This is the most personal post I've ever shared in a professional blogging space. It makes me feel quite vulnerable. However, I believe that making the case for day schools for non-Orthodox Jewish families might be best achieved one story at a time. Here's mine.
I grew up in a very assimilated but very culturally Jewish family. I went to Sunday school and Hebrew school a few afternoons a week. I had a Friday night bat mitzvah service and went to High School in Israel. My family celebrated "major" Jewish holidays together (Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Pesach). Although I felt a strong sense of Jewish identity, I had (I understand now) very little Jewish literacy or knowledge of traditions or ritual. I don't remember ever seeing my mother or grandmother light Shabbat candles, nor did I ever see my father or grandfather don tefillan or go to minyan. I never knew about kashrut, although we did not eat pork or shellfish "because we're Jewish." Looking back, I also realize that our family did not really mix meat and dairy in our meals although there was never a reason or structure given for this.
My grandparents, with whom I was very close and who, while they did not practice much ritual observance maintained a very strong yiddishkeit, counseled me throughout my young life of the imperative to marry a Jewish man. However, I was not grounded in Jewish tradition or, as I grew to be an adult, a Jewish community, and I discounted their wishes. At the time I got married (in my early 30's) I had virtually no connection to Jewish life. Yet, I knew that it was deeply important to me that my children be "raised Jewish." I put that in quotes because I never thought about what that even meant or how my husband and I would raise Jewish children.
When my son was born, in 2004, we were living in northern California. My Jewish friends were all intermarried; none were committed to raising Jewish children. I had friends who believed that circumcision was akin to mutilation and abuse. However, I took comfort in the lifecycle rituals that were there for me, guiding me, however minimally I understood them, in taking the first steps of parenting Jewish children. I wonder if the kind mohel who came to our house in Novato, California (Jewish population zero?) to perform our son's bris said a prayer for this baby boy that put our family on the path to a Jewish day school.
A series of events took place, the foremost of which was me being offered a job there, that made us consider the school. I don't want to say too much about why I believe this happened, but I will share that I did not seek out this job, nor did I even want it at the time. It was simply meant to be.
So, in 2006, both my daughter and I started Jewish day school, she as a kindergartener and I as the school's new technology coordinator.
Fast forward eleven years. That baby in the earlier photo just celebrated becoming a bar mitzvah. As I watched my son lead prayers and read Torah I reflected with gratitude on the role that Jewish day school has played in all of our lives.
My daughter is now a sophomore at a public high school. When she was first starting school, it was important to me that she experience diversity. I thought it essential that she learn to understand and get along with a variety of people, and I worried that Jewish day school did not offer this opportunity. What I did not understand then was this: in order to be part of a diverse group, you must first understand who YOU are. What do you contribute to the diversity? My children are more knowledgable and literate as Jews than I ever was. They know who they are.
I have also learned and grown tremendously thanks to Jewish day school. Working at and sending my children to the school attuned me to aspects of Jewish life that I had either never learned or never understood. I have learned (and am still learning) what it actually means to raise Jewish children. I have embraced more mitzvos, holiday observances and Torah learning into my own life. Yes, Jewish learning (and all learning) begins in the home. But, although I had the sense of wanting to raise Jewish children, I was, I now realize, rather unequipped to do so.
My daughter chose Judaism as the theme for a thematic piece for her art class.
I consider Jewish day school a vital partner in raising Jewish children. As I reflect, from my current vantage point on the journey, I wonder why it was even important to me to raise Jewish children. I think a big part of my original motivation was simply based in my own closeness to my grandparents, for whom that Yiddishkeit way of life was such a part of who they were. I wanted my children to have a connection to my grandparents. Now I understand more deeply how much Judaism is a chain of connectedness, L'dor V'dor. I think my grandparents would be pleased and proud.
The first link of #myJDSstory has been created. Looking forward to seeing your story encourage and connect others to tell their story.
Thank you for sharing this very personal blog post. Judaism IS a chain of connectedness. It is my hope and prayer that my children don't break our family's chain. I'm sure your grandparents would be very proud of you!
Thank you for sharing this. I feel extremely connected to your journey of learning and growing your connection with your children. You are an incredible educator, an amazing mother, and a beautiful friend.
What an inspiring post and story, dear Andrea! I relate to your background and journey as mine has been similar. We are grateful to the Martin J Gottlieb Jewish Day School for providing a framework for our entire family's Jewish learning and growth. Thank you for being an incredible leader and thought-provoking, effective educator!


BLUE MOSQUE: This mosque complex, containing Istanbul's only mosque with six minarets was built by Sedefkar Mehmet Aga for Sultan Ahmed 1st. early 17th century.
After the tour, you will be transferred to your hotel at around 5:30 pm. Overnight in Istanbul. (B, L).
Pick up at 08:30am from the hotel and depart for the Istanbul Bosphorus Cruise and Shopping Tour. Visit the SPICE BAZAAR (Egyptian Bazaar). The air here is filled with the enticing aromas of cinnamon, caraway, saffron, mint, thyme and every other conceivable herb and spice.
DOLMABAHCE The summer residence of Ottoman sultans exists in its original renovated glory featuring original antique furniture and magnificent gardens with the Harem on the Asian side of Istanbul.
Camlica Hill view of Istanbul the highest point in Istanbul. At the top of it you can rest and admire the magnificent panorama of Istanbul and the Bosporus from the beautiful gardens, landscaped in traditional Turkish Ottoman style.


text:
require 'spec_helper'
require_relative 'shared/block_examples'

# rubocop:disable EmptyLines, LineLength

describe RubyToBlock::Block::SensingReachWall, to_blocks: true do
  parts = <<-EOS
if reach_wall?

end
  EOS
  describe compact_source_code(parts), on_start_data: true do
    _parts = parts
    let(:parts) { _parts }

    it '結果が正しいこと' do
      should eq_block_xml(<<-XML)
          <block type="control_if" inline="true">
            <value name="COND">
              <block type="sensing_reach_wall" />
            </value>
          </block>
      XML
    end
  end

  parts = <<-EOS
if car1.reach_wall?

end
  EOS
  describe compact_source_code(parts), character_new_data: true do
    _parts = parts
    let(:parts) { _parts }

    it '結果が正しいこと' do
      should eq_block_xml(<<-XML)
      <block type="ruby_expression">
        <field name="EXP">car1.reach_wall?</field>
      </block>
      XML
    end
  end

  parts = <<-EOS
if reach_wall?

end
  EOS
  describe compact_source_code(parts) do
    _parts = parts
    let(:data) { _parts }

    it '結果が正しいこと' do
      should eq_block_xml(<<-XML)
  <block type="control_if" inline="true">
    <value name="COND">
      <block type="ruby_expression">
        <field name="EXP">reach_wall?</field>
      </block>
    </value>
  </block>
      XML
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Complex molecule functionalization, including complex molecule diversification, is one of the frontiers of contemporary chemistry. Control over chemical reactivity and predictable selectivity are the key goals in this field. C-H activation is an important development in this connection and complementary to this, our group developed a method to regioselectively oxidize unprotected oligosaccharides (ANIE 2013, pp 7809-7812). During the ALERT program, catalytic reactions that selectively modify complex molecules, in particular antibiotics, will be developed and applied to diversify the scaffold or to avoid resistance. Photoredox chemistry and transition metal-catalyzed C-H oxidation will be important methods, backed up by (multistep) organic synthesis.
Structure-based design and synthesis of inhibitors of anti-infective targets, such as the enzyme DXS and energy-coupling factor transporters, taking advantage of dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
We have recently reported the first inhibitors of two important anti-infective targets: DXS and the energy-coupling transporter ThiT for thiamine. During the ALERT program, we will adopt structure-based drug design in combination with dynamic combinatorial chemistry to further optimise the initial hits into lead compounds. We will focus on improving the potency as well as other drug-like properties such as water solubility and selectivity. From an early stage, we will also monitor how the compounds perform in cell-based assays.
1. T. Masini, J. Kurz, B. S. Kroezen, B. Illarionov, M. Fischer, C. Griesinger, A. K. H. Hirsch, Chem. Sci. 2014, 5, 3543–3551.
2. L. Monjas, L. J. Y. M. Swier, A. R. de Voogd, A. Gustov, D. J. Slotboom, A. K. H. Hirsch, ChemBioChem 2015, 16, 819–826.
The student will be trained in drug design and medicinal chemistry, carrying out biochemical activity assays, focussed on finding initial lead compounds for the major human pathogens M. tuberculosis and P.falciparum.
Organic chemistry with an interest (or some experience) in medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and/or biochemistry.
In recent years our group has developed a powerful technique to functionalize complex natural products without the need for multistep organic synthesis. We employ aptamers based on nucleic acids that bind a complex target structure. The functional groups in contact with the aptamer are protected while functional groups of the target not in contact with the aptamer can be regioselectively modified (Nature Chem. 2012, 4: 789, Figure 1). As a consequence, many new antibiotic derivatives based on aminoglycosides were fabricated that would have required years to be synthesized by conventional procedures. We prognosticate that the aptamer protective group (APG) technology will have great impact on natural product-based drug development and lead optimization. During the ALERT program, novel antibiotics are designed and synthesized employing APGs to overcome antibacterial resistance or to fabricate conjugates composed of different classes of antibiotics exhibiting two antimicrobial warheads.
The student will be trained in in the derivatization of complex antibiotics based on natural products by using a novel approach based on supramolecular protective groups.
Modern Drug Discovery is an exciting mix of technology platforms performed in multidisciplinary teams and offers open minded the opportunity to fundamentally contribute to areas of unmet medical needs such as tuberculosis. Rv2234 phosphatase and PD1-PDL1 protein protein interaction are exciting new targets for tuberculosis drugs, which will be investigated during the ALERT program. Rv2234 phosphatase is a transcriptional regulator and animal models with mutant Rv2234 indicate strongly reduced bacillary load. Recent research indicates that the PD-1 axis could be a host drug target for immunomodulatory treatments of tuberculosis. The PI lab has a strong base in PD1-PDL1 medicinal chemistry and protein science.
The student will be trained in drug design and medicinal chemistry, protein production, purification, biophysical characterisation, crystallisation and structural analysis, as well as finding initial hits for the major human pathogen M. tuberculosis.
A strong background in organic chemistry and biochemistry, however open minded to neighbouring disciplines, including medicine and biology.
The goal of this project is to use a photopharmacology (1) approach to control antibiotic activity with light to achieve high precision activation and auto-deactivation to avoid environmental contamination of active ingredient and resistance build–up. Using a combination of synthetic, photochemical and cell biology methods various light-switches will be incorporated into antibiotics, their photoresponsive behavior studied and the modulation of biological activity tested. A similar approach will be followed for switchable quorum sensing molecules to control bacterial communication and biofilm formation with light.
Major challenges to be addressed in this PhD project include the design of switchable antibiotics with visible / near–IR photoswitching. This is an essential feature for deep tissue penetration in future clinical applications. Specifically, we focus on using modified azo-benzenes and novel photoswitches with extended conjugation. The novel photoswitches will also be incorporated in a selected series of bacterial quorum sensing molecules (2) to control bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation.
Photopharmacology: Beyond Proof of Principle, Velema, W.A.; Szymanski, W.; Feringa, B. L., Am.Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 (6), 2178-2191.
Van der Berg, J. P.; Velema, W. A.; Szymanski, W.; Driessen, A.; Feringa, B.L. Chem. Sciences, 2015, 6, 3593-3598.
The student will be trained in synthesis, photophysics and hybrid biosystem design and study the reversible control of bacterial activity and bacterial communication, all focused on photopharmacology.


text:
Q: Android app stores submission using google publishing API How to use the Google publishing API, which Google Play Developer Console that will enable me to automatically upload an APK to Google Play the first time? Is there any working sample for this?

A: You can use app release manager https://github.com/rakeshgirase/app-release-manager to publish APK file to Google Play store.

A: The Google Play Developer Publishing API lets you upload and publish apps, and perform other publishing-related tasks. It provides functions similar to those available to a developer through the Developer Console, such as:

*

*Uploading new versions of an app

*Releasing apps, by assigning APKs to various Tracks (alpha, beta, staged rollout, or production)

*Creating and modifying Google Play Store listings, including localized text and graphics and multi-device screenshots

Those tasks are performed using the new edits functionality, which take a transactional approach to making changes; you bundle several changes into a single draft edit, then commit the changes all at once.
Reference: https://developers.google.com/android-publisher/#publishing
The Google Play Developer Publishing API Edits methods allow you to prepare a number of changes to your Google Play app, then deploy them all at once. You do this by creating an edit, which holds all the changes you want to make to the app. You can only use this API to make changes to an existing app (that has at least one APK uploaded); thus, you will have to upload at least one APK through the Developer Console before you can use this API.
Reference: https://developers.google.com/android-publisher/edits

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


One of the sportsbooks which is making a really fast and positive impact in the gaming industry, MELbet competes with most of the more widely-known and established brands on every level. Offering over 200 live events each day and more than 1000 matches and markets through its sportsbook, its user-friendly interface makes it a popular choice for new and experienced bettors alike. Like all leading sportsbooks it covers every major sport as well as markets from the world of television and elsewhere. Owned by Pelican Entertainment and licensed by the government of Curacao, MELbet is operated by Exinvest Ltd. out of Limassol in Cyprus. It is available for use in all jurisdictions other than those in which sportsbetting is formally prohibited by law.
MELbet boasts its own dedicated bonus page, from which a number of options are listed to appeal to most tastes. At start-up there is a 100% first deposit bonus, and at top-up a series of choices – from a $30 free bet against an initial deposit of $10 to a $20 free bet on the website or a $10 free bet on the mobile app. In every case some typical and standard conditions and rollover requirements apply as a protection against abuse, however in each instance these are unambiguous and clearly explained.
Alongside these there a number of other interesting incentives, including a loyalty programme, an "accumulator of the day", a refund deal on accumulators which fail on one line and various and regularly updated competition offers such as a recent offer of tickets to the 2018 football World Cup. Perhaps most innovative of all is the "Go For Longer!" bonus which provides progressively more generous awards for repeat wins at the sportsbook.
Withdrawals can be effected through the same means as deposits and no service charges are applied. Customers withdrawing funds for the first time are requested to provide valid ID documentation prior to release for security purposes. Bonus winnings for which the required wagering conditions haven't yet been met need to be played in accordance with the terms and conditions before they may be redeemed.
The MELbet site is Russian-facing, though may be accessed in any of 45 major languages. Odds are offered in decimal, US and UK formats, and preferences may be changed by use of a simple drop-down menu which is located at the top right of the home page. Icons also at the top of the page take the visitor to the book's own Facebook page, or to its Russian equivalent VK platform.
MELbet offers over 200 live events each day and boasts its own dedicated page at which these may be accessed. They are listed clearly in chronological order and prices are updated regularly. A range of markets is usually available rather than just the obligatory basic results prices, and revisions are constant, ongoing and clearly indicated.
Live Betting is an exciting development in the world of sports betting which allows customers to monitor the progress of events and to try to predict outcomes based upon current performance and form. It also provides a great many options for laying off earlier bets and dutching, and is understandably becoming increasingly popular.
The latest version of MELbet's accessible and popular IPhone application was released in April 2016 and sits proudly alongside its equally usable Android version and conventional website for both PC/Mac and smartphone browsing. The company specifically encourages usage of this cutting-edge technology through the provision of a $10 free bet for all customers trying this option for the first time. Bets can be made almost effortlessly through a minimal number of clicks following a process which has been designed for smooth and easy navigation.
A comprehensive list of rules, both general and in respect of specific sports and events, is provided for the convenience of the customer. This includes everything from types of bet available, telephone betting and dispute resolution. A list of e-mail addresses is provided on the Contact page for the various divisions of the operation such as finance, technical support, general queries and affiliate information, and the site includes a simple integrated form which can be used to submit queries to the sportsbook. Especially helpful is the live chat facility with a permanent link provided at the foot of the page, which remains in situ regardless of whereabouts on the site one has scrolled to at any given time.
Because MELbet is an Eastern-facing operation which has ambitions to compete also in Western markets it has a truly global perspective when it comes to the wide range of options which it offers. Like most sportsbooks it has a heavy emphasis on soccer, but in addition it boldly penetrates more continental areas of interest such trotting, skiing, pesäpallo and even cockfighting! With a nod to the Irish market it offers prices for hurling and Gaelic football, whilst in addition featuring odds on all the major US sports – football, basketball, baseball and hockey. It is a truly international one-stop shop for every sporting taste, with something literally for everyone. TV shows, current affairs and political events feature too.
The measure of a serious bookmaker lies not only in the number of different sports and events it covers, but in the range of lines that exist within them. For example in football bets can placed on Correct Score, Total Goals, First Corner, Number of Red Cards, Number of Corners, and even some slightly unorthodox combinations like Result Plus Over/Under. But many other sports too throw up lines which many customers find more interesting than the conventional straightforward wager on the final score. US sports for instance offer opportunities for Handicaps, Highest Scoring Quarters, plus whether or not the match will continue into Overtime. The range of options surrounding a particular event rather than just the event in itself makes for an especially engaging sports betting experience.
As a general rule of thumb the bigger and more important an event the more markets will be available around that event. So a World Cup final, for instance, would suggest a more impressive array of lines than a conventional minor league match. Typically this is made possible by the amount of money which is being invested by bettors in that event. However sportsbooks are becoming more intelligent and creative in the way that odds are offered, sometimes allowing for a surprisingly broad range of options on the most modest events. MELbet is a leader in that process and is proud of the diversity of wagers it offers to its customers.
There aren't many, but there is a credibility issue to be overcome whenever an Eastern European sportsbook enters the already well-developed Western marketplace, particularly one that is relatively new to the game. In spite of the wide range of deposit and withdrawal options, many of them are quite obscure and designed, one suspects, with a predominantly Russian customer base in mind. MELbet makes a good fist of breaking out of this particular ghetto but needs to continue to develop with this objective in mind.
An interesting and rather impressive new sportsbook which gives every indication of aspiring to be a serious player on a crowded world stage. It will be cautiously welcomed and its progress followed with genuine interest.


This is my child! Please ask your parents about the dino and the egg!!!
Miguel Cabrera is a very silly person.
still a twelve year old sherlock holmes.
The Tigers need to get Melky Cabrera when he's a free agent.
That way we can have two Martinezes and two Cabreras, altho Melky needs better fielding skillz.


Because of its simple user friendly design this 12" inch black water pipe is a customer favorite. Made of sturdy glass to ensure durability this water pipe also boast a dome percolator mean to provide the customer with the smoothest most enjoyable experience. This water pipe would be a great addition to any water pipe display.


You see, when I set my 35-book reading goal this year, I didn't take into consideration my reading rate. The truth is, I read very very slowly. I never used to time myself before, but due to my lack of a social life, I couldn't think of things to put in my planner, so this year I was able to track when I started and finished reading a book. And so I have found that it takes me at least one month to finish one book. So the realistic reading goal for me, at my current rate is really only 12 books a year.
It's September now, the 9th month of the year, and according to my Book List, I've finished 9 books so far. 9 books in 9 months. See? It's just right. Nevermind that the books I read aren't of the same length. I figure, because I'm reading the Song of Ice and Fire Saga, I'm entitled to read some really short and easy reading books along the way.
Of course, the best result is if I could go over my 12-book goal. And perhaps I should be training myself to read more quickly anyway, so maybe next year I will set a 24-book goal. Two books a month. It's not too unrealistic, right?
I've always felt that as long as you're reading, it's about your enjoyment, not your numbers. Read what you like, maybe try to carve out some more reading time, and you'll be a faster reader eventually. Like any skill, it takes practice. Enjoy!
@Danes: Haha! But I read at a glacial pace! I'll never be able to keep up with you guys!


text:
With the introduction of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012, a change in law was made to introduce keeper liability for parking charges incurred on private land. Unfortunately there has been a lot of misinformation written about the impact of the Protection of Freedoms Act and people are confused about how it affects them. In response Parking Cowboys has worked with a legal expert to put this article together to provide an interpretation of the law.
So, the question we are answering is as follows: I am the registered keeper and not the driver who parked the car – can a private parking company make me pay a parking charge I have not incurred?
No, if you give that PPC the name and address of the driver of your car who allegedly parked it in a private car park contrary to the car park's terms and conditions. The PPC must have served a notice on you asking you to provide that information.
Long answer
If you do not wish to provide the name and address of the driver (and there is no legal obligation to do so), the PPC must have complied with all of the following procedural steps in order to be able to recover the parking charge from you. If you know that the PPC has failed to follow the steps below, then you can choose to decline to give the drivers details with impunity; the choice is yours. If you do choose to decline you should advise the PPC just where it has failed to comply with POFA, but after the end of the period for service of the notice to keeper. If you were to advise the PPC too early then the PPC can re-serve the notice to keeper which is compliant with the Act.
1. The vehicle must not have been stolen at the time that the Parking Charges were incurred. You must provide the PPC with evidence that it had been stolen.
2. From the date you receive a Notice to Keeper no action may be taken against you until at least 28 days have elapsed. (During that time you can either pay the charge, appeal or provide the name and address of the driver)
3. No more may be recovered from you than is specified in the Notice to Keeper (less any payments made towards the unpaid Parking Charges)
4. The creditor (person entitled to recover the parking charge) must have a contractual right to recover the parking charge from the driver and must be unaware of the name and current address of that driver.
5. Either
The driver received what the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 calls a Notice to Driver (parking ticket) , at the time the vehicle was stationary in the car park, followed by the Notice to Keeper both of which must comply with the requirements of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (see below); or
Where a notice to driver was not served e.g because of the use of ANPR, then just a Notice to Keeper has been served on you
6. The Creditor or its agent must have made application to the DVLA for your name and address either
NOT EARLIER than 28 days after the vehicle was parked (where a Notice to Driver was issued); or
NOT LATER than 14 days after the vehicle was parked (where a Notice to Driver was not issued)
7. Any requirements of any Regulations made under paragraph 12 of Schedule 4 of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 have been met (as to display of notices in the car park). No such Regulations have been made as at February 2013
8. Subject to Schedule 4 of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 where the vehicle was hired and the hire agreement includes an obligation on the hirer to pay all parking charges, if the hire company provides evidence of that liability to the Creditor within 28 days of the service of the Notice to Keeper, together with the name and address of the driver, then the hire company shall not be liable for the parking charges
The Parking Ticket (aka Notice to Driver)
Schedule 4 paragraph 7 of the PoFA stipulates the mandatory set of information that must be included on the parking ticket. If all of this information is not present then the Notice to Driver is invalid and the condition set out in paragraph 6 of Schedule 4 has not been complied with. Failure to comply with paragraph 6 means that the registered keeper cannot be held to account for the alleged debt of the driver.
Which car the ticket relates to
What land the car was parked on
The period the car was parked
When and how the parking rules were broken
What the parking charges are for the infringement of the rules, and of the maximum additional costs they may seek to recover, and the date by which those parking charges should be paid
Any discounts for paying within 14 days – which should be at least 40% of the full charge under the British Parking Association (BPA) Code of Practice (applies to BPA Members only)
How to pay and to whom (this must be the person legally entitled to the money – the "Creditor")
The date the time the notice was issued
How appeals and complaints can be dealt with – for parking companies who are members of the B PA.
If the ticket was issued to the driver it may also say that the PPC may ask for details of the registered keeper of the car from the DVLA. Note that the PPC cannot ask for registered keeper details until 28 days have elapsed since the issue of the Parking Ticket i.e. after the period within which the driver is required to pay or appeal the parking charge.
The Notice to Keeper
Schedule 4 paragraphs 8 and 9 of the PoFA stipulates the mandatory information that must be included in the Notice to Keeper. If all of this information is not present then the Notice to Keeper is invalid and the condition set out in paragraph 6 of Schedule 4 has not been complied with. Failure to comply with paragraph 6 means that the registered keeper cannot be held to account for the alleged debt of the driver.
Advise that the driver is liable for the parking charge and the amount and that it has not been paid in full
State whether a notice to the driver was given either to the driver or placed on the vehicle and if so to repeat the information in that notice about paying the parking charge and when
Specify the outstanding amount of the parking charge and of the maximum additional costs they may seek to recover, and of the dispute resolution arrangements
Invite the registered keeper to pay the outstanding parking charge or, if he was not the driver, to provide the name and address of the driver and to pass a copy of the notice on to that driver
Identify the "creditor" who is legally entitled to recover the parking charge
Warn the keeper that if the parking charges remains outstanding after 28 days and the name and address of the driver has not been given, or otherwise known to the person entitled to the parking charge, that "creditor" will be entitled to recover the parking charge from the registered keeper.
Details of the discount for payment within 14 days, The Discount should be at least 40% of the full charge under the BPA Code of Practice (applies to BPA Members only)
Date of the notice
Schedule 4 paragraphs 8(5) or 9(5) specify the time limits for serving a Notice to Keeper. If this is not complied with then the registered keeper cannot be held to account for the alleged debt of the driver.
A Notice to Keeper can be served by ordinary post and the Protection of Freedoms Act requires that the Notice, to be valid, must be delivered either
(Where a notice to driver (parking ticket) has been served) Not earlier than 28 days after, nor more than 56 days after, the service of that notice to driver; or
(Where no notice to driver has been served (e.g ANPR is used)) Not later than 14 days after the vehicle was parked
A notice sent by post is to be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to have been delivered on the second working day after the day on which it is posted; and for this purpose "working day" means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or a public holiday in England and Wales.
The notice to keeper must be accompanied by any evidence prescribed in Regulations made under paragraph 10 of Schedule 4 of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012. As at February 2013 no such Regulations have been made.
If a Notice to Keeper has been issued and the PPC knows who the driver is then the PPC may have improperly obtained the registered keeper details from the DVLA.
UPDATE: Please see our new article on paragraph 11, and a potential loophole where parking companies might not have attained your details as the keeper from the DVLA (link)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Click on one of the drop down menus below to learn more about farmers markets in the USA. This site is dedicated to helping you find, learn about, and enjoy supporting your local farmers and feeding your family healthy food. Thanks and enjoy!
Vendors can purchase a list of 2010 Fairs or a list of 2010 Festivals In CA, OR, FL And ID with links and information for Vendors! The festival lists by the month. New and improved format allows you to click on links directly. To visit our store click here.
Want to know about US Food Festivals? Visit our Food Festivals page.
If you love Farmers Markets you might be interested in Community Supported Agriculture (CSA).
According to Localharvest.org, "Over the last 20 years, Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) has become a popular way for consumers to buy local, seasonal food directly from a farmer. Here are the basics: a farmer offers a certain number of "shares" to the public. Typically the share consists of a box of vegetables, but other farm products may be included. Interested consumers purchase a share (aka a "membership" or a "subscription") and in return receive a box (bag, basket) of seasonal produce each week throughout the farming season".
© 2010 ML Networks. All rights reserved.


Why is a good fitting, well adjusted helmet so important?
If either of these things are not right, the helmet may even come off in a fall – and a helmet can't help protect your head unless it is actually on your head at the time of the impact . Even if the helmet does not come off, a poorly fitting helmet may move or shift on the head in an impact. If the helmet does move, the inner shell may not be able to crush or compress. And if the inner shell does not crush or compress, it is not helping to absorb the force of the impact – which means more force is being transferred through to your head— and that's not good for you!


$32 UPS Hazmat Shipping Fee- Some hazmat fee will be refunded.
Devoe Bar-Rust 235 Multi-Purpose Epoxy Coating is a high performance, multi-purpose, surface tolerant, two-component chemically-cured epoxy semi-gloss coating.
For use on properly perpared steel or masonry surfaces including immersion (non-potable water) service. Ideal for structural steel, piping, storage tank exteriors, machinery, and equipment in petroleum refineries, pulp and paper mills, chemically and fertiliser plants, and sewage treatment plants.
With a passion for fusing a dramatic, fashion forward feel with a photo-journalistic style to their art, Byron and Wendy Roe capture those distinctive moments your wedding day brings based from the amazing area that is Bend, Oregon and surrounding Central Oregon.
product holds up very well under adverse marine conditions. Mixes well, application is exceptional relative to coverage.
Click the button below to add the Devoe Bar-Rust 235 Multi-Purpose Epoxy Coating to your wish list.


Dinner boils on a small cook stove while camping on Lee Plateau, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
The CO2 tanker,Yara Gerda steaming upriver on the River Thames.
Pile of steaming silage on a welsh farm.
The tug Spitzer Bootle steaming upriver on the River Thames in the UK.
Fresh mussels steaming in a camp stove.
Pile of farmyard manure steaming and decomposing and releasing gasses into atmosphere.
Takeaway drinks and numerous bits of skewered food, including squid, bugs, tofu, and mystery meat await the steaming wok.
Woman's hand holding a stainless steel milk frothing jug, under the steam / steaming wand of a commercial espresso machine, to create foam. UK.
The tug Spitzer Bootle steaming sailing upriver on the River Thames in the UK.
A cook steaming dim sum in bamboo steamers at an eatery in China.
cup of steaming coffee on wooden table with roasted coffee beans.
Just cooked steaming brussels sprout.
The general cargo ship LAYLA steaming upriver on the River Thames in the UK.
A steaming cup of coffee is seen in a campers hand.
Steaming horse in sunshine after the rain.


text:
You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'wigwam' tag.
The Story of King Philip – VI. Philip's Education
December 4, 2014 in American Indian Folklore, Belonging, Folk Tales and Folklore, Folklore, Native American Folklore, Uncategorized | Tags: antidote, ceremony, education, grand sachem, guest, inidains, king philip, Massasoit, native americans, philip, poison, run, squaw, The Indians, torture, training, Wampanoag, wedding ceremony, wife, wigwam, woman, woods | Leave a comment
During the next twenty years many more white men came and settled on or near the lands of the Wampanoags.
In the mean time, Philip grew to manhood and received the same education that was given to the other young men of his tribe. It was very different from the education received by us to-day. The Indians had no schools. Philip did not learn his A B C's or the multiplication table. He never learned how to read or write. He knew nothing about science, and could not even count, or keep track of time.
His education was of a different character, and was intended to make him brave, daring, hardy, and able to bear pain; for these things were thought by the Indians to be of the greatest importance.
He was taught to undergo the most horrible tortures without a word of complaint or a sign of anguish. He would beat his shins and legs with sticks, and run prickly briars and brambles into them in order to become used to pain. He would run eighty to one hundred miles in one day and back in the next two.
When he neared manhood he was blindfolded and taken into the woods far from home to a place where he had never been before.
There he was left with nothing but a hatchet, a knife, and a bow and arrows. The winter was before him, and he was expected to support himself through it. If he was unable to do so, it was better for him to die then.
Philip passed the lonely winter far away from home. Many times did he wish that he was back in his father's wigwam where he could talk with his parents and his brothers and his friends, and know what the palefaces were doing.
But he knew that if he should return to his little village before the winter was over he would be branded as a coward, and never be considered worthy to succeed his father as sachem.
A Young Hunter
What, he, Philip, a prince, afraid? No, no, no! Of course he was not afraid. What was there to be afraid of? Had he not always lived in the woods? Still, he was a little lonely, and once in a while he wanted someone to talk with.
So Philip went to work with a will. With his hatchet he cut down some small trees, made them into poles, and placed one end of them in the ground. With his knife he cut some bark from the trees and laid it over the poles so that he had a fairly comfortable shelter from the storms and winds which he knew would soon surely come. Then he spent several days in hunting birds and wild game in the forest. With his bow and arrows he shot enough to support himself through the winter.
Many an adventure did he have. Many a time did he lie down at night without having tasted food during the whole livelong day. Many a savage beast did he see, and on several occasions he climbed trees, or crawled into caves, or ran as fast as he could, to get out of their way.
But he had a strong will. He knew that the son of the grand sachem of the Wampanoags could do anything that any other Indian had done. And so he passed the long, cold winter, bravely and without complaining.
In the spring, when his father and friends came after him, they found him well and strong. His winter's work had made him healthy and rugged. He was taken home, and a feast was prepared in honor of Massasoit's son who had returned to his home stronger than when he had gone away the fall before.
During the next two moons—for the Indians counted by moons and not by months as we do—Philip led an idle life. He did no work of any kind. He was taking his vacation after the hard winter life he had led alone in the woods.
But his education was not yet finished. His body had been made strong. It was next necessary to strengthen his constitution against the evil effects of poison. He again went into the forest, and daily found poisonous and bitter herbs and roots. These he bruised and put the juices into water, which he drank.
Then he drank other juices which acted as antidotes and prevented his sickness or death. He did this day after day until his constitution became used to the poisons, and he was able to drink them freely without any harm coming to him.
Then he went home. The people sang and danced and gave him another great feast. He was now considered a man and ready to marry and have a wigwam of his own.
The wedding ceremony was extremely simple. There were no presents, no flowers, no guests, no ceremony, no banquet. Philip simply asked a certain woman to come and live with him. She came and was thereafter his wife, or squaw, as the Indians called her.
We have no record of the date of his marriage, for the Indians kept no such records. We only know that it took place soon after his return from his battle with poisons in the woods.
THE STORY OF KING PHILIP Part II. PHILIP'S CHILDHOOD HOME
November 26, 2014 in American Indian Folklore, Belonging, Fiction, Folk Tales and Folklore, Folklore, Moral Tales, Native American Folklore | Tags: american indian, banquet, birth, children, grand sachem, Massasoit, Metacomet, mount hope, Narragansett Bay, native american, philip, prince, rhode Island, toys, Wampanoag, Wamsutta, wigwam | Leave a comment
Massasoit had several children. The eldest son was named Wamsutta, and the second Metacomet. In later years, the English gave them the names of Alexander and Philip, which are much easier names for us to pronounce.
We do not know the exact date of Philip's birth, for the Indians kept no account of time as we do, nor did they trouble to ask anyone his age. It is probable, however, that Philip was born before 1620, the year in which the Pilgrims settled near the Wampanoags.
Philip spent his boyhood days playing with his brothers and sisters, and with the neighbors' children; for although he was the son of a grand sachem, he had no special privileges above those of the other children around him.
We are apt to think of a prince as a man that does very little work. We expect him to attend banquets, to be dressed in military uniform, with a beautiful sword at his side and many medals on his breast, to be surrounded by servants, and to have everybody bow down to him and stand ready to do his bidding.
It was very different with Philip. He lived in no better way than did the other members of his tribe. His home was neither better nor worse than theirs. His food was of the same quality. His daily life was the same. He wore no uniform. He never heard of medals or badges. He had no servants. His father differed from the other Indians only in being their leader in time of war and in being looked up to whenever the chiefs of the tribe held a meeting, or council.
Philip's home was not such as American boys and girls are brought up in. There were no toys, no baby carriages, no candy. There were no romps with the parents, for the Indians were a quiet, sober people, and rarely showed any affection for their children.
Philip's father never played any games with him. In fact, in his younger days the boy never received very much attention from his father. He was taken care of by his mother. He was never rocked in a cradle, but was strapped in a kind of bag made of broad pieces of bark and covered with soft fur. Sometimes he was carried in this on his mother's back, as she went about her work. Sometimes he was hung up on the branch of a tree.
The little house in which he lived was called a wigwam. It was circular, or oval, in shape, and made of barks or mats laid over a framework of small poles. These poles were fixed at one end in the ground, and were fastened together at the top, forming a framework shaped somewhat like a tent.
Two low openings on opposite sides of the wigwam served as doors. These were closed with mats when necessary, thus making the place tight and warm.
The wigwam had but one room. In the middle of it were a few stones which served as a fireplace. There was no chimney, but the smoke passed out through an opening at the top of the wigwam.
On one side of the fireplace was a large couch made of rough boards raised perhaps a foot above the ground and covered with mats or skins. The couch was very wide, so that Philip and the rest of the children could lie on it side by side at night.
There was no other furniture in the room. A few baskets were hung on the walls ready for use. A few mats were placed here and there as ornaments. The dishes that held Philip's food were rude vessels made of baked clay, of pieces of bark, of bits of hollowed stone, or of wood.
There was very little desire to keep the wigwam neat and tidy. It was used for only a few months, and then given up for a new one that was built nearby. In the summer it was customary to pitch the wigwam in an open place. In the winter it was pitched in the thick woods for protection from the winds and storms.
Such was the home in which Philip was brought up. It differed but little from those of his playmates, for there was no aristocracy among the Indians. The place where Massasoit and his family generally lived was near the present site of Bristol, on a narrow neck of land projecting into Narragansett Bay. It is now called Mount Hope, and is twelve or fifteen miles southeast of Providence, Rhode Island.
From a soon to be published book -Legends and Stories from Martha's Vineyard.
THE STAR MAIDEN – An Excerpt from American Indian Fairytales
May 12, 2013 in American Indian Folklore, Folk Tales and Folklore, Folklore, Native American Folklore | Tags: american indian, american indian folklore, bright light, canoe, children, council fire, daughter, fairies, fairy tale, fairy tales, fairytale, folk tale, folk tales, folklore, legends, maiden, native american, native american folklore, nature, ojibway, outdoors, princess, star, sunbeams, wigwam, winged butterflies | Leave a comment
Once upon a time, the Ojibways were a great nation whom the fairies loved. Their land was the home of many spirits, and as long as they lived on the shores of the great lakes the woods in that country were full of fairies. Some of them dwelt in the moss at the roots or on the trunks of trees. Others hid beneath the mushrooms and toadstools. Some changed themselves into bright-winged butterflies or tinier insects with shining wings. This they did that they might be near the children they loved and play with them where they could see and be seen.
But there were also evil spirits in the land. These burrowed in the ground, gnawed at the roots of the loveliest flowers and destroyed them. They breathed upon the corn and blighted it. They listened whenever they heard men talking, and carried the news to those with whom it would make most mischief. It is because of these wicked fairies that the Indian must be silent in the woods and must not whisper confidences in the camp unless he is sure the spirits are fast asleep under the white blanket of the snow.
The Ojibways looked well after the interests of the good spirits. They shielded the flowers and stepped carefully aside when moss or flower was in their path. They brushed no moss from the trees, and they never snared the sunbeams, for on them thousands of fairies came down from the sky. When the chase was over they sat in the doorways of their wigwams smoking, and as they watched the blue circles drift and fade into the darkness of the evening, they listened to the voices of the fairies and the insects' hum and the thousand tiny noises that night always brings.
One night as they were listening they saw a bright light shining in the top of the tallest trees. It was a star brighter than all the others, and it seemed very near the earth. When they went close to the tree they found that it was really caught in the topmost branches.
The wise men of the tribe were summoned and for three nights they sat about the council fire, but they came to no conclusion about the beautiful star. At last one of the young warriors went to them and told them that the truth had come to him in a dream.
While asleep the west wind had lifted the curtains of his wigwam and the light of the star fell full upon him. Suddenly a beautiful maiden stood at his side. She smiled upon him, and as he gazed speechless she told him that her home was in the star and that in wandering over all the earth she had seen no land so fair as the land of the Ojibways. Its flowers, its sweet-voiced birds, its rivers, its beautiful lakes, the mountains clothed in green, these had charmed her, and she wished to be no more a wanderer. If they would welcome her she would make her home among them, and she asked them to choose a place in which she might dwell.
The council were greatly pleased; but they could not agree upon what was best to offer the Star Maiden, so they decided to ask her to choose for herself. She searched first among the flowers of the prairie. There she found the fairies' ring, where the little spirits danced on moonlight nights. "Here," thought she, "I will rest." But as she swung herself backwards and forwards on the stem of a lovely blossom, she heard a terrible noise and fled in great fear. A vast herd of buffaloes came and took possession of the fairies' ring, where they rolled over one another, and bellowed so they could be heard far on the trail. No gentle star maiden could choose such a resting-place.
She next sought the mountain rose. It was cool and pleasant, the moss was soft to her dainty feet, and she could talk to the spirits she loved, whose homes were in the stars. But the mountain was steep, and huge rocks hid from her view the nation that she loved.
She was almost in despair, when one day as she looked down from the edge of the wild rose leaf she saw a white flower with a heart of gold shining on the waters of the lake below her. As she looked a canoe steered by the young warrior who had told her wishes to his people, shot past, and his strong, brown hand brushed the edge of the flower.
"That is the home for me," she cried, and half-skipping, half flying down the side of the mountain, she quickly made her way to the flower and hid herself in its bosom. There she could watch the stars as well as when she looked upward from the cup of the mountain rose; there she could talk to the star spirits, for they bathed in the clear lake; and best of all, there she could watch the people whom she loved, for their canoes were always upon the water.
http://abelapublishing.com/american-indian-fairy-tales_p23332602.htm
THE STAR MAIDEN – an Ojibway, or Chippewa, tale from the Prairies of Canada
January 27, 2012 in American Indian Folklore, Fairy Tales, Folk Tales and Folklore, Folklore, Native American Folklore | Tags: american indian, american indian folklore, Chippewa, fairies, fairy tale, fairytale, folklore, lake, native american, native american folklore, obijiway, spirits, sunbeams, water, wigwam, wise men | 4 comments
THE Ojibways were a great nation whom the fairies loved. Their land was the home of many spirits, and as long as they lived on the shores of the great lakes the woods in that country were full of fairies. Some of them dwelt in the moss at the roots or on the trunks of trees. Others hid beneath the mushrooms and toadstools. Some changed themselves into bright-winged butterflies or tinier insects with shining wings. This they did that they might be near the children they loved and play with them where they could see and be seen.
But there were also evil spirits in the land. These burrowed in the ground, gnawed at the roots of the loveliest flowers and destroyed them. They breathed upon the corn and blighted it. They listened whenever they heard men talking, and carried the news to those with whom it would make most mischief.
It is because of these wicked fairies that the Indian must be silent in the woods and must not whisper confidences in the camp unless he is sure the spirits are fast asleep under the white blanket of the snow.
The council were greatly pleased; but they could not agree upon what was best to offer the Star Maiden, so they decided to ask her to choose for herself.
She searched first among the flowers of the prairie. There she found the fairies' ring, where the little spirits danced on moonlight nights. "Here," thought she, "I will rest." But as she swung herself backwards and forwards on the stem of a lovely blossom, she heard a terrible noise and fled in great fear. A vast herd of buffaloes came and took possession of the fairies' ring, where they rolled over one another, and bellowed so they could be heard far on the trail. No gentle star maiden could choose such a resting-place.
"That is the home for me," she cried, and half-skipping, half-flying down the side of the mountain, she quickly made her way to the flower and hid herself in its bosom. There she could watch the stars as well as when she looked upward from the cup of the mountain rose; there she could talk to the star spirits, for they bathed in the clear lake; and best of all, there she could watch the people whom she loved, for their canoes were always upon the water.
From American Indian Fairy Tales
URL: http://www.abelapublishing.com/cg_aift.html


1. What is an NGO?
2. What is the DPI?
The DPI is the UN Department of Public Information, established in 1946 to raise global awareness of the vision and work of the United Nations through various media tools. Through this affiliation an NGO is given access to information on various topics and has the role of focusing attention on issues important to the UN, communicating UN activities to the grassroots and disseminating information on UN observances.
Its 54 members are elected for three–year terms by the General Assembly, based on geographical representation. It plays a key role in promoting sustainable development which includes concern for economic, social and environmental challenges. The Council holds regular meetings throughout the year with prominent academics, business sector representatives and 3,200+ registered non-governmental organizations.
4. What is the role of an NGO at the UN?
NGOs help the UN make known its work of promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights through the DPI. Through ECOSOC, NGOs contribute to the review of progress made in the implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major UN Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields and provide input to the discussions of the ECOSOC.


text:
Q: Kinetic.js removing an image from the layer and redrawing by adding new images I have created a kinetic.js layer and added some images on it.
Now i want to remove all the images and redraw the layer by adding some new images(like a second level images for a game).  I have tried using the layer.remove(image) function.
But after the redraw the old images are still shown whereas the new images are not added.
Could anyone help me to solve this issue..?

A: I use
layer.removeChildren();
layer.draw();
layer.add(newRectWhatever);

and that works for me.


text:
Thymomas: a cytological and immunohistochemical study, with emphasis on lymphoid and neuroendocrine markers
Borislav A Alexiev1,
Cinthia B Drachenberg1 &
Allen P Burke1
Diagnostic Pathology volume 2, Article number: 13 (2007) Cite this article
The current study correlates cytologic morphology with histologic type and describes immunophenotypes with a focus on epithelial, neuroendocrine, and lymphoid characteristics in an institutional series of surgically excised thymomas.
Fine needle aspirates (FNAs) and surgical specimens were retrospectively analyzed, and immunohistochemical stains were performed for EMA, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, CD57 CD5, bcl-2, calretinin, vimentin, CD3, CD20, CD1a, CD99 and Ki67. Tumors were classified by WHO criteria.
There were eleven male and six female patients with an age range of 41 to 84 years (mean, 61 years) and a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. Four thymomas (4/17, 23.5%) were associated with neuromuscular disease: myasthenia gravis (n = 3) and limbic encephalitis (n = 1). FNA, under CT guidance, was performed in 7 cases. The positive predictive value for thymoma by FNA cytology was 100% and the sensitivity was 71%. Thymomas associated with neuromuscular disorders were WHO types B2 (n = 1) and B3 (n = 3), and showed a strong expression of CD57 in the majority of neoplastic epithelial cells accompanied by large numbers of CD20+ intratumoral B lymphocytes. Two of seventeen (11.7%) thymomas (all sporadic B3 type) contained numerous neoplastic epithelial cells positive for CD5 and bcl-2.
Our results suggest that thymomas associated with autoimmune disorders contain a significant population of CD20+ intratumoral B lymphocytes. Strong CD57 positivity in thymomas may suggest a concomitant neuromuscular disorder, notably myasthenia gravis. CD5 expression is of limited value in the differential diagnosis of primary thymic epithelial neoplasms since both thymic carcinomas and thymomas may express CD5.
Thymoma is a primary mediastinal neoplasm arising from or exhibiting differentiation towards thymic epithelial cells, typically with the presence of non-neoplastic lymphocytes [1]. The overall incidence of thymoma in the US is 0.15 per 100,000 person-years [2]. The cause of thymoma is unknown [3]. The histological classification of thymoma has remained controversial since 1999, when the World Health Organization (WHO) Consensus Committee published a histologic typing system for tumors of the thymus [4]. The 2004 WHO Classification of Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart Tumors [1] maintained the skeleton of the 1999 classification with few additional changes. Numerous subsequent studies demonstrated that the WHO histologic classification is a significant independent prognostic factor [5–10]. The cytologic diagnosis of thymomas is challenging. In part, this is because the neoplasm is uncommon and aspirates are infrequently encountered [11]. The immunohistochemical profile of thymomas is complex due to the variety of growth patterns and background lymphoid infiltrate. We studied a series of thymomas a) to correlate cytologic morphology with the current WHO classification scheme, and b) to further delineate type-specific immunophenotypes with a focus on epithelial, neuroendocrine, and lymphoid characteristics.
Data were evaluated retrospectively from patients who underwent fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology (n = 7) and surgical treatment (n = 17) for thymoma at the University of Maryland Medical Center between 2000 and 2006. For cytologic examination utilizing CT guidance, 2–3 FNAs using a 20 gauge Franseen needle were performed. Air dried smears were prepared and stained with Diff Quick for immediate cytological evaluation. After each pass the needle was rinsed in RPMI medium. The rinsings were cytocentrifuged and resulting smears were immediately fixed in 95% alcohol and stained by the Papanicolaou method. Hematoxylin-eosin stained cell block sections were available in all cases examined. Tissue samples from the surgical specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Five-micron tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The tumors were classified according to the World Health Organization criteria [1]. The scheme developed by Masaoka [12] as modified by Koga et al. [13] was used for staging.
Immunohistochemical staining was performed using an automated slide preparation system (Benchmark XT, Ventana, Tuscon, AZ), a Ventana Biotin-Streptavidin (B-SA) Enhanced DAB Detection Kit (Ventana, Tucson, AZ), and commercially available prediluted monoclonal antibodies: CD3, CD5, CD20, CD1a, CD99, calretinin, vimentin, CK7, CK20, Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA), AE1/AE3, CD57, Ki67, and bcl-2 (all Ventana, Tucson, AZ).
Demographic and clinical data
There were eleven male and six female patients with an age range of 41 to 84 years (mean, 61 years) and a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. Four thymomas (4/17, 23.5%) were associated with neuromuscular disease: myasthenia gravis (n = 3) and limbic encephalitis (n = 1). All thymomas associated with myasthenia gravis were type B3, whereas limbic encephalitis occurred in a patient with type B2 thymoma.
Cytologic findings
Fine needle aspirates (FNAs) were moderately cellular. Tissue fragments of variable size were frequently observed. The aspirates consisted of a dual population of oval or elongate epithelial cells and mature-appearing lymphocytes. The neoplastic epithelial cells contained round, oval or spindle pale nuclei with dispersed chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli (Figs. 1 and 2). The cytoplasm was scant, and the cell borders were ill-defined. The nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio was moderate to high. Nuclear pleomorphism was minimal; mitoses were not seen. In two cases, the epithelial cells were obscured by a predominant lymphocytic infiltration. Immunocytochemical staining of cell block sections with pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) revealed the epithelial nature of the neoplastic cells. Correlation of cytological diagnosis by FNA cytology with the final histological diagnosis is shown in table 1. In two cases, the aspirates were non-diagnostic. The positive predictive value for thymoma by FNA cytology was 100% while the sensitivity was 71%.
Table 1 Correlation of Cytological Diagnosis with Final Histological Diagnosis
(Papanicolaou stain, × 200): Type AB thymoma. FNA smear shows elongate neoplastic epithelial cells with oval or spindle pale nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli.
(Papanicolaou stain, × 600): Type AB thymoma. FNA smear shows neoplastic epithelial cells with dispersed chromatin and small nucleoli, and background lymphocytes.
Histologic and immunohistochemical findings
The pathological diagnoses, tumor stages, and immunohistochemical findings are presented in tables 2, 3, 4.
Table 2 Pathologic Diagnosis and Thymoma Pathologic Staging*
Table 3 Immunohistochemical Results, Tumor Cell Expression
Table 4 Immunohistochemical Results, Background Lymphocytes
In type A thymoma, neoplastic epithelial cells stained strongly for EMA, CK7, vimentin, and CD20. Immunostaining for CD57 and calretinin was noted in scattered neoplastic epithelial cells. CK20, CD3, CD5, bcl-2, CD99, and CD1a were all negative in neoplastic epithelium. The few lymphocytes were CD3+ and CD5+, and CD20-, CD1a- and CD99-. The Ki67 proliferation index was low in neoplastic epithelial cells (<10%).
The type A component in AB thymomas showed an immunophenotype virtually indistinguishable from the one of type A neoplasms, including the strong expression of vimentin (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6). In the type B component, the neoplastic epithelial cells were CK7-and variably EMA+, vimentin +, and CD20+. Focal weak CD57 positivity was also observed. The majority of non-neoplastic lymphocytes showed an immunophenotype characteristic of immature T cells (CD3+, CD5+, CD1a+, CD99+; Ki67 proliferation index > 80%). Single CD57+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes were rarely seen. The lymphocytes in foci of medullary differentiation showed a mature T cell phenotype (CD3+, CD5+, CD1a-, CD99-; Ki67 proliferation index <10%) and contained a large number of CD20+ B lymphocytes.
(hematoxylin-eosin, × 200): Type AB thymoma. Note type A and type B components. (hematoxylin-eosin, × 200)
(B-SA, anti-EMA, × 200): Type AB thymoma. Neoplastic epithelial cells in type A component express EMA.
(B-SA, anti-vimentin, × 200): Type AB thymoma. Neoplastic epithelial cells in type A component express vimentin.
(B-SA, anti-CD20, × 200): Type AB thymoma. Neoplastic epithelial cells in type A and B components express CD20.
In type B1 thymomas, neoplastic epithelial cells showed expression of EMA and CK7 at the stromal interface, and were consistently CD20, CK20, CD5, and vimentin negative. There were rare cells positive for CD57 and calretinin. Admixed T lymphocytes were CD3+, CD5+, CD1a+, CD99+, with high Ki67 proliferation index (>80%), whereas lymphocytes in the medullary islands were mature T cells (CD3+, CD5+, CD1a-, CD99-; Ki67 proliferation index <10%) and CD20+ B cells. Few CD57+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes were also noted.
Type B2 and B3 thymomas showed a similar immunophenotype with a variable CK7 expression, and immature intratumoral non-neoplastic T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD5+, CD1a+, CD99+; Ki67 proliferation index >80%). In type B2 thymomas, EMA was expressed in single neoplastic cells, whereas type B3 thymomas demonstrated an expression of EMA at the tumor/stroma interface and adjacent to cystic spaces. Small stromal lymphoid aggregates containing mature T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD5+, CD1a-, CD99-, Ki67 proliferation index <10%) and CD20+ B lymphocytes were observed in all B2 and B3 thymomas. Scattered CD57+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes were also noted. Vimentin was not expressed by neoplastic epithelial cells. An unexpected observation was the diffuse strong expression of CD57 in the majority of neoplastic epithelial cells, large numbers of CD20+ intratumoral lymphocytes and single CD20+ elongate fibroblast-like cells in all thymomas associated with neuromuscular disorders (Figs. 7, 8, 9). In contrast, sporadic thymomas contained only few scattered CD57+ neoplastic epithelial cells and CD20+ B cells (Figs. 10, 11, 12). Two of seventeen (11.7%) thymomas (all sporadic type B3) contained numerous CD5+, bcl-2+ neoplastic epithelial cells (Figs. 13 and 14).
(B-SA, anti-CD20, × 200): Type B3 thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis.
(B-SA, anti-CD57, × 200):Type B3 thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis. Strong expression of CD57 in the majority of neoplastic cells.
(B-SA, anti-CD20, × 200): Type B3 thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis. Intratumoral lymphocytes and single fibroblast-like cells express CD20.
(hematoxylin-eosin, × 400): Type B3 thymoma not associated with autoimmune disease.
(B-SA, anti-CD57, × 400): Type B3 thymoma not associated with autoimmune disease. Single neoplastic epithelial cells express CD57.
(B-SA, anti-CD20, × 400): Type B3 thymoma not associated with autoimmune disease. No CD20+ intratumoral lymphocytes are seen.
(B-SA, anti-CD57, × 400): Type B3 thymoma. Note strong expression of CD5 in neoplastic epithelial cells and background lymphocytes.
(B-SA, anti-bcl-2, × 400): Type B3 thymoma. Note strong expression of bcl-2 in neoplastic epithelial cells and background lymphocytes.
The sporadic micronodular thymoma (MNT) showed a unique immunophenotype with neoplastic epithelial cells strongly positive for EMA, CD57 (unlike other sporadic neoplasms), and focally for CK7 (Figs. 15, 16, 17, 18). CK20, CD20, vimentin, and CD5 were all negative. The stroma contained large lymphocytic aggregates containing a predominant cell population of CD20 B lymphocytes and mature T cells (CD3+, CD5+, CD1a-, CD99-, Ki67 proliferation index <10%). Intratumoral non-neoplastic immature T lymphocytes were numerous and expressed CD3, CD5, CD1a, and CD99, with high Ki67 proliferation index (>80%).
(hematoxylin-eosin, × 100): Micronodular thymoma.
(B-SA, anti-CD20, × 200): Micronodular thymoma. Note large lymphoid aggregates positive for CD20.
(B-SA, anti-CD99, × 200): Micronodular thymoma. Note strong expression of CD99 in intratumoral lymphocytes.
(B-SA, anti-CD57, × 400): Micronodular thymoma. Neoplastic epithelial cells express CD57.
Thymoma is one of the major differential diagnostic considerations in an adult patient > 40 years of age presenting with a mediastinal mass. Aspirates of thymomas are distinguishable from other lesions, and FNA and CT-guided core needle biopsy are proven methods for investigating mediastinal masses [14]. The cytologic diagnosis of thymoma can be extremely challenging. In part, this is because a technically proficient interventional radiologist is needed, epithelial cells may be difficult to recognize in lymphoid rich aspirate smears, and there is inherent sampling error in a tumor that frequently displays heterogeneous histopathology [11]. In the present study the positive predictive value for thymoma by FNA cytology was 100% and sensitivity – 71%. Previous observations showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 86% for FNAs [15] and 100% for ultrasonically guided core needle biopsy [3], respectively. Thymoma should be differentiated from other anterior mediastinal neoplasms with epithelial and/or lymphoid differentiation, including Non-Hodgkin (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphomas, thymic carcinomas, and germ cell malignancies. NHL and Hodgkin lymphoma can be separated from thymoma by their dispersed cell population, distinctive cytologic features, and positive staining for CD45, CD20, CD15, and CD30, respectively. Helpful cytologic and immunocytochemical features in making the diagnosis of thymic carcinoma are clear-cut cytological atypia, absence of immature lymphocytes (CD1a+, CD99+), and expression of CD5 and CD70 by neoplastic epithelial cells [16]. Mediastinal seminomas are immunoreactive for PLAP and CD117, while CD30 is expressed in 85–100% of embryonal carcinomas [1]. Similar to thymomas, mediastinal neuroendocrine neoplasms express CD57 and other neuroendocrine markers but are consistently negative for non-neoplastic immature lymphocytes (CD1a+, CD99+). Limitations of the cytological method include an unproven ability to definitively separate thymoma into specific WHO subtypes using cytology alone, and to determine capsular invasion [11]. Overall, the present study confirms previous observations [15, 16] that FNA of anterior mediastinal thymic lesions generally yields adequate cellular tissue with distinct cytologic and immunophenotypic features that enables thymoma diagnosis.
Thymomas can exhibit a spectrum of autoimmune phenomena, comprising neuromuscular, hematopoietic, dermatologic, rheumatic/vasculitic, hepatic and renal diseases [1]. In our study 4/17 (23.5%) thymomas were associated with myasthenia gravis (n = 3) or limbic encephalitis (n = 1). All thymomas with myasthenia gravis were type B3 thymoma, whereas limbic encephalitis occurred in a patient with type B2 thymoma. All four neoplasms displayed a diffuse strong expression of the neuroendocrine marker CD57. In contrast, thymomas not associated with neuromuscular disorders contained only few scattered CD57+ neoplastic epithelial cells. Only few studies have addressed the prevalence of neuroendocrine differentiation in human thymic neoplasms and demonstrated reactivity for synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, and/or chromogranin in 58% thymic carcinomas and atypical thymomas [17–20]. In addition, myasthenia gravis was present in 2/6 thymus neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation [17]. Intriguingly, our cases were dissimilar to those described in earlier reports in terms of the CD57 positivity in type A and type AB thymomas [21]. In their excellent study, Pan et al [21] reported CD57 positivity in 76% short-spindled and 80% long-spindled variants. Unfortunately, the CD57 staining was not correlated with the presence or absence of autoimmune disease in thymoma patients. In this study, CD57 expression was seen only in scattered neoplastic epithelial cells in type A thymomas. Focal weak CD57 positivity in type AB thymomas was also noted. None of the type A and type AB neoplasms were associated with a neuromuscular disorder. This discrepancy cannot be explained at the present time. Whether and in what percentage of cases immunohistochemical reactivity for CD57 may be correlated with clinical behavior and outcome remains a controversial issue. The results of this study suggest that a diffuse strong CD57 expression by neoplastic epithelial cells has a high correlation with the concomitant presence of a neuromuscular disease, notably myasthenia gravis.
The biologic significance of CD20 positivity in background lymphocytes remains unknown. As the data in this study show, large numbers of intratumoral CD20+ B lymphocytes were found in all 4 cases of thymoma associated with neuromuscular disorders, whereas sporadic thymomas contained only few scattered intratumoral CD20+ B cells. Numerous CD20+ B lymphocytes were also observed in the medullary islands in type AB and type B1, and in stromal lymphoid aggregates in type B2 and B3 thymomas.
In this context, Fend et al. [22] reported that large numbers of B cells with germinal centre formation were found almost exclusively in myasthenia gravis-associated tumors, mainly in cortical thymomas. As far as the occurrence of B-cell differentiation in medullary islands is concerned, it has been suggested that a medullary microenvironment with epidermoid cells corresponding to Hassall's corpuscles seems to be necessary for specific intrathymic B cell homing [22].
Surprisingly, we observed in type A and type AB thymomas a large number of CD20+, EMA+, vimentin+ fibroblast-like elongate neoplastic epithelial cells. In type AB neoplasms, the majority of positive cells were located in the type A component and, to a lesser degree, in the type B component, in the neoplastic epithelial meshwork. No CD20+, vimentin+ neoplastic epithelial cells were seen in type B thymomas. These data are in agreement with the observed variable numbers of CD20+ spindle epithelial cells in mixed thymomas [23] and suggest that neoplastic epithelial cells in type A and type AB thymomas are distinctive and different from either B1, B2, B3 thymoma.
MNT is a rare neoplasm, characterized by a micronodular growth pattern associated with florid lymphoid follicular hyperplasia of the stroma [24]. In agreement with previous reports [24–26], in this study, the stromal lymphoid cell population in the MNT contained numerous CD20+ B cells and mature T cells, whereas intratumoral lymphocytes showed an immature T cell phenotype (CD3+, CD1a+, CD99+, Ki67 proliferation index >80%). The biologic significance of CD57 expression by neoplastic epithelial cells in MNT is unknown. Unlike the type B2 and B3 thymomas associated with neuromuscular disorders, the MNT in this study did not contain CD20+ intratumoral lymphocytes. The patient had no clinical signs or history of myasthenia gravis. Earlier studies have shown that MNT is not associated with autoimmune disease [24]. Recent findings suggest that expression of chemoattractants, such as CCL18, CCR6, and CCL20, on neoplastic epithelium in MNT can promote the recruitment of MALT, the emergence of monoclonal B cells, and, eventually, the subsequent development of mediastinal lymphoma [25].
Two of seventeen (11.7%) thymomas (all sporadic B3 type) contained numerous CD5+ and bcl-2+ neoplastic epithelial cells. Previous studies showed that epithelial cells in B3 thymomas are negative for CD5 [1]. The data suggest that CD5 is not a reliable diagnostic marker for primary thymic carcinomas since CD5 may be expressed also in thymomas. The biologic significance of bcl-2 expression in neoplastic epithelium is unknown. Previous reports suggested that bcl-2 acts as an inhibitor of apoptosis in thymomas and correlates with aggressiveness in thymic epithelial neoplasms [4, 27, 28].
In conclusion, the present report expands the spectrum of our knowledge showing that thymomas associated with autoimmune disorders contain a large population of CD20+ intratumoral B lymphocytes. Strong CD57 positivity in neoplastic epithelial cells in thymomas may suggest a concomitant neuromuscular disorder, notably myasthenia gravis. Immunocytochemical analysis is useful in assisting in the identification of these neoplasms and in excluding other malignancies in CT-FNA. Limitations of the cytological method include an inability to definitively separate thymoma into specific WHO subtypes using cytology alone, and to determine capsular invasion. CD5 expression is of limited value in the differential diagnosis of primary thymic epithelial neoplasms since both thymic carcinomas and thymomas may express CD5.
Muller-Hermelink HK, Engel P, Kuo TT, Strobel Ph, Marx A, Harris NL, Moller P, Menestrina F, Shimosato Y, Asamura H, Masaoka A, Sobin LH: Tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus, and heart. Tumours of the thymus. Edited by: Travis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC. 2004, Lyon, France. IARC Press: World Health Organization Classification of Tumours, 146-171.
Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM: Malignant thymoma in the United States: demographic patterns in incidence and associations with subsequent malignancies. Int J Cancer. 2003, 105: 546-551. 10.1002/ijc.11099.
Annessi V, Paci M, De Franco S, Cavazza A, Ferrari G, Ricchetti T, Sgarbi G: Diagnosis of anterior mediastinal masses with ultrasonically guided core needle biopsy. Chir Ital. 2003, 55: 379-384.
Park SH, Kim HK, Kim H, Ro JY: Apoptosis in thymic epithelial tumours. Pathol Res Pract. 2002, 198: 461-467. 10.1078/0344-0338-00283.
Ghen G, Marx A, Wen-Hu C, Yong J, Puppe B, Stroebel P, Mueller-Hermelink HK: New WHO histologic classification predicts prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 200 thymoma cases in China. Cancer. 2002, 95: 420-429. 10.1002/cncr.10665.
Kondo K, Yoshizawa K, Tsuyuguchi M, Kimura S, Sumitomo M, Morita J, Miyoshi T, Sakiyama S, Mukai K, Monden Y: WHO histologic classification prognostic indicator in thymoma. Ann ThoracSurg. 2004, 77: 1183-1188. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.07.042.
Nakagawa K, Asamura H, Matsuno Y, Suzuki K, Kondo H, Maeshima A, Miyaoka E, Tsuchiya R: Thymoma: a clinicopathologic study based on the new World Health Organization classification. J ThoracCardiovasc Surg. 2003, 126: 1134-1140.
Rea F, Marulli G, Girardi R, Bortolotti L, Favaretto A, Galligioni A, Sartori F: Long-term survival and prognostic factors in thymic epithelial tumours. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004, 26: 412-418. 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.04.041.
Rena O, Papalia E, Maggi G, Oliaro A, Ruffini E, Filosso P, Mancuso M, Novero D, Casadio C: World Health Organization histologic classification: an independent prognostic factor in resected thymomas. Lung Cancer. 2005, 50: 59-66. 10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.05.009.
Sonobe S, Miyamoto H, Izumi H, Nobukawa B, Futagawa T, Yamazaki A, Oh T, Uekusa T, Abe H, Suda K: Clinical usefulness of the WHO histological classification of thymoma. Ann ThoracCardiovasc Surg. 2005, 11: 367-373.
Wakely PE: Cytopathology of thymic epithelial neoplasms. Sem Diagn Pathol. 2005, 22: 213-222. 10.1053/j.semdp.2006.02.005.
Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, Tanioka T: Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer. 1981, 48: 2485-2492. 10.1002/1097-0142(19811201)48:11<2485::AID-CNCR2820481123>3.0.CO;2-R.
Koga K, Matsuno Y, Noguchi M, Mukai K, Asamura H, Goya T, Shimosato Y: A review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non-invasive thymoma. Pathol Int. 1994, 44: 359-367.
Chhieng DC, Rose D, Ludwig ME, Zakowski MF: Cytology of thymomas: emphasis on morphology and correlation with histologic subtypes. Cancer. 2000, 90: 24-32. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000225)90:1<24::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-A.
Shin HJ, Katz RL: Thymic neoplasia as represented by fine needle aspiration biopsy of anterior mediastinal masses. A practical approach to the differential diagnosis. Acta Cytol. 1998, 42: 855-864.
Ali SZ, Erozan YS: Thymoma. Cytopathologic features and differential diagnosis on fine needle aspiration. Acta Cytol. 1998, 42: 845-854.
Ferolla P, Urbani M, Ascani S, Puma F, Ribacchi R, Battista Bolis G, Santeusanio F, Daddi G, Angeletti G, Avenia N: Prevalence of neuroendocrine phenotype in thymic neoplasms. Chir Ital. 2002, 54: 351-354.
Hishima T, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Hayashi Y, Fujii T, Arai K, Shiozawa Y, Funata N, Koike M: Neuroendocrine differentiation in thymic epithelial tumors with special reference to thymic carcinoma and atypical thymoma. Hum Pathol. 1998, 29: 330-338. 10.1016/S0046-8177(98)90112-5.
Lauriola L, Erlandson RA, Rosai J: Neuroendocrine differentiation is a common feature of thymic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998, 22: 1059-1066. 10.1097/00000478-199809000-00003.
Shirashi J, Nomori H, Orikasa H, Mori T, Yamazaki K: Atypical thymoma (WHO B3) with neuroendocrine differentiation: report of a case. Virchows Arch. 2006, 449: 234-237. 10.1007/s00428-006-0218-1.
Pan CC, Chen WY, Chiang H: Spindle cell and mixed spindle/lymphocytic thymomas: an intergrated clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 81 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001, 25: 111-120. 10.1097/00000478-200101000-00013.
Fend F, Kirchner T, Marx A, Muller-Hermelink HK: B-cells in thymic epithelial tumours. An immunohistochemical analysis of intra- and extraepithelial B-cell compartments. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mod Pathol. 1993, 63: 241-247.
Chilosi M, Castelli P, Martignoni G, Pizzolo G, Montressor E, Facchetti F, Truini M, Mombello A, Lestani M, Scrapa A, et al: Neoplastic epithelial cells in a subset of thymomas express the B cell-associated CD20 antigen. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992, 16: 988-997. 10.1097/00000478-199210000-00010.
Suster S, Moran CA: Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid B-cell hyperplasia: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of eighteen cases of a distinctive morphologic variant of thymic epithelial neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999, 23: 955-962. 10.1097/00000478-199908000-00014.
Strobel P, Marino M, Feuchtenberger M, Rouziere AS, Tony HP, Wulbrand U, Forster R, Zettl A, Lee Harris N, Kreipe H, Laeng RH, Muller-Hermelink HK, Marx A: Micronodular thymoma: an epithelial tumour with abnormal chemokine expression setting the stage for lymphoma development. J Pathol. 2005, 207: 72-82. 10.1002/path.1808.
Tateyama H, Saito Y, Fujii Y, Okumura M, Nakamura K, Tada H, Yasumitsu T, Eimoto T: The spectrum of micronodular epithelial tumours with B-cell hyperplasia. Histopathol. 2001, 38: 519-527. 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01133.x.
Chen FF, Yan JJ, Jin YT, Su IJ: Detection of bcl-2 and p-53 in thymoma: expression of bcl-2 as a reliable marker of tumor aggressiveness. Hum Pathol. 1996, 27: 1089-1092. 10.1016/S0046-8177(96)90289-0.
Hiroshima K, Iyoda A, Toyozaki T, Supriatna Y, Shibuya K, Shimamura F, Haga Y, Yoshida S, Fujisawa T, Ohwada H: Proliferative activity and apoptosis in thymic epithelial neoplasms. Mod Pathol. 2002, 15: 1326-1332. 10.1097/01.MP.0000038463.67854.84.
Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
Borislav A Alexiev, Cinthia B Drachenberg & Allen P Burke
Borislav A Alexiev
Cinthia B Drachenberg
Allen P Burke
Correspondence to Borislav A Alexiev.
BAA evaluated the FNAs and immunohistochemical stains, confirmed the diagnosis, designed the report and drafted the manuscript. CID and APB provided consultation.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Cinthia B Drachenberg and Allen P Burke contributed equally to this work.
Alexiev, B.A., Drachenberg, C.B. & Burke, A.P. Thymomas: a cytological and immunohistochemical study, with emphasis on lymphoid and neuroendocrine markers. Diagn Pathol 2, 13 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1596-2-13
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Epithelial Membrane Antigen
Thymic Carcinoma
Limbic Encephalitis


text:
StooShe are a three-piece British R&B, pop and hip hop group that originate from London, United Kingdom. The group, which consists of members Alexandra Buggs, Karis Anderson and Courtney Rumbold, were signed to Warner Music Group in August 2011, releasing the buzz single "Betty Woz Gone" on 28 October 2011. The group released their first offi… Read More
Siobhan Donaghy
Mini Viva
Stations With StooShe
StooShe Radio
Plays StooShe along with similar artists like:
JLS, Hear'Say, Siobhan Donaghy, Martine McCutcheon, Precious…
Honeyz Radio
Plays Honeyz along with similar artists like:
3LW, Jennifer Paige, Five, Lemar, Siobhan Donaghy…
The Overtones Radio
Plays The Overtones along with similar artists like:
JLS, Emeli Sandé, Jamelia, Labrinth, The Beautiful South…
Rebecca Ferguson Radio
Plays Rebecca Ferguson along with similar artists like:
Emeli Sandé, Jamelia, Katharine McPhee, Lianne La Havas, Toni Braxton…
M.O Radio
Plays M.O along with similar artists like:
Louisa Johnson, Liam Payne, JP Cooper, Cheat Codes, Fifth Harmony…
Mutya Buena Radio
Plays Mutya Buena along with similar artists like:
Sugababes, Craig David, LeToya, Wynter Gordon, Jordin Sparks…
Amy Studt Radio
Plays Amy Studt along with similar artists like:
Alisha's Attic, Chantal Kreviazuk, The Corrs, Heather Nova, Jamelia…
The411 Radio
Plays The411 along with similar artists like:
All Saints, Janet Jackson, Kelis, Toni Braxton, Destiny's Child…
Marcus Collins Radio
Plays Marcus Collins along with similar artists like:
Melanie Durrant, Sugababes, Conor Maynard, Alesha Dixon, Labrinth…
From StooShe
Love Me (Feat. Travie Mccoy)


She is only a few movies old, but Madonna Sebastian already enjoys a fan base as daunting as some of the A-list actors in the South Indian Film Industry. Within a year's time, she has been part of several big projects in all the major South Indian languages and bagged a major gig with her musical band! Yes, that's is right. She has immensely gifted vocal chords, and was always aiming to join the industry as a singer – not an actress. Madonna, who dons multiple hats in the entertainment industry with unquestionable ease, is an object of everyone's interest. So here we have her life gathered in a cyber page.
The 28 year old actress has been in the industry for quite some time, but there is no affair or romantic link up of her that is known to the media. Now either the south Indian beauty has not found anyone worth her heart yet, or has done a fantastic job of keeping it from the eyes of the shutterbugs.
Carrier Achievements: She made her Tamil debut with Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum, opposite Vijay Sethupathi just at the age of 23. She also won Vikatan Awards as Best Debut Heroine for her performance in this movie. That aside, Madonna's name was also nominated for SIIMA Awards for Best Female Debut – Malayalam the same year. Unfortunately she couldn't bag the SIIMA.
Remuneration: Though the exact figure of Madonna's remuneration is unknown, it was heard earlier in 2017 that after the success of her recent movies, the actress has hiked her compensation.
Madonna has made a name for herself in the entertainment business all by herself without having any family member in the industry. Her parents run a fashion brand called Michelle Fashions.
But her dad was also in the military for some time and that gave her a very strict and disciplined childhood with a strict timetable to adhere to.
Her parents always wanted her to get into civil services, but she knew it in her heart that civil services was not for her.
One might think that her strict parents were disheartened with her decision to join movies. But all they wanted was to see their daughter happy and were very supportive of her choice of career.
While most of us know her as a skillful actress, Madonna is also an astute singer trained in Karnatic and western music.
She found her interest and love for singing at the Church when she was merely a student of Kinder Garten. It was when she started humming a song, her parents noticed it, and decided to put her in music classes.
Madonna is a nature loving person, her hearts smiles when she is surrounded by greenery and nature. She has spent many summer vacations in Kannur where her parents would take her every year.
She has also lent her voice to several songs composed by music directors like Gopi Sunder and Deepak Dev.
Despite having negligible interest in acting she considered auditioning for director Alphonse Putharen and was shortlisted for the role of Mary. She insisted that she related more to Cecile's character and thus was given to play Cecile.
Premam was Madonna's 11th movie offer. She has turned down 10 projects before this one, but she was fascinated by the idea of being a part of Nivin Pauly, Dir Alphonse Putharen and Producer Anwar Rasheed's team and accepted the offer as it came.
People may associate her popularity with the successful movies she has been part of, but her popularity was soaring much before she stepped onto the silver screen. Her audience loved her since her 2014 appearance in Music Mojo on Kappa TV.
Vijay Sethupathi was not only her co-star in Kadhalum Kadanthu Pogum but also her favorite south Indian actor. She considers herself immensely lucky to get a chance to work with him. "I'm a fan of Vijay Sethupathi's way of acting. He polishes his character in a subtle manner and works on improvisation each time," says the actress.
Despite having enormous popularity and a giant fan base in Tamil Nadu, Madonna Sebastian was completely unaware of it. It was only recently that she discovered how dearly she is loved down in Tamil Nadu. "Only recently, I came to know I am very popular and I have lot of fans in Tamil Nadu. I wasn't paying too much attention to that side. I was just happy that Premam was a good movie and I had a good character to play. Once I come to know, I felt quite good that both my movie and character was so well-received in Chennai." She adds in an interview with Women Exclusive.
While most people find studies boring in college and go astray, quite the opposite happened for Madonna Sebastian. She was an average student throughout her school years but found a revived interest in books when she joined college.


text:
This Friday, Neil deGrasse Tyson Gets Creative with David Byrne of the Talking Heads
Neil deGrasse Tyson and David Byrne. Courtesy National Geographic Channel.
Are you a Talking Heads fan?
Silly question. How could you not be? They were one of the most groundbreaking post-punk, new wave bands of all time, with hits like Psycho Killer, Life During Wartime, Once in a Lifetime, Burning Down the House, Road To Nowhere, She Was and Wild Wild Life…
But even if you're not a fan of the Talking Heads (or frankly, weren't even alive when they broke up in 1991), none of that really matters.
Because on this Friday's podcast, which features Neil deGrasse Tyson's interview with David Byrne, the band doesn't even get mentioned.
Sure, our producers have chosen plenty of Talking Heads music for our clips.
But the theme of this week's podcast is The Science of Creativity – something about which David Byrne knows a little bit. He's a consummate creator: a Grammy, Oscar and Golden Glob award winner, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, who has written, among other books, The New York Times Best Seller, How Music Works.
In studio, we've got another multi-talented guest: Dr. Mónica López-González, Ph.D., a cognitive neuroscientist who is also a concert pianist, photographer, author and the Co-Founder and Scientific & Artistic Director of La Petite Noiseuse Productions.
As if David and Mónica weren't expert enough, during the episode we also video chat with Professor David Cope, a composer and computer scientist who actually programmed a computer to create its own original music in a variety of styles, and who may have taken some of the very earliest steps towards uploading human consciousness into machine form.
Together with this expert panel, and with a little help from comic co-host Maeve Higgins, Neil explores creativity, particularly how it applies to both art and science. In an era where funding for arts education is shrinking, it is more important than ever to recognize the value the arts play in empowering and even giving birth to creativity and the kind of "out of the box" thinking that powers new scientific discoveries and breakthroughs in physics and mathematics.
You'll learn about the use of mathematics and symbolic logic in Alice in Wonderland, find out whether architecture and what planet you're on influence music and singing, and examine the physics that allow an opera singer to shatter glass.
Oh, and if you pay close attention, you'll get to hear Bill Nye sing, "I'm a sex machine."
Join us for The Science of Creativity, with David Byrne this Friday, Dec. 18 at 7pm ET on our website, iTunesPodcasts, SoundCloud, Stitcher, and TuneIn.
That's it for now. Keep Looking Up!
New Contest Winner Announced – Stay Tuned for Grand Prize Winner of "Change Your View with Celestron and StarTalk"
What was the Star of Bethlehem? Find out Friday from Neil deGrasse Tyson


This premium Pet t-shirt is as close to perfect as can be. It's optimized for all types of print and will quickly become your favorite t-shirt. Soft, comfortable and durable, this is a definite must-own and a Majinshop recommended product.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace SassyStudio.Compiler.Parsing
{
    class HtmlComment : Comment
    {
        public override bool Parse(IItemFactory itemFactory, ITextProvider text, ITokenStream stream)
        {
            if (stream.Current.Type == TokenType.OpenHtmlComment)
            {
                OpenComment = Children.AddCurrentAndAdvance(stream, SassClassifierType.Comment);

                if (stream.Current.Type == TokenType.CommentText)
                    CommentText = Children.AddCurrentAndAdvance(stream, SassClassifierType.Comment);

                if (stream.Current.Type == TokenType.CloseHtmlComment)
                    CloseComment = Children.AddCurrentAndAdvance(stream, SassClassifierType.Comment);
            }

            return Children.Count > 0;
        }
    }
}