text:
Orim, orim Anush Harutyunyan A lullaby, sung at bedtime to a child.
Orim, orim
Anush Harutyunyan
Genre Lullaby
Mihran Tumajan "Paternal song and word", vol. 1, ASR AS publishers, Yerevan, 1972 (arm).
A lullaby, sung at bedtime to a child.
Tagavor tagn i glux Anush Harutyunyan This wedding song belongs in series of songs praising the groom who is called Takvor (King). They usually tell about his good looks, skills and vigor.
Tagavor tagn i glux
Es u yars Anush Harutyunyan, Sevada Hambardzumyan It is a comical dancing song about love. It is performed as a duet.
Es u yars
Anush Harutyunyan, Sevada Hambardzumyan
Performer Interchangable
It is a comical dancing song about love. It is performed as a duet.
Jaghatses patik, patik Anush Harutyunyan This is a song about the joy of love.
Jaghatses patik, patik
This is a song about the joy of love.
Hovn anush Anush Harutyunyan This is a poetic song, a tribute to nature.
Hovn anush
Komitas, Complete works, vol. 3, "Hayastan" publishers, Yerevan, 1969 (arm).
This is a poetic song, a tribute to nature.
Ay, Anush Anush Harutyunyan This is a calm dancing song. The verses in these songs may change but the refrain remains the same.
Ay, Anush
This is a calm dancing song. The verses in these songs may change but the refrain remains the same.
Yekeq teseq tsarn e tsaghker Anush Harutyunyan After decorating the wedding Tree of Life and singing praise and worship songs, the groom's mother and the guests are invited to admire the finished tree.
Yekeq teseq tsarn e tsaghker
After decorating the wedding Tree of Life and singing praise and worship songs, the groom's mother and the guests are invited to admire the finished tree.
Mer tagvorin el inch piter Anush Harutyunyan In the Armenian wedding tradition the groom is called "Takvor" or "King." After the wedding tree is decorated and praised with songs, the groom's mother and the guests are invited to admire the finished tree.
Mer tagvorin el inch piter
Mayram gnats Anush Harutyunyan This is a song about the good tidings of great joy: the birth of Jesus Christ. These songs are also called "Avetis," meaning "gospel or good news." In the villages, these Christmas songs were mostly performed by children and youth. The group of singers would visit almost every house in the village, and the villagers would present them with eggs, butter, money, and other gifts.
Mayram gnats
Subgenre Christmas song
This is a song about the good tidings of great joy: the birth of Jesus Christ. These songs are also called "Avetis," meaning "gospel or good news." In the villages, these Christmas songs were mostly performed by children and youth. The group of singers would visit almost every house in the village, and the villagers would present them with eggs, butter, money, and other gifts.
Tagh tsnndyan / Christmas chant Anush Harutyunyan This is a song about the good tidings of great joy: the birth of Jesus Christ. These songs are also called "Avetis," meaning "gospel or good news." In the villages, these Christmas songs were mostly performed by children and youth. The group of singers would visit almost every house in the village, and the villagers would present them with eggs, butter, money, and other gifts.
Tagh tsnndyan / Christmas chant
Spiridon Melikyan, "Folk songs of Van", "Haypethrat" publishers, 1928 (arm).
Hay Vardavar Anush Harutyunyan Vardavar, or Vardevar, is a traditional pre-Christian Armenian feast, which Gregory the Illuminator replaced by the Feast of the Transfiguration of Jesus. Vardavar, or the Feast of the Transfiguration of Jesus, is one of the five Great Feasts of the Armenian Apostolic Church. This feast falls between the 28th of June and the 1st of August, 98 days after Holy Easter. People celebrated Vardavar by splashing each other with water, singing happy, funny songs, dancing, and releasing doves.
Hay Vardavar
Subgenre Vardavar song
Mihran Tumajan, "Paternal song and word", vol. 2, ASR AS publishers, Yerevan, 1983 (arm).
Vardavar, or Vardevar, is a traditional pre-Christian Armenian feast, which Gregory the Illuminator replaced by the Feast of the Transfiguration of Jesus. Vardavar, or the Feast of the Transfiguration of Jesus, is one of the five Great Feasts of the Armenian Apostolic Church. This feast falls between the 28th of June and the 1st of August, 98 days after Holy Easter. People celebrated Vardavar by splashing each other with water, singing happy, funny songs, dancing, and releasing doves.
Teshik manelu yerg / Spindle song Anush Harutyunyan This is how you spin fibers into thread. You take some combed wool, stretch it by hand and tie one end to the spindle. Then hang the spindle down and spin it by force like a top. The spindle keeps on spinning, twisting fibers, and pulling a thread from the mass of combed wool. The Armenian countrywomen would sing songs while spinning the spindle, knitting socks or sewing. They use numerous sound imitations (onomatopoeia) in their songs. Collected and transcribed by Vartan Samvelyan.
Teshik manelu yerg / Spindle song
This is how you spin fibers into thread. You take some combed wool, stretch it by hand and tie one end to the spindle. Then hang the spindle down and spin it by force like a top. The spindle keeps on spinning, twisting fibers, and pulling a thread from the mass of combed wool. The Armenian countrywomen would sing songs while spinning the spindle, knitting socks or sewing. They use numerous sound imitations (onomatopoeia) in their songs. Collected and transcribed by Vartan Samvelyan.
Burd ber gzem / Bring me wool Anush Harutyunyan Wool is combed using hackles while in a seated position. You take a handful of wool fiber, holding it on both sides; load the hackle lashing the fiber onto it by pressing the wool down onto the sharp needles of the hackle towards the base of the tines. You continue layering along and up the hackle in this manner until the fibers are opened up and aligned and all the noils and short fibers are removed. The countrywomen used to sing this song while combing wool to make the job less tedious, and allow the time to pass by unnoticed. Collected and transcribed by Vartan Samvelyan.
Burd ber gzem / Bring me wool
Wool is combed using hackles while in a seated position. You take a handful of wool fiber, holding it on both sides; load the hackle lashing the fiber onto it by pressing the wool down onto the sharp needles of the hackle towards the base of the tines. You continue layering along and up the hackle in this manner until the fibers are opened up and aligned and all the noils and short fibers are removed. The countrywomen used to sing this song while combing wool to make the job less tedious, and allow the time to pass by unnoticed. Collected and transcribed by Vartan Samvelyan.
Trnotsi Anush Harutyunyan A playful nursery song.
Trnotsi
Subgenre Child tossing song
Hakob Harytyunyan, "Necklace", Yerevan, 1958 (arm).
A playful nursery song.
Hari, hari khnotsi Anush Harutyunyan The butter churn, also called a churning tub, is used to convert yogurt or sour cream into butter by agitation of the product. This process creates butter globules and buttermilk. Young maidens and women did all of the churning, while the process of draining the buttermilk (tan) and squeezing off the butter to eliminate excess liquid was performed by older and more experienced women.
Hari, hari khnotsi
The butter churn, also called a churning tub, is used to convert yogurt or sour cream into butter by agitation of the product. This process creates butter globules and buttermilk. Young maidens and women did all of the churning, while the process of draining the buttermilk (tan) and squeezing off the butter to eliminate excess liquid was performed by older and more experienced women.
Kti yerg / Milking song Anush Harutyunyan At Berategh, a place for milking sheep and goats, the women would kneel in pairs facing each other and forming a narrow passage. The sheep and goats would pass through it and each woman would milk her sheep or goat. They would sing this song while milking. Collected and transcribed by Vartan Samvelyan.
Kti yerg / Milking song
At Berategh, a place for milking sheep and goats, the women would kneel in pairs facing each other and forming a narrow passage. The sheep and goats would pass through it and each woman would milk her sheep or goat. They would sing this song while milking. Collected and transcribed by Vartan Samvelyan.
Hinգ ets unem / I have five goats Anush Harutyunyan At Berategh, a place for milking sheep and goats, the women would kneel in pairs facing each other and forming a narrow passage. The sheep and goats would pass through it and each woman would milk her sheep or goat. They would sing this song while milking. Collected and transcribed by Komitas.
Hinգ ets unem / I have five goats
Komitas, Complete works, vol. 10, RA NAS ''Gitutyun'' publishers, Yerevan, 2000 (arm).
At Berategh, a place for milking sheep and goats, the women would kneel in pairs facing each other and forming a narrow passage. The sheep and goats would pass through it and each woman would milk her sheep or goat. They would sing this song while milking. Collected and transcribed by Komitas.


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TOTP titles recreation (all titles)
VMPhil Granada North West Today 27 December 2012 12:33am
Hello, this is less of a mock and more of a recreation. As I said in the Christmas TV thread, TOTP has stopped using the montage of titles in favour of an edited version of the 2003 titles.
For a bit of fun I thought I'd go and find the original titles for each era and edit my own version, without any of the cropping or weird filter effects used on the montage that was previously used (TOTP2 does something similar). Just for some added authenticity, I also inserted a BBC logo - blink and you'll miss it!
I'm not necessarily looking for reviews or critiques on this, just something I wanted to share with everyone. Hopefully you'll enjoy it.
[media:41fa015d2b]http://up.metropol247.co.uk/122012/1356568306_1791275824.m4v[/media:41fa015d2b]
james.914 27 December 2012 12:54am
CANT SEE IT
Larry the Loafer Granada North West Today 27 December 2012 2:34am
It does what it says on the tin. I can't complain.
Richard Granada North West Today 27 December 2012 8:45am
james.914 posted:
My ipad can't either, but try clicking this link: http://up.metropol247.co.uk/122012/1356568306_1791275824.m4v
SomeRandomStuff 27 December 2012 9:29pm
The editing is spot on, but seeing as how none of it is original...
Just one question... Why is it in 4:3?
Michael 27 December 2012 9:35pm
SomeRandomStuff posted:
I guess because 90% of the source material is in 4:3???
Michael posted:
The last ever edition of TOTP featured these titles, and I have memories of this being in widescreen... could be wrong?!
VMPhil Granada North West Today 27 December 2012 11:15pm
This was what I'm afraid of, yes I don't exactly make original mocks, which is why I tried to label this as a recreation and not a mock as such. I wasn't sure whether to post this but I just wanted to share it so apologies.
(warning: long-winded explanation ahead) It's in 4:3 for two reasons. First reason being that all of the titles apart from the 2002 and 2003 titles are in 4:3. Even then, I could only source 4:3 versions of the 2002 titles taken from Top of the Pops 2 broadcasts. As well as this, I could also only source the 2003 titles in 14:9; although I did find a 16:9 copy afterwards, it wasn't as good quality as the 14:9 copy.
The other reason was that I wanted to create a version of the 16:9 montage titles uncropped. If I exported the movie in 16:9 you'd get about a second or two of 14:9 footage with the rest in 4:3. It made sense to just crop the 14:9 footage to 4:3 instead of having black bars all the way through.
Michael 28 December 2012 2:37am
FFS SRS
Read the first post of this thread. This is a recreation... "without any cropping or effects". If the last ever TOTP DID use a version of these titles, it used them with cropping and effects to make titles from a programme largely made in 4:3 over its lifetime fit our modern 16:9 demand. VMPhil has, as he just explained, refrained from any postprod on the original source material. THAT WAS THE POINT OF THE RE-CREATION.
SomeRandomStuff 28 December 2012 3:32am
Okay i misunderstood Phil's first post... and now I feel a little bit silly.
Respectable (5 votes)
This was archived on 26 June 2013
Designs by VMPhil
EastEnders old style credits mock
BBC /programmes Mock
Blockbusters Theme Swap
ITV logo (vmPhil)
BBC News Channel
BBC Rebrand
BBC Rebrand version 2
Sky... again
BBC London News 2005-2008 Sting Remake
Channel 4 Ident/Break Bumper Concept (3D Test)
PATV's Miscellaneous Projects
A Collection of Ideas

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text:
School Food Vendor Pays $19.4 in Whistleblower Suit
June 7, 2015 by JP
On Friday, the District of Columbia government announced that Chartwells, a school food servicer vendor, agreed to pay over $19 million dollars to settle a whistleblower suit filed under the city's False Claims Act. Jeffrey Mills, the former director of the DC school system's Office of Food & Nutritional Services, originally filed the case.
In announcing the settlement, DC Attorney General Karl Racine said,
"We're pleased that Chartwells and the Office of the Attorney General have reached an agreement to resolve contractual disputes over school meals. Chartwells has quite reasonably acknowledged and addressed mistakes it made in administering the contract to provide food and food services to DCPS. It is important to ensure that contractors who receive District funds are held accountable for fulfilling their obligations under the contracts, and today's settlement does just that. In light of Chartwells' acceptance of responsibility, DCPS looks forward to continuing its contractual relationship with the company."
The case is shrouded in some mystery as the attorney general has not yet disclosed what misconduct Chartwells is accused of committing.
We know that the whistleblower, Jeffrey Mills, brought a separate whistleblower retaliation action against the school system in 2013 after he was fired. The school district settled his retaliation case was settled for $450,000.
How much Mills receive under the whistleblower case has yet to be determined. D.C.'s False Claims Act statute says that whistleblowers will get between 15 and 25% of any recovery to the District. Had the D.C. government not intervened in the case, Mills would be eligible to receive between 25% and 30%.
The D.C. government press release says that in addition to the $14.4 million settlement, Chartwells is paying an additional $5 million to a school system educational fund and various nonprofit groups. Typically whistleblower awards are based on amounts paid to the government and not third parties suggesting Mills' ultimate award will be between $2.16 million and $3.6 million.
Chartwells has a contract to provide food service to DC schools. The school district decided to privatize food service in 2008 both as a cost savings measure and as a way to offer more nutritional meals to school kids.
Many states and several cities have their own False Claims Act cases. Although awards in federal cases tend to be higher, this case shows that million dollar awards are possible even in municipal cases.
If you know of fraud against the federal government or any other public enterprise, give us a call. We also invite food service workers involved with school lunch or other government funded programs to visit our food service whistleblower information page. We can help determine whether you may be entitled to a whistleblower award and help you file the required lawsuit necessary to satisfy the requirements of most false claims statutes. In the last 12 months we have recovered over $100,000,000.00 for our whistleblower clients. More importantly, we helped them return billions to taxpayers.
or by telephone at (414) 704-6731 (direct). As always, all inquiries protected by the attorney – client privilege and kept strictly confidential.
MahanyLaw – America's Whistleblower Lawyers


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A Tribute to Eugenie Clark (May 4, 1922 - Feb. 25, 2015), UMD Professor Emerita in Biology
Odyssey Magazine
By Arthur Popper, Biology Professor, University of Maryland
Eugenie "Genie" Clark was my colleague, friend and mentor. I met her in the mid-1960s when I took a graduate class in oceanography with her at City College of New York where she was a faculty member. Several years later, Genie joined the University of Maryland, where she was a faculty member in the Department of Biology for more than 25 years. When I arrived at Maryland in 1987, I was thrilled to reconnect with Genie. At UMD, she taught ichthyology and "terrors of the deep," among other courses. Genie was an active and caring department member, and her contributions to UMD, particularly her amazing ability to communicate science, were recognized with the university's President's Medal. She retired from UMD as professor emerita, a title and position she was most proud of. I visited Genie this past December, and, among other things we discussed the biology department—she delighted in hearing about her colleagues and the department. Genie was a Terp for Life!
Genie's career spanned over 60 years. She received her doctorate from NYU, where she worked with ichthyologist C. M. Breder, Jr. on sexual isolation in fishes. Genie became famous when she published her autobiography, "Lady with a Spear," in 1953. The book became an international sensation and appeared on bestseller lists for over a year. Genie also appeared on numerous TV shows and wrote many articles for National Geographic and other popular magazines.
Genie was an extremely accomplished scientist. She was the first person to train a shark to show behavioral responses (a study of shark vision) and one of the first to describe hermaphrodism in fishes. And her studies of fish behavior were superb. When I visited Genie in December, she excitedly showed me proofs of her latest scientific paper and talked of writing a few more papers.
Beyond her high-quality scientific studies, Genie was an amazing science communicator—she made science exciting to everyone from children to professors. Genie was in high demand around the world as a speaker, and her talks combined great science and infectious enthusiasm for science. I recall one week when Genie give a talk on her work to a spellbound group of 10-year-olds in my daughter's elementary school class, and then she gave a very similar talk to an equally spellbound group of scientists including Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Leakey. Genie was able to captivate audiences and impart an excitement and love of science that were powerful and unique. I know many people, including a good number of women, who decided on careers in science or science-related fields after being inspired by Genie.
Because of her fame as a communicator, Genie got to know, and influence, important people around the world. She worked closely with Anwar Sadat of Egypt to create the first marine preserve in that country. At the same time, she was beloved and honored in Israel. There are numerous stories about Genie's adventures, but two stand out to me.
When Genie was invited to visit the Crown Prince of Japan (a noted ichthyologist), she discovered that she had to bring a gift. So, she decided to bring a trained shark. She trained an animal and then persuaded her friend Juan Trippe, president of Pan American Airways, to help her and the shark get to Japan. Trippe gave Genie two first-class tickets (one for her and one for the shark). Genie's biggest "fear" was that the long flight would result in the shark forgetting the task. But, to her delight, after she and the shark deplaned (they were the first off, and Genie walked down a red carpet) and went to the newly built aquarium, the shark performed perfectly, to the amazement of the Crown Prince (now the Emperor of Japan and a close friend of Genie's).
The second story involves Jacques Cousteau. In the 1960s, Cousteau had a TV show about his cruises on the Calypso. I was in Genie's class at that time, and all of us watched in amazement as Genie appeared on the very first show in the series. We learned later that Genie was the only woman scientist to ever work on the Calypso.
Genie loved to say she was thrilled that I went from being her student to being her department chair, but I told her many times that I could never see my teacher and mentor as someone to whom I could be "boss."
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I was shooting a time lapse of elk in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park and I left my camera on a tripod in the meadow shooting a frame every five seconds. A female elk wandered up next to the camera and began sniffing and licking it. Then she stepped in front of the lens and posed for this perfect self portrait. To learn more about watching elk in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park in North Carolina, read the post: Photo of the Day: Elk Taking a Self Portrait.


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Q: Derivations of universal enveloping algebra of Lie algebras We know a lot about derivations of Lie algebra. However, for the universal enveloping algebra of Lie algebra, we have few references about it.
  My question: describing the derivations of enveloping algebras is very hard or easy?  And are there any applications about it?
For example, for the one-dimensional Lie algebra, the derivations of the universal enveloping algebra form the one-sided Witt algebra.

A: Associated to any associative algebra $A$ is the Hochschild cochain complex
\begin{align*}
HH^n(A) &= \operatorname{Hom}(A^{\otimes n},A),\\
 \mathrm d f(a_0,\dots,a_n) &= a_0f(a_1,\dots,a_n) + (-1)^{n+1} f(a_0,\dots,a_{n-1})a_n + \sum_{i=1}^n (-1)^i f(a_0,\dots,a_{i-1}a_i,\dots,a_n)
\end{align*}
In particular, $\operatorname{ker} d^1\subset \operatorname{Hom}(A,A)$ are exactly the derivations, and $\operatorname{im} d^0\subset \operatorname{Hom}(A,A)$ are the inner derivations. Thus there is an exact sequence
$$
0\to Z(A)= HH^0(A)\to A\to \operatorname{Der}(A)\to HH^1(A)\to 0
$$
For $A = \operatorname{Sym}(V)$, we have $HH^i(A)\cong \operatorname{Hom}(\Lambda^i V,\operatorname{Sym}(V))$ (the Hochschild-Kostant-Rosenberg isomorphism). In this case  this exact sequence encodes that a derivation is uniquely and arbitrarily defined by what it does on generators. This cochain complex carries an obvious commutative multiplication and a $1$-shifted Lie bracket which uniquely extends the commutator of derivations and their action on algebra elements as a biderivation.
For $A = U\mathfrak g$, the PBW filtration defines a filtration on the Hochschild complex, and the associated graded is $HH^*(\operatorname{Sym}(\mathfrak g))$. Thus you get a spectral sequence with $E^1$-page $\operatorname{Hom}(\Lambda^i \mathfrak g,\operatorname{Sym}(\mathfrak g))$, where the differential is given by taking the Lie bracket $[\Pi,-]$ with the element $\Pi\in\operatorname{Hom}(\Lambda^2\mathfrak g,\mathfrak g)$ defining the Lie structure (the fact that this squares to zero is equivalent to the Jacobi identity). In fact, this complex can be identified with the Chevalley-Eilenberg complex calculating the Lie algebra cohomology of $\mathfrak g$ with values in $\operatorname{Sym}(\mathfrak g)$. A quite deep theorem by Kontsevich implies that this spectral sequence degenerates at the $E^2$-page (compare Pevzner, Michaël, and Ch Torossian. "Isomorphisme de Duflo et la cohomologie tangentielle." Journal of geometry and Physics 51.4 (2004): 486-505.). This implies the following for the two groups we are interested in:

*

*$Z(U\mathfrak g) = HH^0(U\mathfrak g)\cong (\operatorname{Sym}\mathfrak g)^{\mathfrak g}$ (Duflo isomorphism)

*$HH^1(U\mathfrak g)\cong H^1(\mathfrak g,\operatorname{Sym}\mathfrak g)$ (recall that Lie derivations are given by $H^1(\mathfrak g,\mathfrak g)$)

Theoretically you can also identify the maps in the above exact sequence explicitly by chasing through the proof of the formality theorem.

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text:
Insurers pressured by Sebelius to fund WH-related Enroll America
Ed MorrisseyPosted at 9:21 am on May 23, 2013
At any other time in Barack Obama's time as President, this might have qualified as a top priority for a Congressional probe. As it is, Kathleen Sebelius' attempt to pressure insurers to fund a White House-linked organization as a means to save ObamaCare will have to wait while Congress tries to get to the bottom of at least three other scandals — Benghazi, the IRS, and the Department of Justice's snooping on reporters. However, they shouldn't ignore the Enroll America shakedown, say insurers:
The links between a nonprofit promoting President Obama's healthcare law and the White House have created an "air of expectation" that insurers will contribute to the group, according to an insurance industry official.
Current and former administration officials have taken on leadership and fundraising roles for Enroll America, a nonprofit aiming to make sure people sign up for new coverage options. As the ties grow deeper, the organization has come to feel like "just an arm of the administration," said one official who works closely with insurers.
Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Kathleen Sebelius has already come under fire from congressional Republicans because she has raised money for the organization.
Thanks to ObamaCare, Sebelius and HHS can deliver devastating impacts to insurers by delaying or denying approval of their health-insurance plans for federally-approved exchanges. After seeing what the IRS did with Tea Party and other conservative groups seeking tax-exempt status, insurers have to be doubly concerned about keeping Sebelius happy. A failure to support Enroll America might be the difference between profit and collapse, especially given the ambiguities and top-down control in the law that leaves most of the regulation to the whims of the HHS Secretary.
What are the ties between the White House and Enroll America that has insurers feeling pressured?
Several industry sources also believe the White House orchestrated a recent leadership change in which a former administration official took the reins of Enroll America. The group's chairman disputed that account.
At the beginning of this year, Anne Filipic left the White House Office of Public Engagement to become president of Enroll America. …
Obama reportedly sat in for an hour-long meeting he was initially not scheduled to attend at all last month, and told insurance executives that the White House and the industry were now "joined at the hip" trying to make the healthcare law work.
Other big names from the administration have also pitched in to help raise money.
Nancy-Ann DeParle, a former White House deputy chief of staff and director of the White House healthcare office, has made fundraising calls on Enroll America's behalf.
Yeah, hey … no pressure there. With those kind of connections, no one needs to even speak the words, "Nice business ya got there, kid. Shame if something happened to it."
Joined at the hip indeed. It may take a while to get to this, but the House committee overseeing HHS should start preparing to investigate this shakedown scheme soon.
Hoo boy: Guardian sources claim Jeff Bezos's phone was hacked by ... the crown prince of Saudi Arabia


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Alleles giving rise to different Mendel's pea traits are just coding variants that produce different protein isoforms among individuals (called non-synonymous variants; also recall 1 Basics for Bioinformatics 23 that alternative splicing creates protein isoforms within the same individuals). There are many more types of variations whose different forms (also termed alleles), coding or noncoding, can be directly assayed from DNA level. While some alleles may cause changes in phenotypes, for example, increasing the risk to diseases, most are neutral (little phenotypic consequences) and commonly occurring within human population.


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A: background-blend-mode is not supported on Edge and IE.
You can create something similar with pseudo-element overlays
Hover the image to see the effect:

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How do I download games from my PS4 Library?
From the home screen, go to [Library] and select the 'Purchased' folder.
Select the game you want to download. Add-ons can be found in a sub-section within each game.
Select 'Download' on the content screen.
You can check the progress of your downloads in [Notifications] > [Downloads].
'Play as you Download' is available on selected games. This function allows you to choose which part of the game you want to download and play first, while the rest of the content downloads in the background.


Definition: The problem of finding the shortest path in a graph from one vertex to another. "Shortest" may be least number of edges, least total weight, etc.
Also known as single-pair shortest-path problem.
See also Dijkstra's algorithm, Bellman-Ford algorithm, DAG shortest paths, all pairs shortest path, single-source shortest-path problem, kth shortest path.
Note: The problem is to find the weight of the shortest path. For a map, it is to produce the (shortest) road distance from one city to another city, not which roads to take.
A modification to most algorithms finds the shortest path, too. In predecessor[i][j] save the immediate predecessor of the shortest path from i to j. Suppose predecessor[i][j] is k; then the shortest path ends with … → k → j. If predecessor[i][k] is p, the shortest path ends with … → p → k → j. Continue working backward until you reach i.


text:
Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience
Front. Psychol., 06 January 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01523
Investment choice and perceived mating intentions regulated by external resource cues and internal fluctuation in blood glucose levels
Li-Lin Rao1, Xiao-Tian Wang1,2* and Shu Li1
1Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
2Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
We examined resource allocation priorities in the framework of an updated Maslow hierarchy of fundamental human needs. In Experiment 1, the participants in the food abundance priming condition viewing photos of high-calorie food allocated more money to savings than to spending. However, the participants preferred spending to savings under the condition of mating availability priming with romantic photographs. In Experiment 2, before and after drinking either water or a sugary beverage, fasting participants rated photos of a conversation between a man and a woman. Water drinking lowered the rating scores of mating intentions as well as blood glucose (BG) levels. The sugary drink buffered this decline in sexual perceptivity. Overall, the change in BG levels was positively associated with changes in the ratings of mating intentions but was not associated with other likelihood ratings. These results suggest that both external cues of food and mating resources and internal BG fluctuation regulate the cognitive priority of physiological needs vs. mate acquisition and retention.
Energy, food, nutrients, calories, money, time, and mates are all resources needed for survival and reproduction. The acquisition and use of resources and of information are two major processes vital to all living organisms across the lifespan (Glazier, 2009). The relationship between foraging and mating, two major forms of resource acquisition, has been of long-standing interest across multiple disciplines. From the perspective of evolutionary biology, life is the result of a process by which variant forms of organisms compete to acquire energy from the environment and replicate (Kaplan and Gangestad, 2005). Individuals capture food energy from the environment (through foraging, hunting, or cultivating) and allocate this energy to activities that enhance survival (e.g., somatic growth, savings), mating, and reproduction. Given that individuals must live within finite energy budgets in a biological reality, adaptive decisions regarding the investment of time and energy in various life tasks relies on the cognitive priority of different human needs and motives based on external and internal resource availabilities (Kenrick et al., 2009, 2010).
Similarly, life-history models assume that resources are always limited. Organisms can be considered "informed resource users" who allocate limited resources to substantiate life-history priorities (e.g., survival, somatic growth, mating, or reproduction) based on their relative importance at a given time in life. What constitutes a favorable or unfavorable tradeoff depends on a dynamic interaction between fundamental needs or motivational systems and environmental conditions. Maslow's hierarchy of fundamental human needs and motivation (Maslow, 1943, 1954) has been widely adopted in both the biological and social sciences as a basic theoretical framework. However, although commonly assumed in more recent research, little is known about the actual tradeoffs between different needs. An updated hierarchy of human needs and motives proposed by Kenrick et al. (2010) provides a new framework to experimentally explore the tradeoffs between physiological needs for food and higher-order needs for mate acquisition and retention.
By integrating ideas from life-history theory with Maslow's classic hierarchy, Kenrick et al. (2010) suggest a natural hierarchical relationship between survival and reproductive goals (i.e., mate acquisition, mate retention, and parental care) in which survival goals underlying reproductive goals. Survival and social needs provide the foundation for acquiring mates, which in turn provides a foundation for meeting the needs of reproducing and parenting. The model assumes a continual dynamic interplay between these fundamental needs or motives. The activation of needs and goals is highly sensitive to proximate cues and environmental threats and opportunities. As noted by Deci and Ryan (2000), the term "need" has been used in various ways, but it is most closely associated with physiological deficits such as low blood sugar, which triggers hunger.
Based on the hierarchy model of Kenrick et al. (2010), we propose that the tradeoff between foraging and mating priorities is regulated on a daily basis by ongoing physiological conditions, such as blood glucose (BG) levels and environmental cues, similar to the life-history tradeoffs between somatic growth and reproduction. We conducted two experiments to test this idea. The tradeoff mechanisms between hierarchical needs as manipulated in Experiments 1 and 2 are illustrated in Figures 1A,B, respectively. Experiment 1 was designed to test whether priming cues (i.e., food abundance and mating opportunities) would have different effects on monetary investment choices. Considering the natural hierarchical relationship between survival and reproductive goals, with survival goals underlying reproductive goals (Kenrick et al., 2010), we predict that priming food abundance promotes resource conservation behavior. By contrast, because mate acquisition and retention require resource expenditure (Kenrick et al., 2010), we predict that mating priming prompts resource expenditure behaviors (Figure 1). Experiment 1 examines the survival-reproduction (food-mate) priority tradeoff prompted by external cues, whereas Experiment 2 explores a similar type of food-mate tradeoff regulated by internal cues associated with BG fluctuation (Figure 1). Experiment 2 was designed to test whether changes in physiological needs manipulated by administering water or sugary drinks to fasting participants would have implicit differential effects on higher-level human motives, such as mate acquisition and retention. We hypothesize that fluctuations in BG levels signal the need for resources and regulate the acquisition priority for different resources (e.g., food or mate). When BG levels are low (even within a normal range), physiological needs predominate over mating needs. When BG levels fluctuate upward, mate acquisition and retention needs become more important (Figure 1).
Figure 1. (A) Experiment 1. The effect of need activation on resource allocation; (B) Experiment 2. Regulating the cognitive priority of different needs.
We examined the differential effects of food abundance cues and mating availability cues on monetary allocation choices.
A review of the evolutionary psychology literature suggests that mating is a resource acquisition process that involves tradeoffs between the expenditure of financial resources and the acquisition of mating resources (Buss, 1994, 2005; Wilson and Daly, 2004; Li and Kenrick, 2006; Saad and Vongas, 2009; Burnham and Phelan, 2012; Griskevicius et al., 2012).
Wilson and Daly (2004) reported that priming mating opportunities with photos of attractive persons of the opposite sex changes the rate of temporal delay discounting. Photos of attractive women increased the delay discounting of men for monetary rewards. Hence, male participants were more likely to prefer a smaller and sooner reward over a larger but delayed reward. Thus, mating cues activate a spending mode of intertemporal choice. Similarly, more recent studies have also indicated that exposure to sexually provocative cues (e.g., viewing sexy photos or fondling a bra) increases both the urgency to consume something rewarding and the preference for smaller and quicker rewards (Van den Bergh et al., 2008). These findings highlight the link between monetary resource expenditure and mating cues.
In view of the experimental evidence from previous studies (e.g., Wilson and Daly, 2004), we predict that mating priming prompts spending behaviors. In addition, we predict that priming food abundance promotes saving behaviors (see also Figure 1A).
A total of 120 participants (60 males and 60 females with an average age of 19.9 ± 0.9 years) were recruited from a large university in Beijing. The participants were assigned to one of three conditions: (a) a food priming condition that used photos of high-calorie food items (e.g., gourmet food, desserts, and fast food), (b) a mating priming condition that used romantic photos and paintings of a couple kissing or hugging one another1, and (c) a control condition that used abstract paintings of colors and shapes. Forty (20 female and 20 male) participants were assigned to each condition. For each condition, the participant was asked to initially view a group of five printed photos and then answer several questions regarding the photos.
In the food priming condition, each participant was asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed with one statement regarding each of the five photos on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree).
The following statement was used: "This photo stimulates my appetite."
In the mating priming condition, each participant was given the same 7-point rating scale for the following statement regarding each of the five romantic photos: "This picture is sexy."
In the control condition, the participants were asked to indicate their agreement or disagreement on the same 7-point scale for each of the five photos of abstract paintings with respect to the following two statements: "This picture is sexy" and "This picture stimulates my appetite."
After completing the rating task, the participants were presented with a personal financial investment scenario adapted from Liu and Aaker (2007). In this scenario, the participants allocate money for savings and for immediate spending. The scenario reads as follows.
"Please imagine you have just received a Ұ10,000 bonus from your company. What would you do with this money? Please indicate the amount you would allocate for each of the following purposes (must total Ұ10,000).
(a) Spend now: Ұ____;
(b) Put in a savings account Ұ____."
An independent-sample t-test of appetite ratings revealed that individuals in the food priming group had higher appetite rating scores than the control group did, t(77) = −6.339, p < 0.001. An independent-sample t-test of the sexiness ratings revealed that individuals in the mating priming group had higher sexiness rating scores than the control group did, t(77) = −2.762, p = 0.007. These results indicated that our manipulation was effective.
Figure 2 presents the descriptive results of Experiment 1. The gender of the participants did not affect the amount of saving, t(109) = 0.760, p = 0.449, or the amount of spending, t(109) = 0.723, p = 0.471. We thus pooled the data for both sexes in the following analysis. A One-Way ANOVA of the amount of allocation revealed a significant effect of priming on saving decisions, F(2, 109) = 3.054, p = 0.05, η2 = 0.053, and spending decisions, F(2, 109) = 3.167, p = 0.046, η2 = 0.055. The results of a Two-Way ANOVA also supported our prediction: with investment option (saving or spending) as a within-subject variable and priming as a between-subjects variable, the Two-Way ANOVA on the amount of allocation revealed a significant main effect of the investment option, F(1, 109) = 53.005, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.327, and a significant interaction between the investment option and the priming condition, F(2, 109) = 3.111, p = 0.049, η2 = 0.054. A post-hoc analysis showed that (1) the participants in the mating priming condition allocated more money to immediate spending than did those in the food priming group, p = 0.015, and (2) the participants in the food priming group allocated more money to savings (72.6% of the total allocation) than did those in the mating priming group (59.5% of the total allocation, p = 0.014).
Figure 2. Monetary allocation under food and mating priming conditions. Error bars represent standard errors.
Collectively, these results support our prediction that priming mating opportunities motivates immediate monetary spending, whereas priming food abundance promotes saving intentions and future-oriented investment.
The results from Experiment 1 suggest that investment decisions are made based on the availability of different types of resources (food or mate) as indicated by relevant external cues. In Experiment 2, we explored a similar type of food-mate priority tradeoff regulated based on internal cues of BG fluctuations (see also Figure 1).
Perrigo (1990) argued that all somatic and behavioral processes of survival and reproduction are driven by available food energy, which is in turn indexed by BG levels. One of our earlier studies (Wang and Dvorak, 2010) identified a novel link between BG levels and delay discounting in the process of making inter-temporal choices. We found that participants are more future oriented and prefer larger but delayed options when their BG levels are higher after drinking a sugary drink than after drinking a diet drink. These findings suggest that fluctuating BG levels inform the brain of the ongoing energy condition of the body and allow the brain to regulate metabolic and behavioral reactions to various demands for resource acquisition and use.
We hypothesize that fluctuations in BG levels signal the need for resources and regulate the priority of acquiring different resources (e.g., food or mate). When BG levels are low, physiological needs predominate over mating needs, as indicated in the classic Minnesota starvation experiment (Keys et al., 1950; Tucker, 2008). When BG levels fluctuate upward within a normal range, the need for mate acquisition and retention receives greater priority.
In particular, we predict that participants in a fasting state would be less sensitive to sexual cues when their BG levels further decrease after drinking water. However, compared with the water-drinking participants, participants drinking a sugary beverage would more sensitive to the same mating cues. Overall, we predict that the change (rise or fall) in BG levels will be positively correlated with changes in participants' sensitivity to mating cues (sexual perceptivity).
A total of 134 participants (71 males and 63 females with an average age of 22.8 ± 2.2 years) were recruited from a large university in Beijing through an advertisement. All participants were informed about BG checks and provided written informed consent prior to the experiment. Their BG levels were measured using the Accu-Chek® Active Blood Glucose Meter (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The height and weight of the participants were also assessed. Their body mass index (BMI), a proxy for human body fat, was subsequently calculated using the following formula: Weight (kg)/(Height (m))2.
The experiment was conducted in the morning (from 7:00 a.m. to noon). All participants were instructed not to eat for at least 6 h prior to the experiment. When the participants arrived at the laboratory, an initial check of their BG levels was performed. Their moods were assessed using a 9-point Likert scale ranging from extremely unhappy (1) to extremely happy (9). The participants were then asked to complete a photo rating task. In this task, the participants were asked to estimate the content and intent of a conversation between a man and a woman portrayed in a photo (see Figure 3 for examples). The participants were asked to rate the questions on a 5-point likelihood scale ranging from 1 (impossible) to 5 (definitely): "How likely is it that they are talking about work/flirting/gossiping about others/discussing politics?"
Figure 3. Sample picture used in Experiment 2.
After completing the rating task, the participants were randomly assigned to either a water group in which they drank a 250 ml glass of water or a sugary drink group in which they drank a 230 ml glass of water with 45.4 g cane sugar. The participants were given a 10-min break after drinking. After the break, the participants underwent a second BG check and a second mood assessment. Finally, the participants were asked to complete a second photo rating task similar to the first task but with a different photo. The presentation order of the photos used in the two rating tasks was counterbalanced among the participants in the two drinking conditions.
Table 1 presents the descriptive results of Experiment 2. Figure 4 shows four scatter plots, one for each of the four photo ratings (i.e., the likelihood of flirting, gossiping, talking about work, or politics). Each point on a scatter plot represents the change in a rating score for one participant as a function of the change in his or her BG levels after drinking either the sugary drink or the water. For both the likelihood ratings and BG levels, a change score was the difference in the score after the drink minus the score before the drink.
Table 1. The descriptive results of Experiment 2 (mean ± SE).
Figure 4. Scatter plots of the change in four rating scores for the photos (the rating before drinking minus the rating after drinking) as a function of the change in blood glucose levels (the second BG check minus the first BG check).
To test the relationship between the change in BG levels and the change in photo interpretation ratings, we conducted four hierarchical multiple regression analyses of the four rating scores with the change in BG levels as the predictor variable. To control for other possible sources of effects on the rating scores, we entered the participants' gender, age, BMI, time of testing, mood change, and presentation order as covariates.
The regression analyses yielded a significant effect of BG changes on the flirting likelihood rating (Table 2). A change in BG levels was positively associated with a change in the subjective likelihood of flirting. None of the covariates were significant (Table 2). By contrast, the analyses revealed no significant effect of BG changes on other likelihood ratings (Table 2). The results of regression analyses were similar when the analysis excluded demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, BMI, time of testing, mood change).
Table 2. The regression results of Experiment 2.
The results suggested a bidirectional relationship between food calories ingested and sensitivity to mating cues. That is, daily changes in BG levels within a normal range may sensitize or desensitize an individual to mating cues. The existing literature on attitudes and social perceptions provides strong confirmation that social judgment can be affected by environmental cues such as physical appearance (Livingston, 2001), geographical distance (Burgoon et al., 2013), and personal status (Pettit and Sivanathan, 2012). Our result suggests that when the body has a surplus in its food energy budget, as signaled by elevated BG levels, the mind becomes more sensitive to mating cues, whereas decreasing BG levels are associated with lower sensitivity to mating cues.
Within a synthetic framework of life-history theory and evolutionary tradeoffs of need prioritization, we explored a "food-mate" (survival-reproduction) tradeoff regulated by either external priming cues (Experiment 1) or internal metabolic cues of BG fluctuations (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, mating opportunity cues promoted spending, whereas food availability cues promoted savings. This result suggests that investment decisions are regulated by external cues that indicate the availability of different types of resources (food or mates). In Experiment 2, we examined the same food-mate tradeoff regulated by BG fluctuations (see Figure 1).
Changes in the BG levels of the participants were positively associated with changes in the ratings of perceived flirtatiousness but were not associated with the ratings of other perceived intentions or activities. After drinking water, the participants in the fasting condition became less receptive to mating cues. Water drinking further lowered their BG levels and their perceptions of flirtatiousness. By contrast, although consumption of a sugary beverage was unable to reverse this trend, this consumption buffered the decline in sensitivity to mating cues. These results suggest that when one is hungry, the cognitive priority of mating decreases. In our results, the decrease in BG levels observed after drinking water had a significant effect on perceived sexual intentions, whereas the increasing BG levels after drinking a sugary beverage did not significantly increase receptivity to mating cues. Future studies should explore possible asymmetrical cognitive effects of caloric deficiency and caloric supplementation. According to life-history theory (Kaplan and Gangestad, 2005), tradeoffs among survival, growth, reproduction, and other needs are a function of their relative priorities in different stages of the life-span of an organism (Sibly and Calow, 1986). However, little is known about the need tradeoffs that occur on a daily basis. Our findings suggest that daily BG fluctuations serve as a signaling mechanism for regulating the cognitive priorities of different needs and motives.
Neurological evidence suggests similar mechanisms for different reinforcers also involve in need tradeoffs. For instance, the neural circuitry implicated in reward valuation in the nucleus accumbens is activated by either high-calorie food or sexual stimuli (Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999). Similarly, the orbitofrontal cortex is activated by monetary rewards (Breiter et al., 2001), sweet-tasting food rewards, and the cues for such rewards (O'Doherty et al., 2002). These findings suggest that there is a neural basis for tradeoffs between physiological needs and mating needs.
In sum, our results suggest that the cognitive priority of each fundamental human need is dynamic and varies as a function of ongoing physiological conditions and resource availability in the environment.
This research was partially supported by the US National Science Foundation Grant SES-1123341 to Xiao-Tian Wang, a Research Fund of the Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences to Wang and Li, and by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2011CB711000), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31170976; 31300843), and the Foundation for the Supervisor of Beijing Excellent Doctoral Dissertation (20138012501). The authors wish to thank Xiao-Lu Zheng, Shao-Jun Li, and Yi-Ping Tang for their assistance with the data collection.
1. ^Similar mating cues were also used in previous studies (e.g., Mikulincer et al., 2001; Hundhammer and Mussweiler, 2012). These photos of romantic actions emphasize that mating cues not only are sexually provoking but also involve mutual attractions.
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Keywords: resource allocation, blood glucose, hierarchy of needs, foraging, mating, life history
Citation: Rao L-L, Wang X-T and Li S (2015) Investment choice and perceived mating intentions regulated by external resource cues and internal fluctuation in blood glucose levels. Front. Psychol. 5:1523. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01523
Received: 22 September 2014; Accepted: 09 December 2014;
Published online: 06 January 2015.
Karol Osipowicz, Jefferson Neuroscience Hospital, USA
Lei Chang, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
Astrid T. Groot, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Copyright © 2015 Rao, Wang and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xiao-Tian Wang, Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA e-mail: xtwang@usd.edu