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Tag Archives: Jason Heyward
Posted on January 15, 2015 by baseballstooges
Source: Mike Ehrmann/Getty Images North America)
The excitement that accompanies long-term free agent contracts (8-10 years in length) is followed almost immediately by immense scrutiny. These lengthy deals that buyout at least eight years of free agency are associated with significant risk, and it is usually assumed that the player will provide very little value in the last few years of the contract. Despite the high chance that the team will have a devastating amount of money allocated to an unproductive player, we are seeing more and more players signed to these long contracts. While I have mentioned that I consider these long-term free agent contracts to last a minimum of 8 years, they do not need to be signed on the free agent market. Rather, these deals can be extensions signed prior to free agency, but they must buyout at least 8 years of the player's free agency. This would not include a player like Freddie Freeman, who signed an 8-year contract after 3 seasons in the Big Leagues, which means his contract only buys out 5 years of free agency. I make this distinction because these early career extensions are usually less money and also a different type of risk, as you pay for less of a known quantity.
What is making teams increasingly willing to pay tens of millions of dollars a year for more than 8 years of free agency? For starters, the clubs must guarantee something in the neighborhood of 8 years to secure a superstar talent in free agency these days. With the amount of money in the game continuing to grow, it reasons that clubs expect this growth to continue and make their payments in the last few years of the deal less substantial in regards to their total payroll. Beyond why these deals are becoming more common, we need to know how completed contracts turned out and the current outlook for ongoing contracts. This is important because it does not appear these long-term deals are going away, actually, we are likely to see more in the very near future with players like Jason Heyward and Ian Desmond set to hit the open market following the 2015 season.
Teams looking for one major addition to push them over the top for the next few seasons are more likely to justify a deal like this as a way to win in the short term, while not entirely ruining their future. After all, the player should provide at least 5-6 years of value before they are not a key contributor for the club, and in some cases even more. This gives the team enough time to develop young talent to arrive just as the star becomes extremely overpaid, so they can remain competitive. However, this is rarely what happens, as teams choose to kick the can further down the road and remain in win-now mode, which is not a bad strategy when you win, but what about when you lose?
The Angels can attest that it puts incredible strain on the farm system without improving the Major League roster enough to reach the Postseason. While they finally made it to the Playoffs in 2014 with the best record in baseball, they accomplished this feat two years after they planned. Despite significant free agent expenditures for Albert Pujols (2012) and Josh Hamilton (2013), the Angels did not make it beyond the regular season until 2014. Baseball Prospectus ranked the Angels' farm system as the weakest of all clubs for the second straight season heading into 2014. Sacrificing draft picks for star free agents and trading top prospects for Major League improvements failed to help the Angels' efforts in 2012 and 2013, although it helped them for 2014, they have paid a steep price. Where Pujols should have been the star to anchor the Angels roster, he led to the need for more additions, further delaying the rebuilding of their farm system. This is not to say anything negative about the Angels, more to point out that these deals do not guarantee the club's success, nor does it guarantee the player will remain a star even in the early years of the deal. The Angels are not the only team that has signed a player to a long-term contract and not immediately experienced success, but each team with such a contract was in win-now mode or nearing such a phase.
Another driving force behind these deals is the record amount of money flowing into the game. While many people would like to believe baseball's popularity is fading, that just is not true. Revenues have been growing for some time, and in 2014, Major League Baseball saw a 13% increase giving them over $9 Billion in revenue for 2014. MLB's new television deal with ESPN has led to each MLB team receiving over $25 Million per year, which is a $15 Million increase. This is money that MLB gives to every MLB team, but many teams are now receiving much more money from their own local television deals. This influx of cash has led to more spending in free agency, as teams have more money to spend now and also greater security moving forward. With teams like the Angels taking in over $150 Million per year from these deals, it is no surprise clubs are willing to guarantee long-term deals in order to land a superstar for the remainder of his prime. This is especially the case since inflation will likely make the payments in the later years of the deal less significant than they currently seem. Inflation will not make these deals bargains, but it certainly mitigates some of the risk associated with these types of deals, especially if the club expects increased revenue moving forward.
The general feeling around the game is that these long-term contracts will always end in disaster, and while this is often the case, it is not a guarantee. These types of deals do not always end in multiple years of little production and the entire production over the course of the deal can make up for any lack of production in the later years. 21 contracts have been signed that bought out at least 8 free agent seasons and of those 21 deals, 7 have concluded:
Successful: Among these 7 contracts, three can be considered clear successes for the team. These three are Derek Jeter's 10-year, $189 Million pact, Scott Rolen's 8-year, $90 Million contract and Alex Rodriguez's 10-year, $252 Million deal. During the 9 years that Jeter would have been a free agent without his deal, he accumulated 46.2 fWAR, which comes out to $3.8M/Win. While this shows his deal was certainly successful when considered in its entirety, Jeter also never faded, always being a worthwhile investment. Scott Rolen's 8-year deal proved to be even more valuable for the team, as his 35.3 WAR over the course of the contract, coming out to $2.5M/Win. Similar to Jeter, Rolen was a valuable player throughout the life of his deal. Finally, Alex Rodriguez's first 10-year contract was also a very valuable signing for the team. While he opted out after only 7 years, we can still see how he performed in the three years following his opt out. If he had played the entirety of his deal, Rodriguez would have been worth $3.6M/Win and he also never faded during this time.
Even: Of the 7 concluded contracts, Manny Ramirez's 8-year, $160 Million deal and Todd Helton's 9-year, $141.5 Million deal were relatively fair for both the player and team. Both contracts ended with the player averaging $4.8M/Win, which is just about what a win was worth in 2008, according to Dave Cameron. Ramirez's value faded slightly towards the end of his deal, as his defense deteriorated, but he did finish strong in 2008. Helton also lost some value, as he was about replacement level in 2 of his last 4 seasons, but did rebound each time, so he was not a complete waste of resources at any point.
Unsuccessful: The final two concluded deals have not been so team-friendly. Alfonso Soriano's 8-year, $136 Million contract and Ken Griffey Jr.'s 9-year, $116.5 Million contract never lived up to the hype associated with such long-term deals. Soriano accumulated 19.6 WAR over the course of the deal, worth $6.9M/WAR, and was eventually released during his final season, as he struggled mightily to a 64 wRC+ through his first 67 games in 2014. Ken Griffey Jr.'s deal is about the worst-case scenario for how these deals can play out. Over the life of his contract, Griffey Jr. accumulated just 9.7 WAR, meaning each win cost more than $12 Million. However, even though his WAR was not impressive, he still carried a 118 wRC+, which may not merit such a significant deal, but he did provide offensive value throughout his deal.
Now let us look at how the ongoing contracts look moving forward. However, with the recent increase in popularity of these deals, many of them are far too early in the contract to make any meaningful conclusions. With that in mind, I will not classify 8 of these ongoing deals because they have not gone beyond two seasons, which is not enough time to gauge the deal's progress. That leaves us with 6 deals that we can draw some conclusions from:
Successful: Only one of these 6 contracts can be considered a clear success. Tulowitzki's 10-year, $157.8 Million deal from 2011 through 2020 bought out two non-free agent seasons of 2011 and 2012, so for this exercise, it is an 8-year, $144.1 Million deal beginning in 2013. While Tulowitzki has been hindered by injuries in the two seasons of this deal, he has still accumulated an amazing 10.5 WAR and he still looks to be in his prime. His deal expires around age 36, which means Tulowitzki should be a good bet to finish out this deal while still providing value in the final years. Even if he fades heavily at the end of the deal, he should make the overall investment worthwhile, as he only needs to be worth about 10 more WAR over the final 6 years of his extension in order to be worth about $7M/Win, which is right around market value.
Unsuccessful: I would deem the remaining five deals as unsuccessful or at least certainly looking like they will be by the time they expire. Unfortunately, Alex Rodriguez's second 10-year deal did not go as smoothly as the first. Forgetting about his off-field issues, Rodriguez has still struggled to live up to his $275 Million contract, providing only one season of a WAR above 4, and only 4 seasons as an above average player. Albert Pujols's 10-year, $240 Million deal may be even worse, as he has never resembled even the worst form he displayed as a Cardinal. This deal will be very ugly by the end of it. Prince Fielder's 9-year, $214 Million contract has also gone poorly through its first 3 seasons and is likely to remain a rather poor contract, as he was always expected to age poorly, but now his early performance has not provided the value expected to make that worthwhile. Not quite as poor a deal as those above, but Mark Teixeira's 8-year, $180 Million deal is not looking very good, as he has collapsed after 4 seasons that were about what you would expect from him. However, he no longer shows signs of the player he once was and the final two years of this deal are likely to be as ugly as the two preceding years, when he combined for 0.6 WAR. The final long-term deal that has not worked out so well for the signing team is Joe Mauer's 8-year, $184 Million contract. He has the best chance of these 5 players to make his deal at least a fair deal, but his shift from catcher to first base will make that quite the challenge. Mauer's hit tool is not as impressive at a position that is flush with offensive threats, especially since he does not provide the power typical of a first baseman. With 4 years left on his deal, Mauer should be able to maintain his above-average hitting ability, so he will still provide value, but just not as much as was expected when he signed the deal as a catcher.
It is apparent that these long-term deals carry substantial risk and usually result in a winner and loser, but we already knew that. What these deals do show, however, is that it is not a guarantee that these deals always end poorly for the signing club. If the team is on the right spot on the win curve when they sign the player, then it is likely to make the struggles at the end more bearable, but only if he performs well early in the deal. One thing we can draw from this is that the best deals were those that ended around age 36, but those deals that lasted beyond age 38 were ill advised. Clearly this has to do with players fading less at age 36 than 38, but more importantly those deals expiring before age 38 also bought out better early years from the players. This is because the players are still likely in their primes at the beginning of the contract; however, if the deal extends beyond age 38, the player is likely leaving their prime at the time the contract begins.
With this in mind, I would not suggest signing any players to long-term contracts if they enter free agency at or after age 31. This is partly due to the fact that such a deal would then run into the dangerous age of 39 or later, but also because these players are typically exiting their prime, so they will not provide the value in the early part of the deal to justify paying heavily for little to no production at the end of the contract. These deals can only work if the player plays like a star early on in the deal, as is expected, so it is imperative that the team signs him when he is still in his prime. Another significant criteria for a deal is that the team is prepared to win during the early years of the deal, otherwise, such a deal can hinder a rebuild and actually be a waste of resources, even if the player is productive. We have seen this with Troy Tulowitzki's deal, while it has been worthwhile by his performance, the club has not been competitive for some time and may now be willing to trade him, despite the immense value his deal has. If these criteria are met, then such a long-term contract is a sensible investment, as the benefits outweigh the risks. However, in order to have a winning team in the future, even with so much money going to a somewhat unproductive player, the club must build its farm system during the early and middle years of the deal in order to have cost-controlled talent on the field, since they may have limited funds.
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged Albert Pujols, Alex Rodriguez, Alfonso Soriano, David Wright, Derek Jeter, Dustin Pedroia, Elvis Andrus, Evan Longoria, Giancarlo Stanton, Jason Heyward, Joe Mauer, Joey Votto, Ken Griffey Jr., Manny Ramirez, Mark Teixeira, Miguel Cabrera, Prince Fielder, Robinson Cano, Scott Rolen, Todd Helton, Troy Tulowitzki	| 1 Reply


(1) He has asked us to reprint a letter he wrote his students, explaining the joys of being a mathematician .(2) in this work he showed himself as a mathematician rather than as a mathematical physicist.(3) This is far from an end to the arguments about Euclid the mathematician .(4) I liked mathematics, and my father being a mathematician was no reason I should not become one too.(5) Particularly useful are cases where the mathematician made astronomical observations.(6) The next point to consider is how the mathematician differs from the physicist.(7) So how do mathematicians solve these complicated differential equations?(8) The Greeks were superb mathematicians and discovered much of the mathematics we still use today.(9) This is an introduction to intuitionistic mathematics for mature mathematicians .(10) Perhaps all we need to do to answer it is to read the mathematical treatises which the Greek mathematicians wrote.(11) Indian mathematicians and astronomers constructed sine table with great precision.(12) Various letters were exchanged between theologians, scientists and mathematicians .(13) Of course mathematicians continue to do mathematics while on holiday and they were both working hard.(14) Only a very small proportion of mathematics students end up becoming research mathematicians .(15) The book develops the theme that mathematics and mathematicians can be interesting.(16) He is considered by most historians of mathematics as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.
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Clergy burnout is more rampant than ever. The stats bear this out. But pastors are also far better equipped, educated and resourced than ever. Despite the calls for intellectual, psychological or administrative increases in the ever-lengthening list of "ministerial" skills, pastors receive far better practical training than they used to. Yet well-trained clergy are leaving the ministry in droves.
I wonder whether an aspect of the problem lies in the very idea of ministerial training as the acquisition of aggregate skills. "If you have an intermediate skill level in these twelve loosely related areas, you will be qualified for a successful ministry." Now I certainly want pastors to be good exegetes, good listeners, good preachers, good at running stuff, etc. But there must be something beneath all these skills that ties them together. There must be something that grounds them, motivates them and gives them life.
A clue to this puzzle dawned on me while reading Romans 10. The famous passage of the necessity of preachers for the salvation of the world actually follows directly Paul's strange interpretation of the ascending and descending mentioned in Deut 30 as the death and resurrection of Christ. It is only on the heels of this elusive exegesis that Paul move into his praise for the necessity of preaching. He moves from the greatest mystery into the need for ministry, without a pause or transition. Mystery (typically reserved for ivory tower theologians) and ministry (the practice of those aggregate skills) stand side by side. And if you think this is just a fluke, then check out Ephesians 4 where Paul moves comfortably from a similar mention of the descent and ascent of Christ to the giving of gifts to the various ministers in the church. Apparently, it is the mysterious cosmic Lordship of Christ that unites, grounds and motivates a minister's preaching, leading, listening, etc.
In other words, when asked why we do what we do as ministers, the short answer might go something like this: "Jesus is the resurrected Lord of the universe and I am pressed into his service."
Will this simple thought alone prevent clergy burnout? Certainly not. But maybe it can help us begin to think through the unity of theological education (both initial and continuing) that gets beyond the "grab bag of skills" mentality. Because being good-at-stuff won't get one through a dark night of the soul.
John Locke "The Reasonableness of Christianity"
John Toland "Christianity Not Mysterious"
H.S. Reimarus "Apology for Rational Worshipers of God"
John Wesley "Earnest Appeal to Men of Reason"
The core question may not be "How can I be effective?" but "Did Jesus Christ rise from the dead." If he truly did indeed rise from death then "success" is less important than faithfulness to the truth. If He did not rise then I'd suggest taking more practical ministry courses for it is mostly up to us.
These thoughts are coming at a poignant time for me as I embark on full-time Christian ministry. Whatever skills I do have (and the many I don't have) are in some way secondary to living as a Spirit-led ambassador of Christ amongst a community of other Spirit-led ambassadors. As I go to Conferences and Training Gatherings and fine-tune many 'necessary' skills, these thoughts will be percolating in my mind.
That list is a trip. A delight to see Wesley lumped in with those "rationalists" especially contra his reputation as a mere hot hearted pietist. Well done.
3. Practical Theology - a term he coined! (which initiates students into the essence of Christianity to know its identity so well as to preserve it into the next generation).
Hence for Schleiermacher, the sub-disciplines of theology are anything but the acquisition of aggregate skills. Even practical theology is more about the preserving and developing the identity of the Christian religion rather than being good at stuff.
Whereas Schleiermacher (always the Romantic) was inclined to see Platonic unities, the Rationalist Encyclopedists saw Aristotelean distinctions. Theology fit itself into the emerging encyclopeia (note how publishing is the tail that wags the pedegogical dog here) by dividing itself up into disciplines in which different people could become "experts", and hence get assigned to write the encyclopea article on this or that topic. From this tradition arose the ever increasing sub division of theological study that persists into our day.
I was intrigued that you contrasted IWU's professional studies with PTS' classical approach. I personally experienced it the very opposite way. PTS is highly subdivided (because of its size, independence, pluralism, and acadmemic ethos) and I find it rather frustrating. Recently a seminarian's spouse said to me that she was confused by her husbands claim that he doesn't do theology, he's just an NT guy. She thought we were all doing theology. She though her confusion was out of ignorance. But she was asking the question that we all forget in our narrowness: the we are here to study God, and when we get out we will be asked to speak on behalf of God even if we don't want to.
The opposite was the case at IWU, where we learned philosophy from a NT scholar (Schenck), pastoral care from a philosopher (Horst), pastoral ministry from an historian (Bence), ecclesiology from a christian education (Drury) and theology from a OT scholar (Lennox). I think it has something to do with the college context, where the whole religion department is expected to represent the study of God in the midst of everything else. It also had to do with size, and as the department continues to grow I'm sure we will see increased specialization (as is already happening).
Bottom line: the question that keeps the skills together is one of truth. As long as that's there, you can be thoroughly "practical" and "skills"-oriented, at least as far as I'm concerned. To clarify: I am not calling for increasing theory and decreasing praxis. I am calling for an abolition of the distinction.
Since I know you don't think it is "just up to us," how do you view your own courses beyond skill acquisition? Is there a certain disposition or habit of mind that you are seeking to initiate your students into? Is this a conscious objective, or something that happens intuitively?
so glad you chimed. you are so right to identify those first years of ministry as crucial for nailing down the "why" of what you are doing, especially since the immediate day-to-day pragmatic needs will easily distract you. often those who burnout said they didn't see it coming. they were working hard and well for years then boooom -- nothing left. so it starts now. I am so excited for what God is going to be doing through you in this new season of your life!
After a day of planning, confirming, writing, connecting, reading, studying, organizing-bowling-trips, etc. Nothing was more exciting than a short conversation with my senior pastor reminding me to preach Christ.
I was plesantly suprised at how that simple reminder could be more motivating than making ten check marks on my to-do list (and I like to make check-marks).
Thanks for the history lesson. I tried to tread softly knowing I had only commonly understood that hist. dvlpt. thanks for the correction.
The other part of my comment was directed at the distinction between IWU's "professional studies" program - I agree about the undergrad. experience we had and think that is why I am most excited about the possibility of teaching in an undergrad. school. When I left the comment my initial thought was that it seemed easier to make theological education happen as more of a formational waltz with mystery in a traditional type monastic (in the true sense of the word) seminary - which I may have wrongly characterized PTS to be. Does the fact that more ministerial training courses are being taught over the internet than in classrooms (I don't know if that's true) have any effect on the kind of subdivisions of theolical educ. that you are talking about.
Let me criticize myself before I post this...I think I might be confusing the mystery of the institution of higher ed. with the mystery of Christ in my comment (OOh the tweed suits the horn-rimmed glasses, the big dark library it is so mysterious) What I want to get at I guess is that it seems more difficult to me to think about being submerged in the experience of the risen Lord through theo. ed. if most of my ed. is done in my robe at my computer (mystery will have to come from somewhere else) Experiences of living and learning together - worshipping with the people you go to class with - it connects formation that is a response to who Jesus Christ is and education that prepares us to serve this risen and eternal one. Any experiences on the relationship of formation and education in a "virtual" classroom. Maybe formation isn't the best word.
Okay I must go and do penance for such a long post.
One more thing...not only the idea of doing class at the computer but the trend to add ministerial ed. on an already heaping pile of stuff. I know a woman in a class I am taking this summer who last week was preaching revival services at night was transitioning into a senior pastor role at a new church who has a family and young kids etc. and learning about Hebrew participles. If theo. ed. doesn't make her better at stuff she doesn't have time for it. This seems to me to be quite an average description of how people fit in ed. Does this have any implications on your point in the post?
No worries on the history. That's what I am good for.
Perceptive distinction b/w mystery of Christ and the mystery of theological education. That may help sort out a lot of our back-and-forth. It is also helpful to know that you were comparing the IWU M.A. with PTS's M.Div. (though I know very little about the former). I sympathize with your desire to teach college rather than seminary for similar reasons.
As for on-the-job training, I agree with you entirely that the immediate needs of practical ministry necessarily detract from the patience required for contemplating the mysteries of Christ. However, programs designed for "on-the-job training" are best suited for such aims - though the student may learn just as much at conferences, seminars, and lunches with other pastors than from classes. However, I have observed that this desire for pragmatic-immediacy has seeped into full time theological education. Sure, colleges and seminaries are not doing a good job at "training" ministers. I am questioning whether they should try to do this at all. What you are terming "formation" is exactly what I am talking about: worshiping together, studying together, being discipled, etc. -- these are the kinds of bedrock motivation & mindset developers that colleges and seminaries can and do provide. So I think you are on the right track.
Your story perfectly illustrates the difference between the two kinds of ministerial job statisfaction: the satisfaction of execution and the satisfaction of motivation. Acquired skills certainly help the former, but only an initiation into Christ himself will supply the former. As your story shows, the difference has nothing to do with theory vs. practice or academic vs. experiential. Execution of the tasks of ministry and reflection on the motive for ministry are not mutually exclusive.


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*Hottest Temperature = 113 degrees Fahrenheit
*Named in Honor of King George II of Great Britain
*159 Counties
*Capital = Atlanta
*Atlanta = Largest City in State
*Eastern Time Zone
*Motto = Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation
*Nickname = The Empire State of the South
*State Bird = Brown Thrasher
*State Fish = Largemouth Bass
*State Flower = Cherokee Rose
*State Tree = Live Oak
*State Song = "Georgia on my Mind"
Welcome Students! It is a pleasure to have you in my class this year! Get ready to dive into the study of our state's geography, history, economy, and government. Be ready to read, research, collaborate, and create as we become familiar with Georgia in the past and move toward Georgia's status in recent years as well as the present.
Please view the Welcome Presentation for in depth information on my class
Georgia milestone Review
Review Powerpoint
January Powerpoint
Georgia Geographic Regions Intro.ppt
SS8H1 Native Americans in GA.pptUnit 1- Geography and Early History 2019.ppt
February Powerpoint
colonialh2powerpoint
Georgia-as-a-Royal-Colony-2ks2h5l.pptx
GSE SS8H6.abcde LessonReconstruction.pptx
James Oglethorpe 2.ppt
Trustee and Royal Colony.pptx
March Powerpoint
Unit 5 Impact of Civil War on Ga.pptx
Civil War and Reconstruction in Georgia.pdf
Reconstruction in Georgia
April Powerpoint
The New South.pptx
The New South SS8H71.ppt
SS8H8 Great Depression.ppt
GA and the Great Depression5.ppt
WWI PowerPoint.ppt
GA and World War II.ppt
May Powerpoint
Foundations of Georgia Government.ppt
Foundations of Government worksheets.pptx
georgia world war 1 cloze notes.pptx
Georgia Standards of Excellence: GA Studies Study Guide
Unit 1: Geography of Georgia/Georgia's Beginnings
Standards and Elements:
•SS8G1
•SS8H1
Geography of Georgia
•Georgia is located in the following areas:
-Region: South, Southeast, etc.
-Nation (Country): U.S.A.
-Continent: North America
-Hemispheres: Northern and Western
•Georgia is divided into 5 Physiographic Regions: Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau.
•Georgia's warm and humid temperate climate help to make GA both a good farming area and a good tourist spot.
•Key Physical Features:
•Fall Line – Divides Coastal Plain and Piedmont Regions. The best farm land in GA is located just north and south of the Fall Line.
•Okefenokee – Largest freshwater wetland in GA.
•Appalachian Mountains – Highest peak in GA is here (Brasstown Bald is 4,786 feet above sea level). Highest and wettest part of GA. This rain leads to rivers that provide drinking water for most of GA.
•Chattahoochee and Savannah Rivers – Provide drinking water for GA. Also assists in transportation and electricity (hydroelectric power)
•Barrier Islands – Important to the tourism of GA. Also houses industries such as paper production and fishing.
Georgia's Beginnings
•4 Early periods of Native American cultures:
•Paleo Indians – Period lasted about 10,000 (approximately 18,000 BC to 8,000 BC) years. Nomadic hunters. Used the atlatl to hunt large animals.
•Archaic Indians – Period lasted from 8,000 to 1,000 BC. Moved with each season to find food. Used tools to assist with hunting and with work tasks.
•Woodland Indians – Period lasted from 1,000 BC to 1,000 AD. Families began to live together and form tribes. Used bow and arrows to hunt. Held religious ceremonies.
•Mississippian Indians – Period lasted from 900 AD until the arrival of European explorers (in the 1500's). Most advanced group. Protected villages using fences and moats. Very religious group. Built Temple Mounds as places of worship.
Unit 2: Exploration and GA's Colonization
•SS8H1 (b. and c.)
•SS8G1 (d.)
European Contact
•Hernando De Soto – Spanish explorer. Reached the modern day Florida and Georgia in 1540 while searching for gold. De Soto used plated armor, war horses and war dogs to fight against the Native Americans he came across. His soldiers also brought diseases, such as Small Pox, which killed large amounts of Native Americans.
•In 1566, Spain created missions (religious outposts) on Georgia's barrier islands.
Reasons for European Exploration
•England – Wanted raw materials from the New World so they could manufacture goods. These goods could then be sold to other countries. This was known as mercantilism. British also wanted to found a new colony to act as a "buffer" between British Carolina and Spanish Florida.
•France – Wanted gold.
•Spain – Wanted gold. Also spread Catholicism through the mission they established.
Founding of Georgia
•In 1732, James Oglethorpe convinces King George II to allow him to create the colony of Georgia. GA would become a place for debtors to start a new life, an area for England to get raw materials, and the buffer between Carolina and Florida.
•The Charter of 1732 gave Oglethorpe the power to create Georgia.
•Tomochichi (a Yamacraw Chief) helped Oglethorpe to choose the location for his first settlement (Savannah).
•Mary Musgrove used her connections to the British and Native Americans to help with communication, trading, and to help keep peace.
The Trustee Period
•GA was originally governed by a group of Trustees (including Oglethorpe).
•The Salzburgers left Austria in the 1730's and arrived in Georgia in 1734. Founded the city of Ebenezer.
•The Highland Scots (from Scotland) arrived and settled in Darien, GA in 1735.
•A group of malcontents became unhappy with the Trustees. Malcontents wanted to purchase additional land and enslave people.
GA as a Royal Colony
•Oglethorpe grew unhappy with the problems in Georgia and the people who wanted slavery, rum, and gambling. Returned to England in 1750.
•In 1752, the British government did not renew funding for the colony. The Trustees then turned over control of GA to the British King and GA became a Royal Colony.
•Georgia was ruled during this time (1752-1776) by 3 Royal Governors: John Reynolds, Henry Ellis, and James Wright.
•As a Royal Colony, citizens of Georgia were limited in the amount of land they could own and began to be allowed to own slaves.
Unit 3: Statehood, Revolution, and Westward Expansion
•SS8E2 (a.)
Causes of the American Revolution
•5 Major Causes of the American Rev:
–French and Indian War – Both England and France wanted to control land in North America. War ends in 1763 with the British victorious. They now controlled more land in North America (Ohio River Valley).
–Proclamation of 1763 – King George III creates borders for where the colonists could live. Colonists had fought and some died to gain land during the French and Indian War but they can not live on that land.
–Stamp Act – Tax on all legal documents, permits, and paper goods. The colonists did not want "taxation without representation" in the British government.
–Intolerable Acts – Four British laws meant to punish colonists for the Boston Tea Party. Allowed British citizens to live in colonists' homes, closed Boston Harbor, cancelled the Massachusetts's royal charter, and allowed British officials to be tried for crimes in England instead of the colonies.
–Declaration of Independence – On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the Dec. of Independence. This document announced the separation of the 13 colonies from Britain. There were three signers of the Dec. of Independence from Georgia: Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett, and George Walton.
GA During the
•Loyalists – People living in GA that were loyal to England.
•Patriots – People who wanted the colonies to be independent.
•Battle of Kettle Creek - Elijah Clarke led Georgia militia, defeated 800 British troops near Washington, Georgia
•Siege of Savannah - 15,000 Americans and 4,000 French laid siege to Savannah. Colonists and French were unsuccessful. The British controlled Savannah until the end of the war in 1782.
Georgia Wartime Heroes
•Nancy Hart single-handedly captured a group of British loyalists who bragged of murdering an American colonel; Hart County is the only county named for a woman
•Austin Dabney fought with distinction and was wounded at Kettle Creek; he also saved Elijah Clarke's life during that battle
•The American Revolution ended in 1782. The 13 colonies were victorious and became the United States of America.
State and Federal Constitutions
•Articles of Confederation – First document that created a government for the United States. Created a weak government (could not collect taxes). The Federal Government of the United States could not enforce any laws as it did not have a military.
•In 1777, Georgia held a Constitutional Convention to create it's first Constitution. This constitution created a system with separation of powers, even though the legislature had the most power. Guaranteed citizens some right, however, voting rights belonged only to white men over 21 and who could afford to pay taxes.
•In 1787 the United States held a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. At this convention leaders created the Constitution of the United States (still in use today!). Abraham Baldwin and William Few were delegates from GA at this convention. GA agreed to ratify the Constitution because it hoped the U.S. Government would help them fight the Native Americans in GA.
Unit 4: Civil War and Reconstruction
•SS8E1
Growth of Georgia
•University of Georgia – Held first classes in 1801. Allowed people from all economic backgrounds to go to college. First state university in the United States.
•After the Revolutionary War Georgia's capital was moved from Savannah to Louisville because Louisville was more centrally located (farther west).
•Due to the Second Great Awakening churches (like the Baptist and Methodist churches) were built all around Georgia.
Land Policies in GA
•As the population of GA increased numerous policies were used to distribute land:
–Headright System - Every white male counted as a head of household and had the "right" to receive up to 1,000 acres.
–Yazoo Land Sale - Around 1795, four companies bribed the governor and legislators so they could buy land for less than it was worth. The public found out and protested; the legislators involved were voted out of office. This became known as the Yazoo Land Fraud.
–Land Lotteries - All white heads-of-household could buy a lottery chance and win land; millions of acres in several states were given away.
Impact of Technology
•Cotton Gin – Eli Whitney in 1793 invented a machine for separating cotton seeds from its fiber. This machine increased the amount cotton growers could process each day. This enabled farmers in the south to become very wealthy if they could own enough land and had enough workers to work the land (usually slaves).
•Railroads – Once railroads came to GA they allowed products to be moved over land quickly.
Indian Removal
There were two major Native American tribes in Georgia and both were removed from their lands:
–The Creek Indians - Chief Alexander McGillivray signed the Treaty of New York giving up all land east of the Oconee River, but could keep land on the west side. These treaties were often broken. After the Battle of Horseshoe Bend the Creeks were forced to give up nearly all of their land. Chief William McIntosh gave up the last of the Creek Land with the Treaty of Indian Springs. He was later murdered for this.
–The Cherokee Indians – Many Cherokee had assimilated to "white" life (example Sequoyah developed a written language) so they were allowed to live on their land longer than many other groups. When gold was discovered in Dahlonega in 1829 many Georgians, with the support of American President Andrew Jackson, wanted to remove the natives. The Supreme Court of the United States decided that the Cherokee were a sovereign nation and should be allowed to rule themselves (Worcester v. Georgia). Eventually, without the support of Chief John Ross, a rebellious Cherokee group signed a treaty giving away all Cherokee land which led to the Trail of Tears (forced removal of the Cherokee Nation from Georgia to Oklahoma).
Causes of the Civil War
•Slavery – The economy of southern states was based on agriculture (farming mainly of crops such as cotton). Slaves were thought to be a "necessary evil" in helping with the growing of crops.
•States' Rights - Belief that the state's interests take precedence over interests of national government. Southern states believed they had the right to govern themselves and decide what would be best for their own situation (one example would be the issue of slavery).
•Nullification – The Tariff of 1828 tried to protect northern factories from competition by forcing the south to pay additional taxes on products purchased from England. The south believed in nullification (the idea that they have the right not to follow a federal law).
•Missouri Compromise – Missouri entered the U.S. as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state in 1820. Outlawed slavery north of 36°20' latitude (the southern border of Missouri), and included Louisiana Territory lands west of Missouri
•Compromise of 1850 – California enters the U.S. as a free state. Also included the Fugitive Slave Act which required northern states to return runaway slaves to the south.
•Georgia Platform – The North would support the Fugitive Slave Act and not ban slavery in new states in order to uphold the Compromise of 1850. Georgia was credited with preventing war and secession.
•Kansas-Nebraska Act - Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. Those territories had right of popular sovereignty and could decide whether or not to allow slavery.
•Dred Scott – Supreme Court case in 1857 Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and could not file lawsuits. Also, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not stop slavery in the territories.
•Election of 1860 – Republican Party had formed after the Dred Scott case. It took an anti-slavery position. Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won the election of 1860 and became the American President.
•Secession – Alexander Stephens, one of GA's representatives in Congress, called for the south to remain loyal to the Union and voted against secession. Following many debates over what Georgia should do, Georgia decided to secede from the Union on January 21, 1861.
Key Events of the Civil War
•Antietam - Sept. 17, 1862. Bloodiest single day of the Civil War. Union Army defeated the Confederate Army (under the leadership of Robert E. Lee). About 2,000 Northerners and 2,700 Southerners were killed and 19,000 people were wounded. Led to the Emancipation Proclamation.
•Emancipation Proclamation – Issued by Abraham Lincoln. Stated that all slaves in any states in rebellion against the Union would become free on January 1, 1863.
•Gettysburg - July 1 to July 3, 1863. Union Army defeats the Confederates. Union suffers 23,000 Causalities (dead and wounded soldiers). Confederacy suffers 28,000casualities
•Chickamauga – September 1863. Union troops were driven back to Chattanooga; Confederates did not follow-up on their victory. Union reinforcements later recaptured Chattanooga.
•Union Blockade of GA's Coast – The Union used naval ships to prevent the south from continuing to trade materials (such as cotton) with the British. Kept the south from having the materials necessary to continue to fight.
•Atlanta Campaign – William Tecumseh Sherman forced the confederate soldiers and citizens of Atlanta to retreat out of the city. His soldiers then proceeded to burn 90% of Atlanta.
•The March to the Sea - Part of the Lay Waste Strategy - Sherman's Union army destroys everything in its path, 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah. A sixty mile-wide area is burned, destroyed, and ruined during a two-month period. Captured Savannah in 1864.
•Andersonville Prison, in southwest Georgia, was overcrowded, and offered poor food, contaminated water, and poor sanitation; 13,700 Union soldiers are buried there.
•General Robert E. Lee's Army of Virginia cannot defeat Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Petersburg; he surrenders his army at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The Civil War was over.
•620,000 people died during the war; about two-thirds died from diseases, wounds, or military prison hardships.
•After the Civil War the Union had to be reconstructed (bringing the north and south back together again).
•Freedmen's Bureau – Set up to assist freed slaves. Assisted them with food, clothing, shelter, education, and with getting jobs.
•Many freed slaves became sharecroppers or tenant farmers. Sharecropping was a farming method in which a land owner loans farmers housing, seeds, and tools in return for part of the crop's profits. Tenant farming was a similar system except the tenant farmer would provide their own seeds and tools and only rented land.
Changes in Government
•13th Amendment – Outlawed slavery.
•14th Amendment – Granted citizenship to freedmen and required "equal protection under the law" for all freed slaves.
•15th Amendment – Gave all males the right to vote regardless of race.
•Due to these amendments, African Americans (Henry McNeal Turner and other black legislators) won elections in Georgia for the first time.
•Secret organization – originally started as a social club for men returning from the war.
•Members hid behind robes and masks.
•The group terrorized blacks to keep them from voting.
Unit 5: The New South
Georgia in a New South
•Bourbon Triumvirate - Powerful Democratic leaders, known as the "Bourbon Triumvirate" were Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon. Their goals were to expand Georgia's economy and ties with industries in the North and maintain the tradition of white supremacy.
•Henry Grady – Father of the New South. Wanted Georgia to advance to an industrial society that could compete with the north while also increasing the technology used in farming.
•International Cotton Exposition – Designed to show the economic recovery that had taken place in the south by 1895.
•Tom Watson and the Populists – Worked to protect farmer's rights while also helping them in their struggle with the "wealthy" people.
•Rebecca Latimer Felton – Supporter of women's suffrage (the right to vote). Helped increase social reform for women's rights. Became the first woman to serve in the U.S. Senate in 1922.
•1906 Atlanta Race Riot – String of violence by whites against African Americans over two days in 1906. 21 people were killed and hundreds were wounded.
•Leo Frank – Accused of killing Mary Phagan. Very little evidence against him but Frank was found guilty and sentenced to death. Frank was taken from the prison and lynched by a group calling themselves the Knights of Mary Phagan. This group later reformed as the KKK.
•County Unit System - Plan designed to give small counties more power in state government. People could be elected to office without getting a majority of votes. Declared unconstitutional in 1962.
African Americans in the New South
•Jim Crow Laws - Laws passed to separate blacks and whites.
•Plessy v. Ferguson: Supreme Court decision which approved Jim Crow laws – decision in place until 1954
•Laws created to keep African Americans in Georgia from voting
–Grandfather clause: only those men whose fathers or grandfathers were eligible to vote in 1867 could vote
–Poll tax: a tax paid to vote
–Voters had to own property
–Voters had to pass a literacy test (which was determined by the poll worker and could be different for different people).
Civil Rights Leaders
•Booker T. Washington - President of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Worked to improve the lives of African Americans through economic independence. Believed social and political equality would come with improved economic conditions and education. Delivered the famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895.
•W. E. B. DuBois - Professor at Atlanta University. Believed in "action" if African Americans and whites were to understand and accept each other. Thought Booker T. Washington was too accepting of social injustice.
•John and Lugenia Burns Hope - Civil rights leader from Augusta, GA. President of Atlanta University. Like DuBois, believed that African Americans should actively work for equality. Part of group that organized NAACP. Hope's wife, Lugenia, worked to improve sanitation, roads, healthcare and education for African American neighborhoods in Atlanta.
•Alonzo Herndon - Purchased Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company (a small insurance company) and managed it well in 1905. Now one of the largest African American businesses in the US. Worth over $200 million and operates in 17 states.
World War I (WWI)
•On June 28, 1914, an assassin gunned down Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
•Austria-Hungary believed that Serbia's government was behind the assassination.
•When the fighting began, France, Russia, and Great Britain backed Serbia. They opposed the Central Powers, made up of Austria-Hungary and Germany.
•It seized the opportunity to declare war on Serbia and settle an old feud.
•After the sinking of American Cargo ships (and the Lusitania) and the Zimmerman Telegram America entered the war.
•On November 11, 1918, Germany surrendered ending what President Wilson called "the war to end all wars"
GA's Contributions to WWI
•±100,000 Georgians volunteered to join the US armed forces
•Training in Georgia at Camp Benning, Fort McPherson, Camp Gordon, and Camp Hancock helped Georgia economy
•Georgians contributed manufactured goods and farm produce
•3,000 young Georgians killed in the war
Unit 6: Early 20th Century Georgia
Causes of the
•Boll weevil - Insect which ate Georgia's most important cash crop, Cotton.
•Drought – A time period with little or no rainfall. A major drought hit Georgia in 1924.
•Many people had began to invest in the Stock Market. "Speculation" in the stock market was when a person would pay only a portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up.
•"Black Tuesday" – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people loose all their wealth
•Lived from 1884-1946.
•Elected Governor of GA in 1932 and 1934.
•Outspoken critic of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal programs in Georgia.
•Talmadge re-elected in 1940
–Began to use some New Deal programs
–Used his power as governor to remove state officials working to integrate Georgia's state colleges
•Elected to a fourth term as Governor in 1946 but died before taking office.
•1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president
•New Deal: Roosevelt's plan to end the depression
–Examined banks for soundness
–Give jobs to unemployed workers
–Tried to improve American's lives
•Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work
New Deal Programs
•Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – Created jobs for young men. Men worked in exchange for housing, food, and money. Built many of GA's parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc.
•Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – Raised the price of farm products by limiting supply. Farmers were paid to produce less to drive the price up so each farmer made for money for their crops.
•Rural Electrification Authority (REA) –Brought electricity to the rural (country) areas of the U.S.
•Social Security Act – Passed in 1935. Helped to provide old-age benefits for retiring workers. Also offered insurance for the unemployed and disabled.
World War II (WWII)
•Many powerful countries around the world had began to be ruled by powerful Dictators. These included Germany, Japan, Italy, and the Soviet Union.
•In 1938, Germany, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, attempted to take back land lost in WWI. By 1940, Germany controlled large portions of Europe.
•Most Americans (including President Franklin D. Roosevelt) wanted America to remain neutral.
U.S. Involvement
•Lend-Lease – American policy, at the beginning of WWII, to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union.
•Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941. Japan surprise attacks the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
•The USA declared war on Japan
•Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union
•Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
•The United States continued to send materials and troops throughout the rest of WWII (1941-1945).
Georgia During WWII
•320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces – over 7,000 killed
•Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy
•Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for the average farmer
•Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing)
•Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war
•Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food
•POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases
•Bell Aircraft – Began assembling B-29 bombers for the U.S. Army. Over 28,000 employees helped to finish 668 planes.
•Savannah and Brunswick shipyards – Both cities housed shipyards which were used to create cargo ships (nicknamed "Liberty Ships" by FDR).
•Richard Russell – U.S. Senator. Worked to bring wartime opportunities (jobs) to GA. Helped to bring over a dozen military bases to GA.
•Carl Vinson – U.S. Representative. Helped to expand the U.S. Navy. Much of this expansion (building of ships) took place at GA's shipyards.
•The Holocaust - Name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people.
•When people in the United States learned about the Holocaust Jewish communities began fundraising efforts. These efforts continued throughout WWII.
•The Holocaust ended in 1945 when the Allied powers won the war and freed the people held captive in the German camps.
•Franklin D. Roosevelt won his first election as President in 1932. He won three additional elections in 1936, 1940, and 1944.
•President Roosevelt visited Georgia often at his "Little White House" in Warm Springs, Georgia.
•His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs
•April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs
•Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned the loss of President Roosevelt.
Unit 7: Modern GA and Civil Rights
•SS8H10
•SS8H12 (b., d., and e.)
•SS8CG5 (a.)
•SS8E2 (a. and b.)
•SS8E3 (b. and c.)
Post-WWII Developments
•After WWII, many people began to move from the rural areas of Georgia (country) to the cities.
•More and more people began to work in the industries (factories) created during WWII.
•Businesses continued to move into the state. Air conditioning began to be installed making year round work more comfortable. Georgia's low taxes were attractive to workers and businesses.
Development of Atlanta
•William Hartsfield - Served as Atlanta's mayor longer than any other person (6 terms from 1937-1961). Presided over many building projects including expressways and parks throughout the city. After his death in 1971 the Atlanta airport was renamed after him.
•Ivan Allen, Jr. - Served as Atlanta's mayor from 1962-1970. Only politician from the South to speak in favor of the Civil Rights Act. Helped to bring the Braves from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Atlanta.
•Ellis Arnall – Served as Governor from 1943-1947. Worked to reform GA's government, state universities, prisons, the tax system, and the state constitution. Also lowered GA's voting age. Lost against Eugene Talmadge in the 1946 Governor's race.
Atlanta's Major League Sports Teams
•Atlanta Braves – Major League Baseball team. Moved to Atlanta in 1966. Bought by Ted Turner in 1976. Braves games began being broadcast nationwide on TBS. Won the World Series in 1995 (first professional title in Atlanta's history).
•Atlanta Falcons - Played their first NFL game in 1966. Played in the Super Bowl in 1998.
•Atlanta Hawks - NBA team, moved from St. Louis, Missouri to Atlanta in 1968.
•Atlanta Thrashers - NHL team, came to Atlanta in 1999.
•Interstate Highway System – Makes transportation through the city easier. Interstates, such as I-20, I-75, and I-85, go through the city of Atlanta. I-95 goes from Florida to Maine and I-75 goes from Miami to Michigan.
•Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport – One of the busiest airports in the world. Named after two Atlanta mayors (William Hartsfield and Maynard Jackson). Thousands of passengers, mail, and cargo pass through Atlanta everyday.
•Georgia's Deepwater Ports – Two major deepwater ports (Savannah and Brunswick). Goods (products) made in Georgia are frequently shipped to other parts of the world through these ports.
•These three transportation systems are important to GA's economy by helping to encourage businesses to come to the state (by making the movement of people and goods faster and easier).
Civil Rights (1940's and 1950's)
•Herman Talmadge – Son of Eugene Talmadge. Won the special election as GA's Governor in 1946 after the death of his father. Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1956 (served until 1980) where he worked to create laws to help the rural regions of GA.
•Benjamin Mayes – President of Morehouse College in Atlanta. The ideas taught by Mayes became central to the language used by Martin Luther King, Jr.
•Primary – Election held to determine the candidates in an upcoming political election.
•White Primary – Election where only people who are white are allowed to participate. Outlawed in 1946.
Civil Rights (1940's & 1950's)
•Brown v. Board of Education – 1950 Supreme Court case. Struck down "separate but equal" concept; schools were to be integrated.
•Martin Luther King, Jr. – Graduated from Morehouse College in 1946. Pastor of his own church in Montgomery, Alabama by 1954. Dr. King committed himself to the civil rights movement after the arrest of Rosa Parks in 1955.
•Rosa Parks - African American woman who refused to give up her bus seat to whites in Montgomery, AL. The African American community in Alabama united together to boycott the bus company.
•1956 State Flag – GA's flag was changed to reflect GA's past. The new flag added the Confederate battle flag (known as the stars and bars).
•Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – Peacefully challenged segregated bus system in Albany, Georgia. Nearly 500 people jailed in the boycotts/demonstrations. Biracial committee formed to study concerns of African Americans
•Sibley Commission - Found that most Georgians would rather close schools than integrate.
•1961: Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first African American students at UGA.
•March on Washington – Political rally held in Washington, D.C. in 1963. Intended to help African Americans achieve more equality in the job market while also gaining more freedom. At this rally, Dr. King delivered his "I Have A Dream" speech.
•Civil Rights Act - All public facilities had to be integrated. Discrimination was prohibited in business and labor unions.
•Maynard Jackson – Elected mayor of Atlanta in 1973 (1st African American mayor of a major southern city).
•Lester Maddox – Became governor of Georgia in 1967. Had forcibly turned black activists who challenged segregation at the restaurant he had owned. Very popular with Georgians who supported segregation.
•Andrew Young - An aide to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Executive director of the SCLC. In 1972, won election to the U.S. House of Representatives (1st African American from GA to be elected to Congress since the 1860's). Elected mayor of Atlanta in 1981. Served as co-chairman of a committee that helped to bring the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta.
Georgia Since 1970
•County Unit System – Started as an informal election system in 1898. Became legal in 1917. Did not allow each individual to cast a vote. The winner of the popular vote in each county received the "unit" votes for that county. Helped to keep many inequalities in place in the state of Georgia. Also, the Supreme Court also ordered reapportionment (reorganization) of the congressional districts in GA.
•Jimmy Carter - Born: October 1, 1924 in Plains, GA. Elected to the GA Senate in 1962 and 1964. Elected as governor of GA in 1970. Worked to streamline Georgia's government and improve education in rural areas. Won the presidential election in 1976. Worked to develop peaceful relations between numerous countries. Due to the Iranian hostage crisis and economic problems during his presidency, President Carter lost the 1980 election to Ronald Reagan.
Georgia's Two-Party System
•Two-Party System – Before 1970, GA could be considered a one-party system (one political party controls the government). The Democratic Party controlled the government in GA.
•The end of the County Unit System had two major impacts:
•Guaranteed each citizen one vote in elections.
•Allowed the Republican Party to rise in power.
•By having a two-party system (Democrats and Republicans having an equal opportunity to compete in and win elections), the state of Georgia has given its people a chance to make changes for the better.
•Each political party in the U.S. is given the opportunity to nominate candidates for elections.
•1996 Olympic Summer Games held in Atlanta, Georgia. Events were also held in the cities of Savannah, Columbus, Athens, Gainesville, and Cleveland.
•Brought worldwide recognition to the city of Atlanta through the media coverage of the events.
•Major economic impact on Georgia. Hotels added 7,500 new rooms and new sports venues and event sites were created (such as the Georgia Dome and Centennial Olympic Park)
•More than 72 million visitors came to Atlanta during the Olympics.
Immigrants Coming to GA
•Immigrants – People who move to an area from other countries.
•1965 – Large numbers of immigrants began coming to the United States.
•By the 1970's almost 4.5 million people legally entered the country.
•In the 1990's almost 9 million people came to the United States. 80% of these came from Asia, the Caribbean, or Latin America.
•Many of the immigrants coming to the United States are illegal immigrants. In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act created penalties and punishments for companies that hire illegal immigrants. However, these immigrants often times help fill jobs in farming and manufacturing.
Unit 8 : Government
•SS8H12 (a. and c.)
•SS8CG1
GA State Constitution
•Constitution – A set of laws for a nation or state. The US Constitution established the Federal Government for the United States. The Georgia Constitution established the government for the state of Georgia.
•Georgia's Constitution, like the US Constitution, contains a preamble (introduction) and a Bill of Rights (a section containing a list of rights and government limits).
•The Georgia Constitution created a government similar to the US Federal Government. Both have three branches (Legislative, Executive, and Judicial) and contain the systems of Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances.
•Separation of Powers – Each of the three branches of government have different jobs:
–Legislative – Makes the rules or laws that people must obey.
–Executive – Head, or leader, of the government. Enforces the laws.
–Judicial – Interprets, or judges, the laws.
•Checks and Balances – System created to ensure that none of the three branches of government become too powerful, or more powerful than any of the other branches.
•Rights – Standard or law that ensures that governments and other institutions protect people's freedom and treat people equally in society and politics.
•Responsibility – Knowledge that actions have consequences, and that these consequences effect other people. Also, requirements of citizens: taxes, jury duty, etc.
•People living in the US and in GA have certain rights guaranteed to them in the Federal and State Bill of Rights. If people break laws and violate other people's rights they will face consequences (arrests and court hearings).
Voting Requirements
•Article II of GA's Constitution lists voting requirements.
•To register to vote in GA, people must be 18 years old, be a citizen of the United States, and live in the county of GA where they wish to vote.
•People who have been convicted of certain crimes or who have certain mental disabilities may not be allowed to vote.
•Every two years Georgians vote for members of the state's General Assembly. Every four years there are elections to choose the governor and lieutenant governor of the state.
•Voters registered to vote in GA also vote in national elections for the president, vice president, and members of the US Congress (House of Representatives and Senate).
•GA's Legislative Branch is known as the General Assembly.
•The General Assembly is bicameral (two houses) – The House of Representatives (with 180 representatives) and the Senate (56 Senators).
•Senators must be at least 25 years old and citizens of the US. Representatives must be at least 21 years old. Representatives and Senators must be a legal resident of the district they represent and have lived in GA for two years.
•Most important duties are making GA's laws and passing GA's budget.
•5 Steps for a Bill to become a Law:
–Drafting – Legislators write the text of the bill (proposed law).
–Introduction – The bill is introduced to either the Senate or House of Representatives for discussion.
–Committee Consideration – The bill is assigned to a committee that studies the bill. The bill may be changed at this time.
–Floor Consideration – A vote is called during a regular session. If the bill is passed in one house, it goes to the other house for consideration.
–Governor Consideration – Once both houses pass the bill it is sent to the governor. The governor can then sign the bill into law or veto the bill (send it back to the General Assembly to be changed or rewritten).
•GA's Executive Branch is made up of many different offices and departments. The Executive Branch is the largest of the three branches in Georgia. The governor is the leader of the Executive Branch. The governor and lieutenant governor both have to be at least 30 years old, US citizens for at least 15 years, and a GA resident for at least 6 years. The Governor may run for and serve a second term. There is no limit on number of terms a lieutenant governor may serve.
•Most important duties of the governor are to serve as the leader of the state's executive branch, veto legislation put forward by the General Assembly, and appoint people to lead executive offices.
•Most important duties of the lieutenant governor are to serve as governor if the governor dies or gets too sick to work and also serves as the President of the Senate.
•GA's Judicial Branch is made up of two main types of courts – Trial Courts and Appellate Courts.
•Trial Courts – People's actions are judges to see whether or not they have committed a crime. These judgments are made either by a jury (group of citizens) or simply by a judge. Trial courts oversee two types of cases. In a civil case occurs when a person claims that another person did something wrong to them (example – The People's Court). A criminal case occurs when a person claims that a crime has been committed against them.
•Appellate Courts – Look over judgments made by trial courts. If someone believes that a mistake was made during their trial they may make an appeal. The appeal goes to an appellate court which decides if the trial court has made a mistake or not.
•Civil cases may also be settled out of court with the help of a mediator (a third person who has no interest in the problem).
•The highest court in Georgia is the Supreme Court.
•Local Governments provide services and protections to people who live in particular counties or cities.
•County Governments – Build and maintain roads, control licenses for cars and trucks, run Georgia's welfare programs, and have court systems.
•Municipal Governments – GA has approximately 535 cities and towns, also called municipalities. Municipal governments elect officials and provide services for cities and towns. Municipal governments come in different forms:
–Council-Manager – The city has a City Manager (head of the Executive Branch). The City Manager decides who is in charge of city services and runs the city's budget. In this form, the mayor is a member of the legislative branch like the rest of the city council.
–Strong Mayor-Council – Has a powerful mayor. Mayor is elected by voters in the city and can veto legislation passed by the city council. The mayor can also choose people to run the city's services and runs the city's budget.
–Weak Mayor-Council – Has a weak mayor. Mayor is elected by the voters, but has no special executive powers (no power to veto, choose committee members, or overriding say in the budget).
Special-Purpose Governments
•Special-Purpose Districts – Created by city and county governments to accomplish a specific task. The following are some special-purpose governments in GA:
–Development Authorities – Create jobs and increase business in specific counties.
–Downtown Development Authorities – Maintain and rebuild the downtowns of cities.
–Recreation and Parks Authorities – Maintain and develop land for parks and recreation areas in counties.
–Housing Authorities – Manage housing options in counties.
•Unruly Behavior – Is considered a status offense when committed by children (would not be a crime if committed by an adult). Examples of unruly behavior:
–Child refusing to go to school.
–Child frequently disobeys parents or caregivers.
–Child runs away from home.
–Child roams the streets between midnight and 5 A.M.
–Child goes to a bar without parents and/or is caught with alcoholic drinks in hand.
•A child showing unruly behavior may be given treatment (if offense involves alcohol or drugs) and may be committed to a place of detention ran by GA's Department of Juvenile Justice.
•Delinquent Behavior – When a child commits a crime it is considered delinquent behavior. A child who is less than 13 years old cannot be tried for a crime in GA. A child between 13 and 17 years old will be punished according to the law. This may include spending up to five years in a juvenile detention facility.
•Rights of Juvenile Offenders:
–Right to a lawyer.
–Right to cross-examine witnesses.
–Right to provide evidence to support one's own case.
–Right to provide witnesses to support one's own case.
–Right to remain silent.
–Right to an appeal.
–Right to a transcript of a trial (written copy of the trial).
Juvenile Justice Process
•Children thought to be delinquent are arrested and their parents are notified. Children may then be released to the parents or detained (held) at a Regional Youth Detention Center or in a community shelter or foster home.
•The next step is a probable cause hearing. A judge looks over the case to determine whether the children should be released or detained further.
•The next step is a adjudicatory hearing. A judge decides whether the charges are true or not. If the judge decides the charges are untrue the case can be dismissed.
•The next step is a dispositional hearing. At this hearing the judge decides the course of treatment, supervision, or rehabilitation that the delinquent, unruly, or deprived child should undergo. The judge may decide that probation if necessary. In some serious cases the judge may transfer the case to a superior court where the child will be tried as an adult.
The Seven Delinquent Behaviors
•Seven Delinquent Behaviors – Behaviors that are automatically outside the jurisdiction of juvenile court. Children between the ages of 13 and 17 who are thought to have committed any of these crimes will be tried as adults:
–Aggravated Child Molestation
–Aggravated Sexual Battery
–Aggravated Sodomy
–Armed Robbery with a firearm
Unit 9 : Personal Finance
•Revenue – A source of income.
•Georgia's revenue comes from three sources:
–Special Fees collected by agencies
•These sources of revenue are used by Georgia's budget planners to create the next years budget.
•Approximately 90% of revenue comes from taxes:
–Personal Taxes – Collected on personal income.
–Sales Taxes – Collected when consumers buy goods.
–Special Taxes – Collected on motor fuel, cigar and cigarette products, and alcoholic beverages.
•The major source of revenue for local governments are property taxes, sales taxes, license fees, user fees, and special taxes.
Distribution of Revenue
•Georgia's government, at all levels, provide a variety of services for citizens.
•The largest expenditure, at the state level, is education (54% of total budget).
•Other expenditures include wages and salaries of government employees (23%), public safety (8%), transportation (5%), interest on state debt (5%), general government (2%), legislative and judicial (1%), economic development (1%), and natural resources (1%).
•The creation of the state budget (by the Governor) and the evaluation and approval process (by the General Assembly) help to determine how the state's revenue is spent.
•Income – Amount of money that a person makes by selling products or by providing a service.
•Young citizens may have income from an allowance, gifts, or for completing chores at home.
•Older citizens receive income from working a job and receiving a paycheck.
•Most people have two choices of what to do with income:
–Save money for the future (Savings)
•A budget (spending-and-savings plan) can help a person decide how to spend and/or save their money.
Investing of Income
•Saving is really a form of investing.
•Investing – Putting money aside in order to receive a greater benefit in the future.
•Money can be invested in financial assets such as bank accounts, certificates of deposit, stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.
•One of the major benefits of investing is that your money often earns a certain amount of interest which can then add to your total income.
•Money can also be invested in a new business (capital) and serve as an additional source of income.
•Entrepreneurs - A person who creates, organizes, and manages a business.
•The main goal of an entrepreneur is to make profit. Profit is the monetary gain a business owner makes by selling goods or providing services.
•The total amount of profit a business makes comes from the following equation:
•Total Income – Total expenses = Profit
•Risk v. Reward – Entrepreneurs have to risk money that they have invested in their company (capital) in order to try and make a profit.
•New businesses also provide new jobs to the local economy of a city or region and increase tax revenue (more taxes paid to the government).
Importance of Georgia Based Businesses
•Businesses, such as Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines, Georgia-Pacific, and Home Depot are very important to the economy of GA.
•Each of these provide services and products to people around the world and help to provide job opportunities for people around GA and the United States.
•Credit – The ability to buy something now and pay for it later over a period of time.
•Forms of credit commonly used by consumers:
•Credit allows people to buy things that normally they would have a difficult time affording.
•Credit always involves a finance charge or the payment of interest and may also involve the payment of fees.
•Excessive borrowing can be a problem, however, as the person may not be able to make the payments and the products charged (if they are consumable or expire) may be gone long before the loan is paid.
495 Boy Scout Road, Augusta, GA 30909


On January 26, three of Montreal's top gospel performers will be lending their voices to help students at Denham Town Primary School in Kingston, Jamaica.
Zina Edwards, Sophia Sinclair-Campbell and Mark Henry, will be performing at a concert at the Jamaica Association of Montreal proceeds will go towards providing helping students access eye examinations and towards the purchase of computers for the school.
Sophia Sinclair-Campbell has over two decades of entertaining experience across North America. Her music has touched and empowered millions. She says icons such as Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Shirley Caesar and Yolanda Adams have influenced her.
Zina Edwards is an emerging musical force on the local gospel circuit. She has shared the stage with Gospel icons like Shirley Caesar, Bobby Jones, Mary Mary and Bridget Blucher and most recently she was on Tasha Cobb's, break every chain tour.
Over the last decade and a half Mark Henry has been combining his music ministry with community work. Performing among the community and across Canada. He performs solo and with the Blessed Band. He is also a motivational speaker and currently serves as the Vice-President of the Jamaica Association.


text:
Buckeyes Beat Gophers, 64-46
by: P.J. Ziegler
(Courtesy: MGN Online)
COLUMBUS, Ohio — The Ohio State Buckeyes were held to 18 points in the first half, then opened the second half on a 20-4 run in 7:30, and rode that to a 64-46 victory over the Minnesota Golden Gophers Saturday.
The Buckeyes have now won six of their last seven games after losing five of six games last month and got revenge on a Golden Gopher team that beat Thad Matta's group 63-53 last month at Williams Arena.
Ohio State had three players score in double-figures led by Sam Thompson with 19 points. Lenzelle Smith Jr. added 13, and Shannon Scott threw in 10. Andre Hollins led Minnesota with 13.
The Buckeyes return to action on Thursday night when they travel to Penn State. Tip-off is set for 7 p.m.
by Jen Steer / Jan 16, 2021
BEREA, Ohio (WJW)— It's been a season of redemption for Myles Garrett.
In his brief NFL career, the Cleveland Browns defensive end went from No. 1 pick to the NFL's bad guy to the team's choice for Walter Payton Man of the Year. During that time, he's experienced three different head coaches, went nude for ESPN Magazine's "Body Issue," logged 42 sacks and battled COVID-19.
CLEVELAND (AP) -- It has been a rough week for the NBA, with 11 games postponed since Sunday amid positive COVID-19 tests for some players and potential exposures determined through contact tracing keeping others off the floor for several days.
The latest two postponements were announced Friday; Cleveland's games at Washington on Sunday and Monday are off because the Wizards won't have enough players.
by P.J. Ziegler / Jan 15, 2021
CLEVELAND (WJW) -- We're going to Kansas City, Kansas City -- here we come. Who would have thought at the beginning of the season that the Browns would be playing football in mid-January with a trip to the AFC Title game on the line? That's what is happening at Arrowhead Stadium Sunday afternoon.
The Browns advanced to the Divisional Round of the NFL Playoffs by beating the Pittsburgh Steelers on Sunday night, for their first playoff win since January of 1995. It was also their first road playoff win since 1969. Now, they head to Kansas City to face the defending Super Bowl Champions on Sunday afternoon.
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text:
El vapor Habana fue un buque de línea transatlántico, para transporte de carga y viajeros, que intervino en la evacuación de refugiados de Vizcaya durante la Guerra Civil Española.
[]

Características
En su época fue el navío más grande construido en España (14000toneladas). Tenía 146,30metros de eslora; 18,6m de manga, un puntal de 10,9m y un calado de 6,3m. Provisto de dos turbinas de vapor Parsons, tenía dos hélices que desarrollaban una potencia de 10700 caballos, alcanzando una velocidad de 19,5nudos.

Construcción

El vapor fue el primero construido en los astilleros SECN de Sestao (La Naval), para la Compañía Trasatlántica Española. Si bien su quilla se construyó en 1916, los avatares de la I Guerra Mundial pospusieron su terminación hasta 1920, donde se botó bajo el nombre Alfonso XIII en presencia de los reyes de España. No obstante, el 27 del noviembre del mismo año sufrió un incendio mientras estaba amarrado en Sestao, al parecer un sabotaje relacionado con conflictos laborales; esto retrasó aún más las labores de acondicionamiento. Finalmente, fue entregado el 29 de agosto de 1923 a la Compañía Trasatlántica, y entró en servicio en las líneas de transporte de viajeros a Cuba, México y Nueva York.

Compañía Trasatlántica

Cuando se proclamó la II República, la compañía fue apartada de los privilegios que mantenía con el anterior régimen. Entre otras cosas, se le obligó a cambiar los nombres de algunas de sus embarcaciones. Así, en abril de 1931, el Alfonso XIII pasó a ser denominado Habana.

Guerra Civil Española
En el golpe de Estado del 18 de julio de 1936 , el Habana se encontraba atracado en el puerto de Santurce, preparándose para viajar a América. Las noticias produjeron la suspensión del viaje. Durante los próximos meses, fue requisado para dar cobijo a los refugiados provenientes del frente de Guipúzcoa. En 1937 fue utilizado como hospital, y finalmente para la evacuación masiva de varios miles de niños. El representante en la nave del Gobierno Vasco fue Rodolfo Benito.

El vapor Habana realizó seis viajes de evacuación desde Santurce:

 6 del mayo, destino La Pallice (La Rochelle, Francia). 2273 niños, 72 maestras, ayudantes y enfermeras.
 16 del mayo, destino Pauillac (Francia), con 3869 viajeros (de ellos 2185 niños).
 21 del mayo, destino Southampton (Reino Unido). 3840 niños entre 7 y 17 años, 96 maestras, 120 auxiliares, 2 médicos (Jesús Iraragorri y Severino Atxukarro), enfermeras y 16 sacerdotes. La acogida de los refugiados produjo una gran polémica en la sociedad inglesa.
 1 del junio, destino La Pallice. 3728 viajeros, entre ellos 2318 niños.
 6 del junio, destino La Pallice. 4251 viajeros, entre ellos 2337 niños.
 13 del junio, destino Pauillac. 4500 niños, de entre los cuales 1610 pasaron a la nave Sontay con destino a Leningrado (Unión Soviética) y posteriormente Odesa, Moscú y Crimea.

Durante este período, el capitán del Habana fue Ricardo Fernández Orsi, nacido en Extremadura.

Después, hasta finalizar la guerra, el vapor Habana permaneció amarrado en Burdeos, donde sirvió como buque-hospital.

Posguerra
Tras acabar la guerra de España, fue reclamado por el gobierno de Franco junto con otros 67 barcos españoles amarrados en Francia. Así, el Habana regresó a manos de la Compañía Trasatlántica el 27 de junio de 1939. El 14 de septiembre sufrió un nuevo incendio, provocado al parecer, y sufrió grandes daños. Al repararlo, se decidió transformarlo como carguero, y fue botado de nuevo en 1942, como el mayor buque de carga de España, (14148m³).

Tras la II la Guerra Mundial se volvió a transformar, preparándolo como buque mixto de carga y pasajeros. En 1948 su capitán era León Aldamiz Etxebarria.

Navío pesquero en Galicia
En 1961 fue adquirido por la empresa Pescanova, quien en los astilleros ASTANO de Ferrol lo transformó como buque factoría-congelador. Se rebautizó como Galicia, y el 7 de septiembre de 1964 partió hacia Sudáfrica acompañado por 10 arrastreros.

Permanecíó en servicio hasta 1975, cuando volvió a Galicia para ser finalmente desguazado en Vigo en febrero de 1978.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Compañía Trasatlántica (detalles técnicos y fotografías de la nave Alfonso XIII - Habana - Galicia)

Buques de pasajeros de España
Transatlánticos
Buques hospital de España
Embarcaciones de pesca
Guerra civil española

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"Heard ten thousand whispering and nobody listening. Heard one person starve, I heard many people laughing. Heard the song of a poet who died in the gutter."
Mr. Dylan's tough to top in the lyric department, but if you write songs, this page is for original lyrics so send 'em over to splinteredwalls1@aol.com.


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