text:
Reinhard Lauth (* 11. August 1919 in Oberhausen/Rheinland; † 23. August 2007 in München) war ein deutscher Philosoph.

Leben

Lauth studierte von 1938 bis 1942 Philosophie mit den Nebenfächern Romanistik und Physiologie und wurde 1942 mit einer Arbeit über die Naturerkenntnis, Sinngebung und Verwirklichung in der modernen französischen Literatur und bildenden Kunst zum Dr.phil. promoviert. 1944 wurde er mit einer Arbeit über die Resorption der intrakutanen Kochsalzquaddel bei Hautkrankheiten zum Dr. med. an der Universität Kiel promoviert. 1948 habilitierte er sich in Philosophie mit zwei Arbeiten, "Die Frage nach dem Sinn des Daseins" und "Die Philosophie Dostojewskis".

1954 wurde er zum außerplanmäßigen Professor an der Universität München ernannt. 1978 erfolgte der Ruf auf den Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Philosophie an der Universität München. Im Jahr 1968 war Lauth als erster Deutscher nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg als Gastprofessor an israelischen Universitäten in Tel Aviv und Jerusalem tätig. Unter anderem lehrte er auch einige Zeit an der Sorbonne in Paris.

Lauth starb am 23. August 2007 im Alter von 88 Jahren nach langer Krankheit in München.

Wirken
Reinhard Lauth setzte sich vor allem mit transzendentalphilosophischen Fragestellungen auseinander, wobei er von der Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus, namentlich dem System Johann Gottlieb Fichtes ausging. Lauth war zusammen mit Aloys Wenzl Herausgeber der Fichte-Gesamtausgabe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

In religiöser Hinsicht profilierte er sich als strikter Gegner der Reformen innerhalb der römisch-katholischen Kirche im Zuge des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils. Wenigstens zeitweise trat er öffentlich als Unterstützer der sog. sedisvakantistischen Position in Erscheinung.

2003 wurde er mit der Silbernen Verdienstmedaille der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ausgezeichnet.

Zu seinen Schülern gehört Wilhelm G. Jacobs. Der Mathematiklehrer und traditionalistische Autor Wolfgang Schüler aus der Gruppe um den radikalen Konzilsgegner Pfarrer Hans Milch aus Wiesbaden hat 1981 bei Lauth promoviert.

Schriften
 Die Philosophie Dostojewskis in systematischer Darstellung. [Habilitationsschrift München 1948] München: Piper 1950, ISBN 3-492-01372-4
 Die Frage nach dem Sinn des Daseins. München: J. A. Barth, 1953
 Zur Idee der Transzendentalphilosophie. 1965
 Die absolute Ungeschichtlichkeit der Wahrheit. 1966
 Begriff, Begründung und Rechtfertigung der Philosophie. München; Salzburg: Pustet 1967
 Ethik in ihrer Grundlage aus Prinzipien entfaltet. 1969
 Die Entstehung von Schellings Identitätsphilosophie in der Auseinandersetzung mit Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre: (1795–1801). Freiburg (Breisgau), München: Alber 1975, ISBN 3-495-47322-X
 Theorie des philosophischen Arguments. 1979
 Die Konstitution der Zeit im Bewusstsein. Hamburg: Meiner 1981, ISBN 3-7873-0506-8
 Die transzendentale Naturlehre Fichtes nach den Prinzipien der Wissenschaftslehre. 1984
 Dostojewski und sein Jahrhundert. 1986
 Hegel vor der Wissenschaftslehre. 1987
 Transzendentale Entwicklungslinien von Descartes bis zu Marx und Dostojewski. Hamburg: Meiner 1989, ISBN 3-7873-0941-1
Was sagt uns Dostojewskij heute? in Deutsche Hochschuledition 14, München Ars Una 1990,  Italienische Übersetzung herausgegeben von M. Ivaldo: Dostoevskij e la Verità, Il ramo, Rapallo 2005.
 Vernünftige Durchdringung der Wirklichkeit: Fichte und sein Umkreis. München: Ars Una 1994, ISBN 3-89391-331-9
 Descartes' Konzeption des Systems der Philosophie. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog 1998, ISBN 3-7728-1975-3
 Abraham und die Kinder seines Bundes mit Gott. München: Jerrentrup 2003, ISBN 3-935990-14-6

Literatur
 Erich Fuchs: Erinnerung an Reinhard Lauth (1919–2007). In: Akademie Aktuell 4/2007, S. 39–41 (Digitalisat).
 Lorenz Gadient: Wahrheit als Anruf der Freiheit: Hans Urs Balthasars theodramatischer Erkenntnisbegriff in vergleichender Auseinandersetzung mit der transzendentalphilosophischen Erkenntniskritik Reinhard Lauths. EOS, St. Ottilien 1999, ISBN 3-88096-255-3.
 Klaus Hammacher, Albert Mues (Hrsg.): Erneuerung der Transzendentalphilosophie im Anschluss an Kant und Fichte: Reinhard Lauth zum 60. Geburtstag. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog 1979, ISBN 3-7728-0777-1.
 Marco Ivaldo, Hans Georg von Manz, Ives Radrizzani (Hrsg.): Vergegenwärtigung der Transzendentalphilosophie: das philosophische Vermächtnis Reinhard Lauths. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2017, ISBN 978-3-8260-6115-8.
 Christian Jerrentrup: Bibliographie Reinhard Lauth. 2., vollst. überarb. u. erw. Auflage, München 2005, ISBN 3-935990-13-8, PDF der 1. Auflage, 2002.
 Tommaso Valentini: Un sistema di filosofia trascendentale ante litteram. Reinhard Lauth interprete di Descartes, in Tommaso Valentini: I fondamenti della libertà in J. G. Fichte. Studi sul primato del pratico, Presentazione di Armando Rigobello, Editori Riuniti University Press, Roma 2012, S. 393–431, ISBN 978-88-6473-072-1.

Weblinks

 Kurzbiografie über Reinhard Lauth
 "Ein genuiner Ansatz zum positiven christlichen Verständnis des Korans"
 Reinhard Lauth im O-Ton im Online-Archiv  Österreich am Wort der Österreichischen Mediathek (Salzburger Nachtstudio)

Einzelnachweise

Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Philosoph (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)
Sedisvakantist
Deutscher
Geboren 1919
Gestorben 2007
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
require 'spec_helper'

module Spree
  module Calculator::Shipping
    describe PriceSack do
      let(:variant) { build(:variant, price: 2) }
      subject(:calculator) do
        calculator = PriceSack.new
        calculator.preferred_minimal_amount = 5
        calculator.preferred_normal_amount = 10
        calculator.preferred_discount_amount = 1
        calculator
      end

      let(:normal_package) do
        build(:stock_package, variants_contents: { variant => 2 })
      end

      let(:discount_package) do
        build(:stock_package, variants_contents: { variant => 4 })
      end

      it 'computes the correct amount' do
        expect(calculator.compute(normal_package)).to eq(calculator.preferred_normal_amount)
        expect(calculator.compute(discount_package)).to eq(calculator.preferred_discount_amount)
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<?php

namespace Laminas\Http;

use ArrayIterator;
use Countable;
use Iterator;
use Laminas\Http\Header\Exception;
use Laminas\Http\Header\GenericHeader;
use Laminas\Http\Header\MultipleHeaderInterface;
use Laminas\Loader\PluginClassLocator;
// phpcs:ignore SlevomatCodingStandard.Namespaces.UnusedUses.UnusedUse
use ReturnTypeWillChange;
use Traversable;

use function array_keys;
use function array_search;
use function array_shift;
use function class_implements;
use function count;
use function current;
use function explode;
use function get_class;
use function gettype;
use function implode;
use function in_array;
use function is_array;
use function is_int;
use function is_object;
use function is_string;
use function key;
use function next;
use function preg_match;
use function reset;
use function sprintf;
use function str_replace;
use function strtolower;
use function trim;

/**
 * Basic HTTP headers collection functionality
 * Handles aggregation of headers
 *
 * @see        http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html#sec4.2
 */
class Headers implements Countable, Iterator
{
    /** @var PluginClassLocator */
    protected $pluginClassLoader;

    /** @var array key names for $headers array */
    protected $headersKeys = [];

    /** @var array Array of header array information or Header instances */
    protected $headers = [];

    /**
     * Populates headers from string representation
     *
     * Parses a string for headers, and aggregates them, in order, in the
     * current instance, primarily as strings until they are needed (they
     * will be lazy loaded)
     *
     * @param  string $string
     * @return static
     * @throws Exception\RuntimeException
     */
    public static function fromString($string)
    {
        $headers   = new static();
        $current   = [];
        $emptyLine = 0;

        // iterate the header lines, some might be continuations
        foreach (explode("\r\n", $string) as $line) {
            // CRLF*2 is end of headers; an empty line by itself or between header lines
            // is an attempt at CRLF injection.
            if (preg_match('/^\s*$/', $line)) {
                // empty line indicates end of headers
                $emptyLine += 1;
                if ($emptyLine > 2) {
                    throw new Exception\RuntimeException('Malformed header detected');
                }
                continue;
            }

            if ($emptyLine) {
                throw new Exception\RuntimeException('Malformed header detected');
            }

            // check if a header name is present
            if (preg_match('/^(?P<name>[^()><@,;:\"\\/\[\]?={} \t]+):.*$/', $line, $matches)) {
                if ($current) {
                    // a header name was present, then store the current complete line
                    $headers->headersKeys[] = static::createKey($current['name']);
                    $headers->headers[]     = $current;
                }
                $current = [
                    'name' => $matches['name'],
                    'line' => trim($line),
                ];

                continue;
            }

            if (preg_match("/^[ \t][^\r\n]*$/", $line, $matches)) {
                // continuation: append to current line
                $current['line'] .= trim($line);
                continue;
            }

            // Line does not match header format!
            throw new Exception\RuntimeException(sprintf(
                'Line "%s" does not match header format!',
                $line
            ));
        }
        if ($current) {
            $headers->headersKeys[] = static::createKey($current['name']);
            $headers->headers[]     = $current;
        }
        return $headers;
    }

    /**
     * Set an alternate implementation for the PluginClassLoader
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setPluginClassLoader(PluginClassLocator $pluginClassLoader)
    {
        $this->pluginClassLoader = $pluginClassLoader;
        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Return an instance of a PluginClassLocator, lazyload and inject map if necessary
     *
     * @return PluginClassLocator
     */
    public function getPluginClassLoader()
    {
        if ($this->pluginClassLoader === null) {
            $this->pluginClassLoader = new HeaderLoader();
        }
        return $this->pluginClassLoader;
    }

    /**
     * Add many headers at once
     *
     * Expects an array (or Traversable object) of type/value pairs.
     *
     * @param  array|Traversable $headers
     * @return $this
     * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function addHeaders($headers)
    {
        if (! is_array($headers) && ! $headers instanceof Traversable) {
            throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException(sprintf(
                'Expected array or Traversable; received "%s"',
                is_object($headers) ? get_class($headers) : gettype($headers)
            ));
        }

        foreach ($headers as $name => $value) {
            if (is_int($name)) {
                if (is_string($value)) {
                    $this->addHeaderLine($value);
                } elseif (is_array($value) && count($value) === 1) {
                    $this->addHeaderLine(key($value), current($value));
                } elseif (is_array($value) && count($value) === 2) {
                    $this->addHeaderLine($value[0], $value[1]);
                } elseif ($value instanceof Header\HeaderInterface) {
                    $this->addHeader($value);
                }
            } elseif (is_string($name)) {
                $this->addHeaderLine($name, $value);
            }
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add a raw header line, either in name => value, or as a single string 'name: value'
     *
     * This method allows for lazy-loading in that the parsing and instantiation of Header object
     * will be delayed until they are retrieved by either get() or current()
     *
     * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException
     * @param string $headerFieldNameOrLine
     * @param string $fieldValue optional
     * @return $this
     */
    public function addHeaderLine($headerFieldNameOrLine, $fieldValue = null)
    {
        $matches = null;
        if (
            preg_match('/^(?P<name>[^()><@,;:\"\\/\[\]?=}{ \t]+):.*$/', $headerFieldNameOrLine, $matches)
            && $fieldValue === null
        ) {
            // is a header
            $headerName = $matches['name'];
            $headerKey  = static::createKey($matches['name']);
            $line       = $headerFieldNameOrLine;
        } elseif ($fieldValue === null) {
            throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException('A field name was provided without a field value');
        } else {
            $headerName = $headerFieldNameOrLine;
            $headerKey  = static::createKey($headerFieldNameOrLine);
            if (is_array($fieldValue)) {
                $fieldValue = implode('; ', $fieldValue);
            }
            $line = $headerFieldNameOrLine . ': ' . $fieldValue;
        }

        $this->headersKeys[] = $headerKey;
        $this->headers[]     = ['name' => $headerName, 'line' => $line];

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add a Header to this container, for raw values @see addHeaderLine() and addHeaders()
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function addHeader(Header\HeaderInterface $header)
    {
        $key   = static::createKey($header->getFieldName());
        $index = array_search($key, $this->headersKeys);

        // No header by that key presently; append key and header to list.
        if ($index === false) {
            $this->headersKeys[] = $key;
            $this->headers[]     = $header;
            return $this;
        }

        // Header exists, and is a multi-value header; append key and header to
        // list (as multi-value headers are aggregated on retrieval)
        $class = $this->getPluginClassLoader()->load(str_replace('-', '', $key)) ?: GenericHeader::class;
        if (in_array(MultipleHeaderInterface::class, class_implements($class, true))) {
            $this->headersKeys[] = $key;
            $this->headers[]     = $header;
            return $this;
        }

        // Otherwise, we replace the current instance.
        $this->headers[$index] = $header;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Remove a Header from the container
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function removeHeader(Header\HeaderInterface $header)
    {
        $index = array_search($header, $this->headers, true);
        if ($index !== false) {
            unset($this->headersKeys[$index]);
            unset($this->headers[$index]);

            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Clear all headers
     *
     * Removes all headers from queue
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function clearHeaders()
    {
        $this->headers = $this->headersKeys = [];
        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get all headers of a certain name/type
     *
     * @param  string $name
     * @return bool|Header\HeaderInterface|ArrayIterator
     */
    public function get($name)
    {
        $key = static::createKey($name);
        if (! $this->has($name)) {
            return false;
        }

        $class = $this->getPluginClassLoader()->load(str_replace('-', '', $key)) ?: GenericHeader::class;

        if (in_array(MultipleHeaderInterface::class, class_implements($class, true))) {
            $headers = [];
            foreach (array_keys($this->headersKeys, $key) as $index) {
                if (is_array($this->headers[$index])) {
                    $this->lazyLoadHeader($index);
                }
            }
            foreach (array_keys($this->headersKeys, $key) as $index) {
                $headers[] = $this->headers[$index];
            }
            return new ArrayIterator($headers);
        }

        $index = array_search($key, $this->headersKeys);
        if ($index === false) {
            return false;
        }

        if (is_array($this->headers[$index])) {
            return $this->lazyLoadHeader($index);
        }

        return $this->headers[$index];
    }

    /**
     * Test for existence of a type of header
     *
     * @param  string $name
     * @return bool
     */
    public function has($name)
    {
        return in_array(static::createKey($name), $this->headersKeys);
    }

    /**
     * Advance the pointer for this object as an iterator
     *
     * @return void
     */
    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function next()
    {
        next($this->headers);
    }

    /**
     * Return the current key for this object as an iterator
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function key()
    {
        return key($this->headers);
    }

    /**
     * Is this iterator still valid?
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function valid()
    {
        return current($this->headers) !== false;
    }

    /**
     * Reset the internal pointer for this object as an iterator
     *
     * @return void
     */
    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function rewind()
    {
        reset($this->headers);
    }

    /**
     * Return the current value for this iterator, lazy loading it if need be
     *
     * @return array|Header\HeaderInterface
     */
    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function current()
    {
        $current = current($this->headers);
        if (is_array($current)) {
            $current = $this->lazyLoadHeader(key($this->headers));
        }
        return $current;
    }

    /**
     * Return the number of headers in this contain, if all headers have not been parsed, actual count could
     * increase if MultipleHeader objects exist in the Request/Response.  If you need an exact count, iterate
     *
     * @return int count of currently known headers
     */
    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
    public function count()
    {
        return count($this->headers);
    }

    /**
     * Render all headers at once
     *
     * This method handles the normal iteration of headers; it is up to the
     * concrete classes to prepend with the appropriate status/request line.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function toString()
    {
        $headers = '';
        foreach ($this->toArray() as $fieldName => $fieldValue) {
            if (is_array($fieldValue)) {
                // Handle multi-value headers
                foreach ($fieldValue as $value) {
                    $headers .= $fieldName . ': ' . $value . "\r\n";
                }
                continue;
            }
            // Handle single-value headers
            $headers .= $fieldName . ': ' . $fieldValue . "\r\n";
        }
        return $headers;
    }

    /**
     * Return the headers container as an array
     *
     * @todo determine how to produce single line headers, if they are supported
     * @return array
     */
    public function toArray()
    {
        $headers = [];
        /** @var Header\HeaderInterface $header */
        foreach ($this->headers as $index => $header) {
            if (is_array($header)) {
                $header = $this->lazyLoadHeader($index);
            }

            if ($header instanceof Header\MultipleHeaderInterface) {
                $name = $header->getFieldName();
                if (! isset($headers[$name])) {
                    $headers[$name] = [];
                }
                $headers[$name][] = $header->getFieldValue();
            } else {
                $headers[$header->getFieldName()] = $header->getFieldValue();
            }
        }
        return $headers;
    }

    /**
     * By calling this, it will force parsing and loading of all headers, after this count() will be accurate
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function forceLoading()
    {
        // phpcs:ignore Generic.CodeAnalysis.EmptyStatement.DetectedForeach
        foreach ($this as $item) {
            // $item should now be loaded
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @param int|string $index
     * @param bool $isGeneric If true, there is no need to parse $index and call the ClassLoader.
     * @return mixed|void
     */
    protected function lazyLoadHeader($index, $isGeneric = false)
    {
        $current = $this->headers[$index];

        $key = $this->headersKeys[$index];
        /** @var Header\HeaderInterface $class */
        $class = $this->getPluginClassLoader()->load(str_replace('-', '', $key));
        if ($isGeneric || ! $class) {
            $class = GenericHeader::class;
        }

        try {
            $headers = $class::fromString($current['line']);
        } catch (Exception\InvalidArgumentException $exception) {
            // Generic Header should throw an exception if it fails
            if ($isGeneric) {
                throw $exception;
            }

            // Retry one more time with GenericHeader
            return $this->lazyLoadHeader($index, true);
        }
        if (is_array($headers)) {
            $this->headers[$index] = $current = array_shift($headers);
            foreach ($headers as $header) {
                $this->headersKeys[] = $key;
                $this->headers[]     = $header;
            }
            return $current;
        }

        $this->headers[$index] = $headers;
        return $headers;
    }

    /**
     * Create array key from header name
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @return string
     */
    protected static function createKey($name)
    {
        return str_replace(['_', ' ', '.'], '-', strtolower($name));
    }
}


text:
Win is a win but United know they can do better
20-07-2019. Picture Michael Gillen. AYR. Somerset Park. Ayr Utd v Falkirk FC. The Scottish League Cup, SPFL Betfred Cup 2019 - 2020, Group G. Andy Geggan 6 scores second goal for Ayr.
Published: 11:00 Tuesday 23 July 2019
United boss Ian McCall was pleased with his side's win over Falkirk - but says he knows there's still more to come.
A late Andy Geggan goal managed to shake off the 10 man Bairns and put them top of group G on six points ahead of the midweek fixtures.
United sit it out this midweek and return to duty with a home fixture against Stranraer on Saturday.
McCall said: "I thought we were really poor and didn't play as well as we can (against Falkirk).
"The sending off was pivotal to the game.
"Falkirk are in League One, I've tried to sign two of their players, and their budget is bigger than ours.
"They have Championship players so it was a great win for us.
"It's a cup competition and a great atmosphere, all-be-it things were nervy at the end."
The Somerset boss wants his players to up their game this weekend, and doesn't expect to have things all their own way when the League One Blues visit.
"We won't treat Stranraerlightly, because that won't be easy," he said.
"But to be on nine points, with a decent goal difference, would give you a chance we'd hope."
And should they do that and progress, McCall is hoping some of the cash generated may drop down to him.
"It might means us getting another striker in," he added.
Premier League: Here's EVERY player that's been signed in the English top tier so far this summer – including Liverpool, Chelsea, Manchester United & more
Craig Brown thinks Scotland women can reach last 16 of World Cup
"We didn't play Chris Doolan (against Falkirk) because he has a slightly sore hamstring and he's the only number 9 we have.
"I'm pleased with a lot of the aspects, but we can play miles, miles better than that."
Woman killed in Ballantrae crash by driver speeding at 100mph
Fallen tree blocks A77 at Maybole causing traffic problems
Contaminated land in Maybole earmarked for new council homes
Let's recognise the great work of South Ayrshire charities
Increase in attacks on NHS Ayrshire and Arran staff
More from Carrick Gazette

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Immortal India: Articles and Speeches by Amish is available now
Krishnan Amazon, India, Books
A new book "Immortal India, Young country, time less civilisation. Articles and Speeches by Amish" is released on 28th August 2017 by the publisher Westland. Amit is famous for his books Shiva Trilogy (The Immortals of Meluha (2010) ,The Secret of the Nagas (2011) ,The Oath of the Vayuputras (2013)). Later he also published another series named Ram Chandra Series (Scion of Ikshvaku (2015), Sita – Warrior of Mithila (2017) and Ravan – the orphan of Aryavarta (will be published later).
INDIA ... A YOUNG COUNTRY, A TIMELESS CIVILISATION EXPLORE IT WITH INDIA'S VERY OWN STORYTELLER, AMISH
India, a culture that witnessed the dawn of civilisation. That witnessed the rise of other cultures and watched them turn to dust. It has been celebrated and attacked. Admired and vilified. But through all these millennia, after all the ups and downs of history, it's still here! And now, after a few centuries of decline, it's driving a new dawn once again. Ajanaabhavarsh. Bharat. Hindustan. India. The names may change, but the soul of this great land is immortal.
Amish helps you understand India like never before, through a series of sharp articles, nuanced speeches and intelligent debates. Based on his deep understanding of subjects such as, religion, mythology, tradition, history, contemporary societal norms, governance, and ethics, in Immortal India: Young Country, Timeless Civilisation, Amish lays out the vast landscape of an ancient culture with a fascinatingly modern outlook
The book available on Amazon India. The Kindle edition is INR 166 and Paperback version is available for INR 166.
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The second book of Ram Chandra Series by Amish, "Sita- Warrior of Mithila" is available for Pre-order
The second book of Ram Chandra Series, after Scion of Ikshvaku by Amish, "Sita- Warrior of Mithila"...
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text:
Home / Program / Theatre
The emphasis in Theatre is offered by the Department of Communication Arts and is designed to enable students to participate knowledgably in multiple aspects of the creation of works performed before a live audience.
Students gain appreciation for and develop skills in the writing, staging, performance, and analysis of theatrical productions, with special attention to relationships among artists, audiences, and communities.
Student theatre performances are held in Olin Fine Arts Center including one full-length production each semester; Theatre Slam, a 24 hour writing and performance event; Winter Tales, an evening of 10-minute one-act plays written by W&J students, faculty and staff; the improvisation club; and radio dramas on the campus radio station, WNJR. Check out the productions the Communication Arts department is putting on this season!
Additional information is available in the W&J College Catalog.
Thematic Emphasis
Theatre Faculty
Communication Arts Department Chair
Melissa A. Cook, Ph.D.
Melissa A. Cook, Ph.D. is an associate professor and Chair of the Communication Arts Department.
C. Daniel Shaw, M.A.
Assistant Professor of Communication Arts, Designer/Technical Director of Olin Fine Arts Center
Communication Arts, Theatre
Karin Maresh, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Communication Arts
Communication Arts, Theatre, Latin American Studies, Media Studies, Gender and Women's Studies
Stevie Berberick, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Communication Arts
Communication Arts, Theatre, Professional Writing, Public Relations, Media Studies, Gender and Women's Studies
T. Scott Frank, M.F.A.
Professor of Communication Arts
Communication Arts, Theatre, Conflict and Resolution Studies
Communication Arts Department News
Pat Benic '70 was a photojournalist at the Capitol last Wednesday
Internship Leads W&J Alum to promising future with CBS
More Theatre News
Communication Arts Department Events
April 8 @ 7:30 pm - April 10 @ 12:00 am
285 E Wheeling Street
Washington, PA 15301 United States
Theatre Program Downloads
More content coming soon!
The Honors Process
Honors Program FAQ
Peer Assisted Learning Program
Semester Long Study Abroad
JayTerm
Student and Faculty Research
Registering for Summer School
Tuition, Fees, Room, and Board


text:
Q: Solr delta import doesn't import new docs from Postgres I have a Solr instance with next DIHconfigfile
<dataConfig>
    <dataSource type="JdbcDataSource" name="db" driver="org.postgresql.Driver" url="jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/db" user="user" password="password" />
    <document name="db">
        <entity name="sites" query="SELECT url, title, body, last_parse FROM sites where body is not null;"
                deltaQuery="SELECT url, title, body, last_parse FROM sites where body is not null and last_parse > '${dih.last_index_time}'"
                deltaImportQuery="SELECT url, title, body, last_parse FROM sites where body is not null and last_parse > '${dih.last_index_time}'">
            <field column="url" name="url" />
            <field column="title" name="title" />
            <field column="body" name="body" />
            <field column="last_parse" name="last_parse" />
        </entity>
    </document>
</dataConfig>

It works without error, but doesn't add new data from Postgres. When I start this delta import very first time it detects about 300k new rows but update only 11 docs in index. When I try to start it again it doesn't detect anything.
I have 3.1m rows in my Postgres and only 2.7m in Solr index. I want to Solr add all new rows from Postgres and also update docs which last_parse < than current date.
UPD - I rewrite query but it's super slow
<entity name="sites" pk="id"
 query="SELECT id, url, title, body, last_parse FROM sites where body is not null;"
 deltaQuery="SELECT id FROM sites WHERE body is not null and last_parse > '${dataimporter.last_index_time}'"
 deltaImportQuery="SELECT id, url, title, body, last_parse FROM sites where body is not null and id = '${dataimporter.delta.id}'"
 >

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Iwo Jima Map
Sixty five years ago today the battle of Iwo Jima began. My grandfather, Edward Joseph Matulich II was a marine and fought there. A few months ago my dad gave me a map that my grandfather had brought back with him from his tour in the Pacific. My dad just discovered it after going through some of my grandmother's possessions. It is a hand drawn Japanese map of Iwo Jima on rice paper. I had it framed last weekend and I keep it locked up in the safe when it's not on display. I am very proud to have this historical piece of memorabilia in my possession.....it is very special to me. Tell a veteran thanks!
Jennifer 2/19/2010
Hey, Jeb. That is a cool piece of history. Our friend who watches our dog when we travel to art shows (read--good friend)--anyway, his dad was at Iwo Jima--and is still living in Los Alamos. I'm guessing Mr Hudson and your grampa knew each other. Small world, huh?
elisa 2/20/2010
That is really cool. I'm glad your dad came across it and gave it to you.
Bleubeard and Elizabeth 2/21/2010
What an incredible keepsake and piece of history that actually belonged to someone in your family. I'd be proud of it, too.
Wil 2/22/2010
Unfortunately, few of the vets from that battle are still with us... They are fading fast.
But yes, I'm thankful for all of those who worked their way across the Pacific so that we can live the way we do today.
Old 97's at Winstar Casino - Setlist and All
Shout Out Tuesday!
Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts Sign - Part 4
Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts - Update Part 3
Alamo Plaza Hotel Sign Update
Lone Star Beer Journal
New Painting Underway - Alamo Plaza Sign
Frisco Grain Elevator - Holga Style


The first Swansea Branch of the Historical Association was established in 1923. Unfortunately, the activities of the branch are unknown as no local documentation from that time has survived. All that is certain is that by 1925 it had ceased to meet.
Following a suggestion by the Historical Association's Propaganda and Organisation Committee, a meeting was held on the evening of Friday 16 November 1928 at the High School for Girls in Swansea, in order to discuss the advisability of reviving the branch and the form that its activities should take. The meeting was convened by Mr W Norton Medlicott, who has gained fame within the Historical Association with the Medlicott Medal awarded annually in his honour. The attendance at the meeting numbered about eighty, despite one of the worst gales of recent years. At the meeting, Mr F S Marvin, chairman of the HA's Propaganda and Organisation Committee, spoke of 'The New Spirit in History Teaching', after which it was moved that a Swansea and District branch of the Historical Association be formed; this was carried unanimously. Professor Ernest Hughes was elected the first chairman of the revived branch, with Norton Medlicott becoming the branch secretary.
At its first committee meeting twelve days later, discussion took place regarding the intention to provide lectures given by distinguished, non-local historians, and the setting up of three study circles in respect of the Teaching of History, Local History, and International Relations. In addition, the committee considered social activities such as excursions to places of historical interest.
The new branch's first general meeting took place on 7 December 1928 with about sixty people in attendance. At the close of this meeting, the branch secretary, Norton Medlicott, announced that the new branch had already made a most satisfactory start, and that if this was continued the branch promised to become one of the most flourishing in the country. The first public meeting of the branch was held on 25 January 1929, when an inaugural lecture was given by Professor J F Rees of the University of Birmingham, who spoke on 'Tudor Policy in Wales'.
At its first Annual General Meeting on 22 June 1929, the branch established its constitution, and the branch's bank balance was said to be 'healthy' at a figure of £7 17s 9½d. By this time, membership had risen to 126, and it was said that this was 'more than double that of the other branches in Wales put together'. It was hoped that membership would rise to 200 over the coming year. While this hope did not materialise into fact (membership a year later was still 126), it was claimed at the 1930 AGM that Swansea and District was the largest branch in Wales and its success 'disproved the various gloomy forecasts that such a society could never get started in Swansea, and that if it did it would not long survive its anaemic infancy ...' The branch was to survive for about another seventy years before it once more ceased to function. However, 2009 saw another revival, with the third incarnation of the Swansea Branch showing a healthy promise for the future.
By the end of 1929, the branch was looking to extend its sphere of influence westward into Carmarthenshire by holding meetings in the nearby town of Llanelli. At first, attendance was poor, but with perseverance a small membership was gained in that location. Soon, the branch was to change its name to the Swansea, Llanelly [sic] and District Branch. In 1932, the branch noted that a Tenby and Carmarthen District branch had been formed in west Wales.
Many of the branch's meetings were held at schools, especially at the High School for Girls, but other venues included the Friends' Meeting House (which was free of charge but was occasionally too small), the YWCA building, and the University College of Swansea. Sometimes, committee meetings were held at the home of one or other of the branch officers, but this did not become the norm. On at least one occasion (the 1932 AGM), the café at a large retail store in Swansea was used as a venue.
The Swansea Branch's plan to hold regular public lectures became a core aim, but the reality was not always as satisfactory as the intention. There were occasions when arranged speakers could not attend, causing talks to be cancelled. And some years saw no more than four or five public lectures taking place. The secretary's report at the 1953 AGM described the preceding twelve months as a 'disappointing year' with very few talks.
The view of a growing membership was also something that did not always become a reality. The AGM of 1931 saw a slight drop in membership to 114. A year later, the figure was 101, and by the 1933 AGM, the membership number had fallen to 68, clearly not a realisation of the aspiration of the branch in 1929. The 1931 AGM saw the bank balance of the branch having remained steady over the preceding two years, standing at £7 19 11d. But by March 1934, the balance stood frighteningly low at 11d. However, by the AGM three months later, this had risen to £3 0s 1d.
Over the ensuing ten years, the branch continued its business reasonably well, even though petrol rationing and the blackout during the war years made travelling to talks difficult for some people.
In February 1944, the branch sent congratulations to its former secretary, Norton Medlicott, on his election to the position of Honorary Secretary of the Historical Association. Also in 1944, the HA published its stance on The Planning of a History Syllabus for Schools. Consequently, the branch circularised the history teachers of South Wales, asking for suggestions about an ideal syllabus, and for criticisms and suggestions on the existing Higher Central Wales Board revised syllabus. The circular prompted only seven replies. It can be seen that in the mid-1940s the problem of gaining the interest of schools was similar to that which the branch encounters today. In 1957, the branch committee agreed that if an interested representative from a secondary modern school could be found, that person should be co-opted onto the committee.
From the start, the branch considered the benefits of collaboration with other organisations, and to this end arranged joint meetings with, among others, the Classical Association, the Geographical Association, The League of Nations Society and the National Council for Civil Liberties. Today's Swansea Branch is also proud of its collaborations with other bodies, such as the National Waterfront Museum, Cadw, the South Wales Record Society, the Swansea Astronomical Society and others.
By 1951, attendance at general meetings had become 'regrettably small', and the 1953 AGM saw an attendance of just thirteen people. But as the 1950s progressed, so the membership gradually increased, and the committee strove to find 'new forms of activity which might arouse greater interest in the branch'. During the Historical Association's golden jubilee year of 1956, the branch tried to organise a joint meeting of the south Wales branches, but was unsuccessful owing to lack of support. It also made an attempt to arrange a meeting with the Aberystwyth branch, but this, too, foundered.
As the 1960s began, branch membership stood at 32, but by 1961, this had risen to 44. By 1965 there were 63 members, but only about fifteen of these turned up at that year's AGM, which opened at 5.15pm and was all over twenty minutes later. The AGM with the lowest attendance seems to have been that of 1969, when there were present the chairman and 'about six' members of the branch; but the membership of the branch at this time was 94, which may illustrate that an annual general meeting is not everyone's cup of tea. At this meeting, the balance of funds was given as £12 2s 0d, but it was stated that after all expenses had been paid, it would be as low as 14s 11d.
The 1970s saw membership exceed 100 again, standing at 106 by the AGM of 1971; and by 1972, the figure had reached 130. However, the financial position was not healthy. The AGM of 1974 heard that there was a 'small deficit' which, by the end of the year, might be about £10. But on a more optimistic note, the branch committee now included at least two secondary school teachers in its number.
The branch remained active through the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s; indeed some members served the Association nationally, and in this period the Historical Association's national conference was held in Swansea. However, in the 1990s, the branch began to run out of steam. The University College of Swansea, as Swansea University was then known, and where most of the branch's lectures were held, became more expensive and less welcoming; sixth-formers and students ceased to attend unless promised a lecture that was guaranteed to 'appear on the exam paper'; the wider 'general public' faded away; and the branch became run by too narrow a group, largely drawn from the University. Also, 'Head Office' ceased to show interest or offer support. Unfortunately, by the turn of the new millennium, the Swansea Branch had ceased to function.
However, within the decade, the branch was to see yet another revival. The branch's 'renaissance' was largely inspired by: the evident interest in history demonstrated by flourishing district history societies; a growing awareness of the value of regional archives and museums; the high-profile work carried out in the area by such bodies as Cadw, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, and the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust; and an increasingly serious interest in family history. Such active interest in the past was, and still is, demonstrated by an annual exhibition of publications on local history held under the auspices of the Royal Institution of South Wales in Swansea Museum. The popular courses run by Swansea University's Department of Adult and Continuing Education were a further confirmation that there would be interest in reviving the Swansea Branch.
This latest revival of the Swansea Branch took place late in 2009 following a number of open meetings to gauge interest, and by the end of 2010 the local membership stood at 131. A key element has been the support of the National Waterfront Museum, part of the National Museum of Wales, which has consistently been generous in terms of support, facilities and publicity. Taking events 'off campus' has made the branch more accessible to the general public, though the branch has nevertheless benefited from a close relationship with Swansea University. A large number of lectures has been presented or offered by members of staff; a very lively Postgraduate History Society has supported the programme as well as linking the branch to the student body; the University has helped the branch invite to Swansea some distinguished outside speakers; and negotiations are underway to revive a previously very successful diploma in local history. Other factors behind the revival of the branch include: the support shown by the City and County of Swansea; collaboration with other societies; a good relationship with an enterprising local bookshop; the encouragement offered by Head Office; and the establishment of an informative and 'connected' website. Perhaps most importantly of all, the branch has been guided by a congenial committee 'of all (or at least of many) talents'.
Lest this account of the Swansea Branch appear too self-congratulatory, one total failure has to be acknowledged. Hitherto, despite efforts, the branch has not been able to establish any working relationship with local schools and colleges, though it realises that this is very much part of the Association's agenda, and that History is actively and effectively taught in the region. But, for the present, the branch hopes that its readiness to be accessible, to collaborate with other interested bodies and to offer a varied programme of lectures, visits, conferences and research initiatives will in due course alert colleagues in the school and college sector as to what the Association has to offer, nationally and locally.


text:
Би Джей Томас (, 7 августа 1942 — 29 мая 2021) — американский певец. Наиболее известная песня в его исполнении — «Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head» (4 недели на 1 месте в США в 1970 году).

Музыкальный сайт AllMusic характеризует его как «мягкого, мелодичного автора-исполнителя», который в конце 1960-х — 1970-х годах добился успеха как в жанре кантри, так и в жанре поп, кто «стоял на линии между поп-роком и кантри одной ногой в одном жанре и одной в другом» и записывал хиты в обоих. «В начале своей карьеры он больше склонялся к рок-н-роллу, но в середине 70-х обратился к музыке кантри, став одним из самых успешных кантри-поп звёзд десятилетия.»

Дискография
 См. «B. J. Thomas § Discography» в английском разделе.

Награды
 См. «B. J. Thomas § Awards» в английском разделе.

Хит 1970 года «Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head» звучит также в фильме 2004 года «Человек-паук 2» — в коротком эпизоде, когда Питер Паркер прогуливается по городу.

Так же мелодию «Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head» напевает героиня Людмилы Гурченко в фильме Эльдара Рязанова «Вокзал для двоих».

Примечания

Ссылки

Родившиеся в 1942 году
Актёры США
Актёры XX века
Певцы и певицы США
Певцы и певицы XX века
Писатели США
Писатели США XX века
Актёры XXI века
Певцы и певицы XXI века
Писатели XXI века
Персоналии:Хьюстон
Кантри-музыканты США
Исполнители госпел
Поп-музыканты
Рок-музыканты США
Лауреаты премии «Грэмми»
Исполнители, возглавлявшие Billboard Hot 100
Поп-вокалисты США


text:
75 vs. 90: It was good to be in Westwood
Mark Maynard HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALL SIMULATION SERIES June 19, 2020 June 19, 2020 4 Minutes
WESTWOOD – Could it get much better in Westwood?
Two of the most memorable teams in Fairview basketball history, stocked with All-Area players and a pair of legendary coaches.
It was a good to be in the 'Wood.
Hours before tipoff they started to get in line for tickets. The gymnasium wasn't going to hold all that wanted to get in to watch the 1975 Eagles play the 1990 Eagles in a simulation battle like Westwood had never seen. It was Dog Rigsby and Co. vs. Mike Helton and Co. It was a pair of freewheeling offenses that liked to shoot more than they liked to breathe.
George Cooke and Rex Cooksey would be matching coaching wits on the benches. Cooke was wearing his plaid sports coat and Cooksey a short sleeve polo with a Fairview logo on the pocket. They were kidding each other at midcourt as the teams started warming up.
"You know those jackets were out of style even when you were wearing them in 1975," Cooksey said.
"What the hell do you know?" Cooke shot back. "You look like you're getting ready to cut the grass. Don't forget I taught you everything you know. You were nothing but a little pup who couldn't wipe his own butt."
They both laughed, slapped each other on the back and turned their attention to the game.
"How good is the Helton boy, Rex?" Cooke asked.
"When he gets hot, I've never seen anything like him. He can put a team on his back. I'm not sure we're ready for your bunch though," Cooksey said. "I'm afraid we'll have our hands full with Rigsby and Rowe."
"You're full of crap as usual," Cooke said.
The noise in the Fairview gym was deafening. Both sides had bands playing and the noise was bouncing off the metal walls and reverberating with nowhere to go. Everybody's ears were ringing. It was hard to tell the piercing shrill sound from the referee's whistles."
The little concession stand had never been busier and ran out of popcorn before the game even started. That was OK because nobody was about to leave their seat for fear they'd never get it back. It was that crowded.
Cooksey started out in a triangle-and-two with Rigsby and Renfroe being the targets. He was going to collapse around David Rowe if necessary. He was concerned about all three players.
The strategy seemed to backfire early, with Rowe getting loose inside. The 75 Eagles shot out to an 18-14 lead and it grew to 38-28 at the half. Rowe already had a double-double with 12 points with 10 rebounds. Don Rigsby and Rick Renfroe had been controlled a little, combining for 16 points at intermission.
On the other side, Cooke had spun around several times after Mike Helton worked his way for baskets. He had 14 points at the half, making acrobatic shots that seemed unlikely. Cooke turned to sidekick Bob Morrison and grimaced with every basket.
"We couldn't do anything with him and it was making me mad," Cooke said after the game. "I didn't know how we were going to win if we didn't figure out a way."
So the script was playing out like everybody else thought it might and it was headed for an exciting finish.
Both teams abandoned gimmicks and went straight man-to-man in the second half. The 90 Eagles came back strong, outscoring the 75 Eagles, 22-13, in the third quarter to pull within 51-50. They took their first lead at 48-47 when Chris Whitlock muscled in a rebound. Two free throws from Chuck Queen put the 75 Eagles back in front at 49-48 before Helton answered with a driving layup and 50-49 lead.
Queen had the answer again, scoring from 15 feet, to put the 75 Eagles ahead 51-50 after three quarters.
But the momentum had clearly swung to the 90 Eagles. Steve Schultz sank a pair of free throws and they had mounted their biggest lead at 63-55.
However, the 75 Eagles picked its collective bodies off the mat and began 10-1 run that put them back ahead 65-64. Rowe and Renfroe combined for eight of those points.
"I knew we couldn't keep those guys down the whole game," Cooksey said. "We did a pretty job on them."
Bobby Clark put the 90 Eagles back ahead 66-65 with a short jumper but when Renfroe answered by scoring on the end of a fastbreak the 75 Eagles never trailed again. The 90 Eagles were within a bucket at 70-68 and 72-70 but consecutive buckets from Rigsby settled it.
"I'll tell you the honest truth, I wasn't sure we were going to win this game," Cooke said. "Rex did a good job with those boys and that Helton kid, he's something else."
Helton scored a game-high 28 points and Schultz had 15 points, 10 steals and six assists. Whitlock had seven points and nine rebounds.
Rigsby scored 23 with eight rebounds and Rowe collected 18 points and 14 rebounds. Renfroe scored 13 with four assists.
"I knew it was going to be tough to beat the 'Wizard' on his own floor," Cooksey said of Cooke. "Our guys gave a great effort. Just a little bit short."
Fairview's 1990 team got hot at the right time and made a run at the 16th Region title before losing to Boyd County in the finals. Mike Helton scored a record 118 points in three regional tournament games, including 43 in the championship game. The Eagles finished 17-11.
Fairview's 1975 team went 21-12 and is the only 16th Region champion in school history. Don Rigsby scored 27 per game and the Eagles made history but bowed out in their only Sweet 16 appearance.
1975 FAIRVIEW (76) – Renfroe 5-7 3-7 13, Clark 3-8 0-0 6, Rigsby 8-13 7-10 23, Rowe 5-12 8-9 18, Canfield 1-1 0-3 2, Stevens 0-1 3-4 3, Kouns 0-0 0-0 0, Queen 2-6 7-8 11. FG: 24-48. FT: 28-41. 3FG: 0-0. Rebounds: 37 (Renfroe 1, Clark 5, Rigsby 8, Canfield 2, Rowe 14, Stevens 1, Kouns 4, Queen 2). Assists: 12 (Renfroe 4, Clark 3, Rigsby 1, Rowe 1, Stevens 3). PF: 27. Turnovers: 22.
1990 FAIRVIEW (70) – Schultz 4-13 7-11 15, Cannoy 0-2 0-1 0, Helton 10-21 7-10 28, Whitlock 2-5 3-4 7, Clark 3-6 3-4 9, Hammonds 3-6 0-0 6, Howard 2-5 1-4 5. FG: 24-59. FT: 21-30. 3FG: 1-8 (Schultz 0-1, Cannoy 0-1, Helton 1-6). Rebounds: 26 (Schultz 3, Cannoy 1, Helton 4, Whitlock 9, Clark 4, Hammonds 4, Howard 1). Assists: 13 (Schultz 6, Cannoy 3, Helton 2, Whitlock 1, Clark 1). PF: 30. Turnovers: 16.
1975 FAIRVIEW 18 20 13 27 – 76
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One thought on "75 vs. 90: It was good to be in Westwood"
Jeff Canfield says:
Oh come on Mark. O-3 from the free throw line. I always made free throws better than I could a layup. Lol


With the 2006 campaign in the record books, the interest was all about 2008 yesterday as Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton made a statewide victory tour to thank voters for backing her re-election bid.
Clinton fended off questions about a presidential bid and stayed focused on the Democrats' crushing congressional wins, even as some anti-Hillary Democrats, who believe she's unelectable nationally, sought to revive a plan for boosting her to Senate majority leader so she would forgo a White House campaign.
Clinton herself refused to engage even slightly in 2008 talk yesterday, growing prickly at a Midtown firehouse about White House questions and refusing to shift focus from the Democrats' congressional tidal wave onto herself.
"I'm going to relish this victory," Clinton said, standing with firefighters and fire union leaders – two of the many groups who supported her this time after going against her in 2000.
Several insiders expect Clinton, who won two-thirds of the vote over little-known Republican John Spencer on Tuesday, to make her White House intentions known by the end of this year, or early 2007.
She likely needs to make an early decision because the knives among both Democrats and Republicans are already being drawn.
On the Democratic side, she faces potential threats from former North Carolina Sen. John Edwards and Illinois Sen. Barack Obama, an African-American with big star power who cuts into her deepest base of support. Among Republicans, the top tier is Sen. John McCain and Rudy Giuliani.
Clinton raised more than $40 million for her Senate run and spent nearly $30 million, leaving at least $10 million that could be rolled over for a presidential run.
But federal election rules say she can't start raising money for a new campaign unless she forms a new account – either an exploratory committee, which has looser guidelines, or an actual presidential campaign committee.
It seems likely she'll go the exploratory route, although it's not ideal because candidates are required to spend the money they raise. She couldn't amass the type of war chest that would be possible with a campaign committee.


text:
Roussev, Boris and Yvonna Rousseva. "User Requirements Validation and Architecture Discovery through Use Case Invariants and Model Animation." Management of the Object-Oriented Development Process. IGI Global, 2006. 141-182. Web. 22 Jan. 2020. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-604-4.ch006
Roussev, B., & Rousseva, Y. (2006). User Requirements Validation and Architecture Discovery through Use Case Invariants and Model Animation. In L. Liu, & B. Roussev (Eds.), Management of the Object-Oriented Development Process (pp. 141-182). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-604-4.ch006
Roussev, Boris and Yvonna Rousseva. "User Requirements Validation and Architecture Discovery through Use Case Invariants and Model Animation." In Management of the Object-Oriented Development Process, ed. Liping Liu and Borislav Roussev, 141-182 (2006), accessed January 22, 2020. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-604-4.ch006
Science, Engineering, and Information Technology
InfoSci-Computer Science and Information Technology
User Requirements Validation and Architecture Discovery through Use Case Invariants and Model Animation
Boris Roussev (University of the Virgin Islands, USA) and Yvonna Rousseva (University of the Virgin Islands, USA)
Source Title: Management of the Object-Oriented Development Process
This work proposes a technique for requirements validation and logical structure discovery, compatible with evolutionary process models. The technique is based on a conservation law, called business value invariant, which quantifies the exchange of business objects between a system and its environment. With the invariant, the logical class structure of the designed system is algorithmically derived from its use case model. To validate that the modeled requirements and derived structure faithfully reflect the user requirements, the behavior of the constructed prototype is projected on the business objects exchanged on the system's boundary, and the projected behavior is animated with a labeled transition system analyzer. The model animation approach explicitly describes the interface between the system and its environment, and through OCL pre- and post-conditions, it distinguishes between system and environment responsibilities. The animated prototype links the outwardly visible "interobject" behavior to the information structures and the behaviors of the comprising parts, or "intraobject" behavior. Unlike formal notations based on logic, the proposed approach does not preclude the owners of the problem from taking part in the problem-solving process, that is, the knowledge locked in the prototype can be validated. The proposed prototyping technique acts as a discursive communication instrument, bringing the worlds of clients and developers a step closer.
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Reading on a Sunday morning ..... finally.
The photos all link up to somebody's site.
There are some random links within these excerpts that I couldn't get Drupal to identify within the edit function ... I've no clue what I did.
"The powers of financial capitalism had (a) far-reaching aim, nothing less than to create a world system of financial control in private hands able to dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This system was to be controlled in a feudalist fashion by the central banks of the world acting in concert, by secret agreements arrived at in frequent meetings and conferences. The apex of the systems was to be the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland; a private bank owned and controlled by the world's central banks which were themselves private corporations. Each central bank...sought to dominate its government by its ability to control Treasury loans, to manipulate foreign exchanges, to influence the level of economic activity in the country, and to influence cooperative politicians by subsequent economic rewards in the business world." Prof. Carroll Quigley from Tragedy and Hope
"But what of the inequality in income that exists in today's state-corporatist economy? Did the 1% acquire its wealth solely through hard work? The answer is hardly in many cases. Though there are some innovative businessmen who became rich by providing new and better products, the sharp increase in income inequality over the past two decades is due to an economic phenomenon outside of normal market operations.
Krugman and Stiglitz rightfully point out that the greatest periods of income inequality in the United States were the late 1920s and the period since the mid-1990s. What they fail to mention is that both these periods were not defined by capitalism run amok but by massive credit expansion. This expansion in credit, aided and abetted by the Federal Reserve's loose money policy, is the real culprit behind vast income inequality." - James E. Miller, www.Mises.ca, 08-07-12
TARP, despite its mind-boggling size, was puny and practically irrelevant compared to the many trillions—how many trillions exactly is still being argued over—the Fed printed and handed out through a variety of programs, and the money started flowing to banks, and not only to American banks but to foreign banks, and to industrial companies like GE and to just about everybody on or off Wall Street who was well enough connected. With this money, they acquired assets and drove up their value. The banks ended up with more free money from the Fed than they knew what to do with, but instead of making low-cost loans, they bought treasuries and other assets, and they made profits not by doing what a bank should be doing but by benefiting from the Fed's largesse. And they paid out record bonuses.
Thelargest banks, the prime beneficiaries, were eager to buy back the preferred stock and warrants they'd issued to TARP because it was expensive money compared to what the Fed was handing out, which was free. Thus, the Fed had done what Hank Paulson couldn't bamboozle Congress into letting him do, namely unlimited funds to any entity, including his ownGoldman Sachs. And in doing so, the Fed had bailed out TARP.
TARP wasn't large enough to prop up the house of cards that these mega-banks had become. It wasn't large enough to even bail out Citi by itself. Had the Fed not stepped in with its trillions, the banks would have blown through the TARP billions in no time, and then that would have been it. The "catastrophic losses" would have been reality.
However, there were casualties. One of them was capitalism. The Fed had preserved rotten-to-the-core banks that should have collapsed—or rather it had bailed out stockholders, bondholders, and counterparties. Now these banks are even larger, and the creative destruction of capitalism, and thus capitalism itself, has been replaced by the Fed's will and its printing press. Wolf Richter, Testosterone Pit
"Consider the inter-campus rivalry in recent years. There was a breather in 1992: Bush (Yale) vs. Clinton (Yale law School). Then came 2000. It heated up again: Gore (Harvard) vs. Bush, Jr. (Yale). But this was not a full-scale confrontation. Bush also went to Harvard Business School. Then, the nation got another breather. It was John Kerry, Yale (Skull & Bones) vs. Bush, Yale (Skull & Bones). In 2008, an outsider entered the fray: McCain (Annapolis). He battled Obama (Harvard Law). Today, Yale is on the outs. It's Harvard Law vs. Harvard Law, plus Harvard MBA (Romney earned both in one shot). Dr. Obama, J.D., vs. Dr. Romney, J.D., MBA.
There have been only two major presidential elections since 1932 that did not conform to this Punch and Judy arrangement. One was in 1964, when Goldwater was able to get the Republican nomination, and the Eastern Republican Establishment literally walked out of the convention, and then spent the rest of the summer torpedoing Goldwater's campaign. The other exception, which was only a partial exception, was Reagan's election in 1980. His new Chief of Staff was James Baker III. Baker, then as now, was one of the chief advisors to George H. W. Bush. The Reagan administration was run by Bush's men, with only a few exceptions, for all eight years. Then Bush replaced him.
The American people, decade after decade, generation after generation, are persuaded that presidential elections are fought over fundamental differences regarding the way the world works and the way the world ought to work. Yet every newly inaugurated President brings in his senior advisers, most of whom are men recruited by the Council on Foreign Relations, and some have been trained in the Trilateral Commission. This never gets any attention by the media, because the media at the top are run by members of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission.
What I do believe is that there are factions within the American political establishment, just as there are within any establishment. I think this division has been going on since at least 1948. The big banks and big oil are in cahoots together, because that is where the money is.
There is a constant trade-off between the special interests of the two factions. Each side wants to get its share of the booty after each election. At the margin, one group or the other gets some benefits. One group or the other gets to preside over a giant federal bureaucracy in which virtually all of the employees are protected by Civil Service legislation, so no President has the power firing more than a few hundred of them.
No one is talking about the unfunded liabilities of the United States government, which are now in the range of $222 trillion. Nobody is talking about closing Guantánamo Bay prison, even though Obama promised that he would when he ran back in 2008. Nobody is talking about an immediate withdrawal of troops out of Afghanistan.
So, where is the great debate? It isn't about Medicare, Social Security, Afghanistan, the war on terror, Federal Reserve policy, a Federal Reserve audit, immigration, tax policy, or even the extension of the Bush tax cuts. Where exactly is the great ideological battlefield on which class warfare is being conducted?" - Gary North, PhD, Reality Check, www.GaryNorth.com,
"The West's ragtag army of foreign hirelings, masquerading as the 'Free Syrian Army' have been badly beaten in their attempts to carve out a foothold of opposition in both Damascus and Aleppo. The Syrian Army, trained by Russian advisors and amply supplied with post-soviet equipment, has proven to be one of the most formidable of Israel's opponents in the Middle East – that's why the globalists are pushing to remove Assad and replace him with a Western puppet leader. While I'm no fan of tyranny, I'm even more opposed to Western puppets pretending to represent democracy while fronting for the new globalist tyranny. This week the US moved to create yet another phony threat in Syria in order to justify NATO military intervention and a no-fly zone.
In the first place, this is not a civil war – it's a foreign intervention. Second, this threat is trap for Syria no matter what they do. One of England's most venerable international reporters Robert Fisk got in on the ground in Syria and filed this report on the so-called 'Rebel army,' and confirmed 'They're a gang of foreigners.' One Syrian major reported to him that one of the prisoners they captured thought he was fighting the Israelis in Jerusalem, and didn't know he was in Damascus! the US and NATO are gathering intelligence on Syrian air tactics in preparation for attacking it—as they actively did in Libya under the cover of enforcing a no-fly zone. Ultimately, the attack on Iran is what is driving the move against Syria, whose arsenal of deadly rockets poses a major risk to Israel should Syria help Iran retaliate after a pre-emptive strike by Israel on Iran.
There is a growing hysteria about the necessity of attacking Iran emanating from Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu and his defense minister Ehud Barak. Both are attempting to drum up support for the attack and insist that it be done soon. They and the media which promotes the imminent nuclear threat scenario are clearly attempting to prepare the public in both Israel and America for war - Joel Skousen, World Affairs Brief, 08-24-12
"The pieces come together...
"1) New software, associated with Google, will recognize customers in stores so as to offer them discounts; having your photos uploaded to allow this service will (for now) be voluntary.
"2) A new surveillance system in New York will store footage from cameras in, for example, the subway, so that when an unattended package is discovered, the police can look back in time to see who left it.
"3) TSA is perfecting a laser that will allow detection on travelers of trace amounts of drugs, explosives, and doubtless a wide variety of other things.
"4) The government is moving toward mandating black boxes on cars to record information thought to be useful in ascribing blame in crashes.
"5) Various police departments are beginning to use 'drone' aircraft to monitor the population.
"These are recent pieces of the coming world. They have not yet all been completely deployed and linked. Some are voluntary, for the moment. Others are in development. All are coming.
"Add the now-routine tracking of passports, cameras that read every passing license plate and record the time, NSA's automated monitoring of email, Google's and therefore the government's knowledge of your searches, GPS tracking of cell phones, detailed records of bank transactions, and so on. Not all of these are instantly accessible by the police. They can easily be made accessible, and they move in that direction.
"In short, the technology exists for a detailed, unblinking, unforgetting watchfulness of the entire population beyond anything imagined, or perhaps imaginable, a few decades ago. Fred Reed
When Republicans are in office, the conservatives go to sleep and we lose our civil liberties like with the 'Patriot Act'. We lose liberties under Democrats as well as they expand and invent new government programs. Americans lose under either major party. The real issue of this election should be about runaway government police power and the loss of civil liberties." - Joel Skousen, World Affairs Brief, 08-17-12
"The United States won't prosecute Corzine for raiding segregated customer accounts, but will happily convene a Grand Jury in preparation for prosecuting Julian Assange for exposing the truth about war crimes. Nobody knows how much dirt Corzine has on other Wall Street crooks. Not only may Corzine get away with corzining MF Global's clients' funds, he may well end up with a whole raft of seed money to play with from those former colleagues and associates who might prefer he remain silent regarding other indiscretions he may be aware of. But the issue at hand is the sense that we have entered a phase of exponential criminality and corruption. A slavering crook like Corzine who stole $200 million of clients' funds can walk free.
Meanwhile, a man who exposed evidence of serious war crimes is for that act so keenly wanted by US authorities that Britain has threatened to throw hundreds of years of diplomatic protocol and treaties into the trash and raid the embassy of another sovereign state to deliver him to a power that seems intent not only to criminalise him, but perhaps even to summarily execute him. The Obama administration, of course, has made a habit of summary extrajudicial executions of those that it suspects of terrorism, and the detention and prosecution of whistleblowers. And the ooze of large-scale financial corruption, rate-rigging, theft and fraud goes on unpunished." - John, Aziz, azizonomics.com, 08-16-12 ...
"The Status Quo around the globe is trying to manage perceptions to foster the illusion that all the high expectations can be met; but the reassurances are increasingly hollow, and the promises increasingly threadbare. People are waking up, one at a time, to the reality that all the promises and guarantees are fantasy, and their emotional response is deeply negative: they feel betrayed by the Status Quo and its institutions, and they feel a volatile mixture of rage, distrust and resignation.
"Studies have found that people (usually those in the lower social and financial tiers) with low expectations tend to be happier than those with high (and unmet) expectations. The Status Quo bought the support of the masses by raising expectations of permanently rising prosperity and security for all. Now that these near-infinite claims cannot be fulfilled, the Status Quo has no institutional ability to lower expectations to more realistic levels. It only knows how to spin artifice and fantasy, in the vain hope that managing perceptions will substitute for managing reality. This is how credibility is lost.
"Managing perceptions is a dangerous game, as the perceptions are pushed ever-farther from reality, increasing the shockwave when the two snap together: it won't be reality rising to meet lofty perceptions, it will be perceptions and expectations plummeting to meet reality. This is how the Status Quo will collapse: it will lose the faith of its people, and become the target of their wrath." - Charles Hugh Smith, www.OfTwoMinds.com, 08-14-12
"The government that lies to you about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, about Iraq's al Qaeda connections, about the Taliban in Afghanistan, about Osama bin Laden, about Libya and Gadhafi, about Iranian nukes, about Syria, about Pakistan, about Yemen and Somalia, about Bradley Manning, about Julian Assange and Wikileaks, indeed about everything under the sun, also lies to you about jobs, unemployment, economic recovery, GDP growth, 9/11, the 'terrorist threat,' everything.
Try to find anything that the government has said over the past 6 presidential terms that is not a lie. Other than some minor insignificant detail, 'your' government has been consistently lying to you about everything of importance. 'Your' government lies to you, because 'your' government has an agenda that it most certainly will not tell you about, because if you knew what it is, you would revolt. Putting down the revolt would divert the government from its agenda. It would also alert the rest of the world to the fact that the US government has an undeclared agenda of world domination, despite the costs to the American people and every other people. - Dr. Paul Craig Roberts, Former US Asst. Sec. of the Treasury
Our new motto ..... We're here to brighten your day.
Professor Carroll Quigley
James E. Miller
Read more about Reading on a Sunday morning ..... finally.
Reading in the middle of the night again
"Just as the 'terrorist threat was used to destroy the laws that protect US civil liberty, the financial crisis has resulted in the Federal Reserve moving far outside its charter and normal operating behavior. To sum up, what has happened is that irresponsible and thoughtless--in fact, ideological--deregulation of the financial sector has caused a financial crisis that can only be managed by fraud. Civil damages might be paid, but to halt the fraud itself would mean the collapse of the financial system. Those in charge of the system would prefer the collapse to come from outside, such as from a collapse in the value of the dollar that could be blamed on foreigners, because an outside cause gives them something to blame other than themselves." - Paul Craig Roberts
"Contrast the anti-war sentiment during the Vietnam era with how the government/media is now pulling out all the stops to create an ultra-patriotic, 'support our troops' mentality as they drive the nation to war in Iraq, Afghanistan and beyond for their own globalist conflict-creation purposes. I assure you it isn't that these politicians have had a change of heart or repented of their betrayals. They purposely used the discouraging no-win restrictions and the resulting combat deaths of Vietnam to destroy in the minds of Americans the long-held inclination to combat communist aggression. Decades later they would rally the former anti-war media into shills for government and turn Americans into knee-jerk unthinking patriots ignorantly lending support to a totally different kind of war for empire and domination. This recent effort was started by our government's created terror incidents and by exaggerating the war on terror in order to justify continual intervention in other nations. They poured money into millions of yellow ribbons and 'Support our Troops' bumper stickers in order to make support for troops synonymous with the rightness of wars—which was no longer true. Media lackeys constantly put forth the government line that all this money and sacrifice was for the purpose of establishing democracy in the Middle East—which wasn't their true purpose at all. We are still fed this line today and thousands of soldiers will yet die in the falsified war(s) on terror." - Joel Skousen, World Affairs Brief, 07-20-12
"For every wealthy entrepreneur, there are countless hundreds to thousands of individuals that tried out a new idea and failed. They risked their own capital savings and lost it. Does society owe them for their losses? Why does society get the proceeds from the successful risk takers but doesn't owe a thing to the failed risk takers? Entrepreneurial profits are a kind of risk premium. 'Society' isn't taking that risk; the individual is. So, it is the individual that should receive the reward for the risk he or she alone took." - Marc Porlier, 07-20-12
"A six-figure income used to be a hard-earned sign of success, but due to skyrocketing costs and inflation, $100,000 doesn't have the cachet it once had. Crunching the numbers for standard inflation, it would take $172,000 in 2011 dollars to match a $100,000 salary in 1990. 'What would have cost you $100,000 in 1976 would cost you $381,000 today,' Mari Adam of Adam Financial Associates to Bankrate. '
"Washington has been at war since October, 2001, when President George W. Bush concocted an excuse to order the US invasion of Afghanistan. This war took a back seat when Bush concocted another excuse to order the invasion of Iraq in 2003, a war that went on without significant success for 8 years and has left Iraq in chaos with dozens more killed and wounded every day, a new strong man in place of the illegally executed former strongman, and the likelihood of the ongoing violence becoming civil war. Upon his election, President Obama foolishly sent more troops to Afghanistan and renewed the intensity of that war, now in its eleventh year, to no successful effect.
"These two wars have been expensive. According to estimates by Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes, when all costs are counted the Iraq invasion cost US taxpayers $3 trillion dollars. Ditto for the Afghan war. In other words, the two gratuitous wars doubled the US public debt. This is the reason there is no money for Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, food stamps, the environment, and the social safety net. Americans got nothing out of the wars, but as the war debt will never be paid off, US citizens and their descendants will have to pay interest on $6,000 billion of war debt in perpetuity.
"Not content with these wars, the Bush/Obama regime is conducting military operations in violation of international law in Pakistan, Yemen, and Africa, organized the overthrow by armed conflict of the government in Libya, is currently working to overthrow the Syrian government, and continues to marshal military forces against Iran.
"Finding the Muslim adversaries Washington created insufficient for its energies and budget, Washington has encircled Russia with military bases and has begun the encirclement of China. Washington has announced that the bulk of its naval forces will be shifted to the Pacific over the next few years, and Washington is working to re-establish its naval base in the Philippines, construct a new one on a South Korean island, acquire a naval base in Viet Nam, and air and troop bases elsewhere in Asia. In Thailand Washington is attempting to purchase with the usual bribes an air base used in the Vietnam war. There is opposition as the country does not wish to be drawn into Washington's orchestrated conflict with China. Downplaying the real reason for the airbase, Washington, according to Thai newspapers, told the Thai government that the base was needed for 'humanitarian missions.' This didn't fly, so Washington had NASA ask for the air base in order to conduct 'weather experiments.' Whether this ruse is sufficient cover remains to be seen. US Marines have been sent to Australia and elsewhere in Asia.
"To corral China and Russia (and Iran) is a massive undertaking for a country that is financially busted. With wars and bankster bailouts, Bush and Obama have doubled the US national debt while failing to address the disintegration of the US economy and rising hardships of US citizens. Paul Craig Roberts
"If we look at the global economy with unclouded eyes, we reach this conclusion: 'This whole thing is about leverage.' If leverage doesn't increase, the system implodes. But since collateral is disappearing from the global economy like sand castles in a rising tide, and disposable income has stagnated, there is no foundation for more leverage.
"As a result, the State/finance cartel has only one choice: increase leverage by whatever means are left. There are only two:
1. Allow banks to claim phantom assets as capital/reserves
2. Lower interest rates so stagnant income can leverage ever greater quantities of debt.
"The State/finance Empire and its army of academic toadies (economists) must cloak this reliance on leverage from the citizenry, lest they grasp the precariousness of the entire financial system...
"The easiest way to 'grow' is to increase leverage so more money/debt can be created. If a bank was constrained to only loaning the cash it held in deposits, that would severely limit the amount of money available in the system for purchasing villas in Spain, BMW autos manufactured in Germany, etc. If we magically enable 25-to-1 leverage, then every euro supports 25 euros in debt (mortgages, auto loans, etc.) The danger is obvious: if 1 of the 25 euros of debt goes bad, the lender has zero reserve. If 2 euros of debt go bad, the lender is insolvent.
"The only way to 'save' an over-leveraged system is to increase leverage and lower interest rates. If we claim phantom assets as real and increase leverage from 25-to-1 to 50-to-1, we have enabled a doubling of loans. All that wonderful new money will flow into the economy as spending, fueling 'growth.' This explains why the State/finance Empire in Europe keeps lowering reserve requirements for its insolvent banks. If the reserve requirement is 10%, then you need 100 million euros on deposit in cash to support 1 billion euros in loans. If you lower the reserve requirement to 1 euro, then the contents of a child's piggy bank supports 1 billion euros in debt. The other game is to claim phantom assets have market values that justify their substitution of cash...
"Any loan is fundamentally a claim on future income. Interest and principal will be paid out of future income.
"The key to keeping the leverage-based system afloat is to lower interest rates...once rates fall to near-zero, the leverage-income-into-more-debt machine runs off the cliff...
"...the bottom 90% leveraged their stagnant incomes into mountains of debt to compensate for their declining purchasing power. The Federal Reserve (a key player in the global State/finance Empire) has been publicly fretting over the dreaded 'debt divide,' which is Orwellian econo-speak for the bottom 90% running out of leverage. Like Wiley E. Coyote, the bottom 90% has run off the cliff and is now in looking down at the air beneath them...
"The same reliance on leverage has occurred in China, Japan, Europe and the U.S. The entire global economy's 'growth' was based on increasing leverage. That machine has soared off the cliff, and now the Empire's global army of toadies is desperately attempting to mask this reality by substituting phantom assets for actual capital. They can't do anything about lowering interest rates, though; that mechanism has already been maxed out as rates approach zero." - Charles Hugh Smith, www.OfTwoMinds.com
" Western democracy is an intellectually bankrupt concept in its current state. What we have today is regulatory democracy, an environment in which money power's corporate interests feed off the State and thus a mercantilist economy engulfs us all. Politicians are nothing more than talking mouthpieces for the elite, they are there to protect money power's interests – using force if necessary...Barack Obama said he would introduce real change when he was campaigning for the presidency. He said he would improve America's relations around the world and steward a foreign policy that would usher in peace. America would be a beacon once again to all...Obama has done nothing he said he would do to improve America's relations around the world – not that we ever actually believed he could anyway, he is just an actor..." Anthony Wilie, www.TheDailyBell.com
"Civilized people save and plan so as to take care of themselves and their families in the present and future. Fiscal conservatism and prudence is valued in a nondemocratic society, as are sound ethics. Democracy undoes the tendency for people to act cooperatively and responsibly. Politicians constantly look to appease voters with more benefits to care for them from cradle to grave, so as to win the next election. At the same time, the bureaucracy that hands out the benefits grows larger and larger and is unaccountable to anyone — especially voters...In order to distribute these benefits, the government must violate property rights. Government produces nothing; it must take from one group in order to give to another... Douglas French, The Daily Reckoning, 07-11-12 .
Douglas French
Anthony Willie
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Yonkers Traffic Ticket Attorneys Villanueva & Sanchala Home
Contact Westchester, NY Speeding Ticket Lawyer Villanueva & Sanchala
How to Find the Best Speeding Ticket Lawyer For You in Westchester New York
Analysis and commentary: Westchester County is located approximately 15 miles away from Manhattan. It's many highways makes it a central hub for the State Police, County Police, and local law enforcement to issue a variety of moving violations. The major north south highways are the New York State Thruway, Saw Mill River Parkway, Sprain Brook Parkway, Bronx River Parkway, Hutchinson River Parkway, and I-95. These highways are patrolled by different law enforcement agencies. For example, I-87, I-287, and I-95 are patrolled by the State Police. Meanwhile the parkways (Saw Mill River, Sprain Brooke, Bronx River, Hutchinson River) are patrolled by the County Police. While tickets are issued every day across the county, some of the busiest jurisdictions are Yonkers, Harrison, and Greenburgh. Due to the volume of tickets issued, these courts are equally busy. Westchester County is well known for having many highly regarded public schools including but not limited to Chappaqua, Bedford Town, Bronxville Village, and Rye City.
Special note, in 2011, NYS enacted the Move Over Law which requires drivers to move-over when an officer or emergency vehicle has its overhead lights engaged. This has been a more frequently issued charge in the County. There are only a few fact specific defenses to this three point violation. So next time, you see a police car or emergency assistance vehicle on the side of the road, you should remember to obey the move over law.
Are you looking for a New York Traffic Ticket Defense Lawyer and want to determine who is the best attorney for you? You've come to the right place. While there are many lawyers who claim to be super lawyers, not every lawyer's skill set may be best suited for your fact specific case. Some lawyers handle only divorce cases while others handle only small claims cases. As you can imagine, not every legal skill set may be transferable to your case. As such, they may not have the necessary experience or skill to give you the best defense possible. By analogy, ask yourself, "Why would you hire an electrician to fix your broke faucet?"
Common VTL Misdemeanors
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International Nuclear-Fusion Research Pact Signed in Paris
PARIS – Nations representing half the world's population signed a long-awaited, $12.8 billion pact Tuesday for a nuclear fusion reactor that could revolutionize global energy use for future generations.
The ITER project by the United States, the European Union, China, India, Russia, Japan and South Korea will attempt to combat global warming by harnessing the fusion that runs the sun, creating an alternative to polluting fossil fuels.
But the project is still only experimental and will take decades to get going — and environmental groups say it may not even work.
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French President Jacques Chirac, who hosted the signing at the Elysee Palace in Paris, praised the attempt to "tame solar fire to meet the challenge of ecological energy."
"The growing shortage of resources and the battle against global warming demand a revolution in our ways of production and consumption," Chirac said. "We have the duty to start research that will prepare energy solutions for our descendants."
Raymond Orbach of the U.S. Department of Energy said, "This energy represents the hope of the world."
Fusion reproduces the sun's power source and produces no greenhouse gas emissions and only low levels of radioactive waste.
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor will be built in Cadarache in the southern French region of Provence, near Marseille. It is expected to create about 10,000 jobs and take about eight years to build.
Some 400 scientists from around the world would operate the reactor, and officials hope to set up a demonstration power plant in Cadarache around 2040. If it works, only then could the energy be made commercially available.
Officials involved in the project say 10 percent to 20 percent of the world's energy could come from fusion by the end of the century.
The EU will pay 50 percent of the cost to build the experimental reactor, with the six other parties contributing 10 percent each.
Fusion, which powers the sun and other stars, involves confining hydrogen at extreme temperature and pressure to create a highly energetic gas.
At a temperature of 180 million degrees, the gas undergoes nuclear fusion, releasing energy that can be harnessed to generate electricity.
Unlike fossil fuels, which are expected to run short by the end of the century, the reactor's hydrogen fuel would be available in unlimited supply.
Its backers say one quart of sea water would be able to generate energy equivalent to a quart of oil or two pounds of coal.
While Chirac praised the international cooperation that led to the project, it has faced multiple delays because of internal disagreements — over the choice of the site, financing and reactor design.
At one point, the United States withdrew, leaving scientists warning that the country would eventually have to buy the technology from other nations. The United States announced in January 2003 that it was rejoining the project.
Japanese Foreign Minister Takeshi Iwaya acknowledged Tuesday that it was a "difficult decision" for Japan to abandon its hopes for housing the reactor. The project's director will be Japanese, however, and Japan will supply the reactor's most complex parts.
The seven partners agreed last year to build the reactor at Cadarache, which already houses one of the biggest civil nuclear research centers in Europe, and initialed the ITER plan in May.
Each partner must still ratify the deal. French anti-nuclear group Sortir du Nucleaire predicted in a statement Tuesday that the United States could resist, given its refusal to ratify the Kyoto Protocol on fighting global warming.
The group also warned that the project will still produce radioactive waste, though less than conventional nuclear reactors.
Environmental activists, who generally oppose nuclear power, have argued that the project is too costly and would divert attention from current efforts to fight global warming.