service of His beloved people, am obedient toward parents and trying to do my level best , e t.c Alhamdulillah am a humble person and have given up many time my share to avoid any heartbreak or fight, never spoken badly about any of his creation but still here i am a Geology graduate with an education career of A grades throughout. with zero confidence left degraded , devalued by society (which i don't really care about) am i that dispicable but all this can't effect my love For HIM and his peophet s.a.w.w. He says that i don't put burden on any soul beyond his limit please pray for me as am the eldest son of a retired father and gotta take care of the family . Everybody is laughing and making fun of me I want this to end you can better understand my situation by this line that if sucide is not a Harm act i would have committed it . Despite all i still have faith that He is judging my faith and devotion but now am thinking that if the situatin continued GOD FORBID i may do anything stupid so plz pray for me that Allah grant me some hilal means of livelihood and bless me with Emman and His mercy.
Walaikum assalam warahmatullah brother Junaid Ahmad.
Your situation is a test and words are true. The Prophet (saw) himself had to pass more harder situation in his life though he is the most honorable person in the world. Do not be frustrated and loose hope. Allah must guide you inshaallah. And I believe you will be a model and example for many youths like you.
Just beautiful – and came at a time when I really needed to hear this.
May allah help us . I love yr write up .may allah continue to help yr reasoning.
May allah help us . I love yr written .may allah continue to help yr reasoning.
Jazakallahu khaira for this must read post. it really gave me some sense of re-orientation and affirms my believe. I hope fellow muslims will find solitude in this article by remembering Allah(swt) always and thanking Him for all He has done.
Well written… easy to understand.
JazakAllah khair for writing this article. Very concise and to the point.
When when looks with an open mind,no matter what the dfferences are between shia/sunni,I must say the Islamic republic of Iran has proven that faith in Allah and working tirelessely in the progression of ones nation through science ,technology medicine etc,including relgion is the answer to its enemies not only from the west but unfortunately from Arab leaders.
Absolutely agree with you in your assessment. They follow the example of Husseyn who showed that to uphold the dignity of the religion his grandfather (eternal Peace be upon him) you say NO to tyrants (or whoever the Yazid of the day is) by placing your Tavakkol Entirely in Allah. Those pseudo muslims who place their Tavakkol on Saudi-Qatari-Emirati petro $ and not in Allah are agents of Satan.
Jazakumullahu khairan for the post ma sha Allah. Also just a small correction in sha Allah, the reference for the aya is 2:286, not 1:286 footnote number 7.


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Stephen James Eichhorn (born 24 July 1972) FRSC FInstP FIMMM CEng is Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Bristol.

Early life and education

Born in Manchester and brought up near Nantwich, Eichhorn attended Malbank High School. On leaving school he went to University of Leeds to study Physics, graduating in 1993. He then went on to study for an MSc in Forestry and Paper Industries Technology at UMIST and Bangor University until 1996. He then undertook doctoral research into cellulose fibres as a PhD student, graduating in 1999. Following this he undertook postdoctoral research at UMIST under the supervision of Robert Young where he worked on cellulose fibres and micromechanics using Raman Spectroscopy.

Academic career

Eichhorn was hired as a Lecturer in 2002 in Polymer Physics and Biomaterials and was promoted to Senior lecturer in 2006 and Reader in 2008, all at UMIST and the newly formed University of Manchester. In 2011 he moved to the University of Exeter as Chair in Materials Science and was Head of Engineering from 2014-2017. In 2017 he moved to the University of Bristol as Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, and was interim Head of School (in 2017/18). He was awarded an EPSRC ED&I fellowship in the Physical Sciences in 2021.

Research
Eichhorn's research focusses on the structure property relationships of cellulose and renewable materials as well as an interest in decolonisation of STEM subjects and has published in this area. In 2021 he was one of the authors of a paper in the journal Science on moldable wood. He published the first paper that showed that the modulus of tunicate cellulose nanocrystals was exceptionally high (around 143 GPa), and also carried out similar work on bacterial cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose. He has since demonstrated the use of cellulose in a variety of potential applications, including supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and sodium metal batteries. He is the first author of two highly-cited review papers in Journal of Materials Science on the subject of cellulose fibres and natural fibre composites.

Other research has included the production of synthetic seashell structures in collaboration with the chemist Fiona Meldrum and also work on the mechanical properties of fingernails, stories about which appeared in the UK press.

Eichhorn has over 15,000 citations to his published works, and an H-index of 53.

Awards and honours
Eichhorn was awarded the Rosenhain Medal & Prize from the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining in 2012, the Hayashi Jisuke Award from the Japanese Cellulose Society in 2017, and the Swinburne Medal in 2020 again from the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. Eichhorn was a runner up for a prize for the best paper to be published in Journal of the Royal Society Interface for a paper co-authored with Professor William Sampson, Manchester University. He was the first UK based scientist to be a Chair of the Cellulose and Renewable Materials Division of the American Chemical Society in 2015. He is currently also a member of the Strategic Advisory Board for the Henry Royce Institute and the Strategic Advisory Team (SAT) for Engineering at the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.

Other work

Eichhorn appeared in an episode of the One Show with talking about the strength of nanocellulose, and has contributed comments on other people's research in various articles. In 2011 Eichhorn also got the local council to remove double yellow lines from outside a house he was renting out in Glossop, the story of which appeared in the Manchester Evening News. He was a co-opted member of the Windrush Commemoration Committee chaired by Floella Benjamin.

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Scientists from Manchester
British materials scientists
Fellows of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining


Bièvre Valloire is ideally located between Lyon, Grenoble, Valence and the airport in St Etienne de St Geoirs (Grenoble Isère).
From the valley through to the Chambaran natural park, there are many breathtaking viewing points over the surrounding mountain ranges like the Vercors, Chartreuse and Belledonne.
Approximately thirty kilometers away, in the north of the Drome county or in Isère, or at the foothills of the Vercors, there is a wide selection of renowned tourist sites.
All the tourism information details in Isere can be found at www.isere-tourisme.com.
Enter into the longest liqueur cellar in the world and the distillery of the Cartusian fathers. 3D Movie and new exhibition "400 years of History".
Because Lafuma Mobilier gambled on succeeding, based on quality at every level, the brand found itself awarded the Origine France Garantie Label (Guaranteed Made In France), to recognize its industrial commitment and as a measure of the quality of its products.
Come and make the most of special offers on a wide choice of products in our store.
Marques Avenue is the largest top brand discount shopping centre in the south of France! Ready-to-wear clothes, sportswear, shoes, lingerie, leather goods, accessories and household equipment - 150 well-known brands at reduced prices in a village of 75 shops. Pure shopping pleasure!
It all started in April 1879 when Ferdinand Cheval, a country postman, stumbled upon a strange stone. This led to 33 years of perseverance and dedication in building his ideal palace, alone in his garden, using only nature, postcards and pictures in magazines as inspiration.
Come and relax or find adventure, games and exhibitions around our labyrinth theme (more than 6000 trees). Picnic area and "labyrinth beach" for the children. Also this year an amazing full size dinosaurs exposition !
You don't need to travel to the other side of the world for a change of scene. Join us at the biggest wildlife park in the Auvergne Rhône-Alpes to unleash your inner adventurer and meet over 130 species on 80ha!
Built in 1782, the theatre is listed Monument Historique. The organisation of the spectators' room shaped as a horseshoe with 3 levels and the interior decoration are typical from the Italian style.
Fun in the trees "Parc Oasis Aventura"
Trees adventure playground with 80 sporting sections. 8 courses (tarzan plunge, bridges..) along with a special one for the toddlers and a giant zip wire 250m. Spa and eating facilities close by.
Turkish bath, relaxing pool, healthcare and wellbeing, restaurant, tea room. Be soothed by the water's movements, enjoy the soft heat of the Turkish bath and let yourself escape.
A large shopping hall on the Lafuma site offers a large range of well-known brands : Eider, OXBOW, along with Lafuma.


Why do core strength workouts? Well, getting a flat stomach or a 'six-pack' is a common goal, who would say no to one of these?!
For a triathlete, this six-pack isn't desirable from a vanity point of view (OK, maybe sometimes it is…), more from the fact that a strong core helps improve performance.
Level 1 Your core muscles play a key role in supporting the spine and helping you to maintain good posture. This means that you will stay an injury-free, efficient athlete, able to fully recruit all the right muscles for performance.
A strong core comes from more than just working your abs, and other pages in the strength section cover a wide range of exercises that will help improve your core stability and strength.
Here though, for those of you wanting to flatten that stomach and improve your core strength, is a succession of core strength workouts to help you do so. We've included some video clips to help you get the exercises right.
The gradual progression is intentional. Jump straight in with hundred-mile an hour sit ups and you not only risk straining your neck, but you will also miss working out the muscles that form the basis of abdominal strength.
The key muscle here is called transversus abdominus, or TA for simplicity. This muscle wraps around your torso from front to back and from the ribs to your pelvis. Practice activating your TA muscles and then aim to have these activated during all the exercises included here.
To active your TA muscles, lie flat on your back with your knees bent so the soles of your feet rest on the floor.
Then pull your belly button to the floor, which should very slightly tilt your hips up. Put your hands on your hips with your fingers pointing down and slightly in and resting just over your hip bones onto your stomach. You may be able to feel the TA muscles contracting.
This exercise forms part 1 of the core strength workouts.
These exercises can be done before a circuit session or at the end of a gym session, or even after a bike, run or swim session.
1)	Transverse Abdominus Activation - as aboveDo this 3 x 10 times holding for 2 – 3 seconds, with 20 – 30seconds between sets.
2)	As above but straighten a leg out (without it touching the floor), then return it, and do the same with the other leg, and repeat.
3)	As above but straighten one leg and then move it out to the side, back to the middle and then back to the starting position. Again swop to the other leg, and repeat.
4)	Supermans: Position yourself on your hands and knees on the floor, with your back flat. Without letting your hips move or your back sag, slowly stretch out one hand and the opposite foot. Don't bring your leg or arm above horizontal. Lower and repeat on the other side.
5)	Aleknas: Lie on your back with your arms raised above your head and your knees bent (90 angle at hip). Then extend your arms and legs so that you are in a straight line, but don't allow your arms or legs to touch the floor. Return to the start position and repeat. Keep those TA muscles activated and maintain a neutral spine position.
6)	Planks: A great exercise for working your abs as well as back muscles. Keep your shoulders and hips in line - don't let your hips sag - see photo below.
Build up the duration you can hold this position for, with the aim being to get over 2 minutes.
Once you can get up to around 90 seconds to 2 minutes, you can include the variations below.
7)	Aeroplanes: Stand on one foot with your arms out to either side. Bend forwards from your hips, and then twist your upper body to one side. Keep your shoulders and rib cage moving together so that your whole trunk turns, not just your shoulders. Keep your hips stable.


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William Orville Reeves (December 5, 1904 – December 6, 1983) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Akron Firestone Non-Skids in the National Basketball League. He played college basketball at Canterbury College (then called Central Normal College) for four years. Reeves was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame.

References

1904 births
1983 deaths
Akron Firestone Non-Skids players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Indiana
Canterbury Knights basketball players
Guards (basketball)


Note: Automatically obtain an event badge when you join the map during Friday the 13th and PumpCON.
+ During Cinco de Mayo and Randor the Red's Birthday!
- During Cinco de Mayo and Randor the Red's Birthday!
Thanks to Angelita, Ashluv, B4mb4m, MakaiHunter, Nerdy Kid, Paradox, ShadowWhisperer, SlyCooperFan1 and 8FRED8.


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B.C. leads the fight against invasive mussels
The Province is expanding its fight against invasive mussels with a $1.3-million boost toward early detection and rapid response.
Although these invasive species have never been detected in British Columbia, this program expansion increases protection of B.C.'s lakes and rivers against the threat of quagga and zebra mussels.
The strengthened invasive mussel defence program begins operations in April for the 2015 boating season and consists of:
Three mobile decontamination units.
Six trained auxiliary conservation officers.
Highway signage throughout the province.
Expanded monitoring for zebra and quagga mussels.
Report All Poachers or Polluters response line coverage.
Increasing "Clean, Drain, Dry" education and outreach activities.
Through this program, teams will inspect and, if necessary, decontaminate boats entering B.C. from Alberta. They also will respond to boats from the U.S. identified as a concern by the Canadian Border Services Agency, as well as U.S. partner agencies. Each crew will be equipped with mobile self-contained decontamination units.
The teams will consist of trained auxiliary conservation officers coming from university compliance training programs offered by Vancouver Island University, providing valuable experience for students and recent graduates.
Twenty-four new highway signs featuring the Clean, Drain, Dry program are also being installed at significant entry points into the province.
Aquatic invasive species, such as zebra and quagga mussels, pose a significant threat to B.C.'s and Canada's freshwater ecosystems. These mussels threaten native species and fisheries in lakes and rivers. They clog water intake pipes, leading to increased maintenance costs for hydroelectric, domestic water, industrial, agricultural and recreational facilities.
Provincial legislation already in place empowers the program expansion. The Report All Poachers and Polluters (RAPP) line is expanding to receive and co-ordinate reports of mussel threats or incidents. The Province continues to develop and implement a perimeter defence plan for zebra and quagga mussels with neighbouring jurisdictions, keeping Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, British Columba, Alberta and Saskatchewan free from these invasive species through a coordinated effort.
Mary Polak, Minister of Environment −
"This is a major step in our ongoing efforts to keep the provinces' ecosystems, hydro stations, drinking water facilities and salmon populations safe. It also provides specialized training and summer employment to university students specializing in environmental compliance."
Steve Thomson, Minister of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations −
"This is another step in our government's ongoing efforts to prevent invasive mussels from becoming established in B.C. I encourage all recreational boaters to familiarize themselves with the 'Clean, Drain, Dry' program so they can also do their part."
Norm Letnick, Minister of Agriculture −
"Invasive mussels pose a threat to our agricultural producers who rely on effective irrigation systems, and so this program is very important to minimize potential financial risk."
Todd Stone, Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure −
"My ministry is proud to be part of this important program. Preventing invasive mussel species from entering our province is crucial to protecting our waterways. I hope to see every boat entering B.C. clean, drained and dry."
Chris O'Riley, deputy CEO, BC Hydro −
"Invasive mussels can impact the efficiency of our hydroelectric generating facilities by attaching themselves to surfaces on our dams. This is a big threat, especially to our facilities on the Columbia River, where about 50% of the electricity used by British Columbians each year is generated. BC Hydro appreciates the proactive steps being taken by the Province to protect B.C.'s lakes and rivers, and we are proud to be supporting this effort."
Barry Gibbs, chair, Invasive Species Council of BC −
"Taking positive and proactive action against invasive mussels is a very important step to protect our waters. The Invasive Species Council of BC will continue to expand partnerships and raise awareness of the 'Clean, Drain, Dry' program, especially among boaters, marinas and lakeshore residents."
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) are not native to B.C.
Both of these species originate from Europe. They were introduced to Canada (in the Great Lakes region) and the United States in the 1980s, as the result of ballast water being discharged by vessels travelling from Europe.
The economic impact of these invasive mussels to hydropower, agricultural irrigation, municipal water supplies and recreational boating has been estimated to be $43 million per year. This estimate does not include additional impacts on commercial and recreational fisheries.
Where introduced, these mussels kill native mussels and clams and reduce native fish species by altering the aquatic food web. They also attach to aquatic plants and submerged surfaces, including piers, pilings, water intakes and fish screens.
Invasive mussels can colonize on boats and other watercraft (on hulls, engines and steering components), as well as on recreational equipment. Their microscopic larvae also can be spread in any raw water moved between waterbodies. If left unchecked, zebra and quagga mussels can restrict the effectiveness of engine cooling systems and damage boat motors.
If large numbers of mussels become established in an area, they can cover hard surfaces and clog pipes.
This program also includes in-kind government contributions.
Zebra and Quagga Mussel Facts:
https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hra/invasive-species/mussels.htm
https://www.facebook.com/BCProvincialGovernment/posts/970074729677486:0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tot de Friese literatuur behoren alle teksten van literaire waarde die zijn geschreven in het Fries. In dit artikel zal vooral worden ingegaan op de literatuur die is geschreven in het Westerlauwers Fries, d.i. het Fries zoals dat in de Nederlandse provincie Friesland gesproken wordt. Het Nederlandse deel van het Friese taalgebied is het grootste en volkrijkste deel: de Friese literatuur is dan ook met name in Nederland tot bloei gekomen.

In dit artikel wordt een algemene schets van de Friese literatuur gegeven. Er zal naar meer specifieke artikelen elders op Wikipedia worden verwezen. Onderaan deze pagina staat een aantal lijsten met artikelen die onder het thema Friese literatuur vallen.

Kenmerken
De Friese literatuur is een kleine literatuur, die direct verbonden is met het Friese taalgebied en de positie die het Fries heeft in Noordwest-Europa. Dit heeft het karakter van de Friese literatuur gevormd: het "Fries zijn" is een van de terugkerende thema's in de Friese literatuur. De Friese geschiedenis speelt in veel literair werk een rol, waarbij historische koningen soms mythische proporties aannemen, of juist een heel ironische rol vervullen (dat laatste vooral in de moderne Friese literatuur).

De Friese literatuur is lange tijd nauw verbonden geweest met het Fries-nationalisme (de Friese beweging) en veel Friese schrijvers motiveren hun keuze om in het Fries te schrijven met het argument dat de taal anders weleens verloren zou kunnen gaan. Meer dan schrijvers in grote literaturen zijn Friese schrijvers zich ervan bewust dat zij een bijdrage leveren aan de Friese literatuur als geheel, en aan de Friese taal zelf.

Het Friese taalgebied is klein en Friese schrijvers kunnen dan ook niet op een groot publiek rekenen. Friese literatuur is eigenlijk nooit commercieel succesvol, al wordt er relatief veel literatuur verkocht in Friesland. Van een aantal Friese schrijvers is werk vertaald in het Nederlands of nog andere talen (bijvoorbeeld gedichten van Obe Postma, die ook in het Engels verschenen). Andere Friese schrijvers kiezen ervoor om niet alleen in het Fries, maar ook in een grotere taal te schrijven, in de hoop zo een groter publiek te bereiken. Theun de Vries is hiervan een van de bekendste voorbeelden.

Geschiedenis
De geschiedenis van de Friese literatuur wordt, net als die van de Friese taal zelf, traditioneel in drie perioden opgedeeld:
 de Oudfriese periode (tot ca. 1500)
 de Middelfriese periode (ca. 1500-1800)
 de Nieuwfriese periode (vanaf ca. 1800).

De jaartallen liggen niet vast: verschillende literatuurcritici hanteren hun eigen jaartallen om een nieuwe periode te laten beginnen. Voor het einde van de Oudfriese literatuur wordt zo vaak het jaar 1498 genomen, het jaar waarin de Friese Vrijheid verloren ging en Friesland onder centraal bestuur kwam te vallen. Andere handboeken laten de Middelfriese periode halverwege de zestiende eeuw beginnen.

Oudfriese literatuur
De oudst bekende Friese literator is Bernlef, de legendarische blinde dichter die in de 8e eeuw door de missionaris Liudger van zijn blindheid werd genezen en zich vervolgens tot het christendom bekeerde. Van Bernlef zijn geen teksten bewaard gebleven, al is door sommigen geopperd dat hij de dichter van de Heliand kan zijn geweest. Als dat zo is, zou Bernlef geen Fries maar een Saks zijn geweest.

Ouder (tussen de 5e en de 8e eeuw) zijn de runenteksten die op verschillende opgegraven voorwerpen zijn gevonden. Deze teksten zijn niet literair van aard, maar wel van belang als oudste overblijfselen van geschreven Fries. Het Fries wordt als schrijftaal pas belangrijk vanaf de 11e eeuw, als er wetteksten in deze taal verschijnen. Deze wetten werden geschreven door anonieme asega's (wetzeggers). Hoewel deze teksten geen literair doel dienden, zijn ze vaak opvallend poëtisch van aard en voor een modern publiek (mits hertaald) zijn ze wel degelijk als literatuur te lezen. Toen de boekdrukkunst werd uitgevonden verschenen de wetteksten, tot dan toe handgeschreven, ook in druk (gebundeld onder de titel Freeska Landriucht), rond 1480.

Naast de rechtsteksten werden er ook lange gedichten geschreven, die in thematiek overigens direct met de rechtsteksten van de asega's verband hielden. In het gedicht Fan alra Fresena fridome ("Van de vrijheid van alle Friezen") wordt de figuur van Karel de Grote opgevoerd, die het Friese volk zijn vrijheid geschonken zou hebben omdat de Friesen zo dapper streden in Rome. Over deze fictieve gebeurtenis gaat ook een ander episch gedicht, Hoe dae Friesen Roem wonnen ("Hoe de Friezen Rome veroverden"). Karel heeft verder een rol in het groots opgezette Thet Freske Riim ("Het Friese rijm"), waarin opnieuw beschreven wordt hoe Karel het Friese volk vrijheid belooft, waarna Christus de Friezen het Friese recht schenkt. Thet Freske Riim is ook als prozatekst uitgebracht.

Uit de Oudfriese periode is dus vooral praktische lectuur overgeleverd en nauwelijks literatuur met hogere bedoelingen. De verklaring hiervoor ligt ironisch genoeg in de Friese Vrijheid: doordat Friesland geen hofcultuur had, was er ook geen hoofs publiek voor wie er hoge literatuur vervaardigd moest worden. Waar in het feodale Europa heldendichten en liefdespoëzie bloeiden, daar schreef men in de Friese landen toch vooral praktische literatuur voor iedereen.

Middelfriese literatuur
Nadat Friesland in 1498 onder centraal bestuur was geplaatst door Albrecht van Saksen, veranderde de Friese maatschappij drastisch. In de 16e eeuw werd er een hof gevestigd in Leeuwarden. Het Nederlands werd de belangrijkste taal in Friesland. Wetteksten zouden voortaan in het Nederlands verschijnen en ook de bijbel werd in het Nederlands vertaald. Het Fries werd dus in korte tijd een onbelangrijke taal waarvan verwacht werd dat ze wel snel zou uitsterven.

In de 16e eeuw werd het Fries vooral nog gebruikt voor olijke teksten, bijvoorbeeld voor boerenbruiloften. Het Fries was vooral iets grappigs, iets "boers". Hoewel het Fries niet per se negatief benaderd werd, ontsteeg het nooit het niveau van folklore. Een enkeling, zoals Johan van Hichtum, probeerde de Friese gebruikspoëzie nog wel een literaire lading mee te geven, bijvoorbeeld door verwijzingen naar oude meesters als Vergilius. Van continuïteit met het Oudfries van de asega's is echter geen sprake.

De geest van de renaissance, die zich onder meer verzette tegen verval en verloedering en zo leidde tot het ontstaan van standaardtalen in Europa, bereikte ook Friesland. In Friesland kwam vanuit deze geest een herwaardering van het Fries op, zij het dat het Fries toch vooral werd benaderd als "iets van vroeger". Er werden lijstjes van Friese spreekwoorden gepubliceerd, o.m. door de edelman Carel Georg van Burmania, die ook de Friese moraal verheerlijkte en daarbij verwees naar uitspraken van Tacitus.

Tegen het einde van de 16e eeuw drong de renaissance pas echt door. In Leeuwarden werd een rederijkerskamer opgericht, waarvan de leden weliswaar vooral in het Nederlands publiceerden, maar incidenteel ook in het Fries. Jan Jansz. Starter publiceerde zo de tweetalige Friesche Lusthof.
In 1640 werd de Friese literaire wereld eindelijk wakkergeschud. In dat jaar verscheen De Tsjerne, een weliswaar vrolijk, maar opvallend literair werk. De dichter was Gysbert Japicx. Met zijn knappe, gelaagde poëzie zette hij zichzelf en zijn taal internationaal op de kaart. Gysbert Japicx zorgde in zijn eentje voor de echte wedergeboorte van het Fries. Zijn poëzie had niet alleen invloed op tijdgenoten, maar ook op de generaties na hem. Steeds weer hebben Friese schrijvers naar Japicx als hun grote voorbeeld en inspirator verwezen. Japicx' belang voor de Friese literatuur kan dan ook niet onderschat worden.

In de 18e eeuw werd er langzaamaan meer in het Fries geschreven. Niet alleen het hof te Leeuwarden functioneerde als literair centrum (de Oranjes interesseerden zich zeker voor het Fries), ook aan de universiteit van Franeker was er een geïnteresseerd publiek en verschillende studenten waagden zich aan een Fries gedicht. Jan Althuysen gebruikte het Fries voor serieuze genres als lijkdichten en voltooide in 1755 de psalmvertalingen waaraan Japicx een eeuw eerder begonnen was. Verbonden aan de universiteit van Franeker was Everwinus Wassenbergh, die in de overgang van de 18e naar de 19e eeuw de Friese literatuur onder de aandacht bleef houden.

Nieuwfriese literatuur
In de eerste helft van de 19e eeuw veranderde de situatie in Friesland opnieuw ingrijpend: het stadhouderlijk hof te Leeuwarden verdween en de universiteit van Franeker verwerd tot een athenaeum en zou in 1843 definitief gesloten worden. De Friese literatuur verloor hiermee twee belangrijke podia. Om dat verlies te compenseren werden er Frieszinnige genootschappen opgericht die de Friese taal en de literatuur actief te promoten. In plaats van de stadhouders kwam er de commissaris van de Koningin, waarvan met name gouverneur Idsert Aebinga van Humalda (1814-1821) de Friese literatuur een podium zou bieden.

Nog voor de genootschappen timmerden de gebroeders Halbertsma al aan de weg. Met hun Lapekoer (1822) maakten ze de Friese literatuur toegankelijk voor een groot publiek. De Gysbert Japicx-herdenking in 1823 mocht zich in grote belangstelling verheugen en overtuigde veel Friezen ervan dat hun taal en literatuur nog lang niet uitgestorven waren. In 1827 werd het Friesch Genootschap opgericht, dat de Friese literatuur onder de aandacht van de hogere burgerij in de steden (m.n. Leeuwarden) probeerde te brengen, zonder al te veel succes. Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma was er korte tijd lid van, maar zag er niks in.

Veel meer succes dan het Friesch Genootschap had het Ald Selskip ("Oud gezelschap"), dat in 1844 als Selscip foar Frysce Tael in Scriftekennisse werd opgericht. Onder aanvoering van de enthousiaste Harmen Sytstra wist het Ald Selskip uit te groeien tot het middelpunt van de Friese beweging. Het tijdschrift Iduna, opgericht door Sytstra, was het eerste Friese literaire tijdschrift en werd in 1851 het orgaan van het Ald Selskip. De toon was Fries-nationalistisch. De spelling die het Ald Selskip ("Selscip") toen nog gebruikte was zeer archaïsch. Hierdoor schoot het Ald Selskip zijn doel – de Friese literatuur populariseren – in eerste instantie voorbij. Later werd de toon realistischer - het Ald Selskip bestaat tot op de dag van vandaag.

De Friese literatuur was in de 19e eeuw sterk beïnvloed door de romantiek. Het romantisch verlangen naar het oude, het pure en het volkse sloot goed aan bij het Fries-nationalisme. De Friese cultuur werd als "puur" en "ongeschonden" neergezet en Friese schrijvers hielden hun publiek graag voor dat ze aan de hoge Friese moraal moesten vasthouden. In de loop van de 19e eeuw keerden steeds meer schrijvers zich van dit moralisme af. Een van de eerste schrijvers die een eigen weg koos was Hjerre Gerrits van der Veen, die met zijn knappe verhaal De Kaartlizzer (1854) weliswaar de tweede prijs won bij een door het Ald Selskip georganiseerde wedstrijd, maar wiens werk pas in de 20e eeuw voor het eerst op waarde werd geschat. Andere schrijvers vinden wel meer aansluiting, maar hebben toch een eigen stem, zoals de realist Waling Dykstra (De silveren rinkelbel, 1856).

Echte vernieuwing kwam er pas met de bundel It Jonge Fryslân in 1882, geschreven door Otto Harmens Sytstra (zoon van) en Piter Jelles Troelstra. Zij presenteerden zich nadrukkelijk als de nieuwe, jonge generatie die de Friese literatuur completer wilden maken: het Fries moest gebruikt worden voor persoonlijke gedichten met een hoog artistiek niveau.

In het begin van de 20e eeuw groeide het aantal Friese literaire tijdschriften explosief. Dit was deels het gevolg van de verzuiling. Het Ald Selskip kreeg een tegenhanger in het Kristlik Frysk Selskip: waar het Ald Selskip zich hard maakte voor Friestalig onderwijs, daar streek het Kristlik Frysk Selskip voor Friestalige kerkdiensten. Oprichters Fedde Schurer en Eeltsje Boates Folkerstma zouden uitgroeien tot invloedrijke schrijvers.

In 1918 publiceerde Obe Postma zijn eerste bundel. Postma schreef literatuur van wereldklasse, die later ook in het Nederlands en het Engels zou worden vertaald. Tegelijkertijd bleven Friesland en het Friese platteland een grote rol spelen in de Friese literatuur. Simke Kloosterman stond met haar knappe roman De Hoara's fan Hastings (1921) in deze laatste traditie.
In deze periode richt Douwe Kalma de Jongfryske Mienskip op, die onder meer zou gaan ijveren voor een meer internationale oriëntatie van de Friese literatuur, zoals Kalma in zijn invloedrijke rede Fryslân en de wrâld ("Friesland en de wereld", 1916) al had uiteengezet.

De Friese literatuur werd hardhandig met "de wrâld" geconfronteerd toen Nederland in 1940 werd bezet door nazi-Duitsland. Verschillende Friese schrijvers, onder wie bovengenoemde Folkertsma en de populaire Reinder Brolsma, bleven toch publiceren en werkten zo mee aan de censuur. Douwe Hermans Kiestra, uit de school van Kalma, trad zelfs toe tot de SS. Dit zette de Friese literatuur en de Friese Beweging na de oorlog in een kwaad daglicht.

Na de oorlog weekte de Friese literatuur zich van de Friese Beweging los: het individualisme zou doorzetten. Anne Wadman en Trinus Riemersma zorgen met hun vernieuwende romans voor de nodige onrust in de Friese literaire wereld, maar zetten zo wel de toon. Dichters als Jan Wybenga en Steven H.P. de Jong kozen nieuwe wegen in de poëzie. Het grotere publiek zou het beter toegankelijke werk van Rink van der Velde omarmen.

De hedendaagse Friese literatuur kenmerkt zich door het individualisme wat na de Tweede Wereldoorlog niet meer weg is geweest, maar blijft tegelijkertijd relatief hecht: veel schrijvers zijn verbonden bij literaire tijdschriften als Ensafh, waar zowel de oudere als de jongere generaties in publiceren. Schrijvers als Eric Hoekstra en Eeltsje Hettinga verkennen de grenzen van de Friese taal. Net als in de eeuwen die aan deze voorafgingen, wordt er in de Friese media gediscussieerd over de toekomst van de Friese taal en literatuur, die niet alleen in bibliotheken, maar ook op het internet een vast podium verworven heeft.

Literaire podia
Voor een literatuur is het onontbeerlijk over podia te beschikken, waar het publiek met de literaire teksten in contact kan komen en waar schrijvers en dichters elkaar ontmoeten. Voor een kleine literatuur als de Friese is het lang moeilijk geweest een podium, in de breedste zin van het woord, voor schrijvers en dichters te vinden. In het verleden vervulden het stadhouderlijk hof te Leeuwarden en de universiteit te Franeker soms deze rol, maar deze twee podia gingen in de 19e eeuw verloren. Daarna hebben literatoren zich verenigd en is geprobeerd met tijdschriften en toneelverenigingen voor een Fries literair podium te zorgen. Pas in de tweede helft van de 20e eeuw werd hier echt werk van gemaakt, ook door de overheid, en inmiddels houden verschillende organisaties zich met de Friese literatuur bezig. Er zijn literaire tijdschriften, er zijn Friese bibliotheken, er wordt Fries theater gemaakt en er zijn literaire prijzen in het leven geroepen om schrijvers aan te moedigen.

Tijdschriften
Zie Lijst van Friese literaire tijdschriften voor meer informatie over dit onderwerp.
Het allereerste tijdschrift dat aandacht besteedde aan Friese literatuur was het Friesch Jierboeckje'' dat door het Genootschap werd uitgegeven tussen 1828 en 1835. Dit was nog geen echt literair tijdschrift: dat kwam er pas met Iduna in 1845, vanaf 1851 spreekbuis van het Ald Selskip. Na Iduna volgden er meer: met name in de eerste helft van de 20e eeuw groeide het aantal Friese literaire tijdschriften zelf. In de tweede helft van de 20e eeuw nam dit aantal weer af. Tegenwoordig zijn het brede opinieblad De Moanne met daarin het literaire katern Trotwaer en het tijdschrift Ensafh (een fusie van Farsk en Hjir) nog over. In deze tijdschriften worden literaire teksten en beschouwingen over literatuur gepubliceerd.

In Noord-Friesland, het Duitse deel van het Friese taalgebied, verschijnt Noost, een tijdschrift dat literatuur in de Noord-Friese dialecten een podium moet bieden.

Literaire prijzen

Friese schrijvers en dichters

Friese literaire organisaties en uitgeverijen

Externe link
 Afdeling Friese literatuur in DBNL


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It is very important that you should think and analyze certain matters before applying for a loan. You should understand the responsibilities that come with getting a loan.
It is important that you should know what you are getting into. You should know the things to consider in your loan application. Before even applying for a loan, you should ask yourself if you really need the money. If you do not need the money right now and it can wait until your next payday then wait and do not apply for a loan. Though if the need is high like a medical emergency, taking a loan might be appropriate.
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Do not apply for more than what you need. Please remember that as good as it may sound, you will need to pay this money with an interest. There is no free lunch in the world. This amount will be quite hefty to pay if you borrow more money than you actually need and how much you can afford to pay back.
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Welcome to Currie Motors Ford of Valpo Here at Ford of Valpo, we have a strong reputation within our community for being Nice People to Do Business With. That's because for many years, we've proudly offered residents of Valparaiso, Portage, Merrillville and the surrounding communities the outstanding customer service they deserve when buying a new or used car. Our Ford dealership in Valpo isn't like many other dealerships you encounter, as we make it a point to give back to the community that's supported us over the years. We also pride ourselves on our track record of helping each customer find the perfect vehicle to suit their lifestyle. Whether you're searching for a new Ford or a used car, we're here to help!
When you come to our Valparaiso Ford dealership, you'll find an incredible selection of all your favorite Ford cars, trucks, SUVs and commercial vehicles. Need a truck that can go from work week to weekend in a snap? Check out the new Ford F-150. Want a sedan that's eco-friendly and filled with technology? You can't go wrong with the Ford Focus or Ford Fusion. We also have plenty of Ford SUVs, including the Edge and Escape. If you'd prefer to buy a used Ford, take a look at our Certified Pre-Owned cars. Pick out your favorite vehicle and our Ford financing team will help you find the auto loan that makes sense for your budget.
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We welcome drivers from Schererville, Hobart, Highland and the rest of Indiana to come visit our Ford dealership. Currie Ford of Valpo is conveniently located at 2052 W. Morthland Dr. in Valparaiso, IN. Come see us at your next convenience!


text:
Q: Jquery Select2 is working slow for larger number of lists.How to reduce the time or how to improve it? I'm using Jquery select2 in a simple html programme.When I'm clicking on it the dropdown is displaying late. It is taking nearly 6 seconds to open.I've 2000 list items.So please help me how to resolve it.
Thanks in advance!!

A: I had a similar issue, in our scenario is was acceptable to have a searchable list so for lists where we knew the size could be large we utilised the ajax functionality to load the data on the fly.
$("#companySearchBox").select2({
        minimumInputLength: 1,
        allowClear : true,
        placeholder: "Search For Company",
        formatInputTooShort: function (input, min) { return "Start typing to search"; },
        ajax: {
            url: (crmServiceUrl + '/GetFilteredCompanies'),
            dataType: 'json',
            data: function (term) {
                return {
                    term: term
                };
            },
            type: "POST",
            results: self.ConvertData
        },
        initSelection: function (element, callback) {
            var data = [];
            var selected = element.val().split("|", 2);
            if (selected.length) {
                //element.val(selected[0]);
                callback({ id: selected[0], text: selected[1] });
            }
        },
        valueIdOnly : false
    });

    this.ConvertData = function (data) {
    var returnData = { results: [] }
    if (data.d.DataObject) {
        $.each(data.d.DataObject, function (key, value) {
            returnData.results.push({ id: value.Identity, text: value.Description });
        });
    }
    return returnData;
}

The ConvertData function, simply knows how to map from our custom data objects to the select items.
This may not be suitable for your needs but it was the only way I could really optimize for large collections of data.


text:
Top 10 Historical Secrets of Newcastle
In the lead up to History Week (7 – 15 September), Australia's second oldest city gets ready to celebrate its rich history with a calendar of exciting events – and shares ten of its best kept secrets.
For those keen to uncover the tales and tribulations of the past there's no better place to indulge your interest than Newcastle, Australia's second oldest city and the birthplace of much of our history – and there is no better time to visit than during History Week.
To whet your historical appetite – see below 10 facts you may not know about Newcastle:
1. Newcastle was founded by one of Australia's most important colonial artists – Captain James Wallis, and the city continues its strong connection to the arts to this day, boasting one of Australia's best regional galleries.
2. Newcastle convict James Hardy Vaux wrote Australia's first full length autobiography, and our first dictionary (a vocabulary of -Flash Language', or convict slang) during the 1800s under the reign of Commandant Thomas Skottowe.
3. Newcastle was home to the first -lighthouse' on the east coast – a coal-fired beacon at Colliers Point which opened in 1804. The famous Nobbys Lighthouse was turned on in January of 1858.
4. The Reverend L.E. Threlkeld began the first systematic study of Aboriginal language in Newcastle in 1824.
5. Newcastle was the birthplace of Australian railway – with the Australian Agricultural Company officially opening Australia's first railway in 1831. A plaque on Wharf Rd commemorates the occasion.
6. Iconic Australian biscuit manufacturer Arnott's traces its humble beginnings back to Newcastle when a small bakery was opened by William Arnott in 1865.
7. Australia's first Prime Minister, Sir Edmund Barton, was married in Newcastle to Novocastrian Jane (Jean) Mason Ross in 1877 at the Presbyterian manse on Newcastle's oldest street - Watt Street.
8. Newcastle is home to Australia's first European-style swimming baths – the Bogey Hole, which was hand-carved by local convicts in 1819 under the commandment of Major James Morriset.
9. On June 7th, 1942, Fort Scratchley became the only Australian fort to fire at an enemy ship during war time when the Battery's six inch guns fired two salvoes at a Japanese submarine that bombarded the city with two dozen shells.
10. Newcastle was the first Australian city to elect a female lord mayor, Joy Cummings, in 1974.


1. Anti-malarial Properties of Artemisia vulgaris L Ethanolic Leaf Extract in a Plasmodium berghei Murine Malaria Model.
11. Interaction affinity of Delta and Epsilon class glutathione S transferases (GSTs) to bind with DDT for detoxification and conferring resistance in Anopheles gambiae, a malaria vector.


At Catalent I'm responsible for leading the Customer Experience team where we are tasked with collecting data on the voice of the customer, synthesizing that and managing teams at our 32 global facilities to solve these challenges. We are the key voice for our customers while driving an improvement in customer satisfaction metrics, NPS, and referrals/repeat purchases.
I have demonstrated the ability to provide revenue growth through automation, data management, and journey mapping of digital marketing programs. Additionally, I have had the opportunity to lead marketing teams in reaching B2B and B2C buyers with the focus on improving the ability for their sales and account teams to deliver the best customer experience. I have a BS in Chemistry from the College of New Jersey and an MBA from Montclair State University.