text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{s:intr}

Nowadays, the success of the standard cosmological model ($\Lambda$CDM), which includes a radiation dominated epoch during the first stages after the Big Bang, is beyond doubt. One of the crucial processes during this epoch is the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), which
explains the formation of the first light nuclei (mainly $^{2}$H, $^{3}$He, $^{4}$He and $^{7}$Li).
The abundances of such elements established during BBN can be measured today and used to test the evolution of the Universe.
The final analyses of the Planck satellite observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) \cite{Aghanim:2018eyx} also determine with great precision the parameters of the $\Lambda$CDM model, including the effective number of neutrino species, $N_{\rm eff}$, and the
contribution to the total energy budget of the Universe provided by baryons, $\omega_b \equiv \Omega_b h^2$.
The precise measurement of these quantities---in particular of $\omega_b$, which is constrained with a precision better than 1\% in \cite{Aghanim:2018eyx}---implies that standard BBN can be treated as an effectively parameter-free model.
To this end, it also helps the precise measurement of the neutron lifetime $\tau_n = (879.4\pm 0.6)\,\mathrm{s}$ \cite{Zyla:2020zbs}.

In order to obtain constraints, BBN analyses must employ
the abundances of primordial light nuclei, especially $^{2}$H and $^{4}$He.
These abundances are obtained from the observation of pristine astrophysical environments, and most of their experimental values are in good agreement with the theoretical expectations of both $\Lambda$CDM and the standard model of particle physics.
The only exception is that of $^{7}$Li, whose theoretical prediction is a factor \mbox{$\sim$ 2--3} higher than the observed value.
While it seems unlikely that the lithium problem can be solved in the framework of nuclear physics \cite{Iliadis:2020jtc,Broggini:2012rk}, it could be produced by stellar depletion \cite{Korn:2006tv}. Note, however, that the interstellar lithium yield measured in the Small Magellanic Cloud is nearly equal to the BBN prediction, and in agreement with its value in stars older than 4 billion years \cite{Howk:2012rb}.

Experimental and observational improvements give BBN excellent sensitivity to early-Universe effects from new physical scenarios. However, in order to transform such sensitivity into a useful tool to make predictions, it is necessary to achieve a high precision both on the theoretical calculations and on the experimental measurements of the primordial yields.
Over the years, several studies contributed to refine BBN analyses.
The improvements involved several different aspects both on
the theoretical side
(improved estimate of the neutron to proton weak conversion rates \cite{Dicus:1982bz,Cambier:1982pc,Lopez:1998vk,Esposito:1998rc,Brown:2000cp}, detailed neutrino decoupling \cite{Froustey:2020mcq,Akita:2020szl,Bennett:2020zkv}, careful analysis of key reactions in the BBN nuclear network  \cite{Pisanti:2020efz,Inesta:2017jhc,Iliadis:2016vkw})
as well as on the experimental one
(where future improvements are expected from the use of 30 m class telescopes for deuterium \cite{Cooke:2016rky} and from new observations of the damping tail of the CMB acoustic peaks for $^4$He measurements \cite{Ichikawa:2007js}).

From a theoretical perspective, the calculation of the nuclei abundances relies on a solid understanding of the nuclear processes involved in the light elements' production chain.
The main reactions that control the production of light nuclei are those affecting $^{2}$H and $^{3}$He, since they are the lightest elements that form from the free nucleon bath of the early Universe, hence participating at the earliest stages of BBN. Therefore, a precise experimental measurement of the rates of these nuclear reactions is needed to guarantee a precise estimate of their primordial abundances. In this vein, the reaction $^2$H(p,$\gamma)^3$He, which was one of the main sources of uncertainties in the determination of the deuterium abundance, has been recently measured \cite{Mossa:2020qgj,Mossa:2020gjc} by the LUNA collaboration \cite{Cavanna:2019pme} with a $\sim 3\%$ precision in the relevant center of mass energy for BBN.

Historically, a theoretical description of BBN had its origins in the studies of \cite{Wagoner:1966pv,Wagoner:1969,Wagoner:1972jh,Kawano:1988vh,Smith:1992yy}. After the pioneering work in \cite{Kawano:1988vh}, updated public codes are available today to the purpose of facilitating BBN calculations: \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace \cite{Pisanti:2007hk,Consiglio:2017pot}, \texttt{AlterBBN} \cite{Arbey:2011nf,Arbey:2018zfh}, \texttt{PRIMAT} \cite{Pitrou:2018cgg}.
The code whose update we present in this paper, \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace \cite{Pisanti:2007hk}, was significantly improved to a new version (\texttt{PArthENoPE 2.0}\xspace) in \cite{Consiglio:2017pot}.
The main changes included a more portable set of libraries based on the \texttt{ODEPACK} package\footnote{See the URL: \url{http://computation.llnl.gov/casc/odepack/}.}, which substituted the previously used NAG libraries\footnote{See the URL: \url{https://www.nag.com/content/nag-library}.}, and the delivery of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) to facilitate the use of the code.
In the update presented in this paper, \texttt{PArthENoPE 3.0}\xspace, we improve the code in two main aspects. On the one side we update the main reactions responsible for deuterium synthesis in light of the recent results described in \cite{Mossa:2020gjc} and \cite{Pisanti:2020efz}, as reported in Section \ref{s:rates}. On the other side, we release a new version of the GUI, with improved running performances and new plotting functionalities, as detailed in Section \ref{s:newGUI}. We conclude the paper in Section \ref{s:concl}.

\section{Update of nuclear rates}
\label{s:rates}

The accurate evaluation of the nuclear rates and uncertainties implemented in a nucleosynthesis code is the prerequisite for a precise determination of the primordial abundances. Such an evaluation has been reported in details in \cite{Pisanti:2020efz}, to which we address the interested reader. Here we report on the implementation of these new rates in \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace together with the other main changes with respect to its previous version \cite{Consiglio:2017pot}.

There are three reactions that have been re-analised by employing the method introduced in \cite{Serpico:2004gx}: they are the $^2$H(p,$\gamma)^3$He  radiative capture and the deuteron-deuteron transfer reactions, $^2$H(d, n)$^3$He and $^2$H(d, p)$^3$H ($dp\gamma$, $ddn$ and $ddp$ in short).
These reactions are those that mainly contribute to the total uncertainty budget on primordial deuterium.
The first one, in particular, had an uncertainty of about $6\div10\%$ in the energy range relevant for BBN \cite{DiValentino:2014cta}, before its measurement by the LUNA collaboration.
The new data included in the analysis (in addition to the ones already considered for the previous fit released with \texttt{PArthENoPE 2.0}\xspace) are presented in \cite{Tisma:2019acf,Mossa:2020gjc} for the $dp\gamma$ reaction, and \cite{Tumino:2014} for the $ddn$ and $ddp$ reactions. We address the reader to the analysis reported in \cite{Pisanti:2020efz} for the detailed discussion of the new results and their comparison with other works in the literature. We only summarize here the main points.

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.6\textwidth]{dpg_ratio.png}
\includegraphics[width=.6\textwidth]{ddn_ratio.png}
\includegraphics[width=.6\textwidth]{ddp_ratio.png}
\caption{From top to bottom, the ratios between the $dp\gamma$, $ddn$ and $ddp$ rates of \texttt{PArthENoPE 2.0}\xspace and \texttt{PArthENoPE 3.0}\xspace versus the temperature in $10^9$ K.}
\label{fig:ratios}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We report in Fig.~\ref{fig:ratios} the comparison between the $dp\gamma$, $ddn$ and $ddp$ rates of \texttt{PArthENoPE 2.0}\xspace and \texttt{PArthENoPE 3.0}\xspace.
Both the $dp\gamma$ and $ddp$ rates show an increase with respect to their previous value, while $ddn$ is almost unchanged.
This translates in a decrease in the predicted abundance of deuterium, from $^2$H/H = $\left( 2.58 \pm 0.09\pm 0.03\right) \times 10^{-5}$ to $^2$H/H = $\left( 2.51 \pm 0.06\pm 0.03\right) \times 10^{-5}$, where we use $\omega_b = 0.02242\pm 0.00014$ \cite{Aghanim:2018eyx} and the two errors are obtained by propagation of the uncertainties on nuclear rates and baryon density.
The theoretical $^4$He mass fraction, $Y_p$, is instead almost the same, changing from $Y_p = 0.24684\pm 0.00004\pm 0.00012$ to $Y_p = 0.24687\pm 0.00003\pm 0.00012$.
The dominant contribution to the uncertainty, 0.00012, comes from the one on the neutron lifetime, $\tau_n$, for which we adopt the most recent average and error $\tau_n = (879.4 \pm 0.6)$~s \cite{Zyla:2020zbs}.

The new rates implemented in \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace, with their low and high 1-$\sigma$ variations as functions of the temperature $T_9\equiv T/(10^9\,\rm{K})$, are reported in \ref{app:A1}.
Note that the high and low rate values give the total uncertainty band on the thermal rates, as described in detail in \cite{Serpico:2004gx}.
They are obtained from the estimated error coming from the $\chi^2$ analysis, by inflating it by the usual factor $\sqrt{\chi^2}$ and summing in quadrature the overall scale error for the given reaction.

We have also improved the \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace algorithm itself in some aspects, for example by increasing the figures for the quantities printed during evolution, and correcting minor bugs, irrelevant from the point of view of the final numerical results, that only affected the printed output.

Most importantly, the user can now choose different determinations for the rates of the three deuterium destruction reactions mentioned above, specifying them in an auxiliary file, \texttt{rates.dat}.
The default values for these three reactions (PIS2020) are selected in case no such file is present in the working directory of \texttt{PArthENoPE 3.0}\xspace.
Table \ref{t:rates} shows the possible values for the three keywords DPG, DDN, and DDP, with the references that correspond to them. It is worth noting that the $dp\gamma$ rate PIS2020 is very similar to the LUNA2019 one, the only difference being the inclusion of the (almost irrelevant) data in \cite{Tisma:2019acf}, and that the DD rate PIS2020noTH do not include the Trojan Horse data of \cite{Tumino:2014}.

Notice that in order to run the Fortran code, either from command line or from within the GUI, the executable must be compiled. For ease of use, such a command has been included in the \texttt{Makefile} prepared for the GUI installation and can be invoked by using \texttt{make} without any option.
The \texttt{Makefile} is configured to use the \texttt{gfortran} compiler as default, but the user can
modify the first line of the \texttt{Makefile} to indicate
a different compiler.
A modification of the variable \texttt{FLIBS} in the \texttt{Makefile} is also required if the standard Fortran libraries are not available in the default paths, for example \texttt{FLIBS=-L/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/ usr/lib}.

\begin{table}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hline
DPG & DDN/DDP \\
\hline
PIS2020 \cite{Pisanti:2020efz} & PIS2020 \cite{Pisanti:2020efz} \\
LUNA2019 \cite{Mossa:2020gjc} & PIS2020noTH \cite{Pisanti:2020efz} \\
IL2016 \cite{Iliadis:2016vkw} & GI2017 \cite{Inesta:2017jhc} \\
MARCII \cite{Marcucci:2015yla} & COC2015 \cite{Coc:2015bhi} \\
COC2015 \cite{Coc:2015bhi} & PIS2007 \cite{Pisanti:2007hk} \\
MARCI \cite{Marcucci:2005zc} & CY2004 \cite{Cyburt:2004cq} \\
AD2011 \cite{Adelberger:2010qa} & \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Values of the keywords, and corresponding reference, for the possible choices of the three rates $R_{dp\gamma}$, $R_{ddn}$, and $R_{ddp}$. }
\label{t:rates}
\end{table}

\section{The new GUI of \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace}
\label{s:newGUI}

The new \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace GUI has been almost completely rewritten from the previous version.
For the new GUI, we based all the graphical structure of the code on the Python package
\texttt{PySide2}, also known as \texttt{Qt for Python},
the official Python package for the \texttt{Qt 5} library%
\footnote{During the development of the new \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace GUI, a newer version of the package, named \texttt{PySide6} and based on \texttt{Qt 6}, was released. Nevertheless, we decided to let our code depend on \texttt{PySide2} in order to preserve support for Python 2.7.}.
This package allows to build a much more flexible and powerful GUI than the previously employed \texttt{Tkinter} package,
and it is completely portable for Python versions above 3.6.
Python 2.7 is still supported for Unix systems, while it does not work in Windows,
because of the \texttt{PySide2} requirements. Other Python packages that are required by the GUI are:
\texttt{appdirs} (default paths),
\texttt{matplotlib} (plotting functions) \cite{Hunter:2007ouj},
\texttt{numpy} (managing data and parameter grids) \cite{Harris:2020xlr},
\texttt{six} (Python 2 and Python 3 compatibility).

To simplify the installation of the required packages, a simple \texttt{setup.py} file is provided.
The dependencies can be installed using
instructions of the \texttt{make} command, which must be executed from the same folder where the Makefile is located.
If the user does not employ virtual environments nor Anaconda, we recommend installing with \texttt{make installguiuser}, which stores the required dependencies in the local user paths.
Within a virtual environment, the previous command does not work and \texttt{make installgui} should be used instead.
Moreover, in some cases \texttt{sudo} \texttt{make} \texttt{installgui} can be required, if superuser privileges are needed.
These commands will use the default \texttt{python} version and the \texttt{PyPI} repositories to download and install the missing packages.
If the user wants to select a different python version, we recommend to edit the option \texttt{PY} at the beginning of the Makefile.
Alternatively, the user can specify it using for example \texttt{make installguiuser PY=python3} to use the specific \texttt{python3} instead of the default version.

For \texttt{Anaconda} users, we are aware of an incompatibility between the \texttt{PySide2} library available in \texttt{PyPI} and the \texttt{Qt} version installed by \texttt{Anaconda}.
Installing the dependencies using the \texttt{setup.py} or the \texttt{pip} command, therefore, is not a viable option: the command \texttt{make installconda} (or the bash script \texttt{conda.sh}) must be used instead.
Note that this command will create a new environment named ``parthenope3.0'', where all the dependencies will be installed using \texttt{conda install}.
If the user wants to change the environment name, there is the possibility to pass the new name through \texttt{make installconda CONDAENV=name} or \texttt{bash conda.sh name}, respectively.
Every time the user wants to open the GUI, in any case, the \texttt{Anaconda} environment must be activated.
This can be done with \texttt{conda activate parthenope3.0}, or using the chosen name.

In order to run the GUI, we provide the simple command \texttt{make rungui}, which is equivalent to use \texttt{python gui3.0.py \&} in its default version.
If the user wants to use a different python executable, it can be indicated in the Makefile as explained above, or the change can be explicited at runtime, for example using \texttt{make rungui PY=python3}.
Alternatively, one can directly run \texttt{python3 gui3.0.py \&}.

Since the GUI is composed of several fields that serve as input and the structure is quite complex, it may not work appropriately with small screen resolutions.
If the user cannot see the entire content of the window in the screen,
we recommend switching to a higher resolution.

Like the previous version of the GUI,
the new one is meant to simplify the creation of input cards and running the Fortran code.
The main improvements include the use of \texttt{Pool} from the \texttt{multiprocessing} package,
which allows to generate a queue of calls to the Fortran code that are launched exploiting all the available CPUs,
an improved control on the grid of input physical parameters for the Fortran code instances,
and the presence of new functions that allow the user to generate a number of useful plots (see below).

\subsection{Code structure}
The new GUI code is contained in one executable (\texttt{gui3.0.py})
and one python package (\texttt{parthenopegui}),
which contains a number of modules:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{\_\_init\_\_.py}: in this file the version and content of the \texttt{parthenopegui} python package is defined.
\item \texttt{basic.py}: this file contains the initial configuration of the code and the functions used by the main executable.
\item \texttt{configuration.py}: it contains the functions and classes that are used
to ask/set, store and manage the parameters when they are prepared for the creation of the input cards.
\item \texttt{errorManager.py}: it contains the classes that show and save error messages into a log file (\texttt{gui.log}).
\item \texttt{mainWindow.py}: it contains the classes that define the main window of the GUI, creating the ``Home'' tab and importing the other ones.
\item \texttt{plotter.py}: it contains the classes that are used to read the output files of the Fortran code, store the relevant information in an organized way to produce plots, create the layout of the ``Plot'' tab and fill the figures.
\item \texttt{plotUtils.py}: it stores some utilities for the plots, some of which can be imported from exported scripts (see below).
\item \texttt{resourcesPySide2.py}, \texttt{resources.qrc}, \texttt{update\_resources.sh} and the \texttt{images/} folder: the icons and images used in the GUI buttons are stored in these files.
\item \texttt{runner.py}: it provides the functions and classes that connect the GUI with the Fortran code, by running the \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace executable and indicating the progress status in the GUI.
\item \texttt{runUtils.py}: it stores functions for preparing the input cards, compiling and running several instances of the code in parallel, and checking the status of the results. The functions in this file are imported also when running without the GUI (over ssh, for example).
\item \texttt{setrun.py}: it contains the classes that constitute the layout of the ``Run'' tab, which are used to configure all the parameters that enter the input card of the Fortran code and prepare the runs.
\item \texttt{tests.py}: it provides optional tests that check the consistency of all the functions used in the Python package and their correct behaviour. The test suite can be launched using the command \texttt{make testgui} to verify that everything is properly installed.
\item \texttt{texts.py}: it contains all the strings used in the code (error messages, warnings, instructions and tips).
\end{itemize}

\subsection{GUI structure}
Since the aim of the GUI is to simplify the use of the \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace Fortran code,
its layout is built in order to make immediately available to the user
most of the possible configurations and functions, in an intuitive way.
Most of the buttons and input fields have tooltips, which appear
when the mouse hovers for a few seconds on them, in order to further help the user to understand how to use the interface.
The main window is based on three tabs,
which are named ``Home'', ``Run'' and ``Plot''. The ``Home'' tab contains few information on the purpose of the code and a link to open the \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace web page. The other two tabs are described in the following subsections.

\subsubsection{The ``Run'' tab}
The ``Run'' tab contains all the controls for configuring the content of the input card and run the Fortran code. Its layout is presented in the \ref{app:A2}, where we provide some screen-shots of the GUI.

The top left panel allows us to select the size of the network of nuclides and reactions to be taken into account
(small, intermediate or complete, depending on the number of nuclides, which is 9, 18 or 26 respectively).

When a network size is selected, the reactions table (center left) is updated to contain the appropriate number of lines (40, 73 or 100 respectively).
Double clicking on the last column of each line allows the user to customize the reaction rate, changing it to the $\pm\sigma$ variations or adopting a different global normalization for rescaling the rate.

The panel on the bottom left controls the nuclides that constitute the output
of the Fortran code.
Only the evolution of the selected nuclides (left block) is saved in the output files,
while those appearing in the right block are allowed, given the current network size, but not selected.

In the bottom center, two more input fields are located:
one that controls the name of the folder
where the output files of the \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace Fortran code must be saved,
and one that activates or deactivates storing the full evolution of the abundances of each (selected) nuclide.
When the checkbox is not selected, only the final values will be available for further manipulation,
not the evolution.

The top right panel is where the user defines the series of points in the physical parameter space
that must be used in the execution of the Fortran code.
Single points as well as grids can be selected in a separate dialog window that is opened when clicking the ``Add a new point or grid'' button.
Within this dialog, one can easily select (column ``Type") between ``single values" or a ``grid" for each parameter. After closing this window, the selected values can be still modified using the ``Edit'' and ``Delete'' buttons that appear on the right of each grid/point summary table.
The total number of points, displayed just above the summary tables,
represents the number of independent calls to the Fortran code that will be executed when running.

The execution of the Fortran code is controlled by the bottom right buttons, which offer four options:
``Run with default parameters'', to execute the Fortran code only once with the default parameters and store the output in the selected folder;
``Run with custom parameters'', to execute the Fortran code once for each chosen point in the parameter space;
``Save default parameters'' and
``Save custom parameters'', to store the selected parameters in a file \texttt{settings.obj} inside the specified folder, for later use via command line.
These last two functions are meant to let the user configure the runs via the GUI,
and execute them in another pc (a cluster, for example), without the need of using the GUI again.
If \texttt{settings.obj} is stored in some \texttt{folder/}, the execution of the Fortran code without the GUI is later performed with a command like \texttt{python gui3.0.py folder/} (use the Python executable of your choice here).
Note that the same python version must be used to save and later read the \texttt{settings.obj} file, which is also created in the folder chosen for the output files after pressing one of the ``Run with'' buttons.

When \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace is called within the GUI by clicking one of the ``Run with default/custom parameters'' buttons, a progress bar shows the amount of performed runs with respect to the total.
The user also sees some information messages in the bottom right part of the tab.

\subsubsection{The ``Plot'' tab}
Most of the new functions of the GUI are included in the ``Plot'' tab, which contains the controls to read the output of the Fortran code and produce different kinds of figures. Its layout is presented in the \ref{app:A2}, together with the one of the ``Run'' tab.

The plotting functionalities need to read the existing output files from a previous \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace run.
Therefore, before starting the creation of a plot, a valid folder path
must be passed through the button at the top left of the tab.
In details, the folder must contain a \texttt{settings.obj} file previously created by the GUI with the same Python version, and the output files generated by the Fortran code.

The GUI offers the possibility to produce three types of plots: \textit{Evolution}, \textit{1D dependence} and \textit{2D dependence}.
All of them can be configured via the radio buttons at the top left.
The Evolution button allows the user to plot how the element abundances (and other relevant quantities) change with respect to the temperature of the cosmic plasma.
The 1D and 2D dependence buttons allow plotting the final values of a given quantity as a function of one or two physical parameters.
Notice that, depending on the configuration of the grid, some of these plots may be unavailable.
For example, grids where only one physical parameter is varied cannot be used to produce ``2D dependence'' plots.

Depending on the plot type, the content of the left part of the tab changes, as detailed below.

When requesting ``Evolution'' plots, a table with all the available points in the grid appears just below the radio buttons for selecting the plot type.
By double clicking on a row, a new window appears. There, the user can select which parameter must be used to show its evolution in the figure, and define few properties for the line that will be plotted.
After completing the configuration and accepting the content of the dialog, a green tick notifies that the selected point is in use in the left upper table.
Moreover, a new row appears in the left bottom table, which summarizes the properties of each line currently configured in the plot.
For each row in this table, the properties of their corresponding lines are organised in columns.
By double-clicking on a column of this table, one can either modify the plot properties for the selected row, delete the corresponding line from the plot or reorder it in the table.
The lines are plotted in the figure in the same order that appears in the table.
This affects the overlapping of the lines and their order in the legend.
An example of ``Evolution'' plot is shown in figure \ref{fig:evolution}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{evolution.png}
\caption{Example plot produced with the ``Plot" tab of the GUI: evolution with temperature of the primordial abundances.}
\label{fig:evolution}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
When selecting the ``1D dependence'' option, the structure of the interface remains the same as in the previous case,
except for the fact that instead of single points in the parameter space, the code groups several of them.
Within each group, represented by a row of the table, one physical parameter is varied while the others are kept fixed.
Selecting the group, one can produce a plot that shows the dependence of the selected quantity with respect to the varying parameter. The rest of the interface remains the same as described above.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{contour_Yp.png}
\caption{Example plot produced by using the ``Plot" tab of the GUI: 2D color plot for $Y_p$ values as a function of $\eta_{10}$ and $N_\nu$.}
\label{fig:contourYp}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
For the ``2D dependence'' option, instead, the interface changes a bit.
Again, in the main table the points are grouped, this time two parameters are varying at the same time for each table row.
Since in this case the figure should contain contours instead of lines, the options that are available in the dialog window that appears after double-clicking on a table line are slightly different.
In the bottom table, in this case there is no option to reorder the contours, while the possibility to modify previously inserted settings or delete a contour are still available. See figure \ref{fig:contourYp} for an example.

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{chi2_D.png}
\caption{Example plot produced by using the ``Plot" tab of the GUI: deuterium $\chi^2$ for three values of $\Delta N_\nu$ as a function of $\eta_{10}$.}
\label{fig:chi2D}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{contours.png}
\caption{Example plot produced by using the ``Plot" tab of the GUI: 2D contours in the $N_\nu$-$\eta_{10}$ plane at 1-, 2-, and 3-$\sigma$ C.L. obtained combining
the $\chi^2$ of $^2$H/H and $Y_p$.}
\label{fig:contours}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
The interface also lets the user apply a Gaussian $\chi^2$ for producing both 1D and 2D plots.
In such case, the user has to input a mean and standard deviation in the window appearing after clicking on a data row, and the code will compute the Gaussian $\chi^2$ for the given quantity with respect to the varying parameter.
The user can also decide to plot the $\chi^2$, the likelihood or the log likelihood function.
A combination of the $\chi^2$ on several parameters can be also performed: for example, a typical BBN-only analysis considers the combination of deuterium and helium information.
Examples of the $\chi^2$ plots are shown in figure \ref{fig:chi2D} (1D example for one parameter) and figure \ref{fig:contours} (2D example for two parameters).

In the panel at the bottom right, the user has a preview of the final image, which is updated automatically when the content is changed. Several settings (axis labels, scales, limits, legend settings and more) can be adjusted using the three tabs above the figure: ``Axes settings", ``Legend settings", and ``Figure settings". In particular, in the axis and legend labels the user can use \LaTeX{} syntax to have the names properly rendered.
Notice that, because of space constraints in the visible window, some of the settings cannot be applied to the figure shown in the GUI and the figure shape and appearance do not necessarily reflect the true image content. However, the correct appearance is guaranteed in the exported image (see below).

Five buttons just above the figure allow the user to, respectively, refresh the image content (after having modified some figure properties); revert the changes made by the user on the plot settings to the default values; reset the image content (this will revert the user changes on the plot properties and delete the existing plot content); save a copy of the image in an external file; or export the python script to generate the plots outside of the GUI, in case one wants to further customize the obtained figures. As an example, we report in \ref{app:A3} the script corresponding to figure~\ref{fig:contourYp}.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{s:concl}

BBN has evolved from being one of the pillars of the standard Big Bang scenario to one of the most useful consistency tools to test the standard cosmological model.
\texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace is a public tool developed since 2007 with the goal of helping researchers interested in this field.
The code fulfills the requirements of precision and versatility.
This updated version, in particular, represents an advance in both these requirements: we have implemented updated nuclear rates for the most important reactions of deuterium destruction, $^2$H(p,$\gamma)^3$He, $^2$H(d, n)$^3$He and $^2$H(d, p)$^3$H, and re-designed the previous version of the GUI, extending its functionalities for an easy implementation of grid running and plot preparation, which we hope will be of some help to BBN researchers.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
We are grateful to many users of \texttt{PArthENoPE}\xspace, who during these years, gave important feedbacks and suggestions to improve the code.
OP work was supported by the Italian grant 2017W4HA7S "NAT-NET: Neutrino and Astroparticle Theory Network" (PRIN 2017) funded by the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), and Iniziativa Specifica TAsP of INFN.
PFdS acknowledges support by the Vetenskapsr{\aa}det (Swedish Research Council) through contract No.~638-2013-8993 and the Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics.
SG acknowledges financial support by the ``Juan de la Cierva-Incorporaci\'on'' program (IJC2018-036458-I) of the Spanish MICINN, by the Spanish grants FPA2017-85216-P (AEI/FEDER, UE), PROMETEO/2018/165 (Generalitat Valenciana) and the Red Consolider MultiDark FPA2017-90566-REDC, until September 2020, and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754496 (project FELLINI) starting from October 2020.
SG also thanks the Institute for Nuclear Theory at the University of Washington for its hospitality and the Department of Energy for partial support during the preparation of this article.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Tuula Salo, DDS, PhD
Professor Tuula Salo (born 1958) graduated from the Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Fin-land, in 1983. She defended her PhD thesis in 1985 and received her specialty degree in oral pathology in 1997 at the same University. Salo was appointed as an associate professor in 1998. After working in different teaching and research positions, including her postgraduate research trainings in Birmingham, Alabama; Los Angeles and Vancouver, Tuula Salo was appointed as the full professor in 2004. She served as a vice dean (research) at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, in 2006-2009, and as a member of the Health Research Committee of the Academy of Finland in 2004-2009. Since 2015, Salo has also been a permanent member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. In 2015, she was appointed as a professor of Oral Pathology at the University of Helsinki, Finland. Since 2015, Tuula Salo has worked also as a visiting professor at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Professor Tuula Salo's research has focused on oral molecular biology and oral pathology. Recently, she has focused especially on the research of the invasion mechanisms, tumor microenvironment and prognostic markers of oral tongue cancer. Professor Salo's research group has developed an innovative human tissue 3D cancer invasion models. Tuula Salo has published over 300 original research articles and several oral pathology and oral medicine textbook chapters. Her H-index is 64, and she is a well-known lecturer in domestic and international scientific and clinical conferences. For her academic work and teaching in field, Professor Salo received IAOP Rod Cawson Prize in 2010.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Osoby o tym nazwisku:
 Feliks Kotlewski – polski specjalista w dziedzinie termodynamiki i miernictwa cieplnego
 Stefan Kotlewski – polski polityk, samorządowiec

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Minutes of the Sixty-sixth Annual Convention
2 :00 p. m.-Devotion. Rom. 10. 1-5. Rev. Emil Benzon.
2 :30-5 :15 p. m.-Seventh Session.
7 :45 p. m.-Annual Festival Woman's Missionary Society.
Hymn, Swedish Psalm 118, Audience.
Scripture Reading, Is. 35, and Prayer, Dr. P. A. Mattson.
Music, Twin City Woman's Missionary Chorus.
Address, Home Missions, Dr. J. A. Krantz.
Address, Foreign Missions, Rev. Geo. N. Anderson.
Announcements and collection.
Greetings, Mrs. Emmy Evald.
Hymn, Hymnal 280, Audience.
Prayer and Benediction, Dr. C. J. Petri. .
Wednesday, March 26.
8 :40 a. m.-Morning . Prayer. Psalm 103. Rev. J. E. Er-lander.
9-12 a. m.-Eighth Session.
2 :00 p. m.-Devotion. Deut. 6. 5-8. Rev. Johan Pearson.
2 :30-6 :05 p. m.-Ninth Session.
7 :45 p. m.-School Festival.
Dr. G. A. Brandelle read Luke 10. 1-24 and offered prayer.
Vocal Duet, Prof. A. W. Ryberg and Miss Evelyn Edblom.
Address, Dr. 0. J. Johnson, president · Gustavus Adolphus
Vocal Duet, Prof. Ryberg and Miss Edblom.
Address, Dr. Frank Nelson, president Minnesota College.
Vocal Solo, Prof. Ryberg.
Closing Remarks, Dr. P. A. Mattson and Dr. C. J. Petri.
The Conference held nine business sessions. The sessions
not preceded by special devotiqnal services were begun
with prayer, and all sessions were closed with prayer. Pastors,
besides those mentioned in the program outlined above, opened
or closed sessions with prayer in the order given: S.
Hjalmar Swanson, H. P. Johnson, Dr. C. B. L. Boman, C. E.
Slätt, C. W. Samuelson, Dr. C. J. Carlson, 0. A. Nelson, Dr.
L. P. Bergstrom, Christian Svenson, the President.
The Conference concluded the work of the sixty-sixth
convention a few minutes after 6 o'clock in the evening of
March 26th. The President made a brief closing address,
whereupon all joined in singing the last stanza of hymn No.
500 in the Swedish Psalm Book, after which the president
off ered prayer and pronounced the benediction.
N. J. W. NELSON,
Secretray of the Minneota Conference.
Title Minutes of the Sixty-sixth Annual Convention
Transcript 2 :00 p. m.-Devotion. Rom. 10. 1-5. Rev. Emil Benzon. 2 :30-5 :15 p. m.-Seventh Session. 143 7 :45 p. m.-Annual Festival Woman's Missionary Society. PROGRAM Hymn, Swedish Psalm 118, Audience. Scripture Reading, Is. 35, and Prayer, Dr. P. A. Mattson. Music, Twin City Woman's Missionary Chorus. Address, Home Missions, Dr. J. A. Krantz. Music, Twin City Woman's Missionary Chorus. Address, Foreign Missions, Rev. Geo. N. Anderson. Announcements and collection. Greetings, Mrs. Emmy Evald. Hymn, Hymnal 280, Audience. Prayer and Benediction, Dr. C. J. Petri. . Wednesday, March 26. 8 :40 a. m.-Morning . Prayer. Psalm 103. Rev. J. E. Er-lander. 9-12 a. m.-Eighth Session. 2 :00 p. m.-Devotion. Deut. 6. 5-8. Rev. Johan Pearson. 2 :30-6 :05 p. m.-Ninth Session. 7 :45 p. m.-School Festival. Dr. G. A. Brandelle read Luke 10. 1-24 and offered prayer. Vocal Duet, Prof. A. W. Ryberg and Miss Evelyn Edblom. Address, Dr. 0. J. Johnson, president · Gustavus Adolphus College. Vocal Duet, Prof. Ryberg and Miss Edblom. Address, Dr. Frank Nelson, president Minnesota College. Vocal Solo, Prof. Ryberg. Closing Remarks, Dr. P. A. Mattson and Dr. C. J. Petri. The Conference held nine business sessions. The sessions not preceded by special devotiqnal services were begun with prayer, and all sessions were closed with prayer. Pastors, besides those mentioned in the program outlined above, opened or closed sessions with prayer in the order given: S. Hjalmar Swanson, H. P. Johnson, Dr. C. B. L. Boman, C. E. Slätt, C. W. Samuelson, Dr. C. J. Carlson, 0. A. Nelson, Dr. L. P. Bergstrom, Christian Svenson, the President. The Conference concluded the work of the sixty-sixth convention a few minutes after 6 o'clock in the evening of March 26th. The President made a brief closing address, whereupon all joined in singing the last stanza of hymn No. 500 in the Swedish Psalm Book, after which the president off ered prayer and pronounced the benediction. N. J. W. NELSON, Secretray of the Minneota Conference.


The nuclear deal of July 14 marked a breakthrough in US-Iran relations, and while critics remain fiercely opposed to the deal, Iran's return to the international scene offers inspiring opportunities for the Middle East.
It's official. The French have been out-staged on Bastille Day and by the Iranians no less! Robespierre might have found certain poetry in such an overlapping of date, since imperialism was knocked right on the head, echoing the long cries for freedom of revolutionary France.
Undoubtedly a historical day, especially considering the specter of global war was arguably averted, Iran's success this July 14th, goes far beyond the premise of a nuclear non-proliferation deal - it quite literally laid down a brand new field of geopolitical entanglements, where hawkish America, and the usual suspects in tow (Israel and Saudi Arabia), is no longer monopolizing the narrative.
And though US President Barack Hussain Obama appeared the American hero before his people, arguing the country's strength and moral grandstanding, such political posturing most certainly hides a sense of great relief before the bullet Washington just about dodged. Let's not kid anyone here: The Iran nuclear deal is not an American gift to the Iranian nation, it was a pragmatic necessity!
"Today, because America negotiated from a position of strength and principle, we have stopped the spread of nuclear weapons in this region … Because of this deal, the international community will be able to verify that the Islamic Republic of Iran will not develop a nuclear weapon," said Obama from the White House on Tuesday, confirming the momentous political and diplomatic breakthrough.
Iranians might argue that the real victory lies not in the affirmation that their nuclear program will remain strictly civilian-oriented, but instead in the new reality that an end to some, if not all, political hostilities will result. Could it not be after all that Iran gave away very little since its nuclear ambitions were never - as trumpeted by Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu - militarily oriented?
Regardless, the point remains that following decades filled with tensions, defiance and mistrust Iran and the US have finally found some common ground - just enough maybe to cement a lasting friendship. From a Middle-Eastern perspective and within the perimeters of the war against terror, Iran and the US needed to sit on the same side, if not in the name of a common ideology, or shared ambitions, to oppose the rising threat of ISIS, the Wahhabi-inspired doomsday army.
To contradict PM Netanyahu, there cannot be peace in the Middle East without Iran. Denying this one crucial geopolitical reality has led the world to where it is today: Facing the barrel of the ISIS gun to the tune of widespread regional instability and sectarian tensions.
Whether in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Afghanistan or Pakistan, Iran - as a regional superpower and political patron - sits too much within the regional dynamics which have been weaved over the decades for any power to hope to achieve lasting peace without its input.
Iran is not the big bad wolf of the story. Iranians, like any other people, want peace and they want security.
More importantly and most likely more pertinently, Iran happens to want ISIS eliminated more than just about everyone!
And if an American alliance with Saudi Arabia against Wahhabi-inspired radicalism never made any sense at all, a partnership with Iran actually does.
In truth Iran already proved itself a valuable asset in Iraq as it aligned its efforts against ISIS with Washington through an informal military cooperation, opening avenues which would have otherwise remained shut.
Iran and the US do not need to be at war, nor should they! And though this clash of the Titans still fits within the hegemonic ambitions of hawkish Israel and its American patsies, the world today simply cannot afford to pay lip service to peace when collaboration offers more interesting, and let's admit more lucrative prospects.
Russia actually hit the nail right on the head when Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov suggested building economic ties to reinforce political goodwill and dispel poverty-born friction. And since financial security has a way of dispelling populations' taste for blood and war, why not take a page out of Moscow's book and build bridges rather than drop bombs?
Iran's nuclear deal would be the perfect cornerstone.
And yes it will take time - no one said it wouldn't. But then again I would much rather see nations be slow at peace-building than hasty in wars.
The main point is change happened and for the first time since former US President George W Bush gave his infamous and ominous "axis of evil" speech, we are all breathing a little easier; the world is not monochrome anymore.
In this brand new space the P5+1 helped create, Iran will reclaim its place at the international roundtable and act both a buffer and a deterrent to an otherwise overpowering Saudi narrative in the Middle East.
Needless to say that Saudi Arabia's own brand of exceptionalism is in need of curtailing, and some good old fashion political and economic pluralism could just be what the doctor's ordered. Again here, Iran's nuclear deal opened up such an opportunity.
I would personally argue that the end to Iran's isolation will allow for some sort of political renaissance where old diplomatic fault lines and ideological grievances will have no sway anymore.
Maybe now we can go back to fighting the real enemy of this century - terror, this time together!


text:
Q: random number generator I need help on which random number generator to use simultaneously from multiple threads and get less execution time

A: Virtually any random number generator has some saved state. To get correct behavior when called from multiple threads, it'll have to either use thread local storage for its stored state, or else use synchronized access to the stored state.
If it uses synchronized access to shared state, that's usually going to be fairly slow.
If it uses thread local storage, that introduces the extra problem that each thread that uses it has to seed the generator separately, and ensure that the seeds aren't the same (e.g. if you use the common srand(time(NULL)) in each thread, chances are pretty good that multiple threads will get the same seed and produce the same sequence of outputs. Once you've seeded it reasonably, however, invocations will generally be reasonably fast -- the only slowdown compared to single-threaded is (possibly) having a level of indirection to get to the thread local storage.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
HOME • META SEARCH • TRANSLATE
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WorldCat Information
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Table of Contents ⇨
International union library catalog
WorldCat homepage as of June 2019
Network of library content and services
13 languages [1]
Online Computer Library Center
www.worldcat.org
3,433 (February 2019 [update]) [2]
Optional, but some features require registration (such as writing reviews and making lists or bibliographies)
January 21, 1998; 22 years ago (1998-01-21) [3]
WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 17,900 libraries in 123 countries and territories [4] that participate in the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc. [5] The subscribing member libraries collectively maintain WorldCat's database, the world's largest bibliographic database. [6] OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries, but the catalog is the foundation for other subscription OCLC services (such as resource sharing and collection management). WorldCat is used by the general public and by librarians for cataloging and research.
OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour. [7] That same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat; the first catalog records were added in 1971. [7] [8]
In 2003, OCLC began the "Open WorldCat" pilot program, making abbreviated records from a subset of WorldCat available to partner web sites and booksellers, to increase the accessibility of its subscribing member libraries' collections. [9] [10]
In October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. [11] WikiD was later phased out, although WorldCat later incorporated user-generated content in other ways. [12] [13]
In 2006, it became possible for anyone to search WorldCat directly at its open website, [14] not only through the subscription FirstSearch interface where it had been available on the web to subscribing libraries for more than a decade before. [15] Options for more sophisticated searches of WorldCat have remained available through the FirstSearch interface. [14]
In 2007, WorldCat Identities began providing pages for 20 million "identities", which are metadata about names—predominantly authors and persons who are the subjects of published titles. [16]
As of May 2019, WorldCat contained over 450 million bibliographic records in 484 languages, representing over 2.8 billion physical and digital library assets, [5] and the WorldCat persons dataset ( mined from WorldCat) included over 100 million people. [17]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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WorldCat contains records in MAchine Readable Cataloging ( MARC) format contributed by library catalogers worldwide who use OCLC as a cataloging tool, and these MARC format records can also be downloaded into other libraries' local catalog systems. This allows libraries to find and download records for materials they are adding to their local catalog, without having to undergo the lengthy process of creating a new catalog entry from scratch for each new item.
WorldCat operates on a batch processing model rather than a real-time model. That is, WorldCat records are synchronized at intermittent intervals with the underlying library catalogs instead of real-time or every day. Consequently:
WorldCat shows that a particular item is owned by a particular library but does not provide that library's call number.
WorldCat does not indicate whether an item is currently borrowed, lost, undergoing restoration or repair, or moved to storage not directly accessible to patrons (thereby forcing interested patrons to submit a retrieval request and wait).
Furthermore, WorldCat does not show whether a library owns multiple copies of a particular title.
As an alternative, WorldCat allows participating institutions to add direct links from WorldCat to their own catalog entries for a particular item, which enables the user to determine its real-time status. [18] However, this still requires users to open multiple Web pages, each pointing to a different online public access catalog with its own distinctive user interface design (which places item status in a different portion of the Web browser display), until they can locate a catalog entry that shows the item is currently available at a particular library.
Library contributions to WorldCat are made via the Connexion computer program, which was introduced in 2001; its predecessor, OCLC Passport, was phased out in May 2005. [19]
Faceted Application of Subject Terminology (FAST)
^ "Search for library items". WorldCat. Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
^ "Worldcat.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors – Alexa". www.alexa.com. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
^ 1998 is the date of registry of the WorldCat.org domain; see: "WorldCat.org WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools". WHOIS. Retrieved January 21, 2017. However, the union catalog that became WorldCat was started three decades earlier, and it was already available on the web to subscriber libraries at OCLC.org several years before WorldCat.org was a registered domain name; see: "OCLC.org WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools". WHOIS. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
^ "About OCLC". Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
^ a b "Inside WorldCat". OCLC. OCLC, Inc. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^ Oswald, Godfrey (2017). "Largest unified international library catalog". Library world records (3rd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 291. ISBN 9781476667775. OCLC 959650095.
^ a b Margalit Fox (August 2, 2006). "Frederick G. Kilgour, Innovative Librarian, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2009. Frederick G. Kilgour, a distinguished librarian who nearly 40 years ago transformed a consortium of Ohio libraries into what is now the largest library cooperative in the world, making the catalogs of thousands of libraries around the globe instantly accessible to far-flung patrons, died on Monday in Chapel Hill, N.C. He was 92.
^ "A brief history of WorldCat". oclc.org. February 10, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
^ O'Neill, Nancy (November–December 2004). "Open WorldCat Pilot: A User's Perspective". Searcher. 12 (10): 54–60. ISSN 1070-4795. OCLC 201889986.
^ Quint, Barbara (October 27, 2003). "OCLC project opens WorldCat records to Google". infotoday.com. Information Today. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
^ "WikiD". OCLC. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
^ Storey, Tom (September 2007). "A WorldCat community: using WorldCat.org to build a social network of the world's library users" (PDF). NextSpace. OCLC (7): 16–17. ISSN 1559-0011. Retrieved June 26, 2019. Online ratings, tags, reviews, recommendations, lists, rankings, personal profiles—the social media revolution is here. It seems the world has exploded with Web 2.0, social networking tools and sites.
^ Bertot, John Carlo; Berube, Katy; Devereaux, Peter; Dhakal, Kerry; Powers, Stephen; Ray, Jennie (April 2012). "Assessing the usability of WorldCat Local: findings and considerations". The Library Quarterly. 82 (2): 207–221. doi: 10.1086/664588. JSTOR 10.1086/664588. Breeding [2] also makes the following observations about the benefits of the search system: the presence of a more visually appealing interface; the grouping of related material; faceted navigation; and the capability for user-generated content (e.g., reviews). Eden [3] also refers to the advantages of user-generated content possible in WCL...
^ a b Hane, Paula J. (July 17, 2006). "OCLC to open WorldCat searching to the world". infotoday.com. Information Today. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
^ Prucha, Francis Paul (1994). "National online library catalogs". Handbook for research in American history: a guide to bibliographies and other reference works (2nd ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 0803237014. OCLC 28018047. Online Computer Library Center has developed two new programs. One is called EPIC, a new command-driven full online service with sophisticated searching features, including subject searches, intended for librarians and other experienced users. The other, designed for end-users, is FirstSearch, which contains the database materials found in EPIC or subsets of them but has a menu interface that nonspecialists find easy to use. Both EPIC and FirstSearch make available the full OCLC Online Union Catalog (called WorldCat in FirstSearch), but they also function as online database services, offering their users a wide array of other databases.
^ Hickey, Thomas B. (April 15, 2007). "WorldCat Identities: Another View of the Catalog" (PDF). NextSpace. OCLC (6): 18–19. ISSN 1559-0011. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ "Data strategy [WorldCat]". oclc.org. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
^ "What is WorldCat?". worldcat.org. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
^ Dean, Becky (March 3, 2005). "OCLC Authorities migration timeline". bibco@listserv.loc.gov (Mailing list). Retrieved June 26, 2019.
Blackman, Cathy; Moore, Erica Rae; Seikel, Michele; Smith, Mandi (July 2014). "WorldCat and SkyRiver: a comparison of record quantity and fullness". Library Resources & Technical Services. 58 (3): 178–186. doi: 10.5860/lrts.58n3.178.
Breeding, Marshall (May 2015). "Library services platforms: a maturing genre of products". Library Technology Reports. 51 (4): 1–38. doi: 10.5860/ltr.51n4.
Matthews, Joseph R. (July 2016). "An environmental scan of OCLC alternatives: a management perspective". Public Library Quarterly. 35 (3): 175–187. doi: 10.1080/01616846.2016.1210440.
McKenzie, Elizabeth (January 2012). OCLC changes its rules for use of records in WorldCat: library community pushback through blogs and cultures of resistance (Technical report). Boston: Suffolk University Law School. Research paper 12-06.
What the OCLC online union catalog means to me: a collection of essays. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC. 1997. ISBN 1556532237. OCLC 37492023.
Wilson, Kristen (August 2016). "The knowledge base at the center of the universe". Library Technology Reports. 52 (6): 1–35. doi: 10.5860/ltr.52n6.
"WorldCat data licensing" (PDF). oclc.org. Retrieved December 31, 2018. See also: "Data licenses & attribution". oclc.org. Retrieved December 31, 2018. Information about licensing of WorldCat records and some other OCLC data.
Official website ( Mobile)
"WorldCat". oclc.org. Retrieved December 31, 2018. Information on the OCLC website about WorldCat.
"Bibliographic Formats and Standards". oclc.org. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
"WorldCat Identities". worldcat.org. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=WorldCat&oldid=938002471#History"
Bibliographic databases and indexes
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Use mdy dates from March 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2019
Articles needing additional references from December 2018
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HomeNews RSS FeedTurtles & Tortoises Information & News
Las Vegas Area Desert Tortoise Conservation Center To Close
Site Staff August 27, 2013 8:07 am
Petition launched on MoveOn.org to stop a federal plan to euthanize remaining tortoises.
Garter Snake Steals Kid's Fish
English Teen Falls 100 feet Off Cliff, Gets Bit by Adder and Survives
Burmese Python Study May Lead To Potential Heart Disease Cures
UPDATE: USFWS responds to desert tortoise euthanization media reports.
August 26, 2013: Recent media reports regarding the status of desert tortoises at the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center (DTCC) have implied that the FWS is currently euthanizing desert tortoises at the facility. We want the public to know that the FWS is not euthanizing healthy tortoises.
The DTCC was established in 1990 to receive wild tortoises in harm's way from development and has taken in unwanted pets since 1996. Over 1,000 tortoises arrived at the DTCC each year, and approximately 98 percent of those are surrendered or stray pets. Science-based protocols developed for desert tortoises brought to the DTCC have been instrumental in helping the FWS maintain a healthy population of desert tortoise in the wild. Managing to recover desert tortoise, a threatened species, is a complex task in which all options need to be considered, and all risks and benefits to the species must be assessed.
Many pet tortoises, unfortunately, are diseased or otherwise in poor health, and run the risk of spreading disease to wild tortoises. These tortoises cannot be relocated to the wild, or otherwise contribute to recovery of the desert tortoise population. Sometimes euthanasia of unhealthy pet tortoises is necessary, but only as last resort, and only after we evaluate other options. All healthy tortoises at the DTCC will be relocated to sites that will support the recovery of the species.
Progress is being made on translocating the healthy DTCC tortoise population to the wild. A Programmatic Environmental Assessment is complete, and tortoises are already being translocated by the FWS to an approved site in Trout Canyon, Nevada. Public scoping for a second translocation plan was completed Aug 22, 2013, for a proposed translocation area south of Coyote Springs, Nevada.
The Animal Foundation (TAF), Lied Animal Shelter continues to take in unwanted pet tortoises from the public. However, the fact remains that the DTCC does not currently have the capacity or the funding to accept and care for additional tortoises.
Recovery of the desert tortoise in the wild continues to be our top priority. However we are deeply concerned about the growing number of unwanted pets, and will continue to work with our partner agencies toward finding a suitable solution for tortoises that cannot be returned to the wild.
The Desert Tortoise Conservation Center near Las Vegas is running out of funds and federal officials plan to close the center and euthanize, (Yes EUTHANIZE) hundreds of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at the center, according to an AP news report. The center, opened in 1990 was funded largely by developers who encroached on the tortoise's habitat during the boom years of the Las Vegas real estate market in the late 1990s to early 2000s. That bubble has long since burst and fees have been reduced to a trickle, just $290,000 in the last 11 months.
There is a petition on Moveon.org to stop federal officials from euthanizing the tortoises at the facility. That petition is located here.
Local partners have pulled out of the project as well, the report said. According to the report, $1 million is required to keep the center running. Currently the center holds 1,400 desert tortoises and officials said that more than half of them will be euthanized as the center winds down and shutters in 2014. Tortoise lovers have launched a petition on Moveon.org in an effort to stop federal officials from euthanizing the remaining tortoises at the center, many of which are sick or disabled.
Utah Gets Federal Aid to Protect Desert Tortoise
Desert Tortoises Displaced By Solar Energy Project Released
Desert Tortoise Habitat Opens in El Mirage, California
Mojave Desert Tortoise Appears from Her Den, Marking the Beginning of Spring
The desert tortoise can be found in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts in Southern California and can also be found in Arizona, Nevada, Utah, as well as in areas in Mexico. It grows to about 8 to 10 pounds and eats mostly weeds and leafy weeds in the wild. The desert tortoise is a protected species and it is speculated that more desert tortoises can be found in captivity than in the wild. By some estimates, there are just 100,000 desert tortoises left in the wild. The chelonian has been victim to illegal collection, wildfires and harassment.
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From Our Bureaus
Belarusian Activists Detained For Flying Flag
August 02, 2010 17:18 GMT
BARISAU, Belarus -- Two activists in the central Belarusian town of Barisau have been detained for publicly displaying the country's historic flag, RFE/RL's Belarus Service reports.
Anna Sharuba and Uladz Yaromenak were hoisting the red-and-white Belarusian flag in the streets of Barisau on August 1 when local police detained them for three hours.
Police defined the activists' actions as a "violation of public regulations in populated areas," and warned them they could face serious charges if they continue such actions.
The opposition organization Malady Front (Youth Front) launched a campaign called "Our City" across the country on May 14, the 15th anniversary of a referendum that replaced the country's traditional national symbols with a modified Soviet-era national emblem and flag.
Opposition and other nationalist groups have protested the introduction of those symbols ever since.
Belarusian Opposition Activist Released
Two Belarusian Rights Activists Arrested
Belarusian Activist Interrogated Over Flag


Although DUI charges seem pretty straightforward, there are certain legal definitions that can complicate what it means to drive under the influence. Before individuals get behind the wheel of a vehicle, potentially putting themselves and others into harm's way, it is vital they know how the District of Columbia prosecutes and defines certain factors related to DUIs. Call a Washington, DC DUI lawyer for further help in your case.
You can get a DUI even if you weren't driving. While "driving under the influence" and "driving while intoxicated" are the common names for the statutes and the crimes that they allege, they do not require actual driving. In DC, the statutes require that you be in "actual physical control" of a vehicle, which doesn't mean that the vehicle has to be on or that the individual has to be awake.
If an individual is sitting in the driver seat of a vehicle with the engine running, even if the vehicle is not moving, that certainly constitutes actual physical control. Where it becomes trickier is when the vehicle is not actually turned on and the keys are not in the ignition. Then it comes down to the circumstances of where the person is and where the keys are in relation to the person and the ignition. Those facts can be critically important, but the short answer is that you absolutely can be convicted of DUI in the District of Columbia even if the car was never turned on, let alone driven.
People do get arrested for DUI without actually driving a vehicle. The parking lot situation—when someone is just sitting in his or her car in a parking lot—is not uncommon at all. An even more common instance is when someone is sitting in a car parked on the side of the road. We also see people arrested sitting outside of their homes. The car hasn't been moved, but nonetheless the car is on. Of course, the usual DUI case is when someone is pulled over while driving, but we do see plenty of situations in which someone wasn't driving when the police became involved.
You do not need to be driving on a road to be arrested for DUI. You can be arrested and convicted for DUI even if you weren't driving and the vehicle was not on the road, but you were in the vehicle. The statutes are written very broadly and basically encompass any vehicle within the District of Columbia. In theory, you can be arrested, charged and convicted for DUI if you are in a vehicle, have actual physical control of that vehicle and are under the influence of alcohol or drugs, no matter where that vehicle may be located.
As a practical matter, if an individual is, say, in his or her car in the garage of his or her own house, it seems unlikely that the police are going to become involved in that situation and end up making an arrest and filing charges. But theoretically, that could happen. And it does happen a lot in parking lots because someone may be too drunk to continue driving and either pulls over into a parking lot or never actually gets on the road in the first place. Someone might get into his or her car in a parking lot and turn it on, then maybe listen to the radio or turn on the air conditioning, and for one reason or another, police become involved. That person certainly can be prosecuted for DUI.
Do Police Patrol Parking Lots Near Bars & Restaurants?
It's fair to assume that law enforcement officers are patrolling parking lots near bars and restaurants. There are enough DUI charges coming from individuals who were in the parking lot or had just left the parking lot of a bar or a restaurant that it makes sense to assume that police officers are specifically looking in those areas. If police officers are concerned about enforcing DUI laws, they're certainly going to pay attention to the areas where they think they're likely to find someone who is violating those laws. That would of course include areas near bars and restaurants.
The prosecution doesn't have to prove driving in a DUI case. They only have to prove actual physical control. If they canprove driving, it makes the case better for them because that eliminates any argument about whether or not the defendant was actually in control of a vehicle. If the defendant was driving, then he or she clearly was in actual physical control of the car.
If the prosecution can't prove driving—basically, if the car wasn't moving—then they're going to have to prove actual physical control in some other fashion. If they can't prove that, they can't prosecute the case successfully against the defendant. The charge will certainly be contested because if the defense can show that the prosecution cannot establish actual physical control of the vehicle, the prosecution can't win that case. In any case where there's any kind of argument to be made about whether the defendant was in control of the vehicle, the defense absolutely will contest it.
A passenger will only be prosecuted for DUI if the police have made a mistake. DC, unlike some jurisdictions, does not have a law wherein a passenger in a vehicle can actually be charged with a DUI offense. In some jurisdictions, if the owner of a vehicle is a passenger while someone else is driving the vehicle and they're both inebriated, they both could be charged.
However, it doesn't work that way in DC. If it's not obvious who the driver was and the police have to make a decision, they will arrest the person whom they believe to be the driver, cite that person for DUI and turn the case over for prosecution. And they get that wrong sometimes. There are certain circumstances—for example, if there was a crash and there were multiple people in the car, and by the time the police got there, everyone was out of the car and it's not clear who was driving—the police will make a determination about who was driving based on the facts before them, but they might be wrong.
In that sense, a passenger could face charges because they police have gotten it wrong. But in DC, if you truly are just a passenger and someone else was driving the vehicle, then absent some error you won't be charged with DUI.


Some of the worst cleaning problems out there are related to cleaning up after a fire or water damage situation. If you have to clean up after a fire, or flood or water damage we have the products you need to bring your home or business back to life. With the recent damages caused on the east coast of North America by Hurricane Sandy, Contractors and restoration companies are scrambling to find a cost effective solution to help clean up the mess - Give us a call! We have the products you are looking for - Toll free 866 621 8244.
- EATOILS™ SUPERFRESH™ is used for hard surface deep cleaning and deodorizing applications - specializing in smoke, perspiration, animal odors, urine, sewage, and food odors. For more information about this product click here.
- EATOILS™ SUPER CARPET-FRESH(TM) is used like SUPERFRESH™, but for all soft surfaces including carpeting, draperies, upholstery, clothing, fur, etc. For more information about this product click here.
- EATOILS™ BT200™ is used for deep cleaning of soot and carbon deposits from fire, oils and grease, and mold and mildew on all surfaces - hard and soft - and it is a great product for removing oil and grease stains from concrete, asphalt, and even soil. For more information about this product click here.
If your clean-up problems are small enough for you to handle yourself(without a requirement for wallboard demolition and reconstruction) or where a good cleaning will bring back the property to acceptable, live in condition, then you can use the products yourself and breathe life back into your damaged property.


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Health Topics/Endocrine System/Thyroid
What are thyroid cysts?
Diana Meeks on behalf of Sigma Nursing
Thyroid cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small organ in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate the speed of chemical processes in the body (known as the metabolic rate). Thyroid cysts, a type of thyroid nodule or lump, are usually fairly small, ranging in size from less than a third of an inch across to an inch across, or larger in rare cases. The fluid-filled cysts are usually benign or noncancerous, but occasionally they contain solid material in addition to the fluid, and this may be cause for concern.
Continue Learning about Thyroid
Are Thyroid Disorders Serious?
Is Thyroid Cancer Caused by Environmental Issues?
Is Thyroid Cancer Genetic?
A member of our endocrine system, the thyroid gland produces hormones that help control many of our body functions, such as weight and temperature. Located at the base of our neck, this butterfly-shaped gland makes several hormones, which are collectively known as thyroid hormones. These hormones are especially key in the brain development of infants and children. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is the primary hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; this hormone helps control our metabolism, a chemical process that turns our food into energy. A lack of iodine in your food can cause the thyroid to swell, a condition called a goiter. Several other disorders and diseases can affect this gland, including cancer. If you notice swelling in your neck or feel a lump, make sure you see your doctor; this could indicate a problem with this important gland.
What Is Watchful Waiting with Prostate Cancer?
What Causes Wrinkles?
What Is Acupressure?
What Should I Avoid During Pregnancy?
Is Obesity a Disease?
Why Do Some People Gather Lint in Their Belly Buttons?
What Are the Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer?
What Do Health Gurus Eat?


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Virtual Yearbook Cover Competition
Your Design Could be
Our 1st Cover
Here's How to Do It
Create an original design using color and your favorite medium. Your design should be representative of high school, all of the events and activities, and the diverse group of Metro-Detroit teens who will appear in the book. It must be YOUR own design, not clip art, or photographs (unless it its incorporated in a collage, drawing or painting). Use of computer generated graphics should be minimal and artistically done. This competition is open to high school students in Metro Detroit ages 14-18 only.
To apply, click here Please be sure to read the guidelines.
There is no cost to submit. Each person can submit up to two entrees. Your entrees will be reviewed and judged by the Teens in the D team. The top three selected will be announced on Facebook and Instagram on May 10, 2020. The top three entrees will be voted on by the public through social media via a link provided. We will allow one vote per person in 24 hours. The entrant with the highest number of votes will be selected as the 2020 Virtual Yearbook Cover Design Winner. Their cover will become the 1st cover for our Metro Detroit High School Virtual Yearbook.
Deadline to enter is June 15, 2020. Public judging will be held May 24 through June 14, 2020 11:59pm. The Winner will be announced on or shortly after June 18, 2020. To enter click here.
Don't miss these articles…
Will the Outbreak Leave Me in Darkness?
By Mahbuba Sumiya , Youth Editor-in-Chief, T in the D Magazine Last September, I imagined myself revising the last few notes before I sat to take the SAT. I thought everything that I planned would work without any disruption. Just like all high school juniors around the nation, I felt the anxiety when I first heardContinue reading "Will the Outbreak Leave Me in Darkness?"
by Teens in the D	 April 15, 2020 April 15, 2020
COVID-19 Cases Are Skyrocketing
By Mahbuba Sumiya, Teens in the D Editor The new pandemic, COVID-19, infected more than 300,000 people worldwide as of March 21, 2020 according to CNBC news. The number of cases will continue to grow until a new vaccine is introduced. It takes several months to produce a vaccine. The symptoms of the COVID-19 includeContinue reading "COVID-19 Cases Are Skyrocketing"
by Teens in the D	 April 8, 2020 April 8, 2021
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Dubai Financial Market Reinforces its Digital Transformation Drive Via All-Inclusive Application Enabling Investors' Seamless Accessibility to its Services and Info
Dubai Financial Market (DFM) today launchd its all-inclusive "DFM Smart Services App", as the most recent step to strengthen its leading position in terms of digital transformation and as part of its "Smart Borse" Strategy that has delivered numerous smart and innovative services for various market participants including investors, brokerage firms and issuers.
The new application combines features of both DFM App and DFM Services App. It has been substantially upgraded to include the features of both apps as well as new advanced features in a innovative design, enabling users to easily track their investments and get their service requests accomplished through one application.
New features of the app include: centralized Watch List, real-time stock price indicators, real-time market data alerts, technical analysis, fundamental analysis ratios and company disclosures. Moreover, users can track their transactions, cash dividend statements, set iVESTOR Card controls, and submit and track investor service requests to DFM.
His Excellency Essa Kazim, Chairman of the DFM, said, "The new all-encompassing application further strengthens DFM's leading position at the forefront of regional exchanges providing smart services through various innovative channels to better serve the requirements of market participants. Since it was inaugurated in the year 2000, DFM has always been devoted to providing market participants' with smart and innovative platfroms that caters to the requiremnts of its large and diversified investor base of more than 845,000 investors. Our efforts in this field are inspired by the vision of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai that emphasizes providing the highest quality of service to our clients through smart channels. This vision is the steppingstone of our Smart Borse Starategy imlemneted over the past years in oder to make DFM services at te fingertip of investors anytime and anywhere."
"The DFM Smart Borse Starategy has proven its effectivess, a fact that became more obvious during the past few weeks, as the DFM has provided all of its services through smart and electronic platforms and shifted to remote work mid March 2020. Our electronic platfroms and smart phone apps are increasginly attracting new users and currently include 120,000 users," H.E. Essa Kazim added.
Key features of the new app:
Centralized DFM Watch List (synchronized with DFM Website Watch List)
Set customized real-time market data alerts
Real-time stock prices
Track disclosures by company symbol
Top Stocks – track most active companies by volume and value
Track Direct Deals
Technical analysis by DFM General Index and company symbol
Ratios for fundamental analysis of the companies, such as P/E, Dividend Yield, Earning Yield


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7:30 pm Friday June 4, 2021 "Night Moves"
58th & 59th Annual Calhoun County Wood Festival
The Davisson Brothers Band, hailed as Rolling Stone Country "10 New Country Artists You Need To Know," boast musical foundations that are classic, obvious and etched in stone. Singer Donnie Davisson commands attention with his working-class, Van Zant-like vibe, and the rest of the band – including drummer Aaron Regester, guitar player extraordinaire Chris Davisson and bass player Rus Reppert – gives body to a punchy throw-down sound with echoes of the Marshall Tucker Band, Skynyrd, Bon Jovi, ZZ Top, Neil Young and 38 Special. The sonics are based in old-school rock 'n' roll, while the messages support all-American fundamentals: family, self-determination and satisfaction in a job well done. The Davisson Brothers Band have emerged as a regular component on the festival circuit including a performance at CMC Rocks the Hunter Festival in Australia that underscored their bona fide hit Down Under with "Po' Boyz." Their album Fighter, recorded with ace producer Keith Stegall (Alan Jackson, Zac Brown Band), represents their show well. Donnie sings with ferocity, and the instrumental parts – from Chris' convincing solos to Regester's powerful backbeats – are delivered with sinewy directness. For more information visit: www.davissonbrothersband.com
June 4, 5 & 6, 2020
9:00 pm Saturday June 5, 2021 on the Main Street Stage.
With Special Guest, Johnny Staats and John Richards
David Bush is a native of Big Springs in Calhoun County. Most of his time growing up there was spent either playing the guitar or playing in Yellow Creek. He graduated from Calhoun High School and from Glenville State College with a Bachelor of Arts in music education. He did his graduate work at WVU. When he was a fifth grader at Grantsville Elementary School, he picked up his first guitar and started his first band a year later. He began writing his own songs a few years later. He has played in many bands over the years and written hundreds of songs. He retired from teaching music in 2020 after 45 years of service. He owns and operates Studio2 Productions in Northwest Pennsylvania. He has been married to his wife Patty for 40 years. They have two daughters and one granddaughter.
Others performing will be: Patty Bush - Keyboard and Vocals Roger Bush - Drums, Percussion and Vocals Harry Beall - Bass Josh Evans - Guitar Ryan Spangenberg - Mandolin Erica Evans - Vocals Erin Spangenberg- Vocals Kaelyn Evans - Percussion
Nashville recording artist, Calhoun's own Chelsea Hicks
Friday, 9:00 pm on the Main Street Stage.
Featured Live Entertainment
Are you ready to blast back to the 80's?
Night Moves is a band that's sure to impress with over 100 years of combined music experience. We bring you an unforgettable 80's experience with all the hits from one of the greatest decades in music! Dwayne Morris out front lead singing and playing bass, Jerome Smith on synth and guitar. David "Goob" Burns lays down the groove on drums. We will be opening up for the amazing Chelsea Hicks for the 59th Annual Wood Festival.
Chelsea Hicks is the daughter of Chuck and Gina Hicks of Big Bend, WV. She attended Calhoun County Middle High School where she participated in show choir, theatre, and volleyball. Chelsea graduated in 2014 and began attending Glenville State College that same year.
While at Glenville State, she played a huge roll in the GSC Bluegrass Band as a lead vocalist. Chelsea graduated GSC with a degree in Education and Bluegrass Music, then immediately made her big move to Nashville, Tennessee. While living in Nashville, she performed at the world famous Tootsies Orchid Lounge, The Nashville Palace, and other prime locations in Music City. Chelsea currently is working on a country EP Album and has 3 singles on YouTube, Apple Music, iTunes, and Spotify.
5:30 pm Saturday June 5, 2021
Dave Bush and Friends
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