text:
Q: Database Error: Duplicate Entry The Error:

A Database Error Occurred
  Error Number: 1062 Duplicate entry '0' for key 1

INSERT INTO `CCI_Faculty`
  (`Username`, `Password`, `LastName`, `FirstName`, `Title`, `Phone`, `Email`, `Office`, `Department`, `Biography`, `Website`, `CV`)
VALUES
  ('terry12', 'feba90aa365c150fccecca6dc8024696', 'stewart', 'carl', 'dean', '778-990-0002', 'dea09@cci.edu', 'UCB771', 'IT', ' ', '', '')

My Code:
<?php
    class CCI extends Controller {

function CCI()
{
    parent::Controller();
}

function index()
{

        $this->load->helper('url');
        $this->load->view('Users/login');

}

function register()
{

        $this->load->helper('url');
        $this->load->view('Registration/Register_Main');
}

function cci_users()
{
    $this->load->helper(array('form','url'));

    $this->load->library('form_validation');

    if(isset($_POST['username'])&& isset($_POST['password'])&&
                    isset($_POST['last_name'])&& isset($_POST['first_name'])&&
                    isset($_POST['title'])&& isset($_POST['number'])&&
                    isset($_POST['office'])&& isset($_POST['department']));

    $this->form_validation->set_rules('username','Your Username',
                    'required|alpha_numeric|min_length[6]|max_length[44]');
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('password','Your Password',
                    'required|alpha_numeric|min_length[12]|max_length[24]');

    $this->form_validation->set_rules('last_name','Last Name',
                    'required|alpha_numeric');
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('first_name','First Name',
                    'required|alpha_numeric');

    $this->form_validation->set_rules('title','Job Title',
                    'required|alpha_numeric');
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('number',' Phone',
                    'required');

    $this->form_validation->set_rules('office',' Office',
                    'required');
    $this->form_validation->set_rules('department',' Department',
                    'required');

    if ($this->form_validation->run() === TRUE)
        {
            $this->load->model('CCI_Employee');

            $data['rows'] = $this->CCI_Employee->cci_new_users($_POST['username'],
                            $_POST['password'],$_POST['last_name'],$_POST['first_name'],
                            $_POST['title'],$_POST['number'],$_POST['email'],
                            $_POST['office'],$_POST['department'],$_POST['bio'],
                            $_POST['website'],$_POST['cv']);

            $this->load->view('profile', $data);

        }
        else

         $this->load->view('Registration/Register_Main');

}

function print_profile()
{
    $this->load->helper('url');

    $this->load->model('CCI_Employee');
    $data['rows'] = $this->data_model->cci_new_users();

    $this->load->view('profile', $data);
}
}

/* End of file cci.php */
/* Location: ./system/application/controllers/cci.php */

Other Page:
<?php
class CCI_Employee extends Model {

function CCI_Employee()
{
 parent::Model();

 $this->load->database();
}

function validate_users($username, $password)
{

    $password = md5($password);

    $search_login =
    $this->db->get_where('CCI_Faculty', array('Username'=> $username));

    if($search_login->num_rows() > 0)
    {
        if($password == $search_login->row()->password)
         return TRUE;

        else

         return FALSE;
    }
    else

        return FALSE;

}

function cci_new_users($username, $password, $last_name, $first_name, $title,
                                                $number, $email, $office, $department, $bio, $website,
                                                $cv)
{
        $username = $this->input->post('username');
        $password = md5($this->input->post('password'));
        $last_name = $this->input->post('first_name');
        $first_name = $this->input->post('last_name');
        $title = $this->input->post('title');
        $number = $this->input->post('number');
        $email = $this->input->post('email');
        $office = $this->input->post('office');
        $department = $this->input->post('department');
        $bio = $this->input->post('bio');
        $website = $this->input->post('website');
        $cv = $this->input->post('cv');

    $insert = $this->db->insert('CCI_Faculty', array('Username' => $username,
            'Password' => $password, 'LastName' => $last_name,
            'FirstName' => $first_name, 'Title' => $title, 'Phone' => $number,
            'Email' => $email, 'Office' => $office, 'Department' => $department,
            'Biography'=> $bio, 'Website' => $website, 'CV' => $cv));

            $this->db->select('FirstName, LastName, Title, Phone, Email, Office,
                                                 Department, Biography, Website, CV');

            $check_insert = $this->db->get('CCI_Faculty');

            return insert;

        if($check_insert->num_rows() > 0)
        {
         foreach ($check_insert->result()as $row)
         {
             $data[] = $row;
         }
         return $data;
        }
}

/** $user_info = "SELECT LastName, FirstaName, Department, Phone, Email, Office
                                FROM CCI_Faculty WHERE LastName = ? AND FirstName = ? AND
                                Department = ? AND Phone = ? AND Email = ? AND Office = ?";
    $retrieve = $this->db->query($user_info, $new_users('last_name','first_name',
                            'department','number','website','office' ));

    if($retrieve->num_rows() > 0)
    {
        foreach ($retrieve->result() as $row)
        {
            $data[] = $row;
        }
        return $data;
    } */
}
?>

A: It seems your primary key column is not auto-incrementing. So your first record has a 0 in there. Your new record doesn't specify a value for the primary key so you're inserting a duplicate primary key of 0. Paste the structure of the table here please.

A: I had similar error when I only posted path without file name to mysql, once I posted the full path and file name together it got rid of the error.

A: Try to:
REPAIR TABLE <TABLE_NAME>;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
New Homes in CoVA
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Upon receipt of the information above Inman HomeServices will act expeditiously to remove or disable access to the offending material, but may need additional information to fully address the DMCA notice that you have provided to us and before removing any of the offending material. Your contact information given in the notice requested may be provided to the alleged infringing party if it is not Inman HomeServices so an appropriate proper response can be sent.
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* The alleged infringing party may be someone other than Inman HomeServices.
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text:
Transforming health:
7th December, 2018 at the Royal College of Physicians London
Updates on clinical practice from lung disease to stroke, hypertension, liver disease, functional neurological disorders, safer prescribing and personalised medicine.
Approved (code 121386) by the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom for 6 category 1 (external) CPD credits.
Register now for the FPM's centenary conference at thefpm.org.uk/fpm-at-100
Registration: Standard £75 (£50 for trainees) PMJ or HPT authors £50 (£30 for trainees)
1. Marking the centenary of the Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine
Professor Donald Singer1, Professor Bernard Cheung2,3 and Associate Professor Ken Redekop4,5
1President, Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine, London, UK; 2Editor-in-Chief, Postgraduate Medical Journal and 3University of Hong Kong; 4Editor-in-Chief, Health Policy and Technology and 5Erasmus University, The Netherlands.
The Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine (FPM) is a British non-profit organisation that was founded after the First World War, with as its first president pioneering clinician and medical educator Sir William Osler, the Oxford Regius Professor of Medicine. The FPM supported the development in London of postgraduate educational programmes in all branches of medicine. The FPM today continues its interest in supporting national and international postgraduate medical education through its two international journals the Postgraduate Medical Journal (founded in 1925) and Health Policy and Technology (founded in 2012) and by organizing conferences and workshops. Ways in which the FPM is marking its anniversary include hosting a session at the May 2018 Hong Kong Medical Forum, a Centenary Conference on the 7th December 2018 at the Royal College of Physicians in London, providing updates on excellence in clinical practice, introduction of a new Associate Member category for the FPM, and the launch of new international awards for excellence in medical writing by doctors in social media [1].
The Postgraduate Medical Journal (PMJ) is a monthly journal with a global reach and is widely read online, with nearly 2 million page views in 2017 from North America, Europe and Asia and the most frequent recent articles coming from the UK, USA, China and India. The PMJ aims to support junior doctors and their teachers and contribute to the continuing professional development of all doctors by publishing papers on a wide range of topics relevant to the practising clinician and teacher. In 2017, the journal received 666 manuscripts with an acceptance rate of 20%. With increasing readership and quality of its articles, the journal's impact factor was 2.078 in 2017, exceeding 2 for the first time. The PMJ will be publishing articles on updates in clinical medicine from the December 2018 FPM centenary symposium at the Royal College of Physicians in London. The PMJ will also have a special issue in 2019 on Sir William Osler, founding President of the FPM. In addition the PMJ will publish papers from other FPM meetings, including the FPM-PMJ session and other sessions at the 2018 Hong Kong Medical Forum, which provides clinical updates for around 2,500 physicians in the South East Asia Region, and also publish papers from future FPM meetings, including 2019 conferences planned on neuropsychiatry and on vascular disease.
Health Policy and Technology (HPT) is a new quarterly journal, focusing on development and implementation of health policy and the role of technology in clinical and non-clinical national and international health environments. HPT aims to educate and inform all stakeholders in health policy and technology, from researchers to clinicians, health economists, health policy leaders and experts in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors. There was a 34% increase to 117 manuscript submissions in 2017 over the previous year, with an acceptance rate of 38%. The journal's impact factor was 1.013 in 2017. As expected for an international journal, articles published in HPT in 2017 came from a wide range of countries from around the world: Austria, Canada, China, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, the Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Pending theme issues for HPT will consider the impact of Brexit on health care, progress on heart health policy, including papers from a recent FPM symposium on health policy for preventing heart disease, and special issues on Big Data for health and on interoperability.
The new Associate Member category for the FPM will be open to doctors in established postgraduate training posts, to senior doctors in established posts and to other experts who are interested in postgraduate medicine. The FPM will shortly launch new international awards to recognise best social media writing on medical themes. Articles should aim to increase understanding by the public and health professionals of important health-related issues. Up to 5 awards will initially be made – one for each major geographical region: the Americas; Europe; Africa; South Asia; South East Asia and Australia/New Zealand. Winning writers will have the opportunity to publish their award-winning article in HPT or the PMJ. The FPM has in recent years been a major supporter of the the medical humanities initiative, the Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine [2], which has attracted interest from over 70 countries, with recent awards presented in the UK, at Harvard Medical School and in Chicago, and the 10th annual awards due to be presented at the Centre for Life in Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Singer DR Marking the centenary of the Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2018; doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-136150
Website for the Hippocrates Initiative: hippocrates-poetry.org
2. Prescribing Challenges in Modern Practice
Jamie J Coleman MBChB, MD, MA (Med Ed), FRCP, FBPhS, FFPM(Hon)
Professor of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Education
University of Birmingham, UK.
Prescribing is the most common patient-level intervention within healthcare. The growth in number of licensed medicinal products over the last century through an "age of excitement" in clinical pharmacological and pharmaceutical research means that prescribing is an increasingly complex task. The complexity is increased further by increasing multimorbidity in an ageing population, which can lead to potentially inappropriate polypharmacy.
Providing medication without harm is a challenge to modern society and the World Health Organisation has set a challenge to reduce medication-related harm by 50% globally by 2022 [1]. A key aim in the UK is to provide support to all prescribers to reduce prescribing errors through a variety of interventions including education and training, interprofessional communication and support, and digital technologies (incorporating clinical decision support).
Comprehensive therapeutic care involves the assessment of the utilization, quality, clinical appropriateness and ongoing cost of prescribed medications. An important skill of the modern prescriber is knowing when not to prescribe or indeed withdrawing inappropriate medication under supervision, with the goal of managing inappropriate polypharmacy and improving outcomes: the process of 'Deprescribing' [2].
Modern practice requires prescribers to be able to provide holistic therapeutic care in a patient-centred approach. This can be challenging when patients are receiving care from a variety of specialists. The prescribing itself may be devolved to other colleagues (junior doctors or family practitioners) from the original decision maker. Communication and collaboration between healthcare practitioners and patients is essential if important pharmaceutical care guidance is followed according to best practice.
World Health Organisation (2017). Medication Without Harm: WHO's Third Global Patient Safety Challenge Available at: http://www.who.int/patientsafety/medication-safety/en/ (accessed 20/05/2018).
Reeve E, Thompson W, Farrell B. Deprescribing: a narrative review of the evidence and practical recommendations for recognizing opportunities and taking action. Eur J Intern Med. 2017 Mar;38:3-11.
3. What to do about difficult hypertension?
Professor Una Martin
University of Birmingham, UK
Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Resistant (or difficult) hypertension is thought to affect 1 in 6 patients with treated hypertension and carries an increased risk of death and cardiovascular disease. It is generally defined as uncontrolled clinic blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) after treatment with three or more antihypertensives to include optimal doses of an ACE inhibitor (or an angiotensin receptor blocker), a calcium channel blocker and a diuretic. There are some factors that must be taken into account before a diagnosis of resistant hypertension can be made. "Pseudo-resistant" hypertension can be caused by poor clinic blood pressure measurement technique, patient non-adherence to prescribed medication, patient intolerance to certain anti-hypertensive medications and white coat hypertension (where blood pressure appears high in the clinic but is controlled out-of-the-office on home or ambulatory measurements).
Pharmacological treatment of resistant hypertension is focused on the addition of fourth-line therapy and recent evidence supports the use of spironolactone. Lifestyle should be reviewed and patients encouraged to exercise regularly and lose weight, reduce their alcohol and sodium consumption and stop smoking. In patients who remain uncontrolled on optimal treatment, there are a number of alternative treatment options and surgical procedures which can be considered. However, the evidence supporting each of these is limited and in some cases, conflicting and therefore more prospective randomised controlled trials are required before any can be adopted into routine clinical practice.
4. Diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Professor CD Byrne
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic liver disease that includes a spectrum of liver disease extending from simple steatosis or non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is also a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. Patients with NASH may or may not have liver fibrosis, but the presence of advanced liver fibrosis not only increases the risk of cirrhosis and end stage liver disease but also markedly increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
The 'gold standard' diagnostic test for NAFLD is the liver biopsy but there are now a variety of non-invasive tests that can be used to diagnose and monitor the various stages of NAFLD and whilst none of these tests are perfect, each have their strengths and limitations that influences how they should be used in clinical practice.
The early stages of NAFLD, i.e. liver fat and inflammation (steatohepatitis) respond to lifestyle changes such as weight loss and increases in physical activity that are also important components of T2DM management; and the available evidence supports the importance of lifestyle change in people with NAFLD. However, such change is notoriously difficult to achieve, so safe and effective treatments are also required to prevent and treat NAFLD. The presentation will discuss the diagnosis and management of NAFLD, including key points of management from the recent UK NICE NAFLD Guidelines (ng49), Joint Societies European Guidelines and US Guidelines.
5. Therapy for asthma and COPD
Professor Peter J Barnes FRS FMedSci
National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
A hundred years ago the main treatments for obstructive lung disease were adrenal gland extracts, herbally-derived sympathomimetic ephedrine and anticholinergics, such as atropine. There have been extraordinary advancers in the pharmacological therapy of asthma and COPD, yet the major classes of therapy we use today are based on these original therapies – long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) derived from adrenaline and muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMA) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) developed from the adrenal cortex hormone cortisol. Triple fixed-dose inhalers containing all 3 drugs have now been developed and are convenient for some patients. In asthma, by far the greatest advance has been the introduction of ICS for control of the underlying eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. Although ICS are effective in most patients, there is often very poor adherence as symptoms are intermittent. In a new strategy, instead of a short-acting β2-agonist, such as salbutamol, patients use a reliever inhaler containing a rapidly-acting LABA formoterol combined with an ICS. This provides much better control of asthma and is a simple strategy for most patients. At the other end of the spectrum, patients with eosinophilic severe asthma not controlled on conventional therapies may now be controlled with biologics, which include antibodies against immunoglobulin-E, interleukin-5 and interleukin-4 receptor. In COPD the mainstay of treatment is LABA and LAMA, often as a combination inhaler, whereas ICS are only effective in a proportion of patients that also have eosinophilic inflammation. New safe anti-inflammatory treatments are needed to prevent the progression and exacerbations of COPD.
6. Poetry, medicine and the Hippocrates Prize
Professor Michael Hulse1 and Professor Donald Singer2
Department of English and Comparative Literary Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; 2Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine, London, UK.
Why should health professionals be interested in poetry? Patients and their families and carers are accustomed to the use of music and painting in therapy and recent years have seen remarkable growth in the use of poetry for therapeutic purposes. Poetry now features in the curriculum for training health professionals, including doctors, nurses and midwives, in many academic centres in Europe, North America and other continents.
The concept is not new. Poetry was used to treat abnormal mood by the Greek doctor Soranus two thousand years ago [1]. Renewed interest in poetry as therapy during the 20th-century has inspired a growing body of poetry written about serious medical disorders, including psychiatric problems, HIV/AIDS and cancers [1].
For almost a decade the Hippocrates Initiative has been exploring the relations between the disciplines of poetry and medicine, both through scholarly inquiry at its annual international symposium and creatively through the Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine, which over the years has attracted entries from some seventy countries worldwide. During this session on poetry and medicine, we shall hear readings from the Hippcrates Prize by previous winners Jane Draycott and Wendy French.
We take great pleasure in acknowledging the generous sponsorship of the UK's Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine (for the health professional and open categories of the Hippocrates Prize) and of UK healthy heart charity the Cardiovascular Research Trust (for the young poets' award). Judges have included eminent poets such as Jorie Graham, Gwyneth Lewis, Philip Gross, Jo Shapcott and the late Dannie Abse, leading figures from the medical profession such as Professor Sir Bruce Keogh, Professor Steve Field, Dr. Owen Lewis and Professor Femi Oyebode, and prominent people from public life, among them James Naughtie, Robert Francis QC, Martha Kearney, Neal Baer and Mark Lawson.
There were entries from thirty-seven countries on five continents for this year's prizes in the open category, the health professional category, and the young poets category. These awards were announced on 11 May at the Poetry Foundation in Chicago following the Hippocrates international symposium on poetry and medicine, hosted this year by the Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine.
The 10th annual Hippocrates prizes will be awarded on 17th May 2019 at the Centre for Life in Newcastle, with American-Mexican poet and PEN international President Jennifer Clement judging the international Open and Health Professional awards (closing date 14th February 2019) and New Zealand poet Elizabeth Smither judging the young poet awards (closing date 1st March 2019). To find out more about the Hippocrates Prize, Hippocrates Press publications, and the Hippocrates Society, please visit www.hippocrates-poetry.org.
1. Singer DRJ, Hulse MW. Poetry, medicine, and the 2018 International Hippocrates Prize. Lancet. 2010 Mar 20;375(9719):976-7.
7. New approaches for old diseases: what to do about malaria?
Professor Sanjeev Krishna FMedSci
St George's University of London, UK
Disease and deaths caused by malaria have fallen significantly in the past few years. These successes rely on many interventions such as better diagnosis, the use of insecticide impregnated bed nets and artemisinin combination therapies. There is also hope that vaccines can be improved to assist in elimination programmes that have been so successful in many countries.
Gains against malaria remain fragile because effective interventions can fail quickly. Mosquitoes can be selected for resistance to insecticides, and parasites escape from artemisinin combination treatments. Vulnerable populations such as pregnant women still only have a limited repertoire of preventative strategies available. Whilst malaria caused by conventional species is as old as the hills, zoonotic parasites that infect humans in particular geographic areas are emergent infections.
Some of these risks of increasing malaria burdens can be mitigated by recent advances. The need for more sensitive diagnostic tests in the era of elimination is being addressed, together with newer methods to monitor molecular markers for drug resistance. New drug classes are being discovered, and there are many vaccine candidates in different stages of clinical development. Together with these innovations and increasing resources to manage malaria, there is also greater scope for applying existing antimalarials more effectively.
8. Ageing and multi-morbidity
Professor Thomas B L Kirkwood
Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, UK
A growing fraction of the population is living to advanced old age, bringing increased prevalence of a wide range of age-related chronic diseases. Age is much the largest risk factor for a whole spectrum of different diseases, dwarfing the contributions from genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors. Furthermore, the fact that so many conditions share ageing as their dominant risk factor means that very old people commonly exhibit extensive multi-morbidity. In terms of underlying mechanisms, we now know that ageing itself is not programmed. On the contrary, our bodies are programmed for survival, but evolutionary considerations mean that there was never reason to invest in the potential for indefinite survival. Consequently, we now understand that ageing is driven by the lifelong accumulation of damage in our cells and organs, and the same is true of age-related, chronic diseases. Thus, there is a huge overlap. Recognition of this common ground between intrinsic ageing and the underlying causes of age-related multi-morbidity offers intriguing opportunities to improve the trajectories of health across our lengthening lifespans.
9. Applying Personalised Medicine in Clinical Practice
Munir Pirmohamed
Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
Personalised or precision medicine represents the overall concept of how drugs can be better targeted to individuals or groups of individuals to improve efficacy of the treatment, and minimize any safety issues, thereby improving the benefit-risk profile of the therapy. In order to achieve this goal, many different technologies will need to be utilised which includes all the omics technologies, drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the use of wearable sensors, to name a few. While there has been a lot of emphasis on all omics technologies, genomics has had the greatest impact. Personalised or precision medicine approaches can be applied to chemical entities, cell therapies and nucleic acid-based therapies. For example, with respect to the latter, advances in gene therapy are beginning to produce real benefits in inherited diseases such as haemophilia, while antisense therapies are being utilised in a number of CNS conditions including spinal muscular atrophy and Huntington's disease. Targeted therapies developed on the basis of the identification of somatic driver mutations are now the norm rather than the exception in cancer medicine, with combinations of treatments including targeted and immune therapies promising tractable responses in previously untreatable malignancies. Pharmacogenomics is also gaining traction with different approaches being used including (a) developing or repurposing drugs on the basis of mutations in disease-causing genes; for example the use of ivacaftor in cystic fibrosis; (b) defining inter-individual variability in dose, for example with warfarin; and (c) in preventing serious adverse drug reactions; for example the use of HLA genotyping to prevent life-threatening adverse reactions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis. Pre-emptive genotyping approaches are also being used where genetic data is available at the point of prescribing, much like the availability of liver and renal function tests. It is important that future generations of healthcare professional are trained in the area of precision medicine, as the complexity of new drugs increases, the therapy choices available increase and our ability to delve deeper into making the right therapeutic choices for patients improves.
10. Functional neurological symptoms
Dr Tim Nicholson
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Medical School, London, UK
Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is at the complex interface of the body and mind and therefore also physical and mental health. It has been neglected by medicine so little is known about its mechanism or treatment. However, there have been recent critical developments, particularly establishing it is as common as Parkinson's or multiple sclerosis and associated with poor outcomes and consequently associated with very high rates of disability and both health and social care costs.
There have also been critical changes in its diagnosis. The historical requirement of identifying causative stressors has been removed as it is now clear that these are not found in a significant proportion of patients. Instead, there has been increased emphasis on identifying 'positive neurological signs' which allow its reliable distinction from other disorders. Such signs can also be explained to patients to help them to understand the basis of the diagnosis and how it can be caused by dysfunction of cognitive processes such as attention and illness representations, thereby increasing acceptance of a complex and stigmatised diagnosis. The widespread adoption of the acronym FND and therefore the term 'functional', an aetiologically neutral term, has also facilitated critical steps in uniting patients and clinicians.
FND patients regularly have current and/or past comorbid symptoms presenting to other specialities such as fibromyalgia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome, which can be viewed as related disorders with overlapping mechanisms. Insights from FND research are therefore well positioned to inform the broader field of functional disorders which account for approximately 30% of morbidity and costs across medicine.
11. Reducing the Severity of Stroke
Professor Anthony Rudd
Stroke Consultant at St Thomas' Hospital, London and Professor of Stroke Medicine, King's College London, UK. National Clinical Director for Stroke with NHS England; London Stroke Clinical Director; Chair, Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party.
100,000 people in the UK have a stroke and worldwide it is responsible for 15 million deaths every year. With the ageing population, it is predicted that mortality will rise by 45% over the next 20 years in Europe and there will be over 4.5 million stroke survivors. Only 30 years ago it was considered to be a largely untreatable disease. There was no evidence for any acute intervention and rehabilitation was sporadic and rarely available at all in the community. In fact, little had changed over the previous century since Osler had written that 'there was no possibility of a cure'. Huge advances have been made in reducing the severity of stroke. Being managed on a stroke unit compared to a general ward reduces the odds ratio of death or dependency by 21%. Intravenous thrombolysis does not save lives but overall greatly increases the chance of disability free survival. The last 3 years has seen publication of multiple trials of thrombectomy, all showing major benefits in reducing disability. Transferring patients from hospital to home early, continuing specialist rehabilitation and early supported discharge team are also more effective than conventional care at reducing the severity of stroke.
Delivering evidence based care to all patients regardless of where they live and when they have a stroke is challenging. Progress is being made with stroke being a priority area for the NHS, learning the lessons from the restructuring of stroke services in London and Manchester


text:
Current Issue >
The fourth issue of the James Joyce Online Notes contains thirty-one articles, each of which seeks to elucidate some aspect of the people, environment, language, and allusions which form the backdrop to Joyce's life and novels. Robert Janusko provides documentary evidence for three sources cited in Joyce's notebooks; Harald Beck identifies Joseph Patrick Nannetti's father (at variance here with the Dictionary of Irish Biography); John Simpson investigates the "Madams" of Lower Mecklenburgh Street in a "lupanarology" (Vincent Deane's word) which traces their progress through different addresses in Dublin over thirty years or so.
Other articles identify the real Emily Lyons, whose parting from Nora Barnacle in Galway Harbour in the mid 1890s is so evocatively described by Joyce in his notes to Exiles; the expression lying behind the name "Mrs Poll Ash"; and the doctor (though not Dr Freud) "who can tell us what those words mean". And speaking of bunions, we look at Lenehan and Lord Dundreary "married and settled".
Other features new to this issue include "keywords" added at the end of each article, by means of which readers can discover further articles on the same general topic: the keyword "American Civil War" at the article "Vengeance and the shores of Manhattan", for example, leads to four other articles referencing the Civil War in America. A new tab ("Joyce's Library") takes the reader to pages containing a list of the books that formed Joyce's library in Trieste, with links wherever possible to facsimiles of the texts themselves (often to the impression Joyce owned). Finally, the "Gifford Corrections" page has been restyled so that the notes appear in text order.
See the full Contents of this issue here.
Editors, JJON


When you happen to live close to the English seaside, you might well encounter a seagull at least five times a day. However, this summer the inhabitants of Folkestone in South East England came across a seagull they had never seen before: the gigantic plastic Mobile Gull Appreciation Unit by artist Mark Dion. This replica seagull rolls across the streets on wheels including a small library and a gull expert, whose mission is to promote the appreciation of this often unloved bird family. As well as being a community-orientated environmental project, this is a designated piece of art that formed part of the first Folkestone Triennial that took place this summer around the cliffs of the south-eastern English coast gazing over the sea to France.
Apart from the Triennial, Folkestone has at first sight not so much more to offer. The city went through many changes in the last decades and centuries. It was once the most glorious holiday destination in but then decline and loss marked the town's history. Now it is a quiet seaside town with a port, but no great ships, a beautiful coastline with many former Grand Hotels on its shore, that since the 1960s have been converted into homes for the retired.
The questions that come to mind are all concerned with the specific conditions of this place: Why should an art Triennial happen here? How would it be realized? And how would its success be measured?
To answer these questions requires telling "Tales of Time and Space", which is the title of the art triennial that the London-based curator Andrea Schlieker choose in order to bring 22 artists together that engage with the particularities of this town and area and their historical heritage. Amongst them are David Batchelor, Richard Wentworth and Adam Chodzko, Tacita Dean and Tracey Emin (whose own history started not far from here). What they encountered on their visits to Folkestone might have been similar to the variety of impressions that got to my mind during my visit: I assumed a very depressive, lonely and calm city, but instead of drowning in melancholic nostalgia, I soon realized what of a potential the contrasts of beauty and loss, the glorious past and the undesired future can offer for an engagement with art – its time and its space. This could well have inspired the artists to create a site-specific work that articulates those timely contrasts and spatial fragments of this place.
Mark Wallinger created Folk Stones for Folkestone near the road where the soldiers used to march before joining the boats that would take them to and Flanders: 19,240 numbered pebbles commemorate the men who lost their lives on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. A few steps down Christian Boltanski created the sound installation The Whispers that play a recording of voices reading letters to and from servicemen who passed through Folkestone in the First World War. Looking over the shore one might spot a fishing vessel, similar to one that Tacita Dean boarded to make her mute film Amadeus (swell consopio), featuring a dawn crossing from Boulogne to Folkestone.
The Triennial does not simply present art in the public realm, but suggests an engagement between the artworks and the public realm that appears as a circular and communicative relationship. And while the above described works advocate a nostalgic engagement with the public in citing historical particularities of the city, the interventions of Tracey Emin or Matthew Keys put forward a contemporary engagement with the city. The Marvelo Project is a joint venture between Kaffe Matthews and year 11 pupils from Folkestone Academy. They invite you to take a stroll around the city on a bike with speakers attached on it, from which a musical composition disrupts the silence of the city and brings in summer fun. Tracey Emin casted found items of baby clothing in Bronze that are located at sites throughout Folkestone: Baby Things makes reference to the high proportion of teenage pregnancy in Folkestone. As well as moving away from nostalgia, these projects avoid the usual "large scale-ness" of art in the public realm.
Inevitably, a comparison to "Skulptur Projekte Münster" comes to mind, an event of art in the public realm that takes place every 10 years in the Northwest of Germany and invites artists to intervene in the small city defined by the many students that bike around the city's university, but also by the Westfalian stubbornness of the locals who in the past heavily resisted the project. How the inhabitants of Folkestone will encounter this project is for sure one evident form of measurement for its success. But the question is not if the locals will like it or not: the Triennial might rather prove success when the inhabitants derive a form of inspiration from the various projects – inspiration and motivation to encounter the place they live in, and the times which are yet to come. By all means, this does not mean that art is being brought in on a rescue mission to Folkestone. Rather, it establishes an understanding of art in the public realm for which sensitivity to local history and social make-up have to be a prerequisite for any successful integration of this project into the particular shapes of this community. This includes allowing for ambiguity and ambivalence when it comes to the reception and the understanding of the works, which then might consist of telling 'Tales of Time and Space'.


1. Change the working directory to the decompressed folder ("cd log2cloud" probably).
After patternAnalysis execution it is shown on the standard output the information regarding the cost of cloud deployment for a set of SLAs for a given application log, VM performance and VM cost.
For each SLA, it is shown the amount of accumulated resources over the whole interval of time (for example, from February 22 to December 31), and the mean cost over the the period of interest (for example, monthly cost).
Execution parameters are saved in configuration.xml file and can be modified (for example, the SLA to study is described within PerformanceRequirements tag and its values can be modified).


As many of Panthera's supporters know, Africa's lion population has undergone a significant and sustained decline in recent years; recent estimates suggest that as few as 20,000 lions remain in the wild. Despite Africa's rapid human population growth, which has driven lions into only eight percent of their former habitat, Africa has retained a vast network of protected areas (PA). At least 1.2 million square kilometers of PAs fall in the lion's remaining range.
Together with the University of Oxford's WildCRU and other partners, we set out to determine if protected areas were effectively protecting Africa's lions — and how.
After studying the population density of lion and prey animals in a variety of PAs, we were struck by how few of them contained populations anywhere near their "carrying capacity" — the term ecologists use for the natural density a wildlife population could reach, if not for human threats. In fact, less than one-thirdd of PAs conserve lions at even half the densities at which they should occur in those habitats.
So why were these densities so low in so many PAs? Lions and their prey are affected by a wide range of threats that vary depending on location, but we did find that the most widespread and severe threat was bushmeat poaching, which negatively affects lions both by removing their food and maiming or killing them in snares set for other animals. Combined with the other serious threats facing the lion — conflict with humans, habitat loss and direct poaching — it's crucial that effective conservation action is taken immediately.
The good news is that under the right conditions lion populations can recover rapidly, and remain at much higher densities than they currently persist at in many cases.
We estimate that Africa's PAs could support as many as 83,000 lions. That is three to four times higher than the current total continental population, all without the need to create any more parks or reserves. Simply by creating the right conditions for existing PAs, we could yield a massive recovery in lions, and a host of other wildlife species.
So what are the right conditions? Adequate funding and effective management. Overwhelmingly, the key determinants of success for lion conservation in PAs were related to the management of those areas. Clearly, the management of PAs becomes easier if there is local buy-in for conservation — so making sure that local people benefit from the existence of PAs is important.
Africa's PAs cannot be taken for granted simply by virtue of their protected status. Many African governments have set aside generous proportions of their land for conservation and have demonstrated a firm political commitment to conservation — but they need greater international support. It's time we start treating Africa's iconic parks and reserves — and the wildlife within them — like the global treasures they are.
Panthera, WildCRU and many of the partners contributing to this study have been supported by National Geographic's Big Cat Initiative.
GREAT PEOPLE AT PANTHERA TO HELP THE WILDLIFE .


Rockschool Popular Music Theory is the essential guide for contemporary musicians, composers and educators.
Performance is a huge part of being a musician, but we believe it is a firm grasp of musical language that opens up the door to achieving your full potential. Our goal is to aid the development of articulate, accomplished musicians, and the Popular Music Theory resources have been specifically designed with this in mind.
Rockschool's Theory Guidebooks are the ideal introduction to music theory for musicians, composers, students and teachers, designed for use with Rockschool's theory exams, as study and teaching aids, or as standalone guides. Rockschool's Popular Music Theory Syllabus is fully accredited and offers UCAS points at Grades 6, 7 and 8.
At Popular Music Theory Grade 4, you'll learn how to notate different rhythmic values, time signatures and how to indicate dynamics and articulation in a piece. You'll also work on scores with up to four instruments.
Rockschool's Theory Guidebook Debut - Grade 5 are the ideal introduction to music theory for musicians, composers, students and teachers, designed for use with Rockschool's theory exams, as study and teaching aids, or as standalone guides.
The Rockschool Grade 4 Theory Workbook is the ideal preparation for your Grade 4 exam, containing example questions and a full specimen paper. At Grade 4, your exam will include understanding rhythm, applying scale knowledge, techniques across different instruments and scores with four instruments, among other topics.
All Rockschool Graded Popular Music Theory Exams are marked out of 100.
The aim of the Graded Popular Music Theory exams is to provide musicians with the opportunity to attain accredited qualifications in the theory of performance in a popular music context. The qualifications will be available to anyone with an interest in studying the theoretical side of music performance, but is primarily aimed at musicians who play guitar, bass, drums, keyboards/piano or sing. Aside from individual instrumental knowledge there is a focus on band interaction and how the instruments in a band function together. In Grades 6-8, with the focus still on the former instruments, this knowledge will be extended to include 'brass' (trumpet, trombone and saxophone) and string (violin, viola and cello) sections.
educational needs. It is expected that most of these will be young learners in the early stages of their schooling but the principle applies to learners at the beginning of their musical careers of whatever age.
These qualifications are designed to offer direct progression into higher levels of learning. This can be in the form of either grade exams or an appropriate qualification such as the Music Practitioner suite offered by Rockschool.
The graded popular music exams are single unit qualifications in which candidates are asked to undertake the following unprepared elements in written form: music notation; popular music harmony; band knowledge; band analysis. The basic knowledge that forms the basis of the exam questions is outlined in this Syllabus Guide. The Workbooks provide examples of the types of questions found in the exams.
The grade examination system is one based on the principle of 'progressive mastery': each step in the exam chain demonstrates learning, progression and skills in incremental steps. Successful learning is characterised by a mastery of the fundamentals of music notation and theoretical representation of music performance demanded in each grade. Learners will be able to complete a set of written music theory tasks (the complexity and variety of which are determined by which qualification is being attempted), which allows them to demonstrate their understanding of the practical elements of music performance and the way they are represented in written form. These knowledge-based and analytical skills set a firm platform for further practical and artistic development by the learner.
Pass: a pass grade will be awarded where a candidate has produced work to the required standard overall within the examination. They will demonstrate a basic understanding of music notation and harmony and their application in a musicperformance context.
Merit: a merit grade will be awarded where a candidate has produced work to a good standard overall within the examination. They will demonstrate a good understanding of music notation and harmony and their application in a music performance context.
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Candidates will be informed of their provisional results no later than four weeks of the completion of their examination. All certificates will be issued after the formal completion of all quality assurance processes.
Band Analysis (30%): in this section the questions will include the identification of music notation, harmony, and the stylistic characteristics of Guitar, Bass, Drums, Keys, and Vocals in a multi-instrumental context.
We have Music Theory centres all across the UK and in 38 other countries around the globe. Find your nearest UK centre.


text:
Q: Set a custom cursor image with React styled components I am trying to set a custom cursor image when hovered on a specific element. I've tried putting my svg icon in src folder and call it in styled components as
const HStyles = styled.h3`
   cursor: url("images/pen-tool.svg");
 `;

But it doesn't change the cursor to pen image. I've also tried
 cursor: url('images/pen-tool.svg'),
  url('images/pen-tool.cur');

cursor: url('images/pen-tool.svg'),
  move;

My svg has a width and height defined in it's svg tag but still no work. Am I missing something here ?
You can check my code sandbox sample here

A: const HStyles = styled.h3`
   cursor: url("images/pen-tool.svg");
 `;

Styled components is CSS-in-JS. Your can't write declarations like "images/pen-tool.svg" and have to call variable from import.
Just import images/pen-tool.svg and call it like:
import penTool from "./images/pen-tool.svg";

const HStyles = styled.h3`
  cursor: url(${HStyles}), auto;
`;

and don't forget "auto"


A team of committed drone pilots and enthusiastic filmmakers bring your project to life.
An image film should represent your company and your brand and connect it with a positive feeling or an exciting message. The image film can have both promotional and informative features to make the "business card" of your company. The possibilities are so extensive that there is no prescribed way for an image film. Every film is a new challenge. This brings a tremendous amount of creativity, which will be reflected in their image film.
Aerial views of your project, be it a building or a vineyard, can attract additional attention from images above. They give your customers a spectacular insight into your business. Through our high-quality drone equipment we are able to output images with up to 4K image quality. A legal flight is the be all and end all for us, so we take care of the ascent permits and further correspondence with the city or the authorities.
Here is an insight into our work with drone and camera equipment.
The Audi film was a great but above all experiential shooting time for the Eonamic film crew. Our intension was to render the dynamic component, the moving image and the postproduction in a powerful film.
This film is not related to the Audi Ag.
Fast, quickly, smart, uncomplicated ... Few adjectives that describe the easy handling of the Vespa. The Vespa movie is to spew all the positive aspects of a Vespa again and he will soon find in our repertoire.
This movie is unrelated to Piaggio & C. S.p.A..
Fynn Schmidt (Eonamic) is a professional film production from Konstanz. With spectacular and new perspectives, Eonamic brings your project to life.


text:
\section{Introduction}

CrO$_2$ is one of only a few known ferromagnetic oxides, and is the only material which has been experimentally shown to be a ferromagnetic ``half-metal''\cite{DFT-CrO2,ji}.  A half-metal is a material which is a metal for one spin channel and an insulator for the other.  CrO$_2$ crystallizes in the rutile  crystal structure (Figure~\ref{rutile}), as do TiO$_2$, VO$_2$, MnO$_2$, RuO$_2$, and SnO$_2$. The existence of isostructural oxides with a variety of different electronic and magnetic properties makes the rutile system interesting for theoretical investigations of spintronics because one can envisage the growth of layered devices with the same crystal structure throughout. Since CrO$_2$ offers such special opportunities for understanding oxide spintronics, it is important to establish how well our standard electronic structure tools work in dealing with the electronic and magnetic structure of this material. It is well known that they encounter difficulties in dealing with many transition metal oxides, including the very similar oxide VO$_2$, which DFT also predicts to be a half-metal at 0K, \cite{VO2paper} but is observed to be an insulator.  An additional motiviation for understanding exchange interactions in CrO$_2$ is the fact that its Curie temperature ($T_c=386.5$ K)\cite{curie,curie2} is sufficiently close to room temperature that its magnetic properties are significantly degraded at room temperature, hindering potential spintronics applications. A better understanding may point the way to improvement.

\section{Electronic Structure of C\lowercase{r}O$_2$ Within Density Functional Theory}
The electronic structure and density of states were calculated using density functional theory\cite{Kohn-Sham} (DFT).  Our calculated density of states is similar to previous calculations.\cite{DFT-CrO2}  The electronic structure of CrO$_2$ can be understood by comparing the DOS of CrO$_2$ with that of TiO$_2$.  Rutile TiO$_2$ is a non-magnetic insulator.  In the rutile structure, as in many transition metal oxides, each transition metal atom is surrounded by six oxygen nearest-neighbors.  Each oxygen atom has three transition metal (TM) nearest neighbors.  The TM ions form a body-centered tetragonal lattice, with a $\frac{c}{a}$ ratio of approximately $\frac{2}{3}$. The oxygen ions form rows collinear with the Cr ions.  The rows containing the body-center Cr ions can be considered to run in the (110) direction, in which case the rows containing the corner Cr ions run in the (1$\overline{1}$0) direction. In addition to the lattice constants ($a=b$ and $c$), a single internal parameter is sufficient to describe the structure. This parameter may be taken to be the distance in the $a$-$b$ plane between a Cr ion and its neighboring oxygen ions.  The oxygen atoms in the top and bottom faces of the tetragonal cell form a rectangle with a Cr ion at the center.  The $\frac{c}{a}$ ratio and the internal parameter usually conspire such that the environment of each Cr ion is an approximate octahedron of oxygen ions.  However, the octahedron is distorted because the square base of the octahedron with the Cr ion at its center is actualy a rectangle.  In addition, the distance from a Cr ion to the oxygen ions at the apices of the octahedron may differ from the distance to the four equatorial oxygen ions that form the rectangular base.  As shown in Figure~\ref{rutile}, the edges of distorted octahedra form ``ribbons'' along the (001) direction.

It is straightforward to show that if we treat this system in a tight-binding approximation in which the TM atoms only interact directly with the oxygen atoms (i.~e.~hopping matrix elements only connect nearest neighbors), there will be an energy gap separating the oxygen $p$-states and the TM $d$-states. The gap extends from the O-$p$ onsite energy to the O-$d$ onsite energy.  This gap is apparent in TiO$_2$, for which the oxygen $p$-states are filled and the Ti $d$-states are empty (Fig.\ \ref{DOSTiO2}).  When an energy gap occurs at the Fermi energy, it contributes significantly to reducing the energy of the structure, because all occupied states are pushed down in energy, while all unoccupied states are pushed up.  In CrO$_2$, there are two additional electrons per TM atom compared to TiO$_2$, so some of the $d$-states above the gap must be occupied.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[]{structure.eps}
\caption[]{Rutile structure. For CrO$_2$, we use $a=4.42$ and $\frac{c}{a}\approx0.670$ (experimental parameters).}
\label{rutile}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[]{TiO2.DoS.eps}
\caption[]{Density of States for rutile TiO$_2$}
\label{DOSTiO2}
\end{figure}

Let us consider three possibilities for the occupation of the $d$-states in CrO$_2$.  The first possibility is that the system remains non-magnetic, similar to TiO$_2$ (Fig.\ \ref{DOSnmCrO2}).  In this case each Cr atom will have one spin-up and one spin-down $d$-electron.  From Fig.\ \ref{DOSnmCrO2} we can see that there remains a gap between the O-$p$ states and the Cr-$d$ states, but it is significantly smaller than for TiO$_2$.  If the interactions are strictly nearest neighbor connecting only O ions with Ti or Cr ions, then the O-$p$ on-site energy in a tight-binding model would be at the top of the O-$p$ states and the transiton metal $d$ on-site energy would be at the bottom of the $d$-states. It should be understood that both states below the gap and the states above the gap are hybrids of O-$p$ and TM-$d$. However, the lower set of states are predominantly O-$p$, and there are 3 of them per spin channel per O ion, and the higher lying states are predominantly TM-$d$, and there are 5 of them per spin channel per TM ion.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[]{CrO2.NM.DoS.eps}
\caption[]{Density of States for Nonmagnetic CrO$_2$.}
\label{DOSnmCrO2}
\end{figure}

A second possibility is that the system becomes ferromagnetic, the experimentally-observed ground state. In this case there will be $1+x$ majority spin electrons and $1-x$ minority spin electrons (Fig.\ \ref{DOSferroCrO2}).  In this spin configuration, energy is gained from the intra-atomic ``Hund's first rule'' energy, which in most versions of DFT is primarily a potential proportional to the local magnetization.   Additional energy can be saved if $x=1$, because this restores the gap for the minority spin channel. It is clear from Fig.\ \ref{DOSferroCrO2} that the system chooses $x=1$ for the ferromagnetic case. The system does this by lowering the on-site energy of the majority of Cr $d$-states and raising the on-site energy of the minority Cr $d$-states.  If we were confident that there were only nearest neighbor interactions, the majority density of states would imply that the Cr majority $d$ on-site energy was essentially degenerate with the O-$p$ on-site energy.  In reality, there are next-nearest-neighbor interactions that spread the O-$p$ states above the O-$p$ on-site energy and spread the Cr-$d$ states below the Cr-$d$ onsite energy.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[]{CrO2.FM.DoS.eps}
\caption[]{Density of States for Ferromagnetic CrO$_2$.}
\label{DOSferroCrO2}
\end{figure}

A third possibility is to maintain two electrons of the same spin on each Cr atom, but to make the system antiferromagnetic --- for example, by having opposing moments on the corner and body-centered TM atoms of the 6-atom primitive cell (Fig.\ \ref{DOSAFCrO2}).  In this case, the spin-dependent DOS of the corner and body-center Cr ions are mirror images of each other.  Assuming that the corner Cr ion moment is ``up,'' its $d$ on-site energy for spin up is pushed down while its $d$ on-site energy for spin down is pushed up.  The opposite will happen for the body-center Cr ion.  The result is that there is no gap in the {\em total} DOS for either spin channel, but if one looks only at the DOS for one of the Cr ions, one can see an approximate gap in one of the spin channels.  Thus for this anti-ferromagnetic configuration, there would be a relatively large density of states at the Fermi energy for a given spin channel, but only on alernate Cr ions.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[]{CrO2.AF.DoS.eps}
\caption[]{Density of States for Antiferromagnetic CrO$_2$.}
\label{DOSAFCrO2}
\end{figure}

Comparing these three possibilities, it is not surprising that the ferromagnetic state has the lowest energy, the nonmagnetic state the highest (1.02 eV above ferromagnetic) with the anti-ferromagnetic intermediate between the two (0.30 eV above ferromagnetic). Thus, the tendency to form a moment in CrO$_2$ is very strong, and the energy associated with the ferromagnetic alignment of moments based on this initial test is moderately large within DFT.  It should be recognized that other more complicated spin arrangements (e.~g.~, different antiferromagnetic states) may have lower energy than the simple one calculated here.

\section{Exchange Interactions in C\lowercase{r}O$_2$}

In order to investigate interatomic exchange interactions in CrO$_2$ in more detail, we have calculated the near-neighbor exchange interactions along the (100), (001), and (111) directions by rotating moments within specially-constructed supercells. We fit the resulting relationship between the energy of the system and the angle of rotation to the Heisenberg model
\begin{equation}
H = \sum_{i,j}J_{ij}\boldsymbol{\mu}_i \cdot \boldsymbol{\mu}_j
\label{eq:heis}
\end{equation}
where $\left|\boldsymbol{\mu}\right| = g\mu_B S = 2\mu_B$ is the spin moment, $g$ is the electron spin $g$-factor, $S = 1$ is the spin number, and $\mu_B$ is the Bohr magneton. To make contact with the standard Heisenberg model, we can pull the magnitude of the spin moment ($2\mu_B$) into the value of $J$ and treat the spins as unit vectors.

In addition to this supercell approach, we have taken advantage of a recently developed feature in the Vienna {\em Ab-initio} Simulation Package\cite{VASP} (VASP) to calculate a so-called helimagnetic state in which the moment in the $n^{\mathrm{th}}$ magnetic layer is canted by an angle $n\theta$ with respect to the $0^{\mathrm{th}}$ layer. In so doing, we are able to calculate several orders of $J_n$ of the form
\begin{equation}
E = E_0 + \sum_nJ_n\cos{}n\theta
\end{equation}
via Fourier analysis.

\subsection{Near Neighbor Exchange Using Supercells}
All of the calculations in this study were performed within DFT\cite{Kohn-Sham} in the generalized gradient approximation\cite{Perdew-Wang} (GGA) and in the local (spin) density approximation with onsite Coulomb interactions (LSDA+U)\cite{LDApU} using the Dudarev method,\cite{theDude} for which we use $U-J$ = 3 eV. We perform all calculations using the VASP software\cite{VASP} and pseudopotentials generated by Kresse {\emph et al}.\cite{Kresse}. To calculate the near-neighbor exchange interactions, we created a supercell containing two rutile unit cells (using both experimental and DFT-relaxed lattice parameters), stacked in either the (100) (Fig.\ \ref{100fig}) or (001) (Fig.\ \ref{001fig}) direction as appropriate. In all of the following calculations, we use an energy cut-off of 500 eV. For cells stacked along the (100) direction, we use a $5\times9\times15$ Monkhorst-Pack\cite{MP} grid of k-points, a $9\times9\times7$ grid for supercells stacked along (001), and a $9\times9\times15$ grid for the 6-atom cell used in the spin-spiral calculations. We also make use of the spin interpoloation method of Vosko-Wilk-Nusair.\cite{VoskoWN} Each of the 12-atom supercells has four Cr ions, whose magnetic moments we can individually constrain within the calculation. We chose three distinct magnetic configurations, designed to probe the exchange coefficients. In the first configuration, we rotated the moment of a corner Cr atom and held all other moments fixed using the constraining field method in VASP. In the second, we rotated the two Cr moments in the centers of their respective unit cells, and in the third we rotated a corner atom and its nearest center atom. A summary of the configurations can be found in Table~\ref{exchtab}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[]{cro2100s1.eps}
\caption{The (100) supercell, with Cr ions numbered for comparison to Table \ref{exchtab}.  The bottom half of the structure in Figure~\ref{rutile} has been projected onto the (010) plane. }\label{100fig}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[]{cro2001s1.eps}
\caption{The (001) supercell, with Cr ions numbered for reference.  The left half of the structure in Figure~\ref{rutile} has been projected onto the (010) plane.}\label{001fig}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\hline
 & {\bf Cr$_1$} & {\bf Cr$_2$} & {\bf Cr$_3$} & {\bf Cr$_4$} \\
\hline
{\bf Case 1} & fixed & rotated & fixed & fixed \\
{\bf Case 2} & rotated & rotated & fixed & fixed \\
{\bf Case 3} & rotated & fixed & rotated & fixed \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption[]{Magnetic configurations used to calculated exchange coupling.}\label{exchtab}
\end{table}

To ensure that the systems would be sufficiently well-behaved, we rotated the moments through small angles (up to 60$^\circ$). We fit the energy vs.\ angle data to $A(1-\cos\theta)+B$, where $A$ is equivalent to the combined exchange parameter $J$ and $B$ is simply the angle-independent component of the energy.

For a given choice of supercell orientation, we have the following system of equations for the supercell method:
\begin{equation}
A_{\textrm{Case 1}}=8J_{111}+2J_{100/001}
\label{eq:100fit}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
A_{\textrm{Case 2}}=16J_{111}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
A_{\textrm{Case 3}}=8J_{111} + 4J_{100/001}
\end{equation}
Using a least-squares technique for overdetermined systems of equations,\cite{Williams} we can write
\begin{equation}
AJ=b
\label{eq:lsquare}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
A^TAJ=A^Tb
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\overline{J}=(A^TA)^{-1}A^Tb
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\sigma = \left|A\cdot\overline{J}-b\right|
\end{equation}
where $\overline{J}$ is the calculated $J$ column vector, $\sigma$ is the error in the fit, and
\begin{equation}
A=
\left(\begin{array}{cc}
8 & 2 \\
16 & 0 \\
8 & 4
\end{array}\right)\qquad
J=
\left(\begin{array}{c}
J_{111} \\
J_{100/001}
\end{array}\right)
\end{equation}

We summarize the calculations performed within GGA and LSDA+U for experimental and relaxed lattice parameters using both the supercell method in Table~\ref{tab:everything} Throughout this work, the terms ``experimental'' and ``relaxed'' as they appear in this table denote structures with the experimental and the GGA- or LSDA+U-relaxed lattice parameters, respectively.

\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{tabular}{lccccc}
\hline
 & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{GGA} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{LSDA+U} ($U-J = 3$ eV) \\
 & $z$ & Experimental & Relaxed & Experimental & Relaxed \\
$J_{100}$ (meV) & 4 & $-11.8\pm2.5$ & $-10.4\pm0.7$ & $1.4\pm0.5$  & $1.1\pm1.0$ \\
$J_{001}$ (meV) & 2 & $33.8\pm5.6$ & $33.8\pm5.0$ & $32.8\pm0.3$  & $31.5\pm0.3$ \\
$J_{111}$ (meV) & 8 & $23.2\pm6.1$ & $22.9\pm5.0$ & $24.5\pm0.4$  & $24.6\pm1.0$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption[]{Summary of all calculated exchange energies obtained using the supercell method. Uncertainties given arise from the error in the least-squares fit. In $J_{111}$, there is some (usually negligible) contribution to the error from the standard deviation of the values obtained through (100)- and (001)-stacked supercells. The quantity $z$ is the coordination number for the given interaction---the number of such interactions acting on a given Cr ion. Note that the (100) and (010) directions are equivalent and are referred to as (100) throughout this work. The columns ``experimental'' and ``relaxed'' refer to the experimental or DFT-relaxed structure.}\label{tab:everything}
\end{table}

The results of the calculations for the three cases are summarized as follows: in each case, we find a near-perfect fit to the cosine function, provided that we restrict the fit to small angles (less than or equal to $60^\circ$), as we did with the original calculations. We can see clearly in Table~\ref{tab:everything} the anisotropic nature of the exchange, which is to be expected given the shape of the cell. Most interestingly, we find that the interaction between Cr neighbors along the (100) or (010) directions (parallel to the $a$ or $b$ axes) is antiferromagnetic. However, the strength and multiplicity of the other interactions is sufficient to lead to a ferromagnetic ground state. Considering the dependence on lattice parameter, we notice that the (001) and (111) interactions seem to be almost unchanged with the small (0.6\%) change in lattice constant. Somewhat surprisingly, however, the (100) interaction (calculated within the GGA) increases (becomes more positive) by more than an meV under this small expansion of the lattice. We also note that the LSDA+U calculations predict a positive, though nearly vanishing, $J_{100}$.

\subsection{Helimagnetism}

Helimagnetism is a noncollinear magnetic state in which the spins in adjacent layers along a certain direction are rotated with respect to one another by a fixed angle. Rutile MnO$_2$, for example, has been shown to exhibit helimagnetic ordering in the ground state.\cite{MnO2} We do not suspect that CrO$_2$ is a helimagnetic material, but by setting up a helimagnetic spin state, we can investigate the exchange using a different approach. The recently-added spin spiral capabilities of VASP\cite{spiral} allow us to calculate arbitrarily long-range exchange interactions within bulk CrO$_2$.

The spin spiral method modifies the periodic boundary conditions of the supercell approach, imposing helimagnetic order on the magnetic structure as determined by the propagation vector {\bf q}. The vector {\bf q} and the angle $\phi$ between any two spins are given by
\begin{equation}
\phi=\mathbf{q}\cdot\mathbf{r}_{j}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{q}=\frac{2\pi}{a_i}\xi\hat{\mathbf{e}}_i
\label{qeq}
\end{equation}
where the azimuthal angle $\theta$ is restricted to $\frac{\pi}{2}$. We choose the unit vector $\hat{\mathbf{e}}_i$ to be either the (100) or (001) direction, and allow $\xi$ to vary between 0 and 1. Clearly, when $\xi = 0$, we recover the ferromagnetic state.

Because the unit cell contains two magnetic ions, varying the angles between neighboring layers of CrO$_2$ requires that one modify both $\xi$ and the initial orientation of the magnetic moments. For example, in this work, we use $\xi = 1$ in conjunction with an antiferromagnetic configuration of the two moments in the unit cell to create a periodic magnetic system wherein the moment of each atom's nearest neighbor is antiparallel it. To obtain a system in which neighboring magnetic ``layers'' are oriented at an angle of $\frac{\pi}{4}$ from one another, we use $\xi=\frac{1}{4}$, so that each cell after the initial one is rotated by $\frac{\pi}{2}$. We then set up the moments in the initial cell such that the corner and body-centered Cr moments are oriented at the desired angle of $\frac{\pi}{4}$, leading to a smooth spin wave in the desired direction.

In this work, we choose a relatively short, commensurate spin wavelength in order to simplify the analysis, although the method allows for more general configurations as well. Using different values of {\bf q}, and thus different values of $\theta$, we create a {\bf q} spectrum. We then use Fourier analysis to extract the $J_n$. These $J_n$ differ in meaning from the $J$s calculated using the supercell method; for example, $J_1 = 8 J_{111}$ and $J_2 = 2 J_{100/001}$.

To calculate the helimagnetic state, we used a supercell composed of a single rutile unit cell. The angle of each subsequent Cr ion with respect to the first is given by \eqref{qeq}. After acquiring five points (including the zero-frequency point q=0) of the $E(q)$ curve, we performed a discrete Fourier transform to obtain the first 4 $J_n$. We find good agreement between the $J_1$ calculated with (100) and (001) spin spirals, as expected. We also find a difference in sign between $J_2$ in the (100) and (001) cases, in agreement with the larger supercell calculations. Moreover, this method yields the additional parameters $J_3$ and $J_4$, corresponding to $J_{211/112}$ and $J_{200/002}$, respectively. These higher-order energies are smaller than the first- and second-order exchange energies, and will be neglected in further analysis. The results of the calculations are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:heli}.

\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\hline
 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{GGA} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{LSDA+U} \\
 & Experimental & Relaxed & Experimental & Relaxed \\
\hline
{\bf $J_{100}$} (meV) & -12.0 & -12.2 & -1.3 & -1.8 \\
{\bf $J_{001}$} (meV) & 27.5 & 29.8 & 29.6  & 26.1  \\
{\bf $J_{111}$} (meV) & 20.8 & 20.7 & 25.6 & 25.0 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Summary of calculated exchange interactions (in meV) using the spin spiral method (compare with Table~\ref{tab:everything}). The effect of the change in lattice parameter is decidedly smaller (perhaps negligible in most cases) in the spin spiral method. Note that in this method the LSDA+U calculation also predicts a negative $J_{100}$, albeit an order of magnitude smaller than in the GGA.}\label{tab:heli}
\end{table}

\section{Comparison with Experiments}

\subsection{Spin Wave Stiffness}

In an effort to benchmark our calculations against known experimental results, we have calculated the spin wave stiffness constant for CrO$_2$ using the expression derived by Schlottmann:\cite{schlott}
\begin{equation}
D_{100} = 2(J_{111} + J_{100}) S a^2 \label{eq:100D}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
D_{001} = 2(J_{111} + J_{001}) S c^2\label{eq:001D}
\end{equation}
where $a$ and $c$ are the lattice spacings in the appropriate directions and $S$ is the spin number (1 for CrO$_2$). These expressions can be easily understood as anisotropic extensions of results obtained for magnons in a one-dimensional chain (for which $D=2JSa^2$). In his work, Schlottmann considers the spins as quantum operators such that $\mathbf{S}_i\cdot\mathbf{S}_j=S(S+1)$, and he keeps this value separate from $J$. Additionally, he neglects $J_{100}$ in his expression for $D_{100}$. However, we use classical spins of magnitude $2 \mu_B$ (although the units are collapsed into the exchange constant $J$ as previously explained). Consequently, we must scale our $J$s by $1/\left|\boldsymbol{\mu}\right|^2 = 1/4$ in order to apply this expression. Further, our calculations indicate that $J_{100}$ it is roughly of the same order as $J_{111}$ and $J_{001}$, so we have included it in our analysis. Using this model, we calculate $D_{100}$ and $D_{001}$ for the various cells, exchange-correlation approximations, and methods considered throughout this work. Table~\ref{tab:stiff} reviews the values we obtained. Experimentally, we find several mostly-consistent values for the spin wave stiffness obtained through different methods. All of the experimental values assume an isotropic stiffness constant. Ji \textit{et al.}\cite{stiff} fit the M(T) curve in order to obtain the coefficient on the $T^{3/2}$ term, from which they determine $D=1.8\times10^{-40}$ Jm$^2$. Zou \emph{et al}\cite{zou} used magnetic force microscopy to determine the length and width of domain walls in CrO$_2$, from which they were able to calculate $D = 2.62\times10^{-40}$ Jm$^2$. Further, Rameev \emph{et al.}\cite{fmr} used ferromagnetic resonance to measure the bulk magnon modes and obtained $D_B=3\times10^{-10}$ Oe cm$^2$, which is equivalent to $D=0.57\times10^{-40}$ Jm$^2$ via the relation $D_B = 2A / \mu_0 M_s$,\cite{units} which is a bit smaller than other reported values.

\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{tabular}{lccccc}
\hline
 & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{GGA} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{LSDA+U} \\
 & & Experimental & Relaxed & Experimental & Relaxed \\
\hline
{\bf Supercell} & $\bm{D_{100}}$ $(10\times10^{-40}$ J m$^2)$ & $1.81$ & $1.96$ & $4.06$ & $3.94$ \\
 & $\bm{D_{001}}$ $(10\times10^{-40}$ J m$^2)$ & $3.91$ & $3.87$ & $3.91$ & $3.79$ \\
 & $\bm{D_{avg}}$ $(10\times10^{-40}$ J m$^2)$ & $2.34$ & $2.46$ & $4.00$ & $3.89$ \\
{\bf Spin Spiral} & $\bm{D_{100}}$ $(10\times10^{-40}$ J m$^2)$ & $1.38$ & $1.35$ & $3.80$ & $3.56$ \\
 & $\bm{D_{001}}$ $(10\times10^{-40}$ J m$^2)$ & $3.29$ & $3.46$ & $3.76$ & $3.45$ \\
 & $\bm{D_{avg}}$ $(10\times10^{-40}$ J m$^2)$ & $1.84$ & $1.84$ & $3.79$ & $3.52$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Comparison of the calculated spin stiffness constants $D$ for different methods of first-principles calculation. Here, $D_{avg} = \left(D_{100}\sqrt{D_{001}}\right)^{2/3}$.}\label{tab:stiff}
\end{table}

Using our calculated $D$s, we can predict the low-temperature spin-wave contribution to the magnetization as a function of temperature. A relatively straight-forward generalization of the argument found in Kittel\cite{Kittel} for a cubic system allows one to write the spin-wave dispersion relation for small excitations and long wavelengths as
\begin{equation}
\omega(k,k_z) = D k^2 + D_z k_{z}^{2},\qquad k^2 = k_{x}^{2} + k_{y}^{2}, \qquad D = D_{100}, \qquad D_z = D_{001}
\label{eq:disp}
\end{equation}
Integrating over a surface of constant $\omega$ in $k$-space, one obtains a density of states given by
\begin{equation}
N(\omega) = \frac{1}{4\pi^2}\frac{1}{D\sqrt{D_z}}\sqrt{\omega}
\end{equation}
Using this expression and the Planck distribution, we can calculate the coefficient $B$ in the $T^{3/2}$ model
\begin{equation}
M(T) = M(0)(1-BT^{3/2})
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
B=\frac{0.0587}{SQ}\frac{1}{2S(J_{100}+J_{111})}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2S(J_{001}+J_{111})}}k_{B}^{3/2} = \frac{0.0587}{SQ}\frac{V}{D\sqrt{D_z}}k_{B}^{3/2}
\end{equation}
where $Q$ is the number of magnetic ions per unit cell (2, in this case), $V$ is the volume of the cell, and $k_B$ is Boltzmann's constant. Fitting the experimental\cite{stiff} M(T) curve yields $B=5\times10^{-5}$ K$^{-3/2}$. Using the spin-wave stiffnesses shown in Table~\ref{tab:stiff}, we have, for supercells, $B_{GGA}^{expt}=2.40\times10^{-5} $K$^{-3/2}$, $B_{GGA}^{rel}=2.27\times10^{-5}$ K$^{-3/2}$, $B_{LSDA+U}^{expt}=1.07\times10^{-5}$ K$^{-3/2}$, and $B_{LSDA+U}^{rel}=1.09\times10^{-5}$ K$^{-3/2}$. For the spin spiral approach, $B_{GGA}^{expt}=3.43\times10^{-5}$ K$^{-3/2}$, $B_{GGA}^{rel}=3.48\times10^{-5}$ K$^{-3/2}$, $B_{LSDA+U}^{expt}=1.16\times10^{-5}$ K$^{-3/2}$, and $B_{LSDA+U}^{rel}=1.27\times10^{-5}$ K$^{-3/2}$. Thus, the coefficient obtained from GGA is within a factor of two ,while that derived from LSDA+U is off by about a factor of four. Assuming that DFT overestimates each exchange energy equally, this implies that our calculated values of $J$ may differ from experimental values by about 50\% for GGA and a factor of about $2.5$ for LSDA+U (with $U-J=3$ eV). In each case, the spin spiral numbers are slightly closer to experiment. Figure~\ref{fig:magnon} shows the low-T M(T) curves from the calculated spin-wave dispersion compared to that from a fit to the experimental M(T) curve.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[]{magnon.eps}
\caption[]{The low-temperature M(T) curve. The GGA Spin Spiral and LSDA+U Supercell curves represent the extremes of the range of calculated M(T) curves. We compare against the actual experimental data\cite{curie} and a low-T fit to these data.}\label{fig:magnon}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Curie Temperature}

In light of the favorable agreement between calculated and experimental spin stiffness, we subsequently attempted to calculate the magnetic ordering temperature of CrO$_2$, comparing a mean field prediction to Monte Carlo simulations. A mean-field model using the calculated exchange parameters yields a Curie temperature several times larger than the measured value of 386.5 K.\cite{curie,curie2} The mean-field expression is given by
\begin{equation}
k_BT = \frac{3}{2}J_{tot}
\end{equation}
where $J_{tot}$ is equivalent to half of the energy difference between a ferro- and an antiferromagnetic configuration in a 6-atom (2-Cr) cell. Using this expression, we obtain a mean-field Curie temperature for CrO$_2$ of 1160 K or 1240 K for the experimental and DFT-relaxed lattice parameters in the supercell method, respectively. This is somewhat surprising given the above analysis of our estimation of the exchange. However, it is not sufficient to consider only the low-temperature behavior, especially when the system in question has a magnetic ordering temperature above room temperature. In order to gain a simple yet ideally illuminating picture of the temperature dependence, we utilized a Monte Carlo simulation using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm\cite{metropolis} with random numbers generated using the Mersenne Twister method\cite{mersenne}. For this simulation, we used a cubic grid of $10\times10\times10$ unit cells, where a unit cell consists of a corner and body-centered Cr ion.  Only Cr ions are considered, and they are treated as simple constant-magnitude magnetic moments that initially point along the z axis. Our calculations indicate that the constant-magnitude approximation should be valid as long as the angle between adjacent moments is less than $100^\circ$.

We begin with a random spin configuration with the spin vectors chosen to be uniformly distributed on the unit sphere. In the Metropolis method, an iteration consists of a randomly chosen Cr ion being assigned a magnetic moment in a random direction. This will result in a change in energy $\Delta$E from the old configuration. If $\Delta$E is negative, meaning the new energy is lower, the new direction for that moment is kept. Otherwise, the new direction still has a probability of $e^{-\Delta{}E/k_BT}$ of being kept in its new orientation to simulate thermal agitation. If neither condition for keeping the moment's new direction is met, then the change is undone, and the lattice of spins remains unmodified until the next iteration.

The calculation of $\Delta$E at each step considers all nearest neighbors along (100), (010), (001), and (111) directions, using a Heisenberg interaction between moments with the calculated exchange constants for GGA and LSDA+U with experimental and DFT-relaxed lattice parameters. Figure~\ref{heiscurie} shows the simulated results for the magnitude of the net magnetization versus temperature compared to reported values.\cite{curie} When interpreting these data, one must must be cognizant of the fact that the Monte Carlo simulations exhibit several shortcomings---namely, that it will necessarily not be able to predict the correct low-temperature T-dependence (as it uses a classical model), that there exists an unphysical tail on the curve arising from finite-size effects in the lattice, and that we assume that exchange remains constant with temperature, likely leading to an overestimation of the Curie temperature. The errors in the shape of the curve at low temperature should not have an impact in the accuracy of the result, as each value of $k_BT$ is run independently. Further, the high-temperature tail can be accounted for assuming we know where to look for it. The remaining discrepancy, that the exchange will reduce in strength as temperature rises, is a limitation of exploring this behavior with first-principles calculations. Considering these issues, we can attempt to scale the experimental curve to match the calculated one, as we do in Fig.~\ref{heiscurie}. By matching the portions of the curves at lower temperatures, we can determine with some confidence where the curve ought to go to zero and thus the true prediction of the model. By so doing, we find that the Monte Carlo simulation predicts a Curie temperature of between 450 K (for the GGA spin spiral method) and 650 K (for the LSDA+U supercell method), which, even in the latter case, is in much better agreement with experiment than the mean-field model.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[]{MCs1.eps}
\caption{The calculated M(T) behavior predicts a Curie temperature of 450-550 K, depending on which exchange parameters one chooses from among those presented in this work. We compare with the experimental data\cite{curie}.}\label{heiscurie}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}

We have calculated the near neighbor exchange interactions for bulk CrO$_2$ in the (100), (001), and (111) directions, finding them to be $-12.0$~meV, $24.5$~meV, and $23.6$~meV respectively. From our calculated spin stiffness parameters and the results of our classical Heisenberg Metropolis method, we obtain some confidence that DFT and VASP can determine the exchange interaction of CrO$_2$ with reasonable accuracy. Examining the calculated exchange parameters, we find that the sign of $J_{100}$, both in the supercell and the equivalent spin spiral calculations, indicates the possibility of non-collinear behavior in CrO$_2$ if the exchange parameters are modified. Thus, a mixed interface between CrO$_2$ and another material (such as RuO$_2$) might lead to non-collinear spins if the ratio between nearest and next-nearest neighbor interactions is pushed into a ``favorable'' zone. We investigate this possibility explicitly for CrO$_2$-RuO$_2$ interfaces in a companion paper by K.~Chetry \textit{et al}\cite{ruo2}.

\section{Acknowledgments}
This work was supported by the NSF-DMR under Grant No.\ 0706280 and MRSEC Grant No.\ 0213985. It was completed using computing resources from the University of Alabama's High Performance Cluster.
\newline

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home National Rise in Living Allowances For Over 60's – Money Could Come From...
Rise in Living Allowances For Over 60's – Money Could Come From Foreigner's Visa Fees
The House committee on state welfare along with a network of non-governmental organisations are pushing to pass a new law that will ensure all Thais aged 60 and older receive at least 3,000 baht in living allowances per month.
The draft law is a proposed amendment to the government's welfare programme for elderly people, in which they are paid monthly living allowances ranging from 600 baht to 1,000 baht per month, varying according to their ages, said Nattacha Boonchaiinsawat, a Move Forward Party (MFP) MP for Bangkok in his capacity as a member of the House committee. He was speaking at a seminar organised by the House committee in Bangkok yesterday.
The committee is expected to meet one last time this week to review the draft once again before forwarding it to Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha.
It hopes the premier will submit it to the House of Representatives for deliberation, Mr Boonchaiinsawat said. The draft law requires the prime minister's approval because it is a financial law, Mr Boonchaiinsawat said.
MFP deputy leader Phicharn Chaowapatanawong said the proposed amount of 3,000 baht per month is considered the minimum income one needs to survive poverty. About 4 trillion baht is required to fund the provision at this rate, paid to about 12.4 million elderly Thais.
Cutting budgets allocated to ministries including the Defence Ministry that is getting 220 billion baht a year along with raising rates of land taxes and income taxes should help the government earn enough to fund the 3,000 baht monthly living allowance programme, the panel said.
Other sources of money could be special revenues including visa and related fees charged to foreigners, he said.
Nimit Tianudom, part of a civic network calling for better public welfare and a member of a sub-committee working on a national pension draft law, meanwhile, said potential sources of funding for the proposed 3,000 baht monthly allowance include revenues from excise taxes, the government lottery tax, the car tax and the petroleum tax.
Other possible sources of funding could include the 150 billion baht investment privileges which the Board of Investment is offering to foreign investors each year, which could be cancelled, and casino and gambling fees, which could be collected in the future if the government legalises those activities, he said.
The 3,000 baht allowance would be adjusted every three years to keep it in line with the so-called poverty line that is normally revised every three years by the National Economic and Social Development council, he said.
The House committee on state welfare had previously adjusted the draft law on the elderly and merged it with the draft law on pensions.
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text:
Q: How do I replace values in a matrix from an uploaded CSV file in R? These are the steps I took:
1) Read in CSV file
rawdata <- read.csv('name of my file', stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

2) Cleaned my data by removing certain records based on x-criteria
data <- rawdata[!(rawdata$YOURID==""), all()]
data <- data[(data$thiscolumn=="right"), all()]
data <- data[(data$thatcolumn=="right"), all()]

3)  Now I want to replace certain values throughout the whole matrix with a number (replace a string with a number value).  I have tried the following commands and nothing works (I've tried gsub and replace):
gsub("Not the right string", 2, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
data <- replace(data, data$thiscolumn == "Not the right string" , 2)
gsub("\\Not the right string", "2", data$thiscolumn, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)

I am new to R.  I normally code in C++.  The only other thing for me to try is a for loop.  I potentially might only want R to look at certain columns for replace certain values, but I'd prefer a search through the whole matrix.  Either is fine.
These are the guidelines per R Help:

sub(pattern, replacement, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
     gsub(pattern, replacement, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
replace(x, list, values)
     Arguments
     x     vector
     list   an index vector
     values replacement values

Example: I want to replace the text "Extremely Relevant 5" or whatever x-text, with a corresponding number value.

A: You can substitute the for loop by using logical indexing. First you need to identify the indices of what you want to replace, then assign the new value for these indices.
Here's small example. Let's say we have this vector:
x <- c(1, 2, 99, 4, 2, 99)
# x
# [1]  1  2 99  4  2 99

And we want to find all places where it's 99 and replace it with 0. when you apply x == 99 you get a TRUE and FALSE vector.
x == 99
# [1] FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE

You can use this vector as an index to assign the new value where the condition is met.
x[x == 99] <- 0
# x
# [1] 1 2 0 4 2 0

Similarly you can use this approach to apply it across a dataframe or a matrix in a one-shot
df <- data.frame(col1 = c(2, 99, 3), col2 = c(99, 4, 99))
# df:
#   col1 col2
# 1    2   99
# 2   99    4
# 3    3   99

df[df==99] <- 0
# df
#   col1 col2
# 1    2    0
# 2    0    4
# 3    3    0

For dataframe with strings, it might be trickier since the column can be factor and the value you're trying to replace is not one of the levels. You can go around that by changing it to character and apply the replacement.
> df <- data.frame(col1 = c(2, "this string", 3), col2 = c("this string", 4, "this string"))
> df
         col1        col2
1           2 this string
2 this string           4
3           3 this string
> sapply(df, class)
    col1     col2
"factor" "factor"

> df <- sapply(df, as.character)
> df
     col1          col2
[1,] "2"           "this string"
[2,] "this string" "4"
[3,] "3"           "this string"

> df[df == "this string"] <- 0
> df <- as.data.frame(df)
> df
  col1 col2
1    2    0
2    0    4
3    3    0

A: I have found a few solutions to my own questions I thought I'd share in just working a little more out just now.
1)  I had to add the package "library(stringr)" at the top so that R can understand matching strings.
2) I used a for loop to go down the entries of a specific column I wanted in my Matrix to change to the value indicated. See as follows:
`#possible solution 5 - This totally works!
for (i in 1:nrow(data)){
  if (data$columnofinterest[i] == "String of Interest")
  data$columnofinterest[i] <- "Becca is da bomb dot com"
}`

`#possible solution 6 - This totally works!
for (i in 1:nrow(data)){
  if (data$columnofinterest[i] == "Becca is da bomb dot com")
  data$columnofinterest[i] <- 7
}`

As you can see replacing specific records between text and a numerical value is
possible (text to numerical value and vice versa).  And as the comments indicate it took me till the 5 and 6 problem solution to figure this much out.  Still not the whole Matrix, but at least I can go through column of interest at a time, which is
still a lot faster.`

A: Here's a dplyr/tidyverse solution adapted from changing multiple column values given a condition in dplyr.  You can use mutate_all:
library(tidyverse)

data <- tibble(a = c("don't change", "change", "don't change"),
               b = c("change", "Change", "don't change"))

data %>%
  mutate_all(funs(if_else(. == "change", "xxx", .)))


text:
Selma Blair Says James Toback Threatened to Murder Her and 'Gouge Her Eyes Out' If She Spoke Out About Him
by Marissa G. Muller
Back in October, a few weeks after the numerous sexual assault allegations against film executive Harvey Weinstein started pouring out, Selma Blair — along with other actresses like Rachel McAdams — came forward to speak out against director James Toback. She told Vanity Fair that Toback held her in a hotel room against her will during a meeting which concluded with him ejaculating on her leg. "He started to rub his penis through his pants and asked, 'Would you f--- me?'," she recalled. "I went to leave and he got up and blocked the door. He said, 'You have to do this for me. You cannot leave until I have release.'" Now, more details have emerged about their encounter, as Blair opened up about it on The Talk.
Blair, who estimates that Toback has been accused of assault by at least 359 women, was asked whether or not she believes the director should be locked up behind bars — and, perhaps unsurprisingly, her answer was a resounding yes. "I do think James Toback belongs in jail," she said. "It is a lot of he-said she-said, but people have come to me personally that he's done much worse to, and yes, I do believe he deserves to be in jail." (A police investigation in Beverly Hills was opened in October according to The Los Angeles Times.)
The actress, who helped further along the momentum of the #MeToo movement, also talked about the relief she's felt since sharing her story about Toback, despite him allegedly threatening her life if she ever did so. "I said, if I can be a bigger voice, I will," she said. "My prayer…was that there will be women much bigger than me that will be taken much more seriously, with pristine records that people will really pay attention to and it did. It's really happening. And it will be better for all of us."
"It feels incredible, and it's a long time coming for us, for all of us," Blair said of the #MeToo movement, which she elaborated on in an interview with W at the end of last year. "I did think of my experience with James Toback and how shaming that was and how angry I was to have to be silent for so long because I was afraid," she said. "But then I also thought of the wonder of this moment, that women are finally able to express things publicly that they hadn't felt they would ever tell a soul—even though I never wanted to tell my story publicly. I just wanted him to stop. I didn't want anyone to ever know private details of my life, but so be it. If that's what it takes to change things, then I'm on board."
Related: Selma Blair on Baring Her Soul and Weeping at Art Basel Miami In a Post-James Toback Catharsis
#MeToo james toback news selma blair sexual assault sexual misconduct


The European Center for the Translation of Literature and the Human Sciences (EKEMEL) organizes an open discussion entitled Ancient Philosophy in Translation, which aims to analyze the special difficulties and peculiarities of the work of the translator when working on texts of great ancient philosophers.
The event is being hosted by EKEMEL's director of the Department of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Mr. Panayotis Poulos. Speakers in the open discussion are Mr. Paulos Kaligas, co-director of Deukalion literary magazine, and Mr. Vassilis Kalfas, professor of Philosophy in the University of Crete.
The event takes place on Tuesday, January 14, at 7:30pm, at the Logou & Technis Hall of Athens' Book Gallery.