text:
Election board stops Smith's mayoral bid
Keith Roysdon
kroysdon@gannett.com
The election board said challenger Smith did not have enough signatures.
Smith did not rule out a legal challenge.
MUNCIE – Local election officials on Thursday stopped a challenger's bid to unseat Mayor Dennis Tyler.
The Delaware County Election Board unanimously voted to turn down Steve L. Smith's challenge to an earlier county decision that he did not have sufficient signatures of registered voters to be allowed to run as an independent candidate against Tyler in the November election.
The board, without a vote, also told Smith he couldn't run as a write-in candidate because the resolution to his independent bid came a day after the deadline for write-in candidates to file.
Smith — who represented himself at the election board meeting, opposing voter registration officer Ashley Nichols — thanked the board members for their time and board member Denise Moore said she hoped the decision didn't discourage him from running for office again.
"The community needs that," Moore told Smith.
Outside the meeting, Smith told The Star Press, "I've done my part.
"They have a process if they want to bring you in, they can, but if not, they keep you out," Smith said. "They'll bring in every law to keep you out."
Asked if he was considering a legal challenge, he said he might. "Lawyers know this."
Thursday's meeting saw testimony that not only did Smith's petitions not have enough registered voters but also lacked his signature attesting that the names on the petition were valid.
Smith's attempted mayoral run began on June 30, when he filed paperwork with the county to run for mayor as an independent.
Smith, 40, a former high school, college and professional basketball player who works at a local factory, had to file petitions with the signatures of 212 registered voters, a number based on a percentage of state attorney general votes locally.
Smith said he filed 289 signatures, counting people registering to vote, but local voter registration officials said he submitted only 160 valid signatures.
So Smith challenged the decision and the election board set Thursday's hearing. Smith had said he would have filed to run as a write-in candidate but that deadline came a day before the decision on his independent candidate bid.
Before Smith began his efforts, Tyler was likely to have had no opponent in the November election. No Republican filed to run against the Democratic Party incumbent. Smith had previously considered a Republican run against Tyler but was discouraged by local Republican Party officials because of his voting history.
During Thursday's meeting, Smith cited a section of the petition with 120 signatures that had been largely discounted by the voter registration office. He maintained that at least 70 of those were valid.
"The names of those 70 will give me 212 plus names," he said. "That's more than enough to be on the ballot."
Nichols said many of the signatures on Smith's petitions were not accepted because they fit the criteria of state law for rejecting signatures: the people who signed were not registered, their signatures were not legible, they lived outside the voting area or there were "substantial" differences in the addresses they gave when they signed versus the addresses on their voter records.
Board member Brandon Murphy emphasized that Smith didn't sign as "petition carrier" to verify various pages of the petitions as required by law.
"By my count, that leaves a maximum of 123 (of the necessary 212)," Murphy, an attorney who represents the Republican Party on the board, said.
Moore told Smith that he could have filed as a write-in candidate before the outcome of his petition-filing was known. The board didn't vote on that element of the issue.
Contact Keith Roysdon at 765-213-5828 and follow him on Facebook and Twitter.


BEVERLY HILLS — March 29, 2016 — KL&C PARTNERS has been selected for the 2016 Best of Beverly Hills Award in the Law Firm, Real Estate Brokerage and Notary Public categories by the Beverly Hills Award Program.
Each year, the Beverly Hills Award Program chooses only the best local businesses. They focus on companies that have demonstrated their ability to use various marketing and technology to grow their business. The companies chosen exemplify the best of small business; often leading through customer service and community involvement.
For KL&C Partners, this recognition is a result of the firm's dedication, as well as the reputation of its clients that have helped build the business. The founder of KL&C Partners volunteers on the Board of Bet Tzedek, one of the largest free legal organizations, and the firm regularly donates to local charities and causes. The Beverly Hills Award Program recognizes local companies that enhance the positive image of small businesses through philanthropy and excellent client satisfaction. KL&C Partners is now a part of an exclusive group of small businesses that have achieved this selection.
Various sources of information were gathered and analyzed to choose the winners in each category. The 2016 Beverly Hills Award Program focuses on quality, not quantity. Winners are determined based on the information gathered both internally by the Beverly Hills Award Program and data provided by third parties.
The Beverly Hills Award Program is an annual awards program honoring the achievements and accomplishments of local businesses throughout the Beverly Hills area. Recognition is given to those companies that have shown the ability to use their best practices and implemented programs to generate competitive advantages and long-term value.
The Beverly Hills Award Program was established to recognize the best of local businesses in our community. Our organization works exclusively with local business owners, trade groups, professional associations and other business advertising and marketing groups. Our mission is to recognize the small business community's contributions to the U.S. economy.
After the Repeal of "Net Neutrality" AT&T Can Destroy Netflix, But Will It?
Artificial Intelligence: Do we still need lawyers?
KL&C Partners is atop of the new global trends and draws from 30+ years of experience within some of the industry's top entertainment companies. We are clever, agile and uniquely positioned to provide high-quality work in a swift, industry-specific package for the digital era. Providing clients's with tailored, dedicated experience is our top-priority.


text:
Campaign Finance Reports: How Sitting Aldermen Assisted One Another
By Claudia Morell - April 17, 2015
Wednesday, April 15 was not only Tax Day, but also Illinois Campaign Finance Reports Day, requiring the hundreds of Chicago political campaigns to report how they spent their campaign money during the 2015 election cycle between January 1 and March 31, 2015. While there's still a great deal more digging to do, Aldertrack took a close look at how sitting alderman assisted newly-elected aldermen's campaigns.
2nd Ward Alderman-elect Brian Hopkins received big support from Ald. Brendan Reilly (43), including $5,000 in direct campaign contributions and $46,713.02 dollars worth of phone banking and mailers to win the general election and subsequent runoff. Meanwhile, only one alderman, Ald. Harry Osterman (48) supported his runoff challenger, Alyx Pattison, with a contribution of $500. Both 2nd Ward runoff candidates spent well over $300,000, making the 2nd Ward runoff one of the most expensive aldermanic races of 2015.
7th Ward Alderman-elect Gregory Mitchell didn't get any financial support from Council members, unions or PACs, but he managed to make a $20,000 personal loan from September and $3,890 in contributions last through the runoff where he beat incumbent Ald. Natashia Holmes. Between January and March, Mitchell reported spending only $28,174.45, mostly on mailers and rent. To compare, Holmes reported receiving close to $50,000 in cash contributions and services, including $2,500 from Ald. Ed Burke's (14) Burnham Committee. Ald. Holmes spent $31,779.85 in the last quarter. Her biggest expenses were legal fees, hall rentals and mailers.
11th Ward Alderman-elect Patrick Daley Thompson reported receiving $2,500 from Ald. Danny Solis (25), $1,500 from Ald. Ariel Reboyras (30), $1,000 from Ald. Harry Osterman (48), and $1,000 from Ald. Ed Burke's Burnham Committee. Thompson's opponent, John Kozlar, did not receive any contributions from sitting Council members. Thompson reported spending $358,781.75 in the first quarter. Kozlar spent $18,645.77 in the same period.
15th Ward Alderman-elect Raymond Lopez did not get help from any of the 50 sitting aldermen until he was forced into a runoff against Rafael Yañez, a close ally of mayoral candidate Jesus "Chuy" Garcia. Lopez, who is also the 15th Ward Democratic Committeeman, reported donations from Ald. Brendan Reilly ($2,500), Ald. Tom Tunney ($5,000), Ald. James Cappleman ($500), Ald. Ed Burke($3,000), Ald. Mike Zalewski ($500) and the late Ald. JoAnn Thompson ($1,000). Yañez received $4,000 from one Progressive Caucus alderman, Rick Munoz (22) and over $10,000 from various unions.
17th Ward Alderman-elect David Moore still has not filed his quarterly report, according to state records.
18th Ward Alderman-elect Derrick Curtis, who is also the 18th Ward Democratic Committeeman, did not get any financial help from sitting aldermen. His opponent, incumbent Ald. Lona Lane, received $1,500 from Ald. Tom Tunney and $500 from Ald. Walter Burnett (27).
24th Ward Alderman-elect Michael Scott, Jr. reported receiving $2,500 from Ald. Tom Tunney, $1,000 from Ald. Michelle Harris (8), and $1,500 from Ald. Ed Burke's Burnham Committee. Ald. Jason Ervin's wife, Melissa Conyears, acted as Scott's campaign manager, but her services are not listed as compensated for in Scott's expense report. Scott's opponent, Vetress Boyce, did not receive any financial support from sitting aldermen.
29th Ward Alderman-elect Chris Taliaferro received an even $999 of contributions from Ald. Nicholas Sposato (36/38). Taliaferro also reported reimbursing $333.60 for postage and food to former 29th Ward Ald. Isaac Carothers, who was indicted on federal corruption charges in 2009. Meanwhile, incumbent and losing Ald. Deborah Graham received thousands of dollars in cash contributions from fellow aldermen Carrie Austin ($1,000), Tom Tunney ($1,000), Pat Dowell ($1,000) and Michelle Harris ($1,500).
35th Ward Alderman-elect Carlos Ramirez-Rosa was the only challenger to beat an incumbent aldermen in the general election. Ramirez-Rosa did not receive financial assistance from Council members but he reported receiving close to $44,000 in direct contributions from unions. His most frequent expense was transportation, with over three pages worth of Uber charges. Ousted Ald. Rey Colonreported $5,000 from Ald. Danny Solis and $1,000 from Ald. Ariel Reboyras.
36th Ward Alderman-elect Gilbert Villegas got $5,000 dollars worth of telephone polling from Ald. Joe "Proco" Moreno (1). While Ald. Nick Sposato (38) also endorsed Villegas, he did not report any in-kind or cash contributions in the quarterly reports. In contrast, Ald. Ray Suarez (31) put $20,000 into Villegas' opponent Omar Aquino's campaign two days after the general election. Suarez and Aquino shared a campaign manager and were both backed by Cook County Democratic Party Chairman Joe Berrios.
41st Ward Alderman-elect Anthony Napolitano did not report assistance from sitting aldermen, but he did report a $1,000 contribution from the 43rd Ward Republicans. The losing incumbent, Ald. Mary O'Connor, received $2,500 from Ald. Brendan Reilly, $5,000 from Ald. Tom Tunney, and $999 from Ald. Walter Burnett. Reilly also reported providing $2,525.70 worth of phone banking services to O'Connor ahead of the runoff.
Some other interesting contributions:
The political committee for the late Ald. JoAnn Thompson (16) reported two transfers at the end of March: $1,000 to Ald.-elect Raymond Lopez and $1,000 to Stephanie Coleman, who has not conceded the 16th Ward race to Ald. Toni Foulkes.
Ald. Deborah Mell did not make the same mistake twice. Mell (33) reported receiving $9,838 of "in kind" contributions for rent, postage and mailers from the 33rd Democratic Ward Organization, which her father, former Ald. Richard Mell, oversees. Last quarter Ald. Mell reported receiving similar contributions, but listed her father, a registered lobbyist with the city, as the donor. This time she reported the contributions from the Ward Democrats, instead of her father. Mell's former opponent, Tim Meegan and labor-backed group, United Working Families, filed an ethics complaint and made it a major campaign issue for weeks. Mell eventually resolved the issue by saying it was a clerical error: the donation was from the Ward organization.
Michael Alvarez, City Hall lobbyist and Metropolitan Water Reclamation Commissioner, donated $44,500 to 22 incumbent aldermen and one alderman-elect from his campaign committee this past quarter. In 2013, Mayor Rahm Emanuel took some heat for accepting campaign contributions from Alvarez right after enacting new ethics rules on campaign contributions. He eventually returned the money. Alvarez is up for re-election in 2016.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Why can't a power supply supply low current? I've just read this article and don't quite understand how a power supply can't supply such a low current. I was always under the impression a power supply could supply anything up to its rating, but didn't have a lower limit.
So why would they need to be redesigned?

A: It is easier in some ways to design a high-efficiency switching regulator if you can assume that it has both a minimum load as well as a maximum load, reducing the "dynamic range" it must handle. Many PC power supplies are designed this way, both the main supply for the box, as well as on-board regulators for the CPU and memory.
The new chips violate the assumptions built into many existing systems and those systems cannot support the low-power modes without going "out of regulation" in some way, no longer meeting their specifications.
You could "work around" this issue by adding a "dummy load" (resistor) to the CPU power bus, but this would miss the point of having the low-power modes in the first place. It's simpler to simply disable those modes in software (the BIOS).

A: Switched mode power supplies work by transferring energy in pulses from input to output. With many topologies the duty cycle of these pulses must be reduced to very small values when under light load to maintain the correct output voltage. Some controller designs only operate over a limited range of duty cycles and therefore cannot maintain correct voltage when underloaded.  This in turn may cause the power supply to trip out completely or to swing wildly between undervoltage and overvoltage.
Since there is a minumum practical duration of a pulse, power supplies that support zero minum load will typically reduce the duty cycle by increasing the delay between bursts when under light or no load. This is why some power supplies buzz when under light or no load. The increase in delay between bursts reduces the switching frequency into the audible range.
There are also some designs where pulses of energy can move in both directions between the input and output side due to the use of a second transistor rather than a diode. These avoid the need for very low duty cycles under light load but typically have higher no-load power consumption.

A: From the article:

As it appears, Haswell's C6/C7 states require a minimum load of 0.05A on the 12V2 rail, and many desktop power supply units (PSUs) just cannot provide that low current, reports The Tech Report web-site. Meanwhile, numerous older PSUs, which comply with ATX12V v2.3 design guidelines only called for a minimum load of 0.5A on the CPU power rail, hence a less sophisticated internal feedback loop/protection could be used, reports VR-Zone web-site. As a result, unless C6/C7 power states are disabled in the BIOS, PCs with older/cheap PSUs may become unstable when processors enter these states.

A minimum load specification signifies the smallest load that can be drawn from the power supply while meeting all of the other requirements in the specification (regulation, transient response, etc.)
The power supply may or may not be able to deliver less current than what is specified as its minimum. It may deliver but drift out of voltage regulation; it may become unstable and oscillate; it may hiccup on and off; it may even go into overvoltage protection and latch off. Because the load is outside the specification, "anything goes".
The article's statement "just cannot provide that low current" is (to me) a gross simplification of the matter, and is a bit misleading. Current power supplies were never designed to meet this specific condition, so behaviour at this condition is undefined.

A: Its not so much that they "can't" as much as it is they are just not designed to. Computers use switching regulators that are designed to operate around a certain current and voltage but do not perform well if the current and voltage deviates too much from this point.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


US Olympic Committee 16th Annual Organization Torch in Hand Gala, "Racing for the Mark"
Philadelphia Committee to End Homelessness, "Flower Show Winner"
Linda Creed Breast Foundation, March 1999, "Vermont Skiing"
Philadelphia Art Show to benefit Children and Eagles Flyers for Leukemia.
Linda Creed Breast Cancer Foundation, April 2000, "Cape Antibe"
New Jersey Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, March 2000, "Sailing Race"
Philadelphia Committee to end Homelessness, April 2000, "Yellow Tassels"
Ruth Neuman Shapiro Cancer Research Division, "Summer on the Beach"
"Katz JCC Galley One-Woman Show"
Leon Brown's "Around the Town"
One Woman Show: "Gallery off the Square"
Insiders by Greg Salisbury - "Hark! A New Exhibit"


Dentist serving Tipperary, Clonmel and Cahir.
Welcome to The Granary Dental Practice in Cahir, Co Tipperary, a clean, bright and spacious dental surgery (servicing surrounding towns of Cashel, Clonmel, Tipperary Town) located in the Church Street, next to the Post Office.
The Granary Dental Practice in Tipperary offers a range of dental treatments to help you achieve and maintain the best dental health possible for your teeth and to give you the bright, white, straight smile you and your family always wanted.
Ronan O' Donoghue is a qualified dentist with over 18 years experience in all aspects of dentistry. Here at the The Granary Dental Practice we have gone out of our way to make your visit to our dental clinic as stress-free and relaxing as possible. You'll find The Granary Dental Practice has a different approach to dentistry, and we're located right here in Cahir, Tipperary. Contact us to make an appointment with Dr. Ronan O'Donoghue.
The Granary Dental Practice offer a wide range of dental services including: General and Preventive Dentistry, Bad Breath Clinic, Fillings, Veneers,Crowns, Bridges, Dental Implants, Home Whitening, Zoom Whitening, Root Canal Treatment, Dentures, Extractions, Clear Step.
Our experienced Cahir dentist, Dr Ronan O' Donoghue has invested heavily both in the dental practice facilities and the ongoing professional training of all supporting staff. This attention to the pursuit of dental execellence,delivered by a caring team in comfortable surroundings is probably why many people seeking a Tipperary dentist have selected Dr O' Donoghue as their preferred choice.


What Color is Your Purple?
It is interesting to see how people prefer their colors together when combining flowers in a pot. I have a purple pot at home and plant purple flowers in it each season. This year, I combined red purples with blue purples and I am deciding what I think. Since the pot is viewed from a distance of 30-60 feet, depending on where you are in the yard, I think it works. What do you think?
Save Money – Get your questions answered before the dead plant has to go into the compost heap!
Well – the sale is over and a good one too! We probably gave out twice as many answers to questions as plants we sold! I overheard Catherine telling some of our customers that they can always email or call us with questions – and that is what I want you to remember. IF you are not sure – email me your questions. If we don't have the answers we can help you get them but we often will help you from tossing your money into the compost heap.
Have a great holiday weekend Happy Memorial Day – let's take a moment to remember all that have served our country and continue to keep us safe and free.
Don't let your pots go empty all summer. There is still plenty of time to plant everything!! You deserve it so put it at the top of your list – NOW!!
Check out this planting at Maynards that we did before Easter. When you go - check out the growth.
Do you know that 5 minutes of gardening improves both self-esteem and mood as well as making you feel more tranquil, generous and hopeful*?
To me this is both surprising and makes so much sense. I know when I go out to tend my potted garden in my back yard, I quickly feel better than before I went outside and wonder why I don't get out there more often. And as the eternal optimist, maybe all my gardens have given me more reason to be hopeful, even in our challenging economic times!
Give it a try – go outside and if your garden is one plant or 100, spend 5 minutes tending them and see how you feel. Take a break during your day and I bet you that you will come back inside energized and ready to go!
Free Potted Landscape classes this Saturday!
Not one, but two FREE classes by yours truly, Marylee, The Contained Gardener.
Sat, May 21 at 9am will be Potted Garden TLC – "Getting Started in your Potted Landscape." Now is the perfect time to start your garden ~ yes – even in the summer in Tucson!
Immediately following at 10:30 am is "Planning and Maintaining your Potted Landscape Irrigation System" Marylee will help to demystify your irrigation woes when it comes to pots in your landscape.
Registration is required. Go online to http://www.thecontainedgardener.com/classschedule.html to register. Both classes are held in our air-conditioned Design Studio at 2522 E Ft Lowell Rd. Just east of Tucson Blvd, across from Zona Fountains. If you need more information, call 733-3359 and leave a message for me!
Yesterday I mentioned Lowe's insert in the paper. They also had a little article about geraniums. The information is complete – with one caution for Tucson's summer climate. Geraniums in the summer should not receive more than a couple hours of early morning sun. It is best if they have an eastern exposure moving into shade by 9am or so. We also expect our geraniums to 'brown out' by late July and August. When this happens, cut them back to their lowest point and either shade them or plant some flowers around them to provide a natural shade. You will be rewarded by having fresh wonderful plants in the early fall. Be sure to let them dry somewhat between waterings as they don't like their feet constantly wet!!
This week in my garden I removed two seemingly dead Mexican Lime trees. They had 'suckers' coming up from the root stock but the limbs were gone. Since the root stock will not bear good fruit, I decided to give up. My grapefruit tree, however is still giving me mixed messages so I am going to be even more patient and wait it out. I have given it some extra drinks of water and will fertilize it again this month. Stay tuned and we will see if it honors me with growth this spring!
I have my own philosophy about the freeze. The plants that made it through are giving us a real show of color this spring – roses especially!! See this picture of one of our client's roses. What a treat for our field technicians to go out and care for these gardens and be rewarded with this kind of bloom! And it is not just the roses – many other plants have given us great color and scents that just fill our senses with delight!


Mega NBA Draft prospect Zion Williamson says "it would be dope" to play with Kevin Durant and Kyrie Irving while with the New York Knicks.
Zion Williamson just successfully took the city's breath away.
Per Adam Zagoria of SNY, the Duke multi-purpose stud thought it would "be dope" to play with Kevin Durant and Kyrie Irving while with the New York Knicks.
Now that your mouth is wide open with jaw firmly dragging across the kitchen floor, understand one thing.
All of these players use this modern rhetoric.
Williamson, 18, meanwhile, is the surefire No. 1 pick of the 2019 NBA Draft. With a current mark of 10-41, New York is officially the worst team in the Association (.196 winning percentage barely beating the mighty Phoenix Suns' .208 clip).
However, the recent additions of DeAndre Jordan, Wes Matthews, and, especially, Dennis Smith Jr. may just end that No. 1 pick dream during the rest of this miserable campaign.
Zion is currently averaging a cool 22 points, 9.2 rebounds, 2.0 steals, 2.0 blocks, and 2.4 assists per game in just 28.4 minutes a night. He's also shooting a mind-boggling .681 from the floor.
The main ace in the hole, separating past free-agent failures from the Summer of 2019 is Knicks assistant Royal Ivey, the man whom Durant trusts most. Perhaps he is the ticket to a brand new beginning.
At the very least, Zion Williamson sure hopes so.


I'm wondering whether it's because there is an underlying sense of expectation. That something will be different. That things will change. That it's a chance to turn over a new leaf. That it's a clean slate to start something new or fix something that wasn't working in the past.
Now obviously we could make any of these changes on any day of the year. In fact it wouldn't even have to be a new day. It could just be that one day we get to lunch time and think, 'I'm not going to do that anymore' or, 'I'm done with this job'. But maybe it's the wider community sense of expectation that comes with a new year that makes us feel more open to change and optimistic?
After all, is there any other time of year that whole groups of people suddenly decide to make radical life changes all at once through new resolutions? It's kind of crazy, yet I also can't help but feel that the optimism people go into a new year with is good for us. Is there any other time or season where people are as collectively optimistic as at the beginning of a new year?
Imagine if this collective sense of expectation and optimism could be maintained for longer, rather than just the first week/s of January (for we all know most resolutions and commitments to change don't last much longer than that).
Imagine if we could approach our work with a collective sense of optimism and expectation. What impact could we have on the people we work with and the people we serve?
What about in our schools? Instead of teachers returning to school with a preconceived sense of exhaustation that they will feel within weeks, imagine if they returned with a sense of collective optimism?
Imagine if the people in our churches were filled with a collective sense of optimism and expectation. What impact could we have on our local communities through meaningingful support to those most struggling and craving for love?
What about in our families? What if we could strive for collective optimism and a sense of expectation? How would that impact our kids and give them a mindset of hope, positivity and self-confidence, rather than worry, anxiety and self-doubt?
What about in ourselves? What if we worked to maintain a sense of expectation and optimism throughout 2019? What goals would we set? What could we achieve? Who could we impact? What relationships would we invest in? Where could we end up?
The first of January may just be another day, but it may also be a chance for you to kick start something new while a collective sense of expectation and optimism is all around you.


text:
\section{Introduction}

In non relativistic  Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) non  locality has initially been studied  in the context of the energy transfer between couple of atoms, the so-called Fermi
problem \cite{Ferm}, and then in other systems  \cite{kar,Pri2,Mate,Pow} giving rise to controversial interpretations \cite{Rubin,Ber,Ber2,Bus,Buc,milo,Com3}.
In relativistic quantum mechanics Hegerfeldt's theorem (HT)\cite{Heg3} associates the appearance of non locality to the condition of positivity of  the energy.
In fact wavefunctions initially localized in finite space regions develop with time non zero contributions
and also finite expectation values for some localization operators  \cite{Heg,Hege} at spacelike distances from the localization region, apparently at variance with Einstein's causality.

The use of localization or of position operators to determine if the appearance of non locality gives rise to observable effects appears, however, in relativistic quantum mechanics beset with difficulties\cite{Pere,Rose}.
 In Quantum Field Theory (QFT), where non local quantities as the Feynman propagator already show up for free fields \cite{Rubin},
 the standard QFT techniques for interacting fields relate causality to the analytic and unitary properties of the S-matrix \cite{Sto}.
This, with the use of perturbation theory, makes the analysis of causality a ``difficult thing in QFT''  \cite{Vel}.
In fact the most  natural approach to analyze the consequences of HT would be to follow the time development of the systems  as is usually done, within perturbation theory,  in non relativistic QED.
There however other kind of difficulties appears  in the description  of  the sources or the detectors of the field that propagates.
These are atoms that to be  approximated  as  effectively point like  must be initially described by bare states (that allow structure localized in small space regions)
 if  instead described by dressed states  they are inevitably complex structures of atoms plus field extended in space \cite{Pri2,Pri1,libro}.
Another limitation is that here again  the analysis can  be limited to the lowest orders of perturbation theory.

To overcome some of these difficulties, explicit simplified interacting QFT models with classical sources have been used  \cite{kar,Mate,Bus}.These
 permit to follow in detail the time evolution, are not beset with the problems in the definition of the initial states used
 to describe the sources and cab be solved non  perturbatively \cite{Mate}. In one of these models, consisting of the electromagnetic field interacting with a classical source,
 it has been shown that while the expectation value of the field energy density behaves causally  non local effects appear at the level of quantum states, giving ``acausal''
 effects that are not however ``observable''  at a classical level \cite{kar}.
In another model, of a scalar field interacting with a classical instantaneous and point like source  and within second order perturbation theory,
it has been shown that the evolution of one- and two-point field operators are non local. Non locality however appears either in source independent terms,
and may be attributed to zero point vacuum fluctuations, or in source dependent terms and may then be attributed to the use of operators
whose commutator is not zero for space like distances and that, not satisfying the  microcausality principle,  cannot be considered ``"good'' operators \cite{Bus}.

Because, for a given model,  a proof of causality would be required to held at any order and for any ``good'' local observable,
the aim of this paper is to extend the previous perturbative results \cite{Bus}  to all orders and to explicitly calculate the form of the expectation value
of any ``good'' operator, expressed locally in terms of the fields,  generalizing the results of references \cite{kar} and \cite{Mate}.
 Moreover we want also that our analysis of the causality be independent of a specific assigned evolution of the source.
For this purpose in the following we shall consider the QFT model of a quantum scalar field linearly interacting with a classical scalar source
arbitrarily extended in space and varying in time although localized in an finite space-time region. We aim also to show that
the appearance of non locality already at the level of the free field in QFT theory may be attributabed  to the fact that, to create localized states,
the operators are used that do not create effectively  point like states. The paper is structured as follows: in Sec.\ref{intro}  the appearance of non locality for a free quantum scalar field is analyzed.
In Sec.~\ref{intro2} and \ref{intro3} the time evolution of the state of the scalar field coupled to a source and the expectation value on it of arbitrary local ``good''  operators is obtained.
Finally in Sec.~\ref{intro4} we shall comment the results obtained.

\section{Single particle amplitude evolution} \label{intro}
Locality for quantum fields interacting with source has been investigated by analyzing the expectation
values of relativistic localization operators \cite{kar,Pri2,Pri1}.
Here we want to contend  that  non locality that appears  in these treatments may be held to have the same origin of the non local characteristic shown by the standard
two-point  functions and  by the single particle
amplitude that  already shows  up in the free field case. In particular we shall  analyze the case of quantum
scalar field $\Phi(x)$, $x \equiv (\textbf{x},x^{0}=t)$, that expressed  in terms of its positive
and negative frequency part is:
\begin{equation} \label{modena}
\Phi(x)=\Phi_{+}(x)+\Phi_{-}(x)
\end{equation}
where, taking $\hbar=1$ and $c=1$,
\begin{equation} \label{moden2}
\Phi_{+}(x)=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3/2}}\int
\frac{\rmd^{3}\textbf{k}}{2\omega}\,a(\textbf{k}) e^{ -ik\cdot
x}\quad\textrm{and}\quad \Phi_{-}(x)=\Phi_{+}^{\dag}(x),
\end{equation}
with  $\omega= \sqrt{|\textbf{k}|^{2}+m^{2}}$  and   $a(\textbf{k})$,
$a^{\dag}(\textbf{k})$ being  respectively the usual annihilation and
creation operators that satisfy  the relativistic commutator rules:
\begin{equation}
\left[ a(\textbf{k}),a^{\dag}(\textbf{k}')\right]=2\omega
\delta^{3}(\textbf{k}-\textbf{k}').
\end{equation}
The state  $\Phi(x)|0 \rangle$ generated by the action of the
field operator on the vacuum field state $|0\rangle$,  using
equations (\ref{modena}) and  (\ref{moden2}), is
\begin{equation}\label{vend}
\Phi(x)|0 \rangle=\Phi_{-}(x)|0 \rangle=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3/2}}\int
\frac{\rmd^{3}\textbf{k}}{2\omega}\,e^{ ik\cdot
x}\,a^{\dag}(\textbf{k}) |0\rangle
\end{equation}
where  $\Phi_{+}(x) |0\rangle=0$ has been taken into account.
 $\Phi(x)|0 \rangle$ is a linear superposition of single
 particle states  $a^{\dag}(\textbf{k}) |0\rangle=|\textbf{k}\rangle$,
  eigenstates   of the momentum operator with eigenvalue
 $\textbf{k}$. Except for the factor $1/2\omega$,
  expression (\ref{vend}) corresponds to the non relativistic expansion in terms of momenta of the eingenstate position
 $|\textbf{x}\rangle$.  Thus one is lead to assume \cite{Pes}  that $\Phi(x)|0
 \rangle$ represents the   ``localized'' state where a single particle is
 created at position $\textbf{x}$. Apparently a confirmation is given by the fact that  projecting  this
 state on momentum eigenstate $|\textbf{k}\rangle$, we obtain
 \begin{equation}
 \langle 0|\Phi(x)|\textbf{k}\rangle=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3/2}}\int
\frac{\rmd^{3}\textbf{k}'}{2\omega}\, e^{ -ik'\cdot x}\, \langle
0|a(\textbf{k}')a^{\dag}(\textbf{k}) |0\rangle= \frac{e^{ -ik\cdot
x}}{(2\pi)^{3/2}}
\end{equation}
and thus  interpret  the above expression as the space
representation of the single particle wavefunction of the state
$|\textbf{k}\rangle$, just as in non relativistic  quantum
mechanics  $\langle \textbf{x}|\textbf{k}\rangle \propto e^{
-ik\cdot x}$ is the wavefunction of  $|\textbf{k}\rangle$. However
as we shall see  this interpretation cannot be held too strictly.
In fact the  two-point function given by the scalar product
between $\Phi(x)|0 \rangle$ and $\Phi(y)|0 \rangle$ is:
\begin{equation}\label{berluska}
\langle 0|\Phi(x)\Phi(y)| 0 \rangle=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3}}\int
\frac{\rmd^{3}\textbf{k}}{2\omega}\, e^{ -ik\cdot (x-y)}=
i\Delta_{+}(x-y)
\end{equation}
where  $\Delta_{+}(x-y)$ is the positive frequency propagator part
of $\Delta$ function. Equation~(\ref{berluska}) is  interpreted as
the probability amplitude  of finding at spacetime point  $y$ a
particle created at point  $x$. The explicit form of
$\Delta_{+}(x-y)$  \cite{Pes,Bjo2} shows that it is not zero for
$x-y$ spacelike and does not tend to $3$-dimension  $\delta$
function when $x_{0}\rightarrow y_{0}$. In fact:
\begin{equation}\label{jac}
\lim_{x_{0}\rightarrow y_{0},|x-y|\rightarrow \infty} \Delta_{+}(x-y)\propto
\left \{
\begin{array}{ccc}
e^{ -m|x-y|} &\quad \textrm{for}\quad m \neq
0 \\
 \frac{1}{|x-y|^{2}} & \quad \textrm{for}\quad
m = 0
\end {array} \right . .
\end{equation}

Considering instead the  equation~(\ref{berluska}) as the scalar
product of the  the states $\Phi(x)|0 \rangle$ and $\Phi(y)|0
\rangle$,  describing a single particle localized respectively  at
spacetime points $x$ and $y$,   we see  a spatial overlap for
spacelike distances. This peculiar behaviour can be avoided  if we
give up the interpretation of $\Phi(x)|0 \rangle$ as a state where
a particle is created in $\textbf{x} $ and is there $\delta$ like
localized, but instead that is represents  a state, extending over
the whole space,  centered at $\textbf{x}$. This interpretation is
also supported by evaluating on this state ``good'' local
observables that satisfy the microcausality principle. In
particular taking the  scalar field energy density at $x$:
\begin{equation} \label{dink}
\!\mathcal{H}(x)\!=\!\frac{1}{2}\!\left(\!|\nabla
\Phi(x)|^{2}\!\!+\!\dot{\Phi}(x)^{2}\!+\!m^{2}\Phi^{2}(x)\!\right)
\end{equation}
it has the   expectation value on the ``localized''  state at $y$
$\Phi(y)|0\rangle$
\begin{eqnarray}\fl  \langle 0|\Phi(y)\mathcal{H}(x)\Phi(y)| 0 \rangle\!= -2m^{2}\Delta_{+}(x-y)\Delta_{+}(y-x)\nonumber \\ \fl   -2\partial_{x_{0}}\Big(\Delta_{+}(x-y)\Delta_{+}(y-x)\Big) -2\nabla_{x}\Big(\Delta_{+}(x-y)\Delta_{+}(y-x)\Big){}  \nonumber \\
 \fl    - \lim_{s\rightarrow 0}\Big(m^{2}\Delta_{+}^{2}(s)+\Delta_{+}(s)\,\partial_{s_{0}}^{2}\Delta_{+}(s)+\Delta_{+}(s)\,\nabla_{s}^{2}\Delta_{+}(s)\Big)
\end{eqnarray}
which, from the properties of the $\Delta_{+}$ two-point function
given by the expression~(\ref{jac}),  can be seen  to have
contributions different from zero over the whole space and not a
$\delta$ behaviour.

This interpretation of the    state $\Phi(x)|0 \rangle$
 permits
us to explain  the appearance of non local effects present  in the Feynman propagator $\Delta_{F}$:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{xxx}
\fl \Delta_{F}(x-y)&=&\langle 0|  T \{\Phi(x)\Phi(y)\}| 0 \rangle
\nonumber \\
& = &\Theta(x_{0}-y_{0})\langle 0|  \Phi(x)\Phi(y)| 0
\rangle+\Theta(y_{0}-x_{0})\langle 0|  \Phi(y)\Phi(x)| 0 \rangle,
\end{eqnarray}
 $T$ being the time ordering operator, with each of the terms appearing
 in the equation~(\ref{xxx}) is  usually  considered as the amplitude probability of
propagation  of particles localized from  $y$ to $x$  (or vice
versa). Following our previous discussion one can  interpret it as
the amplitude of going from the non localized  state centered at y
to the corresponding centered at $x$. It may therefore be expected,
because these  states are extended in space, that the overlap among these  may be non zero also for $|x-y|$ spacelike.

It may also be of interest to verify if the one particle states $\Phi(x)|0 \rangle$, on which
the  local  expectation value
of the field energy density is non local, may instead  satisfy the relativistic notion of localization adopted
 in relativistic quantum mechanics. In this framework the second quantized position
operator $\textbf{x}= i\nabla_{\textrm{\scriptsize{k}}}$ is not
anymore hermitian and this has lead  to  introduce  new definition
for the position operator and  the   states localized at a given
position \cite{kar,Pri2,Pri1}. In particular the Newton-Wigner
(NW) localized states   are single particle states    obtained
when the ``localization'' creation operator $a_{NW}^{\dag}(x)$
acts on vacuum state $| 0 \rangle $ \cite{Newi,Fle}. This operator
is related   to  the negative frequency part of the field operator
$\Phi(x)$ by  a non local integral transformation  \cite{Fle}:

\begin{equation}\label{opnw1}
a_{NW}^{\dag}(x)=\int
d^{3}\textbf{x}'K_{NW}(|\textbf{x}-\textbf{x}'|)\Phi_{-}(\textbf{x}',x_{0})
\end{equation}
where the  Kernel $K_{NW}$ defined as
\begin{equation}
K_{NW}(mR)=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3}}\int
d^{3}\textbf{k}\sqrt{2\omega}\,e^{i\textbf{\scriptsize{k}}\cdot\textbf{\scriptsize{R}}}
\end{equation}
has this asymptotic behaviour when $R$ tends to infinity
\begin{equation} \lim
_{R\rightarrow\infty}{K_{NW}}(R)\rightarrow \left \{
\begin{array}{ccc}
 cost
\frac{m^{7/2}}{(mR)^{9/4}}e^{-mR},&\quad \textrm{for}\quad m \neq
0 \\
 & \\
 cost R^{-7/2},&\quad \textrm{for}\quad m \neq
0
\end{array}\right ..
\end{equation}
 Thus   $K_{NW}$  extends,   for massive fields  ($m\neq 0$),  in a
space region of dimension comparable to Compton wavelength $1/m$,
while   for massless fields  $m=0$  it decreases  for large
distance with the  power law.
 In this context  the NW state localized at  $\textbf{x}$ at time $x_{0}$
is  written as
\begin{equation}
|X _{NW}\rangle= a_{NW}^{\dag}(x)|0\rangle = \frac{1}{(2 \pi)^{3/2}} \int \frac{d^{3}\textbf{k}}{\sqrt{2\omega}}\,\,a^{\dag}(\textbf{k})|0\rangle
\end{equation}
and its  scalar product with a  NW state localized at
$\textbf{y}$  at   $x_{0}=y_{0}$ may be shown to be:
\begin{equation}\label{neg}
\langle X_{NW}|Y _{NW}\rangle= \delta ^{3}(\textbf{x}-\textbf{y})
\quad \textrm{for}
\end{equation}
 therefore satisfying  the standard non relativistic condition for a $\delta$ localized state.
To examine   if the state, created from vacuum by the field operator,  $\Phi(x)|0 \rangle$
may be considered localized in NW sense,  we take its scalar product with state   $|Y _{NW}\rangle$  obtaining:
\begin{eqnarray} \label{anj}
\langle 0 |\Phi(x)|Y _{NW}\rangle &=& i \int
d^{3}\textbf{x}'K_{NW}(m|\textbf{y}-\textbf{x}'|)\Delta_{+}(x-x') {} \nonumber \\
&= & \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3}}\int \frac{d^{3}\textbf{k}}{\sqrt{2\omega}}
e^{-ik\cdot(x-y)}=\psi _{y}^{NW}(x)
\end{eqnarray}
where   interestingly $\psi_{y}^{NW}(x)$ is just  the NW expression for
first quantized relativistic state localized  at $\textbf{y}$, which   differs from zero  for
 $ (x-y)$ spacelike and   does not reduce to $3$-dimension $\delta$ function even for $x_{0}=y_{0}$.
 Thus the state $\Phi(x)|0 \rangle$  cannot be even considered
localized in  the NW sense. This is another indication  that one
particle states created from vacuum by a direct application of the
field operator cannot represent physical situations with   the
single particle  restricted to an arbitrarily small region of
space.

As  known  the use of NW  localized states leads with time to the
appearance of non  local terms. In fact  the scalar product of the
NW state localized at $\textbf{y}$ at  $ x_{0}> y_{0}$ when
projected on the NW state localized at $\textbf{x}$  at   $ x_{0}$
is
\begin{equation}\label{vicinio}
\langle X_{NW}|Y _{NW}\rangle
=-2\partial_{x_{0}}\Delta_{+}(x-y)\neq \delta
^{3}(\textbf{x}-\textbf{y})
\end{equation}
 differing  from zero for spacelike distances. So a single particle state initially NW localized spreads
 non causally with time and  this result can be interpreted as an example of the HT.

\section{The  QFT model with source}\label{intro2}
In the previous section we have seen that in  QFT non locality
shows up at the level of single particle states and of transition
amplitude because the action of the free field operator $\Phi(x)$
on the vacuum effectively generates non local states. It seems
relevant to inquire if this non local behaviour may be observed
and this leads to consider situations where the the field
quantities are generated and detected. To this purpose we shall
explicitly examine the case of a quantum scalar field $\Phi(x)$
linearly interacting with   a classical time dependent  source
$j(x)$ \cite{kar,Bus}. This choice permits to localize the source
within an arbitrary region of spacetime avoiding  the problems of
locality connected to the use of bare or dressed state in its
quantum description \cite{Mate}.
 The Hamiltonian describing the
system is then:
\begin{equation}
H_{tot}=H_{0}+H_{int}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{eqnarray}\label{kaleo}
H_{0} & = & \frac{1}{2}  \int \frac{\rmd^{3}\textbf{k}}{2\omega}
\,\omega
\left(a^{\dag}(\textbf{k})a(\textbf{k})+a(\textbf{k})a^{\dag}(\textbf{k})\right)\nonumber
\\
H_{int} & = & g\int
_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}\Phi(x)j(x)
\end{eqnarray}
where $g$ is the source-field coupling constant.
In this model the time
evolution of the source is assigned and the quantum aspects of the system are  described by
the field quantum state. The equation of motion, in the
interaction picture, is
\begin{equation}\label{evovu}
i\frac{\partial}{\partial t}|t\rangle=H_{int}|t\rangle .
\end{equation}
By taking as initial condition at $t=0$  the source off
$\big(j(\textbf{x},0)=0\big)$ and the field in its vacuum state
$|0\rangle$, the formal solution of the equation~(\ref{evovu}) is:
\begin{equation} \label{opevu}
|t\rangle=U(t)|0\rangle
\end{equation}
where time evolution operator is:
\begin{equation}\label{fersic}
U(t)=T \exp\left(-i\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t' H_{int}(t')\right)
\end{equation}
with   $T $    the time ordering operator.  In our model the
commutator of the interaction  of Hamiltonian at two different
times is a c-number given by:
\begin{equation}
 \fl [H_{int}(t_{1}),H_{int}(t_{2})]=ig^{2}\int
\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}_{1}\int
\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}_{2}\Delta(\textbf{x}_{1}-\textbf{x}_{2},t_{1}-t_{2})j(\textbf{x}_{1},t_{1})j(\textbf{x}_{2},t_{2})
\end{equation}
where the propagator  $\Delta$ function is given in terms of the
field commutator as \cite{Bjo2}:
\begin{equation}[\Phi(x),\Phi(y)]=i\Delta(x-y).
\end{equation}
$\Delta(x)$  is real and is zero when its argument is spacelike
($x^{2}<0$). This allows \cite{Zur} to write the $U(t)$ as
\begin{equation}\label{fersic2}
U(t)=\exp\left(-i\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t' H_{int}(t')\right)e^{-\xi(t)}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray} \label{stefrub}
\lefteqn{\xi(t)=\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t_{1}\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t_{2}[H_{int}(t_{1}),H_{int}(t_{2})]\Theta(t_{1}-t_{2}){}}\nonumber\\
{} & &=\frac{ig^{2}}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\!\!\rmd
t_{1}\int_{0}^{t}\!\!\rmd t_{2}{}\nonumber
\\
{}& & \times\int\!\!\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}_{1}\int\!\!
\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}_{2}\Delta(\textbf{x}_{1}-\textbf{x}_{2},t_{1}-t_{2})j(\textbf{x}_{1},t_{1})
j(\textbf{x}_{2},t_{2})\Theta(t_{1}-t_{2}).
\end{eqnarray}
Because $\Delta(x)$ and $j(x)$ are real, $\xi(t)$ given by the
expression~(\ref{fersic2}) is an ordinary imaginary function.

 By using the decomposition of the field $\Phi(x)$ in terms of its positive
  and negative frequency parts, as given in equation~(\ref{modena}), it  is possible to transform
   the evolution operator  $U(t)$ in the form \cite{Zur}:
\begin{equation}\label{fersic3}
\fl U(t)=\exp\left(-i\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t'
H_{int}^{-}(t')\right)\exp\left(-i\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t'
H_{int}^{+}(t')\right)e^{-\xi(t)}e^{\alpha(t)}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}\label{milto2}
H_{int}^{\pm}(t)= g\int
\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}\Phi_{\pm}(\textbf{x},t)j(\textbf{x},t)
\end{equation}
and
\begin{eqnarray}\label{passan}
 \fl \alpha(t)&=&-\frac{1}{2}\Bigg[-i\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t'
H_{int}^{-}(t'),-i\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t''
H_{int}^{+}(t'')\Bigg] \nonumber \\
\fl  &=&\frac{ig^{2}}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t_{1}\int_{0}^{t}\rmd
t_{2}\int \rmd^{3}\textbf{x}_{1} \int
   \rmd^{3}\textbf{x}_{2}j(\textbf{x}_{1},t_{1})\Delta_{-}(\textbf{x}_{1}-\textbf{x}_{2},t_{1}-t_{2})j(\textbf{x}_{2},t_{2})
\end{eqnarray}
where  $\Delta_{-}$ is the negative frequency  part of the
propagator  $\Delta$ given by
\begin{equation}[\Phi_{-}(x),\Phi_{+}(y)]=i\Delta_{-}(x-y).
\end{equation}
 The exponent  $\alpha(t)$ in the expression~(\ref{fersic3}) is an ordinary
 function and  the equation~(\ref{passan}) gives  its dependence from the
 source $j(x)$.
 The form~(\ref{passan}) of the evolution operator makes possible
 to obtain simply the time evolution from any initial state. In fact with  our initial condition the
 equations~(\ref{opevu}) and  (\ref{fersic3}) give the state of the system as:
\begin{equation}\label{vizzo1}
|t\rangle=U(t)|0\rangle=e^{\alpha(t)}e^{-\xi(t)}\exp\left(-i\int_{0}^{t}\rmd
t' H_{int}^{-}(t')\right)|0\rangle
\end{equation}
where use has been made of the fact that $H_{int}^{+}(t')$
contains only annihilation operators.
The state   $|t\rangle$  is not a single particle state, however its single particle component can be shown
to behave non locally as was the case of
the single particle state generated previously by the application of the free field operator on the vacuum.
In fact projecting the state  $|t\rangle$ on the one-particle quantum state
$| \textbf{x}\rangle= a^{\dag}(\textbf{x})| 0 \rangle$   we get the single particle amplitude transition
 $\psi(x)$:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{acara}
\psi(x)=\langle 0|a(\textbf{x})|t\rangle &=&g\int_{0}^{t} \rmd t'\int
\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}'j(\textbf{x}',t')\Delta_{+}(\textbf{x}-\textbf{x}',t-t')\nonumber \\
 & =& g\int_{0}^{t} \rmd t'\int
\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}'j(\textbf{x}',t') \langle 0 | \Phi(x)\Phi(x')|
0 \rangle .
\end{eqnarray}
From the properties of $\Delta_{+}$  it is immediate to deduce
from the expression~(\ref{acara}) that the  single particle
amplitude probability in the case of the state generated from the
source develops non zero contribution outside the light cone. This
behaviour is connected to the corresponding one of the free field
transition amplitude given by the equation~(\ref{berluska}).
 This result is again in agreement with  the Hegerfeldt's
 theorem and with previous results on the non local behaviour of relativistic wavefunctions \cite{Bus,Bar}.

Moreover we note that  expression   in equation~(\ref{acara}) for
the single particle amplitude probability is exact to all order.
If the time spacetime region where the source is different from
zero is an infinitesimal region  around the spacetime point
$y=(\textbf{y},y_{0})$, we have  $j(x)=\delta^{4}(x-y)$ and
substituting  in equation~(\ref{acara}) we obtain:
\begin{equation}
\psi(x)=g\,\Theta(t-y_{0})\Delta_{+}(\textbf{x}-\textbf{y}',t-y_{0}).
\end{equation}
This result is identical to the one obtained previously for
pointlike sources within the first  order of perturbation
theory \cite{Bus}.

\section{Expectation values of one-point ``good operators''}\label{intro3}
As shown before non local behaviour of single particle amplitudes
does  not appear to be  a good test of non locality in QFT being
built from scalar product of spatially extended states or from
states whose projection do not satisfy the microcausality
principle. In view of the previous considerations  it remains the
question if non local  behaviours  can be observed. To give a
meaning  to this question it is necessary to examine  not only the
generation but also the other side of the complete process that is
the detection.
 It has been previously shown \cite{Bus},  within second order perturbation theory, that the calculation of  averages,
 on states generated by pointlike sources,
of one-point localization operators  give results that cannot be
interpreted as the presence of non local properties if these
operators do not satisfy the microcausality principle  \cite{Bus}.
Therefore in the following we shall consider the average values of
``good'' one-point operators  satisfying  the microcausality
principle and  that are  expressed in terms of the field operator
and its space and time derivatives at a given spacetime point. The
result  will be exact and  valid for any ``good'' operator.

 The adjoint of the time evolution operator $U(t)$
  is  immediately obtained as:
\begin{equation}\label{foix}
\fl
U^{\dag}(t)=U^{-1}(t)=e^{\xi(t)}e^{-\alpha(t)}\exp\left(i\int_{0}^{t}\rmd
t' H_{int}^{+}(t')\right)\exp\left(i\int_{0}^{t}\rmd t'
H_{int}^{-}(t')\right).
\end{equation}  At  first we shall  consider the expectation value of the field operator
   $\Phi(x)$  on the state generated by the source  $|t\rangle$,
   which is given by:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{meidocampo2}
\langle t |\Phi(x)|t\rangle&=&\langle 0
|U^{-1}(t)\Phi(x)U(t)|0\rangle\nonumber \\
&=&\langle 0
|U^{-1}(t)\left(U(t)\Phi(x)+\left[\Phi(x),U(t)\right]\right)|0\rangle
.
\end{eqnarray}
The commutator appearing  above    can be transformed, using
equations~(\ref{kaleo}) and (\ref{fersic3}), as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{fiorva2}
[\Phi(x),U(t)] & = & -i U(t)\int_{0}^{t}
\rmd t'[\Phi(x),H_{int}(t')]\nonumber \\
& = & U(t)g\int_{0}^{t} \rmd t'\int
\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}'j(\textbf{x}',t')\Delta(\textbf{x}-\textbf{x}',t-t')
\end{eqnarray}
 Thus, taking into account that $\langle 0
|\Phi(x)|0\rangle=0$ and introducing the
retarded propagator $\Delta^{ret}(x)=\Theta(t)\Delta(x)$, the expectation value (\ref{meidocampo2})
takes the form:
\begin{equation}\label{meidocampo}
\langle t |\Phi(x)|t\rangle  =  g\int_{0}^{t} \rmd t'\int
\rmd^{3}\textbf{x}'j(\textbf{x}',t')\Delta_{ret}(\textbf{x}-\textbf{x}',t-t')=
g \widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y).
\end{equation}
In  equation~(\ref{meidocampo}) it is $t>t'>0$, while
$(x-y)\equiv(\textbf{x}-\textbf{y},t-y_{0})$ and  ($\textbf{y}$,
$y_{0}$) indicates a spacetime point inside the spacetime region
where $j(\textbf{x},t)\neq 0$.  Therefore the function
$\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)$  defined by the
expression~(\ref{meidocampo}) contains the  spacetime evolution of
the source and, because of its construction,  is zero outside a
forward lightcone containing the spacetime region where the source
is non zero. This lightcone has a vertex in the part of the
spacetime region where $j(\textbf{x},t) = 0$
(Figure~\ref{fig:con3}).
\begin{figure}[tpb]
  \begin{centering}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figure1.eps}
   \caption{\label{fig:con3}Source forward lightcone: the effects present in separation regions between R and R' may be
   local for a part of source and  non local for another.}
 \end{centering}
\end{figure}

As a consequence of  the linearity of the
equation of motion of the quantum scalar field,  the expression
for  $\langle \Phi(x)\rangle$ is identical to the retarded
solution obtained by a classical scalar field satisfying the
equation of motion
\begin{equation}\left(
\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial
t^{2}}-\nabla^{2}+m^{2}\right)\Phi(\textbf{x},t)=g\,j(\textbf{x},t)
\end{equation}
where  $j(\textbf{x},t)$ is the same  source
appearing in the quantum equations. For  a classical scalar source
differing  from zero only in an infinitesimal spacetime region
around  $y=(\textbf{y},y_{0})$, it is
$j(x)=\delta^{4}(x-y)$. In this case the equation of motion
(\ref{meidocampo}) gives for the average scalar field
\begin{equation}
\langle  \Phi(x) \rangle=g \Delta_{ret}(x-y).
\end{equation}
This result is exact and  corresponds to  the one obtained
previously within the second
order of perturbation theory   in the case of  pointlike sources \cite{Bus}. This shows that, at
least for the field expectation value, the result obtained  via
second order perturbation theory is  exact.

We shall
consider the expectation value of a generic  operator $\widehat{O}(x)$
that may be expressed  as an arbitrary analytical function
 of the field operator and of its space and time derivatives. Its expansion  in
power series being
\begin{equation}\label{martins}
\widehat{O}(\Phi(x),\dot{\Phi}(x),\nabla\Phi(x))=\sum_{j,k,l}c_{ j
k l}\Phi^{j}(x)\dot{\Phi}^{k}(x)(\nabla\Phi)^{l}(x)
\end{equation}
with $c_{ j,k l}$ ordinary coefficients.
To obtain  the average value of $\widehat{O}(x)$ we have to evaluate
the expectations value of the powers and products of the field operator and its
time and space derivatives.

First we shall consider   the expectation value, on the state
$|t\rangle$ given by  equation~(\ref{opevu}), of the m-power of
the field operator  $\Phi^{m}(x)$ . Using the explicit calculation
of \ref{sec:cel1} we find:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{corleo}
\langle t |\Phi^{m}(x)|t\rangle & = &  \langle 0 |(g
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)+\Phi(x))^{m}|0\rangle\nonumber \\
& = & \sum_{\nu=0}^{m}{m \choose
\nu}\left(g\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\right)^{\nu}\langle 0|
\Phi^{m-\nu}(x)|0\rangle
\end{eqnarray}
 In  the expression~(\ref{corleo}) the first term (for $\nu=0$) $\langle 0
|\Phi^{m}(x)|0\rangle$ is the only  one independent   from the
field source coupling constant $g$. Moreover it differs from zero
over the whole  spacetime and it represents the expectation values
of $\Phi^{m}(x)$ on the vacuum state. The remaining terms are
source dependent  and, because  of the presence  of the term  $g
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)$, causally retarded. In order to
examine the causal effects due to the variation of the source the
vacuum contribution must therefore be subtracted in the
expression~(\ref{corleo}) in agreement  with previous results
\cite{Com3,Com2,Com1,Ber2}.

Equation~(\ref{corleo}) has a simple interpretation: the
expectation value of the m-th power of the field operator in our
system is equal to  the m-th power of the field operator on the
vacuum shifted by $g\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)$. This result of
the expression~(\ref{corleo}) has been obtained independently from
the explicit expression of the initial state of the field and
utilizing  only relationship between $\Phi^{m}(x)$, the time
evolution operator $U(t)$ and its adjoint $U^{\dag}(t)$. Thus the
result given by the equation~(\ref{corleo}) can be extended to:
\begin{equation}
\langle t_{i} |\Phi^{m}(x)|t_{i}\rangle=\langle i |g
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)+\Phi(x))^{m}|i\rangle
\end{equation}
where now $|i\rangle $  is an arbitrary initial state for the field
and  $|t_{i}\rangle=U(t)|i\rangle$.

We shall now proceed to calculate the expectation value on our
state $|t\rangle$ of the  gradient of the field operator
$\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x)$. It is:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{bulbar}
\langle t
|\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x)|t\rangle&=&\langle 0
|U^{-1}(t)\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x)U(t)|0\rangle\nonumber \\
&=&\langle 0
|U^{-1}(t)\left(U(t)\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x)+
\left[\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x),U(t)\right]\right)|0\rangle
.
\end{eqnarray}
The commutator appearing above   can easily obtained  by noting
that  $\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}$ acts only on space
coordinate. Thus  using also the equations~(\ref{fiorva2}) and
(\ref{meidocampo}), we get:
\begin{equation}\label{voce}
\left[\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x),U(t)\right]=\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\left[\Phi(x),U(t)\right]=
g\,U(t)\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)
\end{equation}
and by substituting this in  the expression~(\ref{bulbar}), we
obtain at the end:
\begin{equation}
\langle t|
\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x)|t\rangle=g\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)
\end{equation}
where use has been made of $\langle 0|
\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x)|0\rangle=0$. The
expectation value of $\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x)$ is
thus simply expressed in terms of the gradient
$\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)$; it is therefore again retarded and
causal. The expectation value of the m-th power of
$\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x)$ may be obtained
following  with the appropriate changes  the procedure followed to
calculate  the expectation value of $\Phi^{m}(x)$. We get in this
case:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{3b}
\fl \langle t
|(\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x))^{m}|t\rangle & = &
\langle 0
|\left(\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x)+g\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\right)^{m}|0\rangle\nonumber \\ \fl &
= & \sum_{\nu=0}^{m}{m \choose
\nu}\left(g\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\right)^{\nu}\langle 0|
(\nabla_{\textbf{\scriptsize{x}}}\Phi(x))^{m-\nu}|0\rangle .
\end{eqnarray}

As last we proceed to calculate the expectation value of time
derivative of the field operator $\partial_{t}\Phi(x)$ and of its
m-th power. The expectation value of $\partial_{t}\Phi(x)$ on the
state $|t\rangle$ is
\begin{eqnarray}\label{lenny}
\langle t|\partial_{t}\Phi(x)|t \rangle&=&\langle
0|U^{-1}\partial_{t}\Phi(x)U(t)|0 \rangle\nonumber
\\&=&\langle 0
|U^{-1}(t)\left(U(t)\partial_{t}\Phi(x)+\left[\partial_{t}\Phi(x),U(t)\right]\right)|0\rangle
.
\end{eqnarray}
 In this case  to calculate  the commutator appearing in
 expression~(\ref{lenny}) use can be made of  the equations~(\ref{kaleo}) and
(\ref{fersic3}) obtaining:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{lenny2}
\fl [\partial_{t}\Phi(x),U(t)] & = & -i U(t)\int_{0}^{t}
\rmd t'[\partial_{t}\Phi(x),H_{int}(t')]\nonumber \\
\fl & = & -i U(t)\Big\{\frac{\partial}{\partial
t}\Big(\int_{0}^{t} \rmd t'[\Phi(x),H_{int}(t')]\Big)
-[\Phi(x),H_{int}(t)]\Big\}
\nonumber \\
\fl & = &U(t) g\partial_{t}
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(\textbf{x}-\textbf{y},t-y_{0})
\end{eqnarray}
where  it has been exploited the property that $\Delta(x)$ is zero when its argument is spacelike.
 Substituting the expression~(\ref{lenny2}) in (\ref{lenny}), we get
\begin{equation}\label{lenny3}
\langle t|\partial_{t}\Phi(x)|t\rangle=g\partial_{t}
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)
\end{equation}
where  $\langle 0|\partial_{t}\Phi(x)|0\rangle=0$ has been taken
into account. The expectation value of $\partial_{t}\Phi(x)$ in
 equation~(\ref{lenny3}) is expressed as time derivative of
$\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)$ and is thus causally retarded.
Similarly to the previous results the expectation value on
$|t\rangle$ of $(\partial_{t}\Phi)^{m}(x)$ is:
\begin{eqnarray} \label{rap3}
\langle t |(\partial_{t}\Phi)^{m}(x)|t\rangle &=&\langle 0
|(\partial_{t}\Phi(x)+g\partial_{t}
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)^{m}|0\rangle\nonumber \\
& = & \sum_{\nu=0}^{m}{m \choose \nu}\left(g\partial_{t}
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\right)^{\nu}\langle 0|
(\partial_{t}\Phi^{m-\nu}(x)|0\rangle
\end{eqnarray}
The results obtained in equations~(\ref{corleo}), (\ref{3b}) and
(\ref{rap3})   can be used to evaluate  the expectation value of
the  operator $\widehat{O}(\Phi(x),\dot{\Phi}(x),\nabla\Phi(x))$
analytical  function of field operator and its derivatives. In
particular the average value of a generic term of the power series
of equation~(\ref{martins}), takes the form
\begin{eqnarray}\label{messin}
\fl \langle t
|\Phi^{j}(x)\dot{\Phi}^{k}(x)(\nabla\Phi)^{l}(x)|t\rangle=
\nonumber\\ \fl  \langle 0 |U^{-1}(t)\Phi^{j}(x)U (t)U^{-1}(t)
\dot{\Phi}^{k}(x)U(t)
U^{-1}(t)(\nabla\Phi)^{l}(x)U(t)|0\rangle= \nonumber\\
\fl  \langle 0|\Big (\Phi(x)+g
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\Big)^{j}\Big
(\dot{\Phi}(x)+g\partial_{t} \widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\Big)^{k}
\Big (\nabla\Phi(x)+g\nabla
\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\Big)^{l}|0\rangle
\end{eqnarray}
 In this case we  observe that the
expectation value, on the field vacuum, of the  term appearing in
(\ref{messin}), $\langle 0
|\Phi^{j}(x)\dot{\Phi}^{k}(x)(\nabla\Phi)^{l}(x)|0\rangle$, is
source independent  and in general not zero all over the
spacetime. All the remaining terms contain  at least a factor
$g\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)$ and  its space or time derivative;
therefore they depend on the source and are causally retarded.
Thus the expectation value of any observable
$\widehat{O}(\Phi(x),\dot{\Phi}(x),\nabla\Phi(x))$,  that may be
expanded as in the expression (\ref{martins}) shows  a causal
evolution if its expectation value on the field vacuum is
subtracted. This result
 is  valid to all orders of the coupling constant and  is the
main result of this paragraph. It extends for our QFT model the previous
results \cite{kar,Com3,Ber2,Com2,Com1}  obtained at finite
order of perturbation theory.

Using equation~(\ref{messin}) the expectation value of the
observable $\widehat{O}(\Phi(x),\dot{\Phi}(x),\nabla\Phi(x))$ on
$|t\rangle$ may be explicitly written  as:
\begin{eqnarray}
\fl \quad \langle
t|\widehat{O}(\!\Phi(x),\dot{\Phi}(x),\nabla\Phi)(x)|t\rangle=  \nonumber \\
 \fl \qquad \langle
 0 |\widehat{O}\!\left(\!\Phi(x)+ g \widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y),\dot{\Phi}(x)+g \partial_{t}\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y),\nabla\Phi(x)+g\nabla \widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\right)\!\!|0\rangle
\end{eqnarray}
The above expression is one of the main results of our paper and shows that  the   expectation value of  $\widehat{O}$ on
$|t\rangle$ coincides with the expectation value on the field
vacuum of the same expression in terms of operator $\Phi(x)$ and
its derivative shifted by $g \widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)$ and its
corresponding derivatives.

The above results permit to obtain  immediately the explicit form
of the expectation value of any  arbitrary one-point observable
represented as a function of the field operator and its space and
time derivatives. In the following we shall apply this result to
the energy density of the field defined by the
equation~(\ref{dink}). Following   the above recipes its
expectation value on $|t\rangle$  is  immediately given by:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{bertallofe}
\fl \langle t |\mathcal{H}(x)|t\rangle &=&\langle 0
|\mathcal{H}(x)|0\rangle\nonumber\\
\fl
&+&1/2\Bigg(\Big(\partial_{t}{g\widetilde{\Delta}}_{R}(x-y)\Big)^{2}+m^{2}\Big(g\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\Big)^{2}+
\Big|\nabla _{x}g\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\Big|^{2}\Bigg)
\end{eqnarray}
where the expectation values  on  the vacuum of the field and its
derivatives are zero. The first term of
expression~(\ref{bertallofe}) represents the vacuum contribution
to energy density, the second, as expected from the previous
discussion, is source dependent and causally retarded. Although
the two point correlation function on $ |t \rangle  $ is not of
the form~(\ref{messin}) depending  on the field at two separate
spacetime points, it is also possible to obtain  its expectation
value on $|t\rangle $ as:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{cammar}
 \fl {}\langle t |\Phi (x)\Phi (x')|t\rangle & = &\langle 0
|U^{-1}(t)\Phi(x)U(t)U^{-1}(t)\Phi(x')U(t)|0\rangle  \nonumber \\
 & =&\langle 0 |\Big(\Phi
(x)+g\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\Big)\Big(\Phi(x')+g\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x'-y)\Big)|0\rangle\nonumber
\\  &= &\langle 0 |\Phi
(x)\Phi(x')|0\rangle+g^{2}\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x-y)\widetilde{\Delta}_{R}(x'-y).
\end{eqnarray}
It appears  from  the expression~(\ref{cammar}) that it again
consists of two parts.  The first, which  is the vacuum zero point
correlation function, is not zero at spacelike distances $x-x'$
being  a well known peculiarity of the field vacuum state
\cite{Bjo2}, the second is source dependent and also not zero for
some ranges of  $x-x'$ spacelike. The physical explanation of this
behaviour is that in these regions the field at $x$ and $x'$ are
both causally correlated with the source and this induces a
correlation for field at these points so this is in agreement with
causality requirements.

\section{Conclusions}\label{intro4}

The problem of causal propagation and  the appearance of non locality have widely been investigated both non relativistic QED,
and in relativistic quantum Mechanics, where however the concept of localization appears questionable, even if most analyses have been limited to the lowest order of perturbation theory.
Non locality is present in QFT even for free fields case  and the question is raised if it may  lead to the violation of Einstein's causality.
A satisfactory study of causality, which must be exact, and the appearance of non local effects would require however the exact solution of the model \cite{Pow}
 under examination. It appears thus of interest to study the causal behaviour with models of matter-field interaction that permit  to evaluated the time evolution of the quantities of interest at all orders.

 In the first part of paper we have investigated  nonlocality   present in the free QFT in the case of a scalar quantum field for two-point functions and single particle wave amplitude.
The states are obtained either by the action of the field operator on the vacuum or through the action of the Newton Wigner localization operator.
 This analysis has  lead to the conclusion that it is inappropriate consider the states so generated as being effectively point like  localized in a point in space even if they may be
characterized by a position parameter. In fact states with different position parameters present a spatial overlap and the expectation values on them of a ``good''  local observable,
as field density energy,  can be seen to extend over the whole space.
The appearance of states with spatially extended characteristics  is responsible of the non locality present in the two-point function that gives the Feynman propagator.
The development of non locality during the time evolution of field states, even if initially localized even in the Newton Wigner sense,  can be viewed as a consequence of the Hegerfeldt's theorem.
This behaviour, because of its connection with spatially extended states,  may   not be interpreted as failure of causal propagation in QFT \cite{kar,Rubin}.

The  appearance of non locality for free fields requires to establish if it is observable and thus to lead to examination of models of matter-fields interaction
where fields may be generated and absorbed. In this paper we have in particular considered a simple QFT model consisting of a quantum scalar field linearly interacting with
a classical source localized in a finite space-time region. The choice of a classical
source permits also to avoid the appearance of spurious non local effects linked to the
difficulty to localize a quantum mechanical source. Moreover the simplicity of the system has allowed to calculate exactly   time evolution of the state of the system and
the expectation values of any ``good'' local observable, represented by single-point operators analytical function of the field and its space and time derivatives.
We have found that non locality is present in the expectation value of the both single-point local operators and of two-point correlation function.
Moreover the non local terms appearing in the expectation values are source independent and can be seen to be connected to zero point vacuum fluctuations
where are  already present non local features, the source dependent parts propagate instead in a causal way.
Thus in order to analyze the causal contributions linked to the variations of the sources, it must be required
that the contributions arising from the vacuum should be subtracted  in agreement with what suggested in previous works \cite{Ber2,Bus,Com3,Com2}.
Our results, for any ``good'' local observable, are valid at all orders thus they could  be taken as representative of the causal behaviour of
interacting QFT model and can be in particular considered as the guidelines to investigate the causal propagation in more complex models of matter-scalar field interaction.

At the end even if in our system the expectation value of  any ``good'' local quantity appears to depend causally  from the source,
the presence of non local parts in it gives rise to questions about the  possibility of their measurement and detection.
In order to give a concrete meaning of the observability of non locality in matter-field interactions one should analyze suitable quantum detector models  \cite{Gla1,UNR}.
The response of this kind of detectors in the field detection should permit to investigate better the relation between the causal propagation
and locality and also discuss more physically the applications of Hegerfeldt's theorem to localized field states.

\ack We wish to dedicate this paper to the memory of A.E. Power,
who first suggested to one of the authors (G.C.) the importance to
consider exactly solvable models in the analyses of causality and
non locality in QFT.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
SQL/MDR: Query language for consistent access of metadata registries based on SQL3
Dongwon Jeong, Young Gab Kim, Doo Kwon Baik
Graduate School of Convergence IT
This paper proposes a query language to consistently access metadata registries. In current, many metadata registries have been built in various fields. Because there is no access method to access the metadata registries in a standard manner, many management systems for them have been developed in various and different access methods. In this paper, we propose a metadata registry query language that allows us to access consistently all metadata registries in a standardized manner. The query language, SQL/MDR is an extension of SQL3, which is familiar to existing database managers. Consequently, the query language reduces the development cost of a metadata registry management system. And it also enables all metadata registries to be accessed in a consistent manner. "copy; Springer-Verlag 2004.
Published - 2004 Dec 1
Query languages
Jeong, D., Kim, Y. G., & Baik, D. K. (2004). SQL/MDR: Query language for consistent access of metadata registries based on SQL3. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 3129, 239-248.
SQL/MDR : Query language for consistent access of metadata registries based on SQL3. / Jeong, Dongwon; Kim, Young Gab; Baik, Doo Kwon.
In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 3129, 01.12.2004, p. 239-248.
Jeong, D, Kim, YG & Baik, DK 2004, 'SQL/MDR: Query language for consistent access of metadata registries based on SQL3', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 3129, pp. 239-248.
Jeong D, Kim YG, Baik DK. SQL/MDR: Query language for consistent access of metadata registries based on SQL3. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). 2004 Dec 1;3129:239-248.
Jeong, Dongwon ; Kim, Young Gab ; Baik, Doo Kwon. / SQL/MDR : Query language for consistent access of metadata registries based on SQL3. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). 2004 ; Vol. 3129. pp. 239-248.
@article{e04c54f59bd346409ea3a2002e9c1486,
title = "SQL/MDR: Query language for consistent access of metadata registries based on SQL3",
abstract = "This paper proposes a query language to consistently access metadata registries. In current, many metadata registries have been built in various fields. Because there is no access method to access the metadata registries in a standard manner, many management systems for them have been developed in various and different access methods. In this paper, we propose a metadata registry query language that allows us to access consistently all metadata registries in a standardized manner. The query language, SQL/MDR is an extension of SQL3, which is familiar to existing database managers. Consequently, the query language reduces the development cost of a metadata registry management system. And it also enables all metadata registries to be accessed in a consistent manner. {"}copy; Springer-Verlag 2004.",
author = "Dongwon Jeong and Kim, {Young Gab} and Baik, {Doo Kwon}",
journal = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)",
T1 - SQL/MDR
T2 - Query language for consistent access of metadata registries based on SQL3
AU - Jeong, Dongwon
AU - Kim, Young Gab
AU - Baik, Doo Kwon
N2 - This paper proposes a query language to consistently access metadata registries. In current, many metadata registries have been built in various fields. Because there is no access method to access the metadata registries in a standard manner, many management systems for them have been developed in various and different access methods. In this paper, we propose a metadata registry query language that allows us to access consistently all metadata registries in a standardized manner. The query language, SQL/MDR is an extension of SQL3, which is familiar to existing database managers. Consequently, the query language reduces the development cost of a metadata registry management system. And it also enables all metadata registries to be accessed in a consistent manner. "copy; Springer-Verlag 2004.
AB - This paper proposes a query language to consistently access metadata registries. In current, many metadata registries have been built in various fields. Because there is no access method to access the metadata registries in a standard manner, many management systems for them have been developed in various and different access methods. In this paper, we propose a metadata registry query language that allows us to access consistently all metadata registries in a standardized manner. The query language, SQL/MDR is an extension of SQL3, which is familiar to existing database managers. Consequently, the query language reduces the development cost of a metadata registry management system. And it also enables all metadata registries to be accessed in a consistent manner. "copy; Springer-Verlag 2004.
JO - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)
JF - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)


text:
Faten Hammami is a Tunisian freestyle wrestler. She represented Tunisia at the 2019 African Games held in Rabat, Morocco and she won the bronze medal in the 53 kg event.

In 2019, she also won the gold medal in the 55 kg event at the African Wrestling Championships held in Hammamet, Tunisia.

She won the silver medal in her event at the 2022 African Wrestling Championships held in El Jadida, Morocco.

Achievements

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Tunisian female sport wrestlers
Competitors at the 2019 African Games
African Games bronze medalists for Tunisia
African Games medalists in wrestling
African Wrestling Championships medalists
21st-century Tunisian women

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Copper is undeniably one of the most versatile, naturally occurring metallic element on the planet. It even gains the distinction of a unique reddish-gold color in pure form. It can mix with other metallic elements to form a stronger alloy that can, in turn, be used in a wide array of applications.
Its innate malleability and astonishing physical properties made copper a top choice for most artisans, craft designers, architects, and even jewelry makers for their respective projects. Whether you are an amateur or a professional, finding where to buy copper sheets is really the least of your concerns. Understanding how to choose the copper sheet you need to work with is a lot harder.
Pure copper is flexible, ductile, and slightly expensive. Since copper is softer than its alloys, pure copper is the easiest to work with as it can be drawn, stretched, hammered, or rolled without breaking. This property of pure copper makes it ideal for artists, designers, and jewelers to use for their respective projects.
While amateur artisans are satisfied with just letting their favorite copper sheet supplier give them the material without much thought, if the copper sheet is indeed applicable in their projects, it takes a real copper connoisseur to choose and buy copper sheets with the correct specifications.
In buying copper sheets, there are three specifications worth mentioning: (1) sheet thickness, (2) sheet temper, and (3) sheet finish.
The copper sheet's thickness can definitely dictate which projects it is more compatible with. For craft design, the thickness of the sheet can range from 0.016-inch to 0.040-inch. Those with thickness lower than 0.016-inch are called copper foils (instead of sheets), and are mostly used in electrical wiring and various little arts and crafts projects.
Aside from thickness, the copper's hardness can vary depending on your project requirement. Copper hardness ranges from H01 (soft) to H04 (hard). Of course, it you are looking for a copper sheet for intricate, delicate projects like etching or embossing, it is better to get the softer copper. The opposite is true if the project requires a sturdier copper sheet such as creating sculptures or roofing.
Finally, it helps if the finished product is pleasing to the eye. The copper sheet's metal finish can also vary depending on its fabrication. Some suppliers let their sheets get some patina on it (greenish hue) to make the surface color a bit more interesting. While other suppliers offer sheets that are treated with special lacquer to give the sheet a unique finish.
Purchasing the copper sheet with the accurate specifications will not only save you money on trying to replace ill-fitted sheet, but it will also save you some valuable time spent working on the project.


text:
Page views of Ruth Benedicts by language »
Among ANTHROPOLOGISTS »
Among ANTHROPOLOGISTS In United States »
Ruth Fulton Benedict (June 5, 1887 – September 17, 1948) was an American anthropologist and folklorist. She was born in New York City, attended Vassar College, and graduated in 1909. After studying anthropology at the New School of Social Research under Elsie Clews Parsons, she entered graduate studies at Columbia University in 1921, where she studied under Franz Boas. She received her Ph.D. Read more on Wikipedia
Since 2007, the English Wikipedia page of Ruth Benedict has received more than 595,687 page views. Her biography is available in 45 different languages on Wikipedia (up from 42 in 2019). Ruth Benedict is the 7th most popular anthropologist (up from 9th in 2019), the 505th most popular biography from United States (up from 580th in 2019) and the 3rd most popular American Anthropologist.
Ruth Benedict was a cultural anthropologist who wrote "The Chrysanthemum and the Sword" in 1946. The book is about Japanese culture and how it differs from American culture.
Page views of Ruth Benedicts by language
Among ANTHROPOLOGISTS
Among anthropologists, Ruth Benedict ranks 7 out of 69. Before her are Bronisław Malinowski, Edward Burnett Tylor, James George Frazer, Lewis H. Morgan, Jane Goodall, and Margaret Mead. After her are Franz Boas, Paul Broca, Clifford Geertz, Gregory Bateson, Eugène Dubois, and Alfred Radcliffe-Brown.
Most Popular Anthropologists in Wikipedia
Edward Burnett Tylor
James George Frazer
Lewis H. Morgan
Franz Boas
Paul Broca
Clifford Geertz
Eugène Dubois
Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
Among people born in 1887, Ruth Benedict ranks 26. Before her are Felix Yusupov, Saint-John Perse, Chūichi Nagumo, Henry Moseley, Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, and Heitor Villa-Lobos. After her are Georg Trakl, Nikolai Vavilov, Nadia Boulanger, Lothar Rendulic, Wolfgang Köhler, and James B. Sumner. Among people deceased in 1948, Ruth Benedict ranks 17. Before her are Walther von Brauchitsch, Karl Brandt, Babe Ruth, Folke Bernadotte, Johannes Blaskowitz, and Witold Pilecki. After her are Nikolai Berdyaev, Theodor Morell, Karl Gebhardt, Maria Mandl, Arthur Liebehenschel, and Jan Masaryk.
Felix Yusupov
Chūichi Nagumo
Henry Moseley
Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
Georg Trakl
Nikolai Vavilov
Nadia Boulanger
Lothar Rendulic
Wolfgang Köhler
James B. Sumner
Others Deceased in 1948
Walther von Brauchitsch
Karl Brandt
Folke Bernadotte
Johannes Blaskowitz
Witold Pilecki
Nikolai Berdyaev
Theodor Morell
Karl Gebhardt
Maria Mandl
Arthur Liebehenschel
Jan Masaryk
Among people born in United States, Ruth Benedict ranks 505 out of 18,182. Before her are Owen Chamberlain (1920), Jeffrey Epstein (1953), Harriet Tubman (1820), Paul Simon (1941), Elinor Ostrom (1933), and Melvin Calvin (1911). After her are Immanuel Wallerstein (1930), Florence Foster Jenkins (1868), John Kerry (1943), Robert Mitchum (1917), Leonard Nimoy (1931), and Romina Power (1951).
Elinor Ostrom
Melvin Calvin
Immanuel Wallerstein
Among ANTHROPOLOGISTS In United States
Among anthropologists born in United States, Ruth Benedict ranks 3. Before her are Lewis H. Morgan (1818) and Margaret Mead (1901). After her are Clifford Geertz (1926), A. L. Kroeber (1876), Edward T. Hall (1914), Marvin Harris (1927), Leslie White (1900), Marshall Sahlins (1930), Ann Dunham (1942), Henry Fairfield Osborn (1857), and John Lloyd Stephens (1805).
American born Anthropologists
A. L. Kroeber
Marvin Harris
Leslie White
Marshall Sahlins
Ann Dunham
Henry Fairfield Osborn
John Lloyd Stephens
69 Individuals
American Cultural Anthropologist (1901–1978)
Edward Sapir
American Linguist And Anthropologist (1884–1939)
Ralph Linton
American Anthropologist


Chrisette Michele capped off 2012 by releasing her mixtape Audrey Hepburn: An Audiovisual Presentation. Now the R&B songbird starts her year on a high note with "A Couple of Forevers," the first single off her fourth album Better.
"I'm the only one/ You're the only one/ Together till never/ I'm talking about forever/ Just a couple of forevers," sings Chrisette on the gorgeous love ballad, produced by Pop & Oak.
The song will be available on iTunes this Tuesday, while the follow-up to 2010's Let Freedom Reign arrives April 30 via Motown Records.


Shipping was very quick. It was delivered in a beautiful box, with a dress bag included. The quality on this dress is amazing, looks just like the picture on website. Very well made and the fit was spot on! Will definitely order from Babayonlinewholesale again. I bought this for my bridesmaid dress and am very happy with it.
Dear Babayonlinewholesale,Please make this dress. It is absolutely stunning.
This dress is excellent for the price. Under dress of quality satin fabric which is double lined and tulle overskirt in three layers, pearls and sparkles sewn on well, bodice has pleated tulle across the bust and midriff area. It is true to the sizing and fits my daughter beautifully. Delivery was very quick 13 days but had to pay about £30.00 customs fee. A very good service and would buy from Baby online wholesale again.
most beautiful bridesmaid dress thums all the way up Amen!!
Dress was beautiful! People thought I paid a lot of money for this dress. I had no problems getting the dress and shipping was fast!(4 weeks). Thanks!
I'm sooooo happy with my dress it's beautiful and i really feel like a princess :DThank you for the fast delivery. I'm getting married the 8th of august and now i know for sure i will have a verry great time with my perfect dress. Kind Regards.


text:
New Detached Homes
New Townhomes
Markham Townhomes
Richmond Hill Townhomes
Toronto Townhomes
Vaughan Townhomes
Heritage Village Semis & Towns
Overview Map More Details
Location: Keele St & Rutherford Rd
Municipality: Vaughan
Number of Homes: 17
Home Sizes: 1,835 to 2,541 sq
Floorplans: 3 bedrooms
Expected Occupancy: Nov 2021
Developer: Laurier Homes
Prices: From the mid $900's
View Floorplans
Introducing Heritage Village Semis & Towns – a new collection of townhomes and semis in Maple by Laurier Homes.
Development Details – Heritage Village Semis & Towns
Phase one of Heritage Village Semis & Towns will include eight semi-detached homes and nine townhomes. There are three models available, which can all be viewed in the floorplans on this page. The models all have three floors, with an attached garage on the ground floor, living/dining rooms and a kitchen on the second floor, and three bedrooms on the third floor. The models range in size from 1,835 to 2,541 square feet and prices begin in the mid $900,000s.
The builder is offering limited time incentives for buyers at Heritage Village Semis & Towns. This includes a choice of granite kitchen countertops, a complete kitchen appliance set, smooth 9' ceilings on the second floor, stained oak staircases, $10,000 in décor dollars, and development charges capped at $5,000. These incentives won't last long and can be removed at any time, so register now to see if they're still available.
Owners will pay monthly maintenance fees of approximately $166.27 and these will contribute to common area road and landscape maintenance, plus snow removal in the colder months.
Neighbourhood Details
Heritage Village Semis & Towns is located in Maple – a popular and historic part of Vaughan that is high in demand because of the impressive amenities and good transit options. In addition to the many stores, restaurants, and businesses that serve the area, Maple boasts a GO train station and is also within easy reach of the TTC subway at Vaughan Metropolitan Centre. With easy access to highways 400 and 404ETR also available, that means residents of Heritage Village Semis & Towns will have an enviable selection of travel options to choose from and the ability to get to downtown Toronto in as little as 45 minutes. Those transit connections help to provide a perfect balance between relaxation and connectivity for local residents and it's why so many people have chosen to make the area home.
Register to connect with one of our sales representatives, who can provide more information and special access to the project.
Are you a real estate agent? *
Express Consent per Canadian Anti Spam Legislation *
By completing this web form, I expressly provide my consent to receive electronic messages from Living Realty Inc., Brokerage. I understand that I may withdraw my consent by emailing consent@livingrealty.com, or by clicking the "unsubscribe" link in subsequent emails.
Would you like to learn more about this and other outstanding benefits of working with Living Realty? Visit our careers site today.
Visit Careers Site
Total Towns
Search for New Home Projects
New Condos in Toronto Downtown Toronto Condos New Homes in Markham New Townhomes New Condos in North York New Homes in Mississauga
Copyright © 2019 · Living Realty Inc., Brokerage · All rights reserved · Privacy Policy · Contact Us


After seeing Captain Marvel, Ryan has a few thoughts to nitpick, but not exactly where everyone else has set their sights. This episode is full spoilers, all jumping off of the big plot points of the film.
Ryan hits the mic to talk about his feelings with how the story within The Flash's fifth season is being handled.
Has the big bad outlived their time? Isn't there a more interesting story that is being teased far too slow? And how will this current story arc resolve?
All this and more, enjoy.
Ryan takes a brief break from his day to talk about how fortunate he is to have the wife, son and life he does.
For over 5 years, The Sainio Cast has documented the slide-of-life goings on of Ryan Sainio as he went from directionless single guy to father and husband. Talking all things pop culture, from Magic the Gathering to comics, come for the personality and laid back quality, stay for the semi-frequent updates showing up in you rss feed.