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CCA-Treated Wood Litigation and Insurance Coverage Issues
Forecasting a potential litigation explosion arising from a company's allegedly hazardous product may be a determining factor as to whether a company survives the litigation storm or suffers a more dismal fate, such as bankruptcy. Unfortunately, forecasting the "mass-tort" phenomenon is an imperfect science and extremely difficult. Indeed, no one indicator or marker will definitively signify whether a suit involving a company's product is an isolated legal claim, a predecessor to a series of similar claims, or the beginning of a mass-tort litigation.
However, if manufacturers, distributors, and sellers have learned anything from the mass-tort litigations brought against various industries in the last three decades, it is this: be prepared. A critical part of that preparation includes an examination of an organization's historic insurance policies, as well as the current insurance it carries, that will potentially provide coverage for bodily injury and/or property damage claims arising from exposure to or use of a company's products.
Moreover, proper handling of significant claims from the start, pursuant to the terms of the insurance contracts, will directly affect the chances of an insured receiving complete coverage.
Notice clauses, batch clauses, and defense and settlement clauses all generally require specific affirmative actions by the insured as a prerequisite to insurance coverage; these obligations become even further complicated when applied to the unique mass-tort phenomenon.
In addition, companies generally carry a wide variety of insurance policies providing different types of coverage for different activities. All of these policies need to be examined by risk managers and coverage counsel in an effort to identify all policies that may be potentially applicable.
Potential for Large Verdicts for Personal Injury
Litigation involving claims for bodily injury resulting from exposure to wood preserved (or "treated") with chromated copper arsenate (commonly referred to as "CCA," an arsenic-containing compound) was in its infancy stage in 2002. It was a prime candidate for developing into more than a collection of isolated claims. Given the added complication that children and pregnant women are becoming the targeted plaintiffs by personal injury firms, there is indeed a specter of significant verdicts.
In April 2002, a lawsuit was brought on behalf of a 7-year-old child who was diagnosed with arsenic poisoning allegedly after getting a splinter from CCA-treated wood; the child now requires a liver transplant. On December 10, 2002, a Florida family whose daughter was born with birth defects allegedly caused by her mother's exposure to CCA-treated wood during her pregnancy sued the EPA to force a ban on the use of CCA-treated wood.
Potential Product Liability Claims
Product liability claims arising out of exposure to CCA-containing products may be brought by a variety of individuals. Potential claimants include purchasers of CCA-treated wood for use in outdoor decks or playgrounds, individuals injured by virtue of contact with structures made from CCA-treated wood, and contractors who work with CCA-treated wood in the course of their daily activities.
Potential Environmental Litigation
Additionally, there is a potential for environmental litigation because certain studies conclude that arsenic leaches over time into soil, surface waters, or groundwater, and CCA-treated waste products have been sent to unlined landfills for many years.
Any arsenic proven to have leached from CCA-treated wood structures, mulch containing CCA-treated wood chips, disposed CCA-treated products, and stored CCA-treated lumber products and byproducts will clearly generate immense removal and remediation costs for sites that have been contaminated.
An undercover investigation by a Florida news agency purportedly discovered that mulch being sold by a store contained arsenic above acceptable levels as defined by the EPA, allegedly because CCA-treated wood was being recycled into mulch.
Private property owners utilize CCA lumber for decks, playsets, mulch or a variety of other residential uses. In a recent study by the Environmental Working Group, arsenic found in the soil of two-fifths of the backyards or parks in which CCA-treated wood was used exceeded the EPA's Superfund cleanup standard of 20 parts per million. [See Environmental Working Group and the University of North Carolina-Asheville, All Hands on Deck, Aug. 28, 2002.]
Large Number of Potential Claimants
CCA suits will also impact a wide variety of defendants, similar to the beginning of the asbestos claims that rocked many industries in the last three decades. Retailers will be faced with product liability personal injury lawsuits arising from the sale of CCA-treated wood products. Those same retailers may also be faced with environmental lawsuits, either by private individuals or government entities, based upon property damage and contamination caused by their sale, disposal and/or storage of CCA-treated wood.
Distributors may also be faced with the same kind of lawsuits, especially those distributors that store CCA-treated wood in outdoor areas where arsenic from the wood may leach from the wood to the soil and/or the groundwater. Manufacturers of both the CCA product and the treated wood itself the "deep pockets" will no doubt be the largest and most numerous targets in these bodily injury and property damage lawsuits.
Multiple "Markers"
Magnifying the need for potential CCA litigation targets to ascertain what, if any, insurance coverage is available to them (both currently and historically) is the presence of multiple "markers" such as significant verdicts, class actions, media attention, regulatory action, and product withdrawal that are sometimes found prior to a mass-tort litigation.
The combination of "markers" in the CCA litigation eases the financial burden on a plaintiff's attorney when trying a CCA case, provides transferable proofs for subsequent litigations, and creates a media whirlwind that incites the plaintiff's bar to actively litigate CCA suits.
The most dangerous aspect of the CCA litigation, however, is the fact that the focus is being placed on children and the environment, both of which typically generate immense costs to defendants, either due to jury appeal or vast remediation expenses.
As a result, the CCA litigation is ripe to move beyond its current state to a larger, more organized, litigation. Thus, companies must evaluate their financial arsenals well in advance of the inevitable onslaught.
It is well recognized that the Herculean effort associated with organizing and pursuing tort claims against corporate giants is measured against the probability of obtaining significant verdicts in those cases.
There is no doubt that the CCA litigation offers this lure of significant verdicts to the plaintiff's bar. Recent developments, in conjunction with predecessor cases, clearly raise concerns of a significant upswing in CCA-related cases.
One such large personal injury case was brought on behalf of James R. Sipes, a U.S. Forest Service employee who alleged to have twice suffered severe esophageal bleeding after building picnic tables from CCA-treated wood while working in an enclosed garage.[Sipes v. Osmose Wood Preserving Co. of Amer., Inc., 546 N.E.2d 1223 (Ind. 1989)] Sipes settled with a group of 22 defendants for $667,000.
The two remaining defendants, including manufacturer Osmose Wood Preserving Co. of Amer., Inc., proceeded to trial. McCrea framed the lawsuit as one based on negligence, strict liability, and intentional failure to warn. The jury found defendant Osmose liable for $100,000 and no liability on the part of the other defendant. Id .
Of more significant concern to the industry is the fact that Sipes sought punitive damages based on claims that Osmose:
consciously and intentionally misled consumers by advertising that CCA-treated wood has "virtually the same characteristics as untreated wood" and did not warn that the wood contained arsenic;
was aware of two incidents involving injury to people who worked with wood treated with chemical compounds containing arsenic but did not report the incidents to the EPA despite the fact that other wood users could be injured;
withheld information from purchasers about toxic chemicals released when CCA-treated wood is burned; and
intentionally withheld for two years implementation of its own CCA-treated wood information program, which included safety information, as part of an effort to induce the EPA to halt its registration review process on inorganic arsenic.[Sipes v. Osmose Wood Preserving Co. of Amer., Inc ., 546 N.E.2d 1223 (Ind. 1989).]
Though the defendants defeated the punitive damage claim at the trial stage, the Supreme Court of Indiana found that such conduct, if proven, could sustain the award of punitive damages. [Id. ]
No Class-Action Certified
CCA-related litigation has clearly not reached the status of "mass tort," which typically involves thousands of claims arising from exposure to an allegedly toxic substance or from use of an allegedly hazardous product. Such litigations are often organized or controlled by only a small group of plaintiff's law firms due to procedural aggregative mechanisms or because of a directed effort by the plaintiff's bar to organize the relevant information and evidence. However, CCA-related class actions lawsuits have been denied class action status.
Jacobs v. Osmose, Inc., 213 F.R.D. 607 (S.D. Fla. 2003) the Southern District of Florida refused to certify a class, stating that there were few factual questions that would lend themselves to class-wide treatment;
Ardoin, et al. v. Stine Lumber Co., et al . (14th Jud. Dist. Ct., Calcasieu Parish, La., No. 2001-004808 Div. G filed 2001).
Miller, et al. v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., et al., No. 2001-001818 (14th Jud. Dist. Ct., Calcasieu Parish, La. filed 2001).
CCA Treated Wood Banned
Finally, on February 12, 2002, the EPA announced a voluntary decision by the wood industry to move away from the sale of CCA-treated wood for residential uses by December 31, 2003. The phase-out was a result of a series of closed-door negotiations with the EPA. Moreover, although it stopped short of recalling all the CCA-treated wood already in use, the EPA is currently waiting for the completion of a joint study on CCA by it and the Consumer Products Safety Commission. After finalizing the study, the agency will implement a risk assessment of existing CCA-treated wood structures.
As of January 1, 2004, CCA-treated wood (Chromated Copper Arsenate) has been banned for residential use. The EPA did not require removal of existing structures or surrounding soils.
The industry's move was designed to respond to consumer concerns, and was not an admission that the product is dangerous. However, the public perception towards the withdrawal agreement, spun by the plaintiff's bar and environmental groups, will be that the move is one to limit liability and an admission that the product is unsafe.
Possible Insurance Issues
It is clear that in addition to liability issues, a variety of insurance issues arise and should be examined before the CCA litigations become more widespread and expensive. Those issues at the forefront are those often faced by insureds in other bodily injury/property damage insurance coverage cases:
whether there is bodily injury or property damage during a particular policy period as contemplated by the insuring agreements of the applicable policies;
whether there is an insurer whose policy requires that it defend the insured;
if so, when must an insurer be notified of the claim or loss and what is required by the notice provisions (i.e., occurrence, claim or batch notification);
what is the trigger of coverage to be applied (i.e., manifestation, occurrence, or continuous trigger);
did the insured expect or intend the injuries alleged; and
what, if any, policy exclusions are applicable to potentially bar coverage?
Gather All Potential Applicable Policies
Because there may be minor differences in the policies of various insurers, the first step is to gather all potentially applicable policies (which may include policies dating back to the first date on which a CCA-containing product was manufactured, distributed or sold) and review the language to ascertain the exact coverage provided by each policy.
Not only do primary policies, or first-dollar coverage, need to be examined, but an insured must also review all excess or umbrella policies. Most companies who have been in business for more than ten years will have obtained insurance on an occurrence-based coverage program. Thus, those historical policies may potentially be applicable to damages arising from CCA-treated wood if bodily injury or property damage "occurred" during the policy period, even if a claim is made against the insured years later.
For instance, depending on the state law that is applicable to any insurance claim, all policies in existence during the time when arsenic may have been released from CCA-treated wood and impacted any soil or groundwater could potentially respond to a claim for environmental property damage.
Additionally, a claims-made policy covering the policy period during which a claim is made against the insured based upon an alleged injury or damage resulting from CCA-treated wood related injury would also potentially be responsive.
Most comprehensive general liability ("CGL") policies provide that the insurer will pay on behalf of the insured "all sums" that the insured is legally obligated to pay "as damages" because of bodily injury or property damage caused by an occurrence during the policy period.
The policy will define the important terms. For instance, an "occurrence" is typically defined to mean an accident, "including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions," which results in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured.
"Bodily injury" is generally defined as "bodily injury, sickness or disease sustained by a person, including death resulting from any of these at any time." Property damage is generally defined as "physical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property," and "loss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured." Courts have generally held that contamination of groundwater or soil is physical injury to tangible property and, thus, "property damage." See Boeing Co. v. Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co., 784 P.2d 507, 515-16 (Wash. 1990).
Duty to Defend
Most CGL primary policies also provide that the insurer shall have the "right and duty to defend" any suit against the insured seeking damages on account of such bodily injury or property damage, even if the allegations of the suit turn out to be groundless.
Put simply, an insurer must defend its insured whenever the underlying allegations state a potentially covered claim, and the insurer must continue defending the claim until it can prove there remains no underlying cause of action for which coverage potentially exists, and sometimes even beyond. [See, e.g., Voorhees v. Preferred Mutual Ins. Co ., 128 N.J. 165, 184 (1992).]
Under most CGL policies, the bodily injury or property damage claims alleged by plaintiffs in CCA lawsuits likely will be generic enough to obtain a defense from a primary carrier, where available under the policy.
In situations where no lawsuit is brought, but a claim is made against a policyholder, problems can arise with respect to an insurer's duty to defend. What constitutes a "suit" under typical duty to defend language can often be confusing and has led to a dichotomy in state court decisions over whether, for example, an administrative proceeding or a directive from the EPA are "suits" within the meaning of standard CGL policy language.
As an example, certain courts have held that only an actual lawsuit can trigger the duty to defend. [See, e.g., Foster-Gardner, Inc. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 959 P.2d 265 (Cal. 1998); Lapham-Hickey Steel Corp. v. Protection Mut. Ins. Co., 655 N.E.2d 842, 846-48 (Ill. 1995); Patrons Oxford Mut. Ins. Co. v. Marois , 573 A.2d 16, 19-20 (Me. 1990).]
Other courts have determined that administrative orders and other "coercive" action by an environmental agency are sufficient to trigger a duty to defend. [See, e.g., Harrow Products, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 64 F.3d 1015, 1025-26 (6th Cir. 1995); Dico, Inc. v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 581 N.W.2d 607, 613 (Iowa 1998); SCSC Corp. v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co ., 536 N.W.2d 305, 315 (Minn. 1995).] Thus, in situations where a state environmental agency or the EPA orders a CCA-treated wood manufacturer or other entity in the chain of distribution to participate in the clean-up of a contaminated site, an examination of state law is critical in determining whether to request a defense from the insurer.
Another reason to ensure that all historical policies are gathered and examined is that the trigger of coverage (that is, which years of coverage may be responsible for covering a particular claim) as a result of alleged bodily injury or property damage arising from exposure to CCA-containing products has not been addressed by any courts. An analogy can, however, be drawn to insurance coverage cases involving asbestos-related bodily injury and "generic" environmental property damage.
Multiple Policies May be Implicated
In some states, multiple policies may be triggered with respect to bodily injury resulting from CCA exposure, depending upon the facts involved. If the date, for instance, of installation of a CCA-containing product at a residence or playground is known, then an injured claimant's initial exposure to that product may trigger the policies in effect at that time and for as long as the exposure continues.
Some courts, for example, have held that bodily injury occurs during the time when an individual is exposed to asbestos. [See, e.g., Insurance Co. of N. Amer. v. Forty-Eight Insulations, Inc ., 633 F.2d 1212 (6th Cir. 1980), clarified on reh'g, 657 F.2d 814 (6th Cir. 1981), cert. den., 454 U.S. 1109, 102 S. Ct. 686, 70 L.Ed.2d 650 (1981)]
Thus, all policies in place during the time when a claimant was exposed to CCA-containing products may be triggered and, therefore, respond to any bodily injury claims.
Other courts have held that bodily injury as defined under a CGL policy does not occur until the disease becomes clinically evident, or manifests itself. [See, e.g., Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 682 F.2d 12 (1st Cir. 1982), cert. den., 460 U.S. 1028, 103 S. Ct. 1279, 75 L.Ed.2d 500 (1983).] Thus, any policies in place during the date on which an arsenic-related illness becomes manifest are potentially impacted. Finally, other courts have held that the bodily injury occurs at the time of first exposure to an asbestos-containing product and continues through manifestation, in effect "triggering" each insurance policy on the risk during that period, even if exposure ceases. [ See, e.g., Keene Corp. v. Insurance Co. of N. Amer., 667 F.2d 1034 (D.C. Cir. 1981), cert. den., 455 U.S. 1007, 102 S. Ct. 1644, 71 L.Ed.2d 875, reh'g denied, 456 U.S. 1007, 102 S. Ct. 2023, 72 L.Ed.2d 875 (1982)]
In the case of property damage caused by CCA-containing products, the trigger of coverage also will differ depending on the state in which the property damage occurred. In environmental contamination cases, courts generally have held that where there is proof of property damage during a particular policy period, that policy's coverage is triggered. [St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. McCormick & Baxter Creosoting Co., 923 P.2d 1200 (Or. 1996); Montrose Chem. Corp. v. Admiral Ins. Co., 913 P.2d 878, as modified on denial of reh'g, (Cal. 1995).]
It is important to remember that the damage resulting from the occurrence, pursuant to typical policy language, generally will not be covered if it was either "expected" or "intended" by the insured. Coverage, however, may exist for an insured's intentional acts where the resulting injury or damage was unexpected and unintended. [See, e.g., Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co. v. Dow Chemical Co., 28 F. Supp. 2d 421 (E.D. Mich. 1998); Vermont Mut. Ins. Co. v. Singleton, 446 S.E.2d 417 (S.C. 1994); James Graham Brown Found., Inc. v. St. Paul F&M Ins. Co ., 814 S.W.2d 273 (Ky. 1991).]
Insurers often seek extensive discovery from policyholders about the knowledge of a particular chemical or compound that caused the claimed damage, in an effort to show that the policyholder knew of the dangerous propensities of the chemical but continued using it. The EPA and other government agencies are also sources of information for plaintiffs, who often use Freedom of Information Act requests to obtain information regarding historical knowledge in a particular industry.
Trigger of Coverage
Trigger of coverage is one of the more important considerations when determining which, if any, of a policyholder's insurers should be put on notice of a claim alleging damage from a CCA-containing product. Some policyholders make it a practice to put their insurance companies on notice whenever a claim is received, no matter the size or potential damage.
This may be a prudent business decision in some jurisdictions, which have fairly Draconian rules about when an insurer must be put on notice. However, notifying an insurer of a claim that, under a plain reading of the policy, is not sufficient to meet the notice requirement may do more harm than good for the insured.
Notice provisions also vary depending upon the layer in which the policy sits. [See Tribune Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co ., 715 N.E.2d 263 (Ill. Ct. App. 1999) (holding that because of the differences between the notice requirements of primary and excess policies, the insured may have reasonably delayed giving notice to some of its insurers, but not others).]
Some policies, for instance, may include notice provisions that require the insured to exercise discretion in determining whether a potential claim or liability is likely to involve that policy. Thus, the "reasonableness" of the insured's assessment of a potential claim or liability may be at the heart of an insurer's "late notice" defense to coverage.
Some policies may require "prompt" notice of any event giving rise to damage with as much detail as the policyholder is able to provide. Thus, as always, the policies should be read closely to avoid any coverage denial on grounds of late notice.
Another issue arises with more recent claims-made CGL policies that contain "batch clauses," which typically provide that where a series of losses or liabilities occur that are attributable directly or indirectly to the same event, condition or cause, then the losses or liabilities will be treated as one occurrence.
In effect, this may require an insured to make a determination as to the potential scope of its CCA-related losses to determine if the aggregate losses will impact a policy that contains such a batch clause.
In most states, even where notice may have been given "late," the insurer will prevail on a defense of late notice only where it can demonstrate that it suffered prejudice as a result of the delay.[See, e.g., Lexington Ins. Co. v. Rugg & Knopp, Inc., 165 F.3d 1087 (7th Cir. 1999) (applying Wisconsin law).] It is important to determine which insurers to put on notice very soon after a potentially covered claim is received. Often, where "voluntary" payments are made, or obligations are undertaken before giving notice to an insurer, some courts have held that those payments or obligations are not recoverable. [See Northern Ins. Co. of New York v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co ., 955 F.2d 1353 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 505 U.S. 1221, 112 S. Ct. 3033, 120 L.Ed.2d 903 (1992) (applying Washington law).]
Pollution Exclusions
One critical element in the push for insurance coverage for CCA-related claims will be the application of any "pollution exclusions" in relevant policies. Between approximately 1973 and 1986, many CGL policies contained a "sudden and accidental" pollution exclusion. This exclusion typically provides that the policy does not provide coverage for "bodily injury or property damage arising out of the discharge, dispersal, release or escape of smoke, vapors, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, toxic chemicals, liquids or gases, waste materials or other irritants, contaminants or pollutants into or upon land, the atmosphere or any water course or body of water; but this exclusion does not apply if such discharge, dispersal, release or escape is sudden and accidental." Far from clear, the phrase "sudden and accidental" is rife with ambiguity and, thus, has led to significant litigation over its meaning.
In the context of CCA-containing products, a court will need to determine whether arsenic from the product that causes bodily injury by virtue of a person's contact with that product falls within the exclusion. The exposure to arsenic by virtue of working with or handling CCA-containing products may not result from the "discharge, dispersal, release or escape" of a contaminant or pollutant into the atmosphere as contemplated by the exclusion. In fact, some courts have stated that claims arising from exposure to chemicals or other compounds within a confined work place are not barred by the "sudden and accidental" pollution exclusion. [ See, e.g., Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. S-W Indus., Inc., 39 F.3d 1324 (6th Cir. 1994) (applying Ohio law); Essex Ins. Co. v. Avondale Mills, Inc., 639 So. 2d 1339 (Ala. 1994); Continental Cas. Co. v. Rapid-American Corp ., 609 N.E.2d 506 (N.Y. 1993).]
Post-1986 CGL policies typically contain so-called "absolute" pollution exclusions. Courts are split on the issue of whether such an exclusion bars coverage for all injuries caused by contaminants, or whether the "exclusion applies only to injuries caused by traditional environmental pollution."[Kellman v. Meridian Mut. Ins. Co., 197 F.3d 1178, 1182-83 (6th Cir. 1999).] Thus, it remains an open question as to whether any of the potential CCA-related claims will be barred by application of the absolute or "sudden and accidental" pollution exclusions.
Regardless of whether CCA litigation reaches the epidemic some are predicting, enough claims are present to warrant the examination by CCA defendants (and potential defendants) of their current and historical insurance coverage.
The potential significance of the CCA litigation can not be overlooked, and the momentum appears to be building. Policyholders pay substantial premiums to shift certain risks away; yet, insurance availability is typically an afterthought for many insureds faced with a legal claim. Thus, the time for action is before the legal battles become enormous.


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HomeCommentLearning, but learning what?
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Learning, but learning what?
Sponsored: David Hodgkinson, secondary teacher and educational consultant, explores the changing priority of wellbeing and character in schools during the pandemic
As the current situation evolves, there remain challenges for everyone involved with the care of young people. At home, those charged with looking after them are often juggling multiple responsibilities, whilst schools are facing difficult decisions about how to welcome back some year groups, and how to ensure that other pupils continue to make the progress.
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The younger generation will continue to experience a range of emotions in the ongoing circumstances, which may well lead them to question the point of learning. A gentle reminder of how others have worked and succeeded can be very helpful. Equally, as teachers, we need to remember that our charges may be struggling to come to terms with this new landscape, and want things fixed now.
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[MUSIC PLAYING] Three things I love most about hosting "The Biggest Loser" would have to be, one, I love being a part of watching people change their lives. I absolutely love it. And I think it's inspiring to me every single day to get to be there with them, see them go on this journey, the pitfalls, the successes, the failure, the whole part of-- the whole thing is inspiring.
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Live Gig News Photos
Sick Of It All, The Voodoo Lounge, Dublin, August 17th 2016
Comments Off on Sick Of It All, The Voodoo Lounge, Dublin, August 17th 2016
Words by Alan Daly
© Olga Kuzmenko
Photos by Olga Kuzmenko
http://www.olgakuzmenko.com/
We expected the Voodoo Lounge to be quiet on this rainy Wednesday evening in Dublin, considering Mastodon and Vektor had been in town on Monday and Tuesday respectively and with it being the week after an expensive weekend at Bloodstock festival for many Irish fans of heavy music. Happily, we were very wrong, and a bustling crowd have gathered in the recently revamped venue.
It's less than 18 months since Hardcore legends Sick Of It All played on this very stage, and their current visit is part of an extensive 30-year celebration that saw them in Limerick yesterday, and will see them play in the U.K., North America and Central Europe over the coming days, weeks and months.
Once again, support is provided by promising Irish bands. First up are Dublin-based hardcore five-piece Breed The Killers, followed by Cork-based four-piece Bailer. We arrive just as Bailer kick off their set, but many of the gathered crowd are hesitant to approach the stage despite the repeated efforts of vocalist Alex O'Leary encouraging them to do so. Although they only formed in early 2015, the band show the confidence and calibre expected from more established acts. With a seven-track high-octane setlist featuring all tracks from their debut EP Shaped By The Landscape, the Cork lads spend thirty minutes giving their all to entertain the stubborn audience. Deserving a better reaction than they received, this is a band that we look forward to seeing again, and Cork fans won't have long to wait as they are rumoured to support Raging Speedhorn in Crane Lane next month.
Bailer
As the time draws near for Sick Of It All to take their places, the previously reluctant audience now eagerly secure spots at the foot of the recently elongated stage. The New Yorkers make their way from the basement dressing rooms through the waiting crowd and immediately let it loose with 'Take The Night Off' from their 2006 album Death To Tyrants. From the very start, the fans go crazy and the stage diving and crowd surfing begin within seconds. The set continues with two tracks from their debut 1989 album Blood, Sweat and No Tears, namely 'Injustice System' and 'Clobberin' Time'. As testament to the longevity of this seminal record, they go on to perform at least three more tracks from the album before the night is out.
Frontman Lou Koller promises to play some "old stuff, some new stuff, and everything in between", and true to his word, we are treated to about twenty tracks from a wide cross section of their back catalogue including 'Road Less Traveled' and 'DNC' (Do Not Comply) from their most recent 2014 release The Last Act of Defiance. Meanwhile his brother Pete Koller charges around the podium like a wind-up toy, bouncing and jumping from side to side. Even for a hardcore band, these guys (who can't be far off fifty years of age) would put many a teenager to shame in terms of the sheer energy levels and enthusiastic commitment during their sixty minutes on stage. And they've been doing this for thirty years!
When Lou asks the audience for song suggestions, he is inundated with replies from the loyal gathering before him, leading him to joke "Too bad we're not Bruce Springsteen and play for four hours!". He later gives them a choice between hearing 'Sanctuary' from their 1999 album Call To Arms or 'Pushed Too Far' from Blood, Sweat and No Tears, but the response is a resounding vote for the former. Throughout the entire sixty minute performance, fans repeatedly climb upon the stage and promptly dive back onto a sea of willing up-stretched arms (sometimes without the up stretched arms). The moshing and slamming continue, as loyal fans sing along to the lyrics and the excitement and enjoyment is evident both in the crowd and on the stage. A high-energy explosive event from start to finish. Catch 'em if you can.
http://www.sickofitall.com/
http://instagram.com/sickofitallnyc
http://twitter.com/SOIANYC
http://www.myspace.com/sickofitallny
Tagged August 17th 2016, Bailer, Dublin, Sick of it All, The Voodoo Lounge
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Baroness Live at The Waiting Room, Buffalo NY August 17,2016


text:
Meet Tally Rye: 'We can all do everything and we can be good at it. There shouldn't be any barriers'
After avoiding exercise at all costs Tally Rye tells us how she became one of the biggest fitness influencers of Instagram
By Rebecca Charlton (@BeccaCharlton)
It comes as no surprise that 27-year-old fitness blogger and personal trainer Tally Rye is in an organic café by London's Liverpool Street. She's sipping green tea and boasting a radiant glow that would prompt anyone to wonder what her secret is.
Lucky for her 55,000 Instagram followers, there are no secrets. Tally offers a daily window into her world offering fitness tips, training advice and interaction on all things nutrition and wellbeing. She's been the driving force behind a number of initiatives including the Secret HIIT Club and #GirlGains and so something that does come as a surprise is her admitting she avoided physical exercise "like the plague" during her school years. So what changed?
"Up until the age of about 18 I never worked out," explains Tally, "I was the girl who avoided PE and if there was an excuse to get out of it I found it. Physically I was always aware that I was the slightly chubby friend."
But away from sport Tally wasn't the shy type and was driven by performing. It was her ambitions in West End musical theatre that led her to drama school – where she spent five years – and ultimately a motivation to address her fitness levels.
"We were singing, dancing and acting, and I soon realised that I had to up my fitness game because it's intense," she explains. "So I started going to the gym. I wasn't the most talented when it came to dance school but I could hold the plank the longest, I could do all the press ups with the boys and it became my identity at drama school, my survival tool."
"I wasn't the most talented when it came to dance school but I could hold the plank the longest, I could do all the press ups with the boys"
But it wasn't just about fitness. Tally developed irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) during her time at drama school which she describes as "debilitating" to the point where she'd struggle through each day. Driven by finding solutions she started looking more closely into diet and nutrition.
"I stumbled across Madeline Shaw's blog and she had a totally similar journey to me with IBS and gut inflammation," she says. "I started thinking about her way of eating, more whole foods, eating super-healthy."
In 2013, Tally started documenting her findings through Instagram and says she never expected to gain the following she has today. "No one I knew had this same passion so I thought 'right I'm going to share it with the internet' posting recipes, work-outs I did, and a lot of pictures of breakfast! At the time I remember saying 'mum I've hit a thousand followers.' It then snowballed and I am where I am today. The response I got was so refreshing and so lovely. I'd like to think that my life, my journey online and my content is from a really honest place. I'm not one for super-posed photos."
>>> Five gym exercises to maximise your power transfer
After graduating 18 months ago Tally qualified as a personal trainer and co-founded the company #GirlGains which is all about female empowerment and promoting a fit and healthy, balanced and happy lifestyle.
"Through discovering exercise and eating properly, I lost a lot of weight naturally. I'm probably a size eight now but I was a size 14 on a 5'2" frame. I feel like we represent a good cross-section of women. We couldn't care less what you look like, we want you to love yourself no matter what, we promote body-confidence, we promote self-love Sundays. We now have ambassadors that run events all over the country. It's creating a community of women to really be there for each other and to find friendship."
As the online support network for women's fitness grows Tally warns that the increased exposure to social media does have its dark sides for both men and women.
"I think people think what they're seeing is always reality and it's just not. They then feel like they fall short of what they see online and it's leading people to unhealthy habits that aren't always realistic."
At 27 Tally is in a happy and healthy place but has some advice for her younger self. "I'd tell myself to not worry about what anyone else was doing and to focus on myself," she says.
She places a high importance on inspiring women but says she works with plenty of men too. "I think there are things we traditionally associate with female training definitely, guys can feel like they either belong in the weights room or doing sports whereas women are more seen to do cardio and yoga. It's about marrying those two worlds and saying 'we can all do everything and we can be good at it.' There shouldn't be any barriers."
"I'd tell my younger self to not worry about what anyone else was doing and to focus on myself"
Tally started her own event series called the Secret HIIT Club. "I would find these locations and I would just take them over and lead a body weight HIIT – High Intensity Interval Training – class," she explains. "No one would know where the class was 24 hours before the event; they'd know what was going to happen but not when or where. It was just a bit more fun."
Indoor rowing is a discipline Tally embraces with her clients, often as a warm-up and also sets exercises during sessions. "I do enjoy it," she says, "and it's such an intense form of cardio.
Planning is key when it comes to scheduling training sessions and maintaining healthy eating patterns around a busy lifestyle and Tally has it down to a fine art. "It's a tough day sometimes as a personal trainer," she says. "I'm really intuitive with my body, if I'm hungry I eat and I know what my body needs. I make good choices, I train, I stay active. I could definitely get more sleep though."
And with that, Tally jumps up from her chair to run off to her evening gym session. But we can't let her go without discovering her guilty pleasure first. "Oh, I'm a sucker for dessert," she says. Ben and Jerry's Peanut Butter Cup, to be precise.
This story first featured in the January/February edition of Rowing & Regatta magazine


The Registered Nurses set up a Plan of Care which may include duties for Home Health Aides, Certified Nursing Assistants, Homemakers and Companions and skilled other nurses. Including License Practical Nurses and other Registered Nurses.
Under State of Florida Guidelines, Registered Nurses can instruct Home Health Aides, Certified Nursing Assistants, Personal Care Assistants, Homemaker/Companions, and Licensed Practical Nurses. Also, can provide direct hands on skilled nursing assistance for the administration of medication and treatments for the patient. An RN can also monitor the status of patient care and report and take orders from the Physician in charge of care.
Registered Nurses are a valuable asset of our agency as they provide valuable support and direction for caregivers. As well as, keeping communication between All Stat Home Health and the Physician's Office.


text:
The multiple sides of the LDS Church.
Home The multiple sides of the LDS Church.
March 2, 2021 March 21, 2021 , Good Health and Well-Being, Reduced Inequalities, Spring 2021, This is America, Judge Memorial Catholic High School, Reduced Inequalities, 0
I wanted to write about something that affected me from a very young age. While this research topic has many chances to get biased, I will choose to speak about only the things that I have looked into extensively. I will also take into consideration my personal experiences, because I know those are still valid and can be seen with other peoples experiences.
To start, the LDS church has had a not so good reputation since the initial establishment of the first church in Utah. This group has been seen as exclusive. They have also been known to outcast the LGBT+ community in unimaginable ways, one of which is still around today. Conversion therapy had been used all the way up until just the past year. It was finally banned in Utah in January of 2020.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/utah-conversion-therapy-ban.html
New York Times article talks on how Utah is latest state to ban conversion therapy, and the LDS church opposed and spoke out against the ban. https://nowcomment.com/documents/261838
https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/mormon-church-speaks-out-against-lgbtq-conversion-therapy-ban-n1067491
The above URL links to an article of a news station that talks about the Mormon church opposing the conversion therapy ban.
Conversion therapy can be incredibly dangerous to a person's identity, and a lot of times, physical actions are taken in order to abuse a person into accepting an identity that follows their religious beliefs. There is a notion in many religions and personal beliefs that being LGBT+ is a mental illness and needs to be fixed. Even if physical attributes are not used during conversion therapy, there is still an increase in depression and suicide rates among teens. "According to The Trevor Project's 2020 National Survey on LGBTQ Youth Mental Health, 10% of LGBTQ youth reported undergoing conversion therapy, with 78% reporting it occurred when they were under age 18. Youth who reported undergoing conversion therapy reported more than twice the rate of attempting suicide in the past year compared to those who did not." While conversion therapy is a big part of the LDS faith, it is only a fraction of the dangerous behaviors that lurk within the Church.
https://www.thetrevorproject.org/get-involved/trevor-advocacy/50-bills-50-states/about-conversion-therapy/
Social and behavioral consequences of mask policies during the COVID-19 pandemicFood Waste In US Restaurants
Judge Memorial Catholic High School, Salt Lake City, Utah
Judge Memorial Catholic High School


text:
package mousio.etcd4j.requests;

import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpMethod;
import mousio.client.retry.RetryPolicy;
import mousio.etcd4j.responses.EtcdHealthResponse;
import mousio.etcd4j.transport.EtcdClientImpl;

/**
 * @author armstrongli
 *
 * An Etcd Health Request
 */
public class EtcdHealthRequest extends AbstractEtcdRequest<EtcdHealthResponse> {

  /**
   * Constructor
   *
   * @param clientImpl   the client to handle this request
   * @param retryHandler handles retries
   */
  public EtcdHealthRequest(EtcdClientImpl clientImpl, RetryPolicy retryHandler) {
    super("/health", clientImpl, HttpMethod.GET, retryHandler, EtcdHealthResponse.DECODER);
  }

  @Override
  public EtcdHealthRequest setRetryPolicy(RetryPolicy retryPolicy) {
    super.setRetryPolicy(retryPolicy);
    return this;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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In addition to goal setting value, budgets will often improve your chances of acquiring funding as financiers often require forecasts as a prerequisite for funding approval. Cash flow forecasting is a vital part of ensuring your business will always have the cash it needs, because profits don't pay bills – cash does.
Preparing a cash flow forecast and budget will give you the opportunity to consider where money is coming from and where it is going to.
If you take into account your 'known' costs and your expected costs, you can determine what your sales need to be and how much cash will be generated by your business.
This will allow you to plan your income and expenditure into the future.
Call us today and ask for our free budgeting and cashflow spreadsheet .
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If the dealer is showing a higher card, you lose the bet. Ties are handled somewhat differently than they are in the classic game.
The tied cards are a push and become the pot in an additional winner-take-all hand. You each receive another card.
In the casino version, nobody wins cards, but the bet would be a push and an additional card would be dealt to the two opponents.
We have over FREE games. Casino War Table Game. Craps sometimes is included on certain sites. Players are less likely to find casino war, though it should be one of the next to appear in the live format.
I mention live online casino gambling to the high rollers, because this seems to go hand-in-hand with their play style.
Pacifism gets you nowhere in casino war. The tie bet pays out 10 to 1 when you win it. As with most table game bets which pay double digits, you pay for the thrill of winning.
Know how many aces have appeared recently. If no aces have shown up in a while, that means some should appear soon. Play for the smallest amount of money which gives you a thrill.
Never play at denominations which hurt your bank account, your ability to make car payments and house payments, or damage your credit rating.
Play only with disposable cash which is used to pay for entertainment costs. Playing against a house edge, if you played an infinite amount of time, no matter how lucky you got, you would still lose all your money.
The longer the game goes, the more likely the results and the house edge are going to look alike. Set a time limit, then walk away when the time expires—no matter what.
Besides, in terms of fun, casino games have a law of diminishing returns. That is, the longer you play, the less a person tends to enjoy the visit.
As they say, the new wears off. Some of these terms are common to poker or other forms of card playing, while others are unique to casino war itself.
A few definitions come from online casino war, which is now a popular game in Internet casinos. This contains 4 suits of 13 cards apiece, from 2 to ace.
When you burn a card, this only means it is drawn, yet not given to one player or the other. For the duration of the hand, that card sits by the wayside.
In the Borgata Casino in Las Vegas, 6 cards are burned before dealing a new card. The idea of burning cards is to discourage card counting, while discouraging dealers from knowing which cards they are dealing players who could be confederates of the dealer.
Few of these exist, but if you go on forums for blackjack, craps, or other table games, you can find sub-categories devoted to miscellaneous games which cover the subject of casino war.
A denomination might be 2, 8, jack, or ace. The bet is doubled and both sides draw a new card, which settles the double-or-nothing wager. A second tie can occur, which triggers a new round of betting and another case of going to war.
The surrender rule, which is similar to the surrender rule for blackjack, is an option for ties in casino war. Statistics show that surrender increases the house edge in casino war slightly, so a player should never choose the surrender option.
The tie bet is a classic sucker bet.
Mathematically speaking, doing battle with the dealer makes sense, and surrendering half your wager is a losing proposition.
Blackjack, roulette, and baccarat seemed to be the first games with live dealers. Craps sometimes is included on certain sites. Players are less likely to find casino war, though it should be one of the next to appear in the live format.
Besides, in terms of fun, casino games have a law of diminishing returns. That is, the longer you play, the less a person tends to enjoy the visit. As they say, the new wears off.
Some of these terms are common to poker or other forms of card playing, while others are unique to casino war itself. A few definitions come from online casino war, which is now a popular game in Internet casinos.
This contains 4 suits of 13 cards apiece, from 2 to ace. When you burn a card, this only means it is drawn, yet not given to one player or the other.
For the duration of the hand, that card sits by the wayside. In the Borgata Casino in Las Vegas, 6 cards are burned before dealing a new card. The idea of burning cards is to discourage card counting, while discouraging dealers from knowing which cards they are dealing players who could be confederates of the dealer.
The surrender rule, which is similar to the surrender rule for blackjack, is an option for ties in casino war. The highest card always wins, and that is just about it.
Of course this game is easier to play than Blackjack , 3 Card Poker , and Let it Ride , where you deal with multiple cards. This game is played on a casino table that is similar to the Blackjack table.
The dealer is on one side is, and the players sit across from the dealer. The dealer will draw cards for each player, and then take a card for himself.
The card ranks are then compared, and all players with higher ranking cards than the dealer win even money on their bets.
If the player decides to go to war, the dealer will also put up the same bet, though his bet is theoretically just for show. He then burns three cards and deals both himself and the player one card each.
If this card beats the dealer, the player wins even money on the raise only and pushes the original bet.


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Discussion in 'iPhone and iPad Games' started by alhvi, Jun 30, 2016.
In the game trees live in a peaceful world until invaders come to attack their territory. To protect themselves the trees have to expand their reach to gather resources and then use the resources to create defenses.
The game starts with a single tree at the center. The player has to grow roots to extend their territory and plant trees that extract resources from the land. Resources are needed to plant more roots and trees. After some time, invaders come to destroy the player's forest, so the player must plant defender trees to repel the attack.
The goal of the game is to awake 5 life trees to unlock a new power that will destroy the invaders completely.
Resources are scattered around the land which is different each play. Invaders appear over time on the corners of the map. The order in which they appear is different each time, so the player has to react to different situations.
The game features three different game modes: Apprentice, Warrior and Sage, that represent different difficulties. The color of the game changes in different stages of the game to show the player's progress.
I' m fond of playing this game.
I like minimal games so thanks dev!!
Is this randomly generated, or what? I have no clue, at all.
This looks awesome and I'd love to give it a go, but I agree with above that I really don't know entirely what's going on. Having some sort of write up or more detailed explanation especially in the App Store description will do wonders for this.
Ps, this thread is in the iPad only section, but I guess it's universal?
It's fun, you need to plant 5 life trees to get the victory, the life trees are the white ones, but it's not that easy, I planted 4 but got destroyed after that, so you have to plan exactly what you do and what tree to plant, very interesting all.
It has the Full Gamecenter treatment which is always a plus for me, this is the last time I will say this, well maybe ha ha.
Planting the 5 life trees won't get you the victory it goes further than that see for yourself this is great fun.
Land is randomly generated each play. Enemies appear in different locations each time.
My mistake, but I think the admins fixed it now.
Thank you very much for the suggestion. We've updated the info on the App Store but it will take a while to appear on the page. Meanwhile we've updated the info in the description in this thread.
That is a lot better, I feel like I have a far better idea of what is going on now thanks!
I like everything I'm reading. As well as the video and TA write-up from this morning. I'm buying in.
Well, it's not as easy as I thought it might be - my first attempt and I didn't pass the first challenge. Interesting different types of trees you can plant, but I wasn't able to keep producing enough minerals to keep up and the purple warrior(?) trees didn't seem to do any attacking and I couldn't see any benefit provided by them. It feels like a fairly slow going game, the first challenge is to survive 15 minutes so it doesn't feel like a quick game you pick up and play when you are out and about... I'll have to try playing a couple more rounds and get a more broad impression... Edited to add: ah, the war trees do produce soldiers to help defend - but they are extremely slow in doing so. I've now lost the tutorial level twice so far - I'm really not good at this game, lol. Bummer.
Got my first victory, wow that feels great, I did it in 16.10 minutes.
Great game! I love the graphics and it has been very challenging so far.
You have to defend one stage in three difficulties, starting more or less with hard and just getting harder, so basically it's rymdkapsel with trees.
If you liked rymdkapsel, you'll probably like Nanuleu too. If you thought rymdkapsel was a great looking and very challenging game, but you'd have preferred more than just one stage with three levels of frustration, you'll probably feel this way about Nanuleu too.
It's not a game for people who have been waiting for a casually playable tower defense game. This is for people who like to invest a lot of time figuring out a strategy for getting every achievement. It's a game for people who like challenges. If you just like to plant trees and complete the stage, the game is over in about 20 minutes and that's it.
I like the design and I think it's a great little game. It's not what I hoped it would be, but that's my fault, the game is fine. I played the stage once and when it became clear I've seen all there is and after the first playthrough it's just about beating your own highscore, I deleted it. It's nice, but not for me.
Not having played Rymdkapsel, this summary still describes my experience with this game exactly, as well.
Won the battle first try, but the achievements will be more difficult. I like it a lot!
I love to see a more detailed video showing a sample playthrough of a level.
Rymdkapsel is brilliant because it succeeds in finding the very delicate balance needed for such a puzzle-strategy game to succeed. Unlike traditional RTS, a puzzle-RTS removes much (not all) of the "randomness" that can lead to a failure scenario even if the player is playing the game optimally. In Rymdkapsel, once you discover the "correct" strategy to build your base, it is almost always possible to beat the level by a margin despite the seemingly random directions of enemy attacks. Achieving this fine balance is no simple feat, and it is this element that makes Rymdkapsel so unique. I love to see Nanuleu in action and to know if it plays with this fine balance just like Rymdkapsel.
I'm not entirely sure why I can build some trees some times and not others. Can someone explain the legends that pop up when tapping to create a tree?


Why Are Men Who Build Skyscrapers Afraid of This Woman?
By Richard Rys·	 2/26/2008, 1:57 a.m.
[sidebar]Saffron isn't just a critic — she's a reporter and, often, an advocate in her weekly "Changing Skyline" column. Those roles muddy the journalistic waters at times, but in a city with a planning agency that's asleep at the wheel and a tangled, ineffective zoning code, her words carry great weight. She not only applauds forward-thinking projects, like an aggressive remodeling of the Kimmel Center to draw more traffic, but pursues a vision of what Philadelphia could become. When Saffron wrote a five-part series on development along the Delaware River, she didn't simply check off all the obvious blunders and squandered opportunities there — she saw lessons in how Louisville and North Jersey transformed their waterfronts, and took aim at a seemingly immovable object, Interstate 95, calling it a noose around the neck of Penn's Landing. It's not just architecture and aesthetics she's writing about, but how the "built world," as she calls it, affects us all in very real ways. Absent are the haughty academic pretensions some critics rely on. She knows those wouldn't play here; they don't for her, either. Instead, it's her passion for cities — for this city — that drives her, making what could be a dull subject seem vital, demanding higher standards, and sending a message to every developer whose vision ends at the bottom line and every architect who plays it safe: Build at your own peril.
That might sound like architecture-snob shop talk, but Saffron's criteria reveal an attempt to balance artistic concerns with practical ones, without getting swept away in highfalutin design-speak. That's partly out of necessity, since Saffron herself isn't fluent in the sort of language you'd hear at an American Institute of Architects lecture. She doesn't have a college degree in architecture or urban planning, or anything else, actually — after high school in Long Island led her to New York University, she studied in France for a year, then left for Dublin without graduating. In Ireland, Saffron found her calling in journalism, writing about the arts for local papers and stringing for Newsweek for two years before returning to the States to find work at a major newspaper.
She also filled in at times for the Inquirer's architecture critic, Tom Hine, and soon made a discovery about her passions as a reporter. "I was always circling around architecture," Saffron says, "and I realized it united all of these interests of mine: cities, art, social issues, public policy issues." Even her coverage of warring Yugoslavia — "so much about 20th-century history, grappling with its identity" — was as much about place-making as politics. Two years after Hine left the paper in 1996, Saffron lobbied for the job and won it.
Saffron's also reaching a broader audience than Hine, who was sometimes controversial but spoke mostly to the development and design community he covered. Her voice — demanding changes to the zoning code, taking the city to task for its patchwork planning, pushing for better solutions to the casino developments — echoes further and much more loudly. Just ask Carl Dranoff.
ON A MONDAY morning in October, Saffron spent four hours interviewing Dranoff and his architect at Symphony House, the first of three major projects with Dranoff's name on them that are intended to revitalize the Avenue of the Arts. She stood with them on the building's roof, looked down on Broad Street, and listened to Dranoff spin a romantic tale of what his new 32-story tower aspires to be: both timeless and a throwback to flapper-era glamour, with flourishes that echo the Academy of Music while declaring its own identity. Later, Saffron toured the building's Suzanne Roberts Theatre and lavish condos, scanning every bay window and terrace. And then, that Friday, she savaged it.
If public response to Saffron's columns is any measure, Scott Brown is right. Saffron's in-box and voicemail overflowed in the wake of her tepid critique of Citizens Bank Park and a story about the plumbers union uproar over waterless urinals in the Comcast Center. Her thoughtful analysis of Ben van Berkel's Mercedes-Benz museum in Stuttgart, which won a newspaper editors' award? Not a single e-mail. Like food critic Craig LaBan, she creates a certain day-after buzz and "Did you see Inga's piece on the Linc?" watercooler chatter when she reviews local icons. But while a no-bells slam from LaBan has a clear impact on business, the Saffron Effect is less direct. Even her Symphony House thumping was as much an assault on development business-as-usual as it was on one building, and in reality, its aftermath wasn't apocalyptic for Dranoff, who says his condos are 80 percent sold. He's also not in jeopardy of having his other projects on South Broad suffer from Saffron broadsides.
One advantage visionary writers have over developers, of course, is that Saffron's bottom line is column inches and deadlines. Dranoff and his peers have to arm-wrestle with unions, zoning board approvals, material costs and political interests just to get a Wawa built, never mind a condo tower. Developer Bart Blatstein, who has felt Saffron's praise (calling his Pearl Theater an "oasis" on North Broad) and derision (trashing his "scheme" for the Schmidt's Brewery site in Northern Liberties), says she's become more sensitive to the economic realities of these projects. And he concedes that her critiques help "to raise the bar" on what gets built.
Saffron positions herself across from the Murano and takes it in. "I like the muscularity of the concrete," she says. "I like that it looks toward the train station and West Philadelphia." She pauses. "I don't like the garage." Rush-hour commuters pass by in the winter darkness, crossing Saffron's path as she stands on the sidewalk. Like those sculptures in the Comcast lobby, they gaze straight ahead, without noticing the one woman who's looking up.


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Northern Mariana Islands Google Map
Borderline map of Northern Mariana Islands Location map of Northern Mariana Islands Flag of Northern Mariana Islands
Google maps and detailed facts of Northern Mariana Islands (CQ). This page enables you to explore the Northern Mariana Islands and its border countries (Country Location: Oceania, islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines) through detailed Satellite imagery – fast and easy as never before Google maps.
There is also Street View and free Driving Directions at your service. In Oceania, Your Google Satellite Map Sightseeing in the Northern Mariana Islands starts here at Driving Directions and Maps.com.
Northern Mariana Islands Google Maps & Satellite Maps
The map below shows the Northern Mariana Islands with its cities, towns, highways, main roads, streets, and Street Views. To find a location, use the form below, type any city or place, view just a simple map, and click on the "show map" button.
The Google map above shows the Northern Mariana Islands with its location: Oceania (geographic coordinates: 15 12 N, 145 45 E) and the international borders of Northern Mariana Islands; 0 km; furthermore, it's inland counties boundaries.
Hint: Look at the Street view in the Northern Mariana Islands or Oceania. All you have to do is drag and pull the little yellow man (named: Pegman) on the Google map above the desired location. After that, whenever it is available (more than 50 countries globally), blue stripes will appear to show the photos and details from Google's regularly updated data image base. In case if you have signed in to your Google account currently, you may have a look at the satellite map of this country/area as well.
The map of Northern Mariana Islands, Oceania, is for informational use only. No representation is made or warrantied given any map or its content by Driving Directions and Maps site. The user assumes all risks of using this Northern Mariana Islands Google map and facts/wiki.
About the Northern Mariana Islands in detail
Where is the Northern Mariana Islands?
In the case of the Northern Mariana Islands, if you are looking on the map under the Coordinates 15 12 N 145 45 E otherwise in Oceania, islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines.
What is the capital city of the Northern Mariana Islands?
The capital city of the Northern Mariana Islands is Saipan.
What is the time in Saipan?
It is 15 hours ahead of Washington, D.C. during Standard Time; Saipan's timezone is UTC+10.
What is the Internet code for the Northern Mariana Islands?
The Top Level Domain (TLD) for the Northern Mariana Islands is: .mp
What is the size of the Northern Mariana Islands?
The territory of Northern Mariana Islands is total: 464 sq km; land: 464 sq km, water: 0 sq km.
If we want to describe the size of the Northern Mariana Islands' territory is 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC.
If we would like to walk around and discover the Northern Mariana Islands, we can cover 0 km.
What is the water coverage of the Northern Mariana Islands?
We have already mentioned what percentage of Northern Mariana Islands is covered by water (see below), including 1,482 km coastline.
What is the climate like in the Northern Mariana Islands?
The Northern Mariana Islands climate is tropical marine: moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation: dry season December to June, rainy season July to October.
Geographical data of Northern Mariana Islands
The elevation of Northern Mariana Islands; mean elevation: N/A, elevation extremes; lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m, highest point: the unnamed elevation on Agrihan 965 m.
The Northern Mariana Islands' specific geographical details include the southern islands in this north-south trending archipelago are limestone, with fringing coral reefs; the northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanoes on several islands.
Suppose we would like to describe the countries location from a different perspective. In that case, it is safe to say and easy to read from a map, Northern Mariana Islands is a strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean.
Resources and land use of Northern Mariana Islands
The country's main mined products are arable land, fish. The population partly uses the earlier highlighted land territory and partly left in its natural state: agricultural land: 6.6%; arable land 2.2%; permanent crops 2.2%; permanent pasture 2.2%; forest: 65.5%; other: 27.9% (2011 estimate).
Population data of Northern Mariana Islands
The number of inhabitants of the Northern Mariana Islands is 53,467 (July 2016 estimate).
If we examine the proportion of the population distribution, it is safe to say that N/A.
If we look at the proportion of the urbanized and barely populated areas, these are the figures: urban population: 89.2% of the total population (2015).
Most of the Northern Mariana Islands population is concentrated in SAIPAN (capital) 49,000 (2014).
Ethnicity in the Northern Mariana Islands
According to ethnicity details, the ethnic groups are Asian 50% (includes Filipino 35.3%, Chinese 6.8%, Korean 4.2%, and other Asian 3.7%), Native Hawaiian or additional Pacific Islander 34.9% (includes Chamorro 23.9%, Carolinian 4.6%, and other Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 6.4%), other 2.5%, two or more ethnicities or races 12.7% (2010 estimate).
Spoken languages in the Northern Mariana Islands
The spoken languages in the Northern Mariana Islands are the following: Philippine languages 32.8%, Chamorro (official language) 24.1%, English (official language) 17%, other Pacific island languages 10.1%, Chinese 6.8%, other Asian languages 7.3%, additional 1.9% (2010 estimate).
What are the most important religions in the Northern Mariana Islands?
According to this: Christian (Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and taboos may still be found).
Further population data of Northern Mariana Islands
The proportion of gender and age tells a lot about the society as follows 0-14 years: 25.54% (male 7,041 / female 6,614) 15-24 years: 13.59% (male 4,073 / female 3,194) 25-54 years: 44.32% (male 10,035 / female 13,663) 55-64 years: 11.26% (male 3,210 / female 2,811) 65 years and over: 5.29% (male 1,388 / female 1,438) (2016 estimate). It also a significant factor in a society the population growth rate, which in the case of Northern Mariana Islands is 2.07% (2016 estimate).
The population growth rate is based on two elements, the birth, and the death rate. In Northern Mariana Islands the birth rate is 17.2 births / 1,000 population (2016 estimate), the death rate 3.8 deaths / 1,000 population (2016 estimate).
In this day and age in developed societies, the first child borns later compared to the previous centuries and decades, so childbearing is extended. In the Northern Mariana Islands, the average age of mothers at the first childbirth is N/A.
Although the children's birth is postponed in the best-case scenario, the parents can still see their kids grow as life expectancy also extended. In the case of the Northern Mariana Islands, these figures are. With the introduction of modern medicine, vaccinations, and the proper hygienic conditions, the infant mortality rate is in a steep decline. The infant mortality statistics in the Northern Mariana Islands are the following: N/A. Relevant data is the budget of healthcare, which is in the case of this country is N/A.
Economic data of Northern Mariana Islands
Suppose we would like to describe a country, we also have to mention its economy; The Northern Mariana Islands' economy benefits substantially from the US's financial assistance. In the fiscal year 2013, federal grants accounted for 35.4% of the Commonwealth's total revenues. A small agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches, and the Commonwealth's economy continued to recover in 2013. Real GDP increased 4.4%, following a 2.1% gain in 2012. Economic growth in 2013 reflected increases in consumer spending and exports of services, mainly spending by foreign tourists. Tourism continued to grow in 2013, after posting double-digit growth in 2012. The tourist industry employs approximately a quarter of the workforce and accounts for roughly one-fourth of GDP.
GDP is a prominent figure, as all the relevant calculations and statistics are based on it. GDP in the Northern Mariana Islands is $1.232 billion (2013 estimate).
Another important indicator is the rate of GDP growth, which in the Northern Mariana Islands is 4.5% (2013)2.1% (2012)-6.8% (2011).
These statistics affect the world economy; remember, in 2015, the Chinese real GDP growth rate was worse than expected; The world markets fall, and the Chinese stock exchange is temporally suspended.
A further major factor of a country's economy, the GDP per capita. In Northern Mariana Islands this is $13,300 (2013 estimate) $12,900 (2012)$12,400 (2011).
In the economy, the Trinity is in common places, such as agriculture, industry, and services.
What are the agricultural products the Northern Mariana Islands produces?
The Northern Mariana Islands' main agricultural products are vegetables and melons, fruits and nuts; ornamental plants; livestock, poultry, eggs, fish, and aquaculture products.
The essential segments are tourism, banking, construction, fishing, handicrafts, and other services regarding the economy. The crucial and regularly mentioned GDP is based on tourism, banking, construction, fishing, handicrafts, other services.
Drinking water source in the Northern Mariana Islands
It is essential to mention that – thanks to the development of the infrastructure -, the rate of potable water improved: urban: 97.5% of the population, rural: 97.5% of the population, total: 97.5% of the population. Unimproved: urban: 2.5% of the population, rural: 2.5% of the population, total: 2.5% of the population (2015 estimate).
The average number of childbirth in the Northern Mariana Islands
In the Northern Mariana Islands, the average delivery number is 1.96 children born / woman (2016 estimate).
Population, median age, migration, and citizenship in the Northern Mariana Islands
The population's average age is 32.7 years; male: 30 years, female: 33.7 years (2016 estimate). The age of adulthood varies in every country of the world. In the Northern Mariana Islands, it is 18 years of age, universal.
When we are experiencing an unprecedented scale of migration and globalization, it is an important factor in the number of new immigrants. In Northern Mariana Islands is 7.4 migrant(s) / 1,000 population (2016 estimate). It is important to know how to apply for citizenship: see the United States.
Is the Northern Mariana Islands a safe destination? Healthcare services and infectious diseases in the Northern Mariana Islands
Many of the travelers are looking into the healthcare services and infectious diseases of their destinations. In the Northern Mariana Islands, the hospital beds' density is N/A.
According to the WHO rating regarding contagious diseases in the Northern Mariana Islands, N/A.
However, HIV is not curable but maintainable. Let's do not forget when the disease surfaced; it was a world threatening condition. Unfortunately, in some countries, it is still very high the number of infected patients and fatalities due to the disease.
In the Northern Mariana Islands, the number of HIV/AIDS deaths: N/A.
Regarding tourism obesity, not an important issue, but we have to mention health statistics, as it is the plague of the 20th and the 21st century. The rate of obese adults in the Northern Mariana Islands is N/A.
What are the natural hazards in the Northern Mariana Islands? Is there any?
The most known natural risk in the Northern Mariana Islands is active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November).
More interesting facts about the Northern Mariana Islands
A few words about the past, as every country and society, is connected to its history; Under US administration as part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific, the people of the Northern Mariana Islands decided in the 1970s not to seek independence but instead to forge closer links with the US. Negotiations for territorial status began in 1972. A covenant to establish a commonwealth in political union with the US was approved in 1975 and came into force on 24 March 1976. A new government and constitution went into effect in 1978.
In every nation's memory, some cornerstones placed the country on the timeline of history. The date of declaration of independence of the Northern Mariana Islands is none (commonwealth in political union with the US).
The flag and other symbols of Northern Mariana Islands
The colors, symbols, and animals on the flag usually have a historical background or an important milestone or memory of the nation.
This case is not an exception either; blue with a white, five-pointed star superimposed on a gray latte stone (the traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a wreath; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the star represents the Commonwealth; the latte stone and the floral head wreath display elements of the native Chamorro culture.
Apart from the flag, the symbol of national unity is the national anthem. The anthem's primary purpose is to share the nation's core values, endeavors, and patriotic feelings.
National symbols of Northern Mariana Islands: latte stone; national colors: blue, white.
Constitution of Northern Mariana Islands
The existence of the nation is based on the constitution. Some constitutions knew worldwide, like the U.S. Constitution that was accepted on the 17th of September 1787, in Philadelphia, the United States of America's Constitution.
It is not related to the declaration of independence that was stolen by Nicolas Cage in the movie National Treasure 🙂
What is the legal system of the Northern Mariana Islands?
Most of the time, the legal system of a country is the focus of lawyers. It is a common fact that there are two main approaches in the world, "the law in books" and "the law in action."
In the Anglo-Saxon world, the practice is the "law in action," while in the rest of the world, the law is based on Roman law, the "law in books."
The Northern Mariana Islands' legal system is the US system applies, except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation.
It was Aristotle who founded the Theory of 3 separations of powers. In his view, these are the council of public affairs, the magistrates, and the justice system. The age of enlightenment was the time when terminologies have defined the way we still use them. In most democratic countries, the three authorities separated from each other. In dictatorships, the rules usually interweaved in one hand.
About the legislative branch of Northern Mariana Islands, we can highlight the following structures bicameral Northern Mariana Commonwealth Legislature consists of the Senate (9 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by a simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms) and the House of Representatives (20 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by a simple majority vote to serve 2-year terms).
About the unemployment rate, labor force, and poverty line in the Northern Mariana Islands
One of the major problems of the 21st-century economy is unemployment. Governments are struggling to maintain a low level of the unemployment rate. Still, as a result of automation, the cheap 3rd world labor, and the outsourcing of workflow, these attempts fail. In the Northern Mariana Islands, the labor force is 27,970 (2010 estimate). Please bear in mind that the population in Northern Mariana Islands is total: 5.3 deaths / 1,000 live births; male: 5.7 deaths / 1,000 live births, female: 4.9 deaths / 1,000 live births (2016 estimate) – as we already mentioned above.
The rate of unemployment in the Northern Mariana Islands is 11.2% (2010 estimate).
Widely known that the gap between the rich and poor is widening on an enormous scale.
According to the 2017 shocking Oxfam report, the most affluent eight people's fortune is equal to the wealth of the poorest half of the world's population.
In the Northern Mariana Islands, the households' income and consumption compared to the entire population: lowest 10%: N/A% highest 10%: N/A%.
Another widely used indicator is the so-called GINI index, which measures the inequalities of statistical dispersion, but is mainly used for measuring the sharing of income and fortune.
The GINI index was named after its founder Corrado Gini, an Italian economist. Gini index has grades between 0-1, but often it is used on a percentage basis. It is 0 if the examined criteria territorial distribution is equal. It is one of the criteria concentrated on the territory. In the Northern Mariana Islands, the GINI index is N/A.
The states usually set up a poverty line, which is more or less, is a subjective measure. It varies by country; its base is often the minimum pension, the incomes of the most deficient 20 percent, the X percent of income per capita Etc.
In the Northern Mariana Islands, the poverty line people are the lowest 10%: N/A% highest 10%: N/A%.
About the budget and central governments debt of Northern Mariana Islands
The available budget mainly defines the state's economy. The Northern Mariana Islands budget is; revenues: $246.4 million, expenditures: $249.8 million (2013 estimate). Taxes and other revenues are 20% of GDP (2013 estimate).
The budget deficit (Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)) is N/A.
The fiscal year in the Northern Mariana Islands is 1 October – 30 September.
In the country's economy, we have to consider the public debt. Public debt is the consolidated sum of the state's local, federal, and central government debt.
Inflation rate and prime lending rate in the Northern Mariana Islands
A few further interesting and relevant economic data are the following; Inflation rate: -2.5% (2013 estimate), 1.1% (2012), and the commercial bank prime lending rate: N/A.
Export/import partners and data of Northern Mariana Islands
With the export of products, industrial tools, and other services, the Northern Mariana Islands generates revenue. The Northern Mariana Islands' export value is $288 million (2013), $268 million (2012). The total revenue of these activities: garments.
The most important export partners of the Northern Mariana Islands are N/A.
The most important imported products are food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products, and the countries where the import is coming: N/A.
Renewable energies used in the Northern Mariana Islands
To suppress the pollution of the environment, renewable energies have to replace the fossil energy. The more the proportion of renewable energies in a country means more effort against pollution. In the Northern Mariana Islands, the indicator of how much of the country's produced energy is coming from the hydroelectric source is N/A.
To indicate how much another renewable energy produced is N/A.
Telecommunication data of Northern Mariana Islands, calling code
To maintain the economy, the development of a reliable and modern telecommunications infrastructure is crucial. We can say the following about the Northern Mariana Islands; digital fiber-optic cables and satellites connect the islands worldwide. Domestic: a wide variety of services available, including dial-up and broadband Internet, mobile cellular, international private lines, payphones, phone cards, voicemail, and automatic call distribution systems. International: country code – 1-670; satellite earth stations – 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2015).
Transport infrastructure in the Northern Mariana Islands
In the 21st century, we often say that the world has become small and there are no distances anymore. With widespread air travel when (sometimes) there are no visa restrictions, it is easy to reach other countries, but if the distance is not too long, we can also use railway or water transportation.
The number of airports in the Northern Mariana Islands: 5 (2013), and the number of heliports: 1 (2013).
The total length of the roadways in the Northern Mariana Islands: total: 536 km (2008).
The total length of the waterways in the Northern Mariana Islands: N/A.
Are you traveling to the Northern Mariana Islands?
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Facts & data about the Northern Mariana Islands
Name of the country: conventional long way: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, traditional short form: Northern Mariana Islands abbreviation: CNMI, former: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Mariana Islands District, etymology: formally claimed and named by Spain in 1667 in honor of the Spanish Queen, MARIANA of Austria.
Abbreviation: Northern Mariana Islands Geographic coordinates:
15 12 N, 145 45 E Country Location: Oceania
Capital of Northern Mariana Islands: Saipan GPS of the Capital:
15 12 N 145 45 E Position: Oceania, islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines
Land area: total: 464 sq km; land: 464 sq km, water: 0 sq km Terrain: the southern islands in this north-south trending archipelago are limestone, with fringing coral reefs; the northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanoes on several islands
Area comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Population: 53,467 (July 2016 estimate) Population grow rate: 2.07% (2016 estimate) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s) / female, 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s) / female, 15-24 years: 1.28 male(s) / female, 25-54 years: 0.73 male(s) / female, 55-64 years: 1.14 male(s) / female, 65 years and over: 0.92 male(s) / female, total population: 0.93 male(s) / female (2016 estimate)
Exports: $288 million (2013), $268 million (2012) Imports: $606 million (2013), $531 million (2012) Import partners: N/A
Urbanization: urban population: 89.2% of the total population (2015) Major urban area(s): SAIPAN (capital) 49,000 (2014) Median age: total: 32.7 years; male: 30 years, female: 33.7 years (2016 estimate)
Internet users: total: 16,000. Percent of the population: 30.6% (July 2015 estimate) Telephones (fixed-lines): N/A Telephones (mobile, cellular): N/A
Unemployment rate: 11.2% (2010 estimate) Nationality: NA (US citizens) adjective: NA National holidays: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78 years. Male: 75.3 years, female: 80.8 years (2016 estimate) Total fertility rate: 1.96 children born / woman (2016 estimate) Birthrate: 17.2 births / 1,000 population (2016 estimate)
Literacy: N/A Legal system: US system applies, except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal
Industries: tourism, banking, construction, fishing, handicrafts, other services Industrial production growth rate: N/A % GDP real growth rate: 4.5% (2013)2.1% (2012)-6.8% (2011)
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