text:
residual errors and "Infomagic"
For what it's worth . . . (and be forewarned, this is a very long post!)
Once more, with feeling, on the subject of "residual errors" (Y2K errors not detected by testing, or glitches inadvertently introduced while "correcting" Y2K errors):
Infomagic (now apparently identified as Ivan Mingham) is right to remind us of the possibly severe consequences of residual errors. For that matter, Mr. Yourdon pointed out the threat of residual errors in the first edition of "Time Bomb 2000," raised the topic again in his August 26th interview on the Art Bell "Coast to Coast" radio program, and, of course, raised the subject yet once more in his excellent, long "Deja Vu" article recently. Infomagic, of course, takes these concerns much further than does Mr. Yourdon.
Where Infomagic may be challenged is in his basic assumptions and projections, and in several instances of faulty logic. One does wish that he'd forego unsubstantiated, melodramatic utterances and stop trying to argue from analogy (a logical fallacy). It's nice that he has read Paul Ehrlich, say, but he should also remember that human beings aren't Kaibab mule deer. When he makes sweeping statements such as "the outcome of this situation might well be the total extinction of the human race," he does a disservice to his own arguments. He also apparently forgets that half of the current world population has never even used a telephone, let alone formed any direct dependency upon automated systems. (Yes, I know the arguments about hybrid seeds, threats to transportation and distribution systems, etc., but I still doubt that a rice farmer in the backwaters of, say, China, is likely to be seriously impacted by any Y2K disaster.)
Let us begin with a few basics. Mr. Yourdon has noted that, on average, a good company with reasonably rigorous testing methods might expect to reduce its error rate, post testing, to, say, one bug per 10,000 lines of total code. Yourdon adds that this is a bell curve phenomenon, obviously: less conscientious companies might have one bug every 100 lines (!), while really good companies (Lucent, Motorola, etc.) might have a bug every million lines or so. These sorts of figures are widely available in an industry that almost obsessively keeps records on itself; the software metrics "guru," of course, is Capers Jones, founder of SPR.
One of Infomagic's most noticeable weaknesses (i.e., assumptions) is that he doesn't try to work in any documented, rigorous way from such available software metrics to his statements that, say, there's a 5% or 1% or whatever chance that a given computer system will suffer a critical failure. Obviously, there is no such thing as the "average" program or application, and there's only so much that one can do with software metrics anyway, but Infomagic does leave the reader with the feeling that numbers are often plucked out of the air (a common pastime these days). He might want to plow through some of Jones's research and try again. I will grant Infomagic that, given the shortage of qualified programmers and the rush to complete many Y2K projects, we can expect error rates in excess of those normally encountered. In a recent article, Mr. Yourdon notes that three outside firms checking remediated and tested programs (in Y2K projects) have typically found residual (that is, post testing) errors on the order of 450-900 per million lines of code, which is an error rate 4.5X to 9X higher than the one bug per 10,000 lines statistic cited above. One can immediately think of at least three "high profile" cases of organizations running into problems because of residual errors. Last spring the "Washington Post" reported that BankAmerica, which was having to contract outside help in addition to its 1,000 inhouse programmers, was finding that programs "corrected" by such outside programmers often crashed. In July, Samsonite (the luggage co.) was told by its computer consultants that its systems were fully corrected and ready to go; programs then crashed frequently, costing Samsonite millions of dollars in lost revenue in the third quarter. And finally, more recently, the FAA has had to take out its new ATC software (designed to replace Y2K-plagued software) at its towers in Chicago, Dallas-Ft. Worth, and elsewhere because the programs kept crashing. (At Chicago O'Hare, one crash took down the entire ATC system for seven hours--an episode described by a controller as "sheer terror"--and necessitating reliance upon the ATC at Midway Airport, 20 miles away, which created "blind spots.")
So Infomagic is obviously right in one very basic point: you can't rush programming (whether remediation or new/replacement software) unless you want big trouble, and it's clear that at least some, perhaps many, organizations ARE rushing such work. A possible reason that you're hearing "miracle" stories these days of big companies and federal agencies doing, say, 6 months work in 14 months of time is that such organizations may be relying heavily on automated program scanners to find and correct date fields. Unfortunately, as one CIO of an international investment bank lamented to Ed Yardeni at the Basle BIS conference last spring, these scanners often "leak like sieves." They vary widely in effectiveness according to type, language, and application, of course, but the few numbers I've seen suggest that even under good conditions they might miss as much as 5-20% of Y2K-related date fields. (As we all know, many programmers encoded and embedded dates in some very quirky ways that the scanners just aren't programmed to find; missing documentation and even missing source code in some instances multiply the difficulties.) That's why the testing phase of the typical Y2K project has grown from 30% to 60-70% of the entire project. But, as Yourdon's recent articles suggest, testing procedures and degree of rigor vary widely from organization to organization; and one has the unpleasant suspicion that in at least some cases the testing methodology may not be up to snuff. Even Greenspan, a former programmer himself, has noted that you can spend lots of time supposedly getting everything right, only to have it unravel on you when it's put into real-time operation. (He might have been thinking about the poor job federal agencies seem to be doing thus far on EDI, or electronic data interfaces.) I doubt that we're going to see the kind of catastrophic "unraveling" that Infomagic expects, but the potential for major trouble is clearly there. If we also note the increasing reliance upon type (sample) testing and vendor compliance statements for "assessing" embedded systems, especially by utility companies behind schedule, the sense of unease grows. Both type testing and vendor statements have been known to be inaccurate. (Type testing is when you automatically assume that because one embedded system checks out Y2K OK, all "identical" systems made by the same company would also check out fine and so need not be tested individually. Alas, chips for embedded systems have been made by literally thousands of small chip makers around the world, and companies making embedded systems often shop around for the chips they install--thus, two apparently identical systems may have some individual chips made by different chip makers.)
Infomagic could have bolstered his case by noting a Cap Gemini survey a few months ago that found that 50% of all American businesses intend to do NO testing of remediated or replacement software. Granted, most of these slackers are SMEs--but let us remember that even a "medium-sized" enterprise is defined as having 2,000 to 20,000 employees. Tiny it ain't. One expects, though, that most of the laggards will be the truly small businesses, of which there are roughly 23 million. You can do the math, given that the total population of the U.S. is about 270 million people: most of these businesses must be, quite literally, mom-and-pop outfits or one-person enterprises.
In fact, many of these tiny outfits plan to do absolutely nothing before 2000 but instead adopt an FOF ("fix on failure") strategy. Given that the U.S. has a programmer shortage of at least 300,000, and given the increasing scramble for limited programming resources, one may reasonably expect that some of these small businesses will find that FOF = DOA and so go belly up. Capers Jones has projected that the business bankruptcy rate from Y2K will be 5-7%. Infomagic, in his latest article, claims that the FDIC is quietly warning member banks to expect up to a 15% failure rate in their clients (chiefly small businesses, one presumes); I've not seen independent verification of that claim and would appreciate any documentation of it, though I suppose that as an "outside" or high estimate it's not out of the realm of possibility. By the way, the Gartner Group last spring projected a 20% business failure rate worldwide, though I suspect that Gartner has toned that estimate down a bit recently--they've toned down most everything else! Well, back to the U.S. of A.: those projected business failure rates sound very bad, but please remember that according to the Small Business Adminstration most U.S. small businesses fail within a few years of start-up anyway. Infomagic is correct to point to likely disruptions in supply chains (e.g., vendors to GM), though again he probably exaggerates the problem. Even granting an unusually high number of small business failures within a compressed time frame, there is more resiliency in the overall business "system" than Infomagic grants (a point made by Webster). Indeed, if we operated under Infomagic's assumptions, we should have been plunged into economic and social chaos many years ago, given that many small businesses fail each year. The American economy is considerably more fluid than Infomagic realizes (though not nearly as invulnerable to Y2K or to the global economic crisis as the American public blissfully assumes!).
Infomagic also unduly compresses the time frame for Y2K-related failures. Most failures won't occur on or near 1/1/2000. Lou Marcoccio, a Gartner research director, recently estimated that only 8% of total failures will occur right at the start of 2000, and while that sounds like another of those numbers snatched out of the air, it's true that most failures will be spread out over weeks and even months. (Indeed, in the case of many embedded systems, chips measuring "absolute time" but not performing strict date-dependent functions were usually not calibrated with the Gregorian calendar and so their failures may occur months, even years, after 1/1/2000; Dr. Frautschi has found that some failures will occur as late as 2006, and Qantas Airlines puts some failure dates as late as 2010.) Companies putting "corrected" software back into real-time operation in 1998 and 1999 (again, think of Samsonite) will be dealing with many of their problems long before 2000 arrives. Others won't be hitting their most critical residual errors until quite some time after 1/1/2000. It's still a shorter time frame than one would like--after all, there's a reason why an individual company, let alone the world, doesn't normally try to remediate all of its software systems within a period of months or even a few years!--but it's not quite the asteroid impact that Infomagic makes it out to be. On the other hand, it isn't likely to be the pollyannish scenario envisaged by the Gartner Group, with its claim that 90% of all detected errors will be corrected within three days! Gartner doesn't seem to have considered sufficiently the vendor supply problems and severe programmer shortages. If, for instance, very many power companies suddenly discover in January 2000 (or even in late 1999) that they need a particular embedded system to replace a Y2K-faulty one, they might temporarily overwhelm their vendors, who aren't set up to accommodate such a sudden surge in demand. (Roleigh Martin has called attention to this threat.)
The chief appeal of Infomagic's arguments has been in their illusion of "mathematical proof." Granted, the form of his basic equations is correct for determining the possibility of an outcome occurring (in this case, the odds that at least one system will fail) given set probabilities of independent events (i.e., the odds that any given system might fail). These are the same sorts of equations that one uses for determining, say, the odds that a "three" will be rolled in four rolls of a die (each roll is an independent event, uninfluenced by the other rolls). Indeed, here again Infomagic could have actually bolstered his argument by noting that in many cases the events won't be independent: a failure in one system is likely to impact one or more other systems, making the final result perhaps worse than his equations (based on independent events, remember) would suggest.
The difficulties, though, arise with his assumptions. Does he have any documentation for his notion that the "average" small business has 5 computer systems? Given how very small most such businesses are (see above), I would think that one or two systems would be more likely the case. Similarly, without documentation or industry statistics, I've no way of knowing whether the "average" medium-sized enterprise has 25 systems, or the average large company has 100, though I can easily imagine that the largest corporations have well in excess of 100 computer systems (given that GM has roughly two billion lines just of mainframe code!). If Infomagic has any documentation for these numbers, he should provide it.
More troubling is a glaring error in his "Devolutionary Spiral" article. In the early part of the article, he assumes 5, 25, and 100 systems per small, medium, and large enterprises, respectively, as noted above; then, later, when he goes on to write about supposedly mission-critical systems, he uses the same numbers! Obviously most systems are NOT mission-critical. The federal govt. has roughly 73,000 computer systems overall, of which (at last count) only 6,700 or so are considered "critical"--though, since this number was originally over 8,500, one suspects that systems are getting "declassified" (so to speak) for not entirely logical or honest reasons. But the point is that fewer that 10% of all federal systems are currently considered critical. In the private sector, the only number I've seen in this regard is from North, and I've no idea where he dug it up or how reliable it is: approximately 15% of business computer systems are critical, according to North. Well, if we do assume that roughly 10-15% of all systems are critical, then obviously, even granting the 5, 25, and 100 numbers above (for the total number of systems in small, medium, and large enterprises, respectively), only 1, 3-4, and 10-15 systems are critical in small, medium, and large enterprises, respectively. These changes would affect Infomagic's final numbers considerably.
Another problem, as suggested earlier, is that there is no documentation or derivation from industry software metrics to support his assumption that "at least" 1% of critical computer systems will suffer a residual error sufficiently severe to take down the business itself. Not all bugs are created equal; and although it's true enough that many Y2K-related glitches are of the "boundary condition" type noted by Infomagic in his latest article (i.e., resulting in at least temporary system crashes), it's also true that many are not and will result in relatively minor problems. Granted, here again Infomagic might reply that even if a glitch isn't sufficiently serious to crash an entire system, it might have eventually more insidious consequences, like a program logic error that gradually corrupts a database. (See Yourdon's recent articles.) That, in fact, is one reason that Deputy Def. Sec. John Hamre (the Pentagon's point man on Y2K) once said that he'd prefer that Y2K glitches cause outright system crashes instead of causing more insidious problems. When you're dealing with early warning systems and nuclear weapons, for instance, you don't want corrupted databases.
Anyway, the main point is that Infomagic tends to make blanket, melodramatic assumptions about the nature of Y2K glitches. He also tends to assume that ANY error in a "critical" system will be "terminal" for the business, whereas, in fact, even granting the problems posed by a compressed time frame and limited resources and a world gone Y2K "buggy," most errors aren't likely to kill a given business. Or, more generally, the most plausible scenario is that some businesses will indeed fail but that most won't--a scenario, in short, somewhere between that projected by Infomagic and that projected by his more pollyannish critics. Of course, just where "in between" the actual outcome will be, is an open question!
This has been an unconscionably long post; worse, it hasn't reached any clear conclusions or even estimates. All I've tried to do is suggest why the more melodramatic projections are probably wrong, while also acknowledging that residual errors are indeed a very serious concern. We have an outline now for the debate, an outline furnished by Jones, Yourdon, Infomagic, Webster, and others. What we need now are as many specific examples, statistics, and hard data, and as much documentation, as possible.
Ah, it's easy to wish.
-- Don Florence (dflorence@zianet.com), January 05, 1999
Mr. Florence,
I am enormously impressed by your analysis. It is broadly thoughtful, intelligently argued, and brilliant in its bird's eye view of the large picture.
I was one of those people who was deeply troubled by Infomagic's supposed mathematically proven scenario. I sincerely thank you for helping to dispel the doubts I had about Infomagic's grim outcome.
May we hear more from you in the future on this post?
Kudos, man.
Mary R. Seattle
-- Mary R. (Ribeyed@eskimo.com), January 06, 1999.
Don, its refreshing to see such a well thought out post. Just a few points to consider:
* Not all Y2K failures are "equal". For instance, if indeed on or about 1/1/2000, the power grid goes down and stays down, that pretty much outweighs anything else.
* A lot of the Y2K impact will not be so much about failures, per se, but rather a loss of confidence on the part of people. Bank computers may "work", but if they produce enough screwy problems that get high visibility, then people will no longer trust them. Such loss of confidence opens the floodgates for all kinds of problems, including riots in the cities.
* The entire notion of what is or is not a "critical" system seems to be open to a lot of question. Obviously, the pressure to declare a system as not critical is high, so as to keep the number of systems that have to be remediated down. Many have wondered, after all the downsizing and rightsizing and re-engineering, etc., etc., that has taken place, how we can seemingly have so many non-critical systems still running around. Also, perhaps I am wrong here, but I was under the impression that Gary North generally considered such "critical" versus "non-critical" system division as largely a programmer's fallacy, one that if actually implemented, would bankrupt any business, due to the inherent interdependencies. (And the 15% that you quote from North sounds awfully low.)
* I think that Infomagic makes plausible arguments, but that everyone is at a loss to actually try to assign any kind of weight as to how probable they are. But I sure don't think they should be discounted because they cannot be "proven". I don't think that you can really "prove" much about Y2K impact, there is just too much complexity, which must also account for human reactions (e.g., confidence in bank computers).
-- Jack (jsprat@eld.net), January 06, 1999.
Very good! Don you da man. Now the only thing that still concerns me is the fact that Russia and China will suffer a 66% critical failure of all systems. This data comes from NBC NEWS so it has some merit. It is my hope that we all make it come 2000 keep the faith and great job Don!
-- Terry (taylort2@nevada.edu), January 06, 1999.
Very well written Don, and a pleasure to read.
As you pointed out with your assertion that "Infomagic also unduly compresses the time frame for Y2K-related failures.", the time frame in which the bell curve will unravel is the key factor and wild card that what will determine the severity of the social/economic impact. At what point is recovery still possible? At what point is a collapse inevitable? Is your more moderate view enough to make a difference to prevent a eventual social collapse? Would it still happen a la Infomagic, only slower?
On small businesses, you said "One expects, though, that most of the laggards will be the truly small businesses, of which there are roughly 23 million. You can do the math, given that the total population of the U.S. is about 270 million people: most of these businesses must be, quite literally, mom-and-pop outfits or one-person enterprises." This statement needs clarification.
I read on a government site that SME's are businesses employing 100 people or less. What is the true percentage of "mom and pop" and one person outfits? Are they "most" or half or <? Or did you mean the 23 million people represent those mom and pop and one person businesses? (Perhaps we could find out from the Small Business Association or a government site.) What is their combined GNP contribution? What is the actual total number of payroll those tiny outfits represent? With those numbers the Capers Jones 5-7% or the Infomagic's 15% failure rate would have more meaning. <br><br> -- Chris (<a href="mailto:catsy@pond.com">catsy@pond.com</a>), January 06, 1999. </blockquote> <hr width=300> <blockquote> Don, <p> You bring up good points. Honestly, no-one knows just how bad Y2K will be, simply because we don't know what a certain number of failures will mean in a highly interconnected system. It could be that things won't be all that bad, or it could be TEOTWAWKI. As someone else already said, it depends on whether that "certain number of failures" is in utilities or not. <p> I know you said you don't like using analogies, but the following link uses an excellent analogy to show that in what sectors failures take place makes all the difference in the world: <p> http://www.garynorth.com/y2k/detail_.cfm/2947
"ANALOGY: The Indianapolis 500 (Efficiency Isn't the Same as Capacity"
-- Kevin (mixesmusic@worldnet.att.net), January 06, 1999.
Agreed that this is an outstanding post: clear thinking, excellent writing, etc. Kudos.
Agree also with jsprat's counterpoints -- confidence and psychological factors play a large role, impacting in turn the "objective" stuff.
Something that no one has addressed: in the case of very small, one-person or mom/pop outfits, IS there such thing as a "critical" computer system? Are [most/any] of them doing anything that really *depends* in a critical way on a computer? OK, so you have to sit down and make out the invoices by hand... so what? Some late nights, etc. The logistics are no big deal, unlike with larger enterprises. Comments?
-- alan (aelewis@provide.net), January 06, 1999.
I can give you an example of a family-owned retail food business -- a mom-and-pop operated by my inlaws in a small midwestern town.
The teenagers operate the computer-based cash register, but they could probably go to solar-powered handheld calculators (or even pencil and paper if needed) to ring up sales.
Only about 20% of the sales come from refrigerated items -- if electricity goes down, those products must be pitched out by public health order.
Stocking of shelves is done by my brother-in-law, who still uses a clipboard to manually count and record the stock. Weekly, he does an estimate of sales and calculates items needed for the next order.
Then he gets on the TELEPHONE, and calls approximately 5-7 companies HALF WAY ACROSS THE CONTINENT on the East Coast, and places orders.
He waits about 10 days for the order to be delivered by TRUCK.
The order printout is from the wholesale company's COMPUTER, and from this, he figures out what was sent and what needs to be reordered.
If the phones don't work, this business will die within a month. If the trucks don't run, ditto. The trucks depend on the diesel pumps, which depend upon electricity. If the wholesale companies have computer problems, maybe they can go back to manually pulling and stocking items on their floor -- but a shipment will then take more than 10 days to get from order desk to truck to shop. This will mean decreased sales, pulling the kids out of college, less local purchases and expenditures....a ripple effect throughout the small community that starts with one family....
And even though "mom-and-pop" gives us interesting images of kindly ol' gramps and granny selling individual eggs over the counter (or somesuch), this family is dependent upon good weekly revenues to support their home mortgage, their ailing grandmother who is in a rest home and requires 24-hour care, and their kid's educations. Pull the financial plug on these people, and their personal infrastructure collapses.
So, even a little mom-and-pop, operating by hand (mostly) in the heart of a rural area, could easily be impacted to death by computer faults at the other side of the continent.
To say that mom-and-pops will have minimal y2k problems ignores, once again, the interdependencies of the whole situation.
Anita E.
-- Anita Evangelista (ale@townsqr.com), January 06, 1999.
All the sophisticated arguments and intricate reasoning are quite stimulating to one's intellect but what if Infomagic is correct even though his reasoning be faulty? What if, in spite of the well reasoned proofs to the contrary, Y2K turns out to be the massive collapse of the worst case scenarios?
If he's wrong, everyone can heave a sigh of relief.
If he's right, or even close to it, what will your situation be?
Do you play poker for stakes or according to odds?
The stakes player will always have a place to live because he never will, "bet the ranch".
I have seen the odds player lose his life savings on the turn of a single card. . .
-- Hardliner (searcher@internet.com), January 06, 1999.
Anita, thanks for your example, it's eye opening for me city dweller. One more tiny drop in my already close to overflowing awareness. It's getting hard to keep all the dots connected in my little brain. Easier to look at it with the big picture.
Hardliner, wether I'd think it's going to be bumpish or Infomagicious, I'd still not bet the ranch. Mine and my kid's life is too precious. But it's interesting to discuss the details all the same.
-- Chris (catsy@pond.com), January 06, 1999.
Thanks, Anita, for your response.
You wrote: "To say that mom-and-pops will have minimal y2k problems ignores, once again, the interdependencies of the whole situation."
Indeed. I take it (and took it) as a given that interdependencies are the big wildcard in all this; of course these externals could bring down a mom/pop operation as readily as a larger one. My point had to do with the INTERNAL situation: are mom and pop really all that dependent in their own little world(s) on computers? Probably not, in most cases. Further, maybe mom and pop can adapt to some extent by relying more heavily on local sources (?). The shift in the center of gravity from distant to local would be traumatic for many businesses and individuals, but ultimately probably a good thing, IMO.
ps: I have no doubt that 12-24 months from now many local economies, to say nothing of non-local ones, will be devastated.
Whata pleasure to read thoughtful, respectful exchanges. Civil society. I ran across this intriguing item last month. This gentleman seems to believe he is Infomagic. Judge for yourself:
-- Lewis (aslanshow@yahoo.com), January 06, 1999.
sorry for the hypertrash.
I meant:
See that? I try to get fancy and look what happens!
Just cut and paste:
http://www.smu.edu/cgi-bin/Nova/get/gn/309/2/1/2.html
"Thanks to computers, we can now make more mistakes, faster than ever before!" -Unknown
Perhaps you can update us with Mr. Altman's essay - thanks Alan.
-- Andy (2000EOD@prodigy.net), January 06, 1999.
My compliments on a thoughtful essay. However, let give you a few things to think about.
First, the exact percentage of errors per lines of code (LOC) is far less important than their exact effect. A single error of type A in a million lines might be "fatal" to the function of a given system while 100 errors of type B might merely be annoying. A weighted metric on the impact of any given error is very hard to quantify. It is logical to expect, though hard to prove, that if the total error rate per LOC increases then the "lethality" of the sum of the errors also increases.
Second, one needs to be concerned with the 'connectedness' of errors within a given system. Some errors are independent of each other in their effect. Others, can operate in concert to either increase or decrease the endpoint of a give error. These 'connected' errors have the potential to be more lethal to a system because they are harder to find and fix than and independent error. Y2K problems often fall into this category. Date calculations within separate modules can subtle effects because the errors might nearly (but not quite) cancel each other out. The error may reside within allowed boundary conditions and be carried forward on various files.
Third, your argument for the time spread of failures is not convincing. The 8% number, as you point out, seems to be an 'out of thin air' argument. Yes, JAE errors will occur before 1/1/2000 as will som other types of look ahead problems. And yes, much of the remediated code will have been in production for some months prior to 1/1/200 and some typres of residual errors, particularly non date related errors introduced accidentally, will have already been experienced. BUT, the rollover will be the FIRST time that much of this code has EVER seen a system year date of 2000 end to end in a production job stream. Much of the testing being done is spotty and incomplete. An example I know of is the use of vastly scaled down test databases, systems libraries and job control instructions on a Time Machine. I can think of non-Y2K systems that underwent a full year of user testing, everything seems fine, and failed miserably on the first day of actual production. For this reason, its logical to conclude that, rather than a smooth increase in errors with a 2000 plateau, there will instead be a steady ,but rather low level, error rate through 1999 (I am excluding separate 99 errors), then there will be a sharp spike in 1/2000.
-- RD. ->H (drherr@erols.com), January 06, 1999.
MVI's Theorem:
For every known bug in a given program, there are a minimum of 10 unknown bugs which are potentially more damaging.
MoVe Immediate
-- MVI (vtoc@aol.com), January 06, 1999.
Attempting to close color tag.
Dang Chris, I was starting to like that red. :)
Thanks for cleaning up after me, Chris.
MVI, I'd be happy to share my clever technique for repainting a whole thread, but that would require me knowing how I did it....
Sorry for the Type B error...
-Lewis, who needs to practice ^c^v
"Indeed. I take it (and took it) as a given that interdependencies are the big wildcard in all this; of course these externals could bring down a mom/pop operation as readily as a larger one. My point had to do with the INTERNAL situation: are mom and pop really all that dependent in their own little world(s) on computers? Probably not, in most cases. Further, maybe mom and pop can adapt to some extent by relying more heavily on local sources (?). The shift in the center of gravity from distant to local would be traumatic for many businesses and individuals, but ultimately probably a good thing, IMO." Well, my friend, if we want to get down to extreme basics, the m&p my in-laws run could certainly "function" without computers -- it does so largely, internally, today.
But, what would they sell?
To imagine that m&p can simply revert to selling products from the "local economy" is purest fantasy -- remember, the local people have well-established trade systems that date back generations: auction houses for livestock, roadside vegetable stands, barter agreements.
Mom and pop's business exists solely to provide MORE than the local economy can provide: the local economy has no cracker manufacturers, no makers of canned goods, no ocean fish, no cornflakes, no salt, no ice cream, no chocolate, no coffee, no vanilla....no fabric manufacturing (dresses, suits, winter jackets, etc), no metal mines (except for lead), no metalworking, no plastics...no movie makers, no match factories, not even a woolen mill...
Yes, we have lots and lots of cattle, some hogs and sheep and plenty of goats. We have backyard gardens and 25-bushel per acre corn (a pathetic output by any standard -- poor soil). We do not have bulk cheese plants (and no local metals or industry or investment to make them); we don't even have large slaughtering facilities to generate packaged meats -- all our big livestock is shipped elsewhere for fattening and slaughter.
Seventy years ago, the m&p's in the town sold hardware, fancy "city" clothing, bulk foods (salt, flour, etc.) and precious little else. Even then, these goods were shipped in (by train) from some other area. Unlike today, there was no music store, pet store, gourmet food store, balloon store, florist, book store, stationery store, decorator goods store, video rental shop, computer repair shop, auto parts store, or Radio Shack -- ALL of which are m&p in our town, and ALL of which are totally dependent upon shipping, electricity, and telephones, not to mention dependencies on manufacturing....which ALL have computers at their very hearts.
So, yes, you are correct -- a lot of mom-and-pop stores COULD function internally without computers.
Until they ran out of product. Then, they would have to close their doors.
Anita Evangelista
Anita, I bet you passed your NLN test at the 98'th + percentile ;-)
Ah, Golly, Chris (*blush* diddling toe in dust) -- them ol' critical thinkin' skills rear their heads at the strangest times....


strangest in our narrative has been declared to be true.
two establishments divided the sovereignty of Kinesma between them.
singular event which presently transpired.
without becoming dizzy and sick.
whelp barks after the dam!"
fell at full length on his back.
The Prince burst into a yelling, shrieking fit of laughter.
and was heard outside of the walls.
that vagabond, if he doesn't do better than the last time! Sasha!"
to the beast, twenty-five lashes on the back!"
Simon Petrovitch was rewarded with stripes or rubles.
long cloth caftan of a merchant.
Prince Alexis started, and all slumber vanished out of his eyes.
his mouth. He gave a stamp that shook the balcony.
"Dog!" he cried to the trembling attendent, "my cap! my whip!"
for he had already set off towards the town at full speed.
outrageous tricks, with the help of his band of willing domestics.
and he was not a man to forget his word.
caftan, hastily ungirdled, swung behind him and dragged in the air.
glittered across the farther end of the street.
entreated, but the victim kept his ground.
by St. Vladimir, I like you!"
entertainments which were then introduced by the Empress Elizabeth.
received, for it was performed in continual fear and trembling.
and was ready enough to imitate any custom of the famous monarch.
about the brow prevented it from sweeping the dishes they carried.
the sight of the splendor and luxury below.
made of small pearls, and a train and head-dress of crimson velvet.
each other in the mean time.
sat also in his tow-shirt, with a large pewter basin in his hand.
over the face of Prince Paul.
cherries, salt fish, melons, bread, salt, pepper, and wine.
ridgy backs rising out of the water like those of alligators.
himself had carried to the imprisoned poet.
comical enough to divert the company immensely.
the goblet been refilled by some one and held to the animal's nose.
and staggered out of the hall.
that the company were rising from the table.
the sleep of the just and the tipsy.
court of Elizabeth), the company were ushered into the theatre.
occasionally lifted and shook; the other, a gold-headed cane.
"Here am, I Jupiter," said he; "what does Venus desire?"
the son is for the father's sake."
Jupiter shook his thunderbolt and called "Apollo!"
matter was explained to him.
existence, and nothing more could be done than to IMITATE it.
laurel, which they placed upon the venerated head.
revelry wore out the night.
the recognition of this quality.
which chilled the very marrow in the merchant's bones.
myself. Out of the way! march!"
thing sold below cost, on account of closing up the establishment.
Ladies and gentlemen, give us a call?"
and the cash received paid into his hands.
you with whatever his poor house can supply."
symbol, for Gregor was never afterwards accused of forgetfulness.
snoring. Two ladies in waiting looked down from an upper window.
for the slumber-flag waved over them, and its fear was upon them.
the first line of a popular ditty, and took to his heels.
in one of the stables, and appeared to be sunk in innocent sleep.
mouth with rage, as he rushed from chamber to chamber.
into the court-yard, and repeated his demand in a voice of thunder.
the castle knew that a hurricane was let loose.
head and shook it, as he reflected upon the probable result.
the steps. The Prince descended until the two stood face to face.
ensued, during which no one dared to breathe.
"It was you who sang it?"
shoulders together, as if shrinking from the coming blow.
an embroidered caftan for your singing."
Prince Alexis a second time in the same manner.
vital glow with which youth rushes to clasp all forms of sensation.
by its own force, or the force of destiny.
the sled and drove off at full speed, without looking behind him.
It was not inhumanity, but fear of the knout that hurried him away.
his own, while her consciousness of things slowly returned.
embarrassed; but he had self-possession enough to shout, "Davei!"
Square; a sled dashed up the Gorokhovaya and halted beside him.
her very tenderly in his arms.
from him as much as the narrow sled would allow.
am now able to go home without your further assistance."
be helpless. Will you not allow me to protect you?"
she could trust the elegant stranger.
istvostchik, and they drew up before a plain house of squared logs.
came forth hurriedly, followed by a Russian nurse with a lantern.
wait for him, and entered the humble dwelling.
leaves of a musical work.
"You see my profession," he said. "I teach music?"
"That was once my ambition. I was a pupil of Sebastian Bach.
changed the direction of mine. It was right!"
united our lives, suffered and were happy together,--and she died.
with steaming glasses of tea. She was even lovelier than before.
her with the profoundest respect.
obliged to confess the existence of a new and powerful excitement.
slightset idea what love was like.
nature of the young man was directed towards a definite object.
claim its attendant privileges, without fear of being repulsed.
That night Prince Boris wrote a long letter to his "chere maman,"
turtledoves and the arrows of Cupid.
nay, did not comprehend--a passion such as she described.
behind him in the capital.
Whether the Princess Martha conjectured what had transpired in St.
suspicious, and more violent than ever in his excesses.
in a cask, and pickled cherries packed around him up to the chin.
other names than "Crop-Ear" and "Cherry."
of Prince Alexis with the game they collected.
thirsty serfs until they became as recklessly savage as he.
carousers were echoed back from the opposite shore of the river.
Daniel, you dogs, over with you!"
and strength are required to do the feat successfully.
and strike the smooth ice. They hesitated,--and no wonder.
"The Devil take you, for a pack of whimpering hounds!" he cried.
"Holy Saints! they are afraid to make a reisak!"
"O knave!" yelled the Prince,--"not to know where his head is!
Thinks it's his back! Give him fifteen stripes."
come up again; so the feat was only half performed.
eat him up for an ungrateful vagabond! Here, you beggars!"
one leg broken against a fragment of rock.
chickens,--skunks! Villains, will you force me to kill you?
neighbors in the face. Was ever a man so treated?"
he can make three, one after another."
away in disgrace to another of the Prince's estates.
coming. I will not stir from this spot until Crop-Ear comes."
broil, and the tragic interlude of the revel was soon forgotten.
Taking the serf's head in his hands, he kissed him on both cheeks.
savage humors, and lived almost exclusively in her own apartments.
and son if her conjectures should prove to be true.
might be on hand to divert its force, as on a former occasion.
it portended, became almost insensible from fright.
We will not narrate what took place in the chamber of the Princess.
before morning her tormented life was at an end.
more charity than had been permitted to her life.
value unless he should devote it to religious exercises.
rubles, for the privilege of occupying a monk's cell."
"Pray, do not decide too hastily, Highness," the Abbot replied.
"You have yet a son."
humility and renunciation vanishing like smoke,--"what! Borka?
This outbreak terminated in a sound between a snarl and a bellow.
any form, to their desperate lord.
blast of horns, they swept away into the forest.
Saint John the Hunter must have been on guard over Russia that day.
hand, they burst into shouts of extravagant joy. "Slava Bogu!"
the serfs, too, became silent, and stood still, awaiting a change.
putting it into my head! Why, how now? can't you sing, children?"
the name of Boris in his presence.
obligation, made her both happy and secure in her new position.
rubles from Prince Boris, sufficed for his modest maintenance.
weeks the capital would be deserted.
at a window with Helena, enjoying the long twilight.
"But--Helena,--golubchik, mon ange,--are you in earnest?"
and respectfully, as becomes a son, solicit his pardon."
more to meet Alexis Pavlovitch of Kinesma!"
shall deliberately, and as a sacred duty, attempt to remove it.
Prince dropped, and answering them as if talking to himself.
too discreet ever to dispute his master's claim to the invention.
Sasha, we may be sure, was busy with his devil's work that night.
castle, village, and field, were summoned to his presence.
only to fulfil, but to exceed, the letter of their instructions.
remarks, to divert each other's thoughts from the coming reception.
"Here are the fields of Kinesma at last!" exclaimed Prince Boris.
the distance. And there is Peter, my playmate, herding the cattle!
astonishment was over, looked terrified.
bear stretches his claws out. Dare you try his hug?"
"I do not fear," she answered, her face was calm.
cap raised, or the stealthy welcome of a friendly glance given.
It was impossible to pass through this ordeal with indifference.
she knew the crisis was yet to come.
concealed until their services should be required.
action,) fall behind her, and stepped upon the pavement.
encountering eyes seemed an eternity.
little white dove, his lambkin.
"And, father, my Boris, too!" said she.
terms of endearment were showered upon him.
stripes! Off, ye scoundrels, ye vagabonds, and spread the news!"
Helena. By night all Kinesma was drunk.
acknowledged that so lovely a creature had never before been seen.
he turned away from a new stare of admiration, down the table.
The guests noticed a change in the character of the entertainment.
between you and your father!"
there was no sign of any return to his savage courses.
the sorrow of her face.
until the cannon announced the advent of a new soul.
of their hold, and then crawled away to dress the bleeding wound.
After that, no one tried to break the Prince's guard.
daughter, and we owe it to you."
the difficult work she had undertaken.
wasted away, and died in less than two months after its birth.
There was great and genuine sorrow among the serfs of Kinesma.
regime of their lord, which this blow might suddenly terminate.
they knew him well enough to recognize the danger.
the earliest occasion to provoke it.
not seem to produce the least effect.
"Away, witch!" he yelled. "I am the master in Kinesma, not thou!
much a slave as any of these. Be not weak, my father, but strong!"
nature which she believed to exist under his ferocious exterior.
ascendancy: then the stubborn resistance of the beast returned.
listens to your words, prays that your hard heart may be softened!
serfs outside knelt and uncovered their heads.
groaned and fell upon the floor.
long time he was silent, only shivering as if in fever.
with her eyes! Paint her head black, and cover it up!"
and the slumber-flag waving over both.


text:
Campaign Quest: To Define the Middle Class
By Linda Feldmann Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
February 13, 1992 | WASHINGTON
THE middle class is the battleground of this election campaign, political pundits say.
But what is "the middle class?" Ask a politician, and he's likely to wax eloquent about values and aspirations. Ask a government agency, and the answer will be: There is no definition.
Ask the Democratic side of the Senate Budget Committee, and you'll hear, "those making $60,000 or less." Why $60,000? Because, says a staff member, that is the top income the committee can offer a tax break to and still figure out a way to pay for it elsewhere in the budget.
The Congressional Budget Office has no formal definition, but a tax analyst sketched out the rough outlines of "middle income": for a single person, an annual income between $10,000 and $40,000; for a three-person household, between $15,000 and $60,000; for four people, between $20,000 and $80,000.
Of course, that does not factor in geography. "Someone in Chillicothe, Ohio, earning $38,000 a year can call themselves middle class, while someone in New York City who's making 40 percent more may not," says political analyst Kevin Phillips.
For politicians, the most important indicator is how many people consider themselves middle class - a number that has risen dramatically. As recently as the 1980s, polls showed between 68 and 74 percent considered themselves middle class. But, ironically, as the ranks of the middle class have shrunk, the number of people defining themselves as middle class has gone way up, to around 90 percent.
With at least 13 percent of the population living below the poverty level ($14,200 annual income for a family of four), that means some poor people feel middle class, even if their current financial status doesn't support that.
At the other end of the scale, many people in the top one-fifth of income don't realize they make more than most other people, and think politicians are talking about them when they promise a middle-class tax break.
Economists point out that any snapshot of the nation's income structure fails to account for "income mobility a household's shift from one status to another, perhaps because a member joins or leaves the work force. A family that is currently living below the poverty level and receiving food stamps may expect to pull out of that situation, and so considers itself middle class.
When identifying the middle class, economists say, one must factor in where someone has been financially in the past five years and where he or she expects to be over the next five years.
The rise in middle-class "self-definition" was spurred by politicians themselves, particularly the Democrats, who want to tax the rich and give a break to the middle class. With so much focus on the middle class - House Speaker Thomas Foley (D) of Washington uttered the phrase six times in his State of the Union rebuttal last month - it's no wonder that most Americans want to feel a part of that group.
In his State of the Union speech, President Bush mentioned the middle class only once.
"That was the single biggest flaw" in the speech, says Democratic pollster Celinda Lake.
Mr. Phillips suggests that Bush may have been making a bow to the right wing by avoiding mention of class (though he did so implicitly by talking about values, family, and his wife, Barbara). Housing and Urban Development Secretary Jack Kemp said in a recent speech that he dislikes discussion of middle-class tax relief because "it splits us from each other."
Bush may have a hard time avoiding class warfare in the run-up to November. Congress is likely to pass a budget that includes both a middle-class tax cut and a tax hike for the rich, a combination Bush doesn't like. If he vetoes such a package, the Democrats have an issue: an upper-class president who is only looking out for his rich friends. Bush's recent "gee whiz" encounter with 12-year-old grocery-store technology - the laser-scanner at checkout - doesn't help, reinforcing the idea that he doesn't un derstand how the average guy lives.
Ed Goeas, a Republican political consultant, says the Democrats are taking a risk in promising so much to a middle class that is so broadly defined. "In reality, they may be doing themselves long-range damage," says Mr. Goeas. "When people see who actually benefits from a tax cut, it won't be the 94 percent" that define themselves as middle class.
The same holds true for the Democrats' tax-the-rich plan: The middle class is so broadly defined that some of the "rich" who would pay higher taxes may view themselves as middle class, he says.
Whether the Democrats' resort to "class warfare" wins them a bigger majority in Congress, or even the presidency, is open to speculation.
"The Democrats' first job was to eliminate the negative image as the party that represents the cultural fringes and minorities," says Phillips. m not sure they're changing anything that was working too well."
Phillips quotes Bush's late campaign manager Lee Atwater: "The way to win a presidential race against the Republicans is to develop the class-warfare issue, as Dukakis did at the end."
What does it mean to be 'middle class?'
A middle-class state of mind
Romney promises 'middle income' tax cut, for people making $200,000-$250,000
https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0213/13012.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ac Milan, Football Tactics For Beginners
Football Tactics For Beginners-The Christmas Tree Formation
Jayeek Chatterjee
Football is a result oriented business. Whatever succeeds, earns fame for itself and for its conceiver. And if it captures the imagination of spectators and experts alike, they do it the kindness of rewarding it with an imaginative name and legend. 'The Christmas Tree', erstwhile fixture in festive households suddenly became a football formation in this manner. The credit for the nomenclature probably goes to a certain Colin Welland who had the inspiration writing for 'The Observer' in March '94. Unlike most renowned football tactics and formations though, the 'Christmas Tree Formation' rarely enjoyed the ultimate successes of football and even that came late in its relatively short lifespan under Carlo Ancelotti's reign at A.C. Milan.
Regardless of the association of King Carlo and, more intriguingly, Terry Venables with the formation, it has been used sparingly over the years in world football. In one of the first occasions Bert Head, Crystal Palace's manager during the 70s and the first man to take them into a First Division campaign was recorded as the first man to stick a lone man upfront with two advanced midfielders in support. This pragmatism was rare back then, even for a bottom-of-the-table struggler. However, it weakens the argument of calling it a tactical intervention in that particular usage. It was used more daringly in a fluid Den Haag team of the 80s before finding fame and indeed, its name for Terry Venables' England.
Before everything else though, let's look at what the 'Christmas Tree' is. It's basically the term assigned to the basic 4-3-2-1 formation. Considered to be a defensive tactic, the 'Christmas Tree' was unusual as it necessitated the introduction of some hitherto unseen concepts in football. As a structure, the emphasis was on solidity and rigidity. A flat-back four preceded the 'keeper and played behind a three-man holding midfield. The role of the central man in this midfield was absolutely vital in this strategy. This man dictated the pace of the ball and almost invariably saw the most of the ball. The other two players in this line usually had the responsibility of heading the transition of the team. When defending, one of these players would usually rush out to the oncoming attack. Needless to say, this man needed to be a good tackler as his main role was ball-winning. Gennaro 'El Ringhio' Gattuso immortalised this role as a part of the A.C. Milan team of the noughties. The spare third man needed to take a shielding position in this scenario to cut out any passes. A role of great tactical importance, it was handed out to a player capable of man-marking who would sometimes be needed to double-up if one player in the backline is overrun. The front three were fairly relieved of any responsibilities in defence which was what made it a deadly strategy on the counter.
See also Arsenal make official bid for exciting winger
Christmas Tree Formation(Milan under Ancelotti)
Christmas tree formation when attacking
The attack began with the holding player in the middle, essentially a 'soccer quarterback'. This deep lying playmaker had the responsibility of spreading the ball to the attacking players and naturally required a great passing range. Part of the reason that the formation never succeeded for England was that they lacked a player at this position. While the British media never ceases to herald its seemingly inexhaustible supply of box-to-box midfielders, they badly lacked a long passer. Platt, Ince, McMahon were all tried and all failed. On the other end is the ageless Andrea Pirlo, the lynchpin of Ancelotti's team. The front three in the 'Christmas Tree' consist of two attacking midfielders usually along with the lone man upfront. Sometimes, strikers have been played in a slightly withdrawn role alongside an attacking midfielder though. Both of these players required brilliant touch, explosive pace and good finishing. The lone striker, though, possibly had the toughest job in football. Required to chase after launched long-balls and link up with the following midfielders, this forward had to be strong, a lethal finisher and brilliant on the turn. The challenge of this role can be established in the fact that the great Alan Shearer played this role for Venables without once scoring for more than a year. The 'Christmas Tree' also lacked natural width, a big defect. It sometimes worked better with rampaging full-backs along the wings but that compromised the stability that it was favoured for in the first place.
See also Man United predicted formation against Crystal Palace: Rangnick's thrilling 4-2-3-1 formation
Ancelotti's Rossoneri had Kaka as one of its attacking midfielders and Seedorf in its star-studded line-up. Shevchenko played upfront but on occasions, even Hernan Crespo was played with Shevchenko withdrawn partially. In the England team, Gascoigne did the creative role alongside McManaman. The reason that the set-up failed with England was that it was really bottom-heavy. At the same time, Milan exploited the relative absence of wing-play in the Serie A. Also in Kaka and Shevchenko, they had two forwards blessed with speed and control. As the Gattussos and Maldinis aged and Kaka moved to Real, the 'Christmas Tree' was never used by them again.
The system does have a shining legacy though. The playmaker's role was a crucial element of even the all-conquering Spain team in the form of Xabi Alonso. The lone man upfront is the norm these days having been introduced by this formation. And no one can forget the tough-tackling, all-action midfielder's role that the Vidals of this world play now, albeit with much more culture arguably. The 'Christmas Tree' might have reached its winter, but it graced many a stage for years.
– Jayeek Chatterjee
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How badly have ac milan falled nowadays, unbelievable team they had at that time.
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text:
Concerts at The Globe
Find out what's on at The Globe Inn - one of Glossop's biggest live music venues and finest pubs. Regular live music concerts in our upstairs room with world-class folk, blues, jazz & roots music bands and musicians.
About The Globe
"One of the best roots music venues in the country" The Guardian
The Globe Inn is set in the northern Derbyshire town of Glossop, on the edge of the Peak District and 30minutes East of Manchester city center. Glossop has a thriving arts and music scene, with bands coming to town regularly. The Globe is legendary for its vegan food, home-brewed beers and its world-music gigs.
We like to showcase the absolute best that high quality folk music has to offer, as well as blues, jazz & roots music. Our stage has been graced with the presence of a varied array of musicians, often seen at National and international festivals. Recent acts include Merry Hell, Harp & A Monkey, Dave Swarbrick, Lucy Ward, O'Hooley Tidow, Hannah James & Sam Sweeney, The Young uns, 4Square, Andy Irvine, & Celtarabia to name but a few. Have a look at our Gallery.
The Globe is a truly unique music venue and hosts not only live music but live comedy, traditional music sessions every Monday and open mic nights as well. It has a relaxed, welcoming & intimate atmosphere, with a capacity of just 85 audience members. Our live music gigs are organised by fiddle-player Jamie Knowles of Glossop Violins Concerts. Have a look at our Upcoming Gigs page to see what's on at The Globe in Glossop.
Follow @ConcertsGlobe
The Globe, Glossop
Gig Archive
Mikey Kenney
Daria Kulesh with Marina Osman
Trio Durand Millet Railard


The M4 driver features TaylorMade's Twist Face technology—a new face curvature designed to reduce sidespin and produce straighter shots. How? More loft in the high-toe and less loft in the low-heel help to create more consistent spin in the exact locations where golfers tend to mis-hit.
The M4 driver is designed to maximize forgiveness. Weighing 15 grams lighter than the M3, the M4's advanced sole shaping and 41-gram sole weight moves the Center of Gravity (CG) even lower and further back, creating unmatched speed and forgiveness with exceptional sound and feel.
Players who fight a slice may prefer the draw-promoting M4 D-Type driver. The face angle appears more open to provide a more closed face at impact. Also, the 41 grams of weight are positioned more towards the heel for additional draw bias.


Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a period of time. Bandwidth is condumed when data is retrieved from the server and elivered to the user as well as when end user uploads data into to the server. For hosted accounts, bandwidth can be consumed to the limit and this normally leads to auto suspension of the account. However, for an account in a cloud server, this can be set as unlimited. Either way, bandwidth monitoring is crucial.
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text:
Share this Story: Most surrogacy expenses not eligible for tax credit, tax court rules
Most surrogacy expenses not eligible for tax credit, tax court rules
In twin decisions released earlier this month, the Tax Court of Canada has ruled that most surrogacy expenses are not eligible for the medical expense credit
Jamie Golombek
John McConnico/Bloomberg News
In twin decisions released earlier this month, the Tax Court of Canada has ruled that most surrogacy expenses are not eligible for the medical expense credit.
The first case involved a taxpayer who claimed a medical expense tax credit for just over $29,000 of medical expenses incurred in 2012, the bulk of which was paid to SCI Healthcare (SCI) in India. The taxpayer fertilized a donated egg and the embryo was subsequently implanted in a surrogate in India.
Most surrogacy expenses not eligible for tax credit, tax court rules Back to video
The taxpayer claimed $1,400 for travel to India and $400 for meals during his eight-day trip, explaining that he travelled to India to undergo in-vitro services provided by SCI, as his sperm was used in the creating of the embryo to be implanted in the surrogate mother.
While the Court ruled that his medical expenses and travel was indeed eligible for the medical expense credit, it concluded that none of the expenses related to the surrogate mother were eligible. The reasoning for this was based on the definition of "patient" in the Tax Act.
Under the rule, medical expenses "on behalf of the patient who requires a(n)… organ transplant" are eligible for the credit. While a prior case concluded that an embryo transplant is, in fact, an organ transplant for the purposes of this rule, this decision was not followed in two subsequent cases. Each of those case concluded that the rule does not apply to surrogacy arrangements because the surrogate who receives the transplant is not the "patient" which is defined for the purposes of the Tax Act as the taxpayer, their spouse or partner and dependents.
A day at the spa, alcohol, Magic Bullet blenders: When you might be pushing the limits of tax deductibility
When moving expenses are a tax deduction, and when they're not
The second case involved a taxpayer who claimed $81,000 of medical expenses on his return, $64,000 of which related to compensation paid and medical expenses of the surrogate. In-vitro expenses of $17,000 incurred by the taxpayer were allowed.
After being denied the expenses based on the reasoning above, the taxpayer in this case also tried to argue that gay male couples are being discriminated against by the tax rules. According to his argument, "they deserve the same treatment as heterosexual and gay female couples who have the opportunity of claiming the medical expense tax credit in respect of in-vitro fertilization treatments…because gay male couples do not have ovaries to produce eggs and wombs in which to gestate a fetus, they must work with surrogates, which heterosexual and female gay couples do not have to do."
So the question before the Court was whether the fact that surrogacy expenses are not deductible infringes the anti-discrimination rule in section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
The Supreme Court has stated that in order to succeed with a discrimination argument you must show "unequal treatment under the law — more specifically that (you)… failed to receive a benefit that the law provided… or (you were) saddled with a burden the law did not impose on someone else."
In this case, the Tax Court judge ruled that there was no discrimination "since surrogacy fees are consistently non-deductible for anyone, whether heterosexual couples, female gay couples or male gay couples…The burden imposed by the law on male gay couples is no greater than that imposed on anyone else."
Jamie.Golombek@cibc.com
Jamie Golombek is the managing director, tax & estate planning with CIBC Wealth Advisory Services in Toronto.


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FST TCS 2000 : foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science : 20th conference, New Delhi, India, December 13-15, 2000 : proceedings
The work FST TCS 2000 : foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science : 20th conference, New Delhi, India, December 13-15, 2000 : proceedings represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in University of Missouri-St. Louis Libraries. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Language Material, Books, http://bibfra.me/vocab/marc/conference-publication.
The Resource FST TCS 2000 : foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science : 20th conference, New Delhi, India, December 13-15, 2000 : proceedings
foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science : 20th conference, New Delhi, India, December 13-15, 2000 : proceedings
Sanjiv Kapoor, Sanjiva Prasad (eds.)
Foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science
Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, 2000
Prasad, Sanjiva
Kapoor, Sanjiv, 1959-
Computer science -- Congresses
Conference papers and proceedings
Software engineering -- Congresses
Lecture notes in computer science, 1974
OHX
Lecture notes in computer science,
Context of FST TCS 2000 : foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science : 20th conference, New Delhi, India, December 13-15, 2000 : proceedings
FST TCS 2000 : foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science : 20th conference, New Delhi, India, December 13-15, 2000 : proceedings, Sanjiv Kapoor, Sanjiva Prasad (eds.)

 Data from FST TCS 2000 : foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science : 20th conference, New Delhi, India, December 13-15, 2000 : proceedings - University of Missouri-St. Louis Libraries

Data Citation of the Work FST TCS 2000 : foundations of software technology and theoretical computer science : 20th conference, New Delhi, India, December 13-15, 2000 : proceedings
http://link.umsl.edu/resource/E-xFjSTI-OU/
http://library.link/resource/E-xFjSTI-OU/


text:
Der Kanton Prayssas war bis 2015 ein französischer Kanton im Arrondissement Agen im Département Lot-et-Garonne und in der Region Aquitanien; sein Hauptort war Prayssas, Vertreter im Generalrat des Départements war zuletzt von 1992 bis 2015, wiedergewählt zuletzt 2004 Alain Merly.

Geografie
Der Kanton war 141,17 km² groß und hatte (1999) 4.059 Einwohner, was einer Bevölkerungsdichte von 29 Einwohnern pro km² entsprach. Er lag im Mittel auf 153 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel, zwischen 32 m in Granges-sur-Lot und 246 m in Laugnac.

Gemeinden
Zum Kanton gehörten neun Gemeinden:

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Prayssas
Aufgelöst 2015

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Voters Really Want Presidential Candidates to Talk More about Science
Iowa survey reveals strong support for science from both Democrats and Republicans
August5th,2019
Research!America
Do you agree or disagree that the presidential candidates should participate in a debate to discuss key science-based challenges facing the United States, such as health care, climate change, energy, education, innovation, and the economy?Credit: Research!America
Arlington, VA — July 25, 2019 — A large majority of Iowans (74 percent) say it is important for the presidential candidates to talk about how science and scientific research will affect their policymaking decisions, but only 22 percent recall them discussing science issues during the past two months. The Iowa Science Survey, jointly conducted by Research!America and Science Debate, surveyed 802 Iowans on their attitudes to science policy issues during the 2020 presidential election.
"Science policies related to our health, environment, economy, and national security impact every American, and these results suggest candidates running for president should be prepared to develop and discuss their policies well before Election Day," said Sheril Kirshenbaum, executive director of Science Debate. "We'd love to see some science-focused questions in the upcoming debates."
Eighty-seven percent of Iowans say they agree the presidential candidates should participate in a debate to discuss key science-based challenges facing the United States, such as health care, climate change, energy, education, innovation, and the economy. This represents a majority of Americans from both major parties, including 97 percent of Democrats and 84 percent of Republicans.
"These results reveal a real opportunity that candidates have to connect with potential Iowa voters," said Mike Coburn, Research!America's Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. "Iowa is the home of world-class scientific research institutions that fuel local economic growth and drive life-saving progress."
Other key findings from the Iowa survey include:
Seventy-nine percent of Iowans would like candidates to have a plan that addresses climate change specifically.
Ninety percent believe it is important for the US to be a leader in science and technology research.
More than half (54 percent) are more likely to vote for a pro-science candidate.
Seventy-one percent believe that federal investment in mental health research has been inadequate.
Seventy-five percent say it is important that candidates for president have a science advisor.
Iowans value state leadership in many areas including agriculture, education, medical and health research, manufacturing, and science and technology.
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Maria Ruiz Margenot
Senior Vice President, Sales Development, Recruiting & Training
As Senior Vice President of Sales Development, Recruiting and Training, Maria Ruiz Margenot is responsible for leading all sales development, talent transformation and talent acquisition efforts for Wyndham Vacation Ownership brands. She is based at the company's headquarters in Orlando, Fla.
A vacation ownership industry veteran with 36 years of experience, Maria is a highly strategic and results driven business executive and sales leader with extensive vacation ownership experience. She has played a key role in developing and implementing a myriad of industry leading training and talent acquisition programs. Maria began her illustrious Wyndham Vacation Ownership career in 1991 and has been actively involved in nearly every sales and marketing aspect of the organization. Maria is know as a leader with a success history that includes maximizing immediate performance of people, business economics and profits. In her roles she has been a leader, developing marketing strategies, creating and implementing sales systems, and managing multiple sales and marketing lines along with leading the sales and marketing efforts of WVO's South Florida resorts to record success.
Maria is a member of several organizations committed to diversity and inclusion including, the Hispanic Chamber of Congress of Metro Orlando Trustee Member, the Human Rights Campaign, Equality Florida and Equality Means Business. She is also the founding executive sponsor of FUERTE!, Wyndham Worldwide's Hispanic Associate Business Group, which now boasts over 1,000 members. She is a board member with Planned Parenthood of Southwest and Central Orlando. Additionally, she fundraises and performs community service in support of the historic preservation efforts and sustainability, LGBT and women's rights.
• Gold Stevie® Award Winner - Sales Support Team of the Year - WVO Training Team, 2016
• American Resort Development Association (ARDA) Sales Team Award Finalist – WVO Training Team, 2016
• Silver Stevie® Award Winner - Sales Training or Coaching Program of the Year, 2015
• ARDA Circle of Excellence (ACE) Award Finalist – Sales - Training Program, 2015
• ARDA ACE Innovation Award Winner – WVO Sales iPad Initiative: Swipe.Click.Sell., 2014
• National Professional Women's Association, Woman of the Year, 2013-2014
• Multicultural Leadership Award- Florida Diversity Council, 2013
• Represented Wyndham Worldwide – Top 50 Latina Women Award at the White House, 2010
• Distinguished Vice President Award – Wyndham Vacation Ownership
• Keynote Award, RCI (Resort Condominium International)
• President's Club Award recipient, Wyndham's highest honor, 23 of the last 25 years
CLICK TO VISIT COMPANY SITE
Equality Means Business is a project of Equality Florida & the Equality Florida Institute. We are the largest civil rights organization in Florida dedicated to ending discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. For more information call 813-870-3735.


: : : Any clues as to origin? Used in the southern US to mean very tight.
: : West Virginia and Eastern Kentucky are the only places I've heard this expression.
: It is in fairly common usage in Alabama. Mostly by 50+ age bracket. This one has always bugged me.


BKD Leaders COO, Kristen Deptula, interviews Brent Rutemiller, CEO of Swimming World Magazine and International Swimming Hall of Fame (ISHOF). Our interview explores Brent's experience as the driving force behind the successful merger of these two iconic aquatic institutions. He shares wisdom about being a visionary champion for all aquatic sports. Rutemiller is very committed to revitalizing ISHOF, and adding value to the Greater Fort Lauderdale Community. He began his career in 1976 as an assistant coach in Northern Kentucky, and likes to say that Chlorine is in his DNA. Brent is building a team worth following and is a true leader in change management. One of his goals is to build a growth plan for ISHOF and foster relationships to expand and enhance member experiences.
On Saturday, May 19th ISHOF hosts their annual Induction Class of 2018. This year's honorees include Swimmers: Rebecca Adlington (GBR), Amanda Beard (USA), and Libby Trickett (AUS); Water Polo Player: Brenda Villa (USA); Contributor: Andy Burke (USA); Diver: Irina Lashko (USSR, RUS, AUS); Coach: Bill Sweetenham (AUS); Synchronized Swimmer: Miho Takeda (JPN); Open Water Swimmer: Petar Stoychev (BUL); and Pioneer Synchronized Swimming Contributor: Joy Cushman (USA). Ian Crocker (USA) was a part of the Class of 2017, but was unable to attend the induction due to Hurricane Harvey.


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Dissertations and Theses (Ph.D. and Master's)
Social complexity and corporate households on the southern Northwest Coast of North America, A.D. 1450--1855.
Sobel, Elizabeth A.
Abstract: This study addresses anthropological debate about the role of corporate groups in the evolution and reproduction of complexity in middle-range societies, particularly the importance of control over production versus control over exchange as determinants of corporate group prestige, power, and wealth. Discussions of these issues frequently reference the multi-family Native household of the Northwest Coast of North America; these households were corporate groups and are often presented as an example of the corporate group in middle-range society. Despite this theoretical dependence on Northwest Coast data in general studies, current views of Northwest Coast households and societies are limited by extensive reliance on ethnographic and historical documents. This research addresses these limits to our understanding of Northwest Coast corporate households through analyses of archaeological data from the Lower Columbia River Valley, located on the southern Northwest Coast and historically occupied by Chinookan peoples. The study analyzes links between corporate household prestige, production, and exchange on the Lower Columbia from the late pre-contact through early post-contact periods (ca. A.D. 1450--A.D. 1855) based on archaeological and documentary data. The archaeological component involves analyses of two sites---Cathlapotle (45CL1) and Clahclellah (45SA11)---each containing remains of multiple households. The analyses evidence hierarchies among corporate households in prestige, production, and exchange within each community. While production and exchange were foundations of corporate household prestige in both communities, the importance of exchange relative to production was greater at Clahclellah than at Cathlapotle, most likely due to differences in geography, mobility, access to trade centers and travel routes, and community history. In both towns, the importance of exchange as a basis of household prestige may have increased during the post-contact period due to Native-Euroamerican interaction. These results suggest that models of complexity in Northwest Coast societies and in middle-range societies generally need to more fully consider variability in the relationships between corporate group prestige, production, and exchange.
URI: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3150096
Handle: http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/124567
Subject(s): America, Corporate Households, Native Americans, North, Northwest Coast, Oregon, Social Complexity, Southern, Washington
Name: 3150096.pdf
Description: Access Restri ...
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Reasonable Faith, the series led by Kirk MacGregor, which was scheduled for Monday, March 25, 7-8 p.m., at McPherson College, is cancelled.
Thursday, March 28, 7:30 p.m., Brown Auditorium – The Concert Band will have its annual collaborative concert with The Independent School from Wichita. Free admission.
Sunday, April 7, 7:00 p.m., McPherson Opera House – The Jazz Band and the Hutchinson Community College Jazz Combo will present an evening of jazz to benefit the opera house. Tickets are only $6 at the door.
The Annual Food Drive for the McPherson County Food Bank is a project of the Outreach Team. Donations will be collected through Sunday, March 31. Items (canned and non-perishable foods, listed below) or money donations, may be left in a grocery cart in the Church Good Shepherd Foyer or in a storage container in the Education Building. The goal is to reach $2000 in total donations from food and/or money since we reached $1900 in donations last year. The Outreach Team is very hopeful and optimistic that we can do this! For questions, contact Kendra Bowen (620.504.2772 or kleighbowen@yahoo.com). Thank You!
Attending college can be challenging on many levels for students and families. For one group of students at McPherson College, the challenges are complex and many times depend on global events. The students come to McPherson College from the Democratic Republic of the Congo through a partnership that has proved to be a very positive experience for the students, our campus, and the community. Although the political climate of their country makes it difficult at times to obtain the necessary paperwork needed to attend college in the United States, nearly 40 students from the Congo are pursuing an education at McPherson College. This spring, the college welcomed 14 new students to campus. Neville Kabangu, who started at MC in the fall of 2017, thinks attending MC is a great learning experience. "We have people from many different places around the world in a small college. We get close to different cultures and learn about them." Kabangu plans to be a neuro-surgeon someday and said his biggest challenge so far has been learning the English language. "It was a bit hard, but I managed to adapt. It's not brain surgery after all." Scholarship support of these students allows MC to offer them access to an education that would be difficult to obtain in their homeland. For these students and all of the MC students who benefit from scholarship support, it is MC's goal that they will go out and make a difference in the world after graduating.


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Q: TFS 2012 does not add TFS server to "Team Foundation Server list" Earlier I was using Azure team foundation server and recently I tried to connect to different team foundation server. But I am not able to switch from Azure team foundation server to other.
When I connect to other TFS server, it does not show me login text boxes to enter my credentials to add that server to Team Foundation Server list to connect later. It only shows Insert a smart card options.

Even after I uncheck "Remember my credentials" I am not getting login text boxes to enter my credentials, so I am not able to connect to that server.
I am using Windows 7 and Visual Studio 2012 Ultimate version.
After disabling smart card service, there is no option for anything:

It's very strange and the problem persist even after I reinstalled Visual Studio.

A: Try deleting the saved credential from Credentials Manager.

*

*Load Control Panel

*Load User Accounts

*Click Manage your Credentials
Take a look in Windows Credentials and delete any saved credentials that are associated to the Azure account.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Share recipes with friends and family. Attach a recipe to a homemade treat as a gift. Hand out blank recipe cards at a bridal shower and ask guest to write down their favorite recipe for the bride-to-be.
Each recipe card image file is 4" x 6" and is available for download in high-resolution 300 dpi.


Living with the iPhone 6 Plus!
iPhone 7 & 7 Plus Unboxing!
Woman's iPhone 6 Plus Unboxing and First Impressions!
iPhone 6S & 6S Plus Unboxing + Giveaway!
iPhone 6 Plus #BendGate: Explained!
Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Unboxing!


Previous message (by thread): [Sidefx-houdini-list] I want to tutor houdini while in Denver.
did anyone have any luck with running cl switch ?
I have quadro 4000 would this be ok for cl?they say it has fermi arch.
what version of drivers are you using for this?


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adhd, anxiety, art, bipolar, black and white photography, manic depression, mental illness, nude, ocd, photography, portrait, postaday, ptsd, self-portrait
4 comments on The Silent Cry
The Silent Cry
Photo taken by contributor Jaeda DeWalt, a conceptual self-portrait artist in her forties from Seattle, Washington. Her battles with mental illness hearken back to her earliest memories, at age 4, when she became obsessed with the number four and performed exhaustive rituals in patterns of four. During her teen years, she began noticing extreme mood swings, manic one moment and depressed the next, and in her late 20′s she finally sought treatment and was diagnosed with Bipolar, OCD, PTSD, Anxiety, and ADHD. Her doctors told her they believed the mental illness was brought on by a severe concussion she sustained at age two, along with the trauma of being sexually abused as a child into her young adult years. Her life was filled with self-destructive coping methods until she went full force into creating, in her mid-twenties. The process of creating and putting herself in front of the camera felt cathartic, liberating and healing. The photographic medium opened up a new world to her and ignited a kind of passion within that she didn't even know she was capable of experiencing. She has been on an ever-evolving, healing journey, ever since.
About this photo: "I love the way shadows can paint our face with deep emotions. This self-portrait speaks to the sea of darkness, the silent cry and the quieter emotions I so often hide from the rest of the world. There are days I find my adhd, ptsd and bipolar a triumph as i am hyper-creative with a keen eye for detail, and other days I sink into non-productive periods, darkness and sometimes feel like a prisoner to my mind."
Find more from Jaeda at Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.
4 responses to "The Silent Cry"
Robert Crisp
simply stunning. great image.
Liz Gilbert
This photo is absolutely fantastic. I wish you well on your road to recovery.
Brenda Braddock
I totally identify with this picture. I have struggled with anxiety ,PTSD and bi polar disorder since age 12. Your picture depicts how I feel at times. Like there is no way out.


This font is very similar to the Unilever logo. I hope its by the same designers otherwise it's a cheap rip-off.
I'll have to pick it up, wonder who designed it.
Thats an really creative looking font. It adds a good amount of expression to the headers of the mag. It also reminds me of the movie Objectified for some reason as well. Thanks for the images.


Q:What kind of products do you have available?
A: Charlie's Pride Meats offers an extensive selection of superior quality, oven-roasted deli products including Roast Beef, Corned Beef and Pastrami, plus our Epicurean Collection line of American Kobe Beef and Kurobuta Ham. We also offer a Gourmet Selection of Choice & Black Angus meats, a line of Specialty Items such as London Broil, Prime Rib and Cajun Roast Beef, as well as Pre-Sliced foodservice items including premium ham, turkey and roast beef. In addition, we also prepare a full line of ready-to-heat Entrées for foodservice, in varieties such as Beef Brisket in Barbeque Sauce, Chicken Teriyaki and Chile Verde. And you'll want to check out our new line of chef-created Au Jus, Dipping Jus and Gravy Mixes specially seasoned to complement your favorite deli sandwich in varieties like Beef Au Jus, "Chicago Style" Italian Gravy, Cajun Au Jus, and Pastrami Dipping Jus. Browse our website to learn more about our entire product line.
Q:Is your Kobe Beef and Kurobuta Ham imported from Japan?
A: No, the Kobe and Kurobuta items you see on our Epicurean Collection page are all raised and produced in the USA. Our beef and pork are raised 100% natural, 100% domestic, and we make them 100% delicious.
Q:Where can I buy Charlie's Pride products?
A: We're available to consumers nationwide in neighborhood delis, grocery stores, club stores and major chain stores. Our larger customers can order direct from our plant or by contacting one of our regional sales representatives. Check for the Charlie's Pride label the next time you visit your local store and ask for us by name if you don't see us there.
Q:Can I see the ingredients and nutrition for your products before I buy them?
A: All of our products, from foodservice to the grocery shelves to the deli case, are labeled with nutrition and ingredients for your convenience. For any additional information, please contact one of our Customer Service representatives for assistance.
Q:What safety measures are employed by Charlie's Pride?
A: The quality and safety of our products has always been our top priority. Visit the Quality Assurance page of our website for details.
Q:Are your deli items fully cooked?
A: Yes, all of our consumer deli items are fully cooked and ready to eat.
Q:Are the Entrée items fully cooked?
A: Yes, all of our entrée varieties are fully cooked, tightly sealed and then refrigerated, ready for you to just heat and eat. They only take 3½ minutes in the microwave, or a few minutes more on the stovetop, so you don't have to wait long to enjoy a good hot meal. Visit our Entrées link on this website to learn more about them.
Q:What causes the shiny, rainbow-colored effect on some sliced meats? And is it safe to eat?
A: This effect is known as iridescence. It is commonly found in animal muscle tissue before and after processing, and most often appears as a shiny, almost metallic green or orange/red color. Cooked and cured meats often result in a brighter color than uncured meats, making the iridescence more visible. Though some have suspected a connection between the use of phosphates and iridescence, there is currently no data to support that idea. The causes are still not entirely known, but once it appears, there is nothing that will remove or reduce the visible effect. We do know, however, that iridescence is a naturally occurring factor and does NOT affect the quality or safety of the meat in any way. It does not indicate spoilage or degradation of freshness. You can feel confident that consumption of any of our products that might exhibit this iridescent effect is perfectly safe, and should have all the same flavor, juiciness and tenderness that you find in all of our fine products.
Q:What do all the numbers and codes mean on your labels?
A: Our labels are packed with helpful information to our customers. Take a look at our informative breakdown on this link, Understanding Our Labels, and you'll learn how to find just what you're looking for!
Q:How long has Charlie's Pride been in business?
A: Charlie Dickman started the company in 1969, and we've been growing ever since. Visit Our Story on this website for more details of this family-run business.
Q:Can I speak to someone directly if I have other questions or comments?
A: We have people working day and night at Charlie's Pride, and we'd love to hear from you. Visit our Contacts page for the name and phone number of one of our helpful employees, or send an email to Customer Service. We look forward to hearing from you.


People love to tell a story and there is nothing better than a picture to tell a story. Instagram does that, it introduces itself as a fast, beautiful and fun way to share life events, travels, foods and just about everything with friends through a series of photographs. Just snap a photo with your phone, filter or edit to transform the look and feel, and viola! it's photo sharing, reinvented.
You can even link the photos to Facebook, Twitter and other social networks to have wider audience. Too bad, it does not have link to Blogger yet but who knows? With its fast-paced changes and development, linking with Blogger might be possible sooner that we think.
"People are social creatures. We like to tell others what we are doing, eating, buying, and seeing. Sharing an image through Instagram not only communicates what we are doing and where we are doing it, it gives iPhone users the ability to add a little creativity into their day and actually share a small piece of digital art."
"Microblogging is becoming huge in popularity. Programs like Instagram or Pinterest are becoming as important to some Bloggers as Facebook and Twitter, allowing quick, visual sharing of information in words (albeit only briefly) and pictures. The beauty of Instagram is that it is almost like a mini blog post in itself".
"This is your Instagram and your story. Have fun with it. Your followers will appreciate you more if posting is a pleasure, and not a chore."
I don't have Instagram nor Pinterest, but I think I might create an account, if I still have enough time to go about its ways. Thanks for your pictures!
I have IG, I think I am already following you.
love those waterfalls, but i don't know where they are.