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Syndee Steele
by Artemis
We continue our look at the short-lived adult movie star action figure industry with the improbably-spelt Sydnee Steele, actor (in porn), author (about sex), counsellor (sex), and free speech activist (I haven't looked up her columns, but I'm guessing it's along the lines of "There's nothing wrong with sex," not that I'm disagreeing or anything). Her career as a porn star began in 1997 (and she may or may not have retired in 2005, wiki and IMDb can't seem to agree), netted her four AVN awards, and an induction into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2007, and she made her erotic debut painted as a zebra. Fascinating stuff, this. And since porn films with joke titles are a perennial favourite, a quick browse of Sydnee's resume turned up The Wild Wild Chest, Toys in the Addict, and A Midsummer Night's Cream, in which she played Helena, which probably would've been less irritating than Calista Flockhart's version. Ava Vincent played Hermia; the mud wrestling scene must have been a drawcard.
Compared to Briana Banks, Sydnee is far more ornamental - even with her clothes on, there's no pretending she's there to do anything but look hot. She's equipped with a snowboard and snow boots, but her woollen "tracksuit" wouldn't protect her from a gentle breeze let alone a jaunt in the Alps, so it'd be a tough sell to claim she's some kind of sports figure. Then again, if McFarlane made its sports range like this, I'd wager they'd sell more of them. Sydnee stands upright at just a touch under 7½" tall - her actual height is 5'8" (Ava Vincent is 5'4", so Hermia's jabs about Helena's height would still have worked, assuming there was any dialogue at all) and since she's resting all her weight on one foot it's a good thing she has a base to keep her standing.
These figures claim to be the result of laser scans of the actual women's bodies, but whether that's true or not - or whether it works - is open to debate. I spent a few minutes ambling through Google trying to check whether Sydnee does indeed have the dimples in the small of her back that her figure has, but despite seeing quite a lot of Sydnee, that particular part of her doesn't seem to have been photographed a great deal. Regardless of accuracy, the sculpt is decent, giving her a proportionate figure in most regards (though a very flat lower torso that I suspect/hope may have been the sculptor's work rather), and her physique looks fairly attractive. Not athletic in any way, though, which makes the snowboard look even more ornamental than it already did.
The fine detail on her is a decent attempt at first glance, but falls short on closer inspection. Her snow boots have all the necessary detail, with separate boot sections and rigid plastic plates and all the other junk they put on snow boots, but it's not the sharpest sculpt around, and the laces are particularly vague, varying in width a lot and crossing fairly murkily. The paintwork doesn't help especially, with a fair bit of slop on practically every division, right up to the top of the boots where the white extends badly onto her bare legs. For what it's worth, her magenta nail polish is fairly well done. Befitting her "wholesome sportsgirl" image (at least, I imagine that's what she's meant to be looking like) she doesn't have any tattoos.
Her face is quite attractive - Sydnee isn't one of those thoroughly generic-looking adult models - but the likeness isn't quite spot on. If you look at her directly from the front, and compare it to photos of the woman herself, you can see the resemblance, but from any other angle the sharp nose, tight smile, and intent stare make her look a lot more like Juliette Lewis than I imagine she's meant to. Her facial paint is clean and detailed, with dark red lips and fairly intricate warm brown eyes, a neat bit of rouge, as well as eyebrows that manage to be strong without looking too big. Her hair is sculpted well for soft plastic, and is detailed by a highlight pass rather than a paint wash - unfortunately there's just a bit too much glossiness, which interferes with the realism of it.
Her costume - it hardly qualifies as real clothing - is entirely fashioned from the soft plastic used across the line to allow the stars to be stripped down to their birthday suits. It's only natural for the use of soft plastic to cause softening of the sculpt, but in this case it's a bit more of an issue than usual, since the fine texture of the garment is quite important in conveying what it is. I take it to be a tracksuit, but the texture is really not fine enough, with some surfaces looking more like long-range telescope photos of the moon, with their random bumps and pits, than a fluffy material. The zipper at the front holds enough detail, and is painted cleanly enough, that it works, but the paint elsewhere on the edges is inconsistent.
She's a touch less articulated than Briana, with only her left arm having a bicep swivel - otherwise she has the balljoint shoulders and neck that characterize the whole Plastic Fantasy line, and that's it. Her left arm and hand are sculpted to cradle her snowboard - there's no peg or anything to attach it, but unless you bump her it actually stays in place quite reliably. The neck has a good range of motion, but the sculpt of her hair predisposes her to have her head tilted slightly down, looking up from beneath her lashes (not that she has lashes, aside from a paint app) - tilt her head back much and the hair resting on her chest floats about above it instead.
Sydnee's head and arms are designed to be removed to facilitate taking off her costume, and the design of her top makes this absolutely necessary, regardless of how stretchy it may be - even armless, it's a tight fit working the top off her chest. Her "shorts" just slide (tightly, again) down her legs and off. All the joints pop out easily enough and without doing any kind of damage, but her left shoulder doesn't seem to settle quite right in its socket when it's in place - combined with the tight plastic of her sleeves, it leaves the line of her shoulders into her neck a bit lacking, and it's a good idea to position her head so as to largely cover up that area with hair. Speaking of the shoulders, the balljoints there were obviously painted with her arms already raised - lower them and the bare plastic shows on the inner swivel of the joints. It's flesh-coloured plastic, but there is a slight difference in colour, and especially reflectivity, that gives it away. Incidentally, the neck balljoint is a different size to that on Briana, so you can't swap their heads around, which is a bit of a shame from a random goofiness point of view.
Stripped down, Sydnee is fairly good-looking, though her slender hips and flat stomach are more noticeable with her breasts bared, and without the clothes adding width to her hips and shoulders. A hint of ribs, just visible while clothed, is also far more obvious now - she's not unhealthy skinny, but personally I prefer a bit more curviness. The pink paint apps on her breasts are a bit vague at the edges, without a strong border between breast and areola, but her nipples are quite prominent and make up for it. Down below she's got a fairly rudimentary sculpt of her naughty bits, but the paint does its part fairly well, with pink filling the space between the outer labia - not just the inner labia ridges, as with Briana - and a French wax leaving only a slender strip of pubic hair, which is nonetheless crisply painted. Like Briana she's missing an anus - several titles on her filmography suggest fairly strongly that she does in fact have one - but her closed leg stance, with her buttocks tightly together, make it difficult to notice unless you tip her upside down and go looking for it.
She comes with the standard Plastic Fantasy base, equipped with custom pegs - a single one for the right foot, in Sydnee's case - a nameplate on the front, and a clip for a backing board, which is a glossy black one bearing the "Wicked" logo. Oddly, there's no name sticker on the nameplate - there were other Sydnee figures available when I bought this one, but at the time I only thought to compare their faces before choosing one, so I can't say whether the absence of a sticker was a one-time oversight or not.
And of course, she has her snowboard, in pale and navy blue (matching her maximum-exposure tracksuit), with the Wicked logo stamped on it, and mounted clamps for her boots. The clamps do actually fit her boots quite well - the right one securely enough that, if you want, you could put her on the board and forget about the base, and she'd stay upright just fine - but of course she has no leg articulation, so she can't ride the board properly, or even get both feet in place at once. A shame, but action poses weren't something this line of figures were ever intended for, so not unexpected.
As an action figure, Sydnee isn't really much to write home about - she fulfils her function (stand around and, if you want, be naked) well enough, but there's nothing much unique or special about her, unless you're already a Sydnee Steele fan. Or a horny Juliette Lewis fan, in which case the unintentional resemblance would come in handy.


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Jurisprudence, 2006, No. 7(85)
Vytautas Piesliakas. Causation in Criminal Law and Problems of it's Proof in Courts Practice
Abstract. Casual relation between criminal conduct and inflicted consequences is one of the element of crime in those articles of Penal code where criminal liability depends on particular consequences of the behaviour of the person. Causation in criminal law has objective ground, so it can be learned and established in every criminal case. However in many cases establishing the casual relation is not simple, particular in cases of homicide, bodily injuries, traffic accidents. The author starts with analyses of theoretical aspects of notion of casual relation. One of the issues important for further conclusions is terminology. Cause and consequence are the main terms. The author explains the meaning of these terms. Further the author pays attention on the steps that are necessary to establish legally significant conclusions.
The first step and essential precondition to determine whether legally significant casual relation presents is establishing whether conduct was essential condition for consequences. The author presents several practical examples and explains the method how to decide whether conduct was the essential condition to rise the consequences.
Further the author classifies casual relation into two categories: necessary and accidental casual relation. He stresses that just necessary casual relation inflicts legal consequence – criminal liability for conduct. Accidental casual relation don't inflicts criminal liability for conduct.
The author analyses two forms of casual relation – direct and complicated casual relation and their impact on liability.
Much attention the author pays to court practice. He analyses several cases where courts faced with the problems when establishing casual relation.
The author pays attention that casual relation does not determine criminal liability without guilt.
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Egidijus Vidmantas Kurapka, Hendryk Malevski, Justinas Sigitas Pečkaitis, Eduardas Vaitkevičius. Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Control of Arms and Ammunition in the Context of Criminal Law and Criminalistics
Abstract. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania (CC) entered into force on 1 May 2003. A notion of a firearm is referred to in the new Criminal Code establishing criminal liability aggravating circumstances, qualifying such criminal acts as robbery, contraband, being a party to the offence, seizure of aircraft. Furthermore, the notion of a firearm is also implied in the Articles establishing liability for illegal disposal of firearms, their seizure as well as laying down the violation of rules of firearms' keeping. There are presented some elucidations concerning the notions in the Criminal Code of the Re- public of Lithuania; however, the elucidation of the notion of a firearm is not provided in the Code. Naturally, the Lithuanian Criminal Law along with Criminal Law of other countries is not analysing the notion of a firearm. Thus, the notion of a firearm was first introduced in the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Control of Arms and Ammunition in 1996.
The notion has not contradicted recent the notion of a firearm in decades already settled in Criminal Law and society.
The new notion of a firearm was established in the new Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Control of Arms and Ammunition that came into force on 1 July 2003. Besides, that new notion, actually, differs from the previous notion. Firearms include pneumatic arms, gas pistols and revolvers as well as arms with strings and even signal arms in the new Law. The question on how to approach these arms arise while they are being used in committing criminal acts such as robbery, seizure of aircraft, the organization or provocation of riots, etc. Thus, the handling of the firearm is a qualifying feature of the crime or an aggravating circumstance (CC Article 60, Subsection 10).
It is reckoned that the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Control of Arms and Ammunition needs a more thorough analysis and comments of the specialists of Criminal Law and Criminalistics. In any case, criminalistic evaluation of the firearms is necessary to accomplish in both regulating civil circulation of the firearms and legally evaluating crimes related to the illegal circulation of the firearms and their handling.
At present, some new amendments to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Control of Arms and Ammunition are being prepared. Thus, it is a good opportunity to amend some of the most obvious gaps that have occurred in the Law as mentioned above and the best way to do it is by pooling the efforts of the representatives of Criminalistics.
Andrius Nevera. Problems of Differentiation of Criminal Acts' Ideal and Real Coincidence and Imposition of Sentences
Abstract. The analysis of case law proves that rather frequently the problems arise with the application of Article 63 of the Criminal Code for the Republic of Lithuania, which regulates the imposition of sentence for a number of criminal acts commited by a same offender. It was evidently predetermined because it might be said that the Criminal Code, which had come into force since 1 May 2003, stated new rules for imposition of sentence in case of a number of criminal acts commited by a same offender. When the Criminal Code came into force, these new rules were not clarified by researchers nor by Supreme Court of Lithuania, therefore there appeared an opportunity for inequable case law. This gap is being little by little filled in, though there are a number of problems still to be solved both theoretically and practically. One of these problematic issues is a problem of delimitation of criminal acts' forms and notions (a real and ideal coincidence). Case law witnesses that the established notion of ideal coincidence often obstructs a true evaluation of acts manifested in objective reality. For this reason, the most important feature of ideal coincidence is being investigated in this article. However, criticism is not the final goal. After the analysis of court practice, it is suggested to change the present feature of "single act" into a new, much more capacious feature of "single action ". Then, considering the ideal coincidence, we will be aware that this is the situation when a person commits two or more criminal acts within one single action, as defined in different Articles of the Criminal Code, whilst the real coincidence implies such a situation when a person commits two or more criminal acts, which are defined in different Articles of the Criminal Code, within a number of actions.
When the new Criminal Code came into force, It introduced the differentiation limits for cases when combined sentence should be applied for the consolidated sentences, and when to apply cumulative sentence. However, the norms defining these issues are not clear enough, and for this reason these norms have to be explained by the Criminal Law and Supreme Court of Lithuania.
While analysing one of the ways how sentences can be combined, namely – a partial cumulative sentences – the author notes that there are some cases, when in the process of the imposition of the final sentence upon the person, a certain part of the sentence imposed for separate criminal acts disappears for some unknown reasons. Therefore, the author approves of such case law which states that, while partially cumulative the sentences, it is absolutely necessary to add the part of a milder sentence (of all the sentences imposed) to the part of the heavier sentence imposed for the one of the criminal acts committed; and while combined sentence given for a number of criminal acts committed, one or two final sentences have to be imposed. The final combined sentence must be heavier than the harshiest sentences imposed for separate criminal acts.
While analysing provisions of Article 63, section 5, clause 2 of the Criminal Code, the author approves of the case law which states that the generalization of sentences is possible in the case when a number of acts, although viewed as being of different kinds (one act is a crime, while the other is a criminal misdemeanor) or of different categories (one act is a minor crime, while the other is cosidered to be a more serious crime), are not very different with regard to their danger.
Hereby the author notes that in the process of amending Article 63 of the Criminal Code, the following issues should be taken into consideration: one the one hand, the new norms of the criminal law should not constrict courts by formal rules of combined sentences, and on the other hand, these new norms have to provide some opportunities for possible interpretations, which conribute to the smooth formation of case law.
Agnė Baranskaitė, Jonas Prapiestis. Exemption from Criminal Liability in the Context of the Constitution and Constitutional Jurisprudence
Abstract. The analysis of case law proves that rather frequently the problems arise with the application of Article 63 of the Criminal Code for the Republic of Lithuania, wThe fundamental and cardinal changes in the Lithuanian legal system, law-making and its tendencies, the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, as well as theoretical works of legal scientists and practitioners testify that at present in the domestic policy of the state the issues of entrenchment of human rights and freedoms in laws, the constitutionality of their implementation and protection, efficiency, the legal regulation of the interaction among the individual, society and the state when ensuring the priority of the human being and the citizen and similar questions have become of utmost importance. All this implies that in modern criminal law and criminal procedure law one must pay more attention to the ensuring of the rights and freedoms as well as dignity of the victim and to the defence and protection of these values.
It is worth noticing that while seeking to attain the above-mentioned objectives, in criminal law and in criminal procedure one must establish the legal regulation which would ensure both the priority of legitimate interests of the victim and which, alongside, would not ignore the interests of the culprit nor those of the whole society and the state. Thus, the aforesaid legal regulation should co-ordinate the private interests (of the victim and the culprit) and the public interests (of the state and society).
The institute of exemption of criminal liability is defined as a concrete form of realising, in criminal law, of the striving for an open, just and harmonious civil society and state under the rule of law, which is entrenched in the Constitution. Alongside, it is pointed out that this institute reflects the efforts of the legislator to seek, by means of penal policies, for co-ordination and agreement of different interests. Therefore, not only legal preconditions were created in it in order to realise the provisions of the principle of necessity of criminal liability, but also the principles of a state under the rule of law, humanism, justice, equal rights, differentiation of liability and individualisation of punishment (proportionality between the danger of committed criminal deed and the size of the from of liability provided for the committed deed), economy of judicial sanctions and other constitutional principles.
The expression of the principles of a state under the rule of law, humanism, justice, equal rights, differentiation of liability and individualisation of punishment (proportionality between the danger of committed criminal deed and the size of the from of liability provided for the committed deed), economy of judicial sanctions and other constitutional principles in the institute of exemption of criminal liability is line with the fundamental requirement that all constitutional principles are of equal value and constitute a single system, that it is not permitted to interpret some constitutional principles and give their expression in a law in a way so that ensuring of certain constitutional principles creates preconditions to restrict or violate other constitutional values. Therefore, under the Constitution, a democratic state under the rule of law must be equally interested not only in detection of criminal deeds and the persons who committed them and to impose just, reasonable and proportionate punishment on the culprits or resort to other criminal judicial sanctions, but also in taking care of comprehensive protection of the victim and restoration of his violated rights and legitimate interests.hich regulates the imposition of sentence for a number of criminal acts commited by a same offender. It was evidently predetermined because it might be said that the Criminal Code, which had come into force since 1 May 2003, stated new rules for imposition of sentence in case of a number of criminal acts commited by a same offender. When the Criminal Code came into force, these new rules were not clarified by researchers nor by Supreme Court of Lithuania, therefore there appeared an opportunity for inequable case law. This gap is being little by little filled in, though there are a number of problems still to be solved both theoretically and practically. One of these problematic issues is a problem of delimitation of criminal acts' forms and notions (a real and ideal coincidence). Case law witnesses that the established notion of ideal coincidence often obstructs a true evaluation of acts manifested in objective reality. For this reason, the most important feature of ideal coincidence is being investigated in this article. However, criticism is not the final goal. After the analysis of court practice, it is suggested to change the present feature of "single act" into a new, much more capacious feature of "single action ". Then, considering the ideal coincidence, we will be aware that this is the situation when a person commits two or more criminal acts within one single action, as defined in different Articles of the Criminal Code, whilst the real coincidence implies such a situation when a person commits two or more criminal acts, which are defined in different Articles of the Criminal Code, within a number of actions.
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Aurelijus Gutauskas. The Problem of the Excess an Executor in Theory of Criminal Law and Practice
Abstract. The problems analysed in the article are connected to the excess an executor in theory of Criminal law and practice.
Everyone knows that several persons may commit a crime.
This fact creates many problems of legal appraised of a crime and imposing punishment for each participant of a crime. So criminal law from the old times knows the institution of the excess an executor. Excess an executor is the most complicated problem in our Criminal Law and the most debatable question in literature.
Legal appraisal of an action of each accomplice depends on the action of executor. All the accomplices are responsible for crime committed by executor. That means that organizer, instigator and assistant are responsible under the Law. This is general rule. But sometimes an executor commits something what oversteps the limit of common agreement. This situation is called "the excess of an executor". The limits of agreement were broken down, so the only executor is responsible for the crime.
The author supposes that if the accomplice does something what oversteps the common design, this action doesn't relate other accomplices. The main goal of this article is a new conception in accordance which all accomplices may be oversteps the common design. The author suggested the excess an executor to denominate the excess of accomplices.
Apart form the theoretical aspects of this issue, the article draws attention to the problems arising in courts practice.
The article ends with conclusion and as well a list of references.
Pavelas Kujalis. The Importance of Notion of the Third Party in the Institute of Necessity
Abstract. The legal definition of necessity – since its inclusion onto the Criminal Statute of 1845 till the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code of 2000 – never referred to a party that sustains injury in the circumstances of necessity. Such a consistent line of the legislature, however, did not facilitate generating a well-reasoned viewpoint in the theory of criminal law.
Scholars of criminal law sought in many ways to identify and define the parties who sustain harm in necessity. The definitions suggested by scholars are either more or less acceptable.
In Soviet era, one notion – "inflicting harm on the third party" – started to dominate, however. Although lacking in substantial reasoning, this definition became established in most of textbooks and commentaries on criminal code and in other scientific texts.
This article specifically deals with the analysis of the notion "inflicting harm on the third party". The analysis of this issue of necessity is based on historical, linguistic, logical, analytical and other approaches.
In a summary of the different viewpoints of scholars in criminal law literature, the author indicates two major streams: scholars who support the opinion that the institution of necessity must include harm done to a third party; and scholars who purport the theory of necessity that excludes harm inflicted on a third party. In research of scientific works the author finds that the criminal law theory of Lithuania lacks any profound analysis of the notion "harm inflicted on a third party". In addition, the Lithuanian scientists of criminal law a priori support the viewpoint of the first aforementioned scholars' group.
The author backs the opinion of scholars in the second group. On the other hand, he focuses on the study, classification and analysis of the arguments presented by the first group. The author provides logical arguments and cites practical cases to prove that the rationale of the latter group is artificial and unreliable. Nevertheless, the author does not idealize the arguments presented by the second group, indicating that they lack precision. The author has therefore worked out three provisions that, in his opinion, prove that highlighting "harm inflicted on the third party" as inherent element of the necessity notion is artificial, theoretically unfounded and unnecessary. It is pointed out in the article that the criminal law systems of Western European countries and the USA do not include any provisions regarding a party that sustains injury in necessity.
This posture of European and US scholars has the only implication – any individual may sustain harm done in necessity.
Furthermore, considered in this article is establishing the notion "the third party" in criminal law; the author cites a parallel existing between the notion of "a third party" in both criminal and civil law.
Skirmantas Bikelis. Perception of Crime Unlawfulness and it's Significance in Criminal Law
Abstract. The article revises concept of perception of crime unlawfulness. The attention is focused on function of this notion in criminal law and it's relations to other concepts and institutes of criminal law (preconditions of criminal responsibility, intention, perception of crime wrongfulness) as well. The approaches used in doctrine of criminal law in foreign countries (Germany, Russia) are examined too.
The author comes to a conclusion that traditional concept of perception of crime unlawfulness is insufficient and has to be changed. Narrowing the perception of crime unlawfulness to perception of criminal unlawfulness, do not correspond the function of the concept in question, that is considered as to ground defendant's legal blameworthness. The author proposes, that perception of crime unlawfulness should be defined as defendant's perception that his act is in conflict with legal order.
New attitude to the concept forces to elaborate new concepts of other important notions - preconditions of criminal responsibility and intellectual element of intention. The author proposes, that perception of crime unlawfulness or actual possibility to acquire such perception should be considered as precondition of perpetrator's legal blameworthness and criminal responsibility as well.
The author argues, that concept of perception of crime unlawfulness has the same meaning as concept of perception of crime wrongfulness. It is concluded, that the 15th chapter of Lithuanian Criminal Code includes both perception of crime wrongfulness and unlawfulness into content of intention. Such position of the legislator is criticized.
It has been concluded, that perception of crime unlawfulness or actual possibility to acquire such a perception should be considered as independent precondition of criminal responsibility. It should not be included into content of intention. This approach would solve the problems of logical contradiction and unacceptability in criminal politics that are caused by improper concept of intention that is established in the 15th chapter of Lithuanian Criminal Code.
Iveta Vitkutė-Zvezdinienė. Anfang und Entwicklung des Instituts von der Geringer Handlung in Strafrecht Litauens
Abstract. Die rechtliche Reglamentierung von Institut der geringfügigen Tat ist hinsichtlich Geschichte und Theorie von Strafrecht in drei Abschnitten geteilt. Der erste Abschnitt umfasst den Zeitraum 1918–1940, der zweite – 1940–2003, der dritte – vom 01. Mai 2003 bis heute. Bis Mitte des XIX. Jahrhunderts existierte das Institut der geringfügigen Tat weder in Litauen noch in ausländischen Strafrecht.
Im Zeitraum von 1918 bis 1940 galt das Strafstatut Russlands von 1903 als Hauptgesetzgebungsakt. Das Strafstatut wurde auf die Schule vom rechtlichen Positivismus berufen.
Gemäß denen, ist die Konzeption der Tat im Gesetz überhaupt nicht vorgestellt, oder sie ist nur nach formalen rechtlichen Merkmalen als verbotene Tat bezeichnet, für die die Freiheitsstrafe oder andere Strafe vorgesehen ist. Wenn das Gesetz keine Ausnahmen bestimmt, konnte das Gericht keine Taten, sogar geringfügige, anerkennen. Das Statut wurde wegen formaler Definition der Straftat stark von Theoretikern des sowjetischen Strafrechts kritisiert. Die Kritik begann den neuen Abschnitt des Statuts in der Geschichte des Strafrechts. Im Jahre 1926 tritt in sowjetisches Russland neues Strafgesetzbuch in Kraft, in dem ein System des Strafrechts gebildet ohne damals traditionelle Prinzipien war. Eine von solchen Neuigkeiten war – im Gesetz bestimmter Begriff der Tat. Aus diesem Begriff ergibt sich ein von Hauptaspekten – materielle Seite der Straftat, die als Gefahr, Merkmal der Straftat gilt.
Nämlich mit dem Begriff der Tat entstand auch der Begriff "Bagatelltat". Von 1961 bis zu den 01. Mai 2003 wurde der Begriff der Bagatelltat mit der Entsprechung des Tatbestandes den Normen des Teils von Strafgesetz und mit der Sicherheit der Gesellschaft verbunden. Am 01. Mai 2003 hat sich die Konzeption der geringer handlung, rechtlicher Natur, geringfügiger, sträflicher, rechtlicher Anerkennungsbedeutung geändert.
Das StGB von 2000 hat noch den Begriff "sträfliches Delikt" eingeführt. Danach entstand die Frage der geringen handlung.
Gemäß dem StGB, die Annerkennung der Tat als Bagatelltat bedeutet keine Negation einer Straftat. Das erteilte dem Institut der Straftat kardinal andere Bedeutung, und gemäß geltendem StGB, wenn die Tat als geringfügig anerkannt war, der Täter kann von der Strafe befreit werden. Gemäß dem Inhalt des Art. 37 von StGB, kann man eine Schlussfolgerung ziehen, dass die Geringfügigkeit nur für die Tat verwendet ist und nur die Tat als geringfügig anerkannt werden kann.
Oleg Fedosiuk. Delimitation between Criminal and Civil Liability for Evasion of Property Obligation
Abstract. The article deals with the relevant theoretical and practical problem of delimitation between criminal and civil liability for evasion of property obligation by means of deception. Such a criminal deed has been involved into the three norms of chapter XXVIII of the new Lithuanian criminal code including norm of fraud. Such a regulation overcomes the limits of traditional apprehension of criminal deed, therefore requires developing a clear concept of the evasion of property obligation, as well as to find the criteria of its delimitation from a civil delict. The author overviews the traditional concept of delimitation between criminal and civil liability in general, then analyses examples of decisions of Supreme Court of Lithuania in this category of cases and its motives of confirming or denying the criminal liability for evasion of property obligation. The author concluded that the evasion of property obligation is to be considered as a criminal act only if a perpetrator, by means of deception, deprived a victim of real possibilities to protect his property right in civil court. As the examples of such deprivation might serve the false insolvency of the debtor, concealment of identity of the debtor, forged evidence of fulfilment of the obligation and so on. Moreover, the article examines the applicability of the traditional conception of deception to the cases of evasion of property of obligation.
Ingrid Mitgutsch. A Brief Survey of the Austrian Diversification Concept
Abstract. The criminal procedural reform of the year 2000 has brought drastic changes for the Austrian criminal procedural system: The former double track system of punishment and preventive measures has now been transformed into a triple track system of punishment, preventive measures and measures of diversification which enable both prosecutors and courts to settle criminal cases in a completely different and informal way, without verdict or sentence. Instead of a formal decision, there can be a period of probation with or without instructions, the payment of a fine, social work or an out-of-court settlement. The article will describe the conditions under which the above-mentioned measures may be applied and will give a brief overview of the way proceedings are carried out when a case is settled by means of diversification.
Edita Gruodytė. Conception of Public Official in State Service and Public Interests Crimes Section
Abstract. The term "public official" and crimes to the public service is the most controversial topic in Lithuanian criminal law because legislator changed it's meaning and content several times in the period of independence. The aim of the author- to reveal definitions "public official and persons equated to public official" in Lithuanian criminal code. Because those terms survived several changes during Lithuanian independence and also because there was no unanimous opinion among Lithuanian scientists regarding that topic the author of the article at first historically reveals how the definition was changing in the period of Lithuanian independence. The aim of it- to see why the main changes were made and if they were successful for Lithuanian criminal code. According to the authors' opinion reform of those articles during which there was eliminated difference between analogous crimes – corruption, bribe, in public service and private service can't be evaluated only positively because those two spheres are regulated by two opposite legal methods- imperative and dispositive and sometimes corruption in public sphere may be not corruption in private sphere.
Criminal code gives two definitions- one of public official, the other- of natural persons, who are equated to public officials and there we have some problems because legislator by conceptualising those terms uses some conceptions which are not revealed in other legal acts, some of them are already outdated or ambiguous, mixes terms, definitions, does not use terms which are common in civil law, the meaning of some terms used in the definition has several meanings and one can understand them differently.
After discussing the existing problems the author of the article tries to disclose contents of every definition, to discuss main problems in practise and propose some solutions but the main conclusion of the author- Lithuanian scientists should discuss the possibility to distinguish between public and private sector and only after making conclusions formulate definitions of public official and persons equated to them.
The article is made using historical, analytical, grammatical, comparative scientific methods using critical approach.
Existing definitions of public official are compared with analogous definitions in some developed West countries.
Criminal laws are discussed using Lithuanian court practice.
Laurynas Pakštaitis. Problems of Criminalization, Construction and Refinement of Abuse of Office in the Criminal Code of Lithuania
Abstract. The article deals with the concept of abuse of office as defined in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The abuse of office is the most frequent criminal deed against public service and execution of public interests. The concept of abuse of office involves numerous attributes that have to be proved during the investigation of criminal cases of abuse of office. However, some problems prevail in the practice of law enforcement agencies dealing with the investigation of abuse of office. First and foremost, the attribute of major harm to the state, international public organization, natural or legal person remains unclear, thus creating ambiguous interpretations.
The attempts to clarify the attribute in question are taken by prosecution as well as the courts dealing with the abuse of office. However, this leads to superfluous attempts of stating the same attribute in different cases. The author presents theoretical arguments and examples of criminal cases which lead the suggestions on the interpretation of the attribute of major harm. In addition the author supports the opinion by which major harm as material damage should not be calculated according to the rules of the old Criminal Code. By presenting the position of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, the author denies the margin of 250 Minimum Wage Unit (MWU). The more appropriate definitive margin of 150 MWU is suggested and supported by the systematic analysis of various chapters of the Criminal Code. The author discusses problematic issues of insufficient balance between the Articles 225 and 228 of the Criminal Code and presents some theoretical suggestions.
Another major failing presents the structure of the Article 228 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania which does not foresee the abuse of office as a criminal offence, thus a more lenient criminal responsibility is impossible. The existing structure of liability for the abuse of office presents a dual approach: the abuse of office in cases of nonmajor harm for public interests is prosecuted as a disciplinary offence. Cases of abuse of office that causes major harm are prosecuted according to the criminal legislation. The author points out that a such legal duality creates situations when disciplinary prosecution is insufficient (or even non-existent in cases of official's resignation) and at the same time criminal prosecution is impossible. As a result, criminal responsibility lacks much needed balance. The interjacent position would be welcome as it would present a real approach to the offender without being too harsh. Thus, the author suggests various improvements by implementing the concept of abuse of office as a criminal offence. The author presents his own position on the rulings of the Supreme Court in cases of abuse of office which in some cases are too formal and based only on legal phrasings rather than on principles of justice.
Tomas Girdenis. Major Harm to the State, International Public Organization, Natural or Legal Person as an Attribute of Abuse of Office
Abstract. Abuse of Office is the main and the most characteristic legal norm of the XXXIII chapter, dedicated to criminal offences against public service and execution of public interests.
According to the statistics of IT and Communications Department under supervision of Ministry of the Interior, made in year 2005, 64% of all registered criminal offences committed against public service and execution of public interests were abuse of office. Considering that major harm is the main attribute leading us to delimitate abuse of office as a criminal offence from other similar non-criminal offences, it is essential to understand the meaning of this attribute, especially when the attributes of abuse of office are not strictly defined nor in the Criminal Code nor in the practice of Lithuanian courts. So the article deals with the major harm to the state, international public organization, natural or legal person as an attribute of abuse of office according to the Article 228 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania.
Major harm as an attribute of abuse of power is described by subjects who sustain the harm, the varieties of harm and the magnitude of harm. The author defines the subjects who can sustain the harm – the state, international public organization, natural or legal person, criticizes the need of such a casuistic description of subjects who can suffer the harm made by the abuse of office and makes a suggestion of refinement of legal norm of abuse of office in the Criminal Code. In the article it is also discussed about the variety of major harm caused by the abuse of office. The author concludes that the harm caused by the abuse of office may occur as property harm, non-property harm and as physical harm. The magnitude of harm is an attribute that should be valuated by the law enforcement agencies and by the court in each case separately.
Making reference to different Lithuanian and Russian authors also to Lithuanian court practice (especially to the practice of the Supreme Court of Lithuania), the author formulates touchstones when the harm made by the abuse of office is considered major. The attribute of major harm enables law enforcement agencies and courts to delimitate abuse of office as a criminal offence according to Article 228 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania from other similar noncriminal offences when abuse of office takes place. In these cases when abuse of office makes no harm or the harm is not considered as major, such an abuse of office should be prosecuted as a disciplinary offence or in some particular cases as administrative offence. The author presents his own opinion on all the issues related to major harm as an attribute of an abuse of office as a criminal offence.
Faculty of Public Governance
Mykolas Romeris Law School
Public Security Academy
Institute of Communication
Institute of Educational Sciences and Social Work
MRU Statute
MRU Strategic Plan 2016-2021
MRU IEP Report
MRU 2010-2014 Activities Review Summary
© 2011 Mykolas Romeris University. Data is collected and kept in the Register of the Legal Entities, code 111951726.
Editor: Snieguolė Zalatorė
Tel.: (+370 5) 271 4739
Fax: (+370 5) 267 6000
E-mail: snieguole@mruni.eu
Company VAT code: LT119517219.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Gary Weaver, who did the orientation for Caleb and me, offered these Haitian proverbs and this picture of a cathedral destroyed by the quake two years ago.
Ignorance doesn't kill you but it makes you sweat a lot.
Poor people entertain with their heart.


The longtime questions of what will be built on Parcel 5 in downtown and where the Rochester Broadway Theatre League will build a new performing arts center were both answered at the same time Friday morning.
RBTL will build a new center on Parcel 5 at Midtown, it was announced at the Tower280 building. The Golisano Center for the Performing Arts and Tower will be a joint venture between Morgan Communities and the RBTL.
The project is slated to include a 3,000-seat performing arts center, housing, retail, restaurants and more parking for patrons, and will cost an estimated $130 million.
Paychex founder and philanthropist Tom Golisano pledged $25 million to the project.
The project aims to create "the equivalent of 610 full-time construction jobs" according to a release from the city of Rochester, and 166 permanent jobs once the project is completed, and Warren announced that Morgan Communities has adopted a "Rochester First" hiring policy.
The mayor stated that Morgan also has committed to the "Rochester First" hiring policy for any new tenants that will move into the project's commercial spaces.
Warren said the project will reinvigorate the city center and be an anchor for new development.
RBTL projects that the center, named the Golisano Center for the Performing Arts, will book $18.5 million in ticket sales a year, and have a yearly economic impact of $55.5 million for downtown Rochester.
While Golisano has pledged $25 million, the rest of the funding for the project has not been secured. Morgan Communities and the city say they are confident they will acquire the funds to start construction.


Finding the right pair of drum sticks is important. Playing the wrong one's are irritating. Drum sticks come in many different sizes and thickness as well as brands and wood types. Even the tips can be different, they can come in nylon or wood. So there are many choices to choose from the confusing part comes in when you have to pick.
Experienced drummers usually have their favorite brand of sticks and that can be for many reasons. It can be because of weight, size, sound, durability and playability. Starting out, you need to get something that fits comfortably within the palm of your hand and of course your fingers.
There are many popular brands of drum sticks out there but I will only mention a few. Good drum stick makers are Vic Firth, Pro mark and Zildjian. Like I said, there are more but I will only mention these because I have played all of them. Vic Firth is a huge drummer icon in history. His name holds a high reputation and his sticks have great durability. Zildjian is also a huge name in drumming history and his sticks are known along his amazing cymbals. Pro Mark is also durable. Now that you know my top 3 stick brands here are ways to find out which ones you should get. I am going to go with Vic Firth for simplicity's sake, just see which category you fit into, to pick your drum sticks out.
If you are a girl drummer, Vic Firth 5A's should be a good starter size for you. They are not too thick and are not too thin either. They are not too heavy and they last a good amount of time. The wood is hickory. If you want your drum stick to have a clearer cymbal sound definition then just add an "N" to the end of the size I told you. In this case it would be Vic Firth 5AN. If you feel that this size is too big when you hold it, try out the size 7A or 7AN.
If you are a guy drummer, but one who doesn't play heavy metal or strong punk rock, the Vic Firth 5A's should be good for you to. If your hands are bigger or you need a bit of a bigger size then you can always up it to the size 5B. If you want a plastic tip then get the Vic Firth 5BN.
If you are a heavy hitter or are anticipating playing heavy metal, goth, death metal, or serious heavy cymbal hitting punk rock, then Vic Firth 5B's are good for you with hickory or oak as the wood. 5B's are more "Beefier" at the shoulder so they can take a bit more chipping and cymbal hitting. Of course these sticks are made of wood so they will eventually chip and break, but they should last their allotted time.
You can take these general rules and apply them to what ever brand you choose. The harder the drumming, the thicker the stick. The bigger your hand, the thicker the stick. For clearer cymbal definition, get a plastic tip and lastly, if your hands are really small and you feel that the 5A's are too big, try 7A. It's the next size down!
Don't forget! You are the stick's tester when you pick it up and hold it in your hand. Twirl it a bit, air drum with it, see if you are comfortable with its size, weight and balance, then make your decision! It's not fun to be playing with a stick that isn't really your size. It can make drumming uncomfortable.


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text:
Completed Community Plans & Projects
Southern Green Line Station Area Sector Plan
The Approved Southern Green Line Station Area Sector Plan (February 25, 2014) is currently unpublished. Until published, the approved plan consists of the following documents: The Preliminary Southern Green Line Station Area Sector Plan and Sectional Map Amendment, the Planning Board amendments in Prince George's County Planning Board Resolution Number 13-98 (PDF), the District Council's Resolution of Approval Numbers CR-9-2014 (PDF) and CR-10-2014 (PDF), the minor amendment CR-1-2016 (PDF), and the Administrative Correction to Overlay Zone Applicability Errors (2015).
The plan aims to increase the county's share of regional job growth; address income, jobs, and transportation inequities; increase quality, affordable housing through mixed-income projects; enhance connectivity to and between Metro stations; increase transportation options and utilization of the Metrorail Green Line for reverse commute trips; and stabilize and preserve nearby communities.
The purpose of the Development District Overlay Zone (DDOZ) is to prohibit certain uses in the entire area and additional uses near the Metro stations, as well as establish development standards and requirements for properties C the following Metro stations. DDOZ development standards and requirements for street design, block standards, building height, and parking are included for the Branch Avenue and Naylor Road station areas.
Project Boundary
The project corridor surrounds four stations on the southern end of the Metro Green Line in Prince George's County, Maryland, extending from Southern Avenue down Branch Avenue (MD 5) to the Capital Beltway (Interstate 495). The four stations within the plan area include:
Branch Avenue
Naylor Road
Walk Circle
Most people are willing to walk for about 10 minutes, or roughly half a mile, to access a rail transit station. Therefore, planning for transit-oriented development focuses on the area within half a mile of a station - drawn on maps as the walk circle, with the station at its center. Within the walk circle, the process seeks opportunities to locate additional transit riders going to new destinations, such as jobs, shops, and housing.
Principles of Transit-Oriented Development
Create a compact mix of land uses around transit stations that support, and benefit from, transit service.
Design the station area as a civic amenity and a recognizable place in the community.
Place highest-intensity development nearest to the transit station.
Provide direct pedestrian routes to the station.
Use transit to shape the growth of community centers.
Bowie Sustainability Plan
East Riverdale-Beacon Heights Sector Plan
Greater Cheverly Sector Plan
Minor Amendment To 2013 Subregion 5 SMA
Morgan Boulevard Study
Mount Rainier Maryland Pattern Book


text:
World Health +SocialGood Broadcast from the World Health Assembly
22 May 2018 - 24 May 2018 Global broadcast Add to calendar
U.S. Mission Geneva / Eric Bridiers
Join us for the fifth year of the World Health +SocialGood event, broadcast live from the World Health Assembly, May 22 — 24, 2018.
The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the supreme decision-making body of the World Health Organization. Held annually in Geneva, Switzerland, WHA is attended by delegations from all 194 World Health Organization (WHO) Member States.
WHA focuses on a health agenda that covers a wide range of key global health issues from non-communicable diseases, to nutrition, to emergency outbreaks, to universal health coverage. This year, WHO's 70th anniversary, Member States will vote on the Director-General's General Programme of Work that will guide the organization through 2023.
Join the conversation with World Health +SocialGood!
On May 22, 23, and 24, at the 71st WHA, WHO and the United Nations Foundation will partner to produce World Health +SocialGood.
Through a daily live, 30-minute online broadcast, World Health +SocialGood will provide insight into the major issues being debated at the World Health Assembly, while offering exclusive, original content and conversations with experts — including opportunities for viewers to ask questions!
Tune in to the World Health Organization's Facebook page at 4pm CEST/10am ET and follow the conversation with #WHA71 #SocialGood!
Stay tuned for further details and the program agenda.


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Our commitment to service, quality, selection, delivery and customer service will help to ensure your success. Please take the opportunity to look at our catalog and let us know how we can be of service to you.


text:
Q: Optimize the performance of a function I created the following function below to merge the real values with the predicted values (when real are absent) in a new column in data.frame, the function actually works, but I would like to optimize it, because with the dataset that I work, the function takes about two hours to run .. If anyone can help me, I would be grateful.
p <-
  function(object, newdata = NULL, type = c("link", "response", "terms"),
           rse.fit = FALSE, dispersion = NULL, terms = NULL,
           na.action = na.pass, ...)
  {
{
    pred <- predict (object,newdata)

      }

    vetor1 <- (newdata$ALT)         # Creates a column vector from the actual heights of the data.frame
    vetor1[is.na(vetor1)] <- 0      # Replaces the NA's present in the vector created above the numeric value 0
    vetor2 <- c(pred)           # Creates a vector from the predicted data
    for(i in 1:length(vetor1)){     # The loop is executed until all values vector1 pass the following condition
      if(vetor1[i]==0.00){      # If a value of the first vector has the value 0, ie, if it is absent
        vetor1[i]=vetor2[i]     # Then the predicted value will replace the missing value
        newdata$ALTMISTA <- vetor1  # The vector1, already possessing the actual values and the predicted values merged into the same vector goes                   on to become a new column in data.frame, this column is called a ALTMISTA
      }
    }
    return (newdata)
  }

A: A couple thoughts:  If you have a gigundo dataset, well, it's going to take time; or you'll need to learn to use the parallel package.
I don't think you want to re-define newdata$ALTMISTA every time thru the loop, as you're just overwriting the values.
You could remove the i loop by using a vectorized operation with ifelse :
 set.seed(1)
 foo<-sample(c(-1,1),10,rep=T)
 foo
 [1] -1 -1  1  1 -1  1  1  1  1 -1
 bar<-11:20
 foo<- ifelse(foo<0, foo,bar)
 foo
 [1] -1 -1 13 14 -1 16 17 18 19 -1

But as I said, my suspicion is that you've got a large dataset and predict may well be the time-pig.  Try using  Rprof to find out where the time is spent.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
In Association with Shades of Soul Ltd
The Dave Kelly Band
Founder Member of the Blues Band
Last Show: Thursday 3 rd November 2022
Dave Kelly, London's slide guitar king, having learned his trade in the backing bands of, and recording with, Son House, Howlin Wolf, John Lee Hooker, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells to name but five blues legends, a founder member of The Blues Band, still wowing audiences after nearly 40 years..
Dave Kelly, founder member of The Blues Band with Paul Jones, Hughie Flint & Tom McGuinness thirty five years ago. When The Blues Band started back in 1979 Dave was already a seasoned blues artist with a reputation across the world. In the early sixties he started performing acoustic, mostly Mississippi style blues, in folk clubs.
On returning from the States he joined The John Dummer Blues Band as lead vocalist and guitarist. It was with The Dummer Band that he made two UK tours backing John Lee Hooker and one with Howlin Wolf also played with Freddie King. After leaving the JDBB late in '69 he went back to solo performing and toured and recorded with the legendary Eddie 'Son' House.
Since then he has also worked with, Buddy Guy and Junior Wells also The Allman Brothers Band as guest, as well as continuing to tour with The Blues Band. He won the British Blues Awards acoustic artist of the year for five consecutive years and so is kicked up to the House of Lords and not entered any more.
The Blues Band are now making their farewell tour. More recently he has toured in acoustic duos/trios with Paul Jones, Maggie Bell, Long John Baldry as well as regular tours with Christine Collister and The Travelling Gentlemen.
The Dave Kelly Band of course play the blues, but not exclusively, it is also a vehicle for Dave to pursue his other much loved musical formats. The DKB also follow this eclectic formula – blues, soul, country and many of Dave's own compositions which by definition do not fit into The Blues Band's repertoire.
Band Line Up
Dave Kelly (guitar)
Pete Emery (lead guitar)
Lou Stonebridge (keys)
Sam Kelly (drums and vocals)
Homer Kelly-T (bass guitar and vocals)


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text:
package thahn.java.agui.app;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;

import thahn.java.agui.res.ManifestParser.ManagedComponent;

/**
 *
 * @author thAhn
 *
 */
public class IntentManager {

	private HashMap<String, List<ManagedComponent>> 								mIntentFilterContainer;
	private static IntentManager													sInstance;

	public static final IntentManager getInstance() {
		if (sInstance == null) {
			sInstance = new IntentManager();
		}
		return sInstance;
	}

	private IntentManager() {
		mIntentFilterContainer = new HashMap<>();
	}

	public void put(IntentFilter filter, ManagedComponent value) {
		synchronized (this) {
			// action
			int actionSize = filter.countActions();
			ManagedComponent component = value;
			for (int i = 0; i < actionSize; ++i) {
				String action = filter.getAction(i);
				add(action, component);
			}

			// category
			int categorySize = filter.countCategories();
			for (int i = 0; i < categorySize; ++i) {
				String category = filter.getCategory(i);
				add(category, component);
			}
		}
	}

	private void add(String key, ManagedComponent component) {
		List<ManagedComponent> list = mIntentFilterContainer.get(key);
		if (list == null) {
			list = new ArrayList<>();
			mIntentFilterContainer.put(key, list);
		}
		if (list.contains(component)) {
			list.remove(list.indexOf(component));
		}
		list.add(component);
	}

	public void remove(IntentFilter filter) {
		synchronized (this) {
			int actionSize = filter.countActions();
			for (int i = 0; i < actionSize; ++i) {
				mIntentFilterContainer.remove(filter.getAction(i));
			}

			int categorySize = filter.countCategories();
			for (int i = 0; i < categorySize; ++i) {
				mIntentFilterContainer.remove(filter.getCategory(i));
			}
		}
	}

	public List<ManagedComponent> get(String actionOrCategory, String packageName) {
		synchronized (this) {
			List<ManagedComponent> list = mIntentFilterContainer .get(actionOrCategory);
			return list;
		}
	}

	/*package*/ Set<Entry<String, List<ManagedComponent>>> entrySet() {
		return mIntentFilterContainer.entrySet();
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Kate started her day at Villa Eikenhorst, the private estate of the King Willem-Alexander and Queen Maxima just outside The Hague. After lunch, Kate headed into the city where she visited the Mauritshuis museum to view their exhibit featuring Vermeer. The Royal Collection leant the museum a number of pieces for the exhibit. Afterward, Kate made a stop at the British Ambassador's house to convene a roundtable on a addiction with two of her charities, Action on Addiction and the Anna Freud Centre, in conjunction with the Trimbos Institute. She finished the day in Rotterdam on a tech and innovation stop.


text:
Thakali language
13,000 Thakali people (2001 census)[1]
5,900 (2002 – 2011 census)[1]
Tamangic
Tangbe
Tetang
Chuksang
Devanagari (modern)[2]
Tibetan script (historical)[3]
ths – Thakali
skj – Seke
thak1245 Thakali[4]
seke1240 Seke[5]
Thakali is a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal spoken by the Thakali people, mainly in the Myagdi and Mustang Districts. Its dialects have limited mutual intelligibility.
Seke (Tangbe, Tetang, Chuksang) is sometimes considered a separate language.[1] Other names and dialect names are Barhagaule, Marpha, Panchgaunle, Puntan Thakali, Syang, Tamhang Thakali, Thaksaatsaye, Thaksatsae, Thaksya, Tukuche, Yhulkasom.[6]
1 Geographical distribution
Geographical distribution[edit]
Thakali is spoken in the middle of the Kali Gandaki River valley and in the upper part of the Kali Gandaki Gorge (also known as Thak Khola), in Mustang District, Dhawalagiri Zone. The Thakali area is bounded by Annapurna Himal on one side and Dhawalagiri Himal on the other, with Tatopani village in the south and Jomsom in the north (Ethnologue).
The Tukuche dialect is spoken from Tukuche to Thaksatsae, in 13 villages: Tukuche, Khanti, Kobang, Larjung, Dampu, Naurikot, Bhurjungkot, Nakung, Tithi, Kunjo, Taglung, Lete, Ghansa. Many live outside the area.
Seke is spoken in Chuksang, Tsaile, Tangbe, Tetang, and Gyakar villages of Mustang District, Dhawalagiri Zone. There are only 700 native speakers of this language, 100 of whom live in New York City.[7]
Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Thakali.
Tukuche (Tamhang Thakali, Thaksaatsaye, Thaksatsae)
Marpha (Puntan Thakali)
Syang (Yhulkasom)
Seke has the following dialects.
^ a b c Thakali at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Seke at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
^ Vinding, Michael (January 10, 1998). "The Thakali: A Himalayan Ethnography". Serindia Publications, Inc. – via Google Books.
^ http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_09_01_02.pdf
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Thakali". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Seke (Nepal)". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ "OLAC resources in and about the Thakali language". www.language-archives.org.
^ Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko de (2020-01-07). "Just 700 Speak This Language (50 in the Same Brooklyn Building)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-08.
"Thakali language - Audio Bible stories and lessons". Global Recordings Network. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
"Thakali language". SIL International. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages
Bodish
Tibetic
Central Tibetan
Standard Tibetan (Old, Classical)
Mugom
Amdo Tibetan
Choni
Kham-Hor
Khams Tibetan
Tseku
Khamba
Purgi
Zangskari
Lahuli–Spiti
Brokkat
Chocangaca
Lakha
Naapa
Lunana
Kyirong-Kagate
Kyirong
Yolmo
Zhongu
Khalong
Dongwang
Gserpa
Zitsadegu
Drugchu
East Bodish
Nyen
Kurtöp
Tshangla
West Himalayish
Kinnauri
Jangshung
Shumcho
Darmiya
Byangsi
Dhuleli
Chaudangsi
Kanashi
Rongpo
Zhangzhung
Tamang
Gurung
Manang
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Ghale
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text:
But if the smugness, mutual antagonism and sheer bloody-mindedness that emerge from Brockman's astonishing collection of edited interviews is anything to go by, you wouldn't want to let members of this "culture" loose in a sandpit, let alone a salon.
Ostensibly, Brockman's book is a long-overdue antidote to the inane outpourings of our arts-dominated media. Newspapers, magazines, radio and TV all devote vast amounts of coverage to the thoughts and doings of luvvies, whose achievements are as ephemeral as the bubbles in their First Night champagne. Meanwhile, the work of scientists is dismissed as tiresome, tedious and infra dig.
Of course, most science is precisely that. Nevertheless, there are some genuine superstars in the scientific firmament, and Brockman's book brings together many of them to describe what they do and why.
There are worrying signs that Brockman has attempted to make luvvies out of scientists. Each chapter opens with a twee eulogy on the featured scientist written by one of his peers, along the lines of, "Dear, darling Dickie, such a wonderful evolutionary biologist". But don't be fooled: other contributors are given their say at the end of each chapter - and these people can sure bitch.
The book begins with chapters by seven leading figures in evolutionary biology, a field apparently dominated by the concept of survival of the loudest.
For some reason, Brockman decided to begin with the worst contribution in the entire book. It comes from George Williams of New York University, renowned for his critique of the mindless application of Darwinian ideas. Other luminaries such as Niles Eldredge say that they can't understand why more people haven't heard of him. Well, I hadn't heard of him either, but it's no mystery to me: judging by his chapter, Professor Williams could make threading a needle sound like quantum chromodynamics.
Try this, his second sentence: "Given that organisms may find themselves in an environment where there are close genealogical relatives, it follows that an organism is expected to react to cues of kinship in a certain way, so as to discriminate among the individuals it encounters on the basis of kinship, and be more benign and cooperative toward closer kin than more distant kin or nonrelatives." In other words, good parents don't usually kill their kids.
The commentaries from fellow contributors at the end of this awful first chapter are very much of the "Dear, dear Georgie" variety, but at least they contain clearer explanations of what Williams is on about than he manages himself.
Brockman's book really gets under way with chapter two, by Stephen Jay Gould. He can be a bit pompous ("Richard - Dawkins - and I are the two people who write about evolution best," he announces), but he is always entertaining and cogent. Clearly he doesn't agree with Dawkins and other "ultra-Darwinists" on how and where evolution takes place. Gould duly comes in for a bit of stick from other biologists in the comment section, and is rather loftily instructed to stop bickering by Nick Humphrey, the Cambridge psychologist.
Overall, however, Gould gets off lightly compared with some of his peers. For example, in the next chapter Dawkins gives a predictably clear and robust account of his interests and beliefs, but some people are clearly irked by his defence of Darwinism. Advocate of the Gaia hypothesis Lynn Margulis accuses him of solipsism, arrogance and pomposity, while theoretical biologist Brian Goodwin hints darkly that Dawkins was once religious and now preaches Darwinism with the fervour of a convert.
Naturally enough, Dawkins sticks the boot in at the end of their respective chapters, albeit in the genteel style of an Oxford don. So, Margulis has "courage and stamina", but simply doesn't listen to argument, while Goodwin has contracted the "crazy" ideas that pervade the Open University biology department.
But the evolutionary biologists are positively matey compared with those working on theories of the mind, the subject of the book's next section. Here we can enjoy the musings of Marvin Minsky on how the mind works, and then savour fellow Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Steve Pinker's trashing of them. ("Too much of his work comes out of armchair pronouncements," says Pinker).
For pure bile, try Francisco Varela of the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. He accuses Minsky ("A pain in the ass, an arrogant son of a bitch") of rejecting other people without bothering to find out what they think. How odd, then, that Varela appears to do precisely this with his dismissive comments on the work of contributor Roger Schank.
After so much bluster and shrillness, the words of physicists, which form the bulk of the rest of the book, come almost as a balm. The section "Questions of Origins", with its contributions from the urbane Martin Rees and Paul Davies, exudes the quiet confidence of those whose work is solidly faunded. Relativity expert Lee Smolin emerges as a valuable new force in the battle to explain tough ideas to the general public.
The book ends with contributions from researchers in "complexity theory - "broadly speaking, the attempt to discover how order can emerge from chaos. Although such leading figures as Nobel prizewinner Murray Gell-Mann are on hand to give their views, those who think complexity theory generates more heat than light will find plenty to confirm their suspicions.
If you are looking for clear expositions of ideas at the frontiers of science, you may not be well served by Brockman's book. Many of the chapters are the intellectual equivalent of a Chinese meal: you won't remember the arguments an hour after you read them. That is not Brockman's fault, of course: this is science in the making.
Brockman's book is far more valuable than just another bluffer's guide. It provides a rare and candid insight into the thought processes of leading scientists. As such, it is the most important book on how science is done since The Double Helix. ■
First published by New Scientist, March 6, 1995.
The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution
by John Brockman
Simon & Schuster, pp 413, pounds 17.99
LYNN can't stand Richard, and Francisco loathes Marvin. Nick thinks Steve and Richard should kiss and make up and no one understands Brian.
The plot of a soap opera? Not a bit of it: all these characters are scientists, and well-respected ones at that: Lynn Margulis, Richard Dawkins, Francisco Varela, Marvin Minsky, Nick Humphrey, Stephen Jay Gould and Brian Goodwin. They are also members of what literary agent John Brockman calls "the Third Culture" - scientists who transcend the two-culture divide between the arts and sciences by taking their message direct to the public.
Darlings, you were wonderful
By Robert Matthews 3.6.1995
"[T]he most important book on how science is done since The Double Helix."


The City Attorney has been under contract with the City of Ontario since July, 2007. He provides legal representation to the City and the City Council. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1974 and the University of Oregon School of Law in 1978. He initially worked as a Deputy District Attorney in Malheur County, Oregon, until 1980, when he entered into private practice. He currently has a general litigation and government law practice, operating out of Vale, Oregon, sharing office space with three other lawyers. He represents several public bodies, including not only the City of Ontario, but also the City of Vale, the Vale Oregon Irrigation District and the Big Bend Irrigation District.


text:
Sam Tochterman-Talbott (born 5 June 1995), also known as Sam Carson, is a United States international rugby league footballer who plays as a  forward for the Tweed Heads Seagulls in the Queensland Cup. He was selected to represent the United States in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.

References

External links
2017 RLWC profile

1995 births
Living people
Australian people of American descent
Australian rugby league players
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
Rugby league second-rows
Tweed Heads Seagulls players
United States national rugby league team players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The cycad is a slow growing plant that starts as a compact, round cluster of leaves, eventually extending out of the soil on a pole-like trunk as high as twenty feet. Even when it is young, before the trunk is much taller than a few inches, the leaves can form a circle 2 to 6 feet in diameter. The cycad is an excellent container plant, and offers a commanding presence in a large area display. In the furthest southern regions of North America, cycads are often grown outdoors as trees.
The Cycad will usually thrive in medium light levels, although it enjoys bright light, especially during periods of growth. Cycad native regions are typically somewhat humid, but this plant can tolerate normal indoor air moisture levels if kept away from vents with dry furnace air.
Despite its similarity with various types of palm trees — and notwithstanding the common name of one of the most popular Cycads, "Sago Palm," — the Cycad is not a palm at all. It isn't even closely related. It's actually in the same group of plants as conifers, and surprisingly, a close relative of the ginkgo tree. Cycads first emerged 280 million years ago, well before the first dinosaurs, during the Permian Period. Some cycads alive today are considered "living fossils," in that they haven't changed significantly since they first appeared millions of years ago.


Traffic is around 41K visitors during previous month, which corresponds to 207947 place in the global site ranking. During this month, traffic to site has decreased by 15% compared to previous month, and equals to 34K visitors. Estimated potential revenue of this site may be up to $167 per month. We did not find any sites that have the same ID at Analytics and/or Adsence. According to our information, it is safe to visit Optar.com.ec.
de correo electronico o para publicidad o fines comerciales no solicitados.
Address: Av Francisco de Orellana No, 234 Edif Blue Towers piso 9 oficina no 902 y 903.


Please complete the form below to send your enquiry to your Bexhill store.
We are on the right-hand side, opposite Bexhill Market. You can park your car for a limited time on Western Road.
We have been in Bexhill since 1968, originally in St. Leonards Road where we started testing only one day per week, we then moved to 41 Western Road in 1976. Over the years the practice has developed and seen a major refit. Our Head Office is located above our Bexhill store.


Saturn's shadow stretched beyond the edge of its rings for many years after Cassini first arrived at Saturn, casting an ever-lengthening shadow that reached its maximum extent at the planet's 2009 equinox. This image captured the moment in 2015 when the shrinking shadow just barely reached across the entire main ring system.
The shadow will continue to shrink until the planet's northern summer solstice, at which point it will once again start lengthening across the rings, reaching across them in 2019.
Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis. And, just as on Earth, as the sun climbs higher in the sky, shadows get shorter. The projection of the planet's shadow onto the rings shrinks and grows over the course of its 29-year-long orbit, as the angle of the sun changes with respect to Saturn's equator.
This view looks toward the sunlit side of the rings from about 11 degrees above the ring plane. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on Jan. 16, 2015.
The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 1.6 million miles (2.5 million kilometers) from Saturn. Image scale is about 90 miles (150 kilometers) per pixel.


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Ron Artest
'The Suspension Was Harsh': Metta World Peace Still Stung By 'Malice At The Palace'; Talks New Showtime Doc 'A Quiet Storm'The man formerly known as Ron Artest discusses The Malice At The Palace, winning an NBA title, and his new documentary "Quiet Storm: The Ron Artest Story."
Metta World Peace Blasts Kardashians For Visiting Lamar Odom In HospitalThe former Ron Artest says: 'Not every Kardashian needs to be around'
7 Notable NBA Players Who Have Played OverseasIn light of Metta World Peace aka Ron Artest aka The Panda's Friend announcing that he is playing in China next season, let's take a look at other notable players who have taken their talents overseas.
7 Great Twitter Responses To The Birth Of The Pandas FriendHere are seven great Twitter Responses To The Birth Of The Pandas Friend.
Metta World Peace Now Wants To Be Referred To As 'The Panda's Friend'Now in a new continent, World Peace has decided to change his name -- again. Though it hasn't been changed legally, the former NBA All-Star would like to be referred to as "The Panda's Friend."
Longest Suspensions In Sports HistoryWith the recent season-long suspension of Arizona Cardinals linebacker Daryl Washington making news, let's take a look at other hefty player suspensions throughout the NHL, NFL, NBA and MLB.
Carmelo Anthony Does Not Travel To Toronto, Still Bothered By Ankle InjuryThe Knicks confirmed on their official public relations Twitter account that Carmelo Anthony did not travel to Toronto for Saturday's game against the Raptors.
Keidel: As Long As Dolan Is The Owner, Knicks Will Never Win A TitleThere is a growing, ornery murmur among New Yorkers, and, really, it goes to the source. It's directed at Jimmy Dolan. People are sick of his moves, his mouth and his product.
Schmeelk: Is Defense Really The Knicks' Problem? Look A Bit Closer...The ball movement has either been nonexistent or turnover prone. Until that changes, and the Knicks' best players start to shoot better, there's going to continue to be rough basketball at MSG.
Now THIS Is Cool: Queens Kid Metta World Peace Takes F Train To Knicks GameAccording to Newsday, World Peace -- who took this train frequently in his younger years -- attempted to guess how many stops there were until the final one, 34th Street in Manhattan.
Schmeelk: Good And Bad Both In Knicks' Nail-Biting OpenerThe Knicks showed many good things in Wednesday's season opener. But there were also a couple of red flags that could prove to be a problem in the season's first true test against the Bulls.
Schmeelk: Knicks 2013-14 Preview: Don't Overlook Healthier KnicksSchmeelk says this year's Knicks squad is capable of winning 50 games.
Schmeelk: How Can The Knicks Improve Defensively? For the Knicks to make a serious run to the NBA Finals, they have to improve their defense. There's a few ways that a team's defense can be improved.
Schmeelk: Breaking Down Mike Woodson's Offense/Defense Dilemma Woodson will have a lot of flexibility when it comes to finding the proper offense/defense balance. He can go with a dual point-guard lineup with Prigioni or start a bigger two-guard like Shumpert or Smith.
Schmeelk: As Usual, The Drama Has Started Early For The KnicksThis is the way the Knicks' season has to start. It's so disappointing, but also so typical at the same time. Dolan would have it no other way.


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Climate in northern Europe reconstructed for the past 2,000 years
by Universitaet Mainz
The reconstruction provides a high-resolution representation of temperature patterns in the Roman and Medieval warm periods, but also shows the cold phases that occurred during the Migration Period and the later Little Ice Age.
An international team that includes scientists from Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) has published a reconstruction of the climate in northern Europe over the last 2,000 years based on the information provided by tree-rings.
Professor Dr. Jan Esper's group at the Institute of Geography at JGU used tree-ring density measurements from sub-fossil pine trees originating from Finnish Lapland to produce a reconstruction reaching back to 138 BC. In so doing, the researchers have been able for the first time to precisely demonstrate that the long-term trend over the past two millennia has been towards climatic cooling. "We found that previous estimates of historical temperatures during the Roman era and the Middle Ages were too low," says Esper. "Such findings are also significant with regard to climate policy, as they will influence the way today's climate changes are seen in context of historical warm periods." The new study has been published in the journal Nature Climate Change.
Was the climate during Roman and Medieval times warmer than today? And why are these earlier warm periods important when assessing the global climate changes we are experiencing today? The discipline of paleoclimatology attempts to answer such questions. Scientists analyze indirect evidence of climate variability, such as ice cores and ocean sediments, and so reconstruct the climate of the past. The annual growth rings in trees are the most important witnesses over the past 1,000 to 2,000 years as they indicate how warm and cool past climate conditions were.
Researchers from Germany, Finland, Scotland, and Switzerland examined tree-ring density profiles in trees from Finnish Lapland. In this cold environment, trees often collapse into one of the numerous lakes, where they remain well preserved for thousands of years.
The international research team used these density measurements from sub-fossil pine trees in northern Scandinavia to create a sequence reaching back to 138 BC. The density measurements correlate closely with the summer temperatures in this area on the edge of the Nordic taiga; the researchers were thus able to create a temperature reconstruction of unprecedented quality. The reconstruction provides a high-resolution representation of temperature patterns in the Roman and Medieval Warm periods, but also shows the cold phases that occurred during the Migration Period and the later Little Ice Age.
In addition to the cold and warm phases, the new climate curve also exhibits a phenomenon that was not expected in this form. For the first time, researchers have now been able to use the data derived from tree-rings to precisely calculate a much longer-term cooling trend that has been playing out over the past 2,000 years. Their findings demonstrate that this trend involves a cooling of -0.3°C per millennium due to gradual changes to the position of the sun and an increase in the distance between the Earth and the sun.
"This figure we calculated may not seem particularly significant," says Esper, "however, it is also not negligible when compared to global warming, which up to now has been less than 1°C. Our results suggest that the large-scale climate reconstruction shown by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) likely underestimate this long-term cooling trend over the past few millennia."
Tree rings may underestimate climate response to volcanic eruptions: study
More information: J. Esper et al., Orbital forcing of tree-ring data, Nature Climate Change, 8 July 2012. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1589 . www.nature.com/nclimate/journa … ll/nclimate1589.html
Journal information: Nature Climate Change
Provided by Universitaet Mainz
Citation: Climate in northern Europe reconstructed for the past 2,000 years (2012, July 9) retrieved 17 July 2019 from https://phys.org/news/2012-07-climate-northern-europe-reconstructed-years.html
Greenland Wildfire
Mw6.6 Quake offshore of NW Western Australia, Australia ... NOW
M 7.3 Nthrn Indonesia ... 2nd large quake for the day
Mw 6.4 and 7.1, Ridgecrest, Southern California earthquakes
10x more U in Earth's core?
Rockstrøm et al - Planetary boundaries
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1,000 years of climate data confirms Australia's warming
Seeing the wood for the trees: New study shows sheep in tree-ring records
Tree rings tell a 1,100-year history of El Nino
Northern Hemisphere getting warmer over a larger area due to global warming, report
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What delayed Earth's oxygenation?
Ammonia from agriculture influences cloud formation over Asia
Researchers discover ice is sliding toward edges off Greenland Ice Sheet
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Istanbul: Seafloor study proves earthquake risk for the first time
gwrede
I used to have a lot to say about AGW. But today, I have no idea.
Sure, burning a lot of coal and oil will heat the atmosphere, and CO2 levels and aerosols contribute, too. But is this significant, is this something we should avoid at _any_ cost, I don't know anymore.
Maybe we should prepare for change? If we did that, we'd be more prepared for some other things, too, like a major Icelandic volcano, water level changes, major draughts, extreme weather, etc. Even a smallish meteorite hitting a remote area will change the climate for at least some years. Shouldn't we be prepared, instead of throwing billions at trying to keep everything unchanged?
Torbjorn_Larsson_OM
It is a background, not an AGW effect. Making the latter even slightly worse since the net GW is observed.
If we miss the 2 degC AGW increase and gets to 4-6 degC as seems likely, it would then take 13 000 - 15 000 years to get back due to short term orbital variety. (Planets exchange ellipticity (and so distance) for eccentricity, which seems the likeliest explanation for any change in the former. And Earth has not much of either.)
So I wouldn't see this as a life saver against near-term social problems.
@ qwrede: Um, what? They have already been able to estimate that current climate extremes costs more than trying to prevent it, since flooding et cetera is so costly, never mind the human cost. (Um, large article this spring, IIRC. Should be googeable.) This cost will likely sky-rocket. It makes moral and economical sense to try to mitigate AGW.
Howhot
The thing about AGW is it is very one issue; CO2 level rise equated to global climate rise which to the lay person is equated to temperature rise. But season after season, that average background temperature continues to rise and rise. This being contra-indicated from the solar input (it should be cooling). 2000 years ago, climate tracked pretty well to solar and global inputs; 280ppmv CO2 was pretty consistent until 1970. Then it's like "BAMB! Hold on to your socks" climate change! Only now are we recognizing that it isn't cause by solar input, and it's not just a freak pattern of weather causing global climate change. It is us and our success at mastering our environment that has made climate change and it correlates to CO2 rise. Thus the AGW theory (actually fact) that the added greenhouse gas emissions from mankind's industrial productivity is causing a very long term temperature rise.
The social issue is just how does the human race deal with it?
http://www.nature...589.html
"N-scan shows a succession of warm and cold episodes including peak warmth during Roman and Medieval times alternating with severe cool conditions centred in the fourth and fourteenth centuries (Fig. 2). AD 2150 (+1.05°C, with respect to the 19511980 mean) was the warmest reconstructed 30-year period, ~2°C warmer than the coldest AD 14511480 period (1.19°C) and still ~0.5°C warmer than maximum twentieth-century warmth recorded AD19211950 (+0.52°C)."
In the previous post, AD 2150 should be read AD 21-50. 19511980 should be read 1951-1980. AD14511480 should read AD1451-1480. AD19211950 should be read AD1921-1950.


text:
The Truth Behind Lie to Me
The Science of Lie to Me
Micro Expressions
Micro Facial Expressions
Micro Expressions Training Tools
Paul Ekman Group
Verbal Deceit
Why liars choose their words carefully
Excerpt from Telling Lies by Paul Ekman, PhD
What liars pay attention to
When lying, people usually do not monitor, control, and attempt to disguise all of their behavior; they probably couldn't even if they wanted to. Instead, we tend to participate in verbal deceit, showing the most concern about choice of words. Liars censor what they say, carefully concealing messages they do not want to deliver, making detecting deception from words difficult.
What we pay attention
Everyone learns in the process of growing up that people listen closely to what is said. Words receive such great attention because they are, obviously, the richest, most differentiated way to communicate. Similarly, we have learned that we will likely be held more accountable for our words than for the sound of our voice, facial expressions, or most body movements.
An angry expression or a harsh tone of voice can always be denied. The accuser can be put on the defensive: "You heard it that way but there was no anger in my voice." It is much harder to deny having said any angry word. It stands there, easily repeated back, hard to disavow totally.
Paul Ekman is a well-known psychologist and co-discoverer of micro expressions. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by TIME magazine in 2009. He has worked with many government agencies, domestic and abroad. Dr. Ekman has compiled over 50 years of his research to create comprehensive training tools to read the hidden emotions of those around you.
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So, in the UK we have a thing called the "Bedroom Tax". If you live in a council house/are a housing association tenant, have a spare room, and receive housing benefit, you can receive less housing benefit for having a spare room. It may be a way for the government to disincentivise people living in council houses too big for them, which may build more houses.
Therefore, should you pay more tax if you have a spare bedroom and own your own home? It could be income tax/council tax, and a way for the government to raise funds to build more houses, and may encourage people to let out their spare room.
You can argue for your own country to/to not introduce this.
People buy their own home so they don't have to live with others.
Apart from all of those people who buy homes as an investment, or to rent.
People who let are renting to people who pay to live on their own.
People who use houses as investments are either leaving them totally empty hence having totally spare rooms or fixing them up and making them uninhabitable for the duration.
So we're down to what, 0.01% of housing stock this is applied to?
Empty house tax. A spare room tax would further discourage people from owning homes, the exact opposite we currently need.
So the idea is to create a new tax on home owners for having houses too big for their families? Plenty of people purchase homes with the intent of filling them, and I see this disproportionally affecting younger workers.
Forcing people to downsize won't make new homes and won't make housing cheaper.
If the gov wants to increase funds just raise VAT. It's a lot less harmful.


Qinzhou Nixing pottery from Guangxi Province,one of the four famous ceramics,are familiar to few people at present. Qinzhou Nixing pottery has a history of over 1,300 years,unique in its art style,has developed as a distinctive genre of ceramic art.
Characteristic one: Unique high-quality purple clay from both sides of the Qin river; Green and non-toxic (Zero lead and cadmium release); Breathable waterproof properties, make tea for a few days the taste remains the same.
Characteristic two: The pattern color for each piece is changeable,especially because of the change of glaze and kiln under high temperature,so that each teapot is unique and can't be reproduced.
Characteristic three: Combination of Chinese Calligraphy with NiXing pottery.
Info : This is pure hand made Pan Hu teapot with lotus painting. Pure clay, simetric shape, no leaks. Nixing teapots are very good for all kind of heicha, puerh and roasted oolong.