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text:
March Secret Agent #33
TITLE: After Charlie
Annie felt something shining in through the window, warming her face. Though she suspected it might be the sun, she never looked up to confirm. Acknowledging a sunny, seventy-degree day in Seattle would only add to her confusion. Her world had already gone ass over teakettle. There was no room on her plate for bizarre atmospheric phenomena.
"Coffee?" A waitress stood beside the table with a steaming carafe. "More coffee?" she repeated, as if Annie had taken her first offer as a mere suggestion that coffee existed.
Annie opened her mouth to give an answer and quickly realized she didn't have one. Coffee. Coffee. It sounded vaguely familiar, but whether or not she required some at the moment was unclear. As of 10:32 that morning, she barely recognized her own name. Her head felt like it was made entirely of marshmallow fluff and her limbs felt like strange objects that had snagged on her sweater. And despite her fully stuffed pocket of Kleenex, all she'd managed to do in the five hours since her dad died was pull her car over and throw up in a Burger King parking lot.
"Yes, she'll have more," Beekie chimed in from across the table, flashing an apologetic smile at the waitress.
Annie watched her mug being filled. She saw a floral tattoo peeking out from under the waitresses sleeve. Purple irises. "The state flower of Tennessee," Annie heard herself say.
The waitress raised her eyebrows and walked away.
Jolene Perry March 23, 2011 at 11:56 AM
I lived in Seattle. LOVE that first para.
Nice voice.
You did a good job of showing her confusion. I love that she noticed the tattoo, and didn't check for the sun.
I'd read on.
Anne R. Allen March 23, 2011 at 12:37 PM
This has such a great sense of place. Strangeness of sun. Coffee. We're there. Love the emotion that grabs right away; Annie's unusal knowledge of state flowers; the fact we're in a scene with another character right away.
Not sure if I completely buy the idea that "shining" can be "felt". But I'd overlook that because of the strong emotional pull here.
Amy Sue Nathan March 23, 2011 at 1:41 PM
I liked this. I have the same thought as Anne, I was a little thrown by the first sentence - and something as simple as "Annie's cheek warmed. She assumed it was the sun but wouldn't look." or something like that would take away that bit of awkwardness for me. But I think there's a lot of intrigue here and good writing that would lead me to turn the page. Good work, author.
Pamela Toler March 23, 2011 at 5:41 PM
I started to skim through this and move on. I stumbled over the description of a sunny day (even in Seattle) as a "bizarre atmospheric phenomenon. The description of the main character's confusion seemed to go on too long.
Then you hooked me with the waitress's tattoo and your character's grasp of a solid fact in the midst of confusion.
I would read on.
However, I don't happen to know if Beekie is a man or woman's name, so I'd be looking for a clue in the next few paragraphs.
You did a great job discribing a tough emotional state.
Toni Kenyon March 24, 2011 at 5:32 AM
I really like this:
"...and her limbs felt like strange objects that had snagged on her sweater." You gave me a great sense of how she feels. The piece is well written and you convey Annie's sense of detachment really well.
JessJess March 24, 2011 at 10:02 AM
Totally hooked! I like how you take a situation that would normally be very heavy and dramamtic and add some quirkiness to it. I agree with the "feeling the shining" issue. Agree w/ Amy Sue, it could just be simple, like Annie's cheek warmed. Would definitely read on. Excellent start!
Adrienne March 24, 2011 at 1:40 PM
Wow. This is magic.
It's completely believable and I love how each detail has significance. Great job.
Gaultier Malde March 24, 2011 at 6:36 PM
This is fantastic writing. I loved it and want to read more. "There was no room on her plate for bizarre atmospheric phenomena," indeed.
I know this is missing the criticism part of "constructive criticism," but I really think it's great and can't think of anything I'd change.
Michelle Krys March 24, 2011 at 9:37 PM
Tons to like here. I'm hooked, for sure. The first sentence needs a bit of work, imo, but the first para as a whole is awesome. I also liked the Burger Kind parking lot detail. Great job. It's tough to write about a super emotional event so early on in a book without it coming off as depressing. You've nailed this. Good luck!
Shannyn Schroeder March 24, 2011 at 9:45 PM
The opening didn't grab me, but by the time you mention the pocketful of kleenex and throwing up in a BK parking lot, you had me. The opening feels a little stilted and doesn't bring me into Annie, but by the third paragraph when we really get into her head, I wanted to read more
I wanted to know what she was thinking through all this. She's just there, not doing or thinking. We're getting more of a narrator's summation of events than of Annie's POV. For instance, when she feels the sun through the window, her POV would be along the lines of "Just sun" and give no more thought to it. She wouldn't think "I won't look up to confirm." That's you, explaining to me - author intrusion. Perhaps consider taking yourself out of the story and showing it all from Annie's POV.
Secret Agent March 27, 2011 at 5:19 PM
I very much liked this line: "her limbs felt like strange objects that had snagged on her sweater." Well done. And Annie's despair and confusion is well established here. I'd read a few more pages. But I would be hoping there's more of a hook than Woman Recovers from Grief. I see many manuscripts like that, but there always needs to be more to the story. More of a unique take on it. I'd read more to find out where it's going.
Thank you...ALL of you...for your comments and feedback. I can absolutely see the problem with "feeling something shining"...can't believe I never picked up on it. Just goes to show how valuable a forum like this is! I appreciate all the feedback and thank you all for making me a better writer. And, to our fabulous secret agent...thank you for your kind words, and yes, there is much, much more to the story than Women Recovers from Grief. Though it's always in the backdrop, there's a whole other adventure that my MC gets swept up in.
A Different Kind of Waiting
Humility and Grammar
Secret Agent Unveiled: KATE MCKEAN
Write Hope Auction Item
March Secret Agent #ALT-2
March Secret Agent #42 - removed
March Secret Agent #9
March Secret Agent #7 removed
Write Hope Auction For Japan
Submission Reminder
Oh, To Be Spock
March Secret Agent Early Info
Friday Fricasee
Drop the Needle: REVELATION #48
Round Two: Drop the Needle: REVELATION
The MSFV Success Story Authors Twitter Contest

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}

Gravitational waves (GWs) are self-propagating perturbations in the curvature of space-time, originating in the acceleration of massive bodies.
They manifest locally by alternatively stretching and squeezing distances along axes perpendicular to their direction of propagation.
Such minute strains can be recorded by exquisitely precise detectors on Earth, like LIGO\cite{TheLIGOScientific:2014jea} and Virgo\cite{TheVirgo:2014hva}, and used to extract valuable information about the violent astrophysical processes that produced them.

Although predicted by Einstein in 1916, GWs were not directly detected until the two Advanced LIGO instruments came online in September, 2015.\cite{GW150914_paper,TheLIGOScientific:2016agk}
That historic first signal, GW150914, originated from the collision of a pair of black holes $1.3~\mathrm{Gly}$ away from Earth.\cite{TheLIGOScientific:2016wfe}
LIGO further observed two other such binary black hole (BBH) coalescences during its first observing run (O1),\cite{GW151226,TheLIGOScientific:2016pea} which ended in January, 2016; it detected seven more during its second observing run (O2), which took place from the end of November, 2016 through August, 2017, by which point LIGO had been joined by Virgo.\cite{GWTC1}
Besides BBHs, O2 also brought the first binary neutron star (BNS) coalescence,\cite{TheLIGOScientific:2017qsa} which was detected not only through GWs but also electromagnetic radiation across the spectrum, delivering a wealth of astrophysical information.\cite{Monitor:2017mdv,GBM:2017lvd}

This review focuses on the LIGO-Virgo discoveries since 2017.
Section \ref{sec:det} summarizes the detections made in the first part of the third observing run (O3a) as presented in the second LIGO-Virgo catalog (GWTC-2),\cite{GWTC2} with subsections dedicated to the exceptional events GW190412, GW190425, GW190521, and GW190814.\cite{GW190412,GW190425,GW190521g,GW190521g:imp,GW190814}
Section \ref{sec:astro} outlines astrophysical implications.
Section \ref{sec:tgr} summarizes tests of general relativity.
Section \ref{sec:conclusion} provides concluding remarks.

\section{Detections}
\label{sec:det}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{cat_cumulative_events_190930}}
\vspace*{8pt}
\caption{Cumulative number of LIGO-Virgo detections up to the end of O3a.\cite{G2001862}}
\label{fig:detections}
\end{figure}

After a downtime period for commissioning and instrumental upgrades, LIGO and Virgo began O3a on April 1, 2019, and continued observing until October 1, 2019.\cite{GWTC2}
Enhancements to the instruments led to an average ${\sim}60\%$ improvement in the detection range with respect to O2, as well as an increase in the network duty cycle.\cite{Buikema:2020dlj}
Both these factors resulted in a significantly greater rate of detections, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:detections}.
Throughout O3a, LIGO and Virgo detected 39 compact-binary coalescences (CBCs) with a false-alarm rate (FAR) smaller than 2 per year.

Out of the 39 new triggers in GWTC-2, 36 can be attributed to compact binaries in which both components are heavier than $3\, M_\odot$ and, therefore, can be confidently categorized as BBHs.
The remaining three triggers show signs that at least one of its source components may have been a neutron star (NS), which must be lighter than ${\sim}3\, M_\odot$.
The potentially non-BBH candidates are: GW190425, which is most likely a BNS; GW190814, which originated from either a BBH or a neutron-star--black-hole (NSBH) merger; and GW190426\_152155, the candidate with the highest FAR in GWTC-2, which could also correspond to either a BBH or an NSBH.\cite{GWTC2}

Out of the multiple BBHs detected in O3a, GW190412 and GW190521 received special attention because of their unusual mass ratio and total mass, respectively; similarly, as the most significant potentially-non-BBH triggers, GW190425 and GW190814 also received particular focus.
All of these four detections were treated in dedicated publications,\cite{GW190412,GW190425,GW190521g,GW190521g:imp,GW190814} and are summarized chronologically in the subsections below.
The implications of the full population of detections are fleshed out in the following two sections.

\subsection{GW190412}
\label{sec:gw190412}

All systems detected during O1 and O2 were consistent with binaries in which both components had equal masses.\cite{GWTC1,LIGOScientific:2018jsj,Roulet:2018jbe}
This changed with the detection of GW190412,\cite{GW190412} which pointed to black holes with masses $m_1 = 30.1^{+4.6}_{-5.3}\, M_\odot$ and $m_2 = 8.3^{+1.6}_{-0.9}\, M_\odot$, for a mass ratio $q = m_2/m_1 =  0.28^{+0.12}_{-0.07}$ inconsistent with unity.%
\footnote{Unless otherwise noted, all quantities reported in this review consist of the median and the symmetric $90\%$-credible interval around it.}
The source of GW190412 was also the third binary in which LIGO-Virgo identified at least one spinning component, with an effective spin parameter $\chi_\mathrm{eff} = 0.25^{+0.08}_{-0.11}$.
Unlike for the previous detections, GW190412's unequal masses allowed us to unambiguously assign some of this angular momentum to the more massive component, whose dimensionless spin was pinned down to $\chi_1 = 0.44^{+0.16}_{-0.22}$; on the other hand, the spin of the lighter component was largely unconstrained.
The atypical mass ratio and spin of the GW190412 binary have motivated several studies on its possible origins.\cite{Rodriguez:2020viw,Safarzadeh:2020qrc,Gerosa:2020bjb,Hamers:2020huo,Olejak:2020oel,Mandel:2020lhv}

GW190412 was also interesting due to its signal morphology.
The mass ratio and inclination of the source resulted in detectable contributions from the higher multipoles of the signal, that is, GW radiation modes with angular number $\ell \geq 3$.\cite{GW190412}
This was a first, since only the $\ell = |m| = 2$ multipole had been identified in previous detections (and the majority of detections since).
Unfortunately, this signal was also the first to present significant differences across waveform models, highlighting the importance of further waveform development in this corner of parameter space.

\subsection{GW190425}
\label{sec:gw190425}

GW190425 was the second likely BNS detected by LIGO-Virgo,\cite{GW190425} following GW170817.\cite{TheLIGOScientific:2017qsa}
Unlike for that first BNS detection, however, there was no confirmed electromagnetic counterpart associated with this GW trigger (although see Ref.~[\protect\refcite{Pozanenko:2019lwh}]).
Although both LIGO Livingston and Virgo were collecting data at the time, GW190425's network signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 12.9 was overwhelmingly dominated by the Livingston detector alone, resulting in a poor sky localization ($8285~\mathrm{deg}^2$ at 90\% credibility).
The GW data imply source component masses in the range $1.12$ to $3.52\, M_\odot$, which is consistent with a pair of neutron stars; however, there is no evidence of tidal deformability, or any other matter effects that would be necessary to unequivocally rule out the BBH hypothesis.

Assuming GW190425 did originate in a BNS, its source mass of $3.4^{+0.3}_{-0.1}\, M_\odot$ would make it stand out in relation to the known binary pulsars in the Milky Way, the heaviest of which has a total mass of $2.89\, M_\odot$.\cite{Farrow:2019xnc}
This fact provides a clue about the origin of the GW190425 binary, which could have formed from a tight stellar binary progenitor, or through a dynamical encounter.\cite{GW190425,Safarzadeh:2020efa,Romero-Shaw:2020aaj}
The alternative hypotheses that one or both of the GW190425 binary components are actually black holes is inconsistent with traditional formation channels.\cite{GW190425}

\subsection{GW190521}
\label{sec:gw190521}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{GW190521_mass_gap}}
\vspace*{8pt}
\caption{\textit{Left:} Component (black) and remnant (red) masses of BBHs up to GW190521. \textit{Right:} Mass of remnant compact object ($m_{\rm CO}$) as a function of its the zero-age main-sequence mass of the progenitor star ($m_{\rm ZAMS}$) according to theoretical models for star evolution with different metalicities (color);\cite{Bressan:2012zf,Fryer:2011cx,Woosley:2016hmi} the shaded region higlights the mass gap, and hatching marks the uncertainty in its boundaries.
(Figure reproduced from Ref.~[\protect\refcite{GW190521g:imp}]; see that work for details.)
}
\label{fig:gw190521}
\end{figure}

GW190521 is arguably the most intriguing of all BBH detections in O3a.
The main reason for this is that, with $m_1 = 85^{+21}_{-14}\, M_\odot$,%
\footnote{Values quoted here were obtained with the \textsc{NRSur7dq4} waveform model, as in Ref.~[\refcite{GW190521g}].}
the binary's heaviest component falls squarely within the supernova pair-instability mass gap, a range of black hole masses that cannot be easily explained.\cite{GW190521g}
The gap is expected to arise due to nuclear processes that disrupt the cores of massive stars towards the end of their lives, preventing stellar progenitors from forming black holes with masses in the approximate range ${\sim}65{-}120\,M_\odot$.\cite{Woosley:2016hmi}
Even though the predicted boundaries for this range vary, the gap itself is a robust prediction of numerical simulations, with $65\,M_\odot$ a conservative lower limit.\cite{Woosley:2016hmi,2019ApJ...878...49W,Heger:2002by,Belczynski:2016jno,Spera:2017fyx,Giacobbo:2017qhh,Farmer:2019jed,Marchant:2018kun,Stevenson:2019rcw,Mapelli:2019ipt}
There is only a 0.32\% probability for the mass of the GW190521 primary to have been below the $65\, M_\odot$ boundary.\cite{GW190521g:imp}
The formation of this object thus calls for alternative explanations, like a second-generation merger, i.e., a black hole formed from the merger of two smaller black-hole progenitors.
If such a merger occurred in the accretion disk of an active galactic nucleus, it could have resulted in an electromagnetic counterpart---a tantalizing possibility explored in Ref.~[\protect\refcite{Graham:2020gwr}].

The secondary component of the GW190521 binary was inferred to have $m_2 = 66^{+0.28}_{-0.34}\, M_\odot$, which means that this was the heaviest system detected by LIGO-Virgo to date, with a total mass $M = m_1 + m_2 = 150^{+29}_{-17}\, M_\odot$.
The remnant formed in this merger had a correspondingly large mass of $m_f = 142^{+28}_{-16}\, M_\odot$, making it the first confirmed intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH), i.e., a hole in the range $10^2{-}10^5\, M_\odot$.
This category is of interest as a potential bridge between stellar-mass black holes ($\lesssim 10^2\, M_\odot$) and the supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies ($\gtrsim 10^5\, M_\odot$).\cite{Volonteri:2010wz,Greene:2019vlv}

Its high source mass makes GW190521 a challenging signal to analyze: there is hardly (if any) detectable power in the inspiral, which occurs at frequencies too low for the LIGO-Virgo instruments to properly detect.
Because the signal is dominated by the merger-ringdown, it is not possible to unequivocally establish that its source was a quasicircular black-hole coalescence, as is standard to assume, and not some other less astrophysically plausible scenario, like an eccentric merger.\cite{Romero-Shaw:2020thy,Gayathri:2020coq}
Under the assumption that this was indeed a quasicircular BBH, the data seem to indicate that the component spins were high, and that the plane of the orbit may have precessed due to a misalignment of the spins with respect to the orbital angular momentum;\cite{GW190521g:imp} although the evidence for such effect is weak, it has added to the interest in this event.\cite{Nitz:2020mga,Shibata:2021sau,Cruz-Osorio:2021qbr,Tanikawa:2020abs,Rice:2020gyx,Liu:2020lmi,Safarzadeh:2020vbv,Liu:2020gif,Farrell:2020zju,Fishbach:2020qag,Graham:2020gwr}

\subsection{GW190814}
\label{sec:gw190814}

Besides the supernova pair instability mass gap, it has been suggested that a second, lower mass gap could exist in the range $2.5{-}5\, M_\odot$, separating neutron stars from black holes.\cite{Bailyn:1997xt,Farr:2010tu,Ozel:2010su,Ozel:2012ax}
The detection of GW190814 seems to invalidate this hypothesis: with a mass $m_2 = 2.59^{+0.08}_{-0.09}\, M_\odot$, the secondary object in the GW190814 binary falls right in this lower gap, meaning that this object was either the heaviest neutron star or the lightest black hole ever observed.\cite{GW190814}
On the other hand, the primary object in GW190814 had a mass $m_1 = 23.2^{+1.1}_{-1.0}\, M_\odot$, which is fully consistent with a black hole, and makes GW190814 a potential NSBH detection.

Yet, the NSBH hypothesis presents important challenges.
Without signs of tidal effects in the GW data, and in the absence of an electromagnetic counterpart, there is no clear evidence that the lightest object is indeed a neutron star.\cite{GW190814}
Furthermore, it would be difficult to account for the relatively high mass of the putative neutron star in the GW190814 binary: although some models for the nuclear equation of state could allow for masses up to ${\sim}3\,M_\odot$, these are in tension with the measurements from GW170817, which bound the maximum neutron star mass to be $\lesssim 2.4\, M_\odot$,\cite{Abbott:2018wiz,Lim:2019som,Essick:2019ldf,Abbott:2018exr} as well as with the observed population of galactic pulsars, the heaviest of which has a mass of $2.14^{+0.10}_{-0.09}\,M_\odot$ within $68\%$ confidence.\cite{Cromartie:2019kug}
Modulo the caveats implied by their respective modeling assumptions, these considerations strongly disfavor the NSBH scenario for GW190814.

On the other hand, the alternative that GW190814 originated from a BBH raises its own, albeit less daunting, questions.
The reason for that lies primarily in the inferred mass ratio $q = 0.112^{+0.008}_{-0.008}$, which astrophysical simulations do not tend to produce in sufficiently high numbers to explain this detection.\cite{GW190814}
This is true for a variety of formation channels, including isolated binaries\cite{Dominik:2012kk,Dominik:2014yma,Marchant:2017ehn,Giacobbo:2018etu,Kruckow:2018slo,Neijssel:2019irh,Olejak:2020oel} and dynamical encounters in globular clusters.\cite{Sigurdsson:1993zrm,Rodriguez:2016kxx} Alternative environments, like young star clusters\cite{Ziosi:2014sra,DiCarlo:2019pmf,Rastello:2020sru,Sedda:2021oov} or the disks surrounding active galactic nuclei,\cite{Yang:2019okq,McKernan:2020lgr} might prove more suitable.
Either way, GW190814 provides an important clue for understanding the formation of compact binaries, and will doubtlessly inform population models.

\section{Astrophysical implications}
\label{sec:astro}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{astro_m_max}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{astro_mMin_hist_comparison}}
\vspace*{8pt}
\caption{
\textit{Left:} primary BBH mass ($m_{\rm max}$) posterior obtained from GWTC-1 (blue), GWTC-2 (red) and GWTC-2 without GW190521 (green), compared to the posteriors of some individual events; GW190521 is in tension with the GWTC-1 population, but not GWTC-2.
\textit{Right:} secondary BBH mass ($m_{\rm min}$) posterior obtained with different population models for the GWTC-2 BBH mass spectrum (color), with (dashed) and without (solid) including GW190814 in the mix; the GW190814 secondary mass is an outlier of the GWTC-2 BBH population.
(Figures reproduced from Ref.~[\protect\refcite{Abbott:2020gyp}]; see that work for details.)
}
\label{fig:astro}
\end{figure}

The collection of LIGO-Virgo detections can be studied as a whole to learn about the astrophysical population of merging black holes and neutron stars.\cite{LIGOScientific:2018jsj,Roulet:2018jbe,Abbott:2020gyp}
Modeling their mass and spin distributions, one can draw conclusions about merger rates, formation channels, and their evolution through cosmic history.
Typically, this is achieved through hierarchical (also known as ``extreme deconvolution''\cite{Bovy:2009kp}) Bayesian models that can be used to measure parameters describing a population of events, rather than isolated GW sources.\cite{Loredo:2004nn,Mandel:2009pc,Mandel:2009nx}
Where applicable, such multilevel inference models can also be made to account for selection biases, by which sources with some sets of parameters are more easily detected than others.\cite{Mandel:2018mve,Thrane:2018qnx,Vitale:2020aaz}
Doing so is necessary to extract astrophysical information from LIGO-Virgo data.

Back in 2018, the detections in the first LIGO-Virgo catalog (GWTC-1)\cite{GWTC1} had already provided some insights on the merging BBH and BNS populations.\cite{LIGOScientific:2018jsj}
Crucially, GWTC-1 suggested that only a minority ($<1\%$) of BBHs involve a component with mass greater than $45\, M_\odot$, and that it is uncommon for such systems to have large component spins aligned with the orbital angular momentum.
The BBH and BNS merger rates were respectively constrained between $25{-}109~\mathrm{Gpc}^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ and $110{–}2520~\mathrm{Gpc}^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$; there was a strong indication that the BBH merger rate does not decrease with redshift.

The additional detections in GWTC-2 add further complexity to this picture.\cite{Abbott:2020gyp}
Unlike in GWTC-1, the BBH mass distribution in GWTC-2 is no longer well-described by a simple power law with a high-mass cutoff, instead hinting at the presence of some nontrivial structure (like a peak, or a change in power index) around ${\sim}30{-}40\,M_\odot$.
Notably, GW190521, the most massive system detected so far, is in tension with the GWTC-1 population, which disfavored BBHs with masses $> 45\, M_\odot$, but not with the GWTC-2 BBH population as a whole (Fig.~\ref{fig:astro}, left).
The same is true of GW190412, whose unusual mass ratio is consistent with the GWTC-2 models.
On the other hand, the low mass of the GW190814 secondary component is difficult to explain in the context of the GWTC-2 BBH detections (Fig.~\ref{fig:astro}, right).

Besides black hole masses, GWTC-2 also provides important insights about spins.
The BBH detections indicate with high credibility that some of the spins must be misaligned with the orbital angular momentum, leading to precession;
this is in agreement with previous conclusions drawn from GWTC-1 data.\cite{Farr:2017uvj,Tiwari:2017ndi,Biscoveanu:2020are}
Moreover, a nonnegligible portion of BBHs ($12{-}44\%$) are likely to contain spins tilted over $90^{\circ}$ with respect to the orbital angular momentum.
These are all important clues because spin (mis)alignment may be reflective of a binary's formation mechanism: for example, common envelope evolution tends to to align the individual spins with the orbital angular momentum,\cite{Rodriguez:2016vmx,Stevenson:2017dlk,Gerosa:2018wbw,Bavera:2019fkg} while dynamical capture does not.\cite{Kalogera:1999tq,Mandel:2009nx,Rodriguez:2016vmx,Doctor:2019ruh}

Merger rate estimates improve with GWTC-2: the data constrain the rate to $23.9^{+14.3}_{-8.6}~\mathrm{Gpc}^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ for BBHs,\cite{Abbott:2020gyp} and $320^{+490}_{-240}~\mathrm{Gpc}^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ for BNSs.\cite{GW190425}
Furthermore, GWTC-2 confirms the expectation from GWTC-1 that the BBH rate is likely to increase with redshift, although the degree of this growth is now constrained with high credibility to be below that of the star formation rate.\cite{Abbott:2020gyp}

\section{Tests of general relativity}
\label{sec:tgr}

The inference of GW source properties is only possible thanks to the availability of waveform models that accurately represent the predictions of general relativity (GR) for a given system, like the quasicircular coalescence of two black holes or neutron stars.%
\footnote{The literature on GW waveforms is vast; examples for the most widely-used waveform models include Refs.~[\refcite{Bohe:2016gbl,Pan:2013rra,Babak:2016tgq,Ossokine:2020kjp,Cotesta:2018fcv,Cotesta:2020qhw,Husa:2015iqa,Khan:2015jqa,Hannam:2013oca,Khan:2018fmp,Khan:2019kot,Varma:2019csw}].}
Rather than taking these models for granted, we may ask about their overall agreement with the data, and look for evidence of modeling systematics\cite{Bohe:2016gbl,Khan:2015jqa,Cotesta:2018fcv,Varma:2018mmi,Cotesta:2020qhw,Ramos-Buades:2020noq,Pratten:2020fqn,Pratten:2020ceb,Ossokine:2020kjp} or, more crucially, deviations from GR itself.\cite{Will:2014kxa}
It is standard to refer loosely to studies of this kind as ``tests of GR,'' although it should always be understood that they are sensitive to systematic errors more broadly, not just fundamental physics: should these analyses turn up something interesting, further work would be required to discard the presence of ordinary systematic errors before concluding that a GR violation has been observed; if no statistically significant anomalies are found, one can assert there is evidence for neither modeling errors nor deviations from GR.

The first tests of GR with LIGO-Virgo signals were carried out with GW150914,\cite{TheLIGOScientific:2016src} laying the groundwork for many of the analyses that would be repeated for subsequent detections.\cite{TheLIGOScientific:2016pea,LIGOScientific:2019fpa,Abbott:2020jks}
This included waveform consistency tests, parameterized tests of the source dynamics, studies of GW dispersion, and probes of the merger remnant.
A study of GW polarizations was also attempted with GW150914, but the results were inconclusive; it was not until Virgo joined the network with GW170814 that some elementary polarization tests became viable.\cite{Abbott:2017oio}
Later on, GW170817 allowed for some unique analyses relying on the electromagnetic counterpart, including a measurement of the GW speed and tests for extra spatial dimensions, which have not been repeated since.\cite{Abbott:2018lct}
After that, GWTC-1 made it possible to combine results from multiple BBH events to obtain more stringent constraints on deviations from GR, although this was done under restrictive assumptions.\cite{LIGOScientific:2019fpa}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1.025\textwidth]{par_O3a_both}}
\vspace*{8pt}
\caption{
Measurement of PN (first through third panels) and merger-ringdown (fourth panel) coefficients from BBHs in GWTC-2.
Filled distributions represent the result from combining the individual measurements from each of the events through a hierarchical model, which does not require assuming that the coefficients take a single, shared value for all events; unfilled distributions represent the combined result assuming each coefficient takes a single value shared by all events, as done previously for GWTC-1.
Color corresponds to the baseline GR-based waveform.
(Figure reproduced from Ref.~[\protect\refcite{Abbott:2020jks}]; see that work for details.)
}
\label{fig:tgr}
\end{figure}

GWTC-2 enabled quantitative and qualitative improvements over previous results, leveraging the increased number of detections and the greater variety in their properties.\cite{Abbott:2020jks}
Due to computational constraints, LIGO-Virgo focused on the BBHs of GWTC-2 with a FAR better than $1/1000$ per year, a criterion satisfied by 24 signals.
These signals were analyzed individually and collectively through eight different tests, including a few novel additions to the LIGO-Virgo repertoire, like probes of the no-hair theorem and a search for echoes.
Ref.~[\refcite{Abbott:2020jks}] also took advantage of hierarchical modeling techniques to evaluate the population as a whole (as in Sec.~\ref{sec:astro}), doing away with some of the limitations affecting the GWTC-1 combined results.

Highlights from the GWTC-2 testing GR analyses include a factor of ${\sim}2$ improvement on constraints of post-Newtonian (PN) coefficients.\cite{Abbott:2020jks}
The PN coefficients control the details of the GW phase evolution and originate from a series expansion of the source dynamics in powers of $v/c$, where $v$ is the orbital velocity during the inspiral and $c$ is the speed of light: a coefficient of PN order $n=i/2$ corresponds to a source term with dependence $(v/c)^{i}$, and enters the GW phasing as a factor $f^{(i-5)/3}$ of the Fourier frequency $f$.\cite{Blanchet:2013haa}
In GR, these quantities are known analytically as a function of the source parameters (masses and spins, and potentially tidal deformability) up to high order,\cite{Blanchet:1995ez,Kidder:1995zr,Damour:2001bu,Blanchet:2005tk,Blanchet:2006gy,Arun:2008kb,Bohe:2012mr,Marsat:2012fn,Bohe:2013cla,Blanchet:2013haa,Damour:2014jta,Bohe:2015ana} but they can take different values in beyond-GR theories of gravity.\cite{Blanchet:1994ez,Blanchet:1994ex,Arun:2006hn,Arun:2006yw,Mishra:2010tp,Yunes:2009ke}
Although the PN parameters only refer to the inspiral regime, phenomenological coefficients can be defined to control deviations from GR during the merger and ringdown.\cite{Meidam:2017dgf}
Figure \ref{fig:tgr} shows GWTC-2 measurements of PN and phenomenological coefficients; all posteriors are consistent with GR and can be used to place constraints on specific theories beyond GR.\cite{Will:2014kxa,Yunes:2009ke,Yunes:2016jcc,Nair:2019iur}
Besides tightening GWTC-1 constraints and relaxing previous assumptions for combining events, GWTC-2 results also stand out due to the inclusion of higher order multipoles of the radiation for some of the events (GW190412, GW190521, and GW190814).

Thanks to the detection of heavier events, GWTC-2 also enabled studies targeting the merger remnant through the ringdown radiation,\cite{Carullo:2019flw,Isi:2019aib,Brito:2018rfr, Cotesta:2018fcv} as well as searches for potential postmerger echoes.\cite{Lo:2018sep}
Ringdown analyses model the end stage of each GW signal as a superposition of damped sinusoids, which in GR are expected to have specific frequencies and damping rates determined by the remnant mass and spin.\cite{Vishveshwara1970b, Press1971, Teukolsky:1973ha, Chandrasekhar:1975zza}
The frequencies and damping rates extracted from the data can be evaluated for consistency with a given mass and spin, as expected from the preceding inspiral or by comparing different ringdown modes.\cite{Detweiler:1980gk, Dreyer:2003bv, LISA_spectroscopy, Gossan:2011ha, PhysRevD.90.064009, Carullo:2018sfu, Brito:2018rfr, Carullo:2019flw, Isi:2019aib, Bhagwat:2019bwv, Bhagwat:2019dtm,Cabero:2019zyt}
Using GWTC-2, such spectroscopic measurements yielded constraints on the fractional deviation away from the GR frequencies of $\delta \hat{f}_{220} = 0.03^{+ 0.38 }_{- 0.35 } $  for the fundamental $\ell=m=2$ ringdown mode, and $ \delta \hat{f}_{221} = 0.04^{+ 0.27 }_{- 0.32 } $  for the its first overtone.\cite{Abbott:2020jks}
There was no evidence for echoes following the ringdown signal for any of the events analyzed.\cite{Abbott:2020jks}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{liv_amp_joint_posteriors}}
\vspace*{8pt}
\caption{
Measurement of coefficients controlling the GW dispersion from GWTC-2 (blue), compared to GWTC-1 (gray).
The dispersion relation is parameterized as $E^2 = p^2c^2 + A_\alpha p^\alpha c^\alpha$, with $E$ and $p$ respectively the graviton energy and momentum; the Lorentz-violating coefficients $A_\alpha$ all vanish in GR.
(Figure reproduced from Ref.~[\protect\refcite{Abbott:2020jks}]; see that work for details.)
}
\label{fig:liv}
\end{figure}

The GWTC-2 detections also produced the best limits yet on the presence of GW dispersion---an effect that is absent in GR but which can arise in multiple beyond-GR scenarios, including due to a massive graviton or generic Lorentz-violations.\cite{Mirshekari:2011yq,Yunes:2016jcc,Will:1997bb,Calcagni:2009kc,AmelinoCamelia:2002wr,
Horava:2009uw,Sefiedgar:2010we,Kostelecky:2016kfm}
Constraints on a number of parameters controlling modifications to the GW dispersion relation improved by factors of ${\sim}2.6$ with respect to GWTC-1 (Fig.~\ref{fig:liv}).\cite{Abbott:2020jks}
Moreover, this also resulted in a constraint of the graviton mass to $m_g \leq 1.76\times10^{-23}~\mathrm{eV}/c^2$, which is $1.8$ times more stringent than current Solar System bounds.\cite{Bernus:2020szc}
Details on these and other results, including consistency tests\cite{Ghosh:2017gfp} and measurements of the spin-induced quadrupole moment in BBHs,\cite{Krishnendu:2017shb} are outlined in Ref.~[\refcite{Abbott:2020jks}].

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}

Although still a young field, GW astronomy has developed at neck-breaking speeds: little over five years after the groundbreaking detection of GW150914, LIGO and Virgo have now accumulated close to 50 compact-binary detections.
Individually and as a whole, these signals have provided invaluable insights about the nature and population of compact objects, galvanizing several subfields of physics and astrophysics.

During the first half of the third LIGO-Virgo observing run, there were on average ${\sim}1.5$ new compact-binary detections per week (Sec.~\ref{sec:det}).
These new discoveries included some unexpected sources: a pair of black holes with unequal masses (Sec.~\ref{sec:gw190412}), a massive pair of neutron stars (Sec.~\ref{sec:gw190425}), a black hole potentially in the supernova pair-instability mass gap (Sec.~\ref{sec:gw190521}), and either the lightest black hole or the heaviest neutron star known to date (Sec.~\ref{sec:gw190814}).
Collectively, the set of GWTC-2 signals revealed nontrivial features in the black-hole mass spectrum, provided evidence of spin precession, and confirmed previous signs that the BBH merger rate is likely to increase with redshift (Sec.~\ref{sec:astro})---all of which informs astrophysical population models, eventually improving our understanding of structure formation in the universe.
GWTC-2 also enabled more constraining and diverse tests of general relativity (Sec.~\ref{sec:tgr}), yielding factors of ${\sim}2$ improvements on the measurement of coefficients controlling GW generation and propagation, and allowing for new probes of the fundamental nature of black holes.

Data from the second half of the third LIGO-Virgo observing run are currently being analyzed---if history is any indication, those results are guaranteed to contain many new surprising discoveries.
At the same time, the instruments are scheduled for further updates, which will continue to increase their sensitivity in preparation for their fourth observing run.%
\footnote{The operation schedule has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and is currently in flux; at the time of writing, the fourth observing run is scheduled to begin no sooner than June 2022.\cite{schedule}}
Furthermore, detections will soon be enhanced once the Japanese observatory KAGRA\cite{Somiya:2011np,Aso:2013eba} becomes fully operational, contributing to the sky-localization accuracy and duty cycle of the global GW detector network.\cite{Aasi:2013wya}
All these advances are certain to make of GW astronomy a fruitful and dynamic field for years to come.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
M.I.\ is supported by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship
grant No.\ HST-HF2-51410.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope
Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities
for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555.
LIGO was constructed by the California Institute of Technology and
Massachusetts Institute of Technology with funding from the National
Science Foundation and operates under cooperative agreement PHY-0757058.
This paper carries LIGO document number LIGO-P2100017{}.

\bibliographystyle{ws-mpla}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Yahoo Sport UK
Harrow boss expects side to go for victory despite underdog status in FA Trophy
Harrow Borough will be underdogs in the FA trophy fourth round against Halifax Town, but boss Steve Baker believes his side will play with no fear.
Sportsbeat
January 12, 2023, 9:31 a.m. ·3 min read
FA Trophy fourth round action pits Steve Baker's Harrow Borough side against Halifax.
By Ben Hart, Sportsbeat
Harrow Borough boss Steve Baker insists his side will play with the handbrake off when Halifax Town make the long drive south for their crunch FA Trophy fourth round tie.
Seventh-tier Harrow will be fierce underdogs against the National League side this weekend but Baker is adamant his team will play without fear.
Baker has already steered Boro to the FA Cup first round proper on two occasions since taking over as manager in 2015 – and is hoping for more cup magic this year.
"We play extremely attacking football, which is the way I coach and manage and that won't change," said Baker.
"We might have to tweak a couple of bits because of the opposition we're playing against, and we might have to be a little more cautious, but we will always try to win.
"I'm not really a manager that likes to try and sit in and soak up. We've got goals in us, we've got good attacking players, and we will certainly have a go against them.
"I enjoy these games because you go into them with no pressure on you. I'd rather be at home to Halifax then away to a step four team because the pressure isn't on you and the players, you're expected to lose the game.
"There will be an upset somewhere, hopefully it's us."
Harrow booked their place in the last 32 after coming from a goal behind to triumph 2-1 over fellow step three side, Swindon Supermarine.
And Baker, who has masterminded the club's best showing in the competition for more than two decades, says he cannot take full credit for this remarkable run.
"I'd like to say it's been some tactical masterclass, but it hasn't been at all," he said.
"Sometimes in football you get a feeling in certain competitions that things are going right.
"You could look back at every game so far and say, 'yes, that went for us.' When you are on a bad run, those breaks tend to go the other way."
Harrow are one of more than 200 Trident League clubs financially supported by Southern League partners Pitching In, who recently launched a Volunteer Hub to advertise opportunities for members of the community to help out their local club.
And Baker hopes the Reds can repay all the selfless volunteers who help the club thrive both on and off the field with another cup upset.
"I know it means so much to people at the club to get to this stage in the cups," added Baker.
"Financially, it's been great, especially as we exited the FA Cup in our first game.
"We see this as an opportunity to boost the profile of the club, it'll be tough, but a great challenge for all involved.
"Hopefully, it will be another day to remember."
Ladbrokes, with the support of its owner Entain, has launched a multi-million-pound investment programme, Pitching In, designed to support and promote grassroots sports. For more details see: https://entaingroup.com/sustainability/pitching-in/
Eugenie Bouchard stuns in tweed skirt set at horse races: 'Super classy!'
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15-year-old 'seriously injured' in fight after Moncton soccer game
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Soccer star's kindness brings two Manchester United fans to tears
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Jason Kelce Says Pregnant Wife Kylie Is Bringing Her OB-GYN as Super Bowl Guest as She's 38 Weeks
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Brittany Mahomes Tweets Snarky Message for Bengals' Eli Apple After Chiefs' Playoffs Win
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Curling Canada under fire for limiting eligibility for pregnancy exemptions
Residency rules. Pregnancy exemptions. Confusion, questions and ire. A Curling Canada news release intended to confirm the draw for the national women's championship instead sparked a debate about inclusivity, equality and options for teams with players who are pregnant. Prominent curlers from across the country took the national sports organization to task this week for the wording and creation of an exemption that only allowed teams ranked in the top five to apply. When a fourth-ranked team wa
Joao Cancelo explains reasons behind Bayern Munich move
Cancelo gave his thoughts on Pep Guardiola after leaving Manchester City for the German champions on loan


text:
Marc Lepson
Marc Lepson, born 1970, is an interdisciplinary artist living and working in Brooklyn, NY. His print and photography based installations are concerned with the places in between thought and experience; moments of dislocation within landscape and language.
Since the events of September 11 2001, Marc's projects have focused on the political and emotional climate in New York City and the greater US. Working on his own and with activist groups, Marc has done print work for public performances such as Our Grief is Not A Cry For War (2001), and created a solo exhibition examining the contemporary climate of war and the intense scrutiny of immigrants with the US. The exhibition, Breathe: A meditation on claustrophobia, confinement and comfort (2002), was excerpted in Open House: Working in Brooklyn, at the Brooklyn Museum of Art in 2004. In 2005 he presented Winter, a large scale installation of digital prints at SPACES gallery in Cleveland, OH. Winter brings together original and appropriated imagery and texts to create a seasonal document of public and personal events. In 2008 his installation Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow was exhibited at MY Art Prospects NYC.
Marc earned his MFA at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and has worked as Programs Director and Master Printer at the Lower East Side Printshop, NYC. He currently teaches at State University of New York (SUNY) Purchase College, and Pratt Institute. His work has been included in exhibitions in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Vienna Austria, Berlin Germany and Torino Italy, among others. In 2001 he was the recipient of a grant from the Pollock - Krasner Foundation, and reproductions of his work have appeared in the September and October 2004 issues of Art in America.


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text:
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_lt;p_gt;Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, Mexico_lt;/p_gt;
Atuszka
Tlacotalpan, Mexico
Tlacotalpan, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, is a city in Veracruz, popular for being the birthplace of great artists such as Agustín Lara and for its jarana music
Dishes you can't miss
Made with corn dough, stuffed with various stews, and fried.
Tumbada-style rice
Dish similar to the seafood paella, made with shrimps, octopus, crabs, and clams.
Toritos
Sweet beverage made with milk and rum. The traditional flavor is peanut, but it can also be prepared with different fruits.
Fried plantains
They are served with cheese and topped with cream.
Typical food of Tlacotalpan, Mexico
The tasty and varied gastronomy of Tlacotalpan is based on fresh products from the sea and the three rivers in the area
The gastronomy of Tlacotalpan offers seafood, including snook, mojarra, crab, and prawns as crayfish and crawfish, among other delicacies. One of the typical dishes is tumba-style rice, a kind of paella made with shrimp, octopus, crab, and clams. Patties stuffed with snail, shrimp, cheese, or meat are also very popular.
Tlacotalpan offers tismiches for exotic and adventurous palates, which are larvae of fish dried and prepared with the recipe of veracruzana style with onion, garlic, tomato, coriander, olives, or capers; or in tacos, on fried tortillas, or in patties and tamales. People say that the tismiches are a culinary delicacy similar to caviar or escamoles.
The tamales are made with pumpkin seeds and beans, izote flower with pork, pork crackling, or brown sugar. There are also cabeza de perro tamales of different sweet flavors.
Among typical beverages you can find the cold popo, made with cocoa, rice, cinnamon, and anise, and an herb called chupipi; coconut water; and traditional peanut toritos.
If you want to sweet your palate, taste the borracha soup, a moist and creamy cake from the Caribbean, which is prepared with soletas (kind of cookie), almond sweet, sugar, cinnamon, sherry, and orange blossom water. You can also savor the fried plantains served with cheese and topped with cream.
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- Tlacotalpan has rains all year long, so we recommend bringing an umbrella or a rain jacket.
- Days can be very hot. Wearing light-colored clothing will allow you to stay fresh. Remember to use sunscreen, a cap or hat, and sunglasses.
- In order to enjoy the nearby natural attractions, bring insect repellent, your swimsuit, and comfortable clothing and shoes.
The weather in Tlacotalpan, Mexico
Tlacotalpan has a warm climate, with heavy rains in summer and early fall. The annual average temperature is 25 °C (77 °F)
What to bring by season
Rains in Tlacotalpan are heavy in April and May, and torrential between June and September, but decrease in intensity after these months. Even with rain, days are warm and nights are mild. We recommend packing clothing made of natural fibers, a cap or a hat, sunglasses, sunscreen, and insect repellent. Don't forget an umbrella or a rain jacket.
From December to March, the climate in Tlacotalpan is hot during the day and cool at night, with occasional showers. The lowest temperatures are recorded in January, reaching an average of 23 °C (73 °F). We recommend bringing T-shirts, a cap or a hat for the day, and a light sweater for the evenings.
About Tlacotalpan, Mexico
Tlacotalpan is located on the banks of the Papaloapan River, near its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico and 200 kilometers (120 mi) from Xalapa. It is one of the most typical and colorful destinations in Veracruz. Its name comes from the Nahuatl language and means "In the middle of the earth."
Declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, Tlacotalpan has a culture product of the indigenous, Spanish, and African-Caribbean mix, a fact that is reflected in its architecture, cuisine, traditions, and customs. Its wide streets parallel to the river are ideal to take a walk and admire the typical houses of sloping roofs covered with tiles.
The historic center of Tlacotalpan hosts religious attractions such as the Neoclassic-style Parish of San Cristóbal, one of the best preserved temples in the city, built in the early 19th century; the Sanctuary of the Virgin of Candelaria, a Mozarabic and Neoclassical-style building that has more than two centuries, whose construction includes coral from the Gulf of Mexico. In this area, you will also see the Church of San Miguelito, which houses an oil painting image of Our Lady of Solitude, venerated as the Solita de San Miguel.
The Zaragoza Park is a meeting point for local people and tourists. It has a Moorish gazebo dating from the 19th century amidst the palm trees that give the characteristic atmosphere of a typical coastal province, and surrounded by restaurants, shops, and houses with spectacular arches. The boardwalk was built in 1857 and offers a beautiful view of Tlacotalpan next to the Papaloapan River. Here, you can rent motorboats to sail aong the river and see the city and its architecture from a different way, as well as the regional flora and fauna.
Tlacotalpan has museums, such as the Salvador Ferrando Colonial Museum at the former house of the local painter, exhibiting an important collection of his work, which captures the local people and typical landscapes, and displaying some colonial items and antiques. In addition, you can visit the Agustín Lara Museum, which has a permanent exhibition of trophies, newspaper clippings, and photographs of the poet musician.
We recommend visiting the Nezahualcóyotl Theater, known as the Colossus of Sotavento, an architectural piece of unparalleled beauty; Agustín Lara Culture House, which contributes to the preservation and promotion of the cultural events of Cuenca del Papaloapan; and the Tlacotalpan City Hall, which is facing the main square and set within a building from 1849.
***The official currency of Mexico is the Mexican Peso (MXN).
Other destinations in Veracruz
Chachalacas 3 Hotels
Poza Rica 17 Hotels
Tuxpan 22 Hotels
Puerto de Veracruz 98 Hotels
Xalapa 52 Hotels
Coatzacoalcos 24 Hotels
Cordoba, Veracruz 16 Hotels
Boca del Río 63 Hotels
Orizaba 13 Hotels
Minatitlán 5 Hotels
Jalcomulco 11 Hotels
Tlacotalpan 2 Hotels
El Morro 1 Hotel
Catemaco 10 Hotels
La Vigueta 1 Hotel
Tecolutla 14 Hotels
Santiago Tuxtla 1 Hotel
Huatusco 1 Hotel
Puente Nacional 1 Hotel


text:
On This Day in Typewriter History (CXX)
'GREATEST CROOK
OF ALL TIMES'
DESIGNS CORONA
MINI TYPEWRITERS
The Amazing Conman
Philippe de Clamecy
When the law caught up with Philippe de Clamecy at his quarters on Stratford Road, Brooklyn, on Saturday, January 15, 1921, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle described him as an "International Adventurer with an O. Henry Career" … "one of the greatest crooks of all times".
This remarkable confidence trickster, who by early 1921 had already helped himself to $500,000 of other people's money in a decade-long crime spree, was also one of the most prolific designers in typewriter history.
The Daily Eagle said the "amazing exploits" of de Clamecy had left behind a "dazed assortment of bankers, learned jurists, scholars, physicians and militarists who have come into contact him … "
The New York Times said de Clamecy had "figured in a series of impostures upon businessmen and officials in New York and Massachusetts".
The man who brought about de Clamecy's downfall was Underwood Typewriter Company secretary William L. Dench, who on October 28, 1920, had handed de Clamecy $300 against a cheque that came bouncing back all the way across the border from La Banque d'Hochelaga in Montreal, Canada.
De Clamecy pleaded guilty before Magistrate Morris Koenig in the Tombs Court.
When yet again jailed, de Clamecy had "stepped gingerly within the barred door of the sombre prison … [appearing to be] haughty and removed from the contaminating touch of the commonplace".
De Clamecy, the Eagle wrote, had been taken to The Tombs (above), the Manhattan House of Detention on White Street, Lower Manhattan, "immaculately clad, radiating hauteur from his carefully coiffed pompadour to his glistening pointed boots …"
He "appeared a composite of all the roles to which he assigned himself in the course of his operations". One of those many "operations" was frenetic typewriter designing.
During a frenzied two-day period in March 1916, de Clamecy applied for no less than nine typewriter patents, six of them on one day (March 6) alone. All were assigned to the Corona Typewriter Company of Groton, New York. Sometimes de Clamecy applied for patents giving different addresses (Boston and Charlestown) on the same day.
A 10th typewriter-related patent application within this same 10-week period, on May 16, 1916, was for a triple-core platen assigned to the De Nevers Typewriter Company of Boston. Take note of the name "De Nevers" – it has an historic association with "de Clamecy" (see below). This typewriter company did exist and was incorporated on April 5, 1916, but not surprisingly incorporation was dissolved on April 4, 1923.
De Clamecy returned to typewriter designing in 1917, and in a single week in late January 1918 assigned four patents to Corona. In all, he applied for 17 typewriter patents, 16 of them to Corona.
No fewer than eight typewriter patents were issued to de Clamecy on this one day in 1918.
I won't try to put these de Clamecy typewriters in any historical context, but the main thrust of his designs appears to be a tiny typewriter that would fit into a box, the whole thing collapsing in on itself, with even the typebars being designed to fold in.
The drawings which appear on this post are but a very small selection of the vast number available.
De Clamecy was brazen enough to advertise himself in the Boston Directory as a consulting engineer with a doctorate in science from the Centre for Engineering and Manufacturing Excellence in London. He offered his services for "special machine designs" and the "development of mechanical inventions" and gave an address as Room 1138, the Old South Building, 294 Washington Street, Boston. At the time the directory appeared, in 1916, de Clamecy was in the Suffolk County Jail at 215 Charles Street.
It seems highly likely that, in the case of many of his typewriters, de Clamecy designed, or at least prepared the designs, whilst incarcerated.
De Clamecy's arrest in Brooklyn in 1921 came in the middle of an incredible career based on lies, deceit, fraud and impersonation, mixed with spells in many jails and institutions, stretching over more than 20 years and from Massachusetts to Rhode Island and back.
During this time, de Clamecy passed himself off as a member of French nobility, as a duke and a lord, an army general, a judge, a doctor and a military aircraft, air-conditioning and typewriter inventor.
Some contemporary reports suggest de Clamecy was a "remarkably gifted" and genuine inventor. He most certainly had an enormous capacity for inventing different ways to relieve those who fell for his deceptions of their money.
Philippe de Clamecy may never have actually existed. It's possible his real name was Charles Francis, or Charles François, that instead of being French-born, as consistently claimed, he may have been Canadian or English by birth.
He may have entered the US as early as 1892, or re-entered from Canada as Philip Neven in 1909. A consensus is that he was born in 1861. He once claimed to have a French father and a mother from Virginia.
His parental details are contained on a 1910 US census form, taken when de Clamecy (calling himself Philip Lea De Clamecy, a physician) was an inmate at Blackwell's Island Penitentiary in the East River of New York City (below). His Rhode Island and Boston exploits were to follow a year later, soon after his release.
What may well have proved to be his undoing is that, 10 years later, in 1920, de Clamecy, now settled down with a very young wife and a child on the way, entered his name and address in the US census of his own free will.
He is listed as Philippe B. Declamecy, an "esquire", yet as working in a machine shop.
De Clamecy's wife is listed as Delphine, born in Maine of English and Canadian parents, in 1895. She was 25, 34 years her husband's junior.
Their son, also Philippe, was listed in the 1930 census as a nine-year-old "lodger" living with a family called Baumeister in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The only mention of his mother is that she was Massachusetts-born. She is not listed in the same household.
Philippe M. Declamecy was born on February 15, 1921, exactly one month after his father's arrest in Brooklyn, and died in Nashua, Hillsborough, New Hampshire, on June 6, 1999, aged 78. He was enlisted in the US army as a private in 1942.
Young Philippe's father was still alive in 1930. According to a report under the heading "Warning – Confidence Man" in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the Medical News of February 6, 1932, Hugh Smith Cumming (below), surgeon-general of the US Public Health Service, had issued an all-points alert concerning "a man who calls himself Philippe de Clamecy and claims to be a physician connected with the public health service".
De Clamecy had appeared at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station in Illinois, saying he had been a doctor at the Marine Hospital in Boston during the summer of 1930. Instead of being a doctor there, de Clamecy had been a patient in 1930-31.
At the time of Cumming's warning, de Clamecy was "being held" in this Boston hospital, awaiting deportation to France.
American authorities had finally tired of de Clamecy's outrageous crime spree. But France wouldn't have anything to do with him, and refused to issue him with a passport. It seems the French Government could find no record of this Philippe de Clamecy ever having been born in France, or a French territory.
In 1921, Manhattan District Attorney Edward Swann had approached the US State Department seeking assistance in obtaining from the French Government information about de Clamecy's "record and career" in France. None, it seems, was forthcoming.
But when de Clamecy allegedly first arrived in the United States, in 1911 (according to The New York Times, but more likely 1892), he did so, he said, as a French judge and jurist and a representative of the French judiciary. He had been sent to Boston to study American jurisprudence as a guide in the revision of French court procedure. He also "discussed big business schemes, which he intimated he was about to lay before leading financiers".
So persuasive was he in this role, de Clamecy was entertained as the guest of honour at Boston Chamber of Commerce dinner and at a testimonial banquet given by the Justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Court. In 1912 he was given the keys to the city of Boston by Mayor John Francis "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald (above), the maternal grandfather of President John F.Kennedy, Attorney-General Robert Kennedy and Senator Teddy Kennedy. It is believed de Clamecy actually acted as a judge in Boston at this time.
Even before being lauded in Boston, it seems de Clamecy had succeeded in applying his charms to fool state government officials in Providence, Rhode Island. On June 6, 1911, he was introduced as a military attaché to the French Embassy in Washington to former Rhode Island Lieutenant-Governor Adelard Archambeault. The introduction was managed by an accomplice masquerading as Lorenzo De Nevers (the connection between the Clamecy and Nevers names is explained below). At the time the real Lorenzo De Nevers, a famous Quebec-born artist (above), was still living in France, studying at Paris Fine Art. His family were "prominent citizens" of Central Falls, Rhode Island.
De Clamecy was introduced by "De Nevers" to Archambeault as "Duke Philip de Clamecy", and the two criminals managed to arrange a three-hour meeting for de Clamecy with Rhode Island Governor Aram Jules Pothier (below) in Pothier's private office at State House, Providence. De Clamecy told Pothier he wanted to build a huge automobile factory at Woonsocket. De Clamecy was later entertained at a dinner at the St James Hotel, Woonsocket, by Archambeault and "other prominent Frenchmen".
This particular ruse was soon up. Detectives were apparently close on de Clamecy's trail and arrested him on June 9, charging him as Charles Francis, or Charles François (and others), and saying de Clamecy had already spent time in a London goal, in Sing Sing and on Blackwell's Island. He was arrested in Providence for having left $400 worth of worthless cheques at the Hotel Touraine in Boston.
Quiet how de Clamecy managed to subsequently get himself back into favour in Boston is anyone's guess. Nonetheless, in 1912, after being the keys to the city by Mayor Fitzgerald, de Clamecy was yet again arrested. He was sentenced to 10 years in the Massachusetts Penitentiary for forgery, the passage of worthless cheques totalling $2800, and for a violation of the Mann White Slave Act.
The White-Slave Traffic Act, better known as the Mann Act, was passed in 1910 to prohibit white slavery and the interstate transportation of females for "immoral purposes". Its primary stated intent was to address prostitution, immorality and human trafficking. The most common use of the Mann Act was to prosecute men for having sex with underage females.
De Clamecy did not always attach the names of patent attorneys, witnesses or attesters to his patent applications. But in the case of the De Nevers platen, the two witnesses were Agnes V. O'Connell and Mary P. Wotherspoon, who at the time of witnessing the document were 19 and 20, respectively, both under the legal age.
In a move that today would seem almost inconceivable, in 1918, soon after the US entered the First World War, de Clamecy managed to convince a US Government department that he should be paroled from the Massachusetts Penitentiary so that he could carry out work on an invention of his, an "aeronautical development" which would be useful to the government in military aircraft.
The Brooklyn Daily Eagle used highly colourful language in an effort to match the nature of de Clamecy's criminal career. The Eagle reported, "He really is a remarkably gifted inventor, it is said, and the Federal Government asked his parole in order that his talents might be utilised in the war.
"The parole was granted and de Clamecy was placed in the Boston School of Technology ("Boston Tech") to work on an airplane device. With dizzying speed, the inventor cleaned out the school of all moveable valuables and evacuated."
The New York Times said of the aeronautical device, "It is now believed that his invention was am myth, made use of by the much-titled prisoner for an opportunity to get his freedom. At any rate he escaped his guard and fled from the institute."
De Clamecy had Gallic gall in abundance. Soon after escaping from Boston, he turned up at Camp Devens, Massachusetts (below), wearing a French general's uniform and the French Legion of Honour medal, declaring he was there to inspect troops and train draftees. Unfortunately for de Clamecy, young French officers were present at the time, somehow recognised the offender, and instead of him continuing to be feted by fellow military commanders, de Clamecy was locked up in the guardhouse.
While being transported back to Boston, de Clamecy yet again escaped, but not long after turned up in Buffalo, New York, with a scheme to organise a $10 million oxygen company.
As well as his 17 typewriters, de Clamecy had at various times patented a number of things for the B.F.Sturtevant Company of Massachusetts. These involved alloys and aluminum-making processes, but most notably air-conditioning machines.
The Sturtevant company was established by Maine shoemaker Benjamin Franklin Sturtevant in 1860. In the immediate post-World War I period, it was still owned Sturtevant's son-in-law, former Massachusetts Governor Eugene Noble Foss (below). "Unaffected by the turmoil, [this] period saw Sturtevant reach its peak." This is not unlike the Corona Typewriter Company, de Clamecy's other major point of patenting interest.
Incredibly, given these patents were the work of an arch fraudster, albeit one with a highly fertile mind, they were actually referenced many years later by some very reputable companies. De Clamecy's typewriter designs were referenced in 1979 by Mattel for a toy typewriter, in 1983 by Triumph-Adler and in 1984 by Xerox.
In 1978, a de Clamecy patent was referenced in this grotesque "free platen" design by Cecil Stanley Effinger (above), the American composer and inventor famous for the successful "Musicwriter" (see http://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2011/07/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history.html). The Musicwriter was based on an Allen and later Olympia typewriter, but the "free platen" is placed on an IBM Selectric.
De Clamecy's 1922 air humidifier, assigned to Sturtevant, was referenced by companies such as Mitsubishi and Kubota, in 1988, 1991 and 1998.
When de Clamecy was arrested in Brooklyn in 1921, Massachusetts and New York clashed over his legal custody, with the Manhattan District Attorney's office refusing to honour an extradition warrant issued by Massachusetts Governor Channing Harris Cox (above) and approved by New York Governor Nathan Lewis Miller (below).
The Eagle wrote, "Perhaps Massachusetts wants him worse because, not content with walking rough-shod over her statute books and fracturing most of the laws therein, he profaned the sacred realm of her traditions and betrayed her tenderest sympathies.
"After Massachusetts and New York have exacted retribution on the versatile de Clamecy, Uncle Sam will have a score to settle, all of which promises that the adventurous foreigner has a fairly compact calendar ahead."
The Eagle said its summary of de Clamecy's crimes was put "with passing brevity", a "concentrated but highly incomplete program of de Clamecy's activities".
But these had resulted in the "disillusionment of the Supreme Court Association of Massachusetts, former Governor Fitzgerald and nationally prominent men all along the Eastern seaboard of these United States".
Having been given the keys to the city of Boston, de Clamecy had "promptly proceeded to put them in service. The Mayor told him the city was his and he very nearly took it."
"The freedom with which he accepted the city's generosity finally landed him behind bars for a 10-year tenure and after that he was eliminated from current events – except for a bad after-taste – for a peaceful years."
What a guy!? And what, just quietly, wonderful typewriter ideas! Such a pity none of them were ever realised.
THE PHILIPPE DE CLAMECY FILE
ESTIMATED PROFITS FROM CRIME BY JANUARY 1921
KNOWN ALIASES (16)
Charles Francis
Charles François
Count of Nevers
Dr Philip de Clamecy
Duke Philip de Clamecy
Felipe de Clamecy
General Felipe de Clamecy
Judge Felipe de Clamecy
Philip Neven
Lord Nevens
Lord Nevina
Lord Nevius
Lord Philip de Clamecy
Philip de Clamecy
Phillip B Declamecy
Philip Lea De Clamecy
CLAIMED AWARDS-POSITIONS (11)
Boston Institute of Technology, mechanical design engineer
Doctor, Great Lakes Naval Training School, Illinois
Doctor, Marine Hospital, Boston
French Legion of Honour
General, French Army (Camp Devens, Massachusetts)
Inventor (air-conditioning, military aircraft, typewriters)
Keys to the City, Boston
Member, French Judiciary
Military Attaché, French Embassy, Washington
Special Judicial Envoy, French Government
US Public Health Service physician
PROMISED PROJECTS (4, of many)
1911 – Five-story brick automobile factory, Woonsocket, Rhode Island (300 workers).
1911 – "Big business schemes" (Boston).
1918 – US military aircraft, Boston; paroled by US Government to work on device at Boston Institute of Technology.
1919-20? - $10 million oxygen company, Buffalo, New York.
KNOWN VIOLATIONS (10):
Escaping imprisonment
Impersonation/Imposture
Mann White Slave Act
Violation of parole
Wanted for deportation
KNOWN ARRESTS (4)
Providence, Rhode Island, June 9, 1911 (convicted and sentenced to 10 years' jail in Boston, 1912)
Camp Devens guardhouse, 1918
Brooklyn, 1921
Boston (1930-31)
KNOWN INCARCERATIONS (6)
Blackwell's Island (New York, 1910)
London Gaol
Marine Hospital, Boston (1930-31)
Massachusetts Penitentiary (1912-18)
Sing Sing (New York)
Tombs Prison (1921–??)
KNOWN ESCAPES (2)
Boston Institute of Technology 1918
TYPEWRITER PATENT APPLICATIONS (17)
March 4 1916 1278871
May 16 1916 1237307
July 15 1917 1311879
January 21 1918 1315013
October 3 1918 1457730
*The figures given above are "at least" numbers. The real figures, apart from the typewriter patents, are doubtless considerably higher.
THE REAL PHILIPPE DE CLAMECY
Philippe de Clamecy was a 15th century boy who died in 1452, aged six. He was born into French nobility, the son of John II (Jean de Clamecy), the Count of Nevers, below.
Clamecy is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France. Nevers is a commune in – and the administrative capital of – the Nièvre department.
John II (1415-1491), was the son of Philip II, Count of Nevers by his wife Bonne of Artois, daughter of Philip of Artois. John's elder brother was also his predecessor in his titles, Charles I, Count of Nevers (1414-64).
Amazing. The guy was obviously brilliant but devoid of any ethics. (Not terribly good at keeping himself out of prison, either!)
Dwayne F. said...
Wow. I will never look at our Corona 3 the same way again. Some brilliant people just seem prone to character flaws.
Kenneth Oliver said...
This man married my Great Aunt ( his 7th wife)in May 1931 in NYC. He died 26 Apr 1944 in Staten Island, NY.
ken.w.oliver said...
This man, Philip de CLamecy, married my Grand Aunt 8 May 1931 in NYC. He took her for what she had also. He died 26 April 1944 in Farm Colony Hospital in Staten Island, NY. He is buried in City Cemetery on Hart Island in NYC.
Jerald Jones said...
Wow. Like Ken Oliver, I had a great aunt who was married to Philip deClamecy. I came upon his story while doing family research in January (2020). They wed in 1909. She divorced him in 1913 while he was in prison. He was so notorious that the Boston Globe carried a story about the divorce on page 2. They had a son who died at 19.
I have images of newspaper clippings covering his hijinks running from 1902 (Charles Jules François, alias the Count of Neufchatel, when his plan to defraud a steel company out of 200,000 tons of steel was thwarted when he was arrested for one of his perennial exploits, skipping out on a hotel bill) through 1933, yet another impersonation case. Then there were a couple of retrospectives about his sordid history, in the El Paso Times as well as the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, in 1936. That in the midst of decades of fraudulent adventures he managed to crank out some genuine engineering work and get it patented it is fascinating.
I have images of newspaper clippings covering his hijinks running from 1902 (Charles Jules François, alias the Count of Neufchatel, when his plan to defraud a steel company out of 200,000 tons of steel was thwarted when he was arrested for one of his perennial exploits, skipping out on a hotel bill) through 1933, yet another impersonation case. Then there were a couple of retrospectives about his sordid history, in the El Paso Times as well as the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, in 1936.
That, in the midst of decades of scam after scam, he managed to crank out some genuine engineering work and get it patented is fascinating.
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Cancer is the toughest fight most of us will ever face and Macmillan ensures that people across the UK don't have to face it alone. The Macmillan team is there every step of the way, providing nurses and therapists to help people through treatment. They also employ campaigners who do invaluable work to help improve cancer care. Box Power have pledged to donate a third of their NET proceeds to the charity.
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