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Art museum facts for kids
(Redirected from Art gallery)
The Louvre in Paris is a famous art museum.
An art museum or art gallery is a place where works of arts are shown for people to look at. These works of art are usually paintings, but they can also be sculptures, photographs or other visual art works. Most art museums are open for the public to visit, but there are also some which are private.
What distinguishes an art museum from other galleries is that it owns the works of art. A museum has staff called "curators", who are expert on art. Art museums are often used to help teach students about the history of art. There are about 700 uiversity art museums and galleries in the United States.
The Gallery of Cornelis van der Geest, Willem van Haecht, 1628. A private picture gallery as an early precursor of the modern museum.
University of Tartu Art Museum is the oldest museum in Estonia.
The art collection at the Palace of Versailles in France was periodically open for 'respectable' public viewing.
The British Museum, established in 1753 at the Montagu House as one of the earliest national collections open to the public.
Art museum Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The global epidemiological transition is changing the nature of health and disease. Healthcare systems remain focused on dealing with acute conditions, yet chronic disease is associated with greater burden. Doctors often think of health as the absence of disease, yet chronic conditions are seldom curable. Chronic conditions are typically managed, not cured, yet the psychological wellbeing of patients with chronic conditions is seldom addressed by treating physicians. This is unfortunate considering that psychological distress contributes to premature mortality, and that psychiatric conditions can lead to reductions in life expectancy of up to 20 years. Loneliness – an epidemic of our age – is associated with an increase in risk of mortality that is equivalent to smoking 15 cigarettes a day. By contrast, positive psychological attributes including optimism and psychological wellbeing are associated with longevity, and positive relationships may have beneficial effects on health outcomes. It is possible therefore that patients with chronic conditions would benefit the most from interventions to improve psychological wellbeing, yet have fewer opportunities to experience them, leading to a downward spiral of negative emotion, social isolation, loneliness, and further ill-health.
According to salutogenic theory, patients with chronic disease who also have a sense of optimism, control over their life, purpose and meaning, capacity to overcome obstacles, and positive social ties might be considered healthy. These possibilities lead to important questions. Is it possible to flourish when one is also afflicted with chronic disease? Is it possible to flourish despite being physically ill? Might flourishing be more achievable in some conditions than others? Which interventions are the most effective? If mental wellbeing can be improved, are there subsequent beneficial effects on health outcomes?
Articles welcomed are broad in scope, but must be relevant to the research topic area. Conditions and diseases may include, but would not be limited to traumatic or acquired brain injury, common mental disorders, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, cancer, frailty, and disability. Articles on wellbeing in family caregivers of patients with chronic conditions would also be within the scope of this Research Topic. Original research on novel treatment approaches, including smartphone applications, would be of interest. Critical review articles on state-of-the-art approaches to improving health and wellbeing would be welcomed, as would be articles on biopsychosocial pathways to mental wellbeing.


A cruel man blamed his wife for the killing of his little daughter.
A Bronx, New York man who beat his little daughter in the face, killing her, was sentenced to prison, officials said Tuesday.
when she was sleeping in her face in his apartment on E. 181st St. because he was angry about being nagged by his wife.
Johnson, who has several other children, had been fired from his job as a drug counselor shortly before the shocking incident took place. He was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison by the Bronx Supreme Court judge Pedro Benitez.


text:
package com.saas.golf.repository;

import com.saas.golf.domain.GolfSociety;
import java.util.List;
import org.springframework.roo.addon.layers.repository.mongo.RooMongoRepository;

@RooMongoRepository(domainType = GolfSociety.class)
public interface GolfSocietyRepository {

    List<com.saas.golf.domain.GolfSociety> findAll();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Iraq: growing needs amid continuing displacement
harper.pdf
Seven months after over 100 country representatives gathered in Geneva to address the Iraq displacement crisis, the humanitarian situation has markedly deteriorated. Expectations that highlighting the burdens of Iraq's neighbours would result in financial and political support have been dashed. Support provided – relative to humanitarian needs – has been negligible.
Every hour, around fifty to one hundred Iraqis are being forced to leave their homes. UNHCR believes that some 4.5 million Iraqis – one in six of the population – have now left their homes, up to half a million of them since the Geneva meeting. Regional asylum states, particularly Syria which hosts some 1.6 million Iraqis, have become disenchanted with unfulfilled assurances. Following a number of threats, Syria introduced a visa regime for Iraqis in October. This decision, the first time that Syria has taken such an action against a fellow Arab state, has effectively closed the last remaining avenue of escape for desperate Iraqis.
Internal flight is also becoming harder. Relatively safe provinces have now exhausted their capacity to absorb more IDPs. Most of Iraq's 18 governorates are imposing informal and formal restrictions on IDP entry and residence, denying entry to civilians trying to escape the fighting or denying them aid once they have arrived, or both. Local authorities or, in some cases, non-state actors are applying movement restrictions and denying many new IDPs access to subsidised food assistance, fuel and basic protection. Recent outbreaks of cholera have strengthened the resolve of many authorities to deny entry to 'outsiders'. Internal displacement is taking on a more permanent and increasingly desperate character. The sale or abandonment of property and the departure of entire families and, in some cases, communities indicate that this population movement is likely to be long-term.
Shi'ites from western Baghdad are replacing Sunni families in eastern Baghdad. Sunnis from the south are moving to the north or are fleeing Iraq altogether. Shi'ites from Sunni strongholds are moving to the southern regions. Kurds and Christians are fleeing to the north. The predominant trend in displacement is, and is likely to remain, movement from highly insecure areas in Baghdad toward neighbourhoods with improved services and security, as well as to locations with family, ethno-religious or tribal links outside the city. However, movements are not purely toward homogeneous areas, due to mixed marriages and increasing formal and informal restrictions on movement which limit the options available. As Iraq's neighbours impose more restrictive entry requirements, there is likely to be more pressure on internal displacement toward the north and those governorates offering better security and basic services.
Most IDPs reside with family and friends but, due to the increased restrictions on IDP movement and growing social and economic vulnerability, IDP camps and self-built shelters have appeared. There are more and more makeshift camps in abysmal conditions, with terrible sanitation and water supply, very little or no health care and no schools. While only 1% of IDPs are now living in tented camps an additional 20% are estimated to be in other types of collective settlements ranging from disused army barracks and warehouses to slum-like spontaneous dwellings. Often, IDPs are forced to move multiple times as they again become caught up in the cycle of violence or as local authorities force them to move out of public buildings or away from urban areas. Some IDPs who have been encouraged to return following a lull in the level of violence, or who have been attracted by financial incentives, have found their homes occcupied or ruined and have been forced to move on again. While the government has reported the return of over 3,000 families to Baghdad, and thousands more from abroad, this may have been triggered not only by a perceived improvement in security but also by a lack of options.
The UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI)[1] estimates that 15 million Iraqis are extremely vulnerable. Twenty three per cent of children in southern Iraq are chronically malnourished. Nineteen per cent of refugees registered with UNHCR in Syria report having significant medical conditions and 14% of those registered in Jordan have been identified as having special needs. Many displaced Iraqis have been exposed to terrifying experiences of terror and violence, with approximately 22% of Iraqis registered with UNHCR reporting personal traumatic events. This, compounded by the difficulty of daily life, has led to high rates of psychological fragility and distress.
Iraqis in neighbouring countries
The countries neighbouring Iraq, particularly Syria and Jordan, have demonstrated remarkable generosity in receiving such large numbers of Iraqis, despite already hosting hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees for over 60 years. UNHCR is fully aware of the strain that large numbers of Iraqis hosted by Syria and Jordan has put on their economy, resources, infrastructure and social structures. The massive influx of Iraqis into urban centres has overwhelmed the absorption capacities of the infrastructure and social services of the host countries.
UNHCR has now interviewed some 140,000 Iraqis in Syria. Despite having more than 30 registration staff, the massive demand on UNHCR has meant that Iraqis wishing to be interviewed still face a five-month wait. Including those waiting to be interviewed, UNHCR Damascus has registered over 200,000 Iraqis. In Jordan, following the introduction of strict entry restrictions in late 2006, which reduced the flow of Iraqi refugees, the waiting period has been reduced to two weeks. The number of Iraqis registered is close to 50,000. In Egypt and Lebanon, which also have strict entry requirements, UNHCR offices have registered 10,000 and 9,000 Iraqis respectively.
Key characteristics of the registered Iraqi refugee population are:
Over 80% originate from Baghdad.
Over half are Sunnis, with Shi'ites representing less than 25% of the total in Jordan and Syria: in Lebanon, by contrast, close to 60% are Shi'ites.
There is a disproportionately high proportion of Christians.
The average case size has increased in recent months as entire families flee.
The number of vulnerable people has increased: UNHCR is identifying larger numbers of severe medical cases, survivors of torture and trauma, and women at risk
Iraqis now represent almost 10% of the populations in Syria and Jordan. As a consequence of this surge in populations, the prices of basic – often state-subsidised – commodities such as food, fuel and water have increased significantly. Electricity generation capacity in certain parts of Damascus cannot cope with the added refuge-imposed demand. Already overcrowded schools now have up to 60 students per class. Many Jordanian and Syrians can no longer rent or buy apartments due to price increases. Medical and health care facilities in some areas in Damascus cater for more Iraqis than Syrian nationals. Both host communities and state security agencies are aware that Iraqis are changing the character of their societies and fear that their presence may ignite sectarian and ethnic conflict. It is imperative that the international community does not ignore the increasing plight of the most vulnerable who, without adequate assistance, may have no other option but to return to Iraq, become increasingly destitute or be drawn towards extremist causes.
Both Syria and Jordan have estimated the costs of hosting the Iraqi refugees at some $1 billion per year. Despite the lack of substantive assistance, Jordan, for the first time, opened up its public schools to Iraqi children in September 2007. Syria continues to allow Iraqis to access its education system. It is hoped that, by the end of the school year, some 100,000 Iraqi children in Syria and another 50,000 in Jordan will be enrolled.
From discussions with government officials, it is understood that Iraqi refugees currently living in Syria will not be forcibly returned to Iraq. The most pressing concern for Iraqi refugees at present is what they should do when their visas expire. In the past, they would visit the Syrian border to renew their visa for three months. UNHCR hopes Syria can establish centres within the country where refugees could renew their visas. The Syrian government has made it clear that the visa restrictions have been imposed due to the massive pressure it faces hosting Iraqi refugees. The challenge will be to ensure that Syria and other regional states receive significant bilateral support so that they can continue to support the Iraqi refugees living in the country – and, it is to be hoped, offer refuge for those Iraqis who need to flee Iraq in the future.
Surviving with little or no outside aid
Despite UNHCR and other humanitarian agencies putting in place assistance and protection programmes, the vast majority of refugees continue to survive with little or no assistance from the international community. In conjunction with partners, UNHCR in Syria has provided 50,000 Iraqis with food assistance and 140,000 have been treated at UNHCR/Syrian Red Crescent- supported health clinics, 100 schools have been renovated and the number of Iraqi children attending school has doubled to 60,000 (leaving an estimated 340,000 other school-age refugees still lacking schooling). In Jordan, UNHCR programmes target and prioritise vulnerable individuals and families, persons with specific needs or who are considered to be at 'heightened risk'. It is intended that by the end of 2007 around 70,000 Iraqis will directly benefit from the UNHCR assistance programmes which include food, non-food items, cash, psychosocial counselling, education assistance and health services. Given the needs, this remains far too little. The primary providers of assistance remain the Syrian and Jordanian governments, supported by their respective Red Crescent movements.
The only durable solution being pursued for Iraqis is resettlement. While resettlement programmes represent a valuable and high-profile demonstration of international burden sharing, fewer than 5,000 out of the 20,000 referrals that UNHCR will make are likely to benefit from it before the end of the year. At least 15% of cases referred for resettlement are women at risk, with another 10% being survivors of torture and trauma. For the over 99% of Iraqi refugees who are unlikely to benefit from resettlement, long-term assistance and protection programmes in their countries of asylum are urgently required.
The international community – and not just neighbouring states – has a responsibility towards the huge number of displaced, impoverished, alienated and disenchanted Iraqis who have been displaced by an international conflict but left largely to fend for themselves. An effective humanitarian response needs to be all encompassing and with a long-term perspective, taking into account the needs of not only those displaced but also their host communities. On a positive note, the UAE has announced a $10 million contribution to UNHCR's programme for Iraqis in Syria – roughly the equivalent of the combined contributions from all Gulf States to UNHCR over the past decade. Brazil's decision to accept over 100 Palestinians stuck in a desolate camp on the Jordanian-Iraqi border for over four years is another concrete example of a non-traditional partner recognising the extent of the humanitarian catastrophe in Iraq and coming to the fore to assist. Sadly, despite persistent appeals by UNHCR and other agencies, around 10,000 Palestinians remain trapped in Baghdad and in grave danger from hostile militias.
If the displacement situation in Iraq and the strain on neighbouring states are to be stabilised, and possibly reversed, it is critical that the international community give the same level of attention as it afforded the post-2003 invasion reconstruction and development phases. Responses to the assistance and protection needs of the millions of displaced Iraqis need to be immediate and massive. Given the lack of durable solutions, they may also have to be long-term.
Andrew Harper (harper@unhcr.org) is the head of UNHCR's Iraq Support Unit. The article was written in a personal capacity. For latest news of UNHCR's response to the Iraq crisis, see www.unhcr.org/iraq.html
[1] www.uniraq.org
Enlaces transversales de libro para Iraq: growing needs amid continuing displacement
‹ From the Editor
Humanitarian action: a Western-dominated enterprise in need of change ›


WORCESTER (CBS/AP) — A Massachusetts doctor who is one of three American aid workers successfully treated after contracting the Ebola virus in West Africa discussed his recovery from the disease and said he's likely to return to Liberia in the future despite his medical battle.
Dr. Rick Sacra and his wife Debbie, who returned home to Holden on Thursday night, held a news conference Friday morning at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester. He teaches family medicine and community health there and also works at the Family Health Center of Worcester.
Battling a variety of serious symptoms from the disease, Sacra said during his news conference that "I was concerned that I might die," but added he knew that was a possibility when he left for Liberia.
Though Sacra said Thursday he looked forward to taking his dog on a long walk, he added Friday that it will still be some time before he can accomplish that.
Sacra asked for more prayers and practical help for the West African region where the Ebola outbreak is believed to have killed more than 2,900 people. He has said it's likely he will return to Liberia someday because he has many friends in the country where he lived for 15 years.
"I think the odds of me ending up back there are pretty high. I don't have any specific plans, but I think that's where my heart is," he said.
Sacra was working at a hospital with the North Carolina-based charity SIM. He said he's not sure when he became infected, but he was taking care of very sick pregnant women and delivering babies, including performing at least 35 cesarean sections.
Two other Americans have recovered from Ebola after being treated at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta. A fourth is still being treated there.
Doctors say it's difficult to know what helped Sacra recover.
He received an experimental Tekmira Pharmaceuticals drug called TKM-Ebola, as well as two blood transfusions from Dr. Kent Brantly, a friend who recovered at Emory. The transfusions are believed to help because a survivor's blood carries Ebola antibodies. Sacra also received supportive care including IV fluids and aggressive electrolyte management.
Sacra said his desire to help patients in Liberia never wavered, despite the risks. He compared his work to policemen and firefighters who want to help others, while knowing there is a danger associated with the task.
"There's a sense of obligation, a sense of desire to serve," said Sacra.
"We all too have that human instinct that says 'I can't leave a person who's in need. I have to help,'" Sacra said.


Way not add a new building as a market place wer players can sel or buy anything from resorces to equipment using gems. This way f2p players can have a bether chance to grow and p2p players can get stupid things like resorces form f2p. And this way they can stop the ilegal gems and resorce seling in the game. This way iven a f2p players can get champ gear and p2p can get some gems and resorces without having to buy iligal.
That is a great suggestion it will be great if this gets added.
Consider this you have asked others for suggestions and someone comes and tells you that you should change/add something so that its convenient for others around you but you get nothing from it. would you do it ?
I think i understend wat you ment. But i think its a good option that can solv most of the problems. Im not a f2p player but so i understand that its a best optin for f2p. But most of the p2p players can use this to buy resorces or rare items. The game is becoming more p2p with evry update.


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BN10-58: School Space Review Underway
By Gary Rusak, Daily News Staff
With School District 59 taking a serious look at school space this month the possibility of school closures in the future looms. At its last regular meeting on September 17th the district's board of trustees announced that it would review the problem of shrinking enrolment and empty classrooms.
"We know that providing support and resources to students can be a real challenge for schools that are continuing to get smaller," said School Board chair Wayne Ezeard. "With this review we will certainly be looking for the best possible ways of delivering service to students. Reviewing the operation of
our current school facilities will be part of this process."
Enrolment in the South Peace District has continued to decline by about two per cent a year. For the South Peace District overall enrolment has dropped from 5,900 to 4,900 in the past ten years.
The review will look into an appropriate response to the problem by identifying the best possible use of resources for each school. The review is expected to begin later this month. Tentative proposals are expected to be in place by the end of November. There will then be a component of community involvement in the process with a series of meetings for parents and the public to review the findings. Of course, one response to the problem is to start closing redundant
and unused school facilities.
"School closures is certainly one of the possible outcomes of the process," said Mike Downey, Superintendent of Schools, "If the question is whether the closure of one or more schools is on the table, the answer would have to be 'yes'."
However, it is not a step that the board will take lightly. Downey went on to say that if such a proposal was made the opportunity for affected parents and students to address their concerns to the board would be provided.
The final proposals will be available after Christmas with the earliest possible implementation of any plans slated for September 2004.
« BN10-57: Northern Lights College Sees Hangar Expansion
BN10-59: Heated Emotions at School Meeting »


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Art, music, literature, sports & leisure
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Lyme Regis, England
Fossil collector and paleontologist
Richard and Mary Anning
Mary Anning (May 21, 1799 – March 9, 1847) was an early British fossil collector and paleontologist. She is credited with the discovery of many fossils, including the first specimen of Ichthyosaurus, the first nearly complete specimen of Plesiosaurus, the first British find of a fossil of the flying reptile Perodactylus macronyx, the jawless fish Dapedium politum, the pterosaur Dimorphodon, and the fossil fish Squaloraja, among others.
Hers is a remarkable story. Starting as an uneducated young girl, in poverty, surrounded by family calamities, lacking formal education, and in a world in which women were not admitted to the scientific societies, she became a leading paleontologist, greatly advancing the field and she gradually won international renown and the respect and admiration of her peers. Nonetheless, it was others who formally studied and published on her specimens, often without any recognition that it was she who discovered the fossils.
Mary's discoveries confronted the belief of her time that the Earth was only thousands of years old, providing evidence that the Earth was actually much older. While this understanding of ancient fossils caused many to leave the church, Mary Anning found that her faith helped, rather than hindered, her scientific progress.
2 Finding of fossils
3 Social, religious, and later life
4 Impact
Mary Anning was born on May 21, 1799 in Lyme Regis, a small coastal town on the English Channel in the southwest corner of Dorset, a county in England. There were about 1,450 people living in Dorset at the time (Quinsey 2008). Although her parents were to have at least ten children, only she and her brother Joseph survived childhood. In those days, about half of the children under the age of five died, generally from measles and smallpox.
Mary Anning's parents were Richard and Molly Anning. Richard Anning had moved to Lyme from Colyton in Devon. At the age of 27, he was in Blandford, where he married Mary Moore on August 8, 1793. Returning to Lyme, the couple lived in a house built on the town's bridge, and attended the local Congregational Church, where their children were baptized. Soon after their marriage, a daughter Mary was born. She was followed by a second daughter, Martha, who died almost at once, then by a son Joseph, in 1796. A second son Henry died as an infant early in 1798. Horror struck towards the end of the year, at Christmastime, when the eldest child Mary was burned to death at home, either sitting too close to the fire, or falling into it.
When another daughter was born the following May, she was given the name of her dead sister, Mary, which was also the given name of her mother. This was the Mary Anning that was to gain fame as a fossil finder. At least four further children followed: Henry, 1801; Percival, 1803; Elizabeth, 1804; and Richard, 1809. All died within a couple of years of birth, leaving only two surviving children, Joseph and Mary.
The conditions during much of Mary's early life were difficult, including a famine that struck soon after her birth. At one point, a mob, led by her father, attacked several estates and a mill in an effort to end price gouging and mass starvation. No one was convicted of a crime, however, because no one in Lyme would testify against those charged (Quinsey 2008).
Mary Anning herself was marked out for an unusual life at the age of 15 months when on August 19, 1800, a lightning strike in the village caught four people in the open. Her nurse, Mrs. Haskins, and two teenage girls took shelter from a heavy rain under an elm tree. When it was struck by lightning, all but Mary were killed.
Finding of fossils
Mary's father Richard was a cabinet maker who supplemented his income by mining the coastal cliff-side fossil beds near Lyme Regis, then selling his finds to tourists. Many times he was joined by Mary, and from him she learned how to collect, clean, polish, and display the fossils for sale. However, Richard died in 1810 of tuberculosis, at the age of 44. Mary was 11 at the time. With his death, the family was left without support. Mary and her brother Joseph began collecting fossils full-time in an effort to earn some income.
Fossil collecting was in vogue in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, at first as a pastime akin to stamp collecting but gradually transforming into a science as the importance of fossils to geology and biology became understood. Anning catered to the commercial side of the field, selling her finds. She soon forged relationships within the scientific community, whose passion for fossils grew to be a major source of income for her.
Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni found by Anning
Cast of Plesiosaurus macrocephalus found by Mary Anning, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris
The cause of this connection was one of Anning's first discoveries, the skeleton of an ichthyosaur, in 1811, a few months after her father's death. There are conflicting reports, but it is believed that her brother had discovered the skull of what appeared to be a large crocodile a year earlier. The rest of the skeleton was not to be found at first, but Mary located it after a storm scoured away a portion of the cliff containing it. This was the first complete skeleton of an ichthyosaur ever discovered, although not the first ichthyosaur fossil ever, as the genus had been described in 1699 from fragments discovered in Wales. Nevertheless, it was an important find, and was soon described in the Transactions of the Royal Society. Anning was 12 years old at the time of her discovery. She went on to find two other distinct species of Ichthyosaur.
At the age of 14, in 1813, Mary received her first geology book from a woman in town, who she would do errands for, and Mary became an avid reader of everything that she could learn about geology and paleontology. She also studied and dissected modern animals to learn more about them. She would eventually gain a knowledge that surpassed many paleontologists (Quinsey 2008). As would be stated by Lady Harriat Silvester in her diary (Quinsey 2008):
"The extraordinary thing in this young woman is that she has made herself as thoroughly acquainted with the science that the moment she finds any bones she knows to what tribe they belong. It is certainly a wonderful instance of divine favour - that this poor, ignorant girl should be so blessed, for by reading and application she has arrived to that degree of knowledge as to be in the habit of writing and talking with professors and other clever men on the subject, and they all acknowledge that she understands more of the science than anyone else in this kingdom."
As her reputation grew, Anning came to the attention of Thomas Birch, a wealthy fossil collector. Disturbed by the poverty of Mary and her family he arranged for the sale of his own fossil collection, the proceeds of which (some £400) were given to the Annings. Put on a sure (if somewhat austere) financial footing for the first time in a decade, Mary carried on with her fossil collecting even after her brother gained employment as an upholsterer.
Her next major discovery was a real first, the first-ever skeleton of a plesiosaur in 1821. The fossil she found was subsequently described, by William Conybeare as Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus and is the type specimen (holotype) of the species, which itself is the type species of the genus. She found an "unrivalled specimen" of Dapedium politum, a ray-finned fish, as described in 1828. She discovered an important fossil of a pterosaur, a Pterodactylus macronyx (later renamed by Richard Owen Dimorphodon macronyx), the first found outside Germany and thought to be the first complete skeleton.
Those were the three finds that made her mark on history, but she continued collecting for the remainder of her life, making numerous other contributions to early paleontology. Her success and a growing recognition of her abilities led a number of the more famous scientists of her time to visit her and gain insights from her, such as Louis Agassiz and Richard Owen. However, many who published findings on her fossil discoveries failed to give recognition to her. For example, while Louis Agassiz honored Mary Anning for helping to unlock the secrets of prehistoric fish, Richard Owen described Annings find of Plesiosaurus macrocephalus to the Geological Society of London without ever mentioning her by name (Quinsey 2008).
Social, religious, and later life
The Annings were Dissenters, a religious body that separated from and disagreed with the Anglican Church or the Church of England. She began attending the Dissenters' Sunday School around her eighth birthday, and learned to read and write there (Quinsey 2008). Eventually she shifted her faith from dissent to the Established Church (Goodhue 2005).
Her religious journey included a fascination with Benjamin West's painting Christ Rejected and a sophistication in Biblical interpretation. She also took comfort in the Bible in the face of close calls, when she narrowly escaped death, such as when tons of rocks fell around her as she was collecting fossils at the base of the beach clifts and her dog Trey was beside her and was killed (Quinsey 2008). It is said that her piety did not hinder, but rather furthered, her scientific progress (Goodhue 2005). Many were leaving the church with the discovery of ancient fossils, since it was undermining their faith, based on a literal interpretation of the Bible, but Mary remained devout.
Mary Anning never married. She died of breast cancer on March 9, 1847 in Lyme Regis.
Mary Anning's Window, St Michael's Church
Gravestone of Mary Anning and her brother, Joseph
Taken all together, Mary Anning's discoveries became key pieces of evidence for extinction. Until her time it was widely believed that animals did not become extinct; any oddities found were explained away as still living somewhere in an unexplored region of the earth. The bizarre nature of the fossils found by Anning struck a heavy blow against this argument, and set the stage for real understanding of life in earlier geologic ages.
For a time after her death, Mary dropped into obscurity but, in recent decades, she has been rediscovered. After her death, a eulogy was read at the Geological Society, some members of which subsequently contributed to a stained-glass window to her memory, in the parish church of St Michael the Archangel, the Society having failed to elect her to membership during her lifetime. The inscription reads: "This window is sacred to the memory of Mary Anning of this parish, who died 9 March AD 1847 and is erected by the vicar and some members of the Geological Society of London in commemoration of her usefulness in furthering the science of geology, as also of her benevolence of heart and integrity of life." (It depicts the corporal works of mercy, in other words, feeding the hungry, giving drink to the thirsty, clothing the naked, sheltering the homeless, visiting prisoners and visiting the sick.)
The old tongue-twister, "She sells sea shells by the sea shore," is believed by some to have been written about Mary Anning.
In 2005, a Mary Anning "facsimile" was created at the Natural History Museum as one of a number of notable gallery characters to patrol its displays. She is thus among other luminaries including Carl Linnaeus, Dorothea Bate, and William Smith.
Writer John Fowles in "The French Lieutenant's Woman" (Ch. 8) notes: "One of the meanest disgraces of British palaeontology is that though many scientists of the day gratefully used her finds to establish their own reputation, not one native type bears the name anningii."
Akins, J. 1999. Mary Anning and the Sea Dragon. Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0374348405.
Anon. 1828. Another discovery by Mary Anning of Lyme. An unrivalled specimen of Dapedium politum an antediluvian fish. Salisbury and Winchester Journal 108:5599 2.
Anholt, L. 2006. Stone Girl Bone Girl: The Story of Mary Anning. Frances Lincoln Publishers. ISBN 1845077008.
Brown, D. 2003. Rare Treasure: Mary Anning and Her Remarkable Discoveries. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0618310819.
Clarke, N. J. 1998. Mary Anning 1799-1847: A Brief History. Clarke (Nigel J) Publications. ISBN 0907683576.
Cole, S. 2005. The Dragon in the Cliff: A Novel Based on the Life of Mary Anning. iUniverse. ISBN 0595350747.
Day, M. 1995. Dragon in the Rocks: A Story Based on the Childhood of the Early Paleontologist, Mary Anning. Maple Tree Press. ISBN 1895688388.
Fradin, D. B. 1997. Mary Anning: The Fossil Hunter (Remarkable Children). Silver Burdett Press. ISBN 0382394879.
Goodhue, T. W. 2002. Curious Bones: Mary Anning and the Birth of Paleontology (Great Scientists). Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds. ISBN 1883846935.
Goodhue, T. W. 2004. Fossil Hunter: The Life and Times of Mary Anning (1799-1847). Bethesda: Academica. ISBN 1930901550.
Goodhue, T. W. 2005. Mary Anning: The fossilist as exegete. Endeavour 29(1): 28-32. PMID 15749150. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
Lienhard, J. H. n.d. No. 863: Mary Anning. Engines of Our Ingenuity. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
Norman, D. B. 1999. Mary Anning and her times: The discovery of British palaeontology (1820-1850). Trends Ecol. Evol. 14(11): 420-421. PMID 10511714. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
Pierce, P. 2006. Jurassic Mary: Mary Anning and the Primeval Monsters. Sutton. ISBN 0750940395.
Quinsey, D. 2008. Mary Anning biography. Discovering Fossils. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
Tickell, C. 1996. Mary Anning of Lyme Regis. Lyme Regis Philpot Museum. ISBN 0952766205.
Torrens, H. 1995. Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme: The greatest fossilist the world ever knew. British Journal for the History of Science 25: 257-284.
Walker, S. M. 2000. Mary Anning: Fossil Hunter. Carolrhoda Books. ISBN 1575054256.
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Local media in France has reported that the French authorities waived off taxes worth 143.7 million euros or 162.6 million dollars in favour of Indian businessman Anil Ambani's France-based telecom company called "Reliance Atlantic Flag France". Anil Ambani's tax debt was waived off a few months after Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the Rafale deal with France.
The tax dispute, according to the local media outlet Le Monde, was settled by October 2015 when India and France-based Dassault Aviation were negotiating the Rafale deal. A few months earlier, PM Modi, during an official visit to France in April 2015, had announced that India would acquire 36 fully built Rafale fighter jets from the French company Dassault.
However, just six months after PM Modi's Rafale announcement, the French tax authorities reportedly waived off Anil Ambani's 143.7 million euros tax debt and accepted 7.3 million euros from Reliance as a settlement, instead of the original tax debt of 151 million euros.


"Don't steal my car!" a total stranger, an older white man, told me this morning. He said this comment while we were in a restaurant and when I walked past him to get an item from my car. We had arrived at the same restaurant parking lot earlier and he had parked his car, an older model Porsche, next to my car, a Prius. It's not everyday a total stranger tells me not to steal his car so I was a bit startled by it. My initial reaction was "did he just really say that?" As soon as I heard what he said, I responded with "Excuse me. What did you say?" Maybe he had thought he wasn't going to get any response from me or if he did, maybe he expected a more positive one. He looked startled when I said that to him. Because I was with a group of co-workers to celebrate the retirement of one of a school administrator, my personal mentor actually, I chose not to continue my exchange with this stranger.
Whether this stranger said this as a joke or whatever his intent was, he probably didn't expect the impact on me, based on my reaction. Maybe he was expecting me to laugh and go along with the humor. I didn't see it that way. I later posted this incident on Facebook, along with my sarcastic comment that maybe I look like a car thief even with my professional attire (dress shirt, slacks, and tie). I also commented that he was an "SOB". The reactions ranged from that it was a joke to racial profiling and the possibility that the stranger was posturing, that as males, this was a display of competition.
In the most objective analysis, I can suggest the idea that intents do not always equal impacts. I can give that stranger the benefit of the doubt that his reasons could be just that he was joking as suggested from a couple of friends who responded to my Facebook post. Personally, I wouldn't say that to a total stranger because I am cautious of what I say anyway and I was raised to be respectful. But what makes this incident somewhat complex is that as the recipient of this comment, I carry experiences that formed my emotional reaction to it. While I suggested in my Facebook post today that the stranger's comment was more of a reflection of himself rather than mine, my reaction, however is also based on my perception.The incident today triggered an experience I had a long time ago. When I was younger, I had a similar incident happen to me. I was waiting for my parents in our car, with the window open, while they were in a doctor's clinic and this older white male just came up to me and told me "don't steal my car" as he pointed to his car parked a couple of stalls away. I didn't know how to react back then and certainly, I didn't have the courage to respond to him like I did today.
There have been several times in my life when I've been in situations when I felt like I was treated with lesser respect than others. For example, there have been times when I'm shopping and either an employee follows me closely or in some other times, I am offered no help at all. One unpleasant experience was at Nordstrom in Santa Barbara. Two employees, a few feet away from me, did not even acknowledge me or offer their help. I was the only person in that area of the store at that time. I was alone until an older white couple, dressed like they would have money, joined me. The two employees immediately walked and greeted them and cheerfully offered their help. This is when I went through a process of posing questions in my head trying to understand why this just happened. It's a process I unfortunately go through more than I would like given the number of similar incidents in my life. Was it because I was wearing shorts and a t-shirt and I probably look like I have no money to spend? Is it because of my age, my look, my race, maybe something else? I have had similar experiences at Best Buy in the past as well where I was totally ignored. It's interesting that when I described my experience to a co-worker who once used at Best Buy, he mentioned that when he worked for the company, he was trained to look for people who may not look technically knowledgeable. These are the customers that they could potentially sell extra warranties because that's where the store makes money. I had not considered that perspective before. After hearing this, I added another possibility as to why I've gotten the treatment from Best Buy. Maybe I look like someone who may know about technology so they don't bother taking the time helping me. Of course, it still doesn't make sense to me as to why a store would not treat every customers, no matter how they look, as potential revenue.
I once brought some friends of mine, young Filipino-Americans to a nice restaurant in Montecito. Montecito is a very affluent town and not a diverse community. How we were treated was one of the most blatant display of discrimination. The waiter ignored us the whole time we were seated and when he attended to our table, the cheery and friendly disposition he treated the other customers, all white folks, suddenly turned to a look of annoyance. It was a disappointing experience to say the least. I can cite other incidents similar to this experience as well.
The incidents above lead me to question the motivations behind how I'm treated and the realization and disappointment that I will come across these situations throughout my lifetime because of how I look, how I speak, and because of my socio-economic background.
Going back to the incident today, I can look back and either accept the idea that the stranger was just a bad comedian with no ill intent, or that his comment was driven by malice. I don't know his intent, and I'm certainly not going to excuse his action, but all I know is that as the recipient, the impact was not a positive one.


I understand the appeal of social media for companies. I don't have a college degree, but I do understand marketing because of my own family's business growing up. When I graduated from high school, I opted to go right to work for the family business full time. As the years passed by, I was being groomed to take over one day. That is why I started looking at social media, because I knew we needed to move into that direction to stay relevant. I had studied enough about it to know I had to buy Instagram comments, likes and followers as soon as I got the Instagram account for the business set up.