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The Tedium is the Message: Finn Brunton's "Spam: A Shadow History of the Internet"
By Kevin Driscoll
Date: 04:04 19th Jun 2005
From: Samuel
Subject: "Penis Enlargement announcement"
The Penis Patch is amazing
http://www.bateko.com/ss/
Gray hair is God's graffiti.
A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
Fashion is something that goes in one year and out the other.
Henry James writes fiction as if it were a painful duty.
In love there are things — bodies and words.
BETWEEN ROUGHLY 1995 AND 2007, mysterious emails pitching cheap Viagra and penny stocks were part of everyday life online. Over time, the messages grew stranger, incorporating passages of classic science fiction, ribald limericks, and the occasional incomprehensible JPEG. Although IT departments circulated enjoinders to "blacklist" these unsolicited messages, many of us were fascinated, producing blogs, fanzines, and poetry dedicated to the oddly evocative digital detritus. Meanwhile, spam continued to evolve, becoming increasingly intrusive. Often masquerading as urgent communication from a friend or family member, the absurd verse of anonymous "authors" like MegaDik gave way to desperate requests for money. Today, smart filters guard our inboxes, but the spammers are flanking us on blogs and social media. More cockroach than virus, spam adapts and stubbornly survives.
It would appear that the word "spam" first entered the lexicon of computer engineering by way of the 1970 Monty Python sketch, then, as now, a touchstone of geek humor. Early network users encountered one screenful of text at a time, and their electronic identities were expressed through song lyrics, jokes, apocryphal quotations, and elaborate ASCII art signatures. Sending an endless stream of nonsense text into such an environment offered a juvenile thrill to the would-be troublemaker. No matter how annoyed the recipients might be, they could not help but hear Vikings sing along as their terminals blipped out "SPAM SPAM SPAM SP…" at a maddening 300 characters per second.
Spam, in all of its myriad forms, is essentially an attempt to capture and redirect a user's attention, if only momentarily. Whether that tiny portion of attention is turned toward a sales pitch, a phishing scam, or an incomprehensible bit of algorithmic verse, the basic function of spam is the same. Finn Brunton's new book Spam: A Shadow History of the Internet offers the first sustained look at the relationship between attention and community in online spaces. According to Brunton's calculus, spam presents a direct threat to the very fabric of online community; each unsolicited ad for male potency pills slowly bleeds a community of valuable bits of human attention. For believers in the democratic promises of online community, spam is therefore an abomination: a usurper of the net's most important resource. (I doubt that the novelist Bruce Sterling is being hyperbolic when he refers to spam as "a great human evil" on the book's dust jacket.)
According to Brunton, spam produces both a technical and a social disruption. On a technical level, new forms of spam reveal features of the system that may not have been previously known to users, administrators, or designers. For example, a blog that does not require readers to log in may implicitly encourage discussion, but it also provides a free publicity platform for spammers. Faced with this unexpected development, the blog's owner must decide if it is more important to keep spammers out, making it harder for readers to leave a comment, or whether the ease of open communication is worth the hassle of having to manually delete unwanted or irrelevant material. Brunton describes this field of possibility as an "indistinct area between what a system is understood to be and what it functionally permits." Spam forces us to reflect on values that may otherwise have gone unacknowledged in our technology use.
On a social level, meanwhile, the emergence of spam forces groups of users into a similar state of self-reflection. What does and doesn't count as spam, Brunton emphasizes, is seldom clearly defined within any given community from the outset. In order to identify spam in a system, users are compelled to define the boundary between spam and non-spam, an act of collective metacognition that Brunton terms "higher-order debate." While all users might agree that an invitation to buy penny stocks is out of place on a forum about amateur radio, not all unexpected activity is so easily identified as spam. Should all advertising be banned from online public forums? If not, what types of advertising are allowed? Can forum posters sell their old radios on the forum? What about hobby radio shops or representatives of the military? Beyond its technical implications, spam forces members of online communities to be explicit about what they find socially acceptable and objectionable, and thus to define themselves.
In Spam's middle chapters, Brunton traces a novel history of networked computing by way of the emergence and evolution of spam from 1971 to 2010. These chapters are dense and fast-moving, filled with numerous colorful anecdotes about the war between spammers and anti-spam crusaders, as well as about users trying fruitlessly to stay out of the fray. Whereas other historians of technology have been able to rely on old system manuals, institutional archives, and interviews with surviving users and engineers, Brunton's task is more difficult: formal preservation of spam-related materials is very rare, for the simple reason that spam is usually deleted as quickly and permanently as possible. As a result, Brunton finds himself chasing the spam story across an array of unusual, and in many cases unstable, primary sources. Usenet FAQs, internet RFCs, and other vernacular policy documents provide some of the most important clues about the characteristic conflicts of their particular times and technologies, and Brunton's enthusiasm for his ephemeral subject matter is evident in the care that he takes in reconstructing these contexts for readers who may not have personal experience with a time-sharing terminal, a dial-up internet service, or an encrypted grey-market chat room.
The first of Brunton's three "spam epochs" is the longest, beginning with the original internetworking experiments among university research labs in the 1960s, and ending with the transition from public to private administration of key internet infrastructures in the mid-1990s. Brunton characterizes these early years as a period of "deep uncertainty" about the purpose of networked computing. Depending on whom you asked, the military-funded ARPANET promised either disaster-proof command-and-control or collaboration between researchers at far-flung universities. Hobbyist and student-run networks such as FidoNet and Usenet were even less proscriptive. As new users came online each year, they found that the low-bandwidth, text-only systems could be adapted to numerous unanticipated activities: public debate, collective intelligence, file sharing, and fantasy gaming, to name only a few. And from the very start, some of their experiments seemed to transgress unwritten rules, raising the ire of other users. It is in these "protospam" moments that the contours of the book's "shadow history" begin to take shape.
Brunton's account of the early net focuses on recurring problems of scarcity: users' time online was limited, their connections were slow, data was expensive, and video displays were crude. Many terminals required a special microchip to display lowercase letters, and once a line of text scrolled off the top of the screen it was gone forever. In this environment, unwanted characters could be very costly in terms of billable time wasted. "The closest someone in the current developed world can come to this experience is trying to browse the Internet over a satellite phone connection," Brunton writes. He estimates that European users of the 1980s might have been paying as much as six US dollars per minute to download Usenet messages at a rate of just three hundred characters per second. The lengthy reply-all email chains that fill up the modern inbox would have exhausted the budget of a university department in a matter of days.
While today's internet is marked by an abundance of links to click and videos to watch, user attention in the early period was limited by the small volume of information that could actually end up on the screen. To that end, Brunton finds that early users implicitly valued the prudent use of network resources. Behavior identified as "spam," by contrast, was "lazy, indiscriminate, and a waste of the time and attention of others." While it could be deliberately malicious (e.g., flooding a chat channel with Rush lyrics), "spamming" might also refer to a simple lack of decorum, such as "someone pouring out their heart in a public forum." Early spam was anything internet users considered rude and inconsiderate; the word had yet to earn a specifically commercial, or criminal, connotation.
In addition to the technical limits of these early systems, Brunton stresses that access was severely limited by socioeconomic class, geography, and institutional affiliation. Campus networks and dial-up bulletin board systems were often populated by users who knew one another in person. They were classmates, colleagues, and members of local computer clubs. Three key figures of the period, Vint Cerf, Steve Crocker, and Jon Postel, all attended the same high school in Van Nuys, California, before working together as graduate students at UCLA. Even a multi-institutional system like the ARPANET was essentially a monoculture of high-achieving researchers and military specialists. Furthermore, most of the users were responsible for the maintenance, if not the future development, of their local systems. As a result of their common backgrounds and training, early users shared an implicit set of values and expected a high degree of technical know-how from one another.
The late Postel — "an autodidactic hacker who got mediocre grades until he found the world of computers" — is emblematic of internet users' reaction to the first spam era. Brunton describes users like Postel as "wizards" who fancied the protean cyberspace a meritocracy in which trust would be based on demonstrable technical knowledge. In a 1975 memo to the Network Working Group titled "On the Junk Mail Problem," Postel anticipated the imminence of spam, but his description belies an assumption that spam would be the result of malfunctioning software rather than the expression of human intent. Spam was a bug to be tackled informally among friendly acquaintances. If a host machine seemed to be, in Postel's words, "misbehaving," one need only place a phone call to resolve the disturbance. The idea that the network might be abused by human beings was, apparently, unthinkable in the 1970s.
The ARPANET remained a "bubble of trust" shared among "a group of intelligent peers" for the duration of its existence, but newer, more open systems like The WELL, Usenet, and FidoNet facilitated the entrance of a much more diverse user population in the 1980s. This new plurality invited controversy, and these networks provide Brunton with his first examples of users grappling with truly thorny problems of spam, speech, and moderation. In one particularly compelling anecdote from 1988, a message begging readers to mail a dollar to a "poor college student" in Nebraska was simultaneously cross-posted to hundreds of different Usenet discussion groups. In the absence of any clear governance or policing structure, enraged users responded with a barrage of profane emails, prank calls, and other sorts of remote harassment. Brunton compares this "symbolic form of vigilantism" to the public humiliation carried out by the mob-like charivari in Europe during the Middle Ages. Although some users were frustrated that Usenet lacked an institutional body with the authority to punish the proto-spammer, no lasting policy was created in the aftermath of the conflict. Systems like Usenet may have been more diverse than their forebears but they were still disconnected villages compared to the vast multinational megalopolis we inhabit today.
The transition from the first to the second of Brunton's spam epochs is marked by the emergence of "commercial, automated, and indiscriminate" spam. Whereas proto-spam was annoying, it could be explained as the unintended output of malfunctioning software or a misunderstanding among new users. By 1994, however, Brunton writes, "the demographics of […] the dominant Internet were changing." The ARPANET was decommissioned, commercial networks like CompuServe attached gateways to their walled gardens, and the NSF-funded internet infrastructure was privatized by an act of Congress. Long-time users could sense "a shift in the kind of people spending time online," and, with the rise of the entrepreneurial dot-com era, market norms and values began to overtake the "noncommercial collegiality" that had marked the university networks of the 1980s. While Brunton's first epoch is "largely a story about building community and managing scarce resources," it is also about laying the foundation for the emerging spam industry.
The naïveté of the early internet monoculture created optimally exploitable conditions for spammers: the infrastructure and the user population were large and growing amid a near-complete absence of formal regulation. Thus begins the second spam epoch, extending from 1995 to 2003, characterized by "the rise and fall of spam as a business that could feign respectability." On one hand, this period could be reduced to an ongoing conflict between spammers and anti-spammers. On the other, the story of spam through these boom years reflects rising tensions among the many different constituencies affected by globalization. It is here that we first encounter infamous figures like the Nigerian 419 scammer, the shady offshore service provider, and the clueless policy-maker.
Longtime anti-spammers regarded the emerging online advertising industry with suspicion. Some organizations seemed to walk a fine line of acceptable use, continuing to rely on deceptive techniques for disseminating massive volumes of unsolicited mail. In 2000, an anti-spam activist calling himself the "Man in the Wilderness" gained illegal access to a commercial spam service called Premier Services, intercepted internal communication for several weeks, and posted a five megabyte dossier to his own public anti-spam forum. Although the hacker justified his actions by pointing to the service's deceptive business practices, he also included private photos, chat logs, and home addresses that embarrassed employees of the spam service and enabled the harassment of their families.
If such hardline anti-spammer tactics are hard to accept, their counterparts in the spam industry are surprisingly sympathetic. According to Brunton's account, the typical spammer employed by a company like Premier Services was little more than an information worker in a conventional bureaucracy. Such spammers lacked the passion and technical sophistication of either the anti-spam crusaders or the first-epoch "wizards." Instead, they considered the internet a new marketing opportunity and relied on third-party software to carry out their mass-mailing campaigns. Absent the patina of criminality, the day-to-day business of spam appears banal at best. Chat logs posted by the Man in the Wilderness reveal employees negotiating with suppliers, managing accounts, trying to attract new clients, and struggling to repair their constantly malfunctioning bulk email systems. Alongside these boring intra-office exchanges, the exhortations of the anti-spammers read like zealotry. Not only were their "shaming and flaming" tactics violent and invasive, they were thoroughly ineffective. Spammers regarded the typical anti-spam activist not as a serious threat but as a "loser" who needed to "get a life."
The anti-spam movement similarly failed to attract serious attention from legislators. Although the internet, and the world wide web in particular, began to gain a higher profile in popular culture in the early 1990s, they remained mysterious to most people in the United States. Without firsthand experience, it was difficult for policy-makers to grasp the stakes of the spam controversy. Brunton details many of the failed metaphors that anti-spammers tried to use in their appeals for legislation: junk faxes, robocalls, trespassing, parasites, littering. None could quite capture the phenomenon of spam in its totality. Ironically, when Congress finally passed anti-spam legislation in 2003, anti-spammers were compelled to oppose the bill because it effectively protected spam as a legitimate advertising business similar to direct mail or telemarketing.
One of the challenges facing the anti-spammers of the second epoch was the unpredictable evolution of spam as a function of the global diffusion of internet access. In one of his sharpest passages, Brunton offers a gripping analysis of the notorious "419" scams operated out of Nigeria. Any reader who has been entreated to help free the frozen assets of an exiled prince will be fascinated to learn about the scam's roots in the Spanish Prisoner con of the 19th century. An 1898 story in The New York Times outlines the familiar narrative: a deposed Spanish princess unjustly imprisoned in Havana needs the target's help to escape and reclaim her stolen wealth. Invariably, complications arise during her escape and additional bribes are required. In the worst cases, the target is bankrupted by the fantasy. Brunton describes the complex production of the Spanish Prisoner's modern-day variant, the Nigerian 419 scam, as "a strange kind of writing machine." Once a mark takes the bait, a multi-level creative team springs into action to produce a bizarre alternative reality game for the unwitting participant involving (fake) documents, (real) news articles, (fake) websites, and (real) money. Exploitation seems to fold in upon itself as scammers craft narratives that "model the stereotypes [about Nigeria] that they think their audience already believes." And yet, the unsolicited emails that open these long cons are comparable to earlier forms of spam only in their bid for human attention, an ambiguity that undermined the anti-spammers' efforts to craft a universal definition for "spam" with which to solicit outside support.
At the start of the 21st century, frustrated anti-spammers increasingly pursued technological solutions to the problem of unsolicited email. Although ad hoc solutions like "blocklists" and "killfiles" had been in circulation for several years, they were tedious to maintain and perennially out of date. Meanwhile, advances in computational text analysis were transforming the massive volume of text on the web into something "robot-readable." This growing area of research marked an ontological shift in the status of text online, leading to both a proliferation of new forms of spam — including "link spam," "blog spam," and "lit spam," to name a few — and radical advances in anti-spam technology. Rather than continue trying to explain spam to the House of Representatives, a new generation of anti-spammers began to create spam-fighting software to quietly and autonomously keep their inboxes clean.
The third epoch in Brunton's chronology — the current era — begins with the application of computational text analysis to email software and search engines. In the case of email, text analysis enabled probabilistic spam filters to identify incoming spam based on the similarity of its content to that of messages previously marked as spam. Given enough time and enough spam, such filters eliminate nearly all spam before it ever reaches a user's inbox. By the mid-2000s, this approach was adopted by the major webmail providers, more or less destroying the profitability of the legitimate spam business. Meanwhile, search engines like AltaVista and Google used text analysis techniques to extract meaning from the ever-expanding web. Google's crucial advantage over its peers, the PageRank algorithm, incorporated the context of inbound links to assess trustworthiness, a process that Brunton describes as "the quantification of attention." Together, these advances in the infrastructure of email and search profoundly altered the internet.
The principal effect of "making spam scientific," argues Brunton, was that the business of spam was "left […] to the criminals." Rather than pitching a sketchy product or service, spam was increasingly used as the opening for more damaging grift: "phishing" for passwords, identity theft, and the delivery of malware. Although response rates were very low, the black market value of a stolen credit card could be orders of magnitude greater than the legitimate sale of generic Cialis. For the creative criminal, being pushed underground offered liberation from "any pretense of legitimacy" and "freed up a great deal of technical ingenuity."
Initially, spammers attempted to fight back against the probabilistic spam filters with text analysis software of their own. "Litspam," writes Brunton, came in the form of "cut-up literary texts statistically reassembled to take advantage of flaws in the design and deployment of [probabilistic] filters." Drawing on the deep well of public domain texts available on sites like Project Gutenberg, this new spam could read like "fractured textual experiments": automated Dada-like poetry combining such disparate material as Jules Verne novels, Nelly lyrics, and a long-lost recipe for pecan sandies. These "litspam generators," the agents of what Brunton calls "spam's modernism," were designed to incorporate enough hostage literature to trick the probabilistic spam filters into classifying their output as authentically human. A 2005 email from "Clyde Blankenship" titled "Observations on my first Cia1!s experience" illustrates the "pure arbitrary utility" of a typical litspam pastiche:
forsaken is multiple gaseous a balmy not stannous cool.
indefatigable is pigtail coed is
bracket a commodious cyclist good.
lotus is greenberg catch a haulage not regis cool.
actaeon is elsinore mud is
familiarly a expiable toe good.
Brunton hesitates to liken such "poisoned Bayesian spew" to the work of human poets — even those employing avant-garde cut-up techniques — instead comparing litspam to "flipping through channels on a television." To date, none of the anonymous programmers responsible for the machinery behind litspam have stepped forward to claim authorship, but their voices would lend an intriguing new dimension to this period.
Although the litspam period was brief, it marks the full-bore introduction of non-human actors into Brunton's spam chronology. With litspam, human readers were increasingly marginal to the circulation of spam, no longer the audience, but rather the referent. "Legs and Stomach can be thinner" reads the subject line from a litspam message I received in 2005. The text reads, in full:
Legs and Stomach can be thinner
Good day sir, Say bye
to extra kilograms you carry everyday.
The message included neither a link nor an attachment; it was simply an exploratory prod at my spam filter. Instead of humans vying directly for one another's attention, spamming had by this point become a conflict between machines: "one set of algorithms constantly trying to convince the other of their acceptable degree of salience," in Brunton's words.
As Brunton's narrative catches up to the present, email ceases to be spam's primary field of action. In spite of the constant barrage of conventional spam mail — as much as 85 percent of all email traffic in 2006 — most people see "only a minuscule portion" of it thanks to probabilistic filtering. But lest we get too comfortable, Brunton points to a panoply of emergent forms of spam, many of which are intended to manipulate the algorithms that order search engine results. Brunton describes large, concentrated networks of algorithmically generated "spam blogs" (or "splogs") perpetually linking to, commenting on, and plagiarizing one another. Each blog is plastered with advertisements, most of them served through Google's AdWords platform, producing a "PageRank greenhouse" populated by non-human agents crudely simulating an online community.
Despite its sustained volume, the population of individual human spammers continues to decline. Today, spam plays a "minor and incidental part" in the larger drama of online criminality, serving primarily as the delivery mechanism for viruses that can silently transform a workaday Windows PC into an unwitting member of a botnet. Often the first action taken by the infected PC is to recirculate the same virus-laden message to its network neighbors, a type of autonomous regeneration classified as "self-propagation spam" by security professionals. Readers may be surprised to feel a twinge of mild melancholy upon learning that email spam has been reduced to a mere mule after such a long and colorful history. Penis Patch, we hardly knew ye.
Brunton's book is a pleasure to read, packed with detailed anecdotes that ground its ambitious scope in the everyday experiences of both the spammers and the spammed. The book's subtitle reads, "A Shadow History of the Internet," but the story we encounter inside may be more accurately described as a history of the internet's shadow. At each turn, Brunton sets aside the areas of the net illuminated by publicity and venture capital to explore the ignored cracks and corners where spam proliferates. The account of early computer networks is particularly commendable for its diligent effort to look beyond the conventional ARPANET mythology to less well-documented systems such as Usenet, FidoNet, and AOL. As the richness of Brunton's narrative demonstrates, there is still much to learn about the formation and growth of online communities in the 1980s and 1990s. In this regard, Spam ought to serve as a friendly provocation to a high-tech culture that operates with a limited sense of its past.
Matters get more complicated as we approach the present. During spam's third epoch, Brunton's commitment to the technical specificity of his subject threatens to overwhelm the book's core narrative. As 21st century spam fragments into countless new forms, it takes on a numbing redundancy. Spam comments, spam pings, spam tweets, and spam books are all evidence of the same algorithmic battle for attention that followed the introduction of probabilistic email filters. Furthermore, these new practices are fleeting, arcane, and spottily documented, a result of spam's increasingly criminal character. Nevertheless, Brunton digs in and extracts the unique character of each new form, a diligence and attention to detail that will delight some readers (though others may find it tedious).
While readily identified email spam seems increasingly marginal to the online experience, a more familiar bid for our attention is indisputably on the rise. As older forms of media increasingly migrate to the web, they carry with them a different set of expectations regarding the proper position of advertising. Amid this convergence, how are we to differentiate the "sponsored tweets" injected into our feeds by Twitter from the "spam tweets" sent to us periodically by third-party spam bots? What is the difference between using TiVo to skip a television commercial and using ad-blocking software to remove the advertisements from Facebook? In light of Brunton's historical analysis, we might ask who has the authority to mark online activity as either spam (illegitimate) or advertising (legitimate), and who stands to benefit from the outcome.
Recent changes to the political economy of internet access in the United States suggest a resurgence of the central conflicts found in Brunton's first and second epochs. As mobile internet providers introduce monthly "data caps" and tiered pricing, we are entering into a new period of information scarcity. The cost incurred by unsolicited advertising no longer solely on our attention but is felt by our wallets as well. Is it appropriate for high-resolution advertisements to count against a user's monthly data allowance? For the moment, very few users have calculated the amount that they are obliged to spend on unsolicited material, but, if Brunton's history is any indication, they soon will.
A second change, hinted at in Brunton's account of the strange ecology of blog spam, is that the largest spam-fighting organizations on the web have become the largest platforms for legitimate advertising. Consider the case of Twitter. The company's Terms of Service enumerate a long list of practices — such as "aggressive favoriting" — that constitute spam on their system. In 2011, the Terms were updated to restrict client software that would filter "promoted tweets" out of a user's timeline. Like many media services, Twitter is a two-sided platform with paying advertisers on one side and non-paying users on the other. It is essential to their business that the ads they sell are actually seen by their users. As the operator of a centralized social system, Twitter asserts the authority to classify some commercial messages as legitimate advertisements and others as spam.
Google represents an even more intriguing example of what Brunton describes as the "blurry places where spam threatens to blend into acceptable use." Since their inception, Google's search and email services have enjoyed a reputation for intelligently filtering out irrelevant and deceptive information. Yet, like Twitter, Google's business model depends on the provision of advertisements across its many free services. In fact, Google goes one step further by offering a profit-sharing model to the owners of other web services and mobile applications. Each time Google serves an advertisement to a third-party client both Google and the client share in the revenue paid by the advertiser. The unintended side effect of this arrangement is that Google stands to profit from the ads displayed on spam blogs at the same time as it is responsible for filtering out spam from its search results. This compromised position, outlined by Brunton in his treatment of the third epoch, merits deeper inquiry.
To date, the major providers of social software have successfully managed to situate themselves on the legitimate side of unsolicited information, but this balance seems increasingly difficult to maintain. In March 2013, Google removed ad-blocking apps like AdblockPlus from the Google Play store, arguing that removing advertisements from the web constitutes a breach of their Terms of Service. This response echoes the objection to TiVo raised by some television advertisers who argued that an implicit social contract compels users not to skip over their ads. So far, users seem to accept some amount of advertising in exchange for free services, but it is not clear that they will continue to feel this way as online advertisers become more aggressive and targeted advertising becomes more invasive. Each of the transitions in Brunton's periodization occurred as a result of an unforeseen change to the online environment: the privatization of the internet in 1994 and the development of probabilistic filtering software in 2003. One wonders how the web will change if users stop seeing sponsored links and banner ads as the legitimate costs of entry and instead perceive them as illegitimate spam to be filtered and fought.
As Brunton demonstrates, the history of spam — by definition, that which is undesirable and annoying — can help inform our ongoing quest to determine what the internet is and can be. "Spam," he explains, provides a "zone where we can meet and negotiate about meaning." Each change in spam's form and meaning reflects a broader transformation in computer-mediated communication. As users find one another online, new technologies are made available, the cost of participation rises and falls, infrastructures change hands, and online services open and close their virtual doors, so the definition of spam must also be reconfigured. Innovations in spamming typically provoke novel anti-spam countermeasures, which produce, in turn, new exploitable opportunities for spammers. Brunton refers to the legacy of this tit-for-tat as "the negative shape of the history of people gathering on computer networks." The history of what we didn't want is as important as what we did, and to remember it helps us to understand how this transnational assemblage we call "the internet" came to be.
Kevin Driscoll is a PhD candidate in the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism at University of Southern California.
A Shadow History of the Internet
By Finn Brunton
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text:
FG alleges foreign support for terrorists against Nigeria
he Minister of Information and Culture, Alhaji Lai Mohammed, on Monday said some foreign entities including human rights groups such as Amnesty International and the International Criminal Court were being used to frustrate Nigeria's efforts to deal with the Boko Haram menace.
He alleged that threats of sanctions and other unwholesome tactics being used to threaten and demoralise the nation's military and security services only go to serve the interests of terrorists and further put Nigeria's security in jeopardy.
Mohammed said this at a media briefing in Lagos. He spoke on the state of the nation and gave highlights of the achievements recorded by the regime of the President, Major General Muhammadu Buhari (retd.), in various spheres of national life in the outgone year, 2020.
The minister said, "The Federal Government frowns at this unbridled attempt to demoralize our security men and women as they confront the onslaught from bandits and terrorists. Nigeria did not join the ICC so it can become a pawn on the court's chessboard.
"It beggars' belief to see that a nation that is fighting an existential war against bandits and terrorists is constantly being held down by an international body, which it willingly joined.
Mohammed said despite the antics of another 'fighting force' against Nigeria, the country had made tremendous progress in tackling banditry and Boko Haram insurgency.
The minister also used the occasion to state that the federal government has made considerable progress in the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic through a multi-sectoral approach which has increased the number of testing centres across the nation.
He said, "Government of the Federation to drive the multi-sectoral approach to contain the virus. Nigeria has so far availed itself creditably in the fight against Covid-19 through the deployment of resources, mobilization and training of manpower and expansion of health infrastructure, particularly our testing capacity for Covid-19.
From just two National Reference Laboratory for the testing of Covid-19, we now have over 100 laboratories, public and private, across all the states of the federation."
Wike challenges APC states to showcase projects
Threats to sanction PDP caucus leader wishful thinking
PDP asks members to withdraw cases: Anambra 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


So what? Actually I am preparing to give one set each to my step kids for their boys. Time to pass them on. Most of them, gotta keep a few favorites…. now which ones?
"I'm 51 And Still Playing with Matchbox Cars" by or via "https://www.flickr.com/photos/cogdog/14826853693/" is licensed under a Creative Commons By Attribution 4.0 International license.


The Vito & Vito Show Blog: Thur 8pm - The Vito and Vito Show - Deport Them All?
Thur 8pm - The Vito and Vito Show - Deport Them All?
Donald Trump released his immigration plan this week that included no more birthright citizenship. Ted Cruz supports this, but with a constitutional amendment. We break down the new immigration policies tonight!
Also, a new deal revealed that Iran can "self-inspect" its own nuclear plants. We break down the absurdness of this and more about the Iran Deal tonight!
And of course, the top fuggedaboudit moments of the week! Don't miss this segment!


text:
Mary Ann Springer (Arlington, 6 juni 1991) is een Amerikaans actrice. Ze heeft rollen gehad in onder andere iCarly, I-Nasty en Malcolm in the Middle. In 2006 won ze de Young Artist Award voor het beste optreden in een korte film.

Filmografie
 iCarly (2008)
 I-Nasty (2007)
 Cleats of Imminent Doom (2005)
 A Summer Sonata (2004)
 Woman in the Attic (2003)
 Maniacal (2003)
 The Metro Chase (2003)
 Malcolm in the Middle (2001)

Externe links

Amerikaans acteur
Jeugdacteur

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Program May Hold Promise for Reducing Avoidable Hospital Readmissions
Recent federal legislation imposes financial penalties on hospitals that experience excessive patient readmissions within 30 days.
Luke Hansen, MD, MHS, of the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
A new study published today in the Journal of Hospital Medicine looks at the potential of a program designed to improve the discharge process and prevent avoidable rehospitalizations.
Developed by the Society of Hospital Medicine, Project BOOST (Better Outcomes by Optimizing Safe Transitions) Mentoring Program focuses on identifying patients at highest risk for readmissions, communicating discharge plans effectively, and ensuring close follow-up through phone calls and timely doctors' appointments. An integral component is the use of physician mentors to facilitate implementation of BOOST tools at participating hospitals. To assess the effectiveness of BOOST, researchers studied hospitals varying in geography, size, and academic affiliation that implemented BOOST. While 30 hospitals had implemented the program when the study was initiated, only 11 were able to provide hospital unit–specific data for the study. Notably, hospitals received no funding to participate in BOOST.
The investigators found that the average rate of 30 day rehospitalization in BOOST units was 14.7 percent prior to implementing the program and 12.7 percent twelve months later, reflecting an absolute reduction of 2 percent and a relative reduction of 13.6 percent. Rehospitalization rates for similar hospital units that did not implement BOOST were 14.0 percent in the pre-intervention period and 14.1 percent in the post-intervention period. The average absolute reduction in readmission rates in BOOST units compared with other units was 2.0 percent, or a nearly 14 percent relative reduction.
"Our findings support that among the sites willing and able to share the outcome data required for the study, there was significant improvement," said lead BOOST analyst Luke Hansen, MD, MHS, of the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. "There is more work to do to fully engage non-academic sites in quality improvement research like ours and to understand what makes for fertile ground for implementing changes included in the BOOST toolkit."
"We are encouraged by our initial findings and learned substantially from this initial implementation and evaluation," added BOOST Principal Investigator, Mark V. Williams, MD, MHM, of the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. "Subsequent Project BOOST collaboration with greater than 130 hospitals has been modified and bolstered to increase the intensity of the BOOST intervention," he said.
In an accompanying editorial, Ashish Jha, MD, MPH, of the Harvard School of Public Health, noted that the study's findings suggest only a small improvement among a very select group of hospitals. "Hospitals will need to find ways to reduce readmissions, and programs like BOOST, even when executed perfectly, will be necessary but likely insufficient. Improving the quality of care transitions is critically important. But to truly get to better outcomes for older Americans, hospitals will need to think beyond their four walls," he wrote.
In another accompanying editorial, Andrew Auerbach, MD, MPH, of the UCSF School of Medicine, and his colleagues pointed to several shortcomings, but they stated that "the authors provide the necessary start down the road towards a fuller understanding of real world efforts to reduce readmissions. The nuances and flaws of this study provide ample fodder for others working in the field."
Project BOOST is a national initiative led by the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) and originally funded by the John A. Hancock Foundation to improve the care of patients as they transition from hospital to home or other care facilities. The program includes mentoring from national experts and in-depth resources to assess and address readmission risk. More than 160 hospital sites have participated in Project BOOST and the Project BOOST toolkit has been downloaded by more than 4,000 sites.
healthcare politics (202)
research (1774)
Economic and social rights
Women's rights strongholds are healthier, study finds
Nations with strong women's rights are more likely to have better health and faster growth than those who don't promote and protect these values, finds research published in the online journal…
#healthcare politics
Epidemiology & economics
Bacterial resistance costs French hospitals up to 290 million Euros per year
A team of researchers from Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (UVSQ), Inserm and Pasteur Institute has been able to provide for the first time an accurate estimate of both the incidence…
#hospital
#MRSA
Funding black holes
Curbing the use of agency nurses
New figures for the UK's key National Health Service (NHS) Trusts have revealed their total deficit of more than €1.1 billion for the year 2014-15. This rise on the previous year's deficit of…


This has a fun craft to use with your watermelon unit or life cycle lessons.It includes a guide, craft templates and vocabulary cards. I designed this hands-on watermelon activity to help my students learn about the life cycle in a fun, interactive way. During the craft, we also work on vocabulary building and sequencing skills. We designed this freebie to say thank you to our teacher friends and followers. We appreciate all your support, feedback and kind words.


Survey of antimicrobial susceptibility testing practices of veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States.
Brooks MB, Morley PS, Dargatz DA, Hyatt DR, Salman MD, Akey BL.
OBJECTIVE: To describe antimicrobial susceptibility testing practices of veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States and evaluate the feasibility of collating this information for the purpose of monitoring antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from animals. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PROCEDURES: A questionnaire was mailed to veterinary diagnostic laboratories throughout the United States to identify those laboratories that conduct susceptibility testing. Nonrespondent laboratories were followed up through telephone contact and additional mailings. Data were gathered regarding methods of susceptibility testing, standardization of methods, data management, and types of isolates tested. RESULTS: Eighty-six of 113 (76%) laboratories responded to the survey, and 64 of the 86 (74%) routinely performed susceptibility testing on bacterial isolates from animals. Thirty-four of the 36 (94%) laboratories accredited by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians responded to the survey. Laboratories reported testing > 160,000 bacterial isolates/y. Fifty-one (88%) laboratories reported using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility; this accounted for 65% of the isolates tested. Most (87%) laboratories used the NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) documents for test interpretation. Seventy-five percent of the laboratories performed susceptibility testing on bacterial isolates only when they were potential pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: The veterinary diagnostic laboratories represent a comprehensive source of data that is not easily accessible in the United States. Variability in testing methods and data storage would present challenges for data aggregation, summary, and interpretation.
Brooks MB, Morley PS, Dargatz DA, Hyatt DR, Salman MD, Akey BL. Survey of antimicrobial susceptibility testing practices of veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Jan 15;222(2):168-73.


text:
Ear-nose-throat disorders (141)
Urinary tract diseases (230)
Skin diseases (318)
Immune system (166)
Infections (165)
Obstetrics (100)
Dental diseases (102)
Andrology (116)
Dysmenorrhea (42)
Vaginal discharge (3)
Climacteric (55)
Menstrual disorders (12)
1 Burns, E.E.; Blamey, C.; Ersser, S.J.; Barnetson, L.; Lloyd, A.J.
An Investigation into the Use of Aromatherapy in Intrapartum Midwifery Practice
Aromatherapy, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics
2 Stevinson, C.; Ernst, E.
Hypericum for Premenstrual Syndrome: A Pilot Study
Evidence-Based Complementary Medicine: International Congress on Clinical Research and Quality Management in Complementary Medicine, Munich, April 6 to 8, 2000
Forsch Komplementärmed, 2000, 7(1), 52 (Abstract)
Gynaecology, Hypericum, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Premenstrual syndrome
Abstract: https://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ArtikelNr=57170&Ausgabe=228270&ProduktNr=224242&filename=57170.pdf
3 Beuth, J.; Ko, H.L.; Tunggal, L.; Geisel, J.; Pulverer, G.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur immunaktiven Wirkung von Galaktosid-spezifischem Mistellektin
Reinsubstanz gegen standardisierten Extrakt
Arzneim Forsch, 1993, 43(2),
Gynaecology, Immunomodulation, Immune system, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Lektine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Viscum, Viscum album
4 Beuth, J.; Gabius, H.-J.; Steuer, M.K.; Geisel, J.; Steuer, M.; Ko, H.L.; Pulverer, G.
Einfluß der Mistellektintherapie auf den Serumspiegel definierter Serumproteine (Akutphaseproteine) bei Tumorpatienten
Med Klin, 1993, 88(5), 287-290
Gynaecology, Immunomodulation, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Lektine, Mistletoe therapy, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Viscum, Viscum album
5 Beuth, J.; Stoffel, B.; Ko, H.L.; Buss, G.; Tunggal, L.; Pulverer, G.
Immunaktive Wirkung verschiedener Mistellektin-1-Dosierungen in Mammakarzinom-Patientinnen
Arzneim Forsch, 1995, 45(4), 505-507
Breast cancer, Gynaecology, Immunomodulation, Immune system, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Lektine, Mistletoe therapy, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Viscum, Viscum album
6 Budeiri, D.; Li Wan Po, A.; Dornan, J.C.
Is evening primrose oil of value in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome?
Controlled Clin Trials, 1996, 17, 60-68
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Meta-analysis, Oenothera, Phytomedicine, Premenstrual syndrome, Systematic review
7 Glazier, M.G.; Bowman, M.A.
A review of the evidence for the use of phyto-estrogens as a replacement for traditional oestrogen replacement therapy
Arch Intern Med, 2001, 161, 1161-1172
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
8 Huntley, A.L.; Ernst, E.
A systematic review of plant-based products for the treatment of menopausal symptoms
FACT, 2002, 7(1), 96 (Abstract; Symposiumsbeitrag)
9 Albert, A.; Altabre, C.; Baró, F.; Buendia, E.; Cabero, A.; Cancelo, M.J.; Castelo-Branco, C.; Chantre, P.; Duran, M.; Haya, J.; Imbert, P.; Juliá, D.; Lanchares, J.L.; Llaneza, P.; Manubens, M.; Minano, A.; Quereda, F.; Ribes, C.; Vazquez, F.
Efficacy and safety of a phytoestrogen preparation derived from Glycine max (L.) Merr in climacteric symptomatology: A multicentric, open, prospective and non-randomized trial
Phytomed, 2002, 9(2), 85-92
Glycine max, Gynaecology, Climacteric, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phaseolus, Phaseolus max, Phytomedicine
10 Borrelli, F.; Ernst, E.
Cimicifuga racemosa: a systematic review of its clinical efficacy
Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2002, 58, 235-241
Black cohosh, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
11 Kronenberg, F.; Fugh-Berman, A.
Complementary and alternative medicine for menopausal symptoms
A review of randomized, controlled trials
Ann Intern Med, 2002, 137, 805-813
Acupuncture, Nutrition/diet, Gynaecology, Climacteric, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Mind-body medicine, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Traditional Chinese medicine
12 Kretschmer, H.
Erste Studie zur Sicherheit von Echinacea in Schwangerschaft
Z Phytother, 2003, 24(1), 39 (Abstract)
Echinacea, Echinacea purpurea, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Adverse effect
13 Thompson Coon, J.S.; Pittler, M.H.; Ernst, E.
The role of red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavones in women's reproductive health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
Gynaecology, Climacteric, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Trifolium, Trifolium pratense
14 Portnoi, G.; Chng, L.A.; Karimi-Tabesh, L.; Koren, G.; Tan, M.P.; Einarson, A.
Prospective comparative study of the safety and effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003, 189, 1374-1377
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Morning sickness, Sickness (pregnancy), ginger
15 Huntley, A.L.; Ernst, E.
Soy for the treatment of perimenopausal symptoms
Maturitas, 2004, 47, 1-9
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Phaseolus, Phaseolus max, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
16 Parsons, M.; Simpson, M.; Ponton, T.
Raspberry leaf and its effect on labour
Safety and efficacy
Aust Coll Midwives Inc J, 1999, 12(3), 20-25
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, blackberry, raspberry, Obstetrics, Review (CR), Tedious labour
17 Krebs, E.E.; Ensrud, K.E.; MacDonald, R.; Wilt, T.J.
Phytoestrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms
Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 104(4), 824-836
18 Toelg, M.; Antonu, H.; Reiss, B.; Ramos, M.H.
Lebensqualität von Tumorpatientinnen unter begleitender Misteltherapie
Ergebnisse einer prospektiven, nicht randomisierten, kontrollierten, offenen Studie (AWB) mit Iscador M
Schweiz Z Ganzheitsmed, 2005, 17(5), 294-299
Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Cervical cancer, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Mistletoe therapy, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Viscum, Viscum album, Iscador
19 Borrelli, F.; Capasso, R.; Aviello, G.; Pittler, M.H.; Izzo, A.A.
Effectiveness and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting
Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 105, 849-856
Vomiting, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Gastrointestinal tract, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Systematic review, Sickness, ginger
20 Daniele, C.; Thompson Coon, J.; Pittler, M.H.; Ernst, E.
Vitex agnus castus
A systematic review of adverse events
Drug Safety, 2005, 28(4), 319-332
Agnus castus, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Adverse effect
21 Murphy, P.A.; Kern, S.E.; Stanczyk, F.Z.; Westhoff, C.L.
Interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives
Effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding
Contraception, 2005, 71, 402-408
Arzneimittelwechselwirkung, Healthy probands, Gynaecology, Hypericum, St John's wort, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Conventional medicine, Non-randomized trial, Pharmacology, Phytomedicine, Pharmacocinetics
22 Coon, J.T.; Pittler, M.H.; Ernst, E.
Trifolium pratense isoflavones in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes
Phytomed, 2007, 14(2-3), 153-159
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Trifolium, Trifolium pratense
23 Wuttke, W.; Seidlová-Wuttke, D.
Effects of the special black cohosh (Actaea racemosa syn. Cimicifuga racemosa) extract CR BNO 1055 on bone turnover, vaginal mucosa and on various blood parameters in postmenopausal women
FACT, 2006, 11(Suppl. 1), 56-57 (Symposiumsbeitrag; Abstract)
Muscoskeletal -/Connective tissue system, Blood, Blood/Lymphatic system, Black cohosh, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Bones, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Placebo-controlled, Uterus
24 Borrelli, F.; Izzo, A.; Ernst, E.
Pharmacological effects of Cimicifuga racemosa
Life Sci, 2003, 73, 1215-1229
Black cohosh, Basic Research, Gynaecology, Climacteric, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Pharmacology, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
25 Hur, M.-H.; Yang, Y.S.; Lee, M.S.
Aromatherapy massage affects menopausal symptoms in Korean climacteric women
A pilot-controlled clinical trial
Aromatherapy, Gynaecology, jessamine, Climacteric, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Lavendula, Manual therapy, Massage, Menopause, Non-randomized trial, Pelargonium, Pelargonium graveolens, Phytomedicine, Prunus, peach, Rosa
26 Giuca, M.R.; Carli, E.; Pasini, M.; Bonfigli, D.; Cappè, M.R.
Evaluation of efficacy of estrogen and phytotherapy in oral cavity alterations of women in menopause
Minerva Ginecol, 2009, 61(1), 13-22
Endocrinology, Gynaecology, Ear-nose-throat disorders, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Mouth, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Dental diseases, Estrogen
27 Zhang, M.; Huang, J.; Xie, X.; Holman, C.D.
Dietary intakes of mushrooms and green tea combine to reduce the risk of breast cancer in Chinese women
Int J Cancer, 2009, 124(6), 1404-1408
Breast cancer, Camellia, Camellia sinensis, Nutrition/diet, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Mycotherapy, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Tea
28 Kienle, G.S.; Glockmann, A.; Schink, M.; Kiene, H.
Viscum album L. extracts in breast and gynaecological cancers
A systematic review of clinical an preclinical research
J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2009, 28, 79; (1-33)
Breast cancer, Basic Research, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Viscum, Viscum album
29 Arora, S.; Vatsa, M.; Dadhwal, V.
Cabbage leaves vs. hot and cold compresses in the treatment of breast engorgement
Nurs J India, 2009, 100(3), 52-54
Brassica, Brassica oleracea, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Mastitis, Non-randomized trial, Physical therapy, Phytomedicine, Compress
30 Plangger, N.; Rist, L.; Zimmermann, R.; Mandach, U.V.
Intraveneous tocolysis with Bryophyllum pinnatum is better tolerated than beta-agonist application
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2006, 124(2), 168-172
Bryophyllum, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Premature delivery, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Retrospective design, Obstetrics
31 Shams, T.; Setia, M.S.; Hemmings, R.; McCusker, J.; Sewitch, M.
Efficacy of black cohosh-containing preparations on menopausal symptoms
Black cohosh, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine
32 Whelan, A.M.; Jurgens, T.M.; Naylor, H.
Herbs, vitamins and minerals in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome
Can J Clin Pharmacol, 2009, 16(3), e407-e429
Nutrition/diet, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Dietary supplementation, Phytomedicine, Premenstrual syndrome, Systematic review, Vitamins
33 Moretti, M.E.; Maxson, A.; Hanna, F.; Koren, G.
Evaluating the safety of St John's wort in human pregnancy
Reprod Toxicol, 2009, 28(1), 96-99
Gynaecology, Hypericum, St John's wort, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Adverse effect
34 Taku, K.; Melby, M.K.; Takebayashi, J.; Mizuno, S.; Ishimi, Y.; Omori, T.; Watanabe, S.
Effect of soy isoflavone extract supplements on bone mineral density in menopausal women
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Asian Pacific J Clin Nutr, 2010, 19(1), 33-42
Muscoskeletal -/Connective tissue system, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Meta-analysis, Osteoporosis, Phaseolus, Phaseolus max, Phytomedicine
35 Bolanos, R.; Del Castillo, A.; Francia, J.
Soy isoflavones versus placebo in the treatment of climacteric vasomotor symptoms
Gynaecology, Cardiovascular diseases, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Phaseolus, Phaseolus max, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
36 Allen-Davis, W.; Fletcher, H.; Davis, C.; Frankson, M.
Commonly used botanicals and vitamins and their impact on blood pressure and blood loss in surgical gynaecology patients
J Obstet Gynaecol, 2010, 30(3), 272-276
Surgery, Nutrition/diet, Gynaecology, Cardiovascular diseases, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Vitamins
37 Shin, B.C.; Lee, M.S.; Yang, E.J.; Lim, H.S.; Ernst, E.
Maca (L. meyenii) for improving sexual function
BMC Complement Altern Med, 2010, 10, 44; (1-6)
Andrology, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Lepidium, Lepidium meyenii, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Sexual dysfunktion (female), Sexual dysfunction (male)
38 Clement, Y.N.; Onakpoya, I.; Hung, S.K.; Ernst, E.
Effects of herbal and dietary supplements on cognition in menopause
Maturitas, 2011, 68(3), 256-263
Nutrition/diet, Brain, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Dietary supplementation, Nervous system, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
39 Cuzzolin, L.; Francini-Pesenti, F.; Verlato, G.; Joppi, M.; Baldelli, P.; Benoni, G.
Use of herbal products among 392 Italian pregnant women
Focus on pregnancy outcome
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety, 2010, 19(11), 1151-1158
Attitude, Assesment, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Patient structure, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Adverse effect
40 Kirkeskov, B.; Christensen, R.; Bugel, S.; Bliddal, H.; Danneskiold-Samsoe, B.; Christensen, L.P.; Andersen, J.R.
The effects of rose hip (Rosa canina) on plasma antioxidative activity and C-reactive protein in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and normal controls
A prospective cohort study
Phytomed, 2011, 18(11), 953-958
Arthritis, Muscoskeletal -/Connective tissue system, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Rheumatic diseases, Rosa, Rosa canina
41 Hur, M.-H.; Lee, M.S.; Seong, K.-Y.; Lee, M.-K.
Aromatherapy massage on the abdomen for alleviating menstrual pain in high school girls
A preliminary controlled clinical study
Aromatherapy, Cinnamomum, Geranium, Gynaecology, Jugendmedizin, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Manual therapy, Massage, Menstrual disorders, Non-randomized trial, Origanum, Origanum majorana, Pediatrics, Phytomedicine, Prunus, Prunus dulcis, sage, Salvia sclarea, ginger
42 Lee, M.S.; Shin, B.C.; Yang, E.J.; Lim, H.J.; Ernst, E.
Maca (Lepidium meyenii) for treatment of menopausal symptoms
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Lepidium, Lepidium meyenii, Menopause, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
43 Liu, C.; Wang, C.; Robison, E.; Levine, A.M.; Gandhi, M.; Schwartz, R.; Weber, K.M.; Merenstein, D.
Short-term garlic supplementation and highly active antiretroviral treatment adherence, CD4+ cell counts, and human immunodeficiency virus viral load
Allium, Allium sativum, Arzneimittelwechselwirkung, Gynaecology, HIV, Infections, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine
44 Kim, Y.-J.; Lee, M.S.; Yang, Y.S.; Hur, M.-H.
Self-aromatherapy massage of the abdomen for the reduction of menstrual pain and anxiety during menstruation in nurses
A placebo-controlled clincal trial
Eur J Integr Med, 2011, 3(3), e165-e168
Anxiety, Aromatherapy, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Kombinationsarzneimittel, Complementary and alternative medicine, Manual therapy, Massage, Menstrual disorders, Non-randomized trial, Pelargonium, Pelargonium graveolens, Phytomedicine, Placebo-controlled, Mental diseases, Rosa, Rosa centifolia, Rosa damascena, sage, Salvia sclarea, Pain, ginger
45 Smith, C.A.; Collins, C.T.; Crowther, C.A.
Aromatherapy for pain management in labour
Aromatherapy, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Systematic review, Geburtsschmerz
46 Ding, M.; Leach, M.; Bradley, H.
The effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting
Women Birth, 2013, 26(1), e26-e30
Vomiting, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Gastrointestinal tract, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Systematic review, Sickness (pregnancy), ginger
47 Dante, G.; Pedrielli, G.; Facchinetti, F.; Annessi, E.
Herb remedies during pregnancy
A systematic review of controlled clinical trials
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2013, 26(3), 306-312
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Systematic review
48 Dugoua, J.J.; Perri, D.; Seely, D.; Mills, E.; Koren, G.
Safety and efficacy of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) during pregnancy and lactation
Can J Clin Pharmacol, 2008, 15(1), e66-e73
Caulophyllum, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Systematic review
49 Dante, G.; Facchinetti, F.
Herbal treatments for alleviating premenstrual symptoms
J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol, 2011, 32(1), 42-51
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Premenstrual syndrome, Systematic review
50 Olatunya, O.S.; Olatunya, A.M.; Anyabolu, H.C.; Adejuyigbe, E.A.; Oyelami, O.A.
Preliminary trial of Aloe vera gruel on HIV infection
Aloe, Aloe vera, Nutrition/diet, Gynaecology, HIV, Infections, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine
51 Leach, M.J.; Moore, V.
Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms
52 Die, M.D. van; Burger, H.G.; Teede, H.J.; Bone, K.M.
Vitex agnus-castus extracts for female reproductive disorders
A systematic review of clinical trials
Planta Med, 2013, 79(7), 562-575
Agnus castus, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
53 Laakmann, E.; Grajecki, D.; Doege, K.; Eulenburg, C. zu; Buhling, K.J.
Efficacy of Cimicifuga racemosa, Hypericum perforatum and Agnus castus in the treatment of climacteric complaints
Gynecol Endocrinol, 2012, 28(9), 703-709
Agnus castus, Black cohosh, Gynaecology, Hypericum, St John's wort, Climacteric, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
54 Rho, K.H.; Han, S.H.; Kim, K.S.; Lee, M.S.
Effects of aromatherapy massage on anxiety and self-esteem in korean elderly women
Int J Neurosci, 2006, 116(12), 1447-1455
Anxiety, Aromatherapy, Geriatrics, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Manual therapy, Massage, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Mental diseases
55 Akazawam, N.; Choi, Y.; Miyaki, A.; Tanabe, Y.; Sugawara, J.; Ajisaka, R.; Maeda, S.
Curcumin ingestion and exercise training improve vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women
Nutrition Res, 2012, 32(10), 795-799
Exercise therapy, Gynaecology, Cardiovascular diseases, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Non-randomized trial, Physical therapy, Phytomedicine, Prevention
56 Liu, J.P.; Yang, H.; Xia, Y.; Cardini, F.
Herbal preparations for uterine fibroids
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Uterine myoma
57 Budzynska, K.; Gardner, Z.E.; Dugoua, J.J.; Low Dog, T.; Gardiner, P.
Systematic review of breastfeeding and herbs
Breastfeed Med, 2012, 7(6), 489-503
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
58 Mortel, M.; Mehta, S.D.
Systematic review of the efficacy of herbal galactogogues
J Hum Lact, 2013, 29(2), 154-162
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Lactation disorder, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Systematic review
59 Jang, S.H.; Kim, D.I.; Choi, M.-S.
Effects and treatment methods of acupuncture and herbal medicine for premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder
BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014, 14(1), 11; (1-23)
Acupuncture, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Premenstrual syndrome, Systematic review, Traditional Chinese medicine
60 Nagata, C.; Mizoue, T.; Tanaka, K.; Tsuji, I.; Tamakoshi, A.; Matsuo, K.; Wakai, K.; Inoue, M.; Tsugane, S.; Sasazuki, S.
Soy intake and breast cancer risk
An evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population
Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2014, 44(3), 282-295
Breast cancer, Assesment, Nutrition/diet, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Phaseolus, Phaseolus max, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Überblick (survey)
61 Biswal, B.M.; Sulaiman, S.A.; Ismail, H.C.; Zakaria, H.; Musa, K.I.
Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients
Breast cancer, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Mental diseases, Withania, Withania somnifera
62 Viljoen, E.; Visser, J.; Koen, N.; Musekiwa, A.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnany-associated nausa and vomiting
Nutrition J, 2014, 13, 20; (1-14)
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Morning sickness, Systematic review, Sickness (pregnancy), ginger
63 Thomson, M.; Crobin, R.; Leung, L.
Effects of ginger for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy
J Am Board Fam Med, 2014, 27, 115-122
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Morning sickness, Sickness (pregnancy)
64 Fritz, H.; Seely, D.; McGowan, J.; Skidmore, B.; Fernandes, R.; Kennedy, D.A.; Cooley, K.; Wong, R.; Sagar, S.; Balneaves, L.G.; Fergusson, D.
Black cohosh and breast cancer
Integr Cancer Ther, 2014, 13(1), 12-29
Breast cancer, Black cohosh, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Menopause, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Adverse effect
65 Isobe, T.
Efficacy of simple guidelines for using acupuncture and herbal medicine in general medicine practice
A preliminary observational report
Med Acupunct, 2014, 26(4), 215-220
Acupuncture, Muscoskeletal -/Connective tissue system, Dysmenorrhea, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Headache, Low back pain, Neck pain, Nervous system, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Schulterschmerz (unspezifisch), Vertigo, Traditional Chinese medicine, Traditional Japanese medicine
Abstract: https://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acu.2013.1000
66 Liu, Y.-R.; Jiang, Y.-L.; Huang, R.-Q.; Yang, J.-Y.; Xiao, B.-K.; Dong, J.-X.
Hypericum perforatum L. preparations for menopause
A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety
Climacteric, 2014, 17(4), 325-335
Gynaecology, Hypericum, St John's wort, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
67 Minaxi, A.; Krishan, K.B.; Dhingra Gitika, A.; Brinda, Vaze Varsha, V.
Comparative study of Aloe vera and Abroma augusta with special reference to dysmenorrhoea
Int J Phytother Res, 2014, 4(4), 13-22
Aloe, Aloe vera, Dysmenorrhea, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Abroma augusta
Abstract: https://earthjournals.org/ijpr-vol4issue4.html
68 Kim, W.; Lee, W.B.; Lee, J.W.; Min, B.I.; Baek, S.K.; Lee, H.S.; Cho, S.H.
Traditional herbal medicine as adjunctive therapy for breast cancer
Breast cancer, Gynaecology, Chinese medicinal herbs, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Traditional Chinese medicine
69 Daily, J.W.; Zhang, X.; Kim, D.S.; Park, S.
Efficacy of ginger for alleviating the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Pain Med, 2015, 16(12), 2243-2255
Dysmenorrhea, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, ginger
70 Sachse, C.; Uehleke, B.
Systematischer Review zur Wirksamkeit von Fenchel bei primärer Dysmenorrhoe
Z Phytother, 2015, 36(4), 150-156
Dysmenorrhea, Foeniculum vulgare, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
Abstract: https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0041-104839
71 Cetisli, N.E.; Saruhan, A.; Kivcak, B.
The effects of flaxseed on menopausal symptoms and quality of life
Holist Nurs Pract, 2015, 29(3), 151-157
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Linum usitatissimum, Menopause, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine
72 Won, L.H.; Hee, J.J.; Ki-Jung, K.; Byong-Seob, K.; Hwan, L.C.; Soo, L.M.
Herbal medicine (Danggui Shaoyao San) for treating primary dysmenorrhea
Maturitas, 2015, epub ahead of print,
Dang-Qui-Shao-Yao-San, Dysmenorrhea, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Kombinationsarzneimittel, Complementary and alternative medicine, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
Abstract: https://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122%2815%2930085-2/abstract
73 Chen, M.-N.; Lin, C.-C.; Liu, C.-F.
Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms
A meta-analysis and systematic review
Climacteric, 2015, 18, 260-269
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
74 Hutton, B.; Yazdi, F.; Bordeleau, L.; Morgan, S.; Cameron, C.; Kanji, S.; Fergusson, D.; Tricco, A.; Straus, S.; Skidmore, B.; Hersi, M.; Pratt, M.; Mazzarello, S.; Brouwers, M.; Moher, D.; Clemons, M.
Comparison of physical interventions, behavioral interventions, natural health products, and pharmacologics to manage hot flashes in patients with breast or prostate cancer
Protocol for a systematic review incorporating network meta-analysis
Syst Rev, 2015, 4, 114 (Studienprotokoll)
Breast cancer, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Meditation, Menopause, Meta-analysis, Mind-body medicine, Physical therapy, Phytomedicine, Psychology/psychotherapy, Systematic review, Yoga
75 Pattanittum, P.; Kunyanone, N.; Brown, J.; Sangkomkamhang, U.S.; Barnes, J.; Seyfoddin, V.; Marjoribanks, J.
Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 3(CD002124), 1-122
Dysmenorrhea, Nutrition/diet, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Dietary supplementation, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
76 Chen, C.X.; Barrett, B.; Kwekkeboom, K.L.
Efficacy of oral ginger (Zingiber officinale) for dysmenorrhea
77 Boltman-Binkowski, H.
Are herbal and homeopathic remedies used during pregnancy safe?
Curationis, 2016, 39(1), 1514; (e1-e8)
Gynaecology, Homeopathy, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Systematic review, Adverse effect
78 Franco, O.H.; Chowdhury, R.; Troup, J.; Voortman, T.; Kunutsor, S.; Kavousi, M.; Oliver-Williams, C.; Muka, T.
Use of plant-based therapies and menopausal symptoms
79 Li, Y.; Zhu, X.; Bensussan, A.; Li, P.; Moylan, E.; Delaney, G.; McPherson, L.
Herbal medicine for hot flushes induced by endocrine therapy in women with breast cancer
Breast cancer, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
80 Javan, R.; Yousefi, M.; Nazari, S.-M.; Amiri, P.; Mosavi-Jarrahi, A.; Amiri, P.; Mosavi-Jarrahi, A.; Modiramani, P.; Naghedi-Baghdar, H.
Herbal medicines in idiopathic heavy menstrual bleeding
Phytother Res, 2016, 30(10), 1584-1591
Gynaecology, Hypermenorrhea, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
81 Schloss, J.; Steel, A.
Medical synopsis
Can plant-based therapies assist menopausal symptoms?
Adv Integr Med, 2016, 3(2), 66-67
Abstract: https://www.aimedjournal.com/article/S2212-9588(16)30036-2/abstract
82 Gartoulla, P.; Han, M.M.
Red clover extract for alleviating hot flushes in postmenopausal women
Maturitas, 2014, 79(1), 58-64
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Trifolium, Trifolium pratense
83 Kolding, L.; Pedersen, L.H.; Henriksen, T.B.; Olsen, J.; Grzeskowiak, L.E.
Hypericum perforatum use during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome
Reprod Toxicol, 2015, 58, 234-237
Gynaecology, Hypericum, St John's wort, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Toxicology, Adverse effect
84 Choi, J.S.; Han, J.Y.; Ahn, H.K.; Lee, S.W.; Koong, M.K.; Velazquez-Armenta, E.Y.; Nava-Ocampo, A.A.
Assessment of fetal and neonatal outcomes in the offspring of women who had been treated with dried ginger (Zingiberis rhizoma siccus) for a variety of illnesses during pregnancy
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Neonatologie, Non-randomized trial, Pediatrics, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Adverse effect, ginger
85 Ghazanfarpour, M.; Sadeghi, R.; Roudsari, R.L.
The application of soy isoflavones for subjective symptoms and objective signs of vaginal atrophy in menopause
A systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Phaseolus, Phaseolus max, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Vaginal atrophy
86 Ghazanfarpour, M.; Sadeghi, R.; Roudsari, R.L.; Khorsand, I.; Khadivzadeh, T.; Muoio, B.
Red clover for treatment of hot flashes and menopausal symptoms
87 Lee, H.W.; Choi, J.; Lee, Y.; Kil, K.J.; Lee, M.S.
Ginseng for managing menopausal woman's health
A systematic review of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials
Medicine, 2016, 95(38), e4914; (1-7)
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Phytomedicine, Systematic review, Panax, Panax ginseng
88 Ghazanfarpour, M.; Sadeghi, R.; Abdolahian, S.; Roudsari, R.L.
The efficacy of Iranian herbal medicines in alleviating hot flashes
Int J Reprod Biomed, 2016, 14(3), 155-166
Gynaecology, Climacteric, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
89 Abdi, F.; Alimoradi, Z.; Haqi, P.; Mahdizad, F.
Effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density during the menopause transition
A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials
Muscoskeletal -/Connective tissue system, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Osteoporosis, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
90 Myers, S.P.; Vigar, V.
Effects of a standardised extract of Trifolium pratense (Promensil) at a dosage of 80mg in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes
Phytomed, 2017, 24, 141-147
91 Sut, N.; Kahyaoglu-Sut, H.
Effect of aromatherapy massage on pain in primary dysmenorrhea
Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2017, 27, 5-10
Aromatherapy, Dysmenorrhea, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Manual therapy, Massage, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine
92 Verkaik, S.; Kamperman, A.M.; Westrhenen, R. van; Schulte, P.F.J.
The treatment of premenstrual syndrome with preparations of Vitex agnus castus
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2017, 217(2), 150-166
Agnus castus, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Premenstrual syndrome, Systematic review
93 Lambert, M.N.T.; Hu, L.M.; Jeppesen, P.B.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women
Am J Clin Nutr, 2017, 106(3), 801-811
Muscoskeletal -/Connective tissue system, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Meta-analysis, Osteoporosis, Phytomedicine, Systematic review
94 Veiga, D.T.A. da; Bringhenti, R.; Bolignon, A.A.; Tatsh, E.; Moresco, R.N.; Comim, F.V.; Premaor, M.O.
The yerba mate intake has a neutral effect on bone
A case-control study in postmenopausal women
Phytother Res, 2018, 32(1), 8-64
Muscoskeletal -/Connective tissue system, Gynaecology, Ilex, Ilex paraguariensis, Clinical research, Fracture, Complementary and alternative medicine, Menopause, Non-randomized trial, Osteoporosis, Phytomedicine, Prevention, Tea
95 Franciscis, P. de; Grauso, F.; Luisi, A.; Schettino, M.T.
Adding Agnus castus and Magnolia to soy isoflavones relieves sleep disturbances besides postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms
Long term safety and effectiveness
Nutrients, 2017, 9, 129; (1-8)
Agnus castus, Gynaecology, Climacteric, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Magnolia, Menopause, Non-randomized trial, Phaseolus, Phaseolus max, Phytomedicine, Mental diseases, Sleep disorders
96 Khan, T.M.; Wu, D.B.; Dolzhenko, A.V.
Effectiveness of fenugreek as a galactagogue
A network meta-analysis
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Meta-analysis, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Systematic review, Trifolium, fenugreek
97 Ahmed, M.; Hwang, J.H.; Choi, S.; Han, D.
Safety classification of herbal medicines used among pregnant women in Asian countries
BMC Complement Altern Med, 2017, 17(1), 489; (1-11)
Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Obstetrics, Systematic review, Adverse effect
98 Arentz, S.; Smith, C.A.; Abbott, J.; Bensoussan, A.
Nutritional supplements and herbal medicines for women with polycystic ovary syndrome
BMC Complement Altern Med, 2017, 17, 500; (1-14)
Nutrition/diet, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Meta-analysis, Minerals, Dietary supplementation, Phytomedicine, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Systematic review, Vitamins
99 Tadokoro, Y.; Horiuchi, S.; Takahata, K.; Shuo, T.; Sawano, E.; Shinohara, K.
Changes in salivary oxytocin after inhalation of clary sage essential oil scent in term‑pregnant women
A feasibility pilot study
BMC Res Notes, 2017, 10, 717; (1-7)
Aromatherapy, Endocrinology, Gynaecology, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Non-randomized trial, Phytomedicine, sage, Salvia sclarea, Obstetrics, Oxytocin
100 Kooti, W.; Moradi, M.; Peyro, K.; Sharghi, M.; Alamiri, F.; Azami, M.; Firoozbakht, M.; Ghafourian, M.
The effect of celery (Apium graveolens L.) on fertility
J Complement Integr Med, 2018, 15(2), 20160141; (1-12)
Andrology, Apium graveolens, Gynaecology, Infertility, Clinical research, Complementary and alternative medicine, Phytomedicine, Systematic review


text:
package io.github.tjheslin1.examples

public class ClassWithJiraTodos {
    //TODO Git-100 make this final
    private String name;

    public void setName(String n) {
        // TODO Git-101 set passed parameter as name
        name = n;
    }

    @Notes("MON-101")
    public String getName() {
        // TODO 22/10/2016 rename this method
        return name;
    }

    //main method will be called first when program is executed
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        //      TODO  NO_DATE   move this to another class

        JavaClassExample javaClassExample = new JavaClassExample();
        //set name member of this object
        javaClassExample.setName("Visitor");
        // print the name
        System.out.println("Hello " + javaClassExample.getName());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Before you start working in the Netherlands, Haldu Groep will help you settle down first.
Maybe you've already heard about the Netherlands. Windmills, tulips and so on. But what would it be really like to live and work here? In our austere culture? Among the hard-working Dutch? But for decent money that can be sent home every week? Many colleagues from Haldu Groep have already given positive response to these questions. They dare to take the step you are considering: to work and live in the Netherlands. We have changed the disadvantages of working abroad into advantages.
Haldu Groep works in a completely different way, we allow you to settle down in a new country first. We also let you get to know the Dutch society. Where and how do you tackle the most important matters? Where is the shopping area and where do you buy your groceries? How do you handle your financial issues? How to get help from a doctor in case of emergency? Your personal coordinator from Haldu Groep will show you the way around and help you navigate through it.
Of course, a trip abroad and parting with your loved ones for some time is never pleasant. But at Haldu Groep you will experience the same hospitality, warmth and interest you are used to at home. Moreover, you are not the only foreign professional who decides to travel to the Netherlands and work for Haldu Groep. There are more people like you. This means that you will have contact with other people from foreign countries. Starting day one you will make new friends. Some of them may become friends for a lifetime.
Haldu Groep invites you to come and work in the well-structured Dutch society. First of all we care about how you'll live during your stay in the Netherlands. We devote a lot of time and effort on your accommodation. We do not perceive your place of housing as a necessary evil where you return to after a long working day. Haldu Groep believes that it is your right to llive as the Dutch live: comfortably and with all standard amenities. That is why we provide you with housing in the highest class apartments with your own bed.
The housing in which you will stay is not hidden away from people, but it's right in the centre of the Dutch society. Your apartment gives you comfort, space and peace. All houses are carefully furnished. The equipment includes kitchen utensils, a vacuum cleaner, a television set and other basic appliances.
Your place of accommodation will be as close to your place of work as possible. We always try to find housing near the construction sites, so you never have to commute too long.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
Biblthca Lichenol. 35: 209 (1989)

#### Original name
Lecidea parasitica ß parasitica Flörke

### Remarks
null


text:
The Edit is now FREDERIC magazine! Sign up for our inspiration-filled weekly newsletter right this way.
Frederic Magazine
Insider Secrets
How Bonwit Teller Changed The Luxury Retail Shopping Experience Forever
Bonwit Teller Department Store. (Photo by George Rinhart/Corbis via Getty Images)
Created with Sketch. Created with Sketch. Created with Sketch.
Cutting-edge fashion. Shop-window-as-art-gallery displays. A spray of violets that was the defining luxury logo of its time. Bonwit Teller was more than a department store. It was a wholly new approach to high-end retail that forever changed how we think about style and shopping.
A 1961 window by Andy Warhol with paintings inspired by comic strips and ads. Heiner Bastian/Andy Warhol: Retrospective
FROM THE MOMENT IT OPENED ITS DOORS in Manhattan in 1895, Bonwit Teller blazed a trail and was the envy of arrivistes such as Bergdorf Goodman and Saks Fifth Avenue. Bonwit's signified impeccable taste, but not of the starchy, exclusive ilk. Instead it set an unprecedented standard for refined style mixed with approachable, cultivated service, and turned the act of high-end shopping into a sensual experience for all.
After establishing on Sixth Avenue and 18th Street, just down the street from Frederic Schumacher's first shop, the company moved into the striking Art Deco structure at Fifth and 56th that would become its iconic flagship. Gentle wafts of perfume enveloped you as you walked through the door. Our own Les Gazelles au Bois fabric hung in the dressing rooms. Avant-garde windows by the likes of Salvador Dali, Jasper Johns and Andy Warhol delighted and shocked passersby.
Chic shoppers riveted by a window display in 1940. Reginald Marsh/Museum of the City of New York.
Bonwit's was a pioneering tastemaker of the highest order, the first brand to implement the boutique shop-within-a-shop concept, the first to install a woman president at the helm of a major department store (who led through the Depression to booming profit, no less).
And then there were the clothes. Bonwit's was the destination for discovering the next big thing, the first U.S. retailer to champion such era-changing designers as Lanvin, Schiaparelli, Andre Courreges and Calvin Klein.
A 1936 window in response to the Dada & Surrealism show exhibiting at MoMA at the same time. Karl Worsinger/Museum of the City of New York
Schumacher's Les Gazelles au Bois fabric in a wood-paneled dressing room.
In the 1970s, the brand fell prey to mismanagement. In 1980, a young Donald Trump demolished the flagship building, including architectural elements he's first pledged to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Trump Tower rose on its site, a much-diminished Bonwit's tucked inside. By 1990 the store has closed for good.
But by that point Bonwit's had transcended any brick-and-mortar confines, its visionary spirit already deeply woven into the fabric of our collective cultural memory, transforming our approach to visual expression.
The flagship's limestone facade, with its 25-foot-tall nickel-plated grille. Sigurd Fischer/Museum of the City of New York
The Sets of "And Just Like That…" Are Giving Us Serious Design Inspiration
See How a Design Editor Transformed His Blank-Box New York Studio
This Colorful Virginia Home Is an Ode to the Power of Paint
Take a Tour of Windsor Smith's Sunny Los Angeles Home
THE FREDERIC FILES
Consider our newsletter your weekly dose of design, courtesy of the creative minds at Frederic.
© 2022 FSCO MEDIA


One of the greatest biblical examples of the Lord blessing those who keep seeking Him is Ruth. Life had placed Ruth in bleak circumstances. After her husband Mahlon's death, she returned to the land of his nativity, Judah, with her mother-in-law, Naomi. She was a foreigner from the land of Moab with no family to care for her but Naomi, who was also widowed. How would these two widows make ends meet? Where would they turn to find the necessities of life? She trusted not in the gods of Moab, but in the true God of Israel.
The book of Ruth is a book filled with requests. There are several requests made to the Lord on behalf of Ruth that He would care for her. Naomi's request for both her daughters-in-law is found in Ruth 1:9, "The LORD grant you that you may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband." The book goes on to show how Ruth found rest from her heartaches because Boaz, a near kinsman, took her to be his wife (Ruth 2:20; Ruth 3:1-2; Ruth 4:13). When Boaz met Ruth he mentioned how he had noticed all the sacrifices she had made in caring for Naomi (Ruth 2:11). Boaz went on to express his request of the Lord to Ruth, "The LORD recompense thy work, and a full reward be given thee of the LORD God of Israel, under whose wings thou art come to trust" (Ruth 2:12). The book goes on to show how the Lord would, through Boaz, repay Ruth with food enough for her and Naomi (Ruth 2:14, 17-19; Ruth 3:15-17). When the people in the gate and the elders of the city witnessed how Boaz agreed to marry Ruth and purchase from Naomi all that belonged to the family, they said of Ruth, "The LORD make the woman that is come into thine house like Rachel and like Leah, which two did build the house of Israel: and do thou worthily in Ephratah, and be famous in Bethlehem: And let thy house be like the house of Pharez, whom Tamar bare unto Judah, of the seed which the LORD shall give thee of this young woman" (Ruth 4:11-12). The book goes on to show how all this was accomplished because Ruth's great-grandson was king David (Ruth 4:18-22).
God's providential care is seen in the various episodes in the lives of Ruth's family. While God's plans for Ruth were to her unexpected, they were not because He was unconcerned. That it was the Lord who blessed all the characters in this narrative is repeatedly acknowledged (Ruth 2:20; Ruth 3:10; Ruth 4:14; etc.). The book, then, gives us assurance that though we cannot with specificity identify it, we can trust that God's providence governs our lives as well.


During term time we meet across the city at different times to study and apply the Bible to our lives and to care for each other. There are various evening and day time groups open to anyone, a men's breakfast group on a Saturday morning, a seniors group and fellowship groups. If you would like to know more, please get in touch.