For other uses, see Star of India (disambiguation).
No appointments have been made since the 1948 New Year Honours, shortly after the Partition of India in 1947. With the death in 2009 of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja of Alwar, the order became dormant.
The motto of the order was Heaven's light our guide. The "Star of India", the emblem of the order, also appeared on the flag of the Viceroy of India and other flags used to represent British India.
The order is the fifth most senior British order of chivalry, following the Order of the Garter, Order of the Thistle, Order of St Patrick and Order of the Bath. It is the senior order of chivalry associated with the British Raj; junior to it is the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, and there is also, for women only, the Imperial Order of the Crown of India.
The Queen, being desirous of affording to the Princes, Chiefs and People of the Indian Empire, a public and signal testimony of Her regard, by the Institution of an Order of knighthood, whereby Her resolution to take upon Herself the Government of the Territories in India may be commemorated, and by which Her Majesty may be enabled to reward conspicuous merit and loyalty, has been graciously pleased, by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to institute, erect, constitute, and create, an Order of Knighthood, to be known by, and have for ever hereafter, the name, style, and designation, of "The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India"
The flag of the Viceroy of India displayed the Star of the Order beneath the Tudor Crown.
HH Maharaja Shri Sir Vaghji Thakor Morvi State (KCSI) for representing Kathiyawar on the day of Victoria's Jubilee Ceremony given by Queen Victoria for this honor HH Sir Vaghaji Thakor make them Sister.
HH Raja Bahadur Bindeshwari Prasad Singh Deo, Raja of Udaipur state in Chota Nagpur States.
The Order of the Indian Empire, founded in 1877, was intended to be a less exclusive version of the Order of the Star of India; consequently, many more appointments were made to the latter than to the former. The last appointments to the orders relating to the British Empire in India were made in the 1948 New Year Honours, some months after the Partition of India in August 1947. The orders have never been formally abolished, and Elizabeth II succeeded her father George VI as Sovereign of the Orders when she ascended the throne in 1952. She remains Sovereign of the Order to this day. However, there are no living members of the order.
There were only three female members of the Order: Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal and her daughter, Hajjah Nawab Begum Dame Sultan Jahan, and Mary of Teck.
The last Grand Master of the Order, Admiral of the Fleet The Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979), was assassinated by the Provisional IRA on 27 August 1979.
The last surviving Knight Grand Commander, HH Maharaja Sree Padmanabhadasa Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma GCSI, GCIE, Maharajah of Travancore (1912–1991); died 19 July 1991 in Trivandrum.
The last surviving Knight Commander, HH Maharaja Sir Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur KCSI (1911–2009), Maharaja of Alwar, died on 15 February 2009 in New Delhi.
The last surviving Companion of the Order, Vice-Admiral Sir Ronald Brockman CSI (1909–1999), died on 3 September 1999 in London.
The British Sovereign was, and still is, Sovereign of the Order. The next most senior member was the Grand Master, a position held ex officio by the Viceroy of India. When the order was established in 1861, there was only one class of Knights Companion, who bore the postnominals KSI. In 1866, however, it was expanded to three classes. Members of the first class were known as "Knights Grand Commander" (rather than the usual "Knights Grand Cross") so as not to offend the non-Christian Indians appointed to the Order. All those surviving members who had already been made Knights Companion of the Order were retroactively known as Knights Grand Commander.
Former viceroys and other high officials, as well as those who served in the Department of the Secretary of State for India for at least thirty years were eligible for appointment. Rulers of Indian Princely States were also eligible for appointment. Some states were of such importance that their rulers were almost always appointed Knights Grand Commanders; such rulers included the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maharaja of Mysore, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, the Maharaja of Baroda, the Maharajas of Gwalior, the Nawab of Bhopal, the Maharaja of Indore, the Maharana of Udaipur, the Maharaja of Travancore, the Maharana of Jodhpur and the Maharao of Cutch.
Kashi Naresh Prabhu Narayan Singh of Benares and Sir Azizul Haque were appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in 1892 and 1941 respectively, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) in 1898, and Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) for his services in the First World War in the 1921 New Year Honours.
Rulers of other nations in Asia and the Middle East, including the Emir of Kuwait, the Maharajas of the Rana dynasty, the Khedive of Egypt, the King of Bhutan and the rulers of Zanzibar, Bahrain and Oman were also appointed to the Order. Like some rulers of princely states, some rulers of particular prestige, for example the Maharajas of the Rana dynasty or the Sultans of Oman, were usually appointed Knights Grand Commanders.
Women, save the princely rulers, were ineligible for appointment to the order. They were, unlike the habit of many other orders, admitted as "Knights", rather than as "Dames" or "Ladies". The first woman to be admitted to the order was HH Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal; she was created a Knight Companion at the Order's foundation in 1861. The order's statutes were specially amended to permit the admission of Queen Mary as a Knight Grand Commander in 1911.
Charles Hardinge, Viceroy of India, in the robes of the Order.
The mantle, worn only by Knights Grand Commanders, was made of light blue satin lined with white silk. On the left side was a representation of the star (see below).
The collar, also worn only by Knights Grand Commanders, was made of gold. It was composed of alternating figures of lotuses, red and white roses and palm branches, with an imperial crown in the centre.
On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events wore the order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, or evening wear. When collars were worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge was suspended from the collar.
The star, worn only by Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders, included a sunburst, with twenty-six large rays alternating with twenty-six small rays; it was in gold and circular for Knights Grand Commanders, and in silver and eight-pointed for Knights Commanders. In the centre of the sunburst was a light blue ring bearing the motto of the Order. Within the ribbon was a five-pointed star, decorated with diamonds for Knights Grand Commanders.
The badge was worn by Knights Grand Commanders on a white-edged light blue riband, or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip, and by Knights Commanders and Companions from a white-edged light blue ribbon around the neck. It included an oval, containing the effigy of the Sovereign, surrounded by a light blue ring bearing the motto of the Order; the oval was suspended from a five-pointed star, which may be decorated with diamonds depending on class.
Unlike the insignia of most other British chivalric orders, the insignia of the Order of the Star of India did not incorporate crosses, as they were deemed unacceptable to the Indian Princes appointed to the Order.
Knights Grand Commanders used the post-nominal initials "GCSI", Knights Commanders "KCSI" and Companions "CSI". Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders prefixed "Sir" to their forenames. Wives of Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders could prefix "Lady" to their surnames. Such forms were not used by peers and Indian princes, except when the names of the former were written out in their fullest forms.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "No. 22523". The London Gazette. 25 June 1861. p. 2622.
^ "Dreamwater Free Web Space". 4dw.net. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ "No. 32178". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1921. p. 5.
Proclamation founding the Order of the Star of India, london-gazette.co.uk, 25 June 1861.


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Q: Flutter : How to disable screenshot on iOS devices or just detect the action of screenshot My problem is that I'am currently stuck and I can't block the screenshots on iOS devices in my flutter app even if I use this solution :
https://pub.dev/packages/screenshot_callback this package is depricated and I can't use it.
The plugin `screenshot_callback` uses a deprecated version of the Android embedding.
To avoid unexpected runtime failures, or future build failures, try to see if this plugin supports the Android V2 embedding. Otherwise, consider removing it since a future release of Flutter will remove these deprecated APIs.
If you are plugin author, take a look at the docs for migrating the plugin to the V2 embedding: https://flutter.dev/go/android-plugin-migration.

and even adding a swift code doesn't work :
import UIKit
import Flutter

@UIApplicationMain
@objc class AppDelegate: FlutterAppDelegate {

  override func application(
    _ application: UIApplication,
    didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplication.LaunchOptionsKey: Any]?
  ) -> Bool {
    GeneratedPluginRegistrant.register(with: self)
    return super.application(application, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: launchOptions)
  }

  // <Add>
  override func applicationWillResignActive(
    _ application: UIApplication
  ) {
    self.window.isHidden = true;
  }
  override func applicationDidBecomeActive(
    _ application: UIApplication
  ) {
    self.window.isHidden = false;
  }

}

Please let me know if you have any solutions to fix it :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We are reliable professionals with over 50 combined years of experience.
We have two licensed physical therapists on staff.
Patients are evaluated by a physical therapist and an appropriate treatment program is created.


RAWALPINDI: Pakistan today conducted a successful test of an enhanced version of the indigenously developed Babur Cruise Missile . Babur Weapon System version - 2 incorporates advanced aerodynamics and avionics that can strike targets both at land and sea with high accuracy , at a range of 700 kilometers.
"It is a low flying, terrain hugging missile, which carries certain stealth features and is capable of carrying various types of warheads."
Equipped with state of the art navigational technologies of Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM) and all time Digital Scene Matching & Area Co-relation (DSMAC) which enables it to engage various type of targets with pinpoint accuracy even in the absence of GPS navigation. Babur Weapon System is an important force multiplier for Pakistan's strategic defence .


As first appeared in the October 2010 edition of the Syracuse Astronomical Society newsletter The Astronomical Chronicle (PDF).
There is a region of the Night Sky that is dominated by aquatic creatures. Alternately, if we consider empty space as its own kind of ocean, there are regions where the stars of the Aquatic Constellations appear to undulate at geologic time scales, making the current arrangement of stars effectively motionless to our eyes and those of many generations to come.
Within this Water Region are the Constellations (as listed at wikipedia) Aquarius, Capricornus, Cetus, Delphinus, Eridanus, Hydra, Pisces, and Piscis Austrinus. If we think in terms of seasonal change, this does seem like an oddity of planning. Who would place the Aquatic Constellations in the Night Sky during the late fall and winter, when the temperature in some parts of the Northern Hemisphere (such as at Darling Hill Observatory) might as well be that of interstellar space? Where are the polar bear and penguin Constellations?
The answer to this has less to do with the apparent location of these Constellations in our Night Sky and more to do with the position of the Sun during our daytime sky roughly six months later (the Sun IN Pisces, for instance). When the Sun is in this region of the sky from our terrestrial perspective, the Northern Hemisphere is well into Spring, the time of the rainy season in our and ancient cultures. The image above shows the position of the Sun at noon on April 1, 2011. No joke. If our blue sky were to disappear, we'd have a few seconds to enjoy the daytime Constellations (before we passed out, were cooked by radiation, or froze to death, depending on where the atmosphere went. Fun factoid – Mercury, with no atmosphere to speak of, provides 24-hour Constellation observing!).
This brings us to Cetus, formerly known as a sea monster (indirect evidence for the lack of submarines in ancient Greece?), now increasingly considered to be a whale (perhaps equally terrifying to a small boat far from land in antiquity). Like some misidentified sea monster seen from a dry beach by a hydrophobic observer, Cetus provides a small amount of clear identification and several subtle treats for Earth-locked amateur astronomers that leave quite a bit to the imagination.
One of the patient treats in Cetus is the variable multiple star Mira (Omicron Ceti). As our Observatory Director Ray Dague pointed out at our last Public Viewing session, this star takes its own 331.65 day journey from a 10.1 magnitude star to a 2.0 magnitude star. That is a phenomenal change! It is current at 6.5 magnitude and found in the neck of the beast (above).
M77 image by Hunter Wilson.
As for Messier Objects, those objects one can definitely say they saw on first pass with even moderately-sized binoculars, Cetus is accompanied by only M77, a distant (47 million light years away) barred spiral galaxy (at left, photo by Hunter Wilson). While one distant galaxy is anchored in this part of the sky, this small region is host to tens-of-thousands of invisible objects swimming around our Sun. Cetus is a border Constellation to the Zodiac, those 12 Constellations that mark the path of the Sun and planets from our observing post on Earth. By the way the borders are drawn, Cetus does play host very occasionally to planets and, notably, the objects of the Asteroid Belt. Cetus had the distinction of being the host to 4 Vesta (shown below, photo from the Hubble Space Telescope), the 2nd largest object identified in the Asteroid Belt, during its discovery on 29 March 1807 by Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers.
4 Vesta (Images taken 2007 May 14 and 16). From hubblesite.org.
And then there's stuff we can only imagine seeing without the most powerful scopes in the known universe. Cetus is the host to JKCS 041 (shown below, also in the neck as marked in the opening image. Must be a hungry monster), the current holder of the title as most distant galaxy cluster yet discovered, residing at a boggling distance of 10.2 billion light years from us. Wikipedia hosts a short little movie about this distant cluster HERE.
JKCS 041 (22 Oct 2009) from NASA/CXC/INAF/S.Andreon et al Optical: DSS; ESO/VLT.
P.S. It has taken all my concentration to not refer to Cetus as a Whale of a Constellation.


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Monumentul Unirii din Suceava este un monument din material plastic ridicat în amintirea Unirii Bucovinei cu România și dezvelit în anul 1995 în municipiul Suceava. El este amplasat la intersecția Bulevardului 1 Decembrie 1918 cu Calea Obcinilor, în partea de sud-vest a orașului, la intrarea dinspre Fălticeni.

Istoric și descriere
Pentru a aminti de Unirea Bucovinei cu România din 28 noiembrie 1918, Consiliul Județean Suceava (condus de președintele Constantin Sofroni și de vicepreședinții ing. Mihai Grozavu și ec. Gavril Mârza) au comandat realizarea unui monument.

Monumentul a fost proiectat de către arhitecții Nicolae Porumbescu și Constantin Rabiniuc, fiind construit de către S.C. SUCT S.A. Suceava (societate condusă de directorii ing. Iulian Papuc și Dumitru Popescu). Monumentul a fost amplasat la intersecția între Bulevardul 1 Decembrie 1918 și Calea Obcinilor, la limita între cartierele Obcini și George Enescu, în apropiere de intrarea în municipiul Suceava dinspre Fălticeni. Sfințirea monumentului a avut loc în noiembrie 1995, fiind realizată de un sobor de preoți în frunte cu arhiepiscopul Sucevei și Rădăuților, IPS Pimen Zainea.

Monumentul este format din patru porți egale și perpendiculare una pe alta. Pe monument se află o placă de plastic negru pe care este scrisă semnificația edificiului: "Monument ridicat în cinstea Marii Uniri a Bucovinei cu patria mamă 28 noiembrie 1918".

Imagini

Note

Vezi și
 Listă de monumente din Suceava
 Unirea Bucovinei cu România

Monumente din Suceava

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Radcliffe on Trent WW1 Project Team
Publicity, Events, Talks
Armistice Centenary Events
Rockley Park Commemoration
Exhibition Aug 2014
SERVICEMEN
Guide to Military
Radcliffe Servicemen: Roll of Honour
Holme Pierrepont servicemen
How our servicemen died
WW1 Letters
WW1 Memoir by G V Elwin
WW1 Medals
Radcliffe on Trent War Memorial
Rockley Memorial Park
Notts County Asylum Memorial
Holme Pierrepont Lychgate
Ypres Chair
Guide to Radcliffe
Radcliffe Cemetery WWI Graves
St Mary's church and Great War Centenary
'Homes for Heroes'
Radcliffe on Trent Walks
Map of Radcliffe 1914
Radcliffe on Trent occupations 1911
Wrights Directories Nottinghamshire 1915
Guide to Radcliffe Women
Radcliffe on Trent Women
WW1 Memoir Nurse Grace Durant
Radcliffe WW1 womens role
MEDALS AWARDS BADGESTeam2019-09-10T07:07:04+00:00
WW1 Medals, Awards and Badges
Medals, Awards and Badges describes most of the campaign medals and gallantry awards that were issued to service personnel during the Great War. The number of known Radcliffe on Trent recipients is given for each award. The figures are provisional due to the incomplete nature of some of our information. Details of the medals awarded to individual Radcliffe on Trent servicemen can be found in their biographies.
Information about medals awarded is derived from medal rolls index cards created by the Army Medal Office towards the end of WWI. There are over five million cards in existence. The medal records were not damaged by enemy bombing in WWII and provide a comprehensive picture of those who served overseas; they are an excellent starting point for researching individuals who saw active service in the Great War. Medal cards can be searched online at www.ancestry.co.uk at www.nationalarchives.gov.uk. (Medal Rolls Index Cards – service is free). Here you will find information on medals, awards and badges awarded to Radcliffe on Trent servicemen. Click on any of the headings below or continue to read the full document.
Campaign Medals: 1914 Star, 1914–1915 Star, British War Medal, Victory Medal
Gallantry Award: Distinguished Conduct Medal
Gallantry Awards: Military Cross, Military Medal
Gallantry Commendation: Mentioned in Despatches
Service Award: Meritorious Service Medal, American Red Cross Service Medal
Orders of Chivalry: Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, Order of the British Empire, Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England
Civilian Medals: Médaille de la Reconnaissance Française, Médaille de la Reine Élisabeth
Badges: Silver War Badge
WWI Campaign Medals
At the end of the war, all who served overseas were entitled to campaign medals. Service personnel were variously awarded the 1914 Star, the 1914–1915 Star, the British War and Allied Victory medals. The number and type of medals received depended on dates of service and involvement in theatres of war. Stars were only awarded together with the British War and Victory medals. The trio were known affectionately as Pip Squeak and Wilfred after cartoon characters of the time. The two Stars were both referred to as Pip (the dog), the British War was Squeak (the penguin) and the Victory medal was Wilfred (the rabbit).
The 1914 Star was the rarest campaign medal and was awarded to around 378, 000 military personnel in total. The vast majority of recipients were in the regular army before the war or special reservists. The Star was authorised by King George V in April 1917 for those who had served in France or Belgium from 5th August 1914 to midnight on 22nd November 1914. The first sixteen weeks of the war saw intense combat in August swiftly followed by the retreat from Mons, the battles of the Marne, Aisne, Armentières, Yser and the first battle of Ypres.
The award of the bronze medal was open to officers and men of the British and Indian Expeditionary Forces and doctors, nurses, and sailors from the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Royal Navy Reserve and Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve who served ashore with the Royal Naval Division in France or Belgium. Just under half of the recipients also received a clasp which showed that they had served under enemy fire. The Clasp was a narrow horizontal bronze bar sewn onto the red, white and blue ribbon inscribed with the dates '5th AUG.–22nd NOV.1914′. A small silver heraldic rose could be attached to the ribbon when just the ribbon was being worn. The reverse of the bronze medal is impressed with the recipient's service number, rank, name and unit. The 1914 Star was always awarded with the British War and Victory medals.
Radcliffe servicemen and the 1914 Star
Thirty-two Radcliffe on Trent men who were entitled to the 1914 Star have been identified from Medal Roll Index Cards. Twenty five of them have been confirmed as regular army servicemen and two confirmed in the navy. One volunteered in August 1914. It is likely that the remaining four were either already in the army by August 1914 or reservists but records confirming their military status in 1914 have not yet been found. Nine of these thirty-two men were killed in action and three died of illnesses either during or immediately after the war. Ten are known to have been wounded, including one who was later killed. Three were prisoners of war, including one of the wounded men. One was hospitalised with a heart condition. Only eight of the men who were fighting from 1914 onwards, including the two in the navy, survived relatively unscathed as far as we know. Those men awarded the 1914 Star are as follows:
Regular army and reservists
Bemrose, Bertie (killed in action, 29.5.1918)
Bemrose, Ernest (killed in action, 20.10.1914)
Bemrose, Percy (killed in action, 12.3.1915)
Bemrose, William (wounded, transferred to the reserves November 1917)
Berridge, Gordon (died of TB, 14.12.1915)
Blew-Jones, Douglas (heart condition while on active service)
Cherry, Charles (wounded, 11.3.15. 17.6.18 returned to front)
Doughty, Fred
Draper, Percy (killed in action, 22.2.1915)
Foster, Robert
Flower, Harold
Flower, Thomas (wounded 22.5.15, wounded again Nov. 1917, discharged)
Haines, Sam (wounded 27.10.14, transferred to reserves UK)
Hallam, William
Humphrey, Ernest (died of illness, 5.2.1920)
Madeley, Wilfred (wounded twice, September 1915 and September 1916)
Marshall, Henry (chaplain to the forces on the western front)
Mason, John Henry (wounded twice, 26.11.14 and June 2016)
Newham, George (wounded 30.12.15, wounded again and taken prisoner of war 21.3.18)
Thorpe, Harry (Prisoner of War for four years from 20.11.14)
Todd, Bertie (killed in action, 9.5.1915)
Tytherley, Charles (killed in action, 10.10.1916)
Voce, Henry (killed in action, 10.9.1914)
Walker, George H. (wounded, later killed in action, 3.8.1917)
Waters, Thomas (wounded 23.9.14, returned France 4.10.15)
Howard, Arthur
Smith, George Lancelot Vernon (later killed in action, WWII)
Volunteer, enlisted August 1914
Litchfield, Gordon
Military status in 1914 of the following men has not yet been confirmed by official records. All served in the army.
Beet, Horace (died of illness, 26.12.1918)
Draper,Walter (killed in action, 13.5.1915)
Pepper,John (Prisoner of War 30.11.17)
Stratton, Thomas (wounded 1.10.14)
1914-1915 Star
The 1914–1915 Star is similar to the 1914 Star. The medal was established in December 1918 and issued to all who served against Germany in any theatre of war between 5th August 1914 and 31st December 1915, except those eligible for the 1914 Star. Like the 1914 Star, the 1914–15 Star was not awarded alone. The recipient also received the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. The reverse is impressed with the recipient's service number, rank, name and unit. An estimated 2.4 million of these medals were issued. It was not possible to receive both the 1914 Star and the 1914–1915 Star.
Radcliffe servicemen and the 1914-1915 Star
1914–1915 Stars have been confirmed for eighty Radcliffe on Trent men. Of these, eleven were regular army servicemen and three were in the navy. We may find more Radcliffe men who were eligible for this award as our research continues.
British War Medal 1914–18
The silver or bronze medal was awarded to all officers and men and women of the British and Imperial Forces who either entered a theatre of war or entered service overseas between 5th August 1914 and 11th November 1918. The medal was established on July 26th 1919. It was possible to be awarded the British War medal without the Victory medal if the recipient served overseas but not in a theatre of war. Men serving in garrisons in India, for instance, would fall into this category.
Approximately 6.5 million British War Medals were issued. Most were made of silver; around 10,000 bronze versions were issued mainly to Chinese, Maltese and Indian Labour Corps. The front of the medal depicts the head of George V. The recipient's service number, rank, name and unit is impressed on the rim.
See description of the Allied Victory medal for Radcliffe recipients of both the British war and Victory medals.
Allied Victory Medal
After the war, it was decided that the allies should each issue their own bronze victory medal with a similar design, wording and identical ribbon. The British Victory medal was designed by W. McMillan. The front depicts a winged classical figure representing victory. Approximately 5.7 million victory medals were issued. The recipient's service number, rank, name and unit is impressed on the rim. It could only be awarded in conjunction with the British War Medal.
Radcliffe servicemen and the British War and Allied Victory medal
To date, 248 Radcliffe men have been identified who were awarded the British War and Victory medals. These men include those who also received the 1914 and 1914–1915 Stars. They are men who served overseas at some point between August 1914 and November 11th 1918. We have established from service records that a further 24 Radcliffe men were entitled to these medals but recorded confirmation has not yet been found for them. We anticipate that the number of men known to be entitled to the medals will increase slightly as our research progresses.
We can confirm that 73% (271) of all the Radcliffe on Trent servicemen were awarded various combinations of the 1914 Star, the 1914–1915 Star, the British War and Victory medals or were entitled to the medals. The remaining 27% of the servicemen either served at home in the U.K, were still in training when the war ended or we have not been able to find their service record and assign them to a military unit.
Gallantry awards were given to individuals for conspicuous or gallant act of valour, usually in the face of the enemy. Awards were also available for distinguished and meritorious service. Names had to be put forward for awards. There would have been countless acts of gallantry during the war which went unnoticed and unrecorded; many men deserving of gallantry awards did not receive them.
Distinguished Conduct Medal
The Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.) was established on 4th December 1854 during the Crimean war. It was a high level award for gallantry in the field in the face of the enemy, second in prestige only to the Victoria Cross (of which only 615 were awarded in WWI). The DCM was a second level decoration awarded to other ranks (below officers). The reverse side is inscribed "For Distinguished Conduct in the Field". It was discontinued in 1993 when the DCM, DSO and CGM were replaced by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross.
Conferment of the DCM was announced in the London Gazette accompanied by a citation. Three DCMs were awarded to Radcliffe on Trent men: Harry Johnson, Edmund Machin and William Williamson.
Sergeant Harry Johnson, 298th Siege Battery Royal Garrison Artillery
Citation:During the period under review he has performed the duties of a No.1 with marked courage and ability. He shows utter disregard of danger, and by his coolness under fire sets an excellent example to his men. Awarded 11.3.1920. Harry Johnson was born in Radcliffe on Trent in 1885 and lived in the village all his life. He died in 1954, age 69.
Battery Sergeant Major Edmund Machin, Royal Horse Artillery
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty during operations. He has rendered invaluable service throughout and has at all times set a fine example of courage and determination. Awarded 11.5.1917. After the war, Edmund Machin moved from Radcliffe to Retford. He died in 1963, age 82.
Regimental Quarter Master Sergeant William Williamson, Lincolnshire Regiment
Citation: "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty during operations. On one occasion, when the forward ration dump was being heavily shelled, the ration parties were unable to reach the dump owing to the heavy barrage; he remained with the rations at the dump for several hours until it was possible for the parties to reach the dump and carry away the rations. At all times he has carried out his duties in an exemplary manner. Awarded 11.5.1919"
After the war, William Williamson returned to his job as a postman in Langley Mill for the next twenty years. He was in the Home Guard in WWII. He was brought up in Radcliffe on Trent as a child and died in 1982, age 103.
Military Cross
Instituted on 28th December 1914 the Military Cross (M.C.) is a third level military decoration awarded to Officers for an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy. Citations for the M.C. were published in the London Gazette during the Great War. The three Radcliffe on Trent servicemen awarded the MC are Norman Dexter, Edward McLandsborough de Warren and William Lisle Rockley.
Lt. Norman Dexter, 17th Bn, The Sherwood Foresters
Citation: "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He took command of his company in an attack when his company commander was wounded, and showed great dash and gallantry in overcoming the enemy's resistance when the advance was held up. By his skilful leadership and fine personal example the position was ultimately captured." Date awarded 05.04.18. Gazette issue 30614. Gazette page 4211
After the war, Lt. Dexter remained in the army, becoming a Lt. Colonel. He lost and arm as a result of his war service. He lived at Radcliffe Hall, Radcliffe on Trent, for many years.
Lt. Edward Mclandsborough de Warren, Royal Garrison Artillery
Citation: "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. This officer was acting as liaison officer with the artillery, but in addition to this duty he took a prominent part in guiding and assisting the troops he was with throughout nine hours of shell fire, sharing their risks and inspiring them by his courage and coolness. At the end of the day, when the enemy was approaching, he went out with a gunner to disable the guns which were in front of a strong point, accomplishing this under heavy fire". Date awarded 13.09.18
After the war, Edward Warren farmed in Argentinia for many years, where he was known as Don Eduardo. He died in 1950, age 52. His son wrote in his biography that he never fully recovered from his war wounds.
Lieutenant William Lisle Rockley, 10th Bn York and Lancaster Regiment
Citation: 'For conspicuous gallantry and ability in the Gallipoli peninsula. He made two valuable reconnaissances of the enemy's positions and working parties and sited a work under heavy fire. The latter operation was one of great risk and difficulty and he showed great coolness and determination.'
Date awarded: 21.01.1916
William Rockley was killed by an exploding shell on October 10th 1917, Vierstraat area, Belgium, during the Third Battle of Ypres. He never lived in Radcliffe on Trent but his father, who was born and brought up in the village, donated Rockley Memorial Park to the people of Radcliffe on Trent in honour of his son and the local men who died as a result of the Great War.
The Military Medal (M.M.) was instituted on 25th March 1916 and is a third level gallantry award for other ranks – their equivalent to the Military Cross for officers. It was awarded for acts of gallantry and devotion to duty under fire to the following servicemen from Radcliffe on Trent.
Corporal Joe Gore, 10th Battalion, The Sherwood Foresters
Sergeant Wilfred Madeley, 2nd Battalion, Kings Royal Rifles
Private Henry Tyler, York and Lancaster Regiment
The citation in the London Gazette for the M.M. does not describe the individual actions that led to the award.
Before the war, Wilfred Madeley was in the regular army serving in India. He then became an asylum attendant at the Nottingham County Asylum (Saxondale). Henry Tyler was also an attendant there but with no previous service experience. Joe Gore worked in the local fish shop.
Mentioned in Despatches
Mentioned in Despatches is a commendation for an act of gallantry or service. The phrase 'mentioned in despatches' was coined by Winston Churchill in 1898 and the award has been published in the London Gazette from the time of the Boer War. During the war, those awarded M.I.Ds received a certificate. In 1920 an oak leaf emblem was issued to be pinned or sewn diagonally on to the 'Victory' medal ribbon. In order to qualify, a serviceman's gallant or meritorious act in the face of an enemy would be recorded in the official report written by a superior officer and sent to the high command. The despatch was published in the London Gazette.
Seven Radcliffe men were mentioned in despatches, three of whom received other gallantry awards:
Lt. Colonel Charles Wilfred Birkin, C.M.G., 1st/7th Battalion, The Sherwood Foresters was mentioned once.
2nd Lt William Brewster Haynes, Royal Field Artillery, was mentioned once
BSM Edmund Machin D.C.M., Royal Horse Artillery, was mentioned once
Major Henry Marshall, M.C. Chaplain to the Armed Forces, was mentioned twice
Lt. William Ritter, The Sherwood Foresters Cyclist Corps (later RFC) was mentioned once.
Major Edward Selby (later Lt. Colonel), Royal Army Medical Corps was mentioned three times. He was later awarded an O.B.E. for his war service as a doctor.
RQMS William Williamson D.C.M., Lincolnshire Regiment, was mentioned once.
A Radcliffe man, Charles Frederick Paine, serving with the 24th Australian Infantry Battalion, was recommended for a mention in despatches. His recommendation reads:
"For five days at Pozières, these (five) soldiers distinguished themselves for most gallant devotion to duty as volunteer stretcher bearers carrying the wounded through heavy artillery fire. The conduct of these soldiers has been a valuable object lesson to those who might otherwise have held the terrain too dangerous and intense to cross."
Date of recommendation: August 9th 1916, five days after Charles Paine was killed at Pozières, the Somme. Recommended by Brigadier-General John Gellibrand, Commander of the 6th Brigade, 2nd Division, Australian Imperial Force.
Meritorious Service Medal
The Meritorious Service Medal was awarded for long and meritorious service. The award was extended from 1916-1919 to include recognition of valuable service rendered with the armies in France and Flanders. Names of recipients were published in the London Gazette.
The medal was awarded to three Radcliffe servicemen:
Colour Sergeant Joseph Berry, 24th Bn, Manchester Regiment
Colour Sergeant Quarter Master Claude Clarke, Royal Engineers
Bombardier Charles Vickerstaff, Royal Field Artillery
After the war, Joseph Berry moved into one of the first council houses in Radcliffe on Trent. Claude Clark moved at some point to Sutton Coldfield. Charles Vickerstaff, whose three brothers also served in the war and survived, moved to Surrey in the early 1920s.
American Red Cross Service Medal
The British Red Cross War Medal, instituted in 1920, was awarded to those who served in the U.K. from August 1914–December 1919 and had undertaken at least 1000 hours of voluntary service. Ambulance drivers and stretcher bearers who had undertaken at least 500 hours of service were also eligible. Claire Birkin, an American woman born in New York, was awarded the American Red Cross Service Medal for her work with the Red Cross in Nottinghamshire. She was a district secretary of the British Red Cross, Commandant of the 94th Voluntary Aid Detachment and Commandant of Lamcote Auxiliary Hospital for Officers. She was chair of the American Red Cross Society in Nottingham.
Orders of Chivalry
Companion of Most Distinguished Order of St Michael & St George
The C.M.G. is a British order of chivalry founded in 1818 in honour of two military saints, St Michael and St George. Originally awarded to those holding high offices in the British Empire, it was extended to include those of high office who render important non-military service in relation to foreign and Commonwealth affairs.
The Order was awarded to one Radcliffe serviceman: Lt/Colonel Charles Wilfred Birkin for 'services rendered in connection with Military Operations in the Field, to be dated from 1st January, 1916'.
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
The O.B.E. was established by George V in 1917 for a range of useful services. Its original intention was to honour the non-combatant service of thousands of people during the First World War.
There is one Radcliffe recipient, Edward Selby. As a young doctor, he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps on the Western Front, becoming a deputy assistant director of medical services. He was mentioned in despatches three times.
Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England.
The Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England is a royal order of chivalry constituted by Queen Victoria in 1888. It is associated with the St. John Ophthalmic Hospital, Jerusalem and the St. John Ambulance Brigade. The order is conferred on those chosen for their work in preventing and relieving sickness or injury and enhancing the health and well being of people anywhere in the world. There are two Radcliffe on Trent recipients:
On July 31st 1924 Claire Birkin received a royal order of chivalry on her investiture as a Lady of Grace of the Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England. She received the members badge of an eight-pointed Maltese Cross alternating with two lions passant guardant and two unicorns passant.
On June 28th 1953 Lieutenant Colonel Edward James Selby, O.B.E., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. was awarded the Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. Edward Selby remained as a military doctor after WWI. He lived in London.
Civilian Medals: France and Belgium
The Médaille de la Reconnaissance Française was a French medal awarded only to civilians. It was established on 13th July 1917. The medal was an acknowledgement by the French government of those who had aided the injured, disabled or refugees, particularly in a voluntary capacity, or had performed an act of exceptional dedication in the presence of the enemy. It was conferred on both French citizens and foreigners including those who supported the French war effort through fund raising and the provision of aid. It was last awarded in 1959.
Claire Birkin from Radcliffe on Trent, whose work included raising money for the French Red Cross, was one of around 15,000 recipients.
The Médaille de la Reine Élisabeth (1914–1918) is a Belgian medal created by royal decree on 15th September 1915. It was an acknowledgement for those who had cared for suffering victims of war for at least a year before 10th September 1919. Recipients who earned the medal by working in hospitals received a variant with a red enamelled cross in the suspension wreath.
Claire Birkin from Radcliffe on Trent was awarded the medal for her services to the people of Belgium.
Silver War Badge
The Silver War Badge, instituted on 12th September 1916, was originally issued to officers and men who were discharged or retired from the military forces as a result of sickness or injury caused by their war service. After April 1918 eligibility was extended to include civilians serving with the Royal Army Medical Corps, female nurses, staff and aid workers. It was not necessary to serve overseas to receive the badge.
The inscription "For King and Empire; Services Rendered" round the rim meant it was often known as the "Services Rendered Badge". Each badge was engraved with a unique number on the reverse. The recipient would also receive a certificate with the badge. It was made of sterling silver and was intended to be worn on the right breast of a recipient's civilian clothing. It could not be worn on a military uniform.
There were approximately 1,150,000 Silver War Badges issued in total for First World War service. Many who were eligible did not apply. To date, Silver War Badges have been confirmed for 34 Radcliffe on Trent men. This figure does not reflect the great number of Radcliffe servicemen who were wounded during the war.
Radcliffe on Trent recipients of Silver War Badges (Stars and Gallantry Awards also noted)
Names of those who died shortly after the war as a result of their illness or injuries are in red. Unless otherwise indicated below, those listed had a life span corresponding to the average mortality rate of the time.
Barry, John (shell wound to foot)
Bee, William (gunshot wounds to chest)
Bellaby, Edgar (injuries or illness unknown)
Buxton, Charles (injuries or illness unknown)
Cook, Charles (trench fever affecting throat)
Clarke, Claude Henry MSM (sickness)
Eason, James (injuries or illness unknown)
Flower, Thomas (wounded in the arm, killed in accident 1936)
Giles, Percy Thomas (injuries or illness unknown)
Gore, Charles (heart disease)
Hall, John Henry (injuries or illness unknown)
Handford, William (injuries or illness unknown – served in UK)
Haynes, Samuel (Sickness)
Holmes, Frank (Pulmonary Tuberculosis)
Hoppe, Edward (awarded after operation on stomach, died 1918)
Leese, Charles (injuries or illness unknown – served in UK, died 1930)
Leeson, George (injuries or illness unknown)
Longley, Walter (tuberculosis)
Madeley, Wilfred MM, 1914 Star (wounded)
Newham, George (shell wound foot, later gunshot wound thigh)
Richardson, Walter (Tuberculosis)
Richmond, Harry (injuries or illness unknown, died 1932)
Richmond, Leonard (eyesight problems)
Rushmore, Leonard (gas, shell shock, died 1919)
Searle, Frank (gunshot wounds neck and shoulders)
Smith, Herbert Sudbury (heart problems)
Spencer, Fred (wounded)
Stanley, Arthur (shell wound, damage to ears)
Taylor, Wilfred Jackson (illness, trench fever, TB, died 1921)
Toon, George Francis (damage to nose and face)
Turner, Lawrence (gunshot wounds to leg and foot, died 1923)
Vickerstaff, William (gunshot wound and amputation)
Wesson, Horace (injuries or illness unknown)
Walter Wilson (gas)
Copyright 2012 - 2019 Radcliffe on Trent WW1 | All Rights Reserved | Powered by LizArc | Grafix solutions

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Current: Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement
Online Papers - Dave Hill
Marxism Against Postmodernism in Educational Theory
Schooling and Equality: Fact, Concept and Policy
Post-modernism in Educational Theory
Hillcole Group Publications
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An editor at any time evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the authors.
Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's own research without the express written consent of the author.
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Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.
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The Bank of England chose what has been described as a "publicity portrait"
It would seem that not even Jane Austen can escape airbrushing, even 200 years after her death. Campaigners have questioned why the Bank of England have used a "prettied-up publicity portrait" of the author on the new £10 note rather than a more realistic image of her.
The polymer note, which was unveiled in July, features a portrait of a sweet-looking, plump-cheeked Austen wearing a lace bonnet, reports The Sunday Times. The image was created in 1817 after the writer had died and was commissioned from a sketch by Austen's sister, Cassandra, in which the novelist looks shrew and cross.
"They presumably said to the artist, make it look prettier," said Austen biographer Paula Byrne. "It is like doctoring a selfie by a celebrity. It is such a shame because that demure image is just not Austen."
The decision to choose a "retouched" image of Austen has provoked anger.
"Jane Austen fans are pleased, obviously, that she's going to appear on the banknote, but it's deeply ironic that the image chosen by the Bank of England isn't really her," said historian Lucy Worsley, who recently published a book about the novelist.
"It's an author publicity portrait painted after she died in which she's been given the Georgian equivalent of an airbrushing — she's been subtly 'improved'.
"Jane had a much sharper face — some might call it sour. And she was a sharp person. I think of her as being like a bracing martini."


This article was originally published on August 3, 2017. It was updated on April 22, 2018, with the most recent information on mobile-first indexing.
Ever since Google announced that it had begun experiments to make its search index mobile-first, some site owners have been panicking and wondering how it will affect their traffic.
However, even without this shift, marketers should be working to ensure that their websites are mobile-friendly and optimized for performance. After all, these days smartphones and tablets are the devices of choice, and usage of these devices keeps growing.
Of course, you also want to make sure your site loads fast and follows general best practices for SEO. As we've noted before, a Google study found that 53% of mobile users leave a web page if it doesn't load within 3 seconds.
Mobile usage may be growing, but that doesn't mean that other devices are becoming obsolete. In fact, average daily usage of desktops and laptops has stayed pretty flat the last few years at a little over two hours. In contrast, mobile device usage has grown from 0.8 hours a day in 2011 to 3.1 hours a day in 2016.
The number of people who own a mobile device keeps growing as well. More than three-quarters of American adults own a smartphone, and over half own a tablet. From 2011 to 2016, tablet ownership increased by 538%. Hybrid tablets, or 2-in-1 devices, are becoming more popular, too – especially in the business world.
Over half of all search queries originate on a mobile device, but that number is a lot higher in certain industries. As the infographic shows, 72% of searches related to the food and beverage industry are on a mobile device. A report from Hitwise goes into more detail on this subject and also discusses the context of searches that are performed on smartphones and tablets.
Not sure how optimized for mobile your website is? In this infographic, we also list some tools that are great for testing and improving your mobile site. More tools can be found in this resource: 10 Apps to Measure, Monitor And Improve Mobile Versions Of Your Website.


text:
Clyde Glen Hill, age 67, passed away Tuesday, September 14, 2021 at Heritage Hall Nursing Home Big Stone Gap, Virginia. He was preceded in death by his parents Estil and Clara Hill, two sisters Lovetta McCowan, Molly Sutherland and his wife Mildred Hill. Survivors include: Two sisters: Linda Phipps of Riner, Virginia and Brenda Honaker of Damascus, Virginia. Family will meet at Mullins Funeral Home at 10 A.M and will leave in the procession at 10:30 A.M to go to Phipps cemetery Clintwood, Virginia for graveside services at 11: A.M with Robert Phipps officiating Burial will be at Phipps Memorial Cemetery Saturday at 11 A.M. Funeral service for family only because of Covid Family will serve as pallbearers Clergy will be Robert Phipps
Clyde Glen Hill, age 67, passed away Tuesday, September 14, 2021 at Heritage Hall Nursing Home Big Stone Gap, Virginia. He was preceded in death by his parents Estil and Clara Hill, two sisters Lovetta McCowan, Molly Sutherland and his wife... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Clyde Hill created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Clyde Glen Hill, age 67, passed away Tuesday, September 14, 2021...
Send flowers to the Hill family.


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CFIB: Premier punishes small business with unaffordable minimum wage hikes that will lead to job losses
Toronto, May 30, 2017 – In response to the government's radical labour announcement today, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business (CFIB) is demanding that the Ontario government stop punishing small businesses with higher costs they can't afford – in particular, a $15 minimum wage – while rewarding big unions with easier unionization in private sector workplaces.
"We are shocked and appalled that the government is broadsiding small business owners with a 32 per cent increase in the minimum wage within only one-and-a-half years," said Julie Kwiecinski, CFIB director of provincial affairs for Ontario. "Small businesses, who don't share the larger profit margins of big business, will be forced to make difficult choices, including cutting hours and jobs."
The Minister of Labour said in a news release dated March 24, "by ensuring that our province follows a consistent, predictable and impartial process of increasing the minimum wage, we are providing a more stable environment for businesses and more money in the pockets of our workers." Furthermore, the minimum wage was excluded from the scope and mandate of the Changing Workplaces Review.
"This government took the politics out of the process by indexing minimum wage increases to the rate of inflation in 2014," added Kwiecinski. "Now, they've done a complete 180 and are pushing this through on the backs of employers, with no consultation whatsoever, or any economic impact analysis."
The government's proposals to establish card-based certification in three sectors and allow unions to access employee contact information deprive employees of the right to a secret ballot vote and privacy.
"It is abundantly clear that from day one of this process, the government has focused their attention on furthering the interests of big unions," said Dan Kelly, CFIB president. "We know they didn't listen to small business, because government didn't announce a single thing today that will help businesses keep people employed and create new jobs. Businesses create jobs, not unions."
CFIB has been an active participant in the Changing Workplaces Review, twice appearing before the reviewers and providing three written submissions, as well as meeting with the Minister of Labour, senior government staff, and other key representatives from government and the two opposition parties.
"We urge elected provincial politicians of all political stripes to recognize that small business owners simply don't have the financial flexibility to absorb more direct input costs on labour like a big corporation," said Ryan Mallough, CFIB policy analyst for Ontario. "Small business owners are already feeling the pressure of incoming higher EI and CPP costs, as well as hydro, cap and trade, current minimum wage increases, and anything else that might be on the horizon."
CFIB is reviewing the complete list of the government's proposed labour changes. Among other measures, small businesses are also deeply concerned about the government's proposal to hire up to 175 more employment officers, which will only serve to create an even more adversarial relationship between small business and the Ministry of Labour.
To arrange an interview with Julie Kwiecinski, Dan Kelly or Ryan Mallough, please contact Ryan Mallough at 416-222-8022, or [email protected]
Post Date: May 30, 2017
Topics in this Article: News Releases


Our program offers multiple experiences outside the classroom for students to gain knowledge about the management of information systems.
Students can build a professional network and gain valuable on-the-job experience by completing a professional internship. This supervised work experience can significantly improve a student's skill set and résumé and often will lead to a full-time job. Students have access to Mays Business School's Career Management Center and other university resources to assist in identifying and securing internship opportunities.
This monthly seminar series invites guest speakers from industry to address current IT topics. Other topics such as interviewing skills, leadership and team building also are addressed during some of the seminars.
Business Information Technology Students (BITS) is a student-led organization that provides MIS undergraduate and graduate students with a forum to interact with industry representatives. These interactions supplement the students' education by providing them with opportunities to network with peers and members of industry and assistance in career development.
The Center for the Management of Information Systems (CMIS) is an active partnership between Mays Business School and firms such as Hewlett Packard, ExxonMobil and PricewaterhouseCoopers. This collaboration provides students with professional development, educational opportunities, research support and corporate access. CMIS hosts a number of student events each year, such as the CMIS case competition and Women in IT Conference. These events help strengthen students' skills and provide networking opportunities with corporate representatives.
Women in IT (WIT) is a student-led organization that helps women in the field of Management Information Systems to network among each other, as well as with business professionals all over the nation. WIT meets together for variaous social activities, service activities, and company networking events.


Has this Chelsea midfielder been told "he can leave" in January already?
According to a report in London's Evening Standard, Mohamed Salah has been told that he is free to leave Chelsea in January and Inter Milan are waiting in the wings to take him Serie A.
I wrote an article on Salah after Chelsea's victory over Shrewsbury recently and stated that he looked like a play who is down on confidence and needs games. It appears that he will now only get those games if he leaves Chelsea!
With rumours over recent days suggesting that Jose Mourinho has identified Marco Reus as a replacement in the next window, it looks more and more likely the article is spot on.
It's a shame that things haven't worked out for Salah here because he has bags of potential, lightening pace and has a real eye for goals.
It just seems that he hasn't looked like the same player Chelsea signed from Basle in a Chelsea shirt!


text:
Portraits by Dick Fish
The photographs here were shown in exhibition at the Brown Fine Arts Center, Smith College, in the Fall of 2009, and were chosen by photographer Dick Fish. Many of the portraits were made in the early 1960's, and the titles and ranks reflect those held at that time.
In 1959, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, then president of Smith College, named Mr. Fish College Photographer. He served in that position until 1971. Upon returning to the College in 1984, Fish resumed his practice of photographing 'Smith Faces' for publication.
The 16x20 exhibition prints were prepared digitally from scanned black and white negatives, while the color portraits were original digital images.
Smith College alumnae and staff were largely responsible for the organization and technical aspects of the exhibition, and for this Web presentation.
T. J. Leach '07
Volha Charnysh '09
Stacy Finkelstein, MFA
Imaging Center Staff


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Home » Forums » Religion and Irrationalities » The Jesus Mythicist Campaign
No Contemporary References of The Following Historical Figures
Posted on: September 30, 2007 - 1:41am
Kabane52
Since the Good Ol' RRS appears to think that contemporary reference is required to prove that a historical figure existed, it is not. Here are some figures that have no contemporary references.
Gamaliel
Honi the Circle Drawer
Shammai
Hanina ben dosa
‹ Ahistoric and Myth Why All Atheist Are Mythicist ›
Posted on: September 30, 2007 - 1:47am #1
What is even better about
What is even better about this is that the first five figures I list are all first century Jews. Jesus is a first century Jew. Claiming that they exist and that Jesus didn't is special pleading. You have a couple options.
1. Hold to the contemporary references requirement and throw out all eight figures I listed.
2. Or admit that the eight figures plus Jesus of Nazareth existed.
todangst
Kabane52 wrote: Since the
Kabane52 wrote:
Since the Good Ol' RRS appears to think that contemporary reference is required to prove that a historical figure existed,
Strawman. What is requried is a provenance - evidence of the existence of a contemporary at some point in time.
If you can't even get this right, what value is there to your arguments?
Here are some figures that have no contemporary references.
Here is the the logical fallacy implied in this part of your argument: you are comparing a ordinary claim with an extraordinary claim.
So you have one strawman.
And a fallacy of equivocation.
Lame out of the gate.
"Hitler burned people like Anne Frank, for that we call him evil.
"God" burns Anne Frank eternally. For that, theists call him 'good.'
What is even better about this is that the first five figures I list are all first century Jews. Jesus is a first century Jew. Claiming that they exist and that Jesus didn't is special pleading.
No, your own argument is a weak analogy fallacy:
Hitler wore a mustache
Joe wears a mustache.
Ergo Joe hates Jews.
There is no special plead in claiming that ordinary figures existed, based on provenance for a contemporay account, and claiming an extraordinary person existed without ANY provenance for contemporary accounts.
You have a whole series of very, very bad arguments based on irrational thinking and ignorance.
http://www.rationalresponders.com/a_silence_that_screams_no_contemporary_historical_accounts_for_jesus
Again, you commit two errors here:
1) You argue against a strawman: the requirement is not for contemporary accounts, it is for evidence of the existence of any contemporary accounts.
2) Your argument is based on backwards logic: if the case for "jesus" is just as bad as the case for other historical figures, then we have to accept a real jesus?!
Please think before posting, you are wasting our time.
Posted on: September 30, 2007 - 10:17am #4
Though no historian uses
Though no historian uses the ECREE principle, I will accept it for the moment. The claim that Jesus of Nazareth existed is not extraordinary. This claim is separate from claims that he was divine, did miracles, or rose from the dead. And why don't you provide the evidence for these guys that doesn't exist for Jesus.
No, I am not claiming that since all these cases are bad, that Jesus exists along with the rest. I am claiming historians universally accept the existence of all these historical figures (including Jesus of Nazareth.)
Posted on: September 30, 2007 - 2:17pm #5
Wonderist
If a guy named 'Jesus of
If a guy named 'Jesus of Nazareth' existed and *wasn't* divine, then your whole case falls apart! You have a religion making false claims about an ordinary guy. Surely you're not going to defend Christianity by saying "Jesus is just this guy, you know?"
Wonderist on Facebook — Support the idea of wonderism by 'liking' the Wonderism page — or join the open Wonderism group to take part in the discussion!
Gnu Atheism Facebook group — All gnu-friendly RRS members welcome (including Luminon!) — Try something gnu!
That isn't the subject. This
That isn't the subject. This forum is about denying the historicity of Jesus of Nazareth. Did he or did he not exist? If he did exist, then we can move from there.
Quote: Jesus is just this
Jesus is just this guy, you know?
You are right Natural, I would suggest a psychiatrist to combat the two heads of duplicity.
...I need a pan galactic gargle blaster.
Fine. Let us just accept
Fine. Let us just accept that if Jesus existed, he had to be divine. ECREE is not used by any historian, and it should not be considered a reliable method of determining truth.
Hannibal Barca is discussed
Hannibal Barca is discussed in letters from Gaius Terentius Varro during his ambassadorship to Africa. He was one of the Generals at Cannae. I would call that proof. The commentary was added to the official records in Rome with regard to the African expansion of 199BC. Further, those letters are referenced by Livy on several occassions.
"Tis better to rule in Hell than to serve in Heaven." -Lucifer
Posted on: September 30, 2007 - 10:34pm #10
Is Richard Carrier not a
Is Richard Carrier not a historian?
Posted on: October 1, 2007 - 3:50pm #11
Richard Carrier is a
Richard Carrier is a historian, and he is a Jesus Mythist. Good for you. I have ten times the historians on my side.
jcgadfly
Kabane52 wrote: Richard
And yet you fail to bring them up...
Let's have some historians (not apologists who masquerade as historians).
Personally, I don't give a damn about the topic at hand - just want you to put up something other than your assertion.
"I do this real moron thing, and it's called thinking. And apparently I'm not a very good American because I like to form my own opinions."
— George Carlin
I'd also like to see an
I'd also like to see an admission of error for the Hannibal Barca claim. Yes, C-L-A-I-M.
I will list them. Do you
I will list them. Do you seriously think that Jesus Mythism is mainstream? Doherty doesn't even have a doctorate, and he is the most explicit about is Mythism. Robert Price has never explicitly stated his Jesus Mythism, but seems to be agnostic about Jesus' existence.
I have made it a point to list only liberal scholars. These all believe Jesus existed. So bring up this many scholars and you win.
Andries G. van Aarde, D.D.
Valerie A. Abrahamsen, Th. D.
Martin L. Appelt
Richard L. Arthur, Th.D.
Robert Bater, Ph.D.
William Beardslee, Ph.D.
Joseph Bessler-Northcutt, Ph. D.
Edward F. Beutner, Ph.D.
Sterling Bjorndahl, Ph.D.
Anthony Blasi, Ph.D., Th.D.
Willi Braun, Ph.D.
James R. Butts, Ph.D.
Marvin F. Cain, Ph.D.
Ron Cameron, Ph.D.
Kathleen E. Corley, Ph.D.
Wendy J. Cotter C.S.J., Ph.D.
Jon Daniels, Ph.D.
Stevan L. Davies, Ph.D.
Jon F. Dechow, Ph.D.
Joanna Dewey, Ph.D.
John Dillenberger, Ph.D.
William Doty
Darrell J. Doughty
Dennis C. Duling, Ph.D.
Susan M. Elliott, Ph.D.
Robert T. Fortna, Ph.D.
Robert M. Fowler
David Galston
James Goss, Ph.D.
Heinz Guenther, Th.D.
Sakari Hakkinen
Maurice Hamington, Ph.D.
Walter Harrelson, Th.D.
Charles W. Hedrick, Ph.D.
James D. Hester, D.Theol.
C.M. Kempton Hewitt, Ph.D.
Jack A. Hill, Ph.D.
Julian V. Hills, Th.D.
Richard Holloway, D.D., D.Litt.
Roy W. Hoover, Th.D.
Benjamin J. Hubbard
Michael L. Humphries, Ph.D.
Margaret D. Hutaff
Glenna S. Jackson, Ph.D.
Arland D. Jacobson, Ph.D.
Clayton N. Jefford, Th.M, Ph.D.
Gregory C. Jenks, Ph.D.
Larry Kalajainen, Ph.D.
Perry Kea, Ph.D.
John C. Kelly
William Doane Kelly, Ph.D.
Chan-Hie Kim, Ph.D.
Karen L. King, Ph.D.
Ron Large
Paul Alan Laughlin, Ph.D.
Nigel Leaves, Ph.D.
Davidson Loehr, Ph.D.
Dennis R. MacDonald, Ph.D.
Loren Mack-Fisher, Ph.D.
Francis Macnab
Shelley Matthews, Th.D.
Brian Rice McCarthy
Lane C. McGaughy, Ph.D.
Robin B. McGonigle, Dr. M
Edward J. McMahon II, Ph.D.
Daniel Marguerat
Marvin W. Meyer, Ph.D.
Darren Middleton
J. Ramsey Michaels, Th.M., Ph.D.
William R. Millar
Robert J. Miller, Ph.D.
Robert L'H Miller, Th.D.
Milton Moreland
Winsome Munro, Ed.D.
Culver H. Nelson, D.D., D.D.
Rob Parrott, Ph.D.
Stephen J. Patterson, Ph.D.
Richard I. Pervo, Th.D.
Anne Primavesi, D.Phil.
Howard Rice
Vernon K. Robbins, Ph.D.
John J. Rousseau, Ph.D., D.Rel.
Stan Rummel
Marianne Sawicki, Ph.D.
Daryl D. Schmidt, Ph.D.
Oswald Schrag
Bernard Brandon Scott, Ph.D.
Andrew D. Scrimgeour
Philip Sellew, Th.D.
Chris Shea, Ph.D.
Thomas Sheehan, Ph.D.
Lou H. Silberman, D.H.L.
Dennis Smith, Th.D.
Mahlon H. Smith, M.S.L.
Graydon Snyder
John Staten
Michael G. Steinhauser, Th.D.
Robert F. Stoops, Jr., Ph.D.
Jon Sveinbjornsson
Jarmo Tarkki, Ph.D.
W. Barnes Tatum, Ph.D.
Hal Taussig, Ph.D.
Barbara Thiering, Ph.D.
Joseph B. Tyson, Ph.D.
Leif E. Vaage, Ph.D.
James Veitch, Ph.D., Th.D.
Wesley Hiram Wachob, Ph.D.
William O. Walker, Jr., Ph.D.
Donna Wallace, Ph.D.
Robert L. Webb, Ph.D.
Theodore J. Weeden, Sr., Ph.D.
James E. West, Th.D.
John L. White, Ph.D.
John L. White, B.D.
L. Michael White
Walter Wink, Th.D.
Sara C. Winter., Ph.D.
Nero wrote: Hannibal Barca
Nero wrote:
Good job. I was in error about Hannibal. However, the rest of those figures still have no contemporary references to them. Do you believe they existed?
Little Roller U...
Quote: I will list them.
Appeal to authority much?
Good night, funny man, and thanks for the laughter.
Little Roller Up First
Little Roller Up First wrote:
Actually no. I was responding to this
Kabane52 wrote: Little
You've listed the names of a bunch of people with PhDs who believe a historical* Jesus existed. Care to cite their proof that Jesus really lived, or is this just a listing of smart people who believe?
Also, let's say someone proved the existence of a Nazarene who went by the name Jesus. They'd have to prove he was divine, keeping in mind his existance in and of itself is insufficient - he may have been as ordinary as Brian of Nazareth.
If Jesus DID exist, but was an ordinary, non-divine man, then 3/4ths of the American population and roughly a third of the world population are little more than overzealous fanboys.
*American English FTW!!!1!one!
Both Josephus and Tacitus
Both Josephus and Tacitus mention Jesus. I have heard the objections to both. Go ahead and object.
Quote: Both Josephus and
Both Josephus and Tacitus mention Jesus.
So did I. What's your point?
I'm not even gonna go into detail about how neither were contemporaries of Jesus, there's no historical record of Herod's infanticide, etc.
Sure, neither were contemporaries. Is historical knowledge really lost that quickly? And none of the people that I listed in my first post had contemporary references (except for Hannibal, I made an error there. In fact, most of those Jewish teachers are not referenced until the Talmud) Jesus was just a mythological creation, then after a few decades everyone forgets? And the historians forget too?
As for the infanticide, Bethlehem was probably a very small village, and probably had very few infants, as in four or so. Herod was already known to be cruel, and a small killing as this would not turn the heads of everyone.
Posted on: October 2, 2007 - 12:09am #22
Rook_Hawkins
Please site where we said this? I recall several comments made here where we said that contemporary evidence is not required. However almost all of these figures can be said to be myth. Buddha, Confucius, Hillel, etc...are probably just literary inventions.
So you really think there is no contemporary evidence for Hannibal?
Atheist Books, purchases on Amazon support the Rational Response Squad server, which houses Celebrity Atheists. Books by Rook Hawkins (Thomas Verenna)
Kabane52 wrote: I will
Good. Are you ready to take the second step?
Do you have any instance where they said as much (about a belief in a historical Jesus)? Or did you just pull names from a list?
Pull from the Ph.D's please - I know the holders of Theology, Divinity and Ministry degrees believe in the history and the divinity of Jesus - they wouldn't have gotten them otherwise.
I'll warn you now - I'll check them out.
Members of the Jesus
Members of the Jesus Seminar. The Jesus Seminar is about reconstructing a historical Jesus. Unless people believe in a historical Jesus, then they are not going to try to reconstruct him. Do you really think scholars are split on the historicity of Jesus?
All these Jewish teachers
All these Jewish teachers are mentioned first in the Talmud. As for Hannibal, I corrected myself on that one later in the thread. Are you denying the historicity of these figures? Correct me if I am wrong, but that is how I interpreted your comment.
Kabane52 wrote: Sure,
Sure, neither were contemporaries. Is historical knowledge really lost that quickly?
The historical knowlede has to exist in the first place before it can become 'lost.' If Jesus existed, and was as popular as the bible says (people coming from far and wide to hear him preach, turning water into wine, healing the sick and crippled, etc. ) there should be SOME contemporary writings about him. The fact that nobody who ever wrote about him was even BORN until after he was (supposedly) nailed to some wood and basically turned into jerky "for our sins" is telling.
There should, at minimum, be a firsthand account of the crucifiction by Longinus - y'know, THE GUY WHO IMPALED JESUS WITH A SPEAR.
There would be a written account of him giving the order in the first place, regardless of whether people would have looked twice at such an act. I wonder why no such record exists? Could it be that Herod never gave the order?
Kabane52 wrote: Members of
I just want to make sure you're not just name dropping.
Personally, I believe there were probably hundreds of Yeshuas and more than a few probably claimed to be Messiah.
Is there a Jesus/Yeshua who did the things claimed in the Bible? Can't see it.
el.kundo
Kabane52 wrote: Fine. Let
Fine. Let us just accept that if Jesus existed, he had to be divine.
Why? Can't you see that even if he existed, he rather was just one of the many spiritual leaders of that time, that made it to being glorified so much, that some people began calling him son of god? Even if there was evidence of his existence, that doesn't mean at all that he was devine.
"And the only people I fear are those who never have doubts."
Billy Joel, 1993
And God spoke: You can stand under my umberella -ella -ella -eh -eh -eh ...
Kabane, the Jesus Seminar
Kabane, the Jesus Seminar was only 200 scholars, all of them had different ideas on the nature of Jesus. Robert M. Price and Frank Zindler were also part of the Seminar and they did not think Jesus existed. Others as well participated. Claiming, as you falsely do, that scholarship is certain of his existence, only makes you look foolish. Every word that comes out of your mouth is ridiculous.
jcgadfly wrote: I just want
jcgadfly wrote:
My guess is it isn't just name droppong - it's name dropping AND listing alot of names.
It's the Arguement to Authority and the Arguement to Popularity at the same time:
"Look at ALL these SMART people who believe in JESUS! Their (sic) can only be ONE reason for this! The reason is that JESUS died on the cross for our SINS! Why would SO MANY SMART people believe this if it wasn't true? ALL those SMART people say JESUS lived because He lived!"
I'm pretty sure the above paragraph sums up Kabane's post.
el.kundo wrote: Kabane52
el.kundo wrote:
Arrgghhhh!!! Earlier someone said that if I defend the historicity of Jesus, then whether he was divine is the same issue. You are saying the opposite. What do you want me to say?
Didn't I tell you why I was
Didn't I tell you why I was listing scholars? I listed them because someone wanted me to list the names. Okay?
Longinus is a product of legend. He is first recorded in the apocryphal Acts of Pilate. As for Herod, uh, since when does he record all his own little orders, even the ones that cast him in a poor light?
Rook_Hawkins wrote: Kabane,
Rook_Hawkins wrote:
Notice how I omitted Price's and Zindler's names? It is consensus that he existed. Could you please provide the statistics which demonstrate that historians are split as you say on the issue?
Kabane52 wrote: As for
As for Herod, uh, since when does he record all his own little orders, even the ones that cast him in a poor light?
He had to transmit the order to his subordinates by some means; and when his lackeys went around killing babies, they would have needed something proving that they were acting on the behalf of the governor.
I don't know whether or not Herod himself was the person who put pen to paper when giving orders. However, somebody had to have written it down. Thats what leaders of countries (and divisions thereof - states, provinces, prefectures, etc. ) do - their actions are usually recorded for posterity.
As for Longinus, I grant you it was only legend. But:
What about Pontius Pilate? He gave the order to execute Jesus. Why is there no record of this? This order is not the only one he ever gave durin his tenure as governor.
If you accept that the story of Longinus impaling Jesus while the latter was on the cross is only a legend, would you consider the possibility that the entire crucifiction story is legend?
Okay, so even if this action was recorded, what leads you to believe that it would have been preserved? This isn't something meant to be read by a lot of people. It would not have been copied. There would be no reason for anybody to preserve it until Christianity got popular, which is over fifty years later.
1. They did not record crucifixion orders. Give me ONE example from within that time period where they did.
2. Perhaps because Acts of Pilate was recorded over a hundred years after the events, while the Gospels were recorded 30-40 years afterwards? And the crucifixion of Jesus is multiply attested in secular sources.
Kabane52 wrote: Didn't I
And then I asked you to cite examples where these people say what you claim (to show that you weren't just pulling names from lists).
You going to take that nest step?
Kabane52 wrote: Okay, so
Why WOULDN'T they preserve it? They preserved other records of Herod, including the fact that he was a governor. And the order WAS meant to be read - by the people who would carry out the order.
If they did not give crucifiction orders, how would they know which means of execution to use on the condemned? According to wiki, it was considered the worst way to die, reserved exclusively for the worst criminals.
Why weren't the gospels recorded during Jesus' lifetime? Or even within 5-10 years after his death? Why did they wait 30 years to begin writing about him?
These 'secular sources' you mention - when were they written, and by whom?
1. Uh, this is a little
1. Uh, this is a little order which you say was recorded and given to those carrying out the order. Why would they preserve their little papyrus sheet that said that?
2. They gave oral orders, not written orders. I will repeat my challenge once more. Please cite just one instance of a written crucifixion order from around that time.
3. Because it was common knowledge. All Christians knew what he said. It was later, when the original church began to die out, that the Gospels were written.
Here are two secular sources-
Josephus and Tacitus, both known among historians to be VERY reliable.
Should anyone really rely
Should anyone really rely on Josephus for anything. Somehow this guy is the only survivor of Masad. He convinces the Romans that he is a good guy and writes some seriously biased works based on who was feeding him at the time.
I think this is the equivalent of using a quote from Bill O'Reilly as a modern proof of some subject. That guy would shove his who head up Bush's ass if requested. Josephus was much the same, per his writings.
irrespective
Nero.....(sigh)....while I
Nero.....(sigh)....while I agree with your basic point--Josephus is biased--I must correct you on a few things.
a. Josephus was not a survivor of Masada, although he was a general in the Israeli army and did abandon his army when he knew all was lost.
b. Bill O'Reilly is so not a supporter of Bush. He is quite critical of Bush on a daily basis. A better choice would be Sean Hannity or Rush Limbaugh.
irrespective wrote:
First, thank you for the lesson in right-wing assholes. I get them confused because they all spew bullshit and do a fair amount of lying.
*sighs* *drums fingers* *performs other snotty signals that he finds the conversation as pedestrian as Irrespective did* As for Josephus, he places himself in the fortress when it is taken. He writes that he knows precisely what happened in the last hours before the Romans came through the gates. He does not mention other survivors. So, he is either lying about the knowledge of those final hours, or he was there. Either way, he is not a great source of information.
I agree that Josephus must
I agree that Josephus must be used with caution...certainly not as absolute truth about that period.
irrespective wrote: I agree
Okay, but was Josephus a Christian? No. No motivation to write about Jesus if he never existed. (I do accept that the Testimonium does have SOME interpolations)
1. Once again, I ask you
1. Once again, I ask you why they would not preserve this sort of thing. They preserved the details of Julius Caesar's assassination, the laws passed by antient Egyptians, and so on. Historians of any given era tend to preserve as much as possible for future generations.
2. Okay. I'll admit you kinda got me there. I cannot find any examples of crucifixion orders. However, if you read the link I posted (here it is again) you'll notice there are references to firsthand accounts of crucifixions - including Josephus.
Lots of firsthand testimony of poeple watching other people getting crucified, but one such execution remains conspicuous by its lack of such accounts.
3. You're saying nobody wrote down a single thing about Jesus until at least 50 years after he died, if not as much as 300 years. It's as if we were reading an article written in 1867 about George Washington's twin brother Raoul, and this article is the oldest account anyone has about Raoul Washington.
No contemporary accounts, not even a description of what Raoul looked like, just stuff written by "historians" about a guy who lived in a real place during real important period of history. Would you believe it was Raoul, not George, who was the delegate from Virginia at the signing of the Constitution, even if the first account of this was written in 1993?
I hardly think that a non-Christian writing about Jesus constitutes proof that he existed. If it did, then the very fact of the Minnesota Vikings' existence proves the Norse gods exist(ed) .
1. Okay firsthand accounts of crucifixions. Sure, some people have them, but by no means all. We do have firsthand accounts of the resurrection however.
2. Julias Caesar was huge. He was known about everywhere. OF COURSE his death account. The Egyptian Laws applied to huge amounts of people. OF COURSE they preserved those. But Herod? Okay, it was a piece of papyrus, given to a couple men who killed three to four infants. Those men WERE NOT historians. Their purpose was not to preserve history. It was to do what Herod said. It is your job to prove HOW and WHY this event would be preserved outside of one source (Luke)
3. Jesus lived thirty three years, and was only ministering for three of them. The first thirty years of his life, he was a nobody. The next three, he was somebody, but by no means extraordinarily popular. This leaves an extremely short period of time for contemporary references. Once Jesus began to become better-known, secular scholars recorded him.
You have to refute my original point, where I listed figures that are accepted as historical, yet have no contemporary references. In fact, the first reference we have of them is over a century later.
Kabane52 wrote: 1. Okay
Really? What firsthand account of this part of the bible do you have?
You do know that using the bible to prove the bible is circular reasoning, right?
HOW - By not destroying the original document with the orders to kill the babies, by making more than one copy 'just in case,' etc.
WHY - Something called "independent verification." How do you prove that the infanticide mentioned in one source (Luke) happened if all you have is that one source?
How do you go about proving that that one particular bible story is true without using the bible?
Once again, there was plenty of opportunity for the people who crucified him to write SOMETHING about it. Surely there's a reason for their collective silence about something that important?
And your arguement that Jesus wasn't that popular is self-refuting if you're trying to prove that his life story, as told by the bible, is true. The bible says people came from far and wide to hear him preach.
It's an asociation fallacy. Your premise is that Budda and Kong-Fuzu existed, despite a lack of firsthand accounts; your conclusion is that Jesus, for whom there exists no firsthand accounts, existed.
Let me clarify a little. You're assuming that those historical fiures are members of {Real People} despite not being members of {People For Whom Contemporary Accounts Exist} ; therefore Jesus, who is also not in the second set, belongs in the first.
Raoul Washington is also also not in the second set. Shall we add him to the first?
Posted on: October 21, 2007 - 4:20am #48
Apotheon
Kabane, you are exactly
Kabane, you are exactly right. There are even more ancient persons who did not have contemporary writers, but are nevertheless accepted as historical. You only listed a few. Historian Edwin Yamauichi stated that there is more evidence that Jesus existed, then there is for the founder of any other religion => Jesus Under Fire, by Moreland, chapter 7.
LUKE was an historian, and he was a contemporary of Christ, and he wrote the book of ACTS and a Gospel -- THE GOSPEL OF LUKE. I believe this website is offering money to anyone who can prove Jesus had a contemporary writer. I will now prove Luke was a contemporary writer. I would argue that all the apostles were contemporaries, but I will only argue for Luke right now.
If ACTS was written before A.D. 70, while the eyewitnesses were still alive, then it has great historical value in informing us of the earliest Christian beliefs. What is more, if Acts was written by Luke, the companion of the Apostle Paul, it is placed in the apostolic circle of the earliest disciples of Jesus. ACTS was written in 62 A.D. Jesus died in 33 A.D. The historian Luke records in ACTS the miracles (2:22), death (2:23), resurrection (2:24, 29-32), and ascension of Christ (1:9-10). Further, if Luke wrote ACTS, which he did, then his "former treatise" (1:1), the Gospel of Luke, should be extended the same credibility manifested in the Book of ACTS.
Roman historian Colin Hemer, numbers 17 reasons for accepting the traditional early date of Acts (during the lifetime of contemporaries of the events). These reasons strongly support the historicity of ACTS and, indirectly, the historicity of the Gospel of Luke (cf. Luke 1:1-4 and Acts 1:1).
The first five of Hemer's arguments are sufficient to show that ACTS was penned by A.D. 62.
1. There is no mention in ACTS of the crucial historical event of the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, which places ACTS before the event.
2. There is no hint of the outbreak of the Jewish war in 66 or of any serious or specific deterioration of relations between Romans and Jews, which implies ACTS was written before that time.
3. There is no hint of the more immediate deterioration of Christian relations with Rome involved in the Neronian persecution of the late 60's.
4. There is no hint of the death of James at the hands of the Sanhedrin in 62, recorded by Josephus (Antiquities, 20.9.1.200).
5. Since the Apostle Paul was still alive (Acts 28), it must have been written before his death (A.D. 65).
1. Primitive formulation of Christian terminology is used in ACTS, which reflects an earlier period ( Harnack lists a number of Christological titles: Iesous [Jesus] and ho kurios [ the Lord] are often, whereas ho Christos always designates "the Messiah," and not a proper name, and Christos is otherwise used only in formal combinations).
2. Rackham points to the optimistic tone of ACTS, which would not have been there is Judaism had been destroyed and Christians martyred in the Neronian persecutions of the late 60's.
3. The abrupt ending of the Book of ACTS is a factor. If Paul had died by then, for example, that would have been mentioned (2Tim. 4:6-8).
4. The "immediacy" of ACTS 27-28 comes into play.
5. The prevelence of insignificat details of cultural milieu of an early, even Julio-Claudian, date, shows evidence.
6. There are areas of controversy in ACTS that presuppose the relevance of an early Jewish setting while the Temple was still standing (see The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History, 378-87).
Any book like ACTS that was written after the death of Paul (A.D. 65) or the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) would surely have mentioned these momentous events.
Based on the above facts, we see that ACTS was written by Luke, a contemporary of Christ, before 70 A.D. Luke also wrote the Gospel of Luke. He was a first-rate historian.
Mail me and I will give you my address so you can send me the check, for proving Christ had a contemporary writer and evidence. Thank you
The more I study nature, the more I stand amazed at the work of the Creator -- Louis Pasteur
By the way, SYSTEMATIC
By the way, SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY (four volumes) and THE BAKER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHRISTIAN APOLOGETICS, both by Norman Geisler, are extremely recommened studies and complete refutations of all the arguments ever hurled against Christianity by atheists. I highly recommend them. They deal with every conceivable objection to Christianity, and completely demolish all atheistitic arguments.
Posted on: October 21, 2007 - 2:05pm #50
Apotheon wrote: By the
Apotheon wrote:
And all you have to do is read them under the preconception that they deal with every concievable objection to Christianity and completely demolish all atheistic arguments.
then the magic will work for you too.


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If you have an interest in how the club operates, and you have some time to devote, new blood can be a good thing. Send me a PM if you are interested in one of these positions and I can get you nominated or help answer any questions.
As for me, it has been my pleasure to serve as the RE for the past 4 years and it is time for someone new. I will throw my hat into the ring for Asst. RE so I can help get the new RE up to speed.
Was going to try to make this one, but gonna try to vote in that other election.
I done voted in the other election early a couple of times. I will be at Sam n Andy's.


I made more then one of these, I made one for my little sister and one for myself.
They are one of the easiest t shirts that you can make and they look great.
cut that into 3 strands and plait it.
Nice job! I have so many old t-shirts that could use a makeover, maybe I'll try this out!


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At the 2011 annual meeting of the American Bar Association in Toronto, James A. Henderson Jr. was given the Robert B. McKay Law Professor Award, which recognizes lawyers committed to the advancement of justice and scholarship in the fields of tort and insurance law. Henderson, who has been the Frank B. Ingersoll Professor of Law since 1984, has testified numerous times before congressional committees and is currently a special master in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.
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"I met Bob McKay when I first started teaching, back in the Sixties," says Henderson. "I attended a seminar that he directed for new law professors, and I found him to be very kind, thoughtful, and supportive. The last thing he said to me was that he expected our paths to cross again one day, but I never dreamed it would happen like this, with an award in his name."


What an event in Jonava! Last Sunday Jurate Kazickas joined more than 300 boys and girls from 16 different towns and villages of Lithuania to celebrate YOUTH CAN accomplishments halfway through the season at the brand new Jonava sports arena.
Huge Thank You goes out to Jonava sports arena, Jonava culture center, Jonava district municipality, Kauno Grūdai, and to all who have contributed and helped to make this event happen.