Post-surgery severe hypocalcemia in primary hyperparathyroidism preoperatively treated with zoledronic acid.
Department of Endocrinology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
Zoledronic acid is a newly FDA-approved bisphosphonate for the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy. Although the safety and efficacy of this drug in treating hypercalcemia associated with hyperparathyroidism have not yet been established in clinically controlled trials, its off-label use is not uncommon. We describe a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism treated with zoledronic acid who developed severe postoperative hypocalcemia. A 64-yr-old woman was admitted with severe hypercalcemia. She was treated with rehydration, calcitonin, methylprednisolone, furosemide as well as 4 mg/day of zoledronic acid for two consecutive days. Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a right inferior parathyroid lesion was diagnosed. While awaiting surgery, she continued furosemide, methylprednisolone and hydration: after one week, serum calcium had fallen to such a low level that a short-term calcium carbonate supplementation was required. Three weeks after admission, the patient underwent selective right inferior parathyroidectomy, followed by reduction of PTH. During the postoperative period the patient presented severe hypocalcemia resistant to the usual treatment. Serum calcium levels returned to normal three months after surgery. The severity of hypocalcemia and the resistance to conventional treatments suggest that the effect of hungry bone syndrome could be worse in patients treated with bisphosphonates in the preoperative phase.


During the Prohibition, this Indianapolis bar was a Speakeasy. Rumor has it that John Dillinger was a Vollrath regular, and he used the basement tunnels as an escape route from the police. From the times of gambling in the basement, all the way up to today, some really exciting times have been had at the Vollrath Tavern. Even now-a-days, the Vollrath Tavern is a hot spot for live music. They're currently booking exciting shows every night of the week. When live music isn't rocking the joint, the amazing jukebox certainly is.
The Vollrath Tavern is located on the near south side of Indianapolis, in the Sacred Heart Catholic Church Neighborhood. Its classic corner bar appearance is a gem in this working class neighborhood. The atmosphere at the Vollrath Tavern is unlike any other. Just some of the bar's coolest features include a copper-topped bar, a mirrored-backed bar, wood floors and a steeple-like entryway. Drinks are very reasonably priced and the bartenders are always top-of-the-line.
As far as food goes, there's only one item on the menu at the Vollrath Tavern. Available anytime are slices of Sheetza Pizza. That's right, just like the ones served with school lunches, yum-yum. It's the perfect drunchy (drunk-munchy) food, and it's cheap, cheap, cheap. Mondays are Karaoke night, so everyone has the chance to rock out on the most awesome stage in the Circle City.
Flat screen TVs, pool tables, darts and games galore are just a portion of the fun at the Vollrath Tavern. There are occasionally local Indy beers on draft, and the wine and spirits are always flowing. For a night of loud music, a little dancing and fun with friends, hit the Vollrath Tavern. The bar is open for business from Noon until 3 a.m. Mondays through Saturdays, and from Noon until Midnight on Sundays.


Bellingham Wines illustrated the strength in its portfolio when it secured no less than 7 X 4½ Star ratings in the Platter's SA Wine Guide 2019.
With a history reaching back to 1693, Bellingham is one of South Africa's most entrenched producers, and the first local producer to launch a single varietal Shiraz in 1956. Since inception, Bellingham has been honing a reputation as a producer that genuinely knows how to harness the strength of its terroir. By focusing on a few core varieties, Bellingham manages to ensure premium quality wines that are truly distinct in character.
Bellingham is therefore incredibly proud that such a great percentage of its wines scored in the upper echelons of the annual Platter's Guide.
The Bernard Series Old Vine Chenin Blanc 2017, made from three selected plots of old bush vines, was rated 94/100 - narrowly missing the Five-Star mark of 95 - with other wines from the portfolio in close support.
Top performing wines in The Bernard Series included Bush Vine Pinotage 2016 (93), Small Barrel SMV 2015 (93), Whole Bunch Roussanne 2018 (92), Small Basket Press Syrah 2016 (91) and Whole Bunch Grenache-Blanc Viognier 2017 (90). Showcasing quality across its tiers, Bellingham also secured 4½ Stars for its Old Orchard Chenin Blanc 2017 (93).
The full range of Bellingham Wines can be purchased online via shop.bellinghamwines.com.


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Eni worldwide Eurasia
Our work in Albania
We have been operating in the country since 2020. Our work in the country relates to oil exploration and production.
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Eni's entry into the country
At the end of 2019, we signed a Production Sharing Contract to explore, with a 100% stake, the onshore block known as Dumre, located approximately 40 km south of the capital Tirana. The contract was awarded following an international tender launched in September 2019 by the Albanian National Agency for Natural Resources (AKBN). Our return to Albania after 20 years has strengthened our commercial relationship with the country, which is considered an important hub for the energy sector in Europe and the Balkans. In 2021, were conducted two "Human Rights Impact Assessments" (HRIAs) in Albania.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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You are here: Parliament home page > Parliamentary business > Publications and Records > Lords Publications > Lords Hansard > Lords Hansard by Date > Daily Hansard
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Following these negotiations, I understand that government Ministers are minded to table various amendments on Report. I assure the noble Baroness, Lady Howe, that these amendments will obviously be scrutinised on Report. They should meet many of the concerns referred to in the various amendments tabled in my name and those of other noble Lords. Any further assurances that the Minister may be able to make on other matters would be most welcome. I beg to move.
Lord Young of Norwood Green: With the indulgence of the Committee, I was hoping to save a bit of time. I am pleased that, with the extensive discussions that have taken place with the Special Educational Consortium, Skill, Mencap and other key interest groups, and the progress that has been made, we will bring forward amendments on Report to address these issues. They will enable people with learning difficulties to meet the entry requirements through alternative evidence, rather than the qualifications set out in Clause 93, and may extend the age range of the apprenticeship entitlement up to 25 for people with learning difficulties. In developing those regulations, we will continue to work closely with those key interest groups to ensure that we have criteria that mean that this extension is available to those who genuinely need it without lowering the bar around the entry requirements or the quality of the apprenticeships.
I understand the concern of the noble Lord, Lord Addington, about the timing of these amendments. I hope that he will recognise that it has been essential to have the discussions to which I referred to ensure that we get the amendments right. I hope that, on this basis, the noble Lord will feel able to withdraw his amendment.
Lord Addington: I thank the Minister for his comments and for the meetings, but will he also ensure as he goes through this that everything is at least within the spirit of the Disability Discrimination Act? As the Bill is drafted, there may be a legal challenge against it. It has what I, and many people to whom I have spoken, regard as an arbitrary element, although the Minister did not like that term when I used it in discussions with him. The Government have to achieve certain levels but have not achieved the spirit that we have established in many arguments on disability and education over many years in this House, even with changes of government, which is that the system must be flexible to include people. If the noble Lord can give me an
15 Oct 2009 : Column 346
assurance now that this will be taken into account, it would increase the speed with which we progress on Report because, unusually for an education Bill, this Bill seems to have missed this issue. I just hope that the Minister can give us an assurance that the Government really will look at it for the rest of the Bill.
Lord Young of Norwood Green: I thank the noble Lord, Lord Addington, for his comment. We will probably have to agree to disagree about my not particularly liking the use of the word "arbitrary" because I regard basic literacy and numeracy as of vital importance. Of course we want to ensure that we are true to the spirit of the Disability Discrimination Act. This is a new provision, not mirrored elsewhere. However, regulations will ensure that we meet the public sector disability equality duty under Section 49A of the Disability Discrimination Act. It is in line with the Education and Skills Act 2008, which requires the needs of those with learning difficulties and disabilities to be taken into account.
Lord Rix: My Lords, I thank the Minister and the Bill team for their co-operation in this matter. I am most grateful and I look forward to reading these amendments when they are forthcoming. I hope that we will be able to agree them. With those good wishes, I beg leave to withdraw the amendment.
Amendment 204 withdrawn.
Amendment 205 not moved.
Amendment 206
Moved by Lord Layard
206: Clause 90, page 60, line 30, at end insert-
"( ) A person who completes the Level 2 apprenticeship before reaching their nineteenth birthday is entitled to elect for an advanced apprenticeship."
Lord Layard: My Lords, the entitlement that is currently proposed is really quite limited. For somebody without level 2 qualifications, it guarantees that they will have access only to a level 2 apprenticeship, but to nothing further beyond that. That would be the equivalent, on the academic route, of guaranteeing somebody without GCSEs the entitlement to study for GCSE grades A to C, for example, but it would not guarantee them, if they were successful, the right to progress to A-levels or diplomas. We would never consider a block to progression of that kind along the full-time route and we should be equally unwilling to consider a block to progression along the part-time route. Therefore, we urge that anyone who completes a level 2 apprenticeship before their 19th birthday should be entitled to progress to a level 3 apprenticeship. If their existing employer did not want to provide one, the National Apprenticeship Service would have to help them to find a place elsewhere.
As I have said, this is a matter of fairness, but it is also much more important economically as a matter of national efficiency. On the continent, the standard
apprenticeship is taken at level 3. Unfortunately, in our country the most common apprenticeship for young people ends at level 2. The major reason for that is the low rate of progression by those who get level 2 to level 3. When the Economic Affairs Committee of this House reported two years ago, only 20 per cent of those who completed level 2 were progressing to level 3. That is just not good enough. We have to build in an automatic entitlement to progression, for the sake of both fairness and efficiency. We strongly urge the Government to accept our amendment.
Baroness Garden of Frognal: My Lords, in the interests of brevity I will say simply that, for all the reasons that the noble Lord has given, we on these Benches support the amendment.
Baroness Howe of Idlicote: My Lords, I would like just to say, also in the interests of brevity, that I thoroughly support the amendment. Indeed, it speaks for itself that it should be adopted by the Government. I hope that they will do just that.
Lord Young of Norwood Green: My Lords, I agree with my noble friend Lord Layard that progression from a level 2 to a level 3 apprenticeship is important. I disagree slightly with my noble friend that the entitlement is quite limited, given that he said in the previous debate that it was very ambitious. It is not often that I feel that I have to draw his attention to something like this, but it cannot be quite limited and very ambitious at the same time. I believe-and I think that the Committee believes, given the comments that have been made on all sides-that our ambitions, as defined in the Bill, are ones that will take a great deal of effort to achieve.
In many industries, such as construction and engineering, the progression happens naturally, as apprentices usually continue the level 3 element of their training on completion of their level 2 apprenticeship. We are working to ensure that this is the norm across all sectors. First, the Government will fully fund the training costs of level 3 learning for all apprentices who start their learning before the age of 19. Secondly, the guidance to the specification of apprenticeship standards in England will emphasise the importance of progression through the various levels of apprenticeship and routes into and out of apprenticeships. Thirdly, the National Apprenticeship Service will work with those sectors without a strong track record of progression from level 2 to level 3 to identify specific barriers to progression and actions to overcome these. There are such sectors; there is no doubt about that. We also hope that, through this legislation, the right to request time to train will have an impact. Fourthly, following discussions with the noble Lord, Lord Layard, we will ensure that the apprenticeship agreement has a prescribed term that requires discussions to encourage progression from level 2 to a level 3 apprenticeship.
Ultimately, unfortunately, this comes down to matter of priorities. I absolutely agree that we should seek to increase progression rates still further, but now we are clear that our focus has to be on ensuring the availability of a first apprenticeship place. I remind noble Lords
that this year we are spending nearly £1 billion on apprenticeships. It is a question of finite resources and, we believe, of encouraging both employers and learners. We are making progress. There is no room for complacency but, on this basis, I hope that my noble friend may be persuaded to withdraw the amendment.
Lord Layard: My Lords, I am most grateful to the Minister for his reply. It is important to put this in some perspective. It would not come into force for another six years or so. It would then set the pattern for our system of education for this group of young people for at least 10 or 20 years, so we should be willing to raise our sights. I am not completely happy with the reply. Perhaps we will have to come back to this on Report. In the mean time, I beg leave to withdraw the amendment.
Clause 90, as amended, agreed.
Clause 91: Meaning of "apprenticeship place"
Amendments 207 and 208 not moved.
Clause 91 agreed.
Clause 93: Apprenticeship scheme requirements
Clause 94: Apprenticeship scheme requirements: interpretation
Debate on whether Clause 94 should stand part of the Bill.
Lord Lucas: My Lords, I would just like to ask: why the Secretary of State and not Ofqual?
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Department for Children, Schools and Families (Baroness Morgan of Drefelin): My Lords, I can offer some clarification here. Clause 94 mirrors the interpretation of qualification levels in Part 1 of the Education and Skills Act 2008, which was passed before Ofqual was established. Obviously, as the Bill progresses through Parliament, Ofqual is being established. Perhaps we should write to the noble Lord with a further explanation of our intentions before Report stage because it seems to me-and possibly to the noble Lord-that maybe the clause should say Ofqual.
Clause 96: Power to amend apprenticeship scheme
Amendment 210A not moved.
Clause 98 : Provision of financial resources
Moved by Lord Addington
"( ) volunteers within community amateur sports clubs"
Lord Addington: With this amendment we go slightly away from the main thrust of most of the discussion. The Bill is entitled Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Bill, and I consider that sporting activity is covered under skills, children and learning. The Government should provide greater financial resources for sporting activity given that they are encouraging everybody to be more active and they have a target to encourage 2 million people to take up exercise or sport. Further, if you train people properly and they know what they are doing, they tend to enjoy what they are doing more and tend to continue doing it. They also have a skill base that can be reignited later in life. That is why I suggest that the wording of Amendment 211 should be added to Clause 98. If we make resources available to the volunteers who are achieving a government objective with no financial reward, we shall save money in the long term, certainly as regards health costs. In addition, such a measure would assist the Government to achieve one of their immediate objectives.
The Government may well tell us that money is being put into other areas, but I am talking about volunteers, who comprise most of the grass-roots participation. Those who volunteer their services in community amateur sports clubs are not the only group in this regard but they have a legal identity and we know what we are dealing with. It is a containable group and constitutes a way into this issue. This is a probing amendment to see whether two parts of Government can join together to implement the designs of Government as a whole. I look forward to hearing what the Minister says. I beg to move.
Lord Young of Norwood Green: My Lords, I know that this is an issue in which the noble Lord has taken considerable interest in this and previous debates, and it is one to which the Government are committed.
Coaches play a critical role in Sport England's strategy to build a world-leading community sport system and getting 1 million more adults doing more sport by 2012-13. Sport England is making available £480 million to national governing bodies of sport over 2009-13 to drive the development of their sports to deliver these goals. Of this, at least £100 million will be invested in coaching. While the bulk of funding comes from Sport England, I confirm that the Skills
Funding Agency will be able to fund sports coaches where appropriate. Clause 84 allows for the chief executive of Skills Funding to provide financial support to any adult receiving, or proposing to receive, education or training falling within the chief executive's remit, which might include those being trained as sports coaches, whether they are volunteers or not.
Volunteers within community amateur sports clubs may be eligible for some funding from the Skills Funding Agency towards the costs of training, though it is likely that they would also have to make a contribution. However, some learners will be able to have access to full fee remission. They will include those on means-tested benefits, and those who are eligible for the adult entitlements as set out in Clauses 85, 86, 87 and Schedule 5.
We place enormous store on the importance of more informal learning for personal, family and community development. We want more individuals to participate in learning generally, and for colleges and others to continue to provide a wide range of opportunities for informal learning, including opportunities for volunteering.
While I recognise the particular contribution of volunteers at community amateur sports clubs, I hope the noble Lord will recognise that it would be impractical to list all categories of learners who may be eligible for funding on the face of the Bill. I hope that, on that basis, the noble Lord will feel able to withdraw the amendment.
Lord Addington: My Lords, I thank the Minister for that reply, which was slightly more helpful than I had expected, but nowhere near as helpful as I had hoped. I could wax long about the importance of volunteers in sport but I think that noble Lords' attention would wane if I did so. The Government have said that funding routes are available in this regard. However, it is evident that volunteer coaches do not have a grab-hold on this system of funding. I do not know whether that issue will be followed up in the Bill but I thank the Minister for clarifying the position. I beg leave to withdraw the amendment.
Clause 100 : Performance assessments
Amendments 211A and 212 not moved.
Clause 100 agreed.
Clause 102 : Assistance and support in relation to apprenticeship places
Clauses 103 to 108 agreed.
Clause 109 : Strategies for functions of Chief Executive
Amendments 213A and 213B not moved.
Clause 113 : Persons subject to adult detention
Debate on whether Clause 113 should stand part of the Bill.
Lord Lucas: My Lords, I declare an interest, as I did yesterday, in that I am married to a lady who runs a prisons education charity. I looked in the Explanatory Memorandum for an amplification of Clause 113 and see that it says exactly the same words as the clause, near enough. Can the Minister amplify the intentions here? It seems to me that it might mark real progress in the relationship between education and prisons.
Lord Young of Norwood Green: I hope that I can amplify as requested. I know I hardly need make the point that prisoners are among the most disengaged and disadvantaged learners in the country. It is clear from exchanges yesterday and earlier this week on the education of young offenders that the Committee is well aware of the importance of the offender learning agenda. I know, therefore, that there is broad support for the Government's position that addressing learning needs in order to develop the skills prisoners need to get and retain employment on release is very important.
The offender learning agenda remains a key component of the Government's reducing reoffending strategy. The Bill places a duty on the chief executive of Skills Funding to consider the needs of prisoners as an integral part of his or her role. This is the first time that a piece of education legislation has set out the duties for the mainstream education delivery services-the local education authorities for those held in youth detention accommodation and the chief executive of Skills Funding for those in adult detention-in meeting the learning needs of offenders since that responsibility passed from the Home Office to the predecessor of our two departments in 2001.
This is an important though brief clause that reinforces the critical importance of the Skills Funding Agency in maintaining a focus on the skills agenda for adult learners in prison and continuing to deliver the improved service to which the noble Lord, Lord Lucas, referred yesterday.
Clause 117 : Other directions relating to functions of the office
Lord Lucas: My Lords, I take this opportunity to come back to the question that we debated yesterday on the meaning of the wording in Clause 117(4), which duplicates that in Clauses 73, 74 and Clause 59(10).
The question here is where that wording leaves the line to be drawn. I have had some very useful discussions with members of the team since last night, and my understanding is that their intention is to leave the line fuzzy and, as it were, to be determined in each case, but that it is clearly out of court for a Minister to try to direct how an individual institution should be funded. It would be clearly allowable that the Minister should direct, say, that additional funding was given to sixth-form colleges generally and that the interpretation of any particular instruction would have to come down to the particular circumstances, because clearly no exact rule is specified in the clause. The line, in terms of the wording, could come anywhere. It is important to establish on the Floor of the House what the Government's intention is and how in practice the line should be drawn.
Lord Young of Norwood Green: My Lords, the key is whether the direction would affect funding to a particular college. If it would, it is not permitted under Clause 117(4). So a direction to give more money to a named college would clearly not be permitted, nor would a direction to give money to a particular class of colleges. If there is only one college in the class, for example a direction to give more money to FE colleges in Winchester, which was quoted previously, a more general direction-a direction to allocate more money to skills training in a particular region-perhaps would be okay, because it would not necessarily affect the funding to any individual college or individual.
This subsection was intended to be a check on the Secretary of State to make him or her consider whether a direction is really about setting objectives for the chief executive as set out in subsection (1), or whether it is aimed at determining the levels of funding for particular providers. If a direction is framed in too specific a way, it may be vulnerable to challenge in the courts.
Clause 119: Sharing of information for education and training purposes
Moved by Baroness Verma
215: Clause 119, page 74, line 37, at end insert-
"( ) enables personal data to be shared between persons to whom this section applies without first gaining the consent of the individual to whom it belongs"
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text:
Christophe Faure
CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Canada
Tudor L. Pop
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Romania
Marta C. Sanabria
National University of Asunción, Paraguay
Front. Pediatr., 04 January 2018
Sec. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
Volume 5 - 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00286
Maternal Feeding Practices among Children with Feeding Difficulties—Cross-sectional Study in a Brazilian Reference Center
Rachel H. V. Machado*, Abykeyla M. Tosatti, Gabriela Malzyner, Priscilla Maximino, Cláudia C. Ramos, Ana Beatriz Bozzini, Letícia Ribeiro and Mauro Fisberg
Instituto PENSI, Hospital Infantil Sabará, Fundação José Luiz Egydio Setúbal, São Paulo, Brazil
Background: Given the positive influence of responsive caregiving on dietary habits in childhood, to raise awareness of caregivers regarding their behavior is crucial in multidisciplinary care on infant feeding.
Objectives: To identify the most common responsive and non-responsive feeding practices in mothers of children with feeding complaints, as well as to seek associations between practices and caregivers' profile.
Methods: Cross-sectional study with 77 children under 18 years old, with complaints of feeding difficulties. Data were collected during interviews with mothers: child age, gender, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, presence of organic disease, dynamics of bottle use, self-feeding practices and posture at meals, use of appropriate feeding equipment; basic information about the mothers (parity and level of education), caregiver feeding style, presence of coercive feeding, frequency and characteristics of family meals. Statistical analysis considered significance level at 5%.
Results: The non-responsive profile predominated among mothers (76.2%, with the Authoritarian style being the most prevalent—39.7%). The responsive profile was characterized by absence of coercive feeding, stimulation of self-feeding practices, use of appropriate feeding equipment and meal environment, with interaction at meals. Non-responsive profile consisted of both inadequate environment and posture at meals, use of distraction and coercive feeding, lack of shared meals, and disregard for children's hunger signals. Only the habit of sharing meals with children was associated with mothers' profile, and considered a protection factor against non-responsive care (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.06–0.88). Both Authoritarian (p = 0.000) and indulgent mothers (p = 0.007) breastfed exclusively for longer time than negligent ones. There was a higher level of interaction with children in "responsive" parental style (OR 0.056; p = 0.01) compared to other feeding styles.
Conclusion: Results highlight the need for educational interventions focused on caregivers' behaviors.
Caregivers' feeding behaviors are an important influence in the formation of eating habits in childhood, given their role in the decisions about what, when, and where meals are offered; and in leaving children to decide whether to eat or not, as well as to the amount of intake in each meal (1). In this context, the term "responsive caregiving" consists of a set of behaviors that address caregivers' attention and interest in the process of feeding their children, with respect for their hunger and satiety signals, and for their communication skills; in addition to stimulation toward effective and independent feeding processes (2).
Such influence in eating habits and nutritional status of children has been widely discussed over recent years, and its positive impact on consumption of healthy foods, availability, and intake of food groups and micronutrients, and improvement of healthy eating behaviors, social skills development, learning, and self-esteem have been described worldwide. The reduction in intake of sweets and sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity rates, sedentary activities, and psychosocial disorders in adolescence are also described as a consequence of responsive caregiving (3–7). The responsive caregiver tends to engage more in family mealtimes (8) and stimulates children's autonomy and independence in all development spheres (9), whereas non-responsive caregivers tend to use authoritarian, indulgent, negligent, and/or coercive practices to feed children (such as restriction of food intake, pressure to eat, rewarding/blackmailing practices, offer of low-quality foods, punishments, and distractions during meals) (10); creating a relationship without reciprocity between both (2).
The relationship between caregivers and children with complaints of feeding difficulties (FD) is typically described by health professionals as non-responsive. FD are common and recurrent issues during early childhood, with prevalence range of 20–60%. With heterogeneous origins, they are characterized by behaviors such as multiple food aversions, total or partial food refusal, exacerbated food neophobia, limited intake of specific food groups, strong food preferences, delays in sucking, swallowing or chewing patterns, self-inflicted vomiting, tantrums, and other behaviors during meals (11). These complaints may be temporary or persistent, with potential implications in growth, development, and in the relationship with caregivers (12). Hence, it is natural to expect a non-responsive relationship between child and adult in such environments, which generates concern and anguish of family members and misbalance of family dynamics and relationship. Thus, to raise caregivers' awareness constitutes an important step in the follow-up of these children.
In Brazil, studies that address responsive caregiving and FD are scarce need further investigation. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to identify the most common non-responsive and responsive maternal feeding practices in families with FD complaints, as well as to seek associations between practices and caregiving styles.
Study Design and Population
It is a cross-sectional study, carried out at the Centro de Dificuldades Alimentares (CDA), part of Instituto PENSI-Hospital Infantil Sabará-Fundação José Luiz Egydio Setúbal, located in São Paulo/Brazil. CDA is an outpatient service which follows children and adolescents between 0 and 18 years old with complaints of FD [except for the diagnosis of eating disorders according to DSM-5 (13)]. The population was assembled by convenience, with the inclusion of all patients followed in the service until data collection (n = 77, August, 2014 to January, 2016). All patients presented written consent forms signed by their responsible caregiver, after ethical approval of the project (CAAE 32939314.0.0000.5567; approval granted in 13/08/2014 under document n. 808.394).
Data were collected from the interviews with patients' mothers, as part of the service protocol, which consists of an appointment with a pediatrician, speech therapist, and nutritionist altogether, followed by a multidisciplinary discussion. FD are diagnosed as "Children with limited appetite," "Agitated children," "Phobic children," "Misperception of caregivers," "Picky eating," and "Organic causes," according to criteria suggested by Kerzner et al. (12). Families receives then a feedback, with indication of a therapeutic plan designed by each specialty (such as diet plans and nutritional education activities, medications, stimulation, and reestablishment of oral functions or even referral to other professionals from other areas). The guidelines used by each specialty were defined according to standards for age and are described by Maximino et al. (11). Data were collected at the initial appointment at CDA, and information was later extracted from records, of which, the following variables were selected and grouped according to the type of information:
1. Personal data: age (in months, adjusted in case of preterm birth), gender, duration of exclusive breastfeeding (in months), and presence of organic disease associated with the feeding complaint. All children participating in the study had FD complaints, regardless of the type of complaint (partial or complete refusal to eat, picky eating, insufficient weight gain, low acceptance of food textures, etc.);
2. Feeding skills: frequency of prolonged bottle use, self-feeding practices and posture at meals, and use of appropriate feeding equipment. The standards for feeding skills adopted at CDA follow current recommendations for proper development (14–18) and is described by Maximino et al. (11), as summarized below:
• Utensils: bottle use up to 24 months (prolonged use after 24 months); full use of cutlery at 9 months of age;
• Posture: use of booster seat or high chairs that promote a 90° inclination;
• Self-feeding practices: to stimulate manipulation of foods as much as possible, giving children opportunity to self-feed with finger foods from 9 months onward;
• Maternal information: age (years), parity and education level, caregiving style according to Hughes et al. (19)—translated to Portuguese and validated by Fontanezi et al. (ahead of print), and use of specific coercive practices during meals (use of force and distractions). Caregiver styles are classified as follows below:
1. Authoritative (responsive): high levels of affection and communication, as well as control and demands, serving the classical definition of responsive caregiving
2. Three types of non-responsive profiles:
• Indulgent: high levels of affection and communication, coupled with lack of control and demands. Caregivers are unlikely to establish rules or exercise control over the child's behavior;
• Negligent: low levels of demand and responsiveness. Caregivers with little involvement in tasks of raising and educating children;
• Authoritarian: high levels of control and demand, and lack of affection and communication. Caregivers who tend to use coercive practices to moderate intolerable behaviors.
• Family routines: frequency and characteristics of shared family meals during the week (meal environment, presence of adults eating simultaneously, duration of meal in minutes, respect for signals of child hunger and satiety, and interaction between mother and child during the meal). The mother–child interaction was evaluated through the habit of talking with the child during meals [item 15 of the instrument used for parental classification (19)]. Meal environment was deemed adequate if provided opportunities for proper posture to eat and for children's self-feeding practices (which require a table and chairs), as well as the opportunity to share meals with members of family and learn about feeding behaviors; hence compatible with kitchen and dining room environments (1).
After evaluating consistency of the data collected in Excel platform, statistical analysis was performed by SPSS v21 software. The descriptive analysis was performed by frequency of distribution (%) for categorical variables, and mean ± SD and quartiles for continuous variables. The four caregiving styles identified were later recoded into "responsive" and "nonresponsive" care (sum of the three remaining nonresponsive styles) to complement the analyses. For tests of association between variables and caregiving styles, the ANOVA test, Chi-Squared, and binary logistic regression were used. A significance level of less than 5% was considered.
General characteristics of the population are described in Table 1. Figure 1 describes the frequency of adequate practices reported by mothers, classified according to caregiving styles considered responsive and non-responsive. First, all mothers adopt adequate practices, although in different proportions according to their profile. Out of the ten practices evaluated, 60% are regularly adopted by half or more of the mothers considered as responsive caregivers; whereas in the non-responsive group, this fraction is reduced to 40%.
Table 1. General characteristics of the population.
Figure 1. Frequency (%) of maternal adequate practices according to type of caregiving. Instituto PENSI, 2016.
The binary logistic regression analysis (Table 2) show that the habit of sharing meals with children was the only factor associated with the maternal caregiving style, and considered a protection factor against nonresponsive care (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.06–0.88). The other variables were not related to their profile.
Table 2. Logistic binary regression according to types of caregiving.
Comparisons between variables according to the four types of caregiving style are described in Table 3. Negligent mothers breastfed exclusively for lower periods of time when compared to authoritarian (diff. 3.6 months, 95% CI 1.68–5.49, p = 0.000) and indulgent mothers (dif 3.4 months, 95% CI 0.83–5.94, p = 0.007). Mother–child interaction was higher for authoritarian mothers, and lower for negligent ones as well (p = 0.001). The remaining variables did not vary according to caregiving styles. After the complementary logistic regression test, mother–child interaction during meals was associated with the authoritarian (OR 0.03 CI 95% 0.004–0.262) and authoritative caregiving styles (OR 0.056 CI 95% 0.006–0.497), both being considered protectors against lack of interaction with children.
Table 3. Maternal practices and population characteristics according to caregiving styles.
Results herein describe the main maternal practices of patients followed at CDA: the responsive profile was characterized by absence of physical coercion to eat, self-feeding practices, use of appropriate feeding equipment and proper meal environments, and presence of interaction during meals. The non-responsive profile was characterized mainly by inadequate posture and meal environment, use of physical coercion and distractions to eat, lack of shared meals, and disrespect to the child's hunger cues. The non-responsive caregiving profile predominated among mothers, with the authoritarian style as the most prevalent among non-responsive caregiving subtypes. The practice of sharing meals with children was the only factor associated with maternal profile, considered a protective factor against non-responsive caregiving.
Non-responsive caregiving found in the present population is similar to that described by Shloim et al. (20), in a systematic review of 31 articles that discuss parenting styles and responsive practices worldwide. In five studies that address parental styles in this review (using the same classification instrument of the present study), the authors described—among Brazilian and Hispanic immigrants in the US—authoritarian and indulgent parenting styles as the most common. The same profile was described by authors in other studies with non-Latin populations, highlighting a minority of responsive profiles in different ethnicities. In the southeastern region of Brazil, Carvalhaes et al. (21) and Saldan et al. (22) described—in mother–child pairs from low socioeconomic status—a predominance of non-responsive behaviors, such as lack of verbal and low affective contact, low frequency of educational behaviors, presence of threats, distractions, and use of coercion. Such studies were conducted with families without screening for FD, and Carvalhaes et al. (21) pointed out that non-responsive practices were described as even more intense in the presence of refusal to eat. No other studies conducted only with children who presented FD complaints were found, which impairs comparison with present results. Available evidence, therefore, suggests that caregiving profiles tend to be non-responsive in general, regardless of ethnicities and socioeconomic levels.
Silva et al. (2) described the relationship between parental profile and socioeconomic levels as clear and essential: the lower purchasing power, education level, and domestic violence, the higher would be the vulnerability of responsive caregiving. According to the authors, the perception of children's development, use of nonresponsive practices, and maintenance of adequate caregiving would increase according to education levels. In the present study, however, maternal education levels were not associated with caregiving styles. This relationship may not have been proven due to the population's uniform profile, mostly with complete superior education and from higher socioeconomic strata (who generally opt for private health services). In addition, both Brazilian studies mentioned above (21, 22) described a non-responsive profile in mothers with low education levels; and a British study with 180 mothers (23) also described an increase in authoritarian practices according to maternal education level. The relationship between caregiving style and the socioeconomic levels remains controversial.
Regardless of these factors, parental psychological characteristics can also be an important influence on responsive caregiving. Elias et al. (24), studying American mothers of lower purchasing power, found that those who reported higher scores on depression symptom scales were at higher chances of non-responsive behaviors (such as pressure to eat and lower perception of cues emitted by the child). According to the psychoanalytic approach, individuals who are in psychological suffering of any kind may become progressively unable to focus on external issues; with an immediate consequence of damage to family dynamics, as well as a disinvestment in the relationship with the child (25). Moreover, current household routines and women's triple shifts could interfere with the maternal caregiving profiles. These characteristics, however, were not assessed in the present study and cannot be further elucidated.
Comparison between maternal profiles allows inference that all mothers interviewed adopt both proper and inappropriate practices when feeding their children. The difference between profiles regards the frequency of distribution in each group, with a trend toward greater adequacy of behaviors in the group of responsive mothers. Given the mixed set of behaviors described, it could be assumed that all mothers need guidance on their practices, including those considered as responsive caregivers. Regarding interaction with children, responsive caregiving was associated to higher interaction with children (OR 0.056; p = 0.01) compared to the authoritarian profile (OR 0.03; p = 0.001), suggesting that responsive practices still seem to be the most stimulating. The association between "negligent" profiles and both shorter breastfeeding duration (p = 0.000) and interaction with the children (p = 0.001) emphasizes that the caregiver's profile may interfere with early development of the child's relationship with food, not only when complementary feeding starts. Golen and Ventura (26), for example, described an association between mindless formula feeding and higher volume consumed by infants with low self-regulation capacity; besides mothers who were considered "distracted" presenting less responsiveness to signals emitted by infants (p = 0.04). Such data reinforce the need for early identification of parental profiles (since breastfeeding/formulas periods), as subside to encouragement and awareness for early promotion of appropriate behaviors. To that end, there are several validated and available instruments for identification of caregiver's profile (20, 27–31)—in addition to that used in the present study—that can be combined with multidisciplinary follow-up families.
According to Silva et al. (2), the parental profiles most frequently associated with FD in childhood are "negligent" and/or "authoritarian." Nevertheless, in the present population, the most frequent non-responsive styles were "authoritarian" and "indulgent," with "negligent" style being the least prevalent among mothers. There was no difference in feeding practices according to the type of non-responsive care, which might suggest that non-responsive behaviors in general would lead to the same outcome, regardless of their subtype. However, controlled research is essential to confirm these hypotheses. No similar studies were found to allow such comparisons.
As to the possible interventions aiming at correction of non-responsive behaviors, evidence shows that guidance on responsive caregiving promoted increased adequacy of dietary intake, reduced levels of child malnutrition and levels of maternal depression after 10–12 months of follow-up (32, 33); as well as improvement in responsive parental practices and in children's self-feeding behaviors (34). Overall, interventions to improve quality of mother–infant interactions are based on strengthening parental competencies, including other family members, as well as the mother (35). The present results highlight the need for both psychological and behavioral interventions parallel and simultaneous to traditional multidisciplinary follow-up directed to the family with FD, due to influence of caregiver's profile and the environment offered for the meals on feeding refusal. These could be both facilitators to the reversal of restrictive eating patterns. Indulgent and negligent caregivers could be encouraged to properly approach children and to get involved with the whole process of feeding their child; while authoritarians and authoritative ones could be taught as to the proper form of interaction with children. Therapy directed to caregiving styles could be a differential factor in the follow-up of children with FD both in outpatient and private services; and would contribute to prevention and management of FD if instituted as a routine guidance primary schools and general multidisciplinary childcare. The Feeding Guide for Children under Two Years of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (36) endorses and addresses these aspects in its 2nd edition, published in 2015.
The interventions on inappropriate behaviors are based on the premises of responsive care, summarized in Chart 1. Both caregiver and child perceive success in their relationship when the meal is offered with proper duration, with reduced child refusal and with low loading of stress, absence of coercive behaviors; and the child exercises independence in manipulating food, and in appetite control, pleasantly interacting with the adult and making eye contact throughout the process in a relaxed and pleasurable posture (2).
CHART 1
Chart 1. Guidelines for stimulating responsive behavior.
The present study presents limitations, such as the small size of population, and the absence of psychological and socioeconomic characterization of caregivers. There is need for replication of controlled studies to verify whether FD aggravates maternal behaviors, or if the non-responsive behavior would aggravate the FD itself. The study contributes to the scarce scenario of multidisciplinary follow-up of FD during childhood, creating opportunities for development of educational programs focused on caregivers' behaviors.
Non-responsive caregiving profiles were predominantly identified among mothers of children with FD. The habit of sharing meals was considered a protective factor against non-responsive caregiving. The chance of interaction with children increased with responsive practices in comparison to authoritarian style. Results highlight the need for educational interventions focused on caregivers' behaviors, as well as in-depth case-control studies in families with complaints of FD.
This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving human subjects/patients were approved by the Ethical Committee (Instituto PENSI, Brazil), (CAAE 32939314.0.0000.5567; approval granted in 13/08/2014 under document n. 808.394). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients' parents or legal guardians.
RM—main researcher, carried out the study, participated in the design, data analysis, and preparation on manuscript. AB, AT, CR, PM, GM, and LR—assisted in carrying out the study and preparation on manuscript. MF—supervised and assisted all phases of the study (Project PI).
The PI of the project conferences in events such as Abbott, CPW, EMS, Danone, Nestlé, Nutrociencia, PICME, Sanofi, Wyeth; scientific board member of Danone Institute International, Danone Research, Mondelez. Supports research projects at Abbott, CNPq, Coca-Cola, CPW, Danone Institute International, Danone Research, Fapesp, Fap Unifesp, Nestlé. Authors have no participation in food, nutrition, or pharmaceutical companies, and there is no influence of any company in any of the projects, conferences, or publications conducted. All other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The study was coordinated by the PENSI Institute (Brazil). The funder has contributed to the study conduction of the study, but not to the analysis of data, interpretation of findings, or the preparation of the manuscript.
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Keywords: responsive caregiving, mothers, feeding practices, feeding difficulties, feeding complaints, children
Citation: Machado RHV, Tosatti AM, Malzyner G, Maximino P, Ramos CC, Bozzini AB, Ribeiro L and Fisberg M (2018) Maternal Feeding Practices among Children with Feeding Difficulties—Cross-sectional Study in a Brazilian Reference Center. Front. Pediatr. 5:286. doi: 10.3389/fped.2017.00286
Received: 18 September 2017; Accepted: 14 December 2017;
Christophe Faure, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Canada
Tudor Lucian Pop, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
Marta Cristina Sanabria, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
Copyright: © 2018 Machado, Tosatti, Malzyner, Maximino, Ramos, Bozzini, Ribeiro and Fisberg. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Rachel H. V. Machado, rhvmachado@gmail.com
Feeding Difficulties in Children and Adolescents
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Home » In the Field » Harnessing Digital Technology for Better Farming
Harnessing Digital Technology for Better Farming
Filed Under: In the Field | Tagged: Innovation, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Cocoa
Nowadays, farmers even in the most remote locations can connect across vast distances thanks to mobile technology. The Rainforest Alliance's expanded digital innovation programs make the most of this global connectedness, using new technology to deliver individualized, data-driven farm plans and crucial coaching to farmers—putting the Rainforest Alliance truly at the vanguard of agricultural digital innovation.
Smallholder farmers the world over are in crisis, confronting everything from droughts and floods to proliferating plant diseases and plummeting yields. For many of these farmers, tailor-made advice on how to adapt to these ever-increasing threats can mean the difference between thriving and perishing. But most farmers in remote areas don't have access to the in-person coaching that could improve their farms' health and profitability—and the well-being of their families and communities.
Mobile communication technology is one way to reach large numbers of farmers who are increasingly connected across vast distances through rapidly growing cellular networks. The Rainforest Alliance is leveraging this opportunity to scale up its training efforts by significantly deepening its commitment to digital innovation—an area we will continue to invest in for years to come.
Farm Grow initiative
In addition to scaling up existing digital programs, we launched new initiatives to provide support to farmers on their sustainability journey. As part of our FarmGrow initiative, for example, we developed individualized seven-year farming plans—all accessed on mobile devices—that could increase the yields of participating Ghanaian cocoa farmers as much as three-fold. The plans use pictographs (to accommodate varying literacy levels) to guide farmers in implementing best practices that nurture soil health and increase climate resilience, such as pruning and re-planting.
Our approach is anything but "one-size-fits-all." In fact, all suggested interventions and investments are based on data the farmers input themselves, like current farm conditions and investment capacity. One of the most exciting aspects of these tailored plans is that farmers can access a profit-and-loss (P&L) worksheet at any time, a feature offered by no other farming app.
A joint initiative with the Grameen Foundation and other partners, FarmGrow started in Indonesia and has now extended to Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. Currently 5,000 farming households are participating in FarmGrow, and recent interviews with farmers suggest they are enthusiastically adopting the recommendations made for their farms. FarmGrow will support 20,000 farmers by the end of 2020.
Ag-tech developer challenge
To tap into the most advanced technology available, the Rainforest Alliance held an international competition, calling on technology companies to develop a remote-sensing data product that would make farm plans even more scalable and precise. Remote sensing (satellite, radar, or drones that can spot or "sense" from a remote distance) of sickly trees, for example— could transform the way we create plans for farmers. Currently, a FarmGrow field coach goes to each farm to manually collect and record information, but with precision agriculture technologies, the same information can be gathered much more quickly and precisely—and for many more farmers.
The Rainforest Alliance was overwhelmed by contest entries from leading technology and artificial intelligence companies. The winning products are currently being piloted with cocoa farmers in Ghana, with an eye to deploying it in cocoa-producing landscapes in Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Ecuador, eventually reaching about 120,000 cocoa farmers.
Mobile sustainable farming apps
In addition to this exciting initiative, the Rainforest Alliance continues to collaborate with farming cooperatives and traders to develop and use mobile apps that best suit their needs—whether as a means of keeping track of best practices for the purposes of certification, or to be able to assess the outcomes of responsible practices. Farmers everywhere from Honduras to Vietnam are using these apps, which are designed to run offline after material is downloaded, so that farmers can access and enter information no matter where they are—making their path to sustainability that much smoother.
Create a world where people and the planet prosper together.
Project Profile: Mobilizing Turkey's Hazelnut Villages to Act on Child Labor and Poor Working Conditions
Project Profile: Improving Livelihoods of Farmers and Workers Across the Fruit Sector in Latin America
Project Profile: Supporting Women to Thrive Economically in Mesoamerica
Project Profile: Stopping deforestation and improving livelihoods with community forestry in the Congo Basin


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Essay about Buddget Crisis
Submitted By Britttneyscholl
The Crisis In the Untited States
The budget crisis today in the United States has risen negatively in different aspects. The three expenses the government invests on the most is on defense, healthcare, and welfare. When the budget is going towards these three things the communities and the care for the people gets over looked. Bonpane uncovers what the U.S budget is being spent on; Bonpane also revealed the real reason for the wars that we have had in the past and the wars we are having today. I believe to be true that the government has spent the United States budget mainly on weaponry, healthcare and contributed less to the communities. Bonpane interviews a man named James Lawson who is a reverand and a dear friend of Bonpane. Bonpane and Lawson's shares the same perspectives on the U.S budget. Bonpane doesn't only discuss the budget crisis going on today, but also explains to his readers what Dr. King really did and what he was trying to do for our country. When Dr. King was alive he seen that the Vietnam War wasn't a good move, let alone any war. Bonpane and Lawson both predicted if Dr. king was still alive today this society would be vastly superior to ordinary people. The middle class and the wealthy class wouldn't go in a specific order when it comes to superiority. imagine if Dr. king was alive as well as all the other peace making people; that we coincedently have no hard evedence as to how they died, they would still be here today and we wouldnt be in such poverty or debt. Bonpane sees a connection between the Vietnam war and the Iraq war. He sees that these two wars were started for all the wrong reasons, which mainly was for profit. In other words Dr. King saw an important point that the war violence system in the United states is the enemy of the people of the United states; The Iraq war and even the Vietnam war is a huge military apparatus. Bonpane and Lawson mentions the United states has a four hundred billion dollar annual budget, which it excludes military intelligence but most of the money has gone to the military. That statement in itself explains a lot about our country. The United states is called the land of opportunity but were also, the number one state of enemy of peace and justice in the whole world. Struggle, for equality, liberty, and justice has come from the struggle of we the American people. When George Bush was in office he wanted to provide work through the defense industry rather than through education, healthcare, and housing. Bush had a plan and it was to send a lot of troops to fight for years. Realistically the troops had to get paid for all the time they've fought but all the money that has been created didn't produce anything at all. Schools, facilities, communities, and the people are still dealing with great hardships. Politicians are failing to realize how bad some little city are getting. The government talks about war, the rich, healthcare, and unemployement, but a lot of the inner cities are doing really bad. They are doing bad in a sense that a lot of little businesses are getting closed down. No one seems to be talking about that on the debates. Eighty billion dollars alone was used to keep troops in Arab bases and Europe. Bonpane brings to my attention that the media seems to act as though they're not aware of the movement within the country to cancel out democracy. In a matter of time the United states will turn into an authoritarian society and a dictator ship like Iran. In the next decade religon is going to be our American flag; Our country is going to be ran by one person if we continue the route were going. The three main expenses are our defense weapons, welfare and healthcare. I said previously the defense weapons is what we spend the most on. These defense weapons is what's really tearing our country down. The weapons are so expensive. Buying weapons alone has the American people in such debt. The next expense is welfare; There are so many people…
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The Crisis is the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and was founded in 1910 by W. E. B. Du Bois (editor), Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W.S. Braithwaite, M. D. Maclean.[2] The original title of the journal was The Crisis: A Record of The Darker Races. From 1997 to 2003, it appeared as The New Crisis: The Magazine of Opportunities and Ideas, but the title has since reverted to The Crisis. The…
Cuban Missile Crisis Essay
took was the push of a button by the two superpowers of the world at that time. By the 1960s the tension and mutual distrust between the countries had reached an all time high, leading to an event that could spell the end. This was the Cuban Missile Crisis; it was a twelve day ordeal where the world was on the brink of nuclear destruction. In those twelve days, JFK took a stand for the ideal of Democracy in the climate of fear. From the peaks of the Sierra Nevada to the shores of Maine, no family was…
McKenzie B AP Language 15 January 2014 The Crisis Thomas Paine's The Crisis combines the uses of euphonious and mocking words to expand his feelings towards defenders and non-defenders of the nation, the use of figurative and exact language to provide ethos and the idea of unity, and syntax to make the essay more direct yet compelling all to convey his purpose of becoming unified against an injustice rather than falling into solidarity. The words "summer soldier" and the "sunshine…
Essay about Economic Crisis
Economic Crisis Cody Salas Weber State University Author Note This Paper was prepared for English 2010, 12:30, taught by Professor Deeter Abstract The Great Recession has hit most families pretty hard, unemployment is high, wages are low, and most people are struggling to stay afloat. This paper examines how America has gotten into this mess, how America is recovering, and proposes a plan to get out of this depression-like economy. The paper looks at…
Communication And Crisis Paper
Communication and Crisis HCS/320 March 1, 2015 Communication and Crisis "Because every company, government agency and non-profit in America could be affected in some small way, requiring big communications, Braud says public relations professionals need to have their A-game ready. He says every crisis communications plan needs to be updated and organizations no plans need to stop everything right now and focus on what lies ahead."(2010, PR Newswire) Having a great communication plan…


Peter Wright Patent 6" Jaw vice - The Iron Forge Fire Blackmithing Forum.
Found a Peter Wright bench vice advertised on Gumtree. It says Peter Wright Patent, not "England" so it must be pre-1910.
The guy is a picker and found the vice sunken in the dirt under a bench in a dirt floor garage. Most of the bolts were rusted out and one of the side spacers was gone too. Had to import the bolts from Fastenal in Winona MN since they don't make 5/8 square head bolts here ... well we don't make anything anymore.
Made a new spacer, the bottom plate and a new tripod to mount on. The legs are RHS 5"x2.5"x1/4" Plate base is 12mm.
The plate is from an old boat cradle the previous owner abandoned when he sold the house. The wheels were attached to it. The RHS was given to me by a neighbour. it used to hold up his garage roof. He pulled it down since it was way too heavy for that and was laying in his yard for years. we had to drag the stuff one by one with the car since each one is over 100 k. I chopped a few bits for the tripod and will probably make a stand for one of the anvils too. May be the PW 280lb will get a new stand.
Thats a good find ! That would have been a great Mate for my PW Anvil.
I took off from your post Marc, about GUMTREE, I had never heard of it, started searching !
I got UK, Australia, etc... and didn't know you were from Australia, so I wondered what the freight was going to be for the Vice and then "Light Dawned on Marble Head" (Local Expression) and I looked to see where you were from.
You have Gumtree in the US.
I like this vice. I can't offer any stand suggestions because I am only familiar with solidly mounted vices. In case you might wonder I have worked around vices for 60+ years. I started swamping in a truck repair garage when I was 11 years old.
Please pardon my stupidity, but I'm old and when I went to school I was taught to read and spell out words. I can't decipher initials.
What does RHS stand for?
Im with you Mule, I do not understand a lot of these abbreviation too !
Im just getting use to the Face Book short version of "FB"; although, I do like "THKS" for Thanks and "PITA" for Pain In The AXX, (I may get sacked for that one)..., and of course the "LOL" for Laugh Out Loud", but "RHS" to me means Rockport High School or in referencing the Legs of the Stand it could mean "Real Hard Stuff"... !
I think there used to be a grammar rule that stated something like... If you use Initials within a sentence, the first use needs to be spelled out with the initials following in parentheses, then all other use of the initials will reference back to the first usage !
Don't quote me here I know what to do just how to say it is another thing.
Example: I am using Stainless Steel (S/S) for my next project, they say S/S is rust resistant.
S/S is a commonly used abbreviation but it is only to show my point.
Sorry got carried away, now if I can get my Blacksmithing to this point I will be good to go !
p.s. I meant to say, "There are no stupid people, there are either people that do not understand or people that do not want to learn" !
Yes, sorry, force of habit. RHS and SHS are common abbreviations for steel merchants. Rectangular Hollow Section and Square Hollow Section. Just like HDG is Hot Dip Galvanised and a few more.
How do you call RHS?
On question, though: How are you supposed to use bolts in those holes in the feet if you can only fit in two inch bolts?
To me, I call it Rectangular Tubing and then there is Square Tubing, and Round Tubing, all different but tubing.
I could get confused with "RHS" Rectangular or Round ?
The key word is Tubing, tubing is always hollow to me.
Marc, I will check out GUMTREE.US... wasn't aware of the site, thanks !
Because of abbreviations, I have almost stopped reading thangs on facebook. In my opinion it is pure laziness or illiteracy on the part of the writer. No offense intended towards you, Mark.
I, also, wondered about that. Being on the inside of the angle makes for a tight fit.
Don't stop reading things, write down the abbreviation, ask the originator of the post (OP), for an explanation, then write that down, after a while it will register what the abbreviations mean, simple right, took me a while.
When I started working the web and Truck Sites, I wrote all kinds of stuff down, the Wife said I had too many "Post-Its" all over the computer screen but in the long run everything started to sink in !
I didn't even know what LOL was, there are different ones for every Site, odd as that is is standard operating procedure.
I use "Ltr" and "Thks" a lot, they aren't abbreviations, they are words with vowels removed, something back when I used to work we did to shorten internal memos.
Always seemed simple to me but others outside of work didn't understand.
If ever you do not understand an abbreviation and can't get an answer, please feel free to ask me !
Used to do the same thing for KeyStrokes, write it down, something about the brain like to see the arm and hand doing something.
I still have some of the Keystroke Post-Its on my desk shelf, I look at them too, always good to be prepared !
This may sound stupid... but can someone tell me where the 2" Bolts go that are being talked about ?
Look at the bottom of the rectangular tubing. There is a plate with a bolt hole for anchoring welded to the bottom. Being on the inside it looks like the bolt will have to be short. Course if it is set down on anchor bolts/studs already anchored into the floor that would eliminate the problem.
I notices that after I posted, thank you, too tight for almost any bolts.
The idea of the Anchor Bolts is a good one... or you could drill a large hole in the front of the Tubing and then go through the foot plate !
When I built the stand, the idea was to have a sturdy vice that can be moved to different spots. Not an easy proposition since a vice, as opposed to an anvil, takes a lot of push and shove that would destabilise a stand that is not anchored to the ground. I see some have tried to overcome this by having a round plate that the operator is supposed to stand on.
I don't like the idea of a stand acting as a leaver to push me around together with the vice and that I can topple over myself.
So a compromise was a very heavy tripod with legs open enough to give a large base without interfering too much with my legs and a counterbalance at the back. it works well and the idea of the base plates turned inside is so that they are out of the way, not a tripping hazard yet could be used to bolt the tripod down if at some stage the vice gets a permanent spot in the shop. Anchoring to concrete can be done with 12mm Dynabolts fit to the concrete. The threaded section will stick up enough for the 8mm plate and the 10mm nut. The tripod can be lifted over it.
If it need to be bolted or screwed down, this can be done too by packing the tripod off the floor and lower it as you tighten the bolt or screw. I don't think I'll ever chose this method but it can be done providing the screw or bolt are not a tight fit to the 12mm hole. of course the hole can be made bigger, or drilled at an angle. A larger hole in the leg to fit the head of the bolt is possible but I don't fancy drilling a 3/4" hole at an angle into a 1/4 thick RHS and with the base plate in the way. If this was necessary i would bend the base plate out of the way, drill two holes next to each other with a magnetic base drill and then make the base flat again. Wouldn't dream of doing this but such would be the procedure.
As far as abbreviations or rather acronyms, they have been in use before modern English and are a real pain when you are not familiar with them. They are very common in technical jargon in any discipline you can think of. RHS, SHS, RSJ and many others are acronyms used in the building industry to describe steel profiles and the best way to communicate with the steel merchant when you need something.
Different countries use different ways to describe profiles. We call universal beam what you call I beam, and many other differences. Of course a descriptive name like tubing can be understood anywhere.
X 3 on Skarzs comment.
Also, and please do not take offense... but an "acronyms" is initials that form a word !
So "RHS", SHS are just initials for the particular stock you are using... different worlds, different way to say the same thing.
X 3 on Skarzs the Cave Troll's comment.
What is the difference between the words acronym and initialism?
Acronym is a fairly recent word, dating from the 1940s, although acronyms existed long before we gave them that name. The term was preceded in English by the word initialism, meaning an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of a phrase, and which has been in use since the late 19th century.
Some people feel strongly that acronym should only be used for terms like NATO, which is pronounced as a single word, and that initialism should be used if the individual letters are all pronounced distinctly, as with FBI. Our research shows that acronym is commonly used to refer to both types of abbreviations.
I got an acronym ... FOWLA ... the forging and welding association ... wait a moment ... that would be the federation of Welders in Los Angeles ... mm ... FAWA forgers and welders association. BOSS ... Blacksmiths of Sydney Syndicate love it.
Again... not trying to make to much of this but I have looked around and can not find a description of an acronym similar to what you posted... where did you locate it !
All I find is what I posted before.
"A word created from the first letters of each word in a series of words: NASA is an acronym for National Aeronautics and Space Administration".
Can you post a link for me please.
I can see how things get off topic real fast, I guess I should have started another thread.
Hows the Vice Stand doing, looked good and your welding is really good.
Found it off your post.
Interesting and "I stand corrected" !
If someone has said to me what does that "acronym" mean, I would have looked for a word first... maybe initials but would've taken me a while.
Thanks for straightening me out, I have learn something today already. (& AM here when I first read it).
Ltr... and "LTR" to me is "ABBRIVIATIONISM" which isn't a word at all ! LoL !
Have a good day, Mate !
Yes, language is fun, and staying on subject ... well, I never understood the need for that haha.
I like to use the proper words anytime possible but I am not a purist and understand words change with use if we like it or not. My first language I learned from my mother was German, followed closely by Italian I had to learn to communicate with my father that returned from an outpost after the war. A few years later at age 6 I had to go to the local school that was in a Spanish speaking country so once again needed to learn it out of necessity. Not long after that started English classes part of the school curriculum followed by French the next year and for the next 4 years. I always enjoyed comparing the different expressions and finding common origins. Yes we also had Latin classes but I did not enjoy that. Besides the Catholic church no one speaks Latin and the root of words was not enough incentive to be interested. Had a go at Japanese not long ago but picked the wrong class, a mixture of Japanese nationals and complete novices with a Japanese teacher who would ignore the newbies. Did not work for me.


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Indus Valley Adventure Tours
The Indus River is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through China and India. Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan and flows through Pakistan in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river. The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Its principal right bank tributaries Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Gomal and Kurram. Beginning at the heights of the world in a spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river feeds the ecosystem of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. The Indus forms the delta of Pakistan mentioned in the Vedic Rig Veda as Sapta Sindhu and the Iranic Zend Avesta as Hapta Hindu (both sets of terms meaning Seven Rivers). The river has been a source of wonder during the Classical Period. King Darius of Persia sent Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river in 510 BCE.
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News that rail fares are due to rise yet again, some by significantly more than inflation, just as some services are being reduced still further, has been met with dismay by the local Liberal Democrats.
"It is ironic that Govia have sought to make light of the increase by highlighting improvements in their Delay Repay scheme. What passengers want is a service that does not have delays! Unfortunately, as a regular rail user myself, I am only too aware that delays are the norm not the exception.
We are calling on fares to be frozen at the current level at least until Govia improves its woeful performance."


text:
Syrtis Major Planum – największy ciemny obszar na powierzchni Marsa. Obszar ten może być obserwowany z Ziemi.  Syrtis Major Planum wyróżnia się ciemną barwą powierzchni między  jasnymi obszarami Arabia Terra na zachodzie i Isidis Planitia na wschodzie.

Syrtis Major Planum odkrył w 1659 roku Christiaan Huygens, który wykorzystał to odkrycie do wyznaczenia długości marsjańskiego dnia. Obszar ten ma średnicę 1214,86 km a rozciąga się od 19,41° szerokości północnej do −1,37° szerokości południowej oraz 76,64° długości wschodniej do 58,88° długości zachodniej. Centrum Syrtis Major Planum znajduje się na . Początkowo Syrtis Major uważano za morze, w którym zmieniał się poziom wody, powodując zmiany rozmiarów obserwowanego obszaru. Obecnie jednak wiadomo, że jest to pozbawiona wody prowincja wulkaniczna, która powstała ponad 3 miliardy lat temu, a zmiany kształtu tego obszaru są powodowane przez pył i piasek nawiewany przez marsjańskie wiatry.

Obszar ten zawiera pola lawy pokrywającej dno wyżyny, otaczające odosobnione wzgórza o stromych zboczach, zbyt wysokich by mogły zostać przykryte przez lawę. Wzgórza te są widoczne, ponieważ mają jaśniejszy kolor oraz znajdują się w innym stanie erozji. Na zboczach górskich widoczne są również dawne doliny. Widoczne są również poszczególne strumienie lawy oraz kratery częściowo lub całkowicie wypełnione lawą. Kierunki wiejących wiatrów utworzyły jaśniejsze smugi pyłu i ciemne smugi piasku wyraźnie widoczne w okolicach mniejszych kraterów.

Decyzją Międzynarodowej Unii Astronomicznej w 1973 roku obszar ten został nazwany od zatoki Wielka Syrta.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
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Równiny marsjańskie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
using System;

namespace Spity.Terminal.ServiceProviders.Cors
{
    /// <summary>
    ///     Ïîñòîÿííûå Cors.
    /// </summary>
    internal static class CorsConstants
    {
        /// <summary>
        ///     Access-Control-Allow-Credentials.
        /// </summary>
        internal const string AccessControlAllowCredentials = "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials";

        /// <summary>
        ///     Access-Control-Allow-Headers.
        /// </summary>
        internal const string AccessControlAllowHeaders = "Access-Control-Allow-Headers";

        /// <summary>
        ///     Access-Control-Allow-Methods.
        /// </summary>
        internal const string AccessControlAllowMethods = "Access-Control-Allow-Methods";

        /// <summary>
        ///     Access-Control-Allow-Origin.
        /// </summary>
        internal const string AccessControlAllowOrigin = "Access-Control-Allow-Origin";

        /// <summary>
        ///     Access-Control-Request-Headers.
        /// </summary>
        internal const string AccessControlRequestHeaders = "Access-Control-Request-Headers";

        /// <summary>
        ///     Access-Control-Request-Method.
        /// </summary>
        internal const string AccessControlRequestMethod = "Access-Control-Request-Method";

        /// <summary>
        ///     Authorization.
        /// </summary>
        internal const string Authorization = "Authorization";

        /// <summary>
        ///     Origin.
        /// </summary>
        internal const string Origin = "Origin";

        /// <summary>
        ///     PreflightSuffix.
        /// </summary>
        internal const string PreflightSuffix = "_preflight_";
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Funny story from our weekend adventure: the wooden seesaw on the playground behind our tent snapped in half. Within minutes, a tall, strapping young man in lederhosen showed up with a chainsaw and began hauling it away.
Needless to say, he attracted ALL the attention. Especially from the young ladies in our group, who were still giggling about him at dinner.
My dad joked, "You should report a problem with the plumbing, and see if he comes out for that." Well, the next morning, we hear water gushing from the pump near the girls' tent. Sure enough, the young man in lederhosen was there trying to fix it. We looked over at the girls, who were watching all the excitement from their tent.
"It wasn't us! We swear! Someone broke it before we were even awake!" my daughter said. Hmmmmm….
We weren't able to have a campfire, but we still found a way to make s'mores!