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Hugh John "Pat" Casey CBE (24 July 1898 – 30 August 1981) was a major general in the United States Army. A 1918 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, Casey served in Germany during the Occupation of the Rhineland. He later returned to Germany to attend the Technische Hochschule in Berlin, earning a Doctor of Engineering degree.

As an engineer, Casey prepared a voluminous report on flood control for the Pittsburgh District. He was involved with the design and construction of the Deadman Island Lock and Dam on the Ohio River, and was chief of the Engineering Division at the Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project, a New Deal public works project. He went to the Philippines in 1937 to advise the government there on hydropower and flood control. In the early part of World War II,  he became involved with the enormous wartime construction program. Perhaps his most notable and lasting achievement was his involvement with the design of The Pentagon, the largest office building in the world.

Casey served as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur's chief engineer during the Battle of Bataan, in the jungles and mountains of New Guinea and the Philippines, and during the occupation of Japan. In the Battle of Leyte, he commanded the Army Support Command (ASCOM), which was responsible for all construction and logistics activities in the forward area. He hoped to become Chief of Engineers, but President Harry S. Truman passed him over. Later, Casey worked for Schenley Industries from 1951 until his retirement in 1965, and was chairman of the New York City Transit Authority from 1953 to 1955.

Early life

Hugh John Casey was born in Brooklyn, New York on 7 June 1898, the son of John J. Casey, a plumbing and heating contractor, and Margaret L. Casey. John's grandparents were immigrants from Ireland and England. His grandfather served on the Union side in the American Civil War and was killed in the Battle of Shiloh. Margaret's parents were Irish immigrants who settled in Pennsylvania.

Hugh Casey was educated at Manual Training High School from 1910 to 1914, graduating at the age of 15. He won a New York State scholarship and entered Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, where he studied civil engineering. After a year there, he took a competitive examination for the U.S. Military Academy at West Point held by Congressman Daniel J. Griffin, the chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs, ranking first out of 62 applicants for the appointment. To enter, Casey claimed to be slightly older, adopting his brother's 7 June birthday.

Casey entered West Point in 1915, where his best friend and roommate was Lucius D. Clay. At West Point, Casey played football as a halfback, substituting for Elmer Oliphant. One of Casey's duties was tutoring Oliphant in mathematics. Casey decided that winning games was more important than playing, and he helped keep Oliphant proficient at math. Unlike most appointees to West Point, a grateful Casey wrote frequently to Griffin about his progress and sent him football tickets. When Casey's younger brother Martin Charles Casey wanted to enter West Point, Griffin directly appointed him to the class of 1920 without having to pass the examination. Martin served with the coastal artillery for eleven years before being medically discharged due to migraine headaches on 30 November 1931. Martin later became a successful lawyer. Both brothers acquired the nickname "Pat" at West Point.

World War I
Because of the United States' entry into World War I, Casey's class graduated early on 12 June 1918. Casey was ranked third in the class and was commissioned as a captain in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He was stationed at Camp A. A. Humphreys, Virginia, first as an instructor and then starting in September 1918 as a company commander with the 219th Engineers, part of the 19th Division. The 219th Engineers moved to Camp Dodge, Iowa in November 1918. Casey returned to the Engineer School at Camp Humphreys as a student in September 1919.

He served with the US Occupation forces in the Rhineland from June 1920 to May 1922. While there, Casey improved on his high school German to become  fluent enough in the language to write his doctoral thesis in the language.  He also married Dorothy Ruth Miller, the daughter of Colonel R. B. Miller, the chief surgeon of the American forces stationed in Koblenz, on 22 May 1922. On their honeymoon they traveled through south Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The couple had three children: two sons, Hugh Boyd and Keith Miles, and a daughter, Patricia.

Between the wars
From 1922 to 1926, Casey was the officer in charge of the Engineer Unit of the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, reverting to his substantive rank of first lieutenant on 27 November 1922. He again returned to Camp Humpreys in 1926 to attend the Company Officers Course. In 1927, Casey received his first civil works assignment, as assistant District Engineer at the Pittsburgh District. Casey took over the task of preparing a voluminous report on flood control. The Corps of Engineers was criticized by the Pittsburgh Flood Control Commission for over-engineering, in planning for a "flood that had never happened and never would happen", and the report was shelved. However, in 1936 the flood did happen. The report was then dusted off and its recommendations were adopted. The Flood Control Act of 1936 assigned responsibility for flood control to the Corps of Engineers and other Federal agencies. Casey was also responsible for construction at Deadman Island Lock and Dam (now called the Dashields Locks and Dam) on the Ohio River.

In September 1929 Casey was assigned to the Rivers and Harbors Section of the Office of the Chief of Engineers in Washington, DC. This job involved reviewing the project studies, plans and specifications of all river and harbor projects throughout the United States, including flood control and hydroelectric power projects. He also had responsibility for correspondence with U.S. senators and congressmen. During this time he co-designed and patented the Kingman-Casey Floating Mooring Bit for navigation locks. He was promoted to the substantive rank of captain on 1 May 1933.

Casey won a John R. Freeman fellowship from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1933 to study hydraulics and civil engineering in Germany. For the next two years, he attended the Technische Hochschule in Berlin, earning a Doctorate in Engineering. His thesis, written in German, was on Geschieb Bewegung, the bedload movement in streams. Returning to the United States in June 1935, Casey was posted to Eastport, Maine as chief of the Engineering Division at the Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project, a New Deal public works project. There, he established a concrete testing laboratory under Charles E. Wuerpel which is now part of the Structures Laboratory at the Waterways Experiment Station at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Due to political forces, the project came to nothing and was allowed to die. After the Passamaquoddy project fell through, Casey served with the Boston Engineer District on flood control surveys of the Connecticut River Valley.

Along with Lucius Clay, Casey was sent to the Philippines in 1937 to advise the government there on hydropower and flood control. They worked with Meralco and other power companies in the Philippines, and conducted a series of surveys, including a detailed one of the Agno River. After Clay returned to the United States, Casey developed plans for the Caliraya Dam, a   hydroelectric project with an estimated cost of $5 million. Along with Lieutenant Colonel Dwight D. Eisenhower, the chief of staff to Major General Douglas MacArthur, the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines, and Mr. Rodriquez of the National Power Corporation, Casey presented the project to President Manuel Quezon, who approved it. After over twenty years as a company grade officer, Casey was promoted to major on 1 February 1940.

World War II

Construction Division

Casey returned to Washington, D.C. in October 1940 to become chief of the Design and Engineering Section in the Construction Division of the Office of the Quartermaster General, under Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell. An enormous construction program was underway to meet the needs of World War II. Working with a staff that included George Bergstrom, a former president of the American Institute of Architects, Casey set about revising the standard designs for barracks. A number of new features were added to improve comfort, safety, and durability. Substitutions were made for scarce materials. It was discovered that the standard 63-man barracks was now too small. Of the 81 companies in the new triangular division, 51 fitted more easily into 74-man barracks. By slightly increasing the barracks size, substantial savings were made by reducing the overall number of buildings that needed to be constructed, the size of the cantonment areas required, and the length of required roads and utility lines. Casey was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 8 April 1941.

On the afternoon of Thursday, 17 July 1941, Somervell summoned Casey and Bergstrom and gave them a new special project: the design of an enormous office complex to house the War Department's 40,000-person staff together in one building. Somervell gave them until 09:00 on Monday morning to design the building, which he envisaged as a modern, four-story structure with no elevators, on the site of the old Washington Hoover Airport.  This would ultimately become The Pentagon, the largest office building in the world.  Over that "very busy weekend", Casey, Bergstrom and their staff roughed out the design for a four-story, five-sided structure with a floor area of —twice that of the Empire State Building. The estimated cost was $35 million. President Roosevelt subsequently moved the site of the building, over Somervell's objections, away from Arlington National Cemetery.

Southwest Pacific
In September 1941, General Douglas MacArthur requested Casey's services as his chief engineer. Casey arrived in Manila in October, shortly before the outbreak of war between the United States and Japan. He acquired construction equipment from the National Power Corporation that was being used on the Caliraya project. Casey supervised demolitions as MacArthur's troops retreated to Bataan, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Unlike the rest of MacArthur's headquarters, Casey, who was promoted to colonel on 19 December 1941 and brigadier general on 25 January 1942, did not relocate to Corregidor but remained on Bataan with a small staff of five officers. However, he joined MacArthur and sixteen other members of his staff in their escape from Corregidor by PT boat in March 1942. For his service in the 1942 campaign in the Philippines, he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal.

In Australia, Casey became Chief Engineer at MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ), Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). He faced enormous engineering challenges. Most of New Guinea consisted of mountains and jungle, with very few airstrips, ports or roads. All of these had to be developed to support operations. To provide additional expertise in construction, Casey had Leif Sverdrup assigned to his staff as chief of the Construction Section, with the rank of colonel. As U.S. Army engineers were few, Casey worked closely with his Australian Army counterpart at General Sir Thomas Blamey's Allied Land Forces headquarters, Major General Clive Steele. Construction activities in Australia were also undertaken by civilians of the Allied Works Council. Casey attempted to coordinate the activities of the various agencies. He had to fend off attempts by the U.S. Army Air Forces to gain control of his aviation engineer battalions. The Royal Australian Air Force organized its own airbase construction squadrons and only with difficulty was Casey able to control their activities.

Casey's initial need was for engineer units to accomplish the daunting construction program, but soon stocks of engineer supplies and equipment began to run low. This was exacerbated by incoming units arriving without their equipment, or with it stowed on numerous ships, which often arrived at various ports in a theater where ports were hundred or thousands of miles apart. Critical shortages developed of tractors, graders, concrete mixers and welding equipment. In the absence of a proper stock control system, an overall coordinating agency, and adequate numbers of engineer depot units, the allocation and distribution of the meager supplies on hand were difficult tasks. The worst problem was spare parts. Equipment was operated around the clock under harsh conditions and soon wore out or broke. A large proportion of equipment became unserviceable for lack of spare parts. Requisitions sent to the United States took months to arrive, so recourse was made to the limited sources of supply in Australia.

In September 1942, MacArthur decided to outflank Japanese troops on the Kokoda Trail by sending an American regimental combat team over the Owen Stanley Range. Two alternate means of crossing the mountains seemed possible. One, the Kapa Kapa Trail was known to climb to elevations above  and present formidable obstacles. Casey and Sverdrup took charge of investigating the Abau Trail. They reached Abau on 18 September. Casey explored the harbor, taking depth soundings from a native canoe. Sverdrup set out for Jaure with a party of one American, two Australians from the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit, ten native police from the Royal Papuan Constabulary and 26 native carriers. After eight days on the trail, scaling heights of , Sverdrup concluded that it would not be practical for troops to traverse the route and turned back. Meanwhile, Casey had concluded that the harbor was too shallow even for lighters. However, the trip was not a total loss, for Sverdrup had sighted a plateau north of the Owen Stanley Range suitable for airstrips, allowing troops to be flown across the Owen Stanley Range. Casey was awarded the Silver Star.

In New Guinea, logistics and construction activities were coordinated by task force engineer staffs. These were often hastily assembled and had not always been able to meet the demands imposed by base development in such a challenging theater of operations. The scale of operations in the Philippines was much greater, so for this purpose the Army Service Command (ASCOM) was formed in Brisbane on 23 July 1944. Casey was appointed to command ASCOM. In his absence, Sverdrup became MacArthur's chief engineer. Although part of USASOS, ASCOM operated under the control of Sixth Army, moving as far forward as combat operations allowed, developed new bases, and operated them until USASOS was ready to take over, at which point the units under ASCOM simply reverted to USASOS, allowing a seamless transfer of command. For the Battle of Leyte Casey's ASCOM had 43,000 men, of whom 21,000 were engineers.

Casey and some members of his staff came ashore on A-Day; the advance echelon of his ASCOM headquarters arrived two days later. Work began immediately on the airfield at Tacloban, and commenced on airfields in central Leyte soon after they were captured. Heavy seasonal rains thwarted attempts to develop the airbases in central Leyte and it was decided to abandon their development and construct a new airbase on the coast at a site occupied by Sixth Army headquarters. The need to get aircraft based on Leyte to stop the Japanese from reinforcing the island was so pressing that Lieutenant General Walter Krueger agreed to move his headquarters.

Casey had intended to come ashore on the first day of the landing at Lingayen Gulf in January 1945 but was delayed a day because the destroyer he was traveling on had to escort a crippled transport. Despite enormous difficulties ASCOM was able to finish numerous projects on time and some ahead of schedule. On 13 February 1945, ASCOM was transferred to USASOS and redesignated the Luzon Base Section (LUBSEC). Casey then resumed his old post, now renamed Chief Engineer, US Army Forces Pacific. For his services as commander of ASCOM, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. He was subsequently awarded a bronze oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal for his services as Chief Engineer, US Army Forces Pacific.

Casey hoped to become Chief of Engineers when Lieutenant General Raymond A. Wheeler retired in 1948, but President Harry S. Truman passed him over in favor of the Missouri River Division Engineer, Major General Lewis A. Pick. Instead, Casey remained in Japan as MacArthur's Chief Engineer until Casey's retirement on 31 December 1949. He edited Engineers of the Southwest Pacific, a seven-volume series about their wartime service. He received a number of foreign awards for his service, including the Distinguished Service Star from the Philippines, the Commander of the Order of the British Empire from Australia, the Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau from the Netherlands, and the Officer of Légion d'honneur from France.

Later life
Casey was Chairman of the New York City Transit Authority from 1953 to 1955, and served in various positions with Schenley Industries from 1951 until his retirement in 1965. He was a member of a number of professional societies, and civic organizations. He died of a heart attack on 30 August 1981 at the Veterans Administration Hospital at White River Junction, Vermont, survived by his wife Dorothy and his son Keith. His other son, Hugh, had been killed in an air crash during the Korean War. Father and son were buried adjacent to each other in Arlington National Cemetery. In August 1982,  a new building at the Humphreys Engineer Center at Fort Belvoir was  dedicated in his honor by Dorothy and the Chief of Engineers, Lieutenant General Joseph K. Bratton.

Notes

References

External links
Generals of World War II

1898 births
1981 deaths
People from Brooklyn
American people of Irish descent
American military engineers
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Technical University of Berlin alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Distinguished Marksman
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Silver Star
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau
American expatriates in Germany
American people of English descent
Engineers from New York City
20th-century American engineers
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army generals
Military personnel from New York City


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Following this year's Rocky Mountain Audio Fest, I trekked northwest to Port Townsend, Washington to observe Stereophile's one-and-only Jason Victor Serinus in his natural habitat.
Despite having spent a good bit of time with Jason in person at audio shows, I was surprised to learn that he really is just as quick, witty, and charming as his writing—not just in person, but also on camera!
If you love Jason's writing, you will love this video. Enjoy.
Everything in this video is worth the time to watch. Each time Jason started the music player, it was a track that I also have - probably through HDTracks, and in some cases recorded by John Atkinson. The detail in the Widor organ pedals came through very well, given (I assume) that the video recording picked up the speaker sound from the room, rather than splicing it in digitally (yes?). Watching Jason's descriptions of the room treatments, the position of the couches, and the precise location of the sliding doors when listening, I wonder how much effort he makes tweaking any of this tweak-hardware when installing new gear for review.
In fact, while working on my current review of Jadis mono blocks, I first removed the Pass and installed the Jadis, then went back to the 160 lb/each Pass to correct a change I had made to the power that turned out to be detrimental, and, once I had re-established my baseline, went back to the Jadis. (Yes, that is a lot of heavy lifting, with which the dogs are no help whatsoever.) This is what I had to do to ensure that my assessment would be accurate and fair.
Shazam suggests 6 different tracks for the Widor.... I want it!
It's the Toccata from Widor's Organ Symphony 5, Op.42 No.1.
Regarding wireless internet, did you try one of the mesh wifi solutions?
I just deployed the Google Wifi system on a friend's property. He needed wifi in a his workshop which is 58 feet from the main house where I have his modem. If not, it may be worth checking out since the little pucks can be moved around to find the best coverage. Other consumer mesh solutions are available as well.
Also, so glad you briefly mentioned the history of your pets. I've been a volunteer at an animal shelter for 14 years so the dogs and I appreciate it.
... whose impedance dips to below 2 ohms, you should try a pair of the Parasound Halo JC-1 monoblock amps. It has a lower output impedance, so less frequency response interaction with the speaker; it can easily drive low impedance loads - >2kW into 2 ohms and > 4kW into 1 ohm; and the first ~30W is in class A. Plus, it weighs only 60lbs.
Thanks so much for allowing us into your inner sanctum. I found it fascinating to watch and it gave a great deal of insight into the pursuits of an audiophile. Surely one of the most charming things I've seen on YouTube in a very long time.
Phew, kinda looks like a bit of a Perfectionist's workings.
Kevin Deal ( of Upscale ) just sent me a fresh video of his 'new' personal 'man cave', he keeps a Porsch in his, along with his Audio Gear. ( I think he also displays a collection of vintage Motorcycles ). He seems to be a bit of a perfectionist.
Perfection is over-rated for my purposes but I can understand people chasing it. My business has been getting close to perfection by percentages but the perfection model is a moving target that can't be hit.
Gosh darn it ( a little mid-western lingo ), There's no way for you to squeeze-in a Vinyl playback system, is there? You'd need another whole listening room to accommodate one or two massive Record Players, a complete Record Cleaning Station, a Phono Cartridge & Arm set-up bench plus all the paraphernalia associated with the 2nd Generation Media systems. If you were vinyl instead of SACD, you'll likely need 5x the Cubic Footage and probably 3x the financial commitment. Thats not taking into consideration the technical expertise needed to operate the 200x microscope needed to set the cantilever angles properly, ( I used a older tubed Tektronix Oscilloscope ).
Still, you're lucky that you don't have my Wife's decorator stopping by to make changes in everything.
I was immediately impressed with your CD/SACD storage shelves ( the one with the Keys ), geez, that's a nice useful system.
I have to say: In my life's travels, I've met very few people in your league. I had one Audio customer ( Audio Research/Soundlabs ) that spent his waking hours striving for something I couldn't quite define, he was way too much for me to cope with, I was happy to return him to Audio Dimensions in Birmingham.
For me now, music is a component/companion to a pleasant life. All my music/college courses are stored on memory, played by digital gear that's mostly Air Travel Portable. I can fit an entire music system in a shirt pocket ( if I have to ).
I gave up Drinking, Smoking & hair-shirt Audiophila. I'm a very old new-man, again. I'm a "Stereophile"
ps. Brrrrrrrrr , Port Townsend looks "Cold & Rainy" with yukky dirts, kinda like Michigan can get in November.
Did you used to post as "DUP" on the Stereophile forums?
Years ago, I think, I encountered you at a Burning Amp event.
Burning Amp is for tweaky folks that talk about stuff like 'feedback', capacitance, ground loops and all manner of Amplifier innards. A new Resistor supplier is exciting news for these folks.
Hmm, I had it in my mind ( somehow ) that you were that kind of "bird of the feather" but you're not, are you?
This video shows you to be a Top Level owner of music gear, not an experimenter with smoking soldering irons, loaded shirt-pocket protectors and empty 2 liter Soda Bottles in the corner.
You're not a reformed tweak, are you?
So, why would you be at a Burning Amp event?
But then, maybe, you're a Closet 2A3 admirer, which is fine with me, I'll keep your secret.
Dude....that's one nice system and room that you have there!!!!!!!
Hi Jason: Thanks for the tour. As impressive as your audio gear is, I think I was more impressed with your music selection. Give us your top ten recordings in any genre.
That isn't one of them. But I think I do need the good Lord's help with this. I can certainly give you one - Arleen Auger's Love Songs on Delos, and collections of Schubert lieder by Elly Ameling, Matthias Goerne, and Janet Baker (recorded when they were in their prime). An early digital recording of Thomas Allen singing Brahms. Klemperer's recording of the Brahms German Requiem. The early recordings of Beverly Sills. Going back back back, French by Maggie Teyte, and German by Elisabeth Schumann - her Schubert is divine - and Lotte Lehmann. Lehmann's voice and brilliance speak to me on multiple levels. Murray Perahia playing Handel and Scarlatti. Recordings by Claudia Muzio. The recording of Terry Riley's In C by the Ragazze Quartet. The Abel Steinberg Winant Trio playing Lou Harrison. How's that for starters?
Coming back to audio after taking a sabbatical. Not a fan of Stereophile anymore but love their old stuff in that regards kudos to Mr. Serinius. I visit the site frequently always interested in the reviewer's videos, of all the ones I have watched this is the best so far. Interesting, informative, fun, and well presented. A joy to watch! Jason you're a bad influence I'm subscribing back to the darn thing. Looking forward to read your reviews. Someone mentioned before about getting your hands on Parasound JC1, will be nice to find out what wil be your choices in reference quality "affordable" amps. Audio by Van Alstine wonderful monoblocks comes into mind.
Even within its limits, would it not be better to change the room to 1) not have the rack between the speakers and 2) have those speakers out from walls/ corners? A reviewer here who would love his system more - 'more joy' - if he indeed changed this. Lottery win not necessary. Remove the hall-entry wall, maybe.
Since I'm not aware of any hidden relatives who are going to leave me a million dollars, and I'm not a candidate for a grant from the Gates Foundation, I'm afraid it's up to those lotto tickets or a gift from an anonymous donor. We accept Mastercard, Visa, and Traveler's Express.
you could have 15-16 feet instead. Plus this change would free up that side wall for the rack. Or drop the keyboard (other side wall).
It's in a separate bldg, so, move entry door at/ near rear of room; place your hall (if you need it) to behind the listening area, thus achieving the desired non-square room. You do have space, since 2 big benches take up alot of room. A stud wall moved, with the door = less than 10k$.
Good job on this interview Jana! Thoroughly enjoyed this, thanks!
Thank you for the visit. Beautifully produced and presented.
Just noticed my comment, which I placed last Friday, has been deleted - along with your reply. Any reason for this I'd gladly be informed.
As the website moderator, I felt the comment and the reply weren't appropriate.
Very interesting, and very likeable.
I was interested in your observations of light versus dark. I might generalize that systems tending toward bright (as in well-lit and open) highlight aural detail. At their best, they reveal a full palette of orchestral color and instrumental interplay. Challenges with such systems include being bright without becoming brittle or bleached, presenting body and not just leading edge, and presenting a wealth of detail while also remaining naturalistic.
Of course, the ideal system would do it all, and it becomes pricey to approach that ideal. At the same time, I have found pricier gear tends to be more demanding of setup to achieve synergy.
Steve Guttenberg, just today, went on a Rant about "Lazy" Audiophiles that only want to play files.
Sir, how shall we respond to this vicious assault?
I've admired Mr.Steve, since I met him at RMAF11. I never would've anticipated him saying horrible and mean spirited things like this.
I'll write to Tyll and various Stereophile Staff concerning this matter.
I can't tolerate this sort of attitude from our leading authorities, can I ?


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← Rapunzel
The new apples: an explosion of crisp pink honey sweet snow white candy crunch →
Taking advantage of convergent terpene evolution in the kitchen
Posted on March 19, 2015 by Jeanne L. D. Osnas | 12 Comments
The Cooks Illustrated recipe masters recently added nutmeg and orange zest to a pepper-crusted steak to replace two flavorful terpenes, pinene and limonene, lost from black pepper when simmered in oil. In doing so they take advantage of convergent evolution of terpenoids, the most diverse group of chemical products produced by plants. Nutmeg and orange zest, though, were hardly their only options.
The terpene swap
Black pepper growing (photo by L. Osnas)
To develop satisfying crunch, the Cooks Illustrated recipe for pepper-crusted beef tenderloin requires a prodigious quantity of coarsely ground black pepper (Piper nigrum; family Piperaceae). If applied to the meat raw, however, in the recipe authors' view, this heap of pepper generates an unwelcome amount of spicy heat. To mellow it, the recipe authors recommend simmering the pepper in oil and straining it out of the oil before adding it to the dry rub. The hot oil draws out the alkaloid piperine, which makes black pepper taste hot, from the cracked black pepper fruits (peppercorns).
Nutmeg seed
To their dismay, however, the recipe authors discovered that the hot oil also removes flavorful compounds from the cracked pepper, in particular the terpenes pinene and limonene. To rectify this flavor problem, the recipe authors added pinene-rich nutmeg (Myristica fragrans; Myristicaceae) and limonene-rich orange (Citrus x sinensis; Rutaceae) zest to the dry rub, along with the simmered black pepper. In doing so they take advantage of widespread and diverse array of terpenoids in the plant kingdom.
Terpene what and why
Extra-terpenoid-y Bloody Mary: carotenoids in the carrot and tomato juices are terpenoids, as are major flavor constituents in its black pepper, lemon, celery, and lovage garnish
Terpenoids and isoprene, the building block molecule of terpenoids, escape plants and comprise a consequential component of atmospheric chemistry (Guenther et al. 1995). When he learned this, Ronald Reagan declared that trees cause more air pollution than cars. He was wrong about that, but his alarm does raise the question about what all those terpenoids are doing in the air, and in the plant.
Enzymes called terpene synthases combine particular numbers of isoprene molecules (actually slightly modified isoprene) and other constituents in particular arrangements to create terpenes. There is some ambiguity about the use of the terms "terpene" and "terpenoid," but hereafter we'll use "terpenoids" to include isoprene-derived terpenes as well as their chemical derivatives. Chemists have identified over 30,000 different terpenoids, making them the largest and most diverse class of natural products (Trapp and Croteau 2001). Most of them are naturally produced within organisms, with at least half of them synthesized by plants. Some terpenoids contribute to primary plant structure and function, such as gibberellin plant hormones, carotenoid pigments (vitamin A precursors), the phytol component of chlorophyll, and cell membrane phytosterols. Most terpenoids, however, are considered secondary metabolites, meaning that they do not directly contribute to plant growth and may serve other ecological functions, including defense and communication. Pinene and limonene likely fall into this category.
The defense function is intuitively obvious, as many terpenoids are powerful antimicrobial and insecticidal compounds, and terpenoids, especially those in viscous plant resins, seal wounds when the plant is damaged (Martin et al. 2003). Terpenoids mediate plant communication because many of them are highly volatile, meaning they readily diffuse into the air and thereby come into contact with neighboring plants, potential pollinators, or carnivorous insects, such as parasitoid wasps, that would fly to the rescue of a besieged plant under assault by herbivorous insects (Paré and Tumlinson 1999). Whereupon receiving these airborne terpenoid distress signals from a damaged plant, neighboring plants may increase their own production of defense chemicals in anticipation of being attacked themselves (Paré and Tumlinson 1999).
Black swallowtail caterpillar inducing defense compound synthesis in dill. Swallowtail (Papilio spp.) caterpillars make their own stinky terpenes for defense, too, including pinene, deployed via osmeteria.
Isoprene and some of its volatile terpenoid derivatives may also escape plant tissue as a byproduct of internal physiological processes, or in response to thermal or other environmental stress, and not necessarily as a defense or communication tactic (Niinemets et al. 2004).
White pine (Pinus strobus)
Terpenoids have diverse commercial applications and are employed industrially, in perfumes, in food, as antimicrobials and insecticides, and pharmacologically (Kumari et al. 2014). Fragrant essential oils, turpentines and plant resins, all derived from plants, are mixtures with high terpenoid content. In addition to enjoying the fragrant and flavorful orange-scented limonene as a perfume and food flavoring agent (when bound in spices), humans use it as an insecticide ingredient and cleaning solvent.
Hops vine
Like limonene, many terpenoids are strongly aromatic and are main ingredients in many flower fragrances. As we discussed in the Allium post, both the aromatic and antimicrobial characteristics of terpenoids (and other flavorful compounds) probably contribute to their popularity as spices. Anti-malarial drug artemesinin (which we talked about in our Artemisia post), and anti-cancer drug Taxol (from yew, Taxus spp.) are terpenoids. The flavorful and psychoactive/medicinal components of species in the Cannabaceae family (order Rosales), with includes hops (Humulus lupulus), the popular beer ingredient, and cannabis/hemp (Cannabis sativa), are terpenoids. There are many more examples of charismatic terpenoids, but we'll stop for now.
Sticking with the pinene and limonene theme
The ingredients of CI's steak crust are far from the only plants, or even the only spices, that contain pinene and limonene, which are two of the most common terpenoids encountered on the planet (Guenther et al. 1995).
Possible side dish options for a pinene-limonene themed dinner: Carrots (Daucus carota) contain both pinene and limonene, as do fellow umbellifers celery root and fennel bulb
A given terpenoid, however, is hardly ever the only aromatic component of a given plant. Plant species vary in how many and which kinds of terpenes they produce, but it can be dozens (Niinemets et al. 2004). Therefore, even though there may be more pinene in needles of its namesake pine (Pinus spp.) than in the nutmeg seed, taken as a whole, nutmeg may be a tastier ingredient here than pine needles because of all of the other flavorful components in both plants. Pine nuts, however, also contain pinene, so perhaps chopped pine nuts would have been a welcome (and nerdier) addition to the crust.
In my culinary opinion, other potential pinene donors to the crust could have included any of the following palatably compatible and pinene-rich (according to the addictive Dr. Duke's Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Databases) spices: juniper berry (Juniperus communis), some members of the mint family (Lamiaceae: rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis; sage, Salvia spp.; thyme, Thymus spp.; oregano/marjoram, Origanum vulgare; basil, Ociumum spp.; savory, Satureja spp.), some members of the carrot or umbellifer family (Apiaceae: coriander, Coriandrum sativum; fennel, Foeniculum vulgare), epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides; Chenopodiaceae), bay (Laurus nobilis; Lauraceae), or tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus; Asteraceae).
There are several other spices and familiar aromatic plants that have pinene or limonene or both (have fun with Dr. Duke's database to figure that out, but be aware that you may have to put in the name of a particular terpenoid isomer, e.g. "alpha pinene" instead of just "pinene," to get comprehensive results). These are just those that I think might work in the CI steak crust.
Parsley, flowering
Many of these other potential pinene donors contain both pinene and limonene. The umbellifer species whose leaves are used as a fresh herb (parsley, Petroselinum crispum; celery, Apium graveolens; lovage, Levisticum officinale; cilantro/coriander; and fennel) have respectable amounts of both pinene and limonene, too, so a gremolata employing them would likely be an appropriate accompaniment to the crusted meat, at least from a terpenoid perspective. In fact, tissues of both citrus and pine boast respectable amounts of both pinene and limonene. One of the terpenoids in hops is pinene, so for a limonene- and pinene-themed dinner, serve a hoppy beer with your crusted steak and gremolata. And for dessert have something with ginger (Zingiber officinale), which contains both pinene and limonene, or Katherine's Basal Angiosperm cake, all ingredients of which contain at least pinene.
Meyer lemons
As its name suggests, the orange-scented limonene is a signature aroma in citrus (Citrus spp.: lemon, lime, orange, etc.). I've pointed out before that limonene is one of a few citrus-smelling compounds that repeatedly pops up in distantly related lemony-smelling plants. The large pool of potential pinene and limonene donors to the CI steak crust are distantly related and include both evolutionarily old (e.g. conifers and bay) and recently derived (e.g. mints, umbellifers) lineages (see our plant phylogeny page for details). This phylogenetic diversity in terpenoid source species demonstrates the ubiquity of terpenoid synthesis capacity across all plants and the repeated convergent evolution (independent evolution of the same thing in different species) of pinene and limonene production in particular.
Degenhardt, J., T. G. Köllner, and J. Gershenzon. 2009. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases and the origin of terpene skeletal diversity in plants. Phytochemistry 70:1621-1637.
Guenther, A., C. N. Hewitt, D. Erickson, R. Fall, C. Geron, T. Graedel, P. Harley, L. Klinger, M. Lerdau, W. A. McKay, T. Pierce, B. Scholes, R. Steinbrecher, R. Tallmaraju, J. Taylor, and P. Zimmerman. 1995. A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J. Geophysical Research 100: 8873-8892.
Kumari, S., S. Pundhir, P. Priya, et al. 2014. EssOilDB: a database of essential oils reflecting terpene composition and variability in the plant kingdom. Database 2014: article ID bau120.
Martin, D. M., J. Gershenzon, and J. Bohlmann. 2003. Induction of volatile terpene biosynthesis and diurnal emission by methyl jasmonate in foliage of Norway spruce. Plant Physiology 132:1586-1599.
Niinemets, U., F. Loreto, and M. Reichstein. 2004. Physiological and physiochemical controls on foliar volatile organic compound emissions. Trends in Plant Science 9:1360-1385.
Paré, P. W., and J. H. Tumlinson. 1999. Plant volatiles as a defense against insect herbivores. Plant Physiology 121:325-331.
Trapp, S. C., and R. B. Croteau. 2001. Genomic organization of plant terpene synthases and molecular evolutionary implications. Genetics 158:811-832.
This entry was posted in Flavor, herbs and tagged defense, evolution, Jeanne L. D. Osnas, limonene, pinene, spice, terpene, terpenoid. Bookmark the permalink.
12 responses to "Taking advantage of convergent terpene evolution in the kitchen"
ofostlic | December 13, 2015 at 2:19 am | Reply
"A given terpenoid, however, is hardly ever the only aromatic component of a given plant."
One interesting near-exception to this is Backhousia citriodora, the lemon myrtle, whose essential oil is up to 98% citral. [I say "near-exception" because citral is a pair of isomers].
Jeanne L. D. Osnas | December 14, 2015 at 5:19 pm | Reply
Cool, thanks!
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Rodney Gay | November 10, 2016 at 5:47 pm | Reply
"Pine nuts, however, also contain pinene, so perhaps chopped pine nuts would have been a welcome (and nerdier) addition to the crust." Wait, don't pine nuts burn too easily to be in most crusts?
Jeanne L. D. Osnas | November 18, 2016 at 10:25 pm | Reply
katherineapreston | November 18, 2016 at 11:56 pm |
Pine nuts on their own do burn easily, but I've put them into short bread cookies with no problem. Maybe in a mixture, such as this crust, they'd be OK.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


That was the longest four months of my life. Living in the same house you are trying to remodel, with four kids, working full time, running a company and doing all the work yourself. Sound like fun to you?
Honestly, it was really fun for the most part but it was just so many projects, one after another that it just catches up to you and just seems to go on forever. And the dust. It's everywhere and gets in everything. But in the end, it all cleans up and there's a beautiful new house underneath all that.
We've lived in our home for over three years now. We rented it for those three years from some owners that had moved out of state and weren't quite ready to sell yet. We love the area and the layout of the home is perfect for our family. The past year or so we started looking at other homes and just couldn't find something we loved in a decent price range. We kept comparing it back to our current house and we knew that with some updates, this house really could continue working well for us for a few more years.
So we made an offer and closed on the house in June. The benefit of having lived here for so long is that we knew exactly what we wanted to do and we wasted no time in getting started. The biggest problem area was the main entry level which includes the kitchen, living and dining area. It was outdated to say the least.
Just a few short weeks after closing on the house, we tore out absolutely everything on the first level. Everything. This was the start of four months without a kitchen. Not fun at all.
We started by rebuilding a portion of the wall to separate the living area from the kitchen and the rest we left open. The design was done by my Mom and it was so inspired! We went through so many different ideas and when she first gave us this design I said there was no way that it would work. Now I can't imagine it any other way. It makes our kitchen so functional while keeping it large and open. Everything flows so well together and the workspace is perfect. I have 83 square feet of counter space and can have multiple projects going at once and still have room left over.
The kids have their eat in bar for breakfast and lunch and we still have a great seating area for dinner that's open to the kitchen and lets in so much more light than before! The wood floors are done on a 45 degree angle which draws you across the living room into the dining room and having the same floor throughout makes everything feel united.
We added two gas lines, one for the new fireplace and one for the new gas range.
We also had a finished fourth level basement that had two bedrooms and a large play room but absolutely no windows, so it was pretty much a cave. We dug out and added three large windows and this was probably the biggest transformation of all. It also caused us the most problems too. They filled completely with water in a rain storm the day after we dug them, luckily before we had cut the holes in the house but ended up having to re-dig them and go deeper to get into our drain tile. Having natural light down there makes such a big difference and adds so much livable space to the house. We even moved the kids rooms down there and now we have the upstairs all to ourselves!
Sitting down and looking at it now, there's really not much I would change. We love the space and doing all the work makes you appreciate it that much more! Thanks to all the friends and family that helped! I'll be sharing some more about our appliances this weekend so keep an eye out for those too!
For even more photos of the journey, check out this Album.
kitchen renovation is more than simply a place to prepare meals; it is the essence of your home and an investment in your lifestyle. Whether you are looking to create a bold and punchy contrast or an understated look to coordinate with your surroundings, our team at Kitchen Essence ensure that the result reflects the character of the owner and the home.
Beautiful!! What type/brand of floors did you put in?
Nicely written post! I must thank you for posting this blog because the topic is in very demand today and everyone wants to read about it. You have given us an appropriate option.
These people did a wonderful work and they addressed the every concern on the way. These people do everything in a timely manner and we're extremely pleased with the entire procedure remodel kitchen. We had the whole kitchen updated, would suggest these to everyone.
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Pressure cooking is just like regular cooking except it always needs a little bit of water takes less time, once you learn the workings of your pressure cooker it just needs minimum monitoring when it's coming up to electric pressure cooker.


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Methodology and concept papers
Home	medreset	2017-12-04T09:30:16+00:00
MEDRESET Policy Briefs: now available in Arabic!
We are very happy to communicate to our readers that, after an intense work of translation, the following MEDRESET Policy Briefs are available also in Arabic. The EU's Constructions of the Mediterranean (Arabic Version) The [...]
Policy lecture on MEDRESET's final policy recommendations
Daniela Huber, MEDRESET's Scientific coordinator and Head of the Mediterranean programme (IAI) explains why and how the EU should become a more reflexive actor in the Mediterranean.
Policy Lecture on Tunisia and the EU's Democracy, human rights and resilience discourse
Asma Nouira, Professor of Political Science and Law at the University of El-Manar, gives a brief description of WP4 on the EU's democracy, human rights, resilience discourse and its contestation, with a particular focus on [...]
The Remaking of the Euro-Mediterranean Vision
Highlights, News
By medreset| 2019-03-27T11:48:08+00:00	March 27th, 2019|
Medreset has just published its first edited volume. The book is entitled "The Remaking of the Euro-Mediterranean Vision. Challenging Eurocentrism with Local Perceptions in the Middle East and North Africa" and it has been edited by [...]
MedReset Policy Recommendations
By medreset| 2019-03-01T16:05:29+00:00	March 1st, 2019|
Today we are pleased to publish our policy recommendations on democracy, social justice and human rights; agriculture; migrations; industry & energy; and according to our elite survey. Click here to read our policy recommendations
El Haraga Read Through Maghrebi Literary Production
Highlights, News, Publications
This essay analyses a sample of recent Maghrebi fiction to explore the Maghreb's evolving cultural understanding of the Haraga. The Haraga is theorized to require action from both the migrant and the migrated-from. While the grammar of the word [...]
Water and agriculture: the impact of the EU's policies in the MENA region
By medreset| 2019-06-24T12:53:44+00:00	January 7th, 2019|
Eckart Woertz, Senior research fellow at CIDOB explains to MEDRESET what are the impacts of the EU's policies, in the water and agriculture sectors, in the MENA region.
Marhaban! Today, we are very pleased to annouce that our policy briefs are now available also in Arabic!… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…
Why and how the #EU should become a more reflexive actor in the #Mediterranean? Watch our latest video with… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…
The "#Summit of the Two Shores" was launched by #Macron in order to develop a "strong #Mediterranean policy". But h… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…
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The first industry in the county was a cotton mill started in Kingsville in 1921.
Information and resources on Kleberg County.
Welcome to the Kleberg County Appraisal District Website.
County Clerk Stephanie G. Garza.


Wow, it's great to see my bar napkin numbers are close to Gary's on his attached charts. Left out Rawaki by the way, you only show the span to Kanton. The whole cluster of islands is hardly a "fly speck".
Doesn't matter how long someone says, or we think, the airplane will float, only how long FN thinks it will float. Remember he has been through a lot of seaplane landings, probably a few rough ones, and those were in lagoons. He knows open water landings are avoided by them. I would expect he would do anything to avoid having to ditch open ocean. I believe I read somewhere no liferaft on board.
Again, you are arguing navigation techniques not pilot judgement. What's your plan when you get to the end of your gas after all these pretty rectangles? Why if you kept flying in and out of range of Itasca on this search pattern did you not communicate with them again? Who was looking, who was flying, who was navigating, and from where? How were you communicating with each other if opposite ends of the airplane?
But once again I will say, you may be right. But so too may others. I'll give you yours, why can't you give others theirs? I can shoot holes in yours, you can shoot holes in mine but we don't need to impinge each other's qualifications to have a theory. I give you yours. COAs are exactly that, choices. FN and AE had choices. We don't know which they made but we can speculate.
...For me, the more cogent question is "Why would AE/FN abandonestablished "best practices" and head off looking for a flyspeck in the broad Pacific?" Such a thing COULD have happened but if it did we need a "why".
Go to Gary's site about 'fredienoonan' and read thoroughly among the navigational texts he's posted there: not only is the search pattern discussed, so is alternate landfall when a search fails. It takes a bit of reading but the point is discussed among those texts (I recall reading it there but am too lazy to find it at moment).
As to 'flyspecks' - Howland was more nearly a flyspeck than Gardner: big difference in appearance.
"Why"? A hope for dry feet, perhaps; dumb luck, may well have been. We have to find that they actually got there before we can hope to draw near a real "why", though, and may never know.
Would FN have known that Gardner was more than a 'fly speck'? Apparently not from his charts as then available. I think that's been one of Gary's points and it is a fair one.
That leads to my own thought that IF Gardner was the place of landing, how they got there will likely always be a mystery. It could have been dumb luck for a crew that was severely lost and in the throws of flying a box search for Howland after all... or, it could have been a lucky stumbling into the proverbial fly speck. I don't think it can ever be proven.
Gary's work remains fascinating - the guy is a font of navigational stuff!
Fred was a smart guy, he knew the risks. I have no doubt a search pattern was implemented but, to search until zero gas knowing the inevitable outcome of not locating Howland/baker doesn't sound smart. Would Fred be smarter than that with all his experience of navigation and, his work with Pan Am?
Smart route out of an unkown situation, play the percentages.
Part two, head towards eight dots of land, The phoenix islands.
Two dots of land versus eight, playing the percentages?
I know the Phoenix Islands, 8, were not a 'catchers mitt' but then again, in comparison to Howland/Baker, 2, ?
How much time and fuel would you devote to looking for 2 when you could be looking for 8 ?
I've just had an epiphany in another thread.
I'm hauling this piece over here where it belongs, more or less.
Suppose AE and FN stayed in the air, doing a LaPook search from the south while the Itasca headed northwest. The absence of the ship and the smoke (however useful it might have been) would reduce the visibility of Howland. It might not be hard to get the endpoint of the LaPook search within five to seven miles of Howland. As the Itasca steams away (full speed ahead?) to the northwest, AE and FN work their way closer and closer to Howland from the south.
AE and FN work their way closer and closer to Howland from the south.
Which is logical and, at what stage of this search pattern do they decide that it's a waste fuel trying to find the two dots (still not in sight, even more so now as Itasca has headed off in the opposite direction) and head towards the eight dots?
And of course if Itasca did guess correctly and NW was the place and AE and FN have got their search pattern up and running they would be closing in on each other on the 'correct' side of the search pattern.
I think we have all been making the mistake of believing that the visibility reported by Itasca was also the distance that Howland could be spotted. These distances are not the same. To use the CAP terminology, Itasca reported "search visibility" while the distance we can expect to spot the object we are looking for is defined by the CAP as "scanning range." People have also confused the "geographic range," the distance to the horizon based on your altitude. (1.144 times the square root of your altitude in feet, 1000^.5 = 31.6 X 1.144 = 36.2 NM) with scanning range. Here is how we figure out the geographic range, boys and girls. The first step in the process is to calculate the square root of 1,000 so take out your slide rules and line up the hair line on the cursor with the "1" in the center of the "A" scale. Now look at the "D" scale and you see that the hair line is lined up with 316. To place the decimal point we do a rough approximation in our heads. Ten times ten equals one hundred so we know the square root of 1,000 must be greater than ten. One hundred times one hundred is 10,000 so we know that the square root of 1,000 must be between 10 and 100 so we can now place the decimal point in the proper location making the square root of 1,000 equal 31.6. Now, without allowing the cursor to move, move the slide to the right until the "1" on the "C" scale at the left end of the slide is lined up with the hair line, then move the hairline to line it up with 1.144 on the "C" scale and then read out the geographic range under the hair line on the "D" scale, which is "36," making the geographic range 36 NM. The constant, 1.144, is derived from the size of the earth and the definition of the nautical mile. For those of you without your slide rules today, take out your table of logarithms and extract the mantissa of the "1" in "1,000." O.K. that was a joke because everyone knows that the mantissa of "1" is zero. Now place the characteristic of "3" in front of the "0" and we have the complete logarithm of 1000 which is 3.00000. To find he square root we divide this logarithm by "2" making the logarithm of the square root of 1,000 as "1.50000." We then scan the logarithm table for the mantissa of "50000" and take out the antilog of "3162." Since we know the characteristic is "1" we can place the decimal point and so determine the square root of 1,000 is 31.62 NM. But the beauty of logarithms is that we can skip this step since we are not really interested in the square root, but the square root multiplied by 1.144. So, we simply extract the logarithm of 1.144, which is 0.058426, and add this to the 1.50000 making it 1.558426. Now, looking up "558426" in the mantissa table we extract "3618" and placing the decimal point based on the characteristic of "1" we now have the geographic range of 36.18 NM.
(these are the most common lines, I memorized them a long time ago.) Standard visual acuity is listed as 20/20 and the line that results in this score has the letters of a size that the thickness of the characters and the spaces between the elements in each letter subtend an angle of one minute of arc, 1/60th of a degree and this is in the doctors office where the air is clear and with a standard, high level of illumination. Some people can see better than this and some objects that are much smaller, like stars (due to the high contrast) can also be seen but the one minute of arc acuity is a good value for us to use in thinking about the scanning range for Howland. The sine (or tangent, it doesn't matter) of one minute of arc is 0.00029 the inverse of which is 3438 which means that the ratio is 1 to 3438. A common approximation of this value is 1 to 3600 which is one inch high at a distance of 100 yards (3600 inches) and this is used universally by rifle shooters and is close enough for our purposes. This means that a person with 20/20 vision should be able to see something that is one inch high at 100 yards and not be able to see anything that is smaller at that distance. As an experiment I put some pieces of orange tape that were two inches wide on the back of a road sign (see attached photo) and then drove away about a half mile and then drove towards the sign slowly and then stopped when I could first detect the orange tape. I measured the distance with my laser rangefinder and it was 212 yards which is slightly more than the expected 200 yards but it was a highly contrasting color and I knew where to look.
But that is not the end of the story since this just describes the situation of a person looking for Howland from shipboard and Earhart was looking from 1,000 feet above sea level. Think of Howland as a playing card. I have just described the situation of one looking at the card edge on. Obviously you can see the card farther away if you are looking at the front of the card instead of the edge. Howland is about one-half NM wide so how close would we have to be for that 1/2 NM wide island to subtend one minute of arc from a point a thousand feet higher than the island? Think of the playing card laying flat on a table with the short dimension towards you. Since you are taller than the table you will be looking down on the card but from all the way down the hall the card would subtend a small angle and would look quite narrow to you if you could see it at all. As you move closer to the table the card will look bigger and bigger and when you are looking straight down on the card is will look its biggest. When you get close enough so that it is seen to subtend one minute of arc you should be able to see it.
What about spotting the Itasca?
Fortunately we have good scientific information about searching for ships in the National Search And Rescue Manual which uses the concept of "sweep width" instead of scanning range. I have attached table 4-5 which shows the sweep width when searching for a ship between 150 and 300 feet long from an altitude of 1,000 feet the sweep width is 24.7 NM with 20 NM visibility and 34.9 NM if the visibility is 30 NM. This is the new scientific search method. So what does this mean? With 20 NM visibility, one pass of the search plane covers a swath 24.7 NM wide, 12.35 on both sides of the plane and there is an 80% probability that the ship will be spotted if it was within that swath. So one way to interpret this is that Earhart had an 80% probability of spotting the Itasca if they flew within 12.35 NM of the ship. So if you wanted to achieve an 80% probability of spotting this ship then you should plan your search pattern so that the legs are spaced one sweep width apart and when this is done the "coverage factor" is one. If we want a higher probability of success we just have to increase the coverage factor either by searching the same track multiple times or by spacing the search pattern legs closer together. I have attached table 5-19 which shows the cumulative probability of detection based on coverage factor. We can see that with a coverage factor of one (the track spacing equals the sweep width) on pass results in an 80% POD while two passes on the same track increases it to 95% and three passes to 99%. If we space the search pattern at half the sweep width then the coverage factor becomes 2.0 and the POD increases to 98% for one pass. This means that we have a 98% probability of spotting that ship if we pass within 6.175 NM, half the distance of before. We can also use this table to see what happens if we pass farther away from the ship. If we pass twice as far away, 24.7 NM, then the coverage factor is 0.5 and the POD for one pass drops to 47% and for two passes it is only 72%. What would be the probability of spotting Itasca 20 NM away with 20 NM visibility? Divide 12.35 by 20 and you find the coverage factor is 0.62 so the POD for one pass is 55% and 80% for two passes. Something we can learn from this is that when searching for a ship this size, if you equate the visibility with "scanning range" then you have only about a 50-50 shot at spotting the ship. So if they were flying a search pattern with the legs spaced 40 NM appart, twice the visibility reported by Itasca, then they would only have had a 55% probability of spotting itasca and a low probability of spotting Howland.
So the problem might be that Earhart and Noonan overestimated the range that they could spot Howland.
Do you know of any guidelines for searchers when the sea surface is dotted with cloud shadows, of approximately the size of Howland in AE's case? Similarly, are there guidelines for searching for a downed aircraft in a sea with whitecaps that also approximate a floating Electra in size, that is also dotted with cloud shadow?
People have also confused the "geographic range," the distance to the horizon based on your altitude (1.144 times the square root of your altitude in feet, 1000^.5 = 31.6 X 1.144 = 36.2 NM) with scanning range.
Gary! Groan! You're too good with math for me (who teaches undergraduate math in a local university) to let that one go without comment. When my students write gibberish like "1000^.5 = 31.6 X 1.144 = 36.2" they get the dreaded red pen markup. Because "things equal to the same thing are equal to each other" ... so you're in effect saying that the square root of 1000 is 36.2, and I know you know better.
Sometimes Gary gets so technical in his explanations that I just skim through them. I sure missed that rather obvious error.
Jeff, you may be on to something here.
It seems to me that Fred faced a tradeoff during the search.
He could have his attention directed inside the cockpit or outside, but not both.
Time spent on navigational calculations would be time stolen from doing the visual search, and vice-versa.
I'm sure Gary can calculate how long Fred could spend looking down at a chart before running the risk of not scanning his side of the search path effectively. That time could be compared to the time needed to calculate something--say, making an estimate of distance and course covered to update the dead-reckoning or calculating wind-drift so as to give AE the right heading to fly to cover the desired search path.
That seems to me to be a possible contributing factor to them winning the "Close, but no cigar" award for their flight.
O.K., I went back and fixed it.
I'm so proud! Two bonus points!
Bruce, I never thought I would see the good old T183 again. It was the calculator we had to purchase for the mathematics modules on our degree course as it was extremely programable and you could compile and run simple software programs that you had created. The statistical functions were outstanding, ideal for this thread.
I wonder if it's still in a cardboard box in the garage?


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Laidback Luke Releases Fall 2013 Tour Aftermovie
byEDM Maniac
This past fall, Laidback Luke hit the road on the massive Musically Driven Bus Tour. Armed with a trailer full of the sickest interactive production and visual elements, Luke and his special guests Moska and D.O.D unloaded the biggest dance party of the year in cities across The United States and Canada.
The Musically Driven Bus Tour commenced September 26 in El Paso, TX and through the month of October hit the four corners of the United States and many of Canada's largest cities before drawing to a close in Indianapolis, IN on November 2. Luke and his crew even broke out the superhero capes and masks for two special Super You&Me parties in Washington, DC and Chicago, IL.
Now you can experience the tour from a behind the scenes perspective through the new aftermovie, which provides the next best thing to being on the dancefloor yourself. Join Laidback Luke as he performs to packed audiences, hangs out on the tour bus, and even practices a bit of kung fu.
Check out the aftermovie below:
Hailing from a nation like the Netherlands that's overloaded with talent, Laidback Luke has set himself apart from the masses through his incredible production skills, enthralling DJ sets, and devoted relationship with his fans. Luke has gained worldwide fame for his dynamic fusion of sound, which captivates house, electro, techno, and bass fans alike. It's unpredictable and daring with fans always on their toes. He's also known for being the first to bring through talent that's about to break through to the big time, including Musically Driven tour mates Moska and D.O.D.
White Wonderland Discovery Project Winners Bring "Booty Haus" to White Wonderland
EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Markus Schulz


Neutrophils as a part of nonspecific immunity factors play a crucial role in antimicrobial resistance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an important compound of the neutrophils' microbicidal action. Analysis of neutrophils' ROS production could provide valuable data on a phagocyte link of immunity . A chemiluminescent (CL) assay being highly sensitive allows evaluating oxidative output of the cells in dynamics. Many studies on neutrophil CL in humans with different diseases have been published [2, 3]. However, the results often vary between authors because of the lack of standardized method of CL analysis. So we have developed a methodology of neutrophils' CL analysis according to the principles of evidence-based medicine.
One hundred and twenty healthy donors and 17 ICU patients with second-third-degree burns participated in this study. We held an assay on the 1st, 8th and 15th day after injury and later; 37 observations in total. To dilute blood samples we used Hank's balanced salt saline (HBSS) with glucose, pH 7.4. Luminol (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in double-distilled water at 1 mM. N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP; Sigma-Aldrich) and 4-phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA; Sigma-Aldrich) were diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (MP Biomedicals, LLC) to make stock solutions that were dissolved in HBSS on the day of experiment. CL was evaluated by means of a chemiluminometer Lum-12 (Department of Biophysics, Moscow State University) .
We substantiate an optimal experiment design in the context of obtaining the highest intensity of analytic signal and reproducible findings. Thus we have developed a method for evaluation of a neutrophil function, based on a step-by-step stimulation of the cells by PMA and FMLP. Using our approach, we investigated the distributions of CL characteristics for the population of 80 healthy donors. We obtained reproducible kinetic profiles with intensive flash and absent glow phase of emission in all of the samples. Profiles of ICU patients' samples showed high intensity of both flash and glow phase of emission (Figure 1). Insufficient glow phase indicated subsequent development of severe septic complications.
Kinetics of CL response in ICU patient and donor.
As a result we suggest a reliable and replicable method for the evaluation of a neutrophil function. Investigation of the glow phase of the emission is promising to forecast risks of septic complications; we constructed a range of values of adjusted CL glow amplitude at different neutrophil counts that indicates a low probability of SIRS and septic complications that could be useful for correction of intensive treatment tactics.
The author would like to express deepest appreciation to all those who provided the possibility to perform this research. The author wishes to thank Prof. YA Vladimirov and the team of Department of Biophysics at Moscow State University (Russia) and Dr MA Godkov for assistance and guidance with this study and for submitting of equipment and reagents. Also the author would like to thank Dr EN Kobzeva and Prof. Dr SV Smirnov for the opportunity to work with blood donors and ICU patients. Furthermore, the author would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation Dr VV Kulabukhov and the staff of the Department of Burn Resuscitation at Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery (Moscow, Russia) for their suggestions and encouragement.


You could hardly wish for a more innocuous occasion than that inoffensive mainstay of rural life, the annual gymkhana.
Young gels trotting around on their ponies, occasionally bashing into the jumps. Fine strong mares with their gleaming coats and shiny, well-groomed manes. Posh people taking time out to hobnob with common folk.
Ah yes, and the unmistakable fragrance of freshly minted manure. If you're lucky there may even be a beer tent. What's there not to like?
So why, during the summer of 1976, was there uproar at the prospect of such an outwardly harmless event taking place in the vicinity of Swindon? The clue is in the location… Stanton Fitzwarren.
With its Norman church and adjoining woodlands that today serve as a nature-rich country park for the people of Swindon, a more pleasant or secluded bucolic enclave you could hardly wish for.
Back then though, 40 years ago, Stanton Fitzwarren was at the heart of a raging controversy – a veritable storm that sparked national headlines, inflamed the sensitivities of people from every strata of society and even prompted Questions in the House.
Lord of the Manor and respected Swindon architect Henry Masters had outraged convention, confounded society and stupefied fellow churchgoers by donating the sumptuous estate that had been in his family for 400 years to a "bizarre cult".
Their grand house, some farms, assorted outbuildings and cottages, along with around 600 acres of prime Wiltshire farmland that stretched "as far as the eye could see," suddenly belonged to the "mysterious" Unification Church.
It was one of those stories that excited with equal enthusiasm news editors from the quality broadsheets and the popular tabloids. And it prompted the question that pretty much everyone in the country was suddenly asking: Who the hell is Sun Myung Moon?
Popularly known as The Moon People but soon afterwards the far snappier Moonies, the religious sect whose formal name is The Family Federation For World Peace And Unification was founded by Moon in South Korea in 1954 (see panel.) Over the years its tentacles slowly spread across the globe until, during the early Seventies 19 year-old Rosalind Masters – the daughter of Squire Henry of Stanton Fitzwarren – fell under its spell.
And then something so strange happened that it almost bordered on the unbelievable. Whereas Ros became disillusioned with the sect and fled, her parents – after delving into the cult and even visiting its training centre near Reading on their daughter's advice – thought: "Great – this is for us." In April, 1973, Henry Masters, 47, a local councillor and long standing churchwarden, along with wife Avril, 47, JP, parish councillor and president of the village Women's Institute, quit their old life and joined the Moonies along with their two other teenage children.
Not only that, but the Masters donated to the Korean-founded church their ancient estate worth nearly £1 million. As the outcry ricocheted across the country the couple headed for the States, opening the door for the Moonies – including its national director – to move in.
Suspicious and disgruntled villagers referred to their new neighbours who began pouring into Stanton as The Saints or The God Squad.
Over the next few years the Moonies presence in Stanton seemed to provoke controversy after controversy. They were always at the centre of one row or other, often involving the established church, the borough council (over a string of planning issues) and an ever-inquisitive media.
Stories of alleged brainwashing – "vulnerable teenagers converted," that sort of thing – spread like wildfire. Always vigorously denying such accusations, the exasperated Moonies eventually sued the Daily Mail – and lost.
Their bid to create a post office and shop in Stanton were scuppered by the council while plans for a Moonie restaurant also waned; some interesting names for such an establishment amusingly come to mind; Blue Moon, Moondance, The Moon and Sixpence, Bad Moon Rising… maybe not.) At the height of Moonie-mania the unthinkable happened… a gymkhana at South Farm in Stanton, which was now in the hands of the Unification Church, attracted banner-waving protesters, including a couple of clergymen.
"For perhaps the first time in the history of ponies and horses, a horse show will be picketed," revealed the Adver in 1976.
The Moonies did not respond but had they done so the word "tosh" may well have figured.
Unification church-related headlines were not uncommon in this publication during these years: "Council stamps on Moonies' plan," "Moon cult barns must come down," "Moon Cult man in clash with church," etc We printed a number of stories over the years based on claims by former members alleging they had suffered "brainwashing" attempts.
At one stage it was rumoured that the man himself – Sun Myung Moon – would be visiting Stanton from his New York HQ… despite a campaign to have him banned from Britain.
And then – with the shockometer ready to explode – there was a whisper that Stanton was about to become the Moonie Capital of the UK; its very nerve centre. But it didn't happen. In fact, the opposite did.
The sect's Stanton activities, where they once ran a teaching centre and seminars, were dramatically downsized as, reportedly, were their operations in the UK with the bulk of followers decamping for the States.
It slowly went quiet on the Moonie front in Stanton.
The estate was run as a farm and around 20 properties rented out to the public, generating a healthy dollop of cash for the Rev Moon's men.
Four years ago there were Unification ripples when they applied for – and were granted – permission to create a woodland burial ground at Stanton.
Church spokesperson Nancy Jubb reflected that in the past "various self-professed cult experts started making allegations saying we were brainwashing people and breaking up families.
Sun Myung Moon (1920-2012), a multi-millionaire South Korean businessman, claimed to have become "the second messiah" after meeting Jesus on a hillside in 1935.
He devoted the rest of his life to establishing "The Kingdom of Heaven upon Earth" after founding the Unification Church in 1954.
It has been described as a hybrid of Christianity, Confucianism, Shamanism and anti-communism.
The cult spread and in the Seventies and early Eighties it claimed more than four million members in 120 countries. Subsequent decades saw followers dwindle but the Moonies still maintain a presence in many countries.


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Endura heard you. When the SingleTrack collection was launched they were asked by their customers in warmer climates for an option designed just for them. The SingleTrack Lite II Baggy Short is a fully featured cycling short for all kinds of trails but fabricated in a durable and yet light weight material with stretch in all directions. Probably the most comfortable short you've ever ridden and perfect for nailing technical climbs or hammering descents.
This bike short comes with Endura Clickfast liner dockers meaning they can be integrated with Endura's range of padded liner shorts.
Great, airy biking shorts. It is a pity that without a diaper.


text:
#ifndef _REGISTRY_H_INCLUDED_
#define _REGISTRY_H_INCLUDED_

__APXBEGIN_DECLS

#define APXREG_SOFTWARE         0x0001
#define APXREG_SERVICE          0x0002
#define APXREG_USER             0x0004

#define APXREG_PARAMSOFTWARE    0x0010
#define APXREG_PARAMSERVICE     0x0020
#define APXREG_PARAMUSER        0x0040

/** Create or open the process registry keys
 */
APXHANDLE apxCreateRegistryA(APXHANDLE hPool, REGSAM samDesired,
                             LPCSTR szRoot, LPCSTR szKeyName,
                             DWORD dwOptions);
APXHANDLE apxCreateRegistryW(APXHANDLE hPool, REGSAM samDesired,
                             LPCWSTR szRoot, LPCWSTR szKeyName,
                             DWORD dwOptions);

#ifdef _UNICODE
#define apxCreateRegistry   apxCreateRegistryW
#else
#define apxCreateRegistry   apxCreateRegistryA
#endif

/** Delete the process registry keys
 *  samDesired only needs to be KREG_WOW6432 or 0
 */
BOOL      apxDeleteRegistryA(LPCSTR szRoot, LPCSTR szKeyName,
                            REGSAM samDesired, BOOL bDeleteEmptyRoot);

BOOL      apxDeleteRegistryW(LPCWSTR szRoot, LPCWSTR szKeyName,
                            REGSAM samDesired, BOOL bDeleteEmptyRoot);

#ifdef _UNICODE
#define apxDeleteRegistry   apxDeleteRegistryW
#else
#define apxDeleteRegistry   apxDeleteRegistryA
#endif

/** Get the JavaHome path from registry
 * and set the JAVA_HOME environment variable if not found
 * If bPreferJre is set use the JRE's path as JAVA_HOME
 */
LPWSTR    apxGetJavaSoftHome(APXHANDLE hPool, BOOL bPreferJre);

/** Get the Java RuntimeLib from registry (jvm.dll)
 */
LPWSTR    apxGetJavaSoftRuntimeLib(APXHANDLE hPool);

LPSTR     apxRegistryGetStringA(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                                LPCSTR szSubkey, LPCSTR szValueName);

LPWSTR    apxRegistryGetStringW(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                                LPCWSTR szSubkey, LPCWSTR szValueName);

#ifdef _UNICODE
#define apxRegistryGetString    apxRegistryGetStringW
#else
#define apxRegistryGetString    apxRegistryGetStringA
#endif

LPBYTE    apxRegistryGetBinaryA(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                                LPCSTR szSubkey, LPCSTR szValueName,
                                LPBYTE lpData, LPDWORD lpdwLength);

LPBYTE    apxRegistryGetBinaryW(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                                LPCWSTR szSubkey, LPCWSTR szValueName,
                                LPBYTE lpData, LPDWORD lpdwLength);

#ifdef _UNICODE
#define apxRegistryGetBinary    apxRegistryGetBinaryW
#else
#define apxRegistryGetBinary    apxRegistryGetBinaryA
#endif

BOOL    apxRegistrySetBinaryA(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                              LPCSTR szSubkey, LPCSTR szValueName,
                              const LPBYTE lpData, DWORD dwLength);

BOOL    apxRegistrySetBinaryW(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                              LPCWSTR szSubkey, LPCWSTR szValueName,
                              const LPBYTE lpData, DWORD dwLength);

LPWSTR  apxRegistryGetMzStrW(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                             LPCWSTR szSubkey, LPCWSTR szValueName,
                             LPWSTR lpData, LPDWORD lpdwLength);

BOOL    apxRegistrySetMzStrW(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                             LPCWSTR szSubkey, LPCWSTR szValueName,
                             LPCWSTR lpData, DWORD dwLength);

BOOL    apxRegistrySetStrA(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                           LPCSTR szSubkey, LPCSTR szValueName,
                           LPCSTR szValue);

BOOL    apxRegistrySetStrW(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                           LPCWSTR szSubkey, LPCWSTR szValueName,
                           LPCWSTR szValue);

#ifdef _UNICODE
#define apxRegistrySetStr    apxRegistrySetStrW
#else
#define apxRegistrySetStr    apxRegistrySetStrA
#endif

BOOL    apxRegistrySetNumW(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                           LPCWSTR szSubkey, LPCWSTR szValueName,
                           DWORD dwValue);

DWORD   apxRegistryGetNumberW(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                              LPCWSTR szSubkey, LPCWSTR szValueName);

BOOL    apxRegistryDeleteW(APXHANDLE hRegistry, DWORD dwFrom,
                           LPCWSTR szSubkey, LPCWSTR szValueName);

#ifdef _UNICODE
#define apxRegistryDelete    apxRegistryDeleteW
#else
#define apxRegistryDelete    apxRegistryDeleteA
#endif

__APXEND_DECLS

#endif /* _REGISTRY_H_INCLUDED_ */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Mr. Obinku had decided to accede to his friend's request to come worship with his Bible believing church.
That was the time when things were really rough for Obinku and it wouldn't be out of place to change viewing positions in a carnival arena.
He was assured that his life would never be the same if he agreed.
The church had turned the main auditorium of Dolphin Cave Hotel, Ele Umudim Nnewi, into its worship centre.
That same auditorium used to be a dancing hall that had hosted great Igbo musicians like Osita Osadebe, Oliver de Coque, Mudy Ibe and Ozomena Nsugbe. Felix Liberty and Sunny Okosuns also performed at that arena.
Bro. Obinku was ushered into the beautifully decorated auditorium by smartly dressed young ladies that walked like air hostesses.
He was given a seat in the third row from the front which he later gathered was kept for new comers.
The music was very melodious and sobering.
The modern mellifluous rendition of gospel gospel music in this church was quite different from the ordinary monotonous hymns Obinku was used to at St. Peter Clevers' Catholic Church, Akwunweke Otolo Nnewi.
He could relate to some of the numbers and sang along. He sang all the Don Moen's music the choir rendited which left the old members confused as to whether he was new or old.
Obinku liked the way he was treated on arrival and the endearing welcome he was given in the new church and wouldn't mind a repeat attendance.
Midway into the service, all the new attendees were persuaded to come up to the altar for a prayer which turned out to be a disguised biodata collection and registration of new members.
Dependable older member would be tasked to follow-up on a new attendee and ensures that neophyte is mentored into full membership of the church.
Obinku liked this new Christian group and their subtle way of operation but he made it clear that he would only attend their services for one Sunday in a month.
He couldn't leave the Catholic Church just like that. He needed to make haste slowly.
Obinku's love for good gospel music made him increase his frequency till he found himself attending this new church every Sunday.
Everything seemed okay until the day the general overseer reputed for performing instant miracles came visiting.
This founder of the church was well known in the East and his crusades were jam packed.
Therefore, the leader of Nnewi worship centre had to arrange for the the crusade to be held at the big Nkwo Triangle.
Obinku was swept off his feet by the confidence of the G.O (i.e general overseer) and the way he was commanding God to do his bidding.
He told the crowd that a christian had no business being poor and that the the riches and blessings of Abraham were the entitlements of every confessed born again christian.
The G.O decreed healing for all that came to the crusade with infirmities and many people came up the podium to give testimonies on how God had changed their sorrows to joy since they started attending this G.O's church.
When Obinku told his prayer partner that he had observed that none of the people that were healed or that were called upon to give testimonies were members of their Nnewi circuit, he was advised to rebuke such thoughts which must be from the devil.
Obinku later gathered that he was not the only person that was marveled at how the G.O was ordering Holy Ghost about.
He would keep shouting "Move, move, move, Holy Ghost, I say move!" and people in the crowd would be falling.
Obinku was impressed that there exists a christian version of "ife aju" (i.e making someone fall down by remote inducement of temporary dizziness), an act known and understood in Nnewi. Ife aju is not considered a bad juju in Nnewi, therefore, Obinku didn't mind.
But, he had issues with the G.O's disrespectful command to Holy Ghost.
Not even Pope JohnPaul Il or Cardinal Arinze not to talk of his former parish priest, Monsignor Joe Nwaibegbunam could talk to Archangel Michael the way this G.O was commanding the third person of the Holy Trinity.
This Man of God who hails from Igbo speaking part of Delta state must be a special being with powers to decree and God obeyed.
For this G.O, Jesus was too docile in his prayers to his God his Father.
God must do G.O's command not God's own will.
The crusade was to last for two days.
The G.O intent on further proving his anointing instructed the young men in the crowd to go to Mgbuka or fairly used spare parts market, to buy keys of any cars of their dream and bring the keys to the crusade ground the next day.
Obinku came to the crusade venue with a key of Peugeot 505 Evolution.
On the second and concluding day of the crusade, the G.O asked those with the keys of their dream cars to raise them with a covenant offering for special prayers.
Holy Ghost once again was given instructions to ensure that the believing brethren, irrespective of their occupation or revenue status, get their dream cars within 12 months.
But the believers were required to drop their covenant offerings immediately into a bag held by accredited ushers but were to retain the car keys.
As the G.O started gaining national popularity, he found it difficult to repeat crusades at previous venues until he was nearly killed by some alleged former church members who didn't receive either the promised miracles or refund of their seed money.
Obinku was not happy that the G.O survived the assassination attempt on his life not because he didn't get the promised car or that he was milked financially in the church under many devices, but because he thought that the world would be saner without that kind of holy scammer.
The young man never returned to St. Peter Clevers Catholic Church again to avoid being made to appear before the entire congregation to apologize and seek for forgiveness, a policy the parish priest, Monsignor Nwaibegbunam adopted as an appropriate penance for returnee prodigal catholics.
Obinku rather reactivated his dormant faith at St. Peters Catholic at Odida, Nnewichi Nnewi where his defection sin was quietly forgiven by a more compassionate priest upon confession.
Many Nnewi boys have been hoodwinked by these prosperity pastors and their churches who lured them out from their traditional Catholic or Anglican churches, promised them heaven and earth only for the boys to find out sooner or later that they were being deceived.
Not all the new churches set out to lie. They have rather interpreted the Bible out of context.
The zealous new churches believe that they can remove the thorn from the crown. And there are Bible passages to support their Eldorado.
Who would blame the new christian bodies who don't have any history about how the early fathers of the faith suffered and used their blood to water the garden of our faith?
He who was not present by the graveside when the dead was buried would never know the direction in which the head was laid unless he is told by someone who knows.
The orthodox churches have seen it all and are guided by history where Bible does not cover to ensure that they do not repeat past mistakes or to raise false hope in their members.
They have come to know that God's answer to a prayer could be a "no", "yes" or "wait".
The old churches knew how long it took God to give Abraham the promised child or Israel to reach the promised land. They also know that a poor and leprous Lazorus can make heaven.
Many Nnewi youths disillusioned by the abracadabra or the "instant noodles" kind of christianity are gradually going back to their former churches.
But some others, mostly not so educated ones, who feel betrayed by the new churches and who still believe the calumny or damaging tales told them by the new church hunters during membership campaigns or sermons would rather return to African traditional religion.
By going back to the religion of their ancestors, there is no confusion as to where they would go after death as they are sure to be welcomed home by their forebearers.


Honeybee's Stamping Hive: Let's Paint!
This is another of the 6x6 Punch Art pages I made. I came up with this idea all on my own :-) I had such a great time creating this. I love all the bright colors. They make me feel so happy. I will show you a card made using this Painters Palette tomorrow.


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Nicholas Conley is an award-winning author and journalist. His fiction work, including Pale Highway (2015) and Intraterrestrial (2018), merges science fiction, social justice, and real life medical experience, based on his former work as a licensed nursing aide caring for patients with Alzheimer's, traumatic brain injuries, and more. With a sharp eye for detail, and a dedication to bringing complex moral issues into the light, he has written for Vox, Truthout, Eastern Bank's "Join Us For Good" campaign, the Huffington Post, Foster's Daily Democrat, Screen Rant, Grunge, and Dictionary.com. He has experience in journalism, copywriting, fiction, ebooks, and more. For more of his work, he can be found online at www.NicholasConley.com.
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For 20 years the Tower of Youth has invited teen youth from across the US and Canada to share their best movie works that are curated by our regional jury of their peers who spend more than 3 weeks poring over and selecting the 40 or so entry jewels that are then hosted and screened by our Sacramento Sierra regional audience.
The Tower of Youth Teen Digital Reel Showcase & Awards that had its first Annual event in 1997, organized all the Sacramento Sierra regional high school media arts educators and classes to participate in a competition showcasing the best works of the first pioneering students and teachers producing short movies in the 21st Century.
Our 6-year partnership with the Sacramento River Cats supports scores of TOY/YBAMA students to create competitive videos, juried by the Cats media professionals and awarded after at Raley's Field. Our Theatron Pre-production and Production workshops prepare our members for Youth Media Day to find great stories and excel in making their creative short masterworks. We aim to extend our partnerships to pro basketball, soccer and other regional sports that grow school and professional sports media arts here!
forward with stakeholder legislators, youth, industry, education and visionary system leaders.
Invest in our 21st Century transformation and youth's profound media impact.
Copyright © 2017 Tower of Youth, a 501 c(3) nonprofit organization.


Casual baseball style top with contrast raglan sleeves is the top to wear for daily activities.
Made out of 95% cotton fabric feels so soft on your skin and allows your body to breath freely. Cute color combinations look just super with any bottoms! With extra length designed specially for your growing belly.
And for post-partum period, it doesn't feel tight at all, quite the opposite!
FOR AMERICAN SIZES PLEASE REFER AS FOLLOWS: M 2-4, L 4-6, LL(XL) 6-8.
SIZE M fits to: Bust 35-41, Belly 34-46.
SIZE L fits to: Bust 37-43, Belly 36-48.
SIZE LL(XL) fits to: Bust 39-45, Belly 38-50.
SIZE M fits to: Bust 90-105, Belly 88-118.
SIZE L fits to: Bust 94-109, Belly 92-122.
SIZE LL(XL) fits to: Bust 99-114, Belly 97-127.