text:
Lewis in 2006
House Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip
January 3, 2003 – July 17, 2020
Position established
G. K. Butterfield
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's 5th district
Wyche Fowler
Kwanza Hall
Member of the Atlanta City Council
from at-large post 18
January 1, 1982 – September 3, 1985
Jack Summer[1]
Morris Finley
3rd Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
June 1963 – May 1966
Charles McDew
John Robert Lewis
(1940-02-21)February 21, 1940
Pike County, Alabama, U.S.
July 17, 2020(2020-07-17) (aged 80)
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Resting place
South-View Cemetery
Lillian Miles
American Baptist College (BA)
Fisk University (BA)
civil rights activist
John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights activist who served in the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 5th congressional district from 1987 until his death in 2020. He participated in the 1960 Nashville sit-ins, the Freedom Rides, was the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from 1963 to 1966, and was one of the "Big Six" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. Fulfilling many key roles in the civil rights movement and its actions to end legalized racial segregation in the United States, in 1965 Lewis led the first of three Selma to Montgomery marches across the Edmund Pettus Bridge where, in an incident which became known as Bloody Sunday, state troopers and police attacked Lewis and the other marchers.
A member of the Democratic Party, Lewis was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1986 and served 17 terms. The district he represented included most of Atlanta. Due to his length of service, he became the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. Lewis was one of the leaders of the Democratic Party in the House, serving from 1991 as a chief deputy whip and from 2003 as a senior chief deputy whip. He received many honorary degrees and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011.
John Robert Lewis was born near Troy, Alabama, on February 21, 1940, the third of ten children of Willie Mae (née Carter) and Eddie Lewis.[2][3][4] His parents were sharecroppers in rural Pike County, Alabama, of which Troy was the county seat.[5][6]
As a boy, Lewis aspired to be a preacher,[7] and at age five, he preached to his family's chickens on the farm.[8] As a young child, Lewis had little interaction with white people, as his county was majority black by a large percentage and his family worked as farmers. By the time he was six, Lewis had seen only two white people in his life.[9] Lewis recalls "I grew up in rural Alabama, very poor, very few books in our home."[10] He describes his early education at a little school, walking distance from his home. "A beautiful little building, it was a Rosenwald School. It was supported by the community, it was the only school we had."[11] "I had a wonderful teacher in elementary school, and she told me 'read my child, read!' And I tried to read everything. I loved books. I remember in 1956, when I was 16 years old, with some of my brothers and sisters and cousins, going down to the public library, trying to get a library card, and we were told the library was for whites only and not for coloureds."[12] As he grew older, he began taking trips into Troy with his family, where he continued to have experiences of racism and segregation.[13][14][15] Lewis had relatives who lived in northern cities, and he learned from them that in the North schools, buses, and businesses were integrated. When Lewis was 11, an uncle took him to Buffalo, New York, where he became acutely aware of the contrast with Troy's segregation.[16]
In 1955, Lewis first heard Martin Luther King Jr. on the radio,[17] and he closely followed King's Montgomery bus boycott later that year.[18] At age 15, Lewis preached his first public sermon.[8] At 17, Lewis met Rosa Parks, notable for her role in the bus boycott, and met King for the first time at the age of 18.[19] In later years, Lewis also credited evangelist Billy Graham, a friend of King's, as someone who "helped change me".[20][21] Lewis also stated that Graham inspired him "to a significant degree" to fulfill his aspirations of becoming a minister.[20][21]
After writing to King about being denied admission to Troy University in Alabama, Lewis was invited to meet with him. King, who referred to Lewis as "the boy from Troy", discussed suing the university for discrimination, but he warned Lewis that doing so could endanger his family in Troy. After discussing it with his parents, Lewis decided instead to proceed with his education at a small, historically black college in Tennessee.[22]
Lewis graduated from the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee, and was ordained as a Baptist minister.[8][7] He then earned a bachelor's degree in religion and philosophy from Fisk University, also a historically black college, where he was a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.[23][24]
Student activism and SNCC
Nashville Student Movement
Civil rights leaders meet with President John F. Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon Johnson after the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963. Lewis is fourth from left.
As a student, Lewis became an activist in the civil rights movement. He organized sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in many other civil rights activities as part of the Nashville Student Movement. The Nashville sit-in movement was responsible for the desegregation of lunch counters in the city's downtown. Lewis was arrested and jailed many times during the nonviolent activities to desegregate the city's downtown businesses.[25] He was also instrumental in organizing bus boycotts and other nonviolent protests to support voting rights and racial equality.[citation needed]
During this time, Lewis said it was important to engage in "good trouble, necessary trouble" in order to achieve change, and he held to this credo throughout his life.[26]
While a student, Lewis was invited to attend nonviolence workshops held at Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. James Lawson and Rev. Kelly Miller Smith. Lewis and other students became dedicated to the discipline and philosophy of nonviolence, which he practiced for the rest of his life.[27]
Freedom Riders
Video of President Clinton delivering remarks at a dinner honoring Representative John Lewis
In 1961, Lewis became one of the 13 original Freedom Riders.[5][28] The group of seven blacks and six whites planned to ride on interstate buses from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans to challenge the policies of Southern states along the route that had imposed segregated seating on the buses, violating federal policy for interstate transportation. The Freedom Ride, originated by the Fellowship of Reconciliation and revived by James Farmer and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), was initiated to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court decision in Boynton v. Virginia (1960) that declared segregated interstate bus travel to be unconstitutional. The Freedom Rides revealed the passivity of local, state and federal governments in the face of violence against law-abiding citizens.[29] The project was publicized; and organizers had notified the Department of Justice about it. It depended on the Alabama police to protect the riders, although the state was known for notorious racism. It did not undertake actions except assigning FBI agents to record incidents. After extreme violence broke out in South Carolina and Alabama, the Kennedy Administration called for a cooling-off period, with a moratorium on Freedom Rides.[30]
In the South, Lewis and other nonviolent Freedom Riders were beaten by angry mobs and arrested. At age 21, Lewis was the first of the Freedom Riders to be assaulted while in Rock Hill, South Carolina. When he tried to enter a whites-only waiting room, two white men attacked him, injuring his face and kicking him in the ribs. Two weeks later Lewis joined a "Freedom Ride" bound for Jackson, Mississippi. Near the end of his life, Lewis said of this time, "We were determined not to let any act of violence keep us from our goal. We knew our lives could be threatened, but we had made up our minds not to turn back."[31] As a result of his Freedom Rider activities, Lewis was imprisoned for 40 days in the notorious Mississippi State Penitentiary in Sunflower County.[32]
In an interview with CNN during the 40th anniversary of the Freedom Rides, Lewis recounted the violence he and the 12 other original Freedom Riders endured. In Birmingham, the Riders were beaten by an unrestrained mob including KKK members (notified of their arrival by police) with baseball bats, chains, lead pipes, and stones. The police arrested them, and led them across the border into Tennessee before letting them go. The Riders reorganized and rode to Montgomery, where they were met with more violence.[33] There Lewis was hit in the head with a wooden crate. "It was very violent. I thought I was going to die. I was left lying at the Greyhound bus station in Montgomery unconscious", said Lewis, remembering the incident.[34]
When CORE gave up on the Freedom Ride because of the violence, Lewis and fellow activist Diane Nash arranged for Nashville students from Fisk and other colleges to take it over and bring it to a successful conclusion.[35][36]
In February 2009, 48 years after the Montgomery attack, Lewis received a nationally televised apology from Elwin Wilson, a white southerner and former Klansman.[37][38]
Lewis wrote in 2015 that he had known the young activists Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman from New York. They, along with James Chaney, a local African-American activist from Mississippi, were abducted and murdered in June 1964 in Neshoba County, Mississippi, by members of the Ku Klux Klan including law enforcement.[39]
SNCC Chairman
"Interview with John Lewis" pt.1 conducted in 1979 for America, They Loved You Madly, a precursor to Eyes on the Prize in which he discusses the sit-ins in Nashville, the philosophy of non-violence, the Freedom Rides, his role in SNCC, and the March on Washington.
See also: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Big Six (activists)
Leaders of the March on Washington, 1963. Lewis is second from right.
In 1963, when Charles McDew stepped down as chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Lewis, a founding member, was elected to take over.[40][41] Lewis's experience was already widely respected. His courage and tenacious adherence to the philosophy of reconciliation and nonviolence had enabled him to emerge as a leader. He had already been arrested 24 times in the nonviolent movement for equal justice.[42] As chairman of SNCC, Lewis was one of the "Big Six" leaders who were organizing the March on Washington that summer. The youngest,[43] he was scheduled as the fourth to speak, ahead of the final speaker, Dr. Martin Luther King. Other leaders were Whitney Young, A. Philip Randolph, James Farmer, and Roy Wilkins.
Lewis had written a response to Kennedy's 1963 Civil Rights Bill. Lewis and his fellow SNCC workers had suffered from the federal government's passivity in the face of Southern violence.[30] He planned to denounce Kennedy's bill for failing to provide protection for African Americans against police brutality, or to provide African Americans with the means to vote; he described the bill as "too little and too late". But when copies of the speech were distributed on August 27, the other chairs of the march insisted that it be revised. James Forman re-wrote Lewis's speech on a portable typewriter in a small anteroom behind Lincoln's statue during the program. He replaced Lewis's initial assertion "we cannot support, wholeheartedly the [Kennedy] civil rights bill" with "We support it with great reservations."[44]
After Lewis, Dr. King gave his now celebrated "I Have a Dream" speech.[45][46][47] Historian Howard Zinn later wrote of this occasion:
At the great Washington March of 1963, the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), John Lewis, speaking to the same enormous crowd that [next] heard King's "I Have a Dream" speech, was prepared to ask the right question: 'Which side is the federal government on?' That sentence was eliminated from his speech by the other organizers of the March to avoid offending the Kennedy Administration.
In 1964, SNCC opened Freedom Schools, launched the Mississippi Freedom Summer for voter education and registration.[48] Lewis coordinated SNCC's efforts for Freedom Summer, a campaign to register black voters in Mississippi and to engage college student activists in aiding the campaign. Lewis traveled the country, encouraging students to spend their summer break trying to help people vote in Mississippi, which had the lowest number of black voters and strong resistance to the movement.[49]
In 1965 Lewis organized some of the voter registration efforts during the 1965 Selma voting rights campaign, and became nationally known during his prominent role in the Selma to Montgomery marches.[50] On March 7, 1965 – a day that would become known as "Bloody Sunday" – Lewis and fellow activist Hosea Williams led over 600 marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama. At the end of the bridge and the city-county boundary, they were met by Alabama State Troopers who ordered them to disperse. When the marchers stopped to pray, the police discharged tear gas and mounted troopers charged the demonstrators, beating them with nightsticks. Lewis's skull was fractured, but he was aided in escaping across the bridge to Brown Chapel, a church in Selma that served as the movement's headquarters.[51] Lewis bore scars on his head from this incident for the rest of his life.[52]
Lewis served as SNCC chairman until 1966, when he was replaced by Stokely Carmichael.[53][54]
Field Foundation, SRC, and VEP (1966–1977)
In 1966, Lewis moved to New York City to take a job as the associate director of the Field Foundation.[55][56] He was there a little over a year before moving back to Atlanta to direct the Southern Regional Council's Community Organization Project.[57][56] During his time with the SRC, he completed his degree from Fisk University.[58]
In 1970, Lewis became the director of the Voter Education Project (VEP), a position he held until 1977.[59] Though initially a project of the Southern Regional Council, the VEP became an independent organization in 1971.[60] Despite difficulties caused by the 1973–1975 recession,[60] the VEP added nearly four million minority voters to the rolls under Lewis's leadership.[61] During his tenure, the VEP expanded its mission, including running Voter Mobilization Tours.[60]
Early work in government (1977–1986)
Lewis with President Jimmy Carter in 1979
In January 1977, incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman Andrew Young of Georgia's 5th congressional district resigned to become the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. under President Jimmy Carter. In the March 1977 open primary, Atlanta City Councilman Wyche Fowler ranked first with 40% of the vote, failing to reach the 50% threshold to win outright. Lewis ranked second with 29% of the vote.[62] In the April election, Fowler defeated Lewis 62%–38%.[63]
After his unsuccessful bid, Lewis accepted a position with the Carter administration as associate director of ACTION, responsible for running the VISTA program, the Retired Senior Volunteer Program, and the Foster Grandparent Program. He held that job for two and a half years, resigning as the 1980 election approached.[64]
In 1981, Lewis ran for an at-large seat on the Atlanta City Council. He won with 69% of the vote,[65] and served on the council until 1986.[66]
Lewis greets President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan in 1987.
After nine years as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Fowler gave up the seat to make a successful run for the U.S. Senate. Lewis decided to run for the 5th district again. In the August Democratic primary, where a victory was considered tantamount to election, State Representative Julian Bond ranked first with 47%, just three points shy of winning outright. Lewis finished in second place with 35%.[67] In the run-off, Lewis pulled an upset against Bond, defeating him 52% to 48%.[68] The race was said to have "badly strained relations in Atlanta's black community" as many Black leaders had supported Bond over Lewis.[69] Lewis was "endorsed by the Atlanta newspapers and a favorite of the white liberal establishment".[70] His victory was due to strong results among white voters (a minority in the district).[70] During the campaign, he ran advertisements accusing Bond of corruption, implying that Bond used cocaine, and suggesting that Bond had lied about his civil rights activism.[70]
In the November general election, Lewis defeated Republican Portia Scott 75% to 25%.[71]
Lewis was reelected 18 times, dropping below 70 percent of the vote in the general election only once in 1994, when he defeated Republican Dale Dixon by a 38-point margin, 69%–31%.[72] He ran unopposed in 1996,[73] 2004,[74] 2006,[75] and 2008,[76] and again in 2014 and 2018.[77][78]
He was challenged in the Democratic primary just twice: in 1992 and 2008. In 1992, he defeated State Representative Mable Thomas 76%–24%.[79] In 2008, Thomas decided to challenge Lewis again; Markel Hutchins also contested the race. Lewis defeated Hutchins and Thomas 69%–16%–15%.[80]
An official portrait of Lewis
Lewis represented Georgia's 5th congressional district, one of the most consistently Democratic districts in the nation. Since its formalization in 1845, the district has been represented by a Democrat for most of its history.
Lewis was one of the most liberal congressmen to have represented a district in the Deep South. He was categorized as a "Hard-Core Liberal" by On the Issues.[81] The Washington Post described Lewis in 1998 as "a fiercely partisan Democrat but ... also fiercely independent".[82] Lewis characterized himself as a strong and adamant liberal.[82] The Atlanta Journal-Constitution said Lewis was the "only former major civil rights leader who extended his fight for human rights and racial reconciliation to the halls of Congress".[83] The Atlanta Journal-Constitution also said that to "those who know him, from U.S. senators to 20-something congressional aides", he is called the "conscience of Congress".[83] Lewis cited Florida Senator and later Representative Claude Pepper, a staunch liberal, as being the colleague whom he most admired.[84] Lewis also spoke out in support of gay rights and national health insurance.[82]
Lewis opposed the 1991 Gulf War,[85][86] and the 2000 U.S. trade agreement with China that passed the House.[87] He opposed the Clinton administration on NAFTA and welfare reform.[82] After welfare reform passed, Lewis was described as outraged; he said, "Where is the sense of decency? What does it profit a great nation to conquer the world, only to lose its soul?"[88] In 1994, when Clinton considered invading Haiti, Lewis opposed armed intervention.[89] When Clinton sent troops to Haiti, he called for supporting the troops[90] In 1998, when Clinton was considering a military strike against Iraq, Lewis said he would back the president if American forces were ordered into action.[91] In 2001, three days after the September 11 attacks, Lewis voted to give President George W. Bush authority to use force against the perpetrators of 9/11 in a vote that was 420–1; Lewis called it probably one of his toughest votes.[92] In 2002, he sponsored the Peace Tax Fund bill, a conscientious objection to military taxation initiative that had been reintroduced yearly since 1972.[93] Lewis was a "fierce partisan critic of President Bush", and an early opponent of the Iraq War.[83][94] The Associated Press said he was "the first major House figure to suggest impeaching George W. Bush", arguing that the president "deliberately, systematically violated the law" in authorizing the National Security Agency to conduct wiretaps without a warrant. Lewis said, "He is not king, he is president."[95]
Lewis drew on his historical involvement in the Civil Rights Movement as part of his politics. He made an annual pilgrimage to Alabama to retrace the route he marched in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery – a route Lewis worked to make part of the Historic National Trails program. That trip became "one of the hottest tickets in Washington among lawmakers, Republican and Democrat, eager to associate themselves with Lewis and the movement. 'We don't deliberately set out to win votes, but it's very helpful", Lewis said of the trip'."[83][96] In recent years, however, Faith and Politics Institute drew criticism for selling seats on the trip to lobbyists for at least $25,000 each. According to the Center for Public Integrity, even Lewis said that he would feel "much better" if the institute's funding came from churches and foundations instead of corporations.[97]
On June 3, 2011, the House passed a resolution 268–145, calling for a withdrawal of the United States military from the air and naval operations in and around Libya.[98] Lewis voted against the resolution.[99]
In a 2002 op-ed, Lewis mentioned a response by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to an anti-Zionist student at a 1967 Harvard meeting, quoting "When people criticize Zionists they mean Jews, you are talking anti-Semitism." In describing the special relationship between African Americans and American Jews in working for liberation and peace, he also gave other statements by King to the same effect, including one from March 25, 1968: "Peace for Israel means security, and we must stand with all our might to protect its right to exist, its territorial integrity. I see Israel as one of the great outposts of democracy in the world, and a marvelous example of what can be done, how desert land can be transformed into an oasis of brotherhood and democracy. Peace for Israel means security and that security must be a reality."[100]
Lewis "strongly disagreed" with the movement for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) against Israel and co-sponsored resolution condemning the pro-Palestinian group, but he supported Representatives Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib's House resolution opposing U.S. anti-boycott legislation banning the boycott of Israel. He explained his support as "a simple demonstration of my ongoing commitment to the ability of every American to exercise the fundamental First Amendment right to protest through nonviolent actions".[101]
In January 2001, Lewis boycotted the inauguration of George W. Bush by staying in his Atlanta district. He did not attend the swearing-in because he did not believe Bush was the true elected president.[102] Later, Lewis joined 30 other House Democrats who voted to not count the 20 electoral votes from Ohio in the 2004 presidential election.[103]
In March 2003, Lewis spoke to a crowd of 30,000 in Oregon during an anti-war protest before the start of the Iraq War.[104] In 2006[105] and 2009 he was arrested for protesting against the genocide in Darfur outside the Sudanese embassy.[106] He was one of eight U.S. Representatives, from six states, arrested while holding a sit-in near the west side of the U.S. Capitol building, to advocate for immigration reform.[107]
Lewis speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado
At first, Lewis supported Hillary Clinton, endorsing her presidential campaign on October 12, 2007.[108] On February 14, 2008, however, he announced he was considering withdrawing his support from Clinton and might instead cast his superdelegate vote for Barack Obama: "Something is happening in America and people are prepared and ready to make that great leap."[109] Ben Smith of Politico said that "it would be a seminal moment in the race if John Lewis were to switch sides."[110]
On February 27, 2008, Lewis formally changed his support and endorsed Obama.[111][112] After Obama clinched the Democratic nomination for president, Lewis said "If someone had told me this would be happening now, I would have told them they were crazy, out of their mind, they didn't know what they were talking about ... I just wish the others were around to see this day. ... To the people who were beaten, put in jail, were asked questions they could never answer to register to vote, it's amazing."[113] Despite switching his support to Obama, Lewis drew criticism from his constituents for his support of Clinton for several months. One of his challengers in the House primary election set up campaign headquarters inside the building that served as Obama's Georgia office.[114]
In October 2008, Lewis issued a statement criticizing the presidential campaign of John McCain and his running mate Sarah Palin and accusing them of "sowing the seeds of hatred and division" in a way that brought to mind the late Gov. George Wallace and "another destructive period" in American political history. McCain said he was "saddened" by the criticism from "a man I've always admired", and called on Obama to repudiate Lewis's statement. Obama responded to the statement, saying that he "does not believe that John McCain or his policy criticism is in any way comparable to George Wallace or his segregationist policies".[115] Lewis later issued a follow-up statement clarifying that he had not compared McCain and Palin to Wallace himself, but rather that his earlier statement was a "reminder to all Americans that toxic language can lead to destructive behavior".[116]
On an African American being elected president, he said:
If you ask me whether the election ... is the fulfillment of Dr. King's dream, I say, 'No, it's just a down payment.' There's still too many people 50 years later, there's still too many people that are being left out and left behind.[117]
After Obama's swearing-in ceremony as president, Lewis asked him to sign a commemorative photograph of the event. Obama signed it, "Because of you, John. Barack Obama."[118]
2016 firearm safety legislation sit-in
House Democrats, led by Lewis, take the floor to begin a sit-in demanding gun safety legislation on June 22, 2016
On June 22, 2016, House Democrats, led by Lewis and Massachusetts Representative Katherine Clark, began a sit-in demanding House Speaker Paul Ryan allow a vote on gun-safety legislation in the aftermath of the Orlando nightclub shooting. Speaker pro tempore Daniel Webster ordered the House into recess, but Democrats refused to leave the chamber for nearly 26 hours.[119]
National African American Museum
In 1988, the year after he was sworn into Congress, Lewis introduced a bill to create a national African American museum in Washington. The bill failed, and for 15 years he continued to introduce it with each new Congress. Each time it was blocked in the Senate, most often by conservative Southern Senator Jesse Helms. In 2003, Helms retired. The bill won bipartisan support, and President George W. Bush signed the bill to establish the museum, with the Smithsonian's Board of Regents to establish the location. The National Museum of African American History and Culture, located adjacent to the Washington Monument, held its opening ceremony on September 25, 2016.[120]
John Lewis at the 2017 Women's March in Atlanta
Lewis supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries against Bernie Sanders. Regarding Sanders' role in the civil rights movement, Lewis remarked "To be very frank, I never saw him, I never met him. I chaired the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee for three years, from 1963 to 1966. I was involved in sit-ins, in the Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, the March from Selma to Montgomery ... but I met Hillary Clinton". Former Congressman and Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie wrote a letter to Lewis expressing his disappointment with Lewis's comments about Sanders. Lewis later clarified his statement, saying "During the late 1950s and 1960s when I was more engaged, [Sanders] was not there. I did not see him around. I have never seen him in the South. But if he was there, if he was involved someplace, I was not aware of it ... The fact that I did not meet him in the movement does not mean I doubted that Senator Sanders participated in the civil rights movement, neither was I attempting to disparage his activism."[121][122][123]
In a January 2016 interview, Lewis compared Donald Trump, then the Republican front-runner for the presidential nomination, to former Alabama Governor George Wallace: "I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think demagogues are pretty dangerous, really ... We shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people."[124]
On January 13, 2017, during an interview with NBC's Chuck Todd for Meet the Press, Lewis stated: "I don't see the president-elect as a legitimate president."[125] He added, "I think the Russians participated in having this man get elected, and they helped destroy the candidacy of Hillary Clinton. I don't plan to attend the inauguration. I think there was a conspiracy on the part of the Russians, and others, that helped him get elected. That's not right. That's not fair. That's not the open, democratic process."[126] Trump replied on Twitter the following day, suggesting that Lewis should "spend more time on fixing and helping his district, which is in horrible shape and falling apart (not to [...] mention crime infested) rather than falsely complaining about the election results", and accusing Lewis of being "All talk, talk, talk – no action or results. Sad!"[127] Trump's statement about Lewis's district was rated as "Mostly False" by PolitiFact,[128] and he was criticized for attacking a civil rights leader such as Lewis, especially one who was brutally beaten for the cause, and especially on Martin Luther King weekend.[129][130][131] Senator John McCain acknowledged Lewis as "an American hero" but criticized him, saying: "this is not the first time that Congressman Lewis has taken a very extreme stand and condemned without any shred of evidence for doing so an incoming president of the United States. This is a stain on Congressman Lewis's reputation – no one else's."[132]
A few days later, Lewis said that he would not attend Trump's inauguration because he did not believe that Trump was the true elected president. "It will be the first (inauguration) that I miss since I've been in Congress. You cannot be at home with something that you feel that is wrong, is not right", he said. Lewis had failed to attend George W. Bush's inauguration in 2001 because he believed that he too was not a legitimately elected president. Lewis's statement was rated as "Pants on Fire" by PolitiFact.[133][134][135]
Lewis endorsed Joe Biden for president on April 7, 2020, a day before Biden effectively secured the Democratic nomination. He recommended Biden pick a woman of color as his running mate.[136]
President Barack Obama hugs Lewis during a commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Bloody Sunday and the Selma to Montgomery voting rights marches, March 7, 2015.
Lewis served on the following Congressional committees at the time of his death:[137]
Committee on Ways and Means
Subcommittee on Oversight (Chair)
United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation
Lewis was a member of over 40 caucuses, including:[138]
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Caucus (Co-Chair)
Congressional Structured Settlements Caucus (Co-Chair)
Congressional Progressive Caucus[139]
Congressional Brazil Caucus[138]
Congressional Arts Caucus[140]
In 1991, Lewis became the senior chief deputy whip in the Democratic caucus.[141]
Booknotes interview with Lewis on Walking With the Wind, July 12, 1998, C-SPAN
Q&A interview with Lewis on Across That Bridge, August 5, 2012, C-SPAN
In Depth interview with Lewis, October 6, 2013, C-SPAN
Lewis's 1998 autobiography Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement, co-written with Mike D'Orso, won the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award,[142] the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award,[143] the Christopher Award and the Lillian Smith Book Award.[144] It appeared on numerous bestseller lists, was selected as a New York Times Notable Book of the Year,[145] was named by the American Library Association as its Nonfiction Book of the Year,[146] and was included among Newsweek magazine's 2009 list of "50 Books For Our Times".[147] It was critically acclaimed, with The Washington Post calling it "the definitive account of the civil rights movement"[148] and the Los Angeles Times proclaiming it "destined to become a classic in civil rights literature".[149]
His life is also the subject of a 2002 book for young people, John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman. In 2012, Lewis released Across That Bridge, written with Brenda Jones, to mixed reviews. Publishers Weekly's review said, "At its best, the book provides a testament to the power of nonviolence in social movements ... At its worst, it resembles an extended campaign speech."[150][151]
March (2013)
Lewis signing copies of March Book One (2013), the first volume of his graphic novel autobiography, at Midtown Comics in Manhattan
Presentation by Lewis and Andrew Aydin on March: Book Two, November 21, 2015, C-SPAN
Interview with Lewis and Aydin on March: Book Three, September 24, 2016, C-SPAN
In 2013, Lewis became the first member of Congress to write a graphic novel, with the launch of a trilogy titled March. The March trilogy is a black and white comics trilogy about the Civil Rights Movement, told through the perspective of civil rights leader and U.S. Congressman John Lewis. The first volume, March: Book One is written by Lewis and Andrew Aydin, illustrated and lettered by Nate Powell and was published in August 2013,[152] the second volume, March: Book Two was published in January 2015 and the final volume, March: Book Three was published in August 2016.[153]
In an August 2014 interview, Lewis cited the influence of a 1958 comic book, Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story, on his decision to adapt his experience to the graphic novel format.[154] March: Book One became a number one New York Times bestseller for graphic novels[155] and spent more than a year on the lists.
March: Book One received an "Author Honor" from the American Library Association's 2014 Coretta Scott King Book Awards, which honors an African American author of a children's book.[156] Book One also became the first graphic novel to win a Robert F. Kennedy Book Award, receiving a "Special Recognition" bust in 2014.[157]
March: Book One was selected by first-year reading programs in 2014 at Michigan State University,[158] Georgia State University,[159] and Marquette University.[160]
March: Book Two was released in 2015 and immediately became both a New York Times and Washington Post bestseller for graphic novels.
The release of March: Book Three in August 2016 brought all three volumes into the top 3 slots of the New York Times bestseller list for graphic novels for 6 consecutive weeks.[161] The third volume was announced as the recipient of the 2017 Printz Award for excellence in young-adult literature, the Coretta Scott King Award, the YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction, the 2016 National Book Award in Young People's Literature,[162] and the Sibert Medal at the American Library Association's annual Midwinter Meeting in January 2017.[163]
The March trilogy received the Carter G. Woodson Book Award in the Secondary (grades 7–12) category in 2017.[164]
Run (2018)
In 2018, Lewis and Andrew Aydin co-wrote another graphic novel as a sequel to the March series entitled Run, which documents Lewis's life after the passage of the Civil Rights Act. The authors teamed with illustrator Afua Richardson for the book, which was originally scheduled to be released in August 2018, but was later rescheduled.[165] It was released on August 3, 2021, a year after his death, as it was one of his last endeavours before he died.[166] Nate Powell, who illustrated March, also contributed to the art.[167]
Lewis met Lillian Miles at a New Year's Eve party hosted by Xernona Clayton. They married in 1968. In 1976, they adopted one son, named John-Miles Lewis. Lillian died on December 31, 2012.[168]
On December 29, 2019, Lewis announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer.[169][170] He remained in the Washington D.C. area for his treatment. Lewis stated: "I have been in some kind of fight – for freedom, equality, basic human rights – for nearly my entire life. I have never faced a fight quite like the one I have now."[171][172]
Memorial service for Lewis, at Troy University, Troy, Alabama, July 25, 2020, C-SPAN
Edmund Pettus Bridge processional in honor of Lewis, July 26, 2020, C-SPAN
Memorial service for Lewis at the U.S. Capitol, July 27, 2020, C-SPAN
Funeral service for Lewis at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, July 30, 2020, C-SPAN
On July 17, 2020, Lewis died at the age of 80 after suffering from the disease for 8 months in Atlanta,[173][174][175] on the same day as his friend and fellow civil rights activist C.T. Vivian.[176] Lewis had been the final surviving "Big Six" civil rights icon.
Then-president Donald Trump ordered all flags to be flown at half-staff in response to Lewis's death.[177] Condolences also came from the international community, with Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven, French President Emmanuel Macron, Irish President Michael D. Higgins among others, all memorializing Lewis.[178][179]
Public ceremonies honoring Lewis began in his hometown of Troy, Alabama at Troy University, which had denied him admission in 1957 due to racial segregation. His casket was then taken for a memorial held at the historic Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.[180] Calls to rename the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, in Lewis's honor grew after his death.[181][182] On July 26, 2020, his casket, carried in a horse-drawn caisson, traveled the same route over the bridge that he walked during the Bloody Sunday march from Selma to Montgomery,[183] before his lying in state at the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery.[184]
United States House of Representatives Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell announced that Lewis would lie in state in the United States Capitol Rotunda on July 27 and 28, with a public viewing and procession through Washington, D.C.[185] He is the first African-American lawmaker to be so honored in the Rotunda; in October 2019 his colleague, representative Elijah Cummings, lay in state in the Capitol Statuary Hall.[186] Health concerns related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic led to a decision to have his casket displayed outdoors on the East Front steps during the public viewing hours, rather than the usual line of people in the Rotunda filing past the casket to pay their respects.[187][188][189] On July 29, 2020, Lewis's casket left the U.S. Capitol and was transported back to Atlanta, Georgia, where he lay in state at the Georgia State Capitol.[190]
Among the distinguished speakers at his final funeral service at Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Church were former U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, who gave the eulogy. Former President Jimmy Carter, unable to travel during the COVID-19 pandemic due to his advanced age, sent a statement to be read during the service. The then-current President Donald Trump did not attend the service.[191] Lewis was buried at Atlanta's historic South-View Cemetery.[192]
Lewis penned an op-ed to the nation that was published in The New York Times on the day of his funeral.[193] In it, he called on the younger generation to continue the work for justice and an end to hate.[194]
Presidential Medal of Freedom awarded by President Barack Obama in 2011
Lewis was honored by having the 1997 sculpture by Thornton Dial, The Bridge, placed at Ponce de Leon Avenue and Freedom Park, Atlanta, dedicated to him by the artist. In 1999, Lewis was awarded the Wallenberg Medal from the University of Michigan in recognition of his courageous lifelong commitment to the defense of civil and human rights. In that same year, he received the Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Speech.[195]
In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded Lewis the Profile in Courage Award "for his extraordinary courage, leadership and commitment to civil rights".[196] It is a lifetime achievement award and has been given out only twice, John Lewis and William Winter (in 2008). The next year he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.[197]
John Lewis addressing audience in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress on the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 2013
In 2004, Lewis received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member James Earl Jones.[198][199]
In 2006, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards for Public Service.[200] In September 2007, Lewis was awarded the Dole Leadership Prize from the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics at the University of Kansas.[201]
Lewis was the only living speaker from the March on Washington present on the stage during the inauguration of Barack Obama. Obama signed a commemorative photograph for Lewis with the words, "Because of you, John. Barack Obama."[118]
In 2010, Lewis was awarded the First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award, given to him by the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation,[202] and the next year, Lewis was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.[203]
John Lewis with Frederick D. Reese and Terri Sewell at a 2016 Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony honoring the Selma to Montgomery marches.
In 2016, it was announced that a future United States Navy underway replenishment oiler would be named USNS John Lewis.[204] Also in 2016, Lewis and fellow Selma marcher Frederick Reese accepted Congressional Gold Medals which were bestowed to the "foot soldiers" of the Selma marchers.[205][206] The same year, Lewis was awarded the Liberty Medal at the National Constitution Center. The prestigious award has been awarded to international leaders from Malala Yousafzai to the 14th Dalai Lama, presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton and other dignitaries and visionaries. The timing of Lewis's award coincided with the 150th anniversary of the 14th amendment.[207][208][209] In 2020, Lewis was awarded the Walter P. Reuther Humanitarian Award by Wayne State University, the UAW, and the Reuther family.[210]
Lewis gave numerous commencement addresses, including at the School of Visual Arts (SVA) in 2014,[211] Bates College (in Lewiston, Maine) and Washington University in St. Louis in 2016,[212][213][214] Bard College and Bank Street College of Education in 2017, and Harvard University in 2018.[215]
Lewis was recognized for his involvement with comics with the 2017 Inkpot Award.[216]
Lewis's death in July 2020 has given rise to support for renaming the historically significant Pettus bridge in Lewis's honor, an idea previously floated years ago.[217][218] After his death, the Board of Fairfax County Public Schools announced that Robert E. Lee High School in Springfield, Virginia would be renamed John R. Lewis High School.[219][220]
Following his death, Troy University announced that the main building on its flagship campus would bear the name of John Lewis. The building, which was the oldest on campus, was previously named after Bibb Graves, a former governor of Alabama and high-ranking officer of the Ku Klux Klan.[221]
On July 30, 2018, the Atlanta City Council voted to rename Atlanta's Freedom Parkway John Lewis Freedom Parkway.[222] On November 5, 2020, the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County voted to rename an extensive part of Nashville, Tennessee's 5th Avenue John Lewis Way.[223][224][225]
On August 1, 2020, a statue of Lewis was revealed by sculptor Gregory Johnson. The statue was commissioned by Rodney Mims Cook Jr. and was installed at Cook Park in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 2021.[226][227]
On February 21, 2021, President Joe Biden marked Lewis's late birthday on Sunday, urging all Americans to "carry on his mission in the fight for justice and equality for all." He tweeted, "While my dear friend may no longer be with us, his life and legacy provide an eternal moral compass on which direction to march. May we carry on his mission in the fight for justice and equality for all."[228]
On October 27, 2021, the University of California, Santa Cruz named one of its residential colleges, formerly known as College Ten, John R Lewis College. [229]
Honorary academic degrees
Lewis receives an honorary degree from Brown University in 2012
Lewis was awarded more than 50 honorary degrees,[230] including:
1989: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Troy State University (now Troy University)[231]
1995: Honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from Northeastern University[232]
1998: Honorary Humane Letters degree from Brandeis University[233]
1999: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Massachusetts Boston[234]
1999: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Knox College[235]
2001: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from University at Albany[236]
2002: Honorary D.H.L. from Howard University[237]
2003: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the College of Wooster[238]
2004: Honorary degree from Portland State University[239]
2004: Honorary LHD from Juniata College[240]
2007: Honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Vermont[241]
2007: Honorary LL.D. degree from Adelphi University[242]
2012: Honorary LL.D. degrees from Brown University,[243] University of Pennsylvania,[244] Harvard University,[215] and the University of Connecticut School of Law[245]
2013: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters[246] from Judson College
2013: Honorary LL.D. degrees from Cleveland State University[247] and Union College[248]
2014: Honorary LL.D. degree from Emory University[249]
2014: Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from the School of Visual Arts.[250]
2014: Honorary Bachelor of Arts from Lawrence University.[251]
2014: Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Marquette University[252]
2015: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University.[253]
2015: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Lawrence University[254]
2015: Honorary degree from Goucher College[255]
2015: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hampton University[256]
2016: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from New York University[257]
2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Bates College[214]
2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Washington University in St. Louis[258]
2016: Honorary Doctor of Policy Analysis from the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School[259]
2016: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Washington and Jefferson College[260]
2017: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Yale University[261]
2017: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Berea College[262]
2017: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Bank Street Graduate School of Education[263]
2018: Honorary Doctor of Law degree from Boston University[264]
2019: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from City College of New York[265]
2019: Honorary Doctorate from Tulane University[266]
Georgia's 5th congressional district: Results 1986–2018[267][268][269][270][271] Year Democratic Votes % Republican Votes % 1986 John Lewis 93,229 75% Portia Scott 30,562 25% [272] 1988 John Lewis 135,194 78% J. W. Tibbs 37,693 22% [273] 1990 John Lewis 86,037 76% J. W. Tibbs 27,781 24% [274] 1992 John Lewis 147,445 72% Paul Stabler 56,960 28% [275] 1994 John Lewis 85,094 69% Dale Dixon 37,999 31% [276] 1996 John Lewis 136,555 100% No candidate [277] 1998 John Lewis 109,177 79% John H. Lewis 29,877 21% [278] 2000 John Lewis 137,333 77% Hank Schwab 40,606 23% [279] 2002 John Lewis 116,259 100% No candidate [280] 2004 John Lewis 201,773 100% No candidate [74] 2006 John Lewis 122,380 100% No candidate [75] 2008 John Lewis 231,368 100% No candidate [76] 2010 John Lewis 130,782 74% Fenn Little 46,622 26% [281] 2012 John Lewis 234,330 84% Howard Stopeck 43,335 16% [281] 2014 John Lewis 170,326 100% No candidate [77] 2016 John Lewis 253,781 84% Douglas Bell 46,768 16% [282] 2018 John Lewis 273,084 100% No candidate [78]
In popular culture
Lewis at Nationals Park in 2018 to throw out the ceremonial first pitch before Jackie Robinson Day
Lewis was portrayed by Stephan James in the 2014 film Selma.[283] He made a cameo appearance in the music video for Young Jeezy's song "My President", which was released in the month of Obama's inauguration.[284][285] In 2017, John Lewis voiced himself in the Arthur episode "Arthur Takes a Stand".[286] Lewis's life was chronicled in the 2017 PBS documentary John Lewis: Get in the Way[287] and the 2020 CNN Films documentary John Lewis: Good Trouble.[288]
Lewis appeared in the 2019 documentary Bobby Kennedy for President, in which Lewis commends Robert F. Kennedy especially in regards to his support for civil rights throughout his time as a senator for New York and during Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign.[289] Lewis also recounted his deep sorrow following the 1968 assassinations of Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.[290]
Lewis appeared alongside Amandla Stenberg to present Green Book as Best Picture at the 91st Academy Awards that took place on February 24, 2019.
Lewis attended comics conventions to promote his graphic novel, most notably the San Diego Comic-Con, which he attended in 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017. During the 2015 convention, Lewis led, along with his graphic novel collaborators Andrew Aydin and Nate Powell, an impromptu simulated Selma civil rights march arm in arm with children, during which he wore the same clothes as he did on Bloody Sunday, garnering thousands of con goers to participate. The event became so popular it was repeated in 2016 and 2017.[291][292]
Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973 (Library of America: 2003) ISBN 1-931082-29-4
Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement by John Lewis with Michael D'Orso, (Harvest Books: 1999) ISBN 0-15-600708-8. The U.S. Congressman tells of life in the trenches of the Civil Rights Movement, the numerous arrests, sit-ins, and marches that led to breaking down the barriers of discrimination in the South during the 1950s and 1960s.
John Lewis in the Lead: A Story of the Civil Rights Movement by Jim Haskins and Kathleen Benson, illustrated by Benny Andrews, (Lee & Low Books: 2006) ISBN 978-1-58430-250-6. A biography of John Lewis, one of the "Big Six" leaders who were chairman of activist groups organizing the 1963 March on Washington, focusing on his involvement in Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, and the march across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches.
John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman by Christine M. Hill, (Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2002) ISBN 0-7660-1768-0. A biography of John Lewis written for juvenile readers.
Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement by Ann Bausum, (National Geographic Society, 2006) ISBN 0-7922-4173-8.
Across That Bridge by John Lewis with Brenda Jones, (Hyperion: 2012) ISBN 978-1-4013-2411-7. Winner of the 2013 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work/Biography. It is an accessible discussion of Lewis's philosophy and his viewpoint of the philosophical basis of the Civil Rights Movement.
March: Book One a 2013 illustrated comic history of Lewis's career, with sequels published in 2015 and 2016, by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell, (Top Shelf Productions) ISBN 978-1-60309-300-2.
John Lewis Voting Rights Act
List of African-American United States representatives
List of civil rights leaders
List of United States Congress members who died in office
^ Suggs, Ernie (July 17, 2020). "Years in Atlanta City Hall Tested Lewis' Mettle". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
^ Stated on Finding Your Roots, PBS, March 25, 2012.
^ Lewis, John (October 18, 1999). Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 15. ISBN 9780156007085.
^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 17, 2020). "John Lewis, Civil Rights Icon and Congressman, Dies at 80". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
^ a b Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973, Part Two Carson, Clayborne, Garrow, David, Kovach, Polsgrove, Carol (Editorial Advisory Board), (Library of America: 2003) ISBN 978-1-931082-29-7, pp. 15–16, 48, 56, 84, 323, 374, 384, 392, 491–94, 503, 505, 513, 556, 726, 751, 846, 873.
^ Lewis, John. Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. San Diego: Harcourt Brace. p. xv.
^ a b Lemley, John; Johns, Myke (August 28, 2013). "Congressman John Lewis on March". WABE FM. Atlanta. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. (NPR station)
^ a b c Banks, Adelle M. (July 18, 2020). "Died: John Lewis, Preaching Politician and Civil Rights Leader". Christianity Today (obituary). Religion News Service. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
^ John Lewis (1998). Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-15-600708-5. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
^ "National Book Awards 2016". Speakola.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
^ Jannol, Hannah (December 7, 2017). "The Little Known Story Of How A Jewish Sears Exec. Helped His African-American Neighbors". Jewish Week. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
^ "John Lewis: 'Read my child, read!'". Speakola.com. 2016 National Book Award Winner. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
^ Martin, Brad (July 1, 2013). "John Lewis Inspires Audience to March Forward While Remembering the Past" (PDF). ALA Cognotes. American Library Association. 2013 (8): 3. ISSN 0738-4319. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
^ "John Lewis's March". American Libraries. American Library Association. June 30, 2013. ISSN 0002-9769. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
^ Albanese, Andrew (June 30, 2013). "ALA 2013: The Day Congressman John Lewis Got his Library Card". Publishers Weekly. New York City: PWxyz, LLC. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
^ Lewis, John (1999). Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. San Diego, California: Harcourt Brace. pp. 36–40. ISBN 978-0-15-600708-5.
^ Lewis, John. Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. San Diego: Harcourt Brace. p. 45.
^ Lewis, p. 48.
^ "The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 50 Years Later". News & Notes. December 1, 2005. NPR. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
^ a b Billy Graham passes away: Congressman John Lewis remembers the reverend Archived November 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine 11 Alive, February 21, 2018, Accessed October 6, 2020
^ a b "Jimmy Carter, Andrew Young, John Lewis, others remember Billy Graham". 11 Alive. February 21, 2020. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
^ Newkirk II, Vann R. "How Martin Luther King Jr. Recruited John Lewis". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
^ "President Clinton Inducted into Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
^ ""He fought until the end. That was my big brother" John Lewis' family speaks for 1st time". WSB News. July 19, 2020. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020.
^ "Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
^ Haberkorn, Jennifer (July 17, 2020). "John Lewis, civil rights icon and longtime congressman, dies". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
^ "John Lewis". Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Legacy Project. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ "Freedom Rides". King Encyclopedia. Stanford, California: Stanford University. June 29, 2017. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
^ "Civil Rights Timeline". CNN. Atlanta. January 31, 2006. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012.
^ a b "My Name Is Freedom: Albany, Georgia". You Can't Be Neutral on A Moving Train. Boston: Beacon Press. Archived from the original on February 19, 1999.
^ "The Freedom Riders, Then and Now". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ Minor, Bill (April 2, 2010). "New law meant to eliminate existing 'donut hole'". DeSoto Times-Tribune. Nesbit, Mississippi. Archived from the original on September 9, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
^ "40 years later, mission accomplished". CNN. May 11, 2001. Archived from the original on August 13, 2004. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "John Lewis: 'I thought I was going to die'". CNN. May 10, 2001. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
^ Scott, William R.; Shade, William G. (October 31, 2013). Upon these Shores: Themes in the African-American Experience 1600 to the Present. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-27620-1. Archived from the original on September 9, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Lewis, John; d'Orso, Michael (1999). Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (reprint ed.). Harvest Books. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-1-4767-9771-7. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
^ "Once Race Riot Enemies, Now Friends". ABC News. February 6, 2009. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
^ Shipman, Claire; Smith, Cindy; Ferran, Lee (February 6, 2009). "Man Asks Entire Town for Forgiveness for Racism". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
^ Lewis, John; Michael d'Orso (1999). Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (reprint ed.). Harvest Books. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-4767-9771-7. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
^ Roberts, Sam (April 13, 2018). "Charles McDew, 79, Tactician for Student Civil Rights Group, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Adler, Erin (April 18, 2018). "Charles McDew, civil rights activist and Metro State adviser, dies at 79". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "John Lewis, civil rights hero and 'conscience of Congress,' dies at 80". Roll Call. July 18, 2020. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Bunn, Curtis (July 28, 2020). "'We are the legacy': John Lewis lives on in the generations of young staffers he empowered". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
^ "The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom". Library of Congress. October 10, 2014. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Mann, Robert (August 24, 2013). "March on Washington reflected optimism and outrage". The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
^ Jones, William P. (February 19, 2016). "Book Discussion on The March on Washington". C-SPAN 2. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
^ "March on Washington: The World Hears of Dr. King's 'Dream'". Congress of Racial Equality. 2014. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
^ Hale, Jon N. (June 7, 2016). The Freedom Schools: Student Activists in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. Columbia University Press. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-0-231-54182-4. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Hannah-Jones, Nikole (August 19, 2014). "Long a Force for Progress, a Freedom Summer Legend Looks Back". ProPublica. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
^ "Selma voting rights campaign". SNCC Digital Gateway. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Herndon, Astead W. (March 1, 2020). "'Bloody Sunday' Commemoration Draws Democratic Candidates to Selma". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
^ Page, Susan (February 24, 2015). "50 years after Selma, John Lewis on unfinished business". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "Civil rights icon and congressman John Lewis dies". BBC News. July 18, 2020. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Joseph, Peniel E. "Perspective | John Lewis leaves behind a powerful legacy of social justice". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
^ Lewis, p. 392.
^ a b "John Lewis Fast Facts". CNN. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
^ Lewis, Walking with the Wind, p. 400.
^ Wynn, Linda T. "John Robert Lewis". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ a b c "Voter Education Project". Georgia Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "John Lewis". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "GA District 5 – Special Election Primary Race – Mar 15, 1977". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ "GA District 5 – Special Election Race – Apr 05, 1977". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ Lewis, Walking with the Wind, pp. 446–451.
^ Press, Robert M. (February 28, 1985). "Civil rights veteran John Lewis still marches to unmistakable drumbeat". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "People – Lewis, John". GeorgiaInfo. University System of Georgia. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Aug 12, 1986". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ "GA District 5 – D Runoff Race – Sep 02, 1986". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ Tucker, Cynthia (2020). "The Way of John Lewis". The Bitter Southerner. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
^ a b c Clendinen, Dudley (September 3, 1986). "Ex-Colleague Upsets Julian Bond in Atlanta Congressional Runoff". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
^ "GA District 5 Race – Nov 04, 1986". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ "Congressman John Lewis". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ a b "Statistics of the Congressional Election, 2004". United States House of Representatives. p. 16. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 21, 1992". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ "GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 15, 2008". Our Campaigns. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ "Issues 2000 Lewis". Issues2000. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
^ a b c d Carlson, Peter (June 9, 1998). "Nonviolent Fighter; John Lewis Retraces the Route That Led to the Future". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. p. 01.
^ a b c d Kemper, Bob (May 21, 2006). "John Lewis: 'Conscience' carries clout: Civil rights icon's moral authority enhanced". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
^ Smith, Asher (April 21, 2008). "The Tuesday Ten: An Interview with Rep. John Lewis". The Emory Wheel. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009.
^ Christensen, Mike (January 11, 1991). "Mideast Trip Strengthens Georgia Lawmakers' Resolve". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. A7.
^ Campbell, Colin (February 19, 1998). "Tour labors in opposition to NAFTA". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. F02.
^ Schmitt, Eric; Kahn, Joseph (May 25, 2000). "The China trade vote: A Clinton triumph; House, in 237–197 vote, approves normal trade rights for China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
^ "Social programs: world report. The wreck of the gravy train". Canada and the World Backgrounder. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Taylor Publishing Consultants. 62 (2): 3–34. October 1996.
^ Schmickle, Sharon (September 16, 1994). "President faces strong opposition in Congress". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Star Tribune Media Company, LLC. p. 1.
^ "Shared power, foreign policy, and Haiti, 1994. Public memories of war and race." Goodnight, G. Thomas; Olson, Kathryn M.; Rhetoric & Public Affairs 9. 4 (Winter 2006): 601–634.
^ Sherman, Mark (February 12, 1998). "Georgia delegation divided on strategy; Some back force, others doubt military action is a real solution". The Atlanta Constitution. p. A14.
^ Eversley, Melanie (October 7, 2001). "Congress using religious compass in decisions". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. 7.
^ Lee, Felicia R. (August 3, 2002). "War Resisters: 'We Won't Go' To 'We Won't Pay'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
^ Davis, Charles. "Rep. John Lewis, civil rights icon, was a powerful voice against war with Iraq". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Vanden Heuvel, Katrina (January 2, 2006). "The I-Word is Gaining Ground". The Nation. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
^ Skene, Gordon (July 18, 2020). "John Lewis – Address At The March On Washington – August 1963 – John Lewis (1940–2020)". Past Daily. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
^ Guevara, Marina Walker (June 8, 2006). "Lobbyists tag along on civil rights tour". publicintegrity.org. Washington, D.C.: The Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016.
^ "House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent". The New York Times. June 4, 2011. Archived from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
^ "H.Res.292 – Declaring that the President shall not deploy, establish, or maintain the presence of units and members of the United States Armed Forces on the ground in Libya, and for other purposes". Library of Congress. 2011. Archived from the original on December 31, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
^ "I have a dream for peace in the Middle East". San Francisco Chronicle. January 21, 2002. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
^ "Rep. John Lewis backs the right to boycott Israel — even though he opposes BDS". The Times of Israel. July 27, 2019. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
^ Merida, Kevin (January 21, 2001). "So Close, So Far: A Texas Democrat's Day Without Sunshine". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 17, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 7: On Agreeing to the Objection". U.S. House of Representatives. January 6, 2005. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
^ Lichtblau, Eric (March 16, 2003). "Tens of Thousands March Against Iraq War". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017.
^ Kemper, Bob (May 17, 2006). "Lewis, 6 other lawmakers arrested in embassy protest". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. 3.
^ "U.S. lawmakers arrested in Darfur protests at Sudan embassy". CNN. April 27, 2009. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
^ "Democratic lawmakers arrested during immigration protest". NBC News. October 8, 2013. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
^ "Rep. Lewis endorses Clinton". CNN Political Ticker. October 12, 2007. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
^ Zeleny, Jeff; Healy, Patrick (February 15, 2008). "Black Leader, a Clinton Ally, Tilts to Obama". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017. Representative John Lewis said he planned to cast his vote as a superdelegate for Barack Obama in hopes of preventing a fight at the Democratic convention.
^ Smith, Ben (February 15, 2008). "Awaiting Lewis". Politico. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
^ "Civil rights leader John Lewis switches to Obama". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008. The Georgia congressman, who had previously endorsed Clinton, says he wants 'to be on the side of the people.'
^ "Lewis switches from Clinton to Obama". CNN Political Ticker. February 27, 2008. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
^ Hearn, Josephine (June 4, 2008). "Black lawmakers emotional about Obama's success". Politico. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
^ Hernandez, Raymond (July 1, 2008). "A New Campaign Charge: You Supported Clinton". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (October 12, 2008). "Congressman Rebukes McCain for Recent Rallies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ "John McCain equal to George Wallace? Barack Obama says 'no,' and John Lewis says he's been misunderstood". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. October 11, 2008. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
^ Carter, Lauren (August 21, 2013). "Rep. John Lewis reflects on the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington". The Grio. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
^ a b Remnick, David. "The President's Hero". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ Bade, Rachael. "Democrats stage sit-in on House floor to force gun vote". Politico. Archived from the original on June 22, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
^ McGione, Peggy (June 28, 2016). "For Rep. John Lewis, African American Museum was a recurring dream". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
^ Kinnard, Meg (February 13, 2016). "Rep. Lewis softens dismissal of Sanders". Burlington Free Press. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
^ Temple-West, Patrick (February 15, 2016). "Hillary Clinton's secret weapon: John Lewis". Politico. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
^ "John Lewis: I did not mean to 'disparage' Bernie Sanders' civil rights activism". TheGuardian.com. February 13, 2016. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
^ Panzar, Javier (January 23, 2016). "Rep. John Lewis speaks out against Trump's divisive rhetoric during L.A. visit". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2020. I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think demagogues are pretty dangerous, really [and] we shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people.
^ Todd, Chuck; Bronston, Sally; Rivera, Matt (January 14, 2017). "Rep. John Lewis: 'I don't see Trump as a legitimate president'". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Loffredo, Nicholas (January 14, 2017). "John Lewis, Questioning Trump's Legitimacy, Among Dems Skipping Inauguration". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017.
^ Dawsey, Josh; Cheney, Kyle; Morin, Rebecca (January 14, 2017). "Trump rips John Lewis as Democrats boycott inauguration". Politico. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Qiu, Linda (January 15, 2017). "Trump's exaggerated claim that John Lewis' district is 'falling apart' and 'crime infested'". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
^ Smith, David (January 14, 2017). "Donald Trump starts MLK weekend by attacking civil rights hero John Lewis". The Guardian. London, England. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
^ Alcindor, Yamiche (January 15, 2017). "In Trump's Feud With John Lewis, Blacks Perceive a Callous Rival". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
^ Wootson, Cleve R. Jr. (January 15, 2017). "In feud with John Lewis, Donald Trump attacked 'one of the most respected people in America'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017.
^ McCaskill, Nolan D. (January 17, 2017). "Trump maintains feud with Lewis: He also boycotted Bush 43". Politico. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
^ "Democratic congressman John Lewis rejects Trump, will skip inauguration for first time in 30 years". Global News. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Global News Network. Associated Press. January 14, 2017. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
^ "Trump inauguration boycott grows". BBC News. January 23, 2017. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
^ Jacobson, Lewis (January 17, 2017). "John Lewis wrong on whether he has skipped an inauguration". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
^ Caputo, Mark (April 7, 2020). "John Lewis endorses Biden". Politico. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ "John Lewis". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ a b "Committees and Caucuses". johnlewis.house.gov. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
^ "Caucus Members". Congressional Progressive Caucus. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ "Membership". Congressional Arts Caucus. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
^ "Black Americans in Party Leadership Positions, 1977–present". US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
^ "1999: John Lewis with Michael D'Orso". Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "John Lewis". Congressman John Lewis. December 3, 2012. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ O'Connor, Maureen (August 23, 2011). Life Stories: A Guide to Reading Interests in Memoirs, Autobiographies, and Diaries. ABC-CLIO. p. 423. ISBN 978-1-61069-146-8. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "Notable Books of 1998". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Straszheim, Deborah (April 20, 1999). "A Story Worth Telling". Daily Press. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "Newsweek 50 Books for Our Times | Book awards | LibraryThing". www.librarything.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ McGrory, Mary (June 14, 1998). "A Man of Consequence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Nelson, Jack (December 20, 1998). "Memoir: Walking with the Wind". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "Across That Bridge: Life Lessons and a Vision for Change" (review)". Publishers Weekly. March 5, 2012. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016.
^ Railey, Kimberly (May 20, 2015). "Brenda Jones: The Wordsmith and Whisperer to John Lewis". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Cavna, Michael (August 12, 2013). "In the graphic novel 'March,' Rep. John Lewis renders a powerful civil rights memoir". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
^ Lewis, John; Aydin, Andrew (August 2, 2016). March: Book Three. Top Shelf Productions. ISBN 978-1-60309-402-3.
^ "U.S. Rep. John Lewis Discusses His Graphic Novel "March"". Cartoonician. September 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 9, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
^ "Coretta Scott King Book Awards – All Recipients, 1970–present". American Library Association. April 5, 2012. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
^ MacDonald, Heidi (March 21, 2014). "March Book One is first graphic novel to win the RFK Book Award". Comics Beat. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
^ "About the Book". City of East Lansing & Michigan State University. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
^ "Fall 2014 Selection". Georgia State University. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
^ "About the Book". Marquette University, Office of Student Development. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
^ "Paperback Graphic Books". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
^ Cavna, Michael (November 17, 2016). "Rep. John Lewis's National Book Award win is a milestone moment for graphic novels". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
^ "American Library Association announces 2017 youth media award winners". American Library Association. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
^ "Carter G. Woodson Book Award and Honor Winners". Silver Spring, Maryland: National Council for the Social Studies. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
^ Arrant, Chris (July 26, 2018). "REP. JOHN LEWIS' RUN Pulled From Schedule". Newsarama. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020.
^ Cavna, Michael (August 2, 2021). "John Lewis finished this graphic memoir as he died. He wanted to leave a civil rights 'road map' for generations to come". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
^ Rappaport, Michael (April 11, 2018). "'Run' Follows Award-Winning Graphic Novel 'March' in Civil-Rights Chronicle". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Shaw, Michelle (January 3, 2013). "Rep. John Lewis' wife, Lillian, dies". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
^ Cochrane, Emily (December 29, 2019). "John Lewis, Congressman and Civil Rights Icon, Has Pancreatic Cancer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
^ Remnick, David (December 30, 2019). "The Ongoing Struggle of John Lewis". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
^ LeBlanc, Paul (December 30, 2019). "Civil rights icon Rep. John Lewis announces he has stage 4 pancreatic cancer". CNN. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
^ "US Rep John Lewis of Georgia says he has pancreatic cancer". WTOP News. December 30, 2019. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
^ "John Lewis, Georgia Congressman and Civil Rights Icon, Dies at 80". WCAU News. July 17, 2020. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
^ King, Tom Vanden Brook, Deborah Barfield Berry and Ledyard. "Rep. John Lewis, a civil rights icon who began pushing for racial justice in the Jim Crow south, has died". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Sheth, Sonam; Ellen Cranley. "Georgia congressman and civil rights icon John Lewis dies at age 80". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ McFadden, Robert D. (July 17, 2020). "C.T. Vivian, Martin Luther King's Field General, Dies at 95". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ Mansell, William. "Trump tweets he's 'saddened' by John Lewis' death, world leaders pay tribute". ABC News. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ Axelrod, Tax (July 18, 2020). "International community pays homage to American civil rights icon John Lewis". The Hill. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
^ O'Brien, Shane (July 19, 2020). "Irish president pays tribute to civil rights hero John Lewis". Irish Central. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
^ Maryland, Kimberly (July 27, 2020). "Alabama honors the legacy of John Lewis". Alabama News Center. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ Cohen, Li. "John Lewis' death sparks surge in support to rename Edmund Pettus Bridge, the site of Bloody Sunday, in his honor". CBS News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ Gstalter, Morgan (July 18, 2020). "Support swells for renaming Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma to honor John Lewis after his death". The Hill. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ Rojas, Rick (July 26, 2020). "Selma Helped Define John Lewis's Life. In Death, He Returned One Last Time". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
^ Alfonso III, Fernando (July 26, 2020). "Civil rights icon John Lewis remembered in Alabama". CNN. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Clark, Dartunorro (July 23, 2020). "Late Rep. John Lewis to lie in state at Capitol next week". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
^ Foran, Clare (July 27, 2020). "John Lewis is first Black lawmaker to lie in state in US Capitol Rotunda". CNN. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
^ Byck, Daniella (July 27, 2020). "How to Pay Your Respects to Congressman John Lewis at the US Capitol". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
^ "John Lewis Lies in State at US Capitol". UPI. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
^ Sherin, Kelly; Holmes, Jack (July 27, 2020). "30 Photos from John Lewis's Funeral at the United States Capitol". Esquire. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
^ Ellis, Nicquel Terry; Woodyard, Chris (July 29, 2020). "Georgia governor hails John Lewis as an American hero, 'a titan of the civil rights movement'". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Siddiqui, Sabrina (July 30, 2020). "At John Lewis's Funeral, Obama, Clinton and Bush Pay Tribute". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ Toone, Stephanie (July 29, 2020). "What to know about the place where John Lewis will be buried". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ Lewis, John (July 30, 2020). "Opinion - John Lewis: Together, You Can Redeem the Soul of Our Nation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
^ Forgey, Quint (July 30, 2020). "'Now it is your turn': John Lewis issues call to action in posthumous op-ed". Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
^ "Four Freedoms Award". Roosevelt Institute. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
^ "John Lewis". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
^ "NAACP Spingarn Medal". Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
^ "2004 Summit Highlights Photo". 2004. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020. Awards Council member and actor James Earl Jones presents the Academy's Golden Plate Award to Congressman John Lewis during the introductory evening of the 2004 International Achievement Summit in Chicago, Illinois.
^ "National Winners | public service awards". Jefferson Awards.org. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
^ "Civil Rights Movement Pioneer to receive Dole Leadership Prize". Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, University of Kansas. September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
^ "Rep. John Lewis Honored as Civil Rights Champion with First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
^ Goldman, Julianna (February 15, 2011). "Obama Honors Buffett, George H.W. Bush With Medal of Freedom". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ "Secretary of the Navy Announces First Ship of Next Generation Fleet Replenishment Oilers". U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
^ "Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony for 1965 Voting Rights Marches Foot Soldiers | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
^ Salant, Jonathan D. (February 25, 2016). "Selma marchers get Congressional Gold Medal". The Star-Ledger. Newark, NJ. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
^ "John Lewis to receive 2016 Liberty Medal". National Constitution Center. June 2, 2016. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016.
^ Bender, William (September 20, 2016). "John Lewis honored with the Liberty Medal". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016.
^ Lewis, John. "National Book Awards - 2016". Speakola.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
^ "Wayne State, UAW honor civil rights legend Rep. John Lewis" (Press release). Wayne State University. February 5, 2020. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
^ Herbowy, Greg (Fall 2014). "Q+A: Congressman John Lewis, Andrew Aydin & Nate Powell." Visual Arts Journal. pp. 48–51.
^ "John Lewis' 2016 Commencement address at Washington University in St. Louis - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis". The Source. May 20, 2016. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
^ "Civil rights champion John Lewis to deliver Commencement address May 20 - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis". The Source. March 30, 2016. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
^ a b "Civil Rights leader Rep. John Lewis to deliver 2016 Commencement address, joining honorands Lisa Genova '92, Daniel Gilbert and Robert Witt '62". bates.edu. April 2016. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
^ a b "Harvard awards seven honorary degrees". Harvard Gazette. May 24, 2018. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
^ "Inkpot Award". comic-con.org. December 6, 2012. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
^ Gstalter, Morgan. "Support swells for renaming Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma to honor John Lewis after his death". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ King, Michael (July 18, 2020). "Efforts growing to rename Edmund Pettus Bridge for John Lewis". 11Alive.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "School Board Renames Robert E. Lee High School for Late Congressman John Lewis". Fairfax County Public Schools. July 23, 2020. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ "Board changes school's name from Robert E. Lee to John Lewis". AP News. July 23, 2020. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ Allen Kim (August 27, 2020). "A building at Troy University, named after a former governor with ties to the KKK, will be renamed after John Lewis". CNN. Archived from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
^ Godwin, Becca J G (July 30, 2018). "Name of busy Atlanta street will change to John Lewis Freedom Parkway". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
^ Fakile, Tosin (November 6, 2020). "Nashville street to be renamed after civil rights leader John Lewis". WSMV. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
^ Bowles, Laken (November 6, 2020). "Metro Council approves renaming of Nashville's 5th Ave. to Rep. John Lewis Way". WTVF. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
^ Alund, Natalie Neysa (November 6, 2020). "Nashville street renamed after late civil rights leader Rep. John Lewis". The Tennessean. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
^ Suggs, Ernie (August 1, 2020). "Monuments to honor John Lewis' legacy in the works". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
^ "Statue of late-Congressman John Lewis installed at Atlanta park". FOX 5 Atlanta. April 22, 2021. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
^ "Biden, lawmakers mark John Lewis's 81st birthday: 'May we carry on his mission'". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
^ Soergel, Allison (October 27, 2021). "UC Santa Cruz advances commitment to social justice with College 10 naming in honor of John R. Lewis". News University of Santa Cruz. University of Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021. The University of California at Santa Cruz announced today that College Ten—an undergraduate residential learning community founded on principles of social justice and community—will be named in honor of the late congressman and civil rights icon John R. Lewis.
^ "The Honorable John Lewis". The Gordon Parks Foundation. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Life of Rep. John Lewis honored in Trojan Arena service". Troy Today. July 27, 2020. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
^ "Commencement Speakers & Honorary Degrees". Northeastern University Library. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Honorary Degree Recipients". Brandeis University: Board of Trustees. Archived from the original on May 19, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Commencement Program, 1999". Open Archives: Digital Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston. University of Massachusetts Boston. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
^ "Honorary Degrees, 1900-1999". Knox College. Knox College. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
^ "SUNY Honorary Degrees". University at Albany. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Recipients of Honorary Degrees and Other University Honors (by year)". Howard University: Office of the Secretary. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Sending the Class of 2003 on its way". Wooster Magazine. Wooster OpenWorks: The College of Wooster. Summer 2003. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded by Portland State University, 1993–2016" (PDF). Portland State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Honorary Degree Recipients". Juniata College. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "Congressman John Lewis to Deliver 2007 Commencement Address". University of Vermont. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "Honorary Degrees". Adelphi University. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "Simmons among nine honorary degree recipients". Brown University. May 16, 2012. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
^ "Penn's 2012 Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients". Penn Almanac. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
^ Reitz, Stephanie (May 22, 2012). "UConn Law School Graduates Urged to Use Law to Benefit Society". UConn Today. Archived from the original on October 10, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "U. S. Rep. John Lewis to be Honored at Judson College". Perry County Chamber of Commerce. February 21, 2013. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
^ "John Lewis Receives Honorary Doctorate from CSU". Cleveland State University. December 16, 2013. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^ "Civil rights advocate U.S. Rep. John Lewis urges graduates to "get in the way"". Union College. June 16, 2013. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
^ "Honorary degree recipients are leaders in education and civil rights". Emory News Center. May 7, 2014. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^ Rhodes, David (Fall 2014). "From the President". Visual Arts Journal. p. 3.
^ "Speaker: Rep. John Lewis". May 20, 2015. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
^ "Honorary Degrees: Congressman John Lewis". Marquette University. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "2015 Commencement Speakers Announced". The Hoya. May 4, 2015. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
^ Peterson, Rick (March 5, 2015). "Congressman John Lewis, Civil Rights Activist James Zwerg to Receive Honorary Degrees at Lawrence Commencement". Lawrence University. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "U.S. Rep. John Lewis to Deliver Commencement Keynote". In the Loop. Goucher College. May 18, 2015. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "Congressman John Lewis tells HU Graduates to 'Get in the Way'". HU News. Hampton University. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "Darren Walker, Ford Foundation President, to Speak at NYU's Commencement". NYU.edu. March 10, 2016. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016.
^ "John Lewis". Commencement. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016.
^ "Pardee RAND Graduate School Commencement" Archived June 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Pardee RAND Graduate School, June 18, 2016.
^ "Lewis, Latif, Berko Gleason and Stofan to Receive Honorary Degrees at Commencement". Jay Connected. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Yale awards honorary degrees to eight individuals for their achievements". Yale News. Yale University. May 18, 2017. Archived from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017. From Freedom Rider to statesman, you have championed civil rights and public service for six decades. You have faced beatings, violence, and intimidation with steadfast nonviolence ... Devoted champion of America and of all of its people, in recognition of a lifetime of bold action and inspiring results, we are honored to present you with this Doctor of Laws degree.
^ "Congressman John Lewis Inspires Graduates at Berea College Commencement". Berea College. May 8, 2017. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
^ "Congressman John Lewis Honored at Graduate School of Education Commencement". Bank Street College of Education. May 30, 2017. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Civil rights icon, Trump critic highlighting BU commencement". wrbl.com. May 21, 2018. Archived from the original on May 26, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "U.S. Rep. John Lewis is CCNY Commencement speaker, May 31 Commencement honors for Edward Plotkin '53". City College of New York. May 8, 2019. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Tulane: honorary doctorates for Cook, Baquet, Danner, Lewis". Associated Press. May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
^ "Office of the House Clerk – Electoral Statistics". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008.
^ "Election Results". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
^ "General Election – November 6, 2012". Secretary of State of Georgia. November 21, 2012. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
^ "General Election – November 4, 2014". Secretary of State of Georgia. November 10, 2014. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
^ "GA – Election Results". December 1, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
^ "Statistics of the Congressional Election, 1986". United States House of Representatives. p. 9. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "Statistics of the Congressional Election, 1988". United States House of Representatives. p. 11. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "Statistics of the Congressional Election, 1996". United States House of Representatives. p. 18. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ a b "Georgia District 5: Previous Election Results". Washington Times. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "Georgia U.S. House 5th District". The New York Times. August 2017. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ Selma (2014) - IMDb, archived from the original on January 24, 2022, retrieved July 14, 2022
^ "Young Jeezy – My President ft. Nas" Archived November 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. YouTube. From 3'17" to 3'19" in.
^ Soderberg, Brandon (February 18, 2009). "Music Video Round-Up: Young Jeezy's 'My President Is Black' & Relics of Cynicism". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
^ Habersham, Raisa (December 31, 2019). "PBS Kids TV show 'Arthur' wishes John Lewis a 'speedy recovery'". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ John Lewis: Get in the Way at IMDb
^ John Lewis: Good Trouble at IMDb
^ Morfoot, Addie (March 16, 2018). "Netflix Nabs 'Bobby Kennedy for President' Documentary Series (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ Gilbert, Sophie (April 30, 2018). "'Bobby Kennedy for President' Captures an Awkward Icon". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ Rivera, Joshua (July 15, 2015). "Congressman and Civil Rights legend John Lewis went to Comic-Con dressed as a real-life hero: Himself". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
^ Cavna, Michael (July 13, 2015). "The real origin story behind how Rep. John Lewis became THE hit of Comic-Con". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
Oral History Interview with John Lewis from Oral Histories of the American South, November 20, 1973
"SNCC – People: John Lewis.", April 11, 2011
" Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview." www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Lewis (American politician).
Wikiquote has quotations related to John Lewis (civil rights leader).
John Lewis at Curlie
John Lewis at Find a Grave
SNCC Digital Gateway: John Lewis, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
Profile at Vote Smart
John Lewis debates the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, June 11, 1996.
Rep. Lewis on Congress, Gitmo, Afghan War and Charles Rangel – video interview by Democracy Now!, November 17, 2010
Appearances on C-SPAN
Finding your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. "Season 1, Episode 2: John Lewis and Cory Booker"
American Experience; Freedom Riders; Interview with John Lewis from the American Archive of Public Broadcasting
SNCC photographer Danny Lyon on John Lewis, his roommate in Atlanta in 1963 and lifelong friend
Non-profit organization positions Preceded byCharles McDew Chair of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1963–1966 Succeeded byStokely Carmichael U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byWyche Fowler Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Georgia's 5th congressional district 1987–2020 Succeeded byKwanza Hall Party political offices Preceded byDavid Bonior House Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip 1991–2020 Served alongside: 2019–2020: Cedric Richmond (Assistant to the Majority Whip), Jan Schakowsky Succeeded byJan Schakowsky
Awards and Honors for John Lewis
Inkpot Award (2010s)
Peter Bagge
Berkeley Breathed
Kurt Busiek
Moto Hagio
Stuart Immonen
Phil Jimenez
Jenette Kahn
Keith Knight
Andy Manzi
Larry Marder
James Sturm
Carol Tyler
Anna-Marie Villegas
Al Wiesner
Anina Bennett
Joyce Brabner
Chester Brown
Seymour Chwast
Alan Davis
Dick DeBartolo
Dawn Devine
Tony DeZuniga
Eric Drooker
Joyce Farmer
Tsuneo Gōda
Paul Guinan
Jamal Igle
Peter Kuper
Richard A. Lupoff
Pat Lupoff
Steve Sansweet
Bill Schelly
Frank Stack
Charlie Adlard
Tim Bradstreet
Mike Carey
Peter Coogan
Geof Darrow
Randy Duncan
Ben Edlund
Gary Gianni
Larry Hama
Peter F. Hamilton
Klaus Janson
Rob Liefeld
Andy Mangels
Rudy Nebres
Whilce Portacio
Lou Scheimer
Jim Silke
Marc Silvestri
Michael E. Uslan
Trevor Von Eeden
Thomas Yeates
Jon Bogdanove
Alan Campbell
Gerry Conway
Denys Cowan
José Delbo
Derek T. Dingle
Ellen Forney
Gary Frank
Tony Isabella
Dan Jurgens
Sam Kieth
Elliot S! Maggin
Jeff Mariotte
Val Mayerik
Dean Mullaney
Martin Pasko
Ruth Sanderson
Romeo Tanghal
Bruce Timm
Ray Billingsley
June Brigman
Mark Brooks
Amanda Conner
Brian Crane
Chuck Dixon
Bill Finger
Drew Friedman
Michael T. Gilbert
Brian Haberlin
Willie Ito
Kelley Jones
Katherine Morrison
Julie Newmar
Michelle Nolan
Benoît Peeters
John Picacio
Mimi Pond
Joe Quesada
Sam Raimi
Brian Stelfreeze
Burt Ward
Greg Capullo
Mike Catron
Carlos Ezquerra
Dave Garcia
Tom Grummett
Jackson Guice
Laura Martin
Dave McCaig
Bill Mumy
Kevin Nowlan
Joe Philips
Hilary B. Price
Humberto Ramos
Jimmie Robinson
Jen Sorensen
Richard Starkings
Kazuki Takahashi
Jill Thompson
Jhonen Vasquez
Craig Yoe
Derf Backderf
Michael Barrier
Peggy Burns
Tom Devlin
Kieron Gillen
Hidenori Kusaka
Ed McGuinness
Jamie McKelvie
Tsutomu Nihei
Christopher Priest
Phil Roman
John Trimble
Satoshi Yamamoto
Andrew Aydin
Alan Burnett
Joyce Chin
Glenn McCoy
Keith Pollard
Nate Powell
R. Sikoryak
Alex Simmons
Gail Simone
Ron Wilson
Yoshitaka Amano
Marc Bernardin
Brian Fies
Richard Friend
Larry Houston
David W. Mack
Brian Pulido
Randy Reynaldo
Peter Tomasi
Shannon Wheeler
Rafael Albuquerque
Wendy All
Jon B. Cooke
Mary Fleener
Gene Ha
Arvell Jones
Charlie Kochman
Craig Miller
Paco Roca
Billy Tucci
Maryelizabeth Yturralde
Michael L. Printz Award winners
2000: Myers – Monster
2001: Almond – Kit's Wilderness
2002: Na – A Step From Heaven
2003: Chambers – Postcards from No Man's Land
2004: Johnson – The First Part Last
2005: Rosoff – How I Live Now
2006: Green – Looking for Alaska
2007: Yang – American Born Chinese
2008: McCaughrean – The White Darkness
2009: Marchetta – On the Jellicoe Road
2010: Bray – Going Bovine
2011: Bacigalupi – Ship Breaker
2012: Whaley – Where Things Come Back
2013: Lake – In Darkness
2014: Sedgwick – Midwinterblood
2015: Nelson – I'll Give You the Sun
2016: Ruby – Bone Gap
2017: Lewis, Aydin, and Powell – March: Book Three
2018: LaCour – We Are Okay
2019: Acevedo – The Poet X
2020: King – Dig
2021: Nayeri – Everything Sad Is Untrue
2022: Boulley – Firekeeper's Daughter
NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award
Janet Jackson (1992)
Ron Brown (1993)
Maxine Waters and Joseph Madison (1997)
Harry Belafonte (1999)
Aaron McGruder (2002)
Danny Glover (2003)
The Dave Matthews Band (2004)
Barack Obama (2005)
The Neville Brothers (2006)
Bono (2007)
Ruby Dee (2008)
Al Gore & Wangari Maathai (2009)
Tyler Perry (2010)
Cathy Hughes (2012)
Michelle Howard (2013)
Eric Holder (2015)
Brittany "Bree" Newsome, Justice League NYC, Concerned Student 1950 Collective at the University of Missouri, The University of Mississippi NAACP College Chapter, Rev. Dr. Otis Moss III, Rev. Dr. Howard-John Wesley, Rev. Dr. Jamal Harrison Bryant and Jussie Smollett (2016)
Charles Ogletree (2017)
William Lucy (2018)
Maxine Waters (2019)
John Lewis (2020)
Rev. James Lawson (2021)
Spingarn Medal winners
1915: Ernest Everett Just
1916: Charles Young
1917: Harry Burleigh
1918: William Stanley Braithwaite
1919: Archibald Grimké
1920: W. E. B. Du Bois
1921: Charles Sidney Gilpin
1922: Mary Burnett Talbert
1923: George Washington Carver
1924: Roland Hayes
1925: James Weldon Johnson
1926: Carter G. Woodson
1927: Anthony Overton
1928: Charles W. Chesnutt
1929: Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
1930: Henry A. Hunt
1931: Richard Berry Harrison
1932: Robert Russa Moton
1933: Max Yergan
1934: William T. B. Williams
1935: Mary McLeod Bethune
1936: John Hope
1937: Walter Francis White
1938: no award
1939: Marian Anderson
1940: Louis T. Wright
1941: Richard Wright
1942: A. Philip Randolph
1943: William H. Hastie
1944: Charles R. Drew
1945: Paul Robeson
1946: Thurgood Marshall
1947: Percy Lavon Julian
1948: Channing Heggie Tobias
1949: Ralph Bunche
1950: Charles Hamilton Houston
1951: Mabel Keaton Staupers
1952: Harry T. Moore
1953: Paul R. Williams
1954: Theodore K. Lawless
1955: Carl J. Murphy
1956: Jackie Robinson
1957: Martin Luther King Jr.
1958: Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine
1959: Duke Ellington
1960: Langston Hughes
1961: Kenneth B. Clark
1962: Robert C. Weaver
1963: Medgar Evers
1964: Roy Wilkins
1965: Leontyne Price
1966: John H. Johnson
1967: Edward Brooke
1968: Sammy Davis Jr.
1969: Clarence Mitchell Jr.
1970: Jacob Lawrence
1971: Leon Sullivan
1972: Gordon Parks
1973: Wilson Riles
1974: Damon Keith
1976: Hank Aaron
1977: Alvin Ailey and Alex Haley
1979: Andrew Young and Rosa Parks
1980: Rayford Logan
1981: Coleman Young
1982: Benjamin Elijah Mays
1983: Lena Horne
1985: Tom Bradley and Bill Cosby
1986: Benjamin Hooks
1987: Percy Sutton
1988: Frederick D. Patterson
1989: Jesse Jackson
1990: Douglas Wilder
1991: Colin Powell
1992: Barbara Jordan
1993: Dorothy Height
1994: Maya Angelou
1995: John Hope Franklin
1996: A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
1997: Carl Rowan
1998: Myrlie Evers-Williams
1999: Earl G. Graves Sr.
2000: Oprah Winfrey
2001: Vernon Jordan
2002: John Lewis
2003: Constance Baker Motley
2004: Robert L. Carter
2005: Oliver Hill
2006: Ben Carson
2007: John Conyers
2008: Ruby Dee
2009: Julian Bond
2010: Cicely Tyson
2011: Frankie Muse Freeman
2012: Harry Belafonte
2013: Jessye Norman
2014: Quincy Jones
2015: Sidney Poitier
2016: Nathaniel R. Jones
2018: Willie Brown
2019: Patrick Gaspard
2021: Cato T. Laurencin
2022: Jim Clyburn
Chairmen of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Marion Barry (1960–1961)
Charles McDew (1961–1963)
John Lewis (1963–1966)
Stokely Carmichael (1966–1967)
H. Rap Brown (1967–1968)
Phil Hutchings (1968–1969)
Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
(timeline)
Prior to 1954
Journey of Reconciliation
Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Baton Rouge bus boycott
Brown v. Board of Education
Bolling v. Sharpe
Briggs v. Elliott
Davis v. Prince Edward County
Gebhart v. Belton
Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
Emmett Till
Montgomery bus boycott
Browder v. Gayle
Tallahassee bus boycott
Mansfield school desegregation
1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
"Give Us the Ballot"
Royal Ice Cream sit-in
Cooper v. Aaron
Ministers' Manifesto
Katz Drug Store sit-in
Kissing Case
Biloxi wade-ins
New Year's Day March
Greensboro sit-ins
Nashville sit-ins
Atlanta sit-ins
Sit-in movement
Greenville Eight
Ax Handle Saturday
Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Boynton v. Virginia
University of Georgia desegregation riot
Rock Hill sit-ins
Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
Freedom Rides
Anniston bombing
Birmingham attack
Garner v. Louisiana
Cambridge movement
University of Chicago sit-ins
"Second Emancipation Proclamation"
Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
Atlanta's Berlin Wall
"Segregation now, segregation forever"
Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1963 Birmingham campaign
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Children's Crusade
Birmingham riot
16th Street Baptist Church bombing
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
Detroit Walk to Freedom
March on Washington
"I Have a Dream"
Big Six
St. Augustine movement
Chester school protests
Bloody Tuesday
1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
workers' murders
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
Katzenbach v. McClung
1964–1965 Scripto strike
1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
"How Long, Not Long"
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
March Against Fear
White House Conference on Civil Rights
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
Memphis sanitation strike
King assassination
Poor People's Campaign
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
Atlanta Student Movement
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Committee for Freedom Now
Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
An Appeal for Human Rights
Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
Council of Federated Organizations
Dallas County Voters League
Deacons for Defense and Justice
Georgia Council on Human Relations
Highlander Folk School
Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
Lowndes County Freedom Organization
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Northern Student Movement
National Council of Negro Women
National Urban League
Operation Breadbasket
Regional Council of Negro Leadership
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Southern Regional Council
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
The Freedom Singers
United Auto Workers (UAW)
Wednesdays in Mississippi
Women's Political Council
Ralph Abernathy
Victoria Gray Adams
Zev Aelony
Mathew Ahmann
William G. Anderson
Gwendolyn Armstrong
Arnold Aronson
Ella Baker
Marion Barry
Daisy Bates
James Bevel
Claude Black
Gloria Blackwell
Randolph Blackwell
Unita Blackwell
Ezell Blair Jr.
Joanne Bland
Julian Bond
Joseph E. Boone
William Holmes Borders
Amelia Boynton
Bruce Boynton
Raylawni Branch
Stanley Branche
Aurelia Browder
H. Rap Brown
Ralph Bunche
Guy Carawan
Johnnie Carr
James Chaney
J. L. Chestnut
Colia Lafayette Clark
Ramsey Clark
Septima Clark
Xernona Clayton
Eldridge Cleaver
Kathleen Cleaver
Charles E. Cobb Jr.
Annie Lee Cooper
Dorothy Cotton
Claudette Colvin
Vernon Dahmer
Jonathan Daniels
Abraham Lincoln Davis
Joseph DeLaine
Dave Dennis
Annie Devine
Patricia Stephens Due
Joseph Ellwanger
Charles Evers
Medgar Evers
Myrlie Evers-Williams
Chuck Fager
James Farmer
Walter Fauntroy
James Forman
Marie Foster
Golden Frinks
Andrew Goodman
Robert Graetz
Fred Gray
Jack Greenberg
Dick Gregory
Lawrence Guyot
Prathia Hall
Fannie Lou Hamer
William E. Harbour
Vincent Harding
Dorothy Height
Lola Hendricks
Aaron Henry
Oliver Hill
Donald L. Hollowell
James Hood
Myles Horton
Zilphia Horton
T. R. M. Howard
Ruby Hurley
Cecil Ivory
Jimmie Lee Jackson
Richie Jean Jackson
T. J. Jemison
Esau Jenkins
Barbara Rose Johns
Vernon Johns
Frank Minis Johnson
Clarence Jones
J. Charles Jones
Vernon Jordan
Tom Kahn
Clyde Kennard
A. D. King
C.B. King
Coretta Scott King
Martin Luther King Sr.
Bernard Lafayette
Sanford R. Leigh
Jim Letherer
Stanley Levison
Viola Liuzzo
Z. Alexander Looby
Clara Luper
Mae Mallory
Vivian Malone
Bob Mants
Benjamin Mays
Franklin McCain
Ralph McGill
Floyd McKissick
Joseph McNeil
James Meredith
William Ming
Jack Minnis
Amzie Moore
Cecil B. Moore
Douglas E. Moore
Harriette Moore
Harry T. Moore
Queen Mother Moore
William Lewis Moore
Irene Morgan
William Moyer
Diane Nash
Charles Neblett
Edgar Nixon
Jack O'Dell
James Orange
James Peck
Charles Person
Homer Plessy
Fay Bellamy Powell
Rodney N. Powell
Al Raby
Lincoln Ragsdale
George Raymond
George Raymond Jr.
Bernice Johnson Reagon
Cordell Reagon
James Reeb
Frederick D. Reese
Walter Reuther
Gloria Richardson
David Richmond
Bernice Robinson
Jo Ann Robinson
Angela Russell
Michael Schwerner
Bobby Seale
Cleveland Sellers
Charles Sherrod
Alexander D. Shimkin
Fred Shuttlesworth
Modjeska Monteith Simkins
Glenn E. Smiley
A. Maceo Smith
Kelly Miller Smith
Mary Louise Smith
Maxine Smith
Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
Charles Kenzie Steele
Hank Thomas
Dorothy Tillman
A. P. Tureaud
Hartman Turnbow
Albert Turner
C. T. Vivian
Wyatt Tee Walker
Hollis Watkins
Walter Francis White
Hosea Williams
Kale Williams
Robert F. Williams
Whitney Young
Sammy Younge Jr.
Bob Zellner
James Zwerg
"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
"Kumbaya"
"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
"Oh, Freedom"
"This Little Light of Mine"
"We Shall Not Be Moved"
"We Shall Overcome"
""Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
Padayatra
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
Mary McLeod Bethune
Jim Crow laws
Lynching in the United States
Separate but equal
Buchanan v. Warley
Hocutt v. Wilson
Sweatt v. Painter
Hernandez v. Texas
African-American women in the movement
Fifth Circuit Four
A.G. Gaston Motel
Brown Chapel
Holt Street Baptist Church
Edmund Pettus Bridge
March on Washington Movement
African-American churches attacked
List of lynching victims in the United States
Freedom Schools
Freedom songs
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence"
Watts riots
Voter Education Project
1960s counterculture
Eyes on the Prize
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
other King memorials
Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
Freedom Rides Museum
Freedom Riders National Monument
Civil Rights Memorial
National Civil Rights Museum
National Voting Rights Museum
St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
Civil Rights Movement Archive
King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
Taylor Branch
John Dittmer
Adam Fairclough
David Garrow
David Halberstam
Steven F. Lawson
Doug McAdam
Diane McWhorter
Charles M. Payne
Thomas E. Ricks
Timothy Tyson
Akinyele Umoja
Movement photographers
Civil rights movement portal
Atlantic slave trade
Black genocide
Children of the plantation
Civil Rights Acts
Civil rights movement 1865–1896
Civil right movement 1896–1954
Birmingham movement
Selma to Montgomery marches
Chicago Freedom Movement
Post–civil rights era
Cornerstone speech
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Free Negro
George Floyd protests
Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
Nadir of American race relations
The Negro Motorist Green Book
Partus sequitur ventrem
Reconstruction Amendments
Reconstruction era
Redlining
Treatment of slaves
Women's suffrage movement
Black mecca
Family structure
New Negro
Negro National Anthem
Crispus Attucks
James Bradley
Carol Moseley Braun
Edward Brooke
Blanche Bruce
Henry Highland Garnet
Harriet Jacobs
Huddie Ledbetter
Gabriel Prosser
Joseph Rainey
Hiram Revels
Sojourner Truth
Ida B. Wells
Education, science
Black schools
Inventors and scientists
in computer science
in STEM fields
African-American Jews
American Society of Muslims
Black church
Azusa Street Revival
Black Hebrew Israelites
Black theology
Doctrine of Father Divine
Back-to-Africa movement
Raised fist
Civic and economic
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
National Urban League (NUL)
Thurgood Marshall College Fund
United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
Negro league baseball
Baseball color line
Black players in professional American football
Black NFL quarterbacks
Black players in ice hockey
Jesse Owens
Athletic associations
and conferences
Central (CIAA)
Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
Southern (SIAC)
Southwestern (SWAC)
Ethnic subdivisions
By African descent
Gullah
Black Indians
Black Seminoles
Cherokee freedmen controversy
Choctaw freedmen
Creek Freedmen
Black Southerners
Blaxicans
Louisiana Creole
of color
Melungeon
U.S. cities with large populations
2000 majorities
African-American English
By state/city
Jurists
African-American firsts
Sports firsts
US state firsts
Index of related articles
Landmark African-American legislation
Lynching victims
Topics related to the African diaspora
Lain in state (United States)
Lain in state
US Capitol rotunda
Clay (1852)
Lincoln (1865, funeral)2
Stevens (1868)
Sumner (1874)
Garfield (1881)
Logan (1886)
McKinley (1901)
L'Enfant (1909)1
Dewey (1917)
Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)
Harding (1923)2
W. H. Taft (1930)
Pershing (1948)
R. A. Taft (1953)
Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)
Kennedy (1963, funeral)2
MacArthur (1964)
H. Hoover (1964)
Eisenhower (1969)
Dirksen (1969)
J. E. Hoover (1972)
Johnson (1973)
Humphrey (1978)
Blassie / Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)
Pepper (1989)
Reagan (2004, funeral)
Ford (2006–07, funeral)
Inouye (2012)
McCain (2018)
Bush (2018, funeral)
Dole (2021)
Reid (2022)
National Statuary Hall
Cummings (2019)
Ginsburg (2020, funeral)4
House Chamber
Hooper (1875)
Herbert C. Hoover Building
Old Senate Chamber
Chase (1873)
Lain in honor
Chestnut and Gibson (1998)
Parks (2005)
Graham (2018)
Sicknick (2021)
Evans (2021)
Williams (2022)
Lain in repose
East Room
Harrison (1841)
Taylor (1850)
Roosevelt (1945)
Great Hall of the
Warren (1974)
Marshall (1993)
Burger (1995)
Brennan (1997)
Blackmun (1999)
Rehnquist (2005)
Scalia (2016)
Senate Chamber
Byrd (2010)
Lautenberg (2013)
Bold - Presidents and chief justices • 1 Died in 1825, exhumed and honored before reinterment • 2 Lain in repose and Lain in state
Georgia's delegation(s) to the 100th–116th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)
▌S. Nunn (D)
▌W. Fowler (D)
▌D. Barnard (D)
▌E. Jenkins (D)
▌N. Gingrich (R)
▌C. Hatcher (D)
▌R. Ray (D)
▌J. R. Rowland (D)
▌L. Thomas (D)
▌G. Darden (D)
▌P. Swindall (R)
▌J. Lewis (D)
▌B. Jones (D)
▌P. Coverdell (R)
▌J. Lewis
▌S. Bishop (D)
▌M. Collins (R)
▌N. Deal (D)
▌D. Johnson (D)
▌J. Kingston (R)
▌J. Linder (R)
▌C. McKinney (D)
▌N. Deal (R)
▌B. Barr (R)
▌S. Chambliss (R)
▌C. Norwood (R)
▌M. Cleland (D)
▌Z. Miller (D)
▌J. Isakson (R)
▌C. Norwood
▌M. Burns (R)
▌P. Gingrey (R)
▌D. Majette (D)
▌J. Marshall (D)
▌D. Scott (D)
▌J. Barrow (D)
▌T. Price (R)
▌L. Westmoreland (R)
▌H. Johnson (D)
▌P. Broun' (R)
▌P. Broun (R)
▌T. Graves (R)
▌A. Scott (R)
▌R. Woodall (R)
▌D. Collins (R)
▌D. Perdue (R)
▌R. Allen (R)
▌B. Carter (R)
▌J. Hice (R)
▌B. Loudermilk (R)
▌D. Ferguson (R)
▌K. Handel (R)
▌K. Loeffler (R)
▌L. McBath (D)
▌K. Hall (D)
National Archives (US)
RERO (Switzerland)
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Baptists
21st-century African-American people
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American politicians
21st-century Baptists
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Alabama
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American non-fiction writers
African-American people in Georgia (U.S. state) politics
American anti-poverty advocates
American gun control activists
American memoirists
Baptists from Alabama
Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Burials at South-View Cemetery
Carter G. Woodson Book Award winners
Deaths from cancer in Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
Fisk University alumni
History of racial segregation in the United States
Inkpot Award winners
Nonviolence advocates
People from Troy, Alabama
Politicians from Atlanta
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Volunteers in Service to America administrators
Writers from Alabama
Writers from Atlanta