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Culture / The Guardian
Marvin Gaye – 10 of the best
Posted on July 11, 2016 by Jonathan Hatchman Leave a comment
Photograph: Jim Britt/Getty Images
1. Hitch Hike
Marvin Pentz Gay Jr's earliest experiences of singing in public came when he was three, performing as a part of his father's church choir in Washington DC. With a passion for music that continued into his teenage years sand saw him performing with various groups in DC and then Chicago, he came to the attention of Berry Gordy Jr after moving to Detroit in 1960, and was signed to Tamla, one of Gordy's Motown imprints. Gaye initially showed no particular desire to become an R&B performer, however, and instead strove to succeed as a jazz musician, perhaps because of his agonising shyness – a trait that was often evident throughout early live performances. He made his first album in 1961, but had to wait until the end of 1962 for his first hit. Hitch Hike was released as a dance song – Gaye recorded the drums and piano himself – showcasing the singer's soulful vocal range. The song's composition also clearly influenced other classic songs such as the Velvet Underground's There She Goes Again, as well as the Smiths' There is a Light That Never Goes Out.
2. Ain't No Mountain High Enough (with Tammi Terrell)
After having hits with duets with Mary Wells and Kim Weston, Gaye was teamed with Tammi Terrell, who was hired especially for the job, in 1967. At first, both artists recorded their vocal contributions separately but soon they formed a close friendship. They were given a song by husband-and-wife songwriting team Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson, and Ain't No Mountain High Enough became a huge crossover hit – a romantic love song you could dance to. Between 1967 and 1969, Gaye and Terrell went on to record three albums together, and released a host of successful singles, most of which were also written by Ashford and Simpson. Tragically, the duo's partnership was cut short when Terrell died of a brain tumour a month short of her 25th birthday in 1970. Though their relationship was purely platonic, Terrell's impact on Gaye's life and career was immeasurable, and her death led to him to depression and drug abuse – neither of which he ever truly overcame, almost causing him to quit music. Gaye's reaction to Terrell's death would also profoundly influence his future work, particularly his introspective 1971 masterpiece: What's Going On.
3. I Heard It Through The Grapevine
During 1968, Motown worked on a new album with Gaye, after a couple of years in which he had released only singles. Though Gladys Knight & the Pips' 1967 version of I Heard it Through the Grapevine had become Motown's biggest selling single so far ,Gaye's rendition from those sessions provided his commercial breakthrough, giving him his first US No 1. Written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong, the song's narrative featured themes of betrayal and emotional suffering, built upon a phrase associated with civil war slaves' form of telegraph: the human grapevine. Gaye's paranoid interpretation of the track is sensational, far more ominous than Knight's, with its slower tempo and brooding vocals. The song's release as a single was initially rejected by Gordy, yet it overtook the Pips' version to become Motown's new biggest seller, only succeeded two years later by the Jackson 5's I'll Be There. The single was so successful, in fact, that Gaye's 1968 album In the Groove was later reissued and retitled I Heard It Through The Grapevine.
4. What's Going On
What's Going On, from 1971, was the first album Gaye produced himself, and it proved to be a stark contrast to his back catalogue, as he unveiled a social conscience. The album's title track – initially shunned by Gordy, who claimed it was the worst song he'd ever heard – was conceived by Motown songwriter Al Cleveland, who had been inspired by Four Tops bassist Renaldo "Obie" Benson witnessing police brutality in Berkeley, California. The rest of the Tops weren't interested, but Benson convinced Gaye to take it on. Gaye adopted the song's initial concept and reworked it, lyrically and melodically, adding his own personal experiences into the mix. The Vietnam war experiences of Gaye's brother Frankie played a vital role in inspiring the album's overall concept – the perspective of a veteran returning home to America, only to be greeted by a plague of suffering and injustice.
5. Mercy, Mercy Me (The Ecology)
The second single from What's Going On, Mercy, Mercy Me (The Ecology), was written by Gaye, who also played piano and mellotron on the song. Gaye was mourning mankind's mistreatment of the world, but also expanding his vision to include the chemical weapons used by the US military in Vietnam to destroy the vegetation used by the Vietcong as cover and the rice paddies they relied on for food. Since its original release, Mercy, Mercy Me has become one of Gaye's most famous recordings, and to mark the 20th anniversary of its release, in 1991, Motown released a new video for the song which featured guest appearances from labelmates such as Smokey Robinson, Stevie Wonder and Diana Ross.
6. Inner City Blues (Makes Me Wanna Holler)
While the title track set the blueprint for What's Going On, it's the album closer that's most gripping. Built upon a bluesy atmospheric groove, Inner City Blues is the product of a collaboration between Gaye and Motown songwriter James Nyx Jr, who between them conjured a timeless composition that works as a tale of frustration about the state of America's inner cities, ending with a reprise that harks back to the album's opening. Instead of being indignant, Gaye's delivery of the track is both reflective and cynical – frankly discussing issues such as poverty and taxation ("Money, we make it / Before we see it, you take it"), crime, lack of opportunity, and "trigger-happy policing".
7. Let's Get It On
What's Going On was Gaye's first top 10 album in the US, resulting in Motown offering him a $1m contract, making him the highest-earning black recording artist yet, which also granted him a high degree of artistic control. The first fruit of the deal was Gaye's soundtrack for the film Trouble Man, but he began to suffer from writer's block once the time to work on a new studio album came. So he turned to former Motown labelmate Ed Townsend for help. Townsend had written Let's Get It On as a religious song after treatment for alcoholism, but Gaye reworked it as a love anthem, the cornerstone of the sexually charged album it gave its name to, which became another huge hit and cemented Gaye's sex-symbol status. The lyrics were inspired by Janis Hunter – who would later become Gaye's wife and mother to two of his children – whom he met during the sessions for the album. What's most prominent about Let's Get It On, however, is the extraordinarily smooth vocal delivery drenched with both soul and passion, supported by Gaye's own multi-tracked backing vocals that add an extra dimension.
8. I Want You
Soon after the release of Let's Get It On, Motown Records released Diana & Marvin– an album of duets with Motown's First Lady. For all the creative control granted by his new contract, Gaye later admitted he felt pushed into recording the album by the label. Gaye's next solo effort, I Want You, arrived in summer 1976 and showcased his return to his comfort zone of sexually charged R&B, with a set of songs that proved controversial on release for their raw intensity (Gaye had difficulties with sexuality, because of the censorious attitudes of his abusive father, who provided a tormented view on the subject through extreme Christian sect teachings). Again inspired by his affair with Janis Hunter, the album's title track features spiritual overtones that hold the carnality in check, while Latin-inspired percussion joins Gaye's multi-layered vocals, the track's defining feature, to create a languid atmosphere that provides a fine introduction and insight into Gaye's most sensual body of work.
9. Got To Give It Up
Soon after the release of I Want You, Gaye embarked on his first European tour for more than 10 years. The London show, at the Palladium, was recorded for a live album, which also featured this one studio track. Got To Give It Up is the live album's only studio recording, a response to Motown pressing him to take advantage of the new popularity of disco. Rather than create a simple pop song, Gaye instead recorded a 12-minute disco parody track that combines a casual party atmosphere with a solid funk composition and falsetto lead vocals that showcase his astonishing vocal range. The four-minute single version of the song became a huge hit. It cut the final half of the song, which spirals into a loose funk jam, topped with a guitar solo and a repetitive chant that directly inspired Michael Jackson's Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough. The song later became the subject of a landmark court case, when Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams were ruled to have taken elements from it for their worldwide hit Blurred Lines.
The late 70s and early 80s saw Gaye immersed in personal, emotional and financial problems, and at odds with Motown. He finally left the label in 1982, signing to Columbia for what turned out to be his final album. Midnight Love was trailed by the single Sexual Healing, a song that combined funk and reggae influences with gospel-streaked vocals with a frank expression sexual desire. It became a huge worldwide hit. However, Gaye's cocaine addiction had worsened, his two failed marriages haunted him, and he continued to mourn Tammi Terrell. After a period spent living in Ostend, Belgium, he moved back to his parents' home in Los Angeles, but his relationship with his father flared up again. On 1 April 1984, Gaye intervened in an argument between his parents; at 12.38pm his father shot him twice. Marvin Gaye was pronounced dead at 1.01pm.
The original article can be found online at theguardian.com.
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michael o'shea film director
View rank on IMDbPro Filmography. Director Michael O'Shea and producer Susan Leber attend the 2018 Film Independent Spirit Awards on March 3, 2018 in Santa Monica, California. Underworld 2 : Évolution ou Monde infernal : Évolution au Québec (Underworld: Evolution) est un film fantastique américain réalisé par Len Wiseman, sorti en 2006.Il est la suite du film Underworld (2003), du même réalisateur.. Si la première séquence du film est antérieure aux événements relatés dans Underworld, le film est la suite du conflit entre les vampires et les lycans. He also managed great reviews repeating his stage role in the film The Eve of St. Mark (1944). The data base LUMIERE provides a systematic compilation of available data on admissions of the films released in European cinemas since 1996. His noticeable performance in "The Eve of St. Mark" in 1942 led to a string of '40s films, notably as Barbara Stanwyck's boyfriend comic in Lady of Burlesque (1943). Popular TV Shows; Top TV Series; Rate TV Series; TOPs. All Films ; Fandango US ; Amazon US ; Amazon Video US ; iTunes US ; Upgrade to a Letterboxd Pro account to add your favorite services to this list—including any service and country pair listed on JustWatch—and to enable one-click filtering by all your favorites.. Powered by JustWatch John Kenley was artistic director. Stanwyck's dancing and gymnastics on stage are incredible for an actress who seldom did these things in her other films. - IMDb Mini Biography By: He worked for the New Zealand Film Unit before moving to England. Synopsis. Check out the best and most cost effective way that will pay you more for your car, best alternative to Michael O'Shea Company. Find high-quality Michael Oshea Film Director stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. During the Prohibition years, he became a comedian and emcee at speakeasies. This list may not reflect recent changes . with Vivian Blaine, Phil Silvers and Carmen Miranda; the male co-star in the Sonja Henie skating vehicle It's a Pleasure (1945); and lead and support roles in a string of crime dramas including Circumstantial Evidence (1945), Mr. District Attorney (1947), Violence (1947), Parole, Inc. (1948) and The Underworld Story (1950).The father of two, Michael met his second wife, the beautiful actress Virginia Mayo, during the time he was filming the title role of Jack London (1943). When it came time to submit to festivals, he angled for a genre premiere, targeting Fantastic Fest or Fantasia Film Festival. Most of the film takes place back stage. This film is actually from America and is the feature debut of filmmaker Michael O'Shea, who tells a very odd vampire fable about a loner kid from Brooklyn who gets a taste for blood. TRANSFIGURATION PRODUCTIONS LLC - 332 Bleecker St. 10014 New York UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - T: 347 470 4273 - transfigurationfilm@gmail.com - www.thetransfigurationfilm.com. Service. TRANSFIGURATION PRODUCTIONS LLC - 332 Bleecker St. 10014 New York UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - T: 347 470 4273 - transfigurationfilm@gmail.com - www.thetransfigurationfilm.com. Select from premium Michael O'shea Film Director of the highest quality. Barbarella is a 1968 science fiction film directed by Roger Vadim, based on the French comic series of the same name by Jean-Claude Forest.The film stars Jane Fonda as the title character, a space-traveller and representative of the United Earth government sent to find scientist Durand Durand, who has created a weapon that could destroy humanity. À la fin des années 1970, le riche entrepreneur qu'est Steve Rubell fait aménager un studio de télévision à l'abandon, situé à Manhattan, en un night-club baptisé Studio 54.L'endroit devient rapidement un must de la vie nocturne new-yorkaise. Strand Releasing has acquired U.S. rights to Michael O'Shea's "The Transfiguration," which world premiered at Cannes's Un Certain Regard. A Surprise, Early Release For Michael O'Shea's The Transfiguration Today! The data base LUMIERE provides a systematic compilation of available data on admissions of the films released in European cinemas since 1996. Think of George A. Romero's Martin by way of Scorsese's Taxi Driver and Boaz Yakin's underrated Fresh and you would be closer to explaining its tone, but still not quite there. When he meets the equally alienated Sophie, the two form a bond that begins to challenge Milo's dark obsession, blurring his fantasy into reality. DALLAS, Dec. 4 — Michael O'Shea, the stage, film and television actor, was found dead in his apartment here today. Here are some of our picks to get you in the spirit. Mr. O'Shea … Michael O'Shea (March 17, 1906 – December 4, 1973) was known as an American character actor who appeared in feature films and later in television and whose career spanned the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Michael has 6 jobs listed on their profile. Prime Video has you covered this holiday season with movies for the family. This only recently attracted my attention because his album released by Wire's Dome record label in 1982 was re-released this year and made The Wire's … View Michael O'Shea's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. This list may not reflect recent changes . Publicity Listings M ichael O'Shea isn't afraid to wear his influences on his sleeve. Michael D. O'Shea (I) Cinematographer | Camera and Electrical Department Michael D. O'Shea was born in Los Angeles, California, USA. For his first feature, writer-director Michael O'Shea has crafted an unnerving sort of film that rarely gets made these days. Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images Trouvez les Michael O'shea Film Director images et les photos d'actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. About FA; Contact Us; copy to clipboard. Other WWII-era films included the leading role opposite Anne Shirley in the romantic drama Man from Frisco (1944); a military man lead in the musical Something for the Boys (1944) in which he managed to show off a little of his Irish tenor in the song "Wouldn't It Be Nice?" | Michael O'Shea plays one of the burlesque comics and becomes her partner in solving the identity of the phantom murderer as well as Dixie's love interest. He was 67 years old. Fixed Bayonets is a rather callous war movie that doesn't follow the typical patriotic fever of anti-communist propaganda films of the time. European Audiovisual Observatory. Choisissez parmi des contenus premium Michael O'shea Film Director de la plus haute qualité. Directed by Felix Feist "The Threat" features Michael O'Shea playing what may possibly be the dumbest cop in the annals of Hollywood films. When I was a kid, Videodrome was huge for me. August 8th Blu-ray & DVD Releases Include Re-animator 4K Restoration, Teen Wolf and Teen Wolf Too Collector's Editions, August 2017 VOD Releases Include Alien: Covenant, 68 Kill, Bushwick, The Transfiguration. Find the perfect Michael O'shea Film Director stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. He put together his own dance band, "Michael O'Shea and His Stationary Gypsies", and later broke into radio.His career advanced with the legit stage, where he was billed for a time as "Eddie O'Shea". He is known for his work on The Specialist (1994), Spaceballs (1987) and The 'Burbs (1989). Director Samuel Fuller's "Fixed Bayonets" is my all-time favorite Korean War film, and in my opinion ranks as one of the war movie genre's best. Directed by Felix Feist "The Threat" features Michael O'Shea playing what may possibly be the dumbest cop in the annals of Hollywood films. However, there are stage numbers performed throughout the film. Give us a call today at … Michael O'Shea's story is every first-time director's pipe dream. Give us a call today at … US director Michael O'Shea and US producer Susan Leber pose on the red carpet on September 7 2016 in … | From film school reject to Hollywood legend, take a look at Steven Spielberg's career so far and explore what lies ahead. The couple subsequently appeared on the stock stage together in such productions as "George Washington Slept Here", "Tunnel of Love" and Fiorello! Top Filmaffinity ; Top of the Tops; Top New Releases; Top of the Lists; Awards & Festivals. Michael has 6 jobs listed on their profile. Synopsis. Also, Henry Portrait of a Serial Killer.Romero's Dawn of the Dead.The way Romero weaves politics into his films subtly was a big influence on me and my writing. Dramamu Streaming Download Serial Korea Barat Mandarin Silat Jepang Dan Film Satuan Terbaru. From 42 to "How to Get Away With Murder," take a look back at the TV and movie roles of the stars of Ma Rainey's Black Bottom. The debut feature by writer/director Michael O'Shea is a thrilling love letter to the horror genre and a poignant exploration of brutal teenage alienation. Films by Keyword; Sagas & Franchises; TV Series. (Summer 1959) He acted in Joseph Fields and Jerome Chodorov's play, "The Tunnel of Love," in a Kenley Players production at the Packard Music Hall Theatre in Warren, Ohio with Virginia Mayo in the cast. Service. Contacts. View Michael O'Shea's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Top Filmaffinity ; Top of the Tops; Top New Releases; Top of the Lists; Awards & Festivals. Director Michael O'Shea and producer Susan Leber attend the 2018 Film Independent Spirit Awards on March 3, 2018 in Santa Monica, California. Ana Asensio, Amman Abbasi, Michael O'Shea and Antonio Mendez Esparza attend the Film Independent at LACMA hosts special screening of "A Child Is... Filmmaker Ana Asensio attends the 2018 Film Independent Spirit Awards on March 3, 2018 in Santa Monica, California. This category is for stub articles relating to film directors of the United Kingdom. Films directed by Michael O'Shea. You can help by expanding them. One of those fine talents who did not make a big name for himself, Michael was out of films by 1952, but revitalized on TV and starred in the mild TV sitcom It's a Great Life (1954) also starring James Dunn, William Bishop, Frances Bavier and Barbara Bates playing a former GI trying to find a civilian job.Interestingly, Michael became a plainclothes operative for the CIA after retiring from show business in the 1960s. Un Certain Regard 14.05.16. Born on March 17, 1906, Michael dropped out of school at age 12 and went the vaudeville route, touring with his boxing idol Jack Johnson's show. An official selection at the Cannes Film Festival, writer/director Michael O'Shea's debut feature The Transfiguration follows troubled teen Milo who hides behind his fascination with vampire lore. He died suddenly of a heart attack in 1973. Michael O'Shea: In terms of contemporary filmmakers, I'm most inspired by Gaspar Noe and Lars Von Trier. This film is actually from America and is the feature debut of filmmaker Michael O'Shea, who tells a very odd vampire fable about a loner kid from Brooklyn who gets a taste for blood. Bitter Springs (1950) - assistant director; Suicide Mission (1954) - director, producer, writer; Odongo (1956) - second unit director; Safari (1956) - second unit director; Alexander the Great (1956) - second unit director his first film is The Transfiguration An elevated genre film dealing with love, loss and vampires directed and written by him and it's a drama-horror film that have been acclaimed by critics in Cannes Film Festival, and he have completed his new short horror film Milo. Director Michael O'Shea and producer Susan Leber attend the 2018 Film Independent Spirit Awards on March 3, 2018 in Santa Monica, California. Search for "Michael O'Shea" Filter; Title 0 ; Director 2 ; Cast 69 ; 1953. (Summer 1959) He acted in Joseph Fields and Jerome Chodorov's play, "The Tunnel of Love," in a Kenley Players production at the Packard Music Hall Theatre in Warren, Ohio with Virginia Mayo in the cast. Database on admissions of films released in Europe. He tried everything. From a directing standpoint, O'Shea is drawn to what he calls the "new neo-realist movement" in indie film, led by directors like Kelly Reichardt and the Safdie Brothers. Born on March 17, 1906, Michael dropped out of school at age 12 and went the vaudeville route, touring with his boxing idol Jack Johnson's show. SUSIE … Download premium images you can't get anywhere else. Official Sites, View agent, publicist, legal and company contact details on IMDbPro, Edward Francis Michael Patrick Joseph O'Shea. Films by Keyword; Sagas & Franchises; TV Series. Production. Awards 1 win & 8 nominations. Constantly name-dropping the greats/famous examples of vampires in film - Nosferatu, Let the Right One In, Twilight, True Blood, The Lost Boys, Fright Night, Near Dark, Martin all within the first 30 minutes. This category is for stub articles relating to film directors of the United Kingdom. 10 Indie Actors and Directors to Watch Out in 2016-2017. his first film is The Transfiguration An elevated genre film dealing with love, loss and vampires directed and written by him and it's a drama-horror film that have been acclaimed by critics in Cannes Film Festival, and he have completed his new short horror film Milo. Download premium images you can't get anywhere else. Michael O'Shea is an American filmmaker born in Brooklyn, New York. About FA; Contact Us; copy to clipboard. Un Certain Regard 14.05.16. Because they've had successful careers while remaining uncompromising. When he meets the equally alienated Sophie, the two form a bond that begins to challenge Milo's dark obsession, blurring his fantasy into reality. When it came time to submit to festivals, he angled for a genre premiere, targeting Fantastic Fest or Fantasia Film Festival. DALLAS, Dec. 4 — Michael O'Shea, the stage, film and television actor, was found dead in his apartment here today. Films directed by Michael O'Shea. Michael O'Shea is an American filmmaker born in Brooklyn, New York. All Films ; Fandango US ; Amazon US ; Amazon Video US ; iTunes US ; Upgrade to a Letterboxd Pro account to add your favorite services to this list—including any service and country pair listed on JustWatch—and to enable one-click filtering by all your favorites.. Powered by JustWatch Known For The Transfiguration Director (2016) Known For Milo Director (2014) Director The Transfiguration (2016) Writer The Transfiguration (2016) All Filmography. Select credits. Search for "Michael O'Shea" Filter; Title 0 ; Director 2 ; Cast 69 ; 1953. Database on admissions of films released in Europe. SUSIE … Dramamu Streaming Download Serial Korea Barat Mandarin Silat Jepang Dan Film Satuan Terbaru. I love that The Transfiguration is self-aware. They married four years later and had one daughter. You can help by expanding them. John Kenley was artistic director. His five brothers all became policemen, encouraged on by their father, but Hartford-born Irish-American Michael O'Shea defied family tradition and turned to acting. À la fin des années 1970, le riche entrepreneur qu'est Steve Rubell fait aménager un studio de télévision à l'abandon, situé à Manhattan, en un night-club baptisé Studio 54.L'endroit devient rapidement un must de la vie nocturne new-yorkaise. Popular TV Shows; Top TV Series; Rate TV Series; TOPs. Edward Francis Michael Patrick Joseph O'Shea: Nickname: Mike : Mini Bio (1) His five brothers all became policemen, encouraged on by their father, but Hartford-born Irish-American Michael O'Shea defied family tradition and turned to acting. Contacts. Michael O'Shea is an American filmmaker born in Brooklyn, New York. 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text:
A Little Friction Goes a Long Way Toward Stronger Nanotube Fibers
Carbon nanotube fibers are not nearly as strong as the nanotubes they contain, but Rice University researchers are working to close the gap.
A computational model by materials theorist Boris Yakobson and his team at Rice's Brown School of Engineering establishes a universal scaling relationship between nanotube length and friction between them in a bundle, parameters that can be used to fine-tune fiber properties for strength.
The model is a tool for scientists and engineers who develop conductive fibers for aerospace, automotive, medical and textile applications like smart clothing. Carbon nanotube fibers have been considered as a possible basis for a space elevator, a project Yakobson has studied.
Rice researchers modeled the relationship between the length of carbon nanotubes and the friction-causing crosslinks between them in a fiber and found the ratio can be used to measure the fiber's strength.
The research is detailed in the American Chemical Society journal ACS Nano.
As grown, individual carbon nanotubes are basically rolled-up tubes of graphene, one of the strongest known materials. But when bundled, as Rice and other labs have been doing since 2013, the threadlike fibers are far weaker, about one-hundredth the strength of individual tubes, according to the researchers.
"One single nanotube is about the strongest thing you can imagine, because of its very strong carbon-carbon bonds," said Rice assistant research professor Evgeni Penev, a longtime member of the Yakobson group. "But when you start making things out of nanotubes, those things are much weaker than you would expect. Our question is, why? What can be done to resolve this disparity?"
The model demonstrates how the length of nanotubes and the friction between them are the best indicators of overall fiber strength, and suggests strategies toward making them better. One is to simply use longer nanotubes. Another is to increase the number of crosslinks between the tubes, either chemically or by electron irradiation to create defects that make carbon atoms available to bond.
The coarse-grained model quantifies the friction between nanotubes, specifically how it regulates slip when the fibers are under strain and how well connections between nanotubes are likely to recover after breaking. The balance between length and friction is important: The longer the nanotubes, the fewer crosslinks are needed, and vice versa.
"Lengthwise gaps are just a function of how long you can make the nanotubes," Penev said. "These gaps are essentially defects that cause the interfaces to slip when you start pulling on a bundle."
Crosslinks between carbon nanotubes in a bundle are just as important as the length of the tubes to the overall fiber's strength, according to researchers at Rice University who built a computational model of the phenomenon.
With that inherent weakness as a given, Penev and lead author Nitant Gupta, a Rice graduate student, began to look at the impact of crosslinks on strength. "We modeled the links as carbon dimers or short hydrocarbon chains, and when we started pulling them, we saw they would stretch and break," Penev said.
"What became clear was that the overall strength of this interface depends a lot on the capability of these crosslinks to heal," he said. "If they break and reconnect to the next available carbon as the nanotubes slip, there will be an effective friction between the tubes that makes the fiber stronger. That's the ideal case."
"We show the crosslink density and the length play similar roles, and we use the product of these two values to characterize the strength of the whole bundle," Gupta said, noting the model is available for download via the paper's supporting information.
Penev said braiding nanotubes or linking them like chains would also likely strengthen fibers. Those techniques are beyond the capabilities of the current model, but worth studying, he said.
Yakobson said there's great technological value in strengthening materials. "It's an ongoing, uphill battle in labs around the world, with every advance in GPa (gigapascal, a measure of tensile strength) a great achievement.
"Our theory puts numerous disparate data in clearer perspective, highlighting that there's still a long way to the summit of strength while also suggesting specific steps to experimenters," he said. "Or so we hope."
Rice alumnus John Alred, now a technologist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is co-author of the paper. Yakobson is the Karl F. Hasselmann Professor of Materials Science and NanoEngineering and a professor of chemistry at Rice.
Read the original article on Rice University.
MIT Engineers Grow "Perfect" Atom-thin Materials on Industrial Silicon Wafers
New Method for Designing Tiny 3D Materials Could Make Fuel Cells More Efficient
Researchers Enable Thinnest Quantum Light Source by New 2D Layered Materials
The Effects of Tightening a Molecular Knot
Electronic Nose: Sensing the Odor Molecules on Graphene Surface Layered with Self-Assembled Peptides


text:
Russia Looks to Legalize Software Piracy to Bypass Ukraine-Related Tech Bans
The Kremlin considers suspending criminal penalties for using unlicensed software products.
Michael Kan
I've been with PCMag since October 2017, covering a wide range of topics, including consumer electronics, cybersecurity, social media, networking, and gaming. Prior to working at PCMag, I was a foreign correspondent in Beijing for over five years, covering the tech scene in Asia.
https://www.pcmag.com/news/russia-looks-to-legalize-software-piracy-to-bypass-ukraine-related-tech
(Photo by Jaap Arriens/NurPhoto via Getty Images)
Don't be surprised if software piracy surges in Russia. The growing blockade on certain tech inside Russia has prompted the Kremlin to consider lifting criminal penalties on digital piracy, according to Russian media.
The Kommersant reports(Opens in a new window) that Russian authorities have discussed suspending criminal and administrative liabilities when it comes to using unlicensed software from countries that have imposed harsh sanctions on Russia.
According to the Kommersant, Russia could legalize the software piracy by citing Article 1360 of the country's civil code, which allows the government to use an invention or industrial design without the creator's permission during emergency situations.
Russian news website ANCB.ru also posted(Opens in a new window) a draft plan from the Kremlin that outlines the measures it can take to protect the country's economy in response to US and European sanctions. Under section 6.7.3, the plan notes(Opens in a new window) "canceling" liabilities for unlicensed software through Russia's Ministry of Economic Development.
Embracing software privacy could help Russia address the exodus of tech firms from the country in the wake of its invasion of Ukraine. Microsoft, Adobe, Autodesk and gaming developers such as Electronics Arts and CD Projekt RED have all left the market. Others such as Apple, Intel, AMD, and Nvidia have stopped chip and hardware sales to the country.
Ubisoft, Take-Two Are the Latest Game Makers to Halt Sales in Russia
Russian Invasion Takes a Toll on Ukraine's Internet Access
Snapchat Temporarily Disables 'Heatmap' in Ukraine
According(Opens in a new window) to the Business Software Alliance, Russia had a piracy rate of 62% in 2017 across software installs for an estimated commercial value of $1.2 billion. Since then, the tech industry has been moving to a subscription model for many products, which rely on a constant connection to the cloud. So piracy won't be able to bootleg every software experience.
SoundHound Lays Off Nearly Half of Its Workforce
By Marco Marcelline
Native American Group Urges Apache Software Foundation to Change Its Name
7 Patreon Alternatives to Keep Your Crowdfunding Income Secure
By Michael Muchmore
The Best Speech-to-Text Apps and Tools for Every Type of User
By Justin Pot
Read Michael's full bio
Read the latest from Michael Kan
SpaceX Prepares to Test Next-Generation Starlink Dishes
Are You Smarter Than ChatGPT? OpenAI Tool Aims to Detect AI-Generated Text
Iridium Goes After Starlink With 'Go Exec' Portable Satellite Internet Device
SpaceX Again Delays Imposing High-Speed Data Caps for Starlink
Footage Shows Near-Miss Earth Flyby of Asteroid 2023 BU
More from Michael Kan


text:
12 abstract artists exhibit at Gallery on Grant
By NJJN Staff	November 2, 2016, 12:00 am Edit
Almost Night
by Nancy Karpf
"Lyrical Abstraction," an exhibit featuring works by 12 Monmouth County painters, is on view at the Grant Avenue Gallery at the Axelrod Performing Arts Center in Deal through Feb. 28.
A Meet the Artists reception will be held on Saturday, Nov. 5, at 7 p.m., prior to the APAC performance of the musical Billy Elliott.
The participating artists are Dawn DiCicco (Middletown), Shari Epstein (Long Branch), Johanna Ericson (Atlantic Highlands), Thomas Farawell (West Long Branch), Mercedes Farrugia (Freehold), Nancy Karpf (Freehold), James Kent (Oceanport), Wayne Lerman (Red Bank), Lorraine Madsen (Wall), Dana McKay (Eatontown), Leona Tenebruso-Shultes (Lincroft), and Karen Starrett (Ocean).
The artists are all part of the Lyrical Abstract Expressionism painting class held at the Guild of Creative Art in Shrewsbury, which has been led by James Kent since 2005. "This exhibit showcases the unique and diverse styles of 12 artists whose paintings explore various avenues of abstraction," said Kent. Their works are "non-objective and non-representational, which leaves the final interpretation of the paintings' content and meaning up to the viewer."
The gallery is open during show performances or by appointment. Contact 732-858-8106 or visit axelrodartscenter.com.


As expected Huawei, has launched Honor 5C at an event in New Delhi on 22 June. This is the first smartphone launched by Chinese major after launching Honor Holly 2 Plus and Honor 5X in January, earlier this year. The Honor 5C runs on the company's own chipset Hisilicon Kirin 650 SoC. The smartphone is priced at Rs. 10,999 and competes with the likes of Xiaomi, Le Eco, Moto G4, Lenovo Zuk Z1 .
With an all-aluminum construction, the device sports a 5.2-inch FHD IPS panel and a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels. A smaller screen (when compared with its competitors in the segment) with rounded edges and light weight makes it one of the best-designed smartphones in the segment. The design is much similar to Honor 5X with the similar positioning of fingerprint sensors and the bulge of the camera lens. The gadget weighs 156g and has dimensions 147.1 x 73.8 x 8.3mm. Overall the device is very decent on design aspects.
The gadget is powered by a 2GB of RAM, 16GB of internal storage ( which is expandable by up to 128GB using an external microSD card). The Honor 5C deploys an aggressive memory management system to clears apps out of RAM which ensures the phone continues to run smoothly. The use of 16nm FinFET+ process for manufacturing, promises better battery life and performance than its current competitors in the range. The device runs on Android 6.0 and EMUI 4.1 on the top.
The device is powered by a Li-Polymer 3000mAh battery. The presence of phone manager app helps in controlling system optimisation functions, battery optimisation and consumption and more. While it's current competitors are having a battery in range 4000 to 5000mAh, a relatively small battery capacity is a drawback to Honor 5C.
But wait! the battery doesn't let you down. The presence of Kirin 650 chip alongside with Android 6.0's Doze Mode and Huawei's 3.0 power-saving technology decreases consumption by 40%. The device promises 31.5 hrs talk time on 2G, and 18.9 hrs talk time on 3G.
We have used the gadget on 4G without any noticed battery drain!
Honor 5C features a 13MP lens with an LED flash on the rear side and an 8MP selfie camera on the front side, with a BSI sensor it features 10 beauty modes. Camera options include HDR, time-lapse video, slow-motion video, and panorama. Both the lens can record videos up to 1080p. Other key features include pro photo and pro video modes, food mode, and all focus mode. The device also features a fingerprint 2.0 sensor on the rear side with an unlocking speed of 0.5 seconds.
Connectivity options include 4G LTE, 3G, GPS, WiFi. The device has two Nano sim slots and accepts 4G sim on at least on one sim at one time and a micro SD card or a 3G/2G sim on the other slot.
Honor 5C improvises on a lot of features that lacks in its predecessors. The upgrade to Android M and presence of higher range SOC is a positive factor. The display, camera, and overall features of the device are quite awesome.
Price: Although 3 RAM smartphones are available in this category, this is not a bad option.
Overall Verdict: One of the best smartphone option in this price range.


AWESOME OFFER: I promise you your money back if after watching this acceleration video compilation you determine it is NOT the greatest speed video you see all day. That is right, if you do not dig this car acceleration and motorcycle acceleration more than any other car or bike video you watch today, I will refund your entry fee in full! When you click play, you will enter a crazy world of insane dragster accelerations, head busting motorcycle launches, macho muscle car fly bys, and super sports car leaps!
1915 Abingdon STARTS For The First Time In 5 Years!!!
Happy Independence day ! Not for these poor bastards .


So there are no more quests after the tempered Kirin? What do I do now?
If you haven't already, try completing all the optional quests. This will get you lots of upgrades to the Canteen and lots of Specialized Equipment. After the Story, you'll want to do the same kind of progression that you did before, but in High Rank. First the easier monsters in the Forest, then the Wastes, etc, getting armor with higher Defense all the way. Once you have higher Defense and have begun to tailor your Skills, you can take on more Elder Dragons. Once you supplement your builds with Elder Dragon armor and some more Decorations, then you can do the same all over again with Tempered monsters to really start hauling in Decorations. After that its on to Arch-Tempered Elder Dragons.


text:
Philautus wynaadensis är en groddjursart som först beskrevs av Jerdon 1854.  Philautus wynaadensis ingår i släktet Philautus och familjen trädgrodor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Trädgrodor
wynaadensis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HANSARD 1803–2005 → 1930s → 1938 → July 1938 → 25 July 1938 → Commons Sitting → ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS.
ANGLO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT.
HC Deb 25 July 1938 vol 338 cc2693-5 2693
§ 32. Lieut.-Commander Fletcher
asked the Prime Minister whether, during the conversations which resulted in the Anglo-Italian Agreement, the British and Italian representatives came to an understanding as to what is implied by the phrase "a settlement in Spain"?
The answer is in the negative.
§ Lieut.-Commander Fletcher
Does that mean that negotiations of this importance were started and brought to a conclusion without the two parties to them ever arriving at any agreement as to the premises which formed the basis of the agreement?
That would appear to be the effect of my answer.
Is there any precedent for negotiations of this nature and an agreement being concluded without any agreement between the two parties on such a matter?
I have not made a search.
§ 33. Mr. Cocks
asked the Prime Minister whether any information has been given to the Italian Government as to the meaning His Majesty's Government attaches to the phrase relating to a settlement in Spain?
Since the conclusion of the Anglo-Italian Agreement there have been confidential exchanges of views between the two Governments on the subject. But, as I stated in answer to a supplementary question by the Leader of the Opposition on 20th July, I have never committed myself to a complete, or even a partial, definition of this phrase.
§ Mr. Cocks
Does that mean that the Italian Government is just as much in the dark as to His Majesty's Government's intentions as the House of Commons?
I do not know whether that is so or not. I do not know their state of mind.
§ Mr. Wedgwood Benn
Does it mean that in the Recess the Prime Minister will be at liberty to implement the agreement by putting his own interpretation on what is meant by the term "a settlement"?
There is no change in the situation.
§ Mr. Benn
That is not an answer to my question. I asked whether the Prime Minister considers himself at liberty to put his own interpretation on the phrase "a settlement"?
The Government are entitled to put their interpretation upon it.
§ Mr. A. V. Alexander
What about the House of Commons?
§ Mr. Noel-Baker
Do the Government consider themselves at liberty to bring into force an agreement of this importance without informing the House of Commons as to the meaning of an essential clause in it?
The hon. Member will remember that, in answer to a supplementary question a few days ago, I said that I did not exclude the possibility that the House of Commons might have to be called together to consider the matter.
Back to LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
Forward to NAVAL AND MILITARY PENSIONS AND GRANTS.


text:
\section{Introduction}

In natural language a typical linguistic interaction is not a simple sequence of individual actions, but also a form of \textit{joint activity} that involves cooperation and coordination between participants \cite{tomasello2008}. What is more, inside the dialogue language users tend to converge in their choice of constructions. This mutual convergence process, or \textit{alignment}, has been extensively studied within computational studies of the formation of language through the Naming Game \cite{Steels95,steels2011REVIEW,baronchelli_naming_jstat,1742-5468-2011-04-P04006}. It attempts to ask how on a population of agents only from local interactions it arises a shared word-meaning association (the simplest version of a \textit{vocabulary}). This model considers a finite population of agents, where each one is endowed with a memory in which it stores an in principle unlimited number of words. At each discrete time step a pair of agents is selected: one plays the role of hearer, one plays the role of hearer. First, the speaker refers to an object by using a word. Next, the hearer tries to identify the referent. For this purpose, the hearer inspects its own memory: (1) if the word belongs to the memory of the hearer, both speaker and hearer cancel all the words in their memories, except such word; or (2) the hearer adds the word to its memory, if the word does no belong to its memory. A pairwise interaction such as in the Naming Game only is possible if the interaction is a kind of joint activity. In a more realistic scenario both agents interact in a context where the object is located and share focus on the object by means of pointing or eye-gazing. The interaction continues until both agents reach a common word associated to the object, a linguistic convention.

Here, it is assumed that the development of linguistic conventions is founded on self-organization mechanisms arising only from \textit{local} interactions between agents \cite{Steels95,Steels96,baronchelli_naming_jstat}. Given this self-organized nature Automata Networks (AN) \cite{Neumann:66,wolfram02} provide the adequate framework to explore alignment from a computational (and mathematical) point of view. AN are extremely simple models where each vertex of a network evolves following a local rule based on the states of ``nearby" vertices. Despite of the simplicity of the defining rules, AN exhibit astonishing rich patterns of behavior. A \textit{linguistic convention} can be considered as a complex pattern.

What is the relationship between cognitive mechanisms of the individuals and the emergence of language on artificial populations? The question entails the study of computational machines which exhibit limitations and constraints of \textit{human} language users. This work stresses a novel question related to models of the self-organization of language: To what extent do working memory constraints influence the alignment of shared conventions on artificial populations of agents? Language users (and therefore agents playing computational games of the formation of language) suffer limited working memory constraints \cite{67167d47d9924cbb86a53b6d61491ed4,baddeley2007working}. Particularly, \textit{phonological similarity} effects suppose that individuals confound word items sharing large portions of phonological content. A classical work \cite{doi:10.1080/14640746608400055} reports experiments where subjects heard sequences of unrelated words and tried to recall in the correct order. The results suggest that memory performance was impaired for phonologically similar words (man, cad, mat, cap, can) versus dissimilar ones (pen, sup, cow, day, hot). This effect is a strong evidence for the existence of the \textit{phonological loop}, understood as part of the short-term working memory system \cite{67167d47d9924cbb86a53b6d61491ed4,baddeley2007working}.

This paper does not attempt to develop a ``realistic" model, but rather an abstract symbolic approach that extracts the essential elements of the problem. The simulations described here are based on a parameter that measures the amount of phonological confusion between words (considered as a way to describe the influence of working memory limits). The work explores the hypothesis of there being a critical range of the parameter that implies drastic changes in the shared conventions of the entire population. Therefore, the features of language (in particular, the consensus on linguistic conventions) emerge abruptly at some critical range of phonological confusion  \cite{hauser1996evolution}. This hypothesis is strongly related to previous work on on the absence of stages in the formation and evolution of human languages \cite{bickerton98,calvin2001lingua,FS03}.

The work is organized as follows. Section ``Model" explains basic notions on AN, the instrumentalization of phonological similarity and the rules of interaction. Section ``Theoretical results" reports simple mathematical results related to the convergence of particular cases of the model. The next section (``Simulations") describes simulation tasks based on an energy operator, over a parameter that measures the amount of similarity confusion between words. A brief discussion of the results is presented in the final section.

\section{Model}

\subsection{Elements of the AN model}

Roughly speaking the AN model involves the following elements:

\begin{enumerate}
\item A regular grid graph: vertices represent individuals; edges represent possible communicative interactions. More generally, as in the section ``Theoretical results", the graph can be a connected, undirected and simple network.

\item Each individual is associated to a \textit{state} that eventually changes along time. This \textit{state} is a way to represent the language of the individual at some time frame.

\item A set of \textit{local rules} that define how the system changes. The local rule associated to one individual considers as inputs the states of the nearby individuals (the \textit{neighbors}).

\item A function, the \textit{updating scheme}, that indicates the order in which the individuals are updated. Two updating schemes are considered in this work: (1) the \textit{fully-asynchronous} scheme, where at each time step one individual is choosen uniformly at random; and (2) the \textit{sequential} scheme, defined as a permutation of the set of vertices.
\end{enumerate}

In what follows some of the previous elements will be treated in greater depth.

\subsection{Basic notions}

The set $P=\{1,...,n\}$ represents the population of individuals, located on the vertices of the regular grid graph $G=(P,E)$, where $E$ is the set of edges. The vertex $u \in P$ only interacts (or ``talks") with the set of adjacent vertices $V_u=\{v \in P: (u,v) \in E \}$ (the \textit{neighborhood}). Each individual considers four neighbors: up, down, left and right ones (\textit{Von Neumann} neighborhood). The individual $u \in P$ is endowed with a \textit{memory} set $M_u$ in which it stores words belonging to a finite set $W$, with $p$ elements.

Let $\Sigma=\{a_1,...,a_s\}$ be a set of sounds. Each word of $W$ is constructed by a combination of sounds taken from $\Sigma$. For instance, $a_3a_1a_8 \in W$. The \textit{length} of the word $x$ is its number of sounds. For the sake of simplicity, all the words have the same length $L$. $x(k)$, with $k \leqslant L$, denotes the $k-$th sound (or position) of the word $x$. To explicitly measure the amount of phonological similarity between words the \textit{Hamming distance} $H(x,y)$ between the words $x$ and $y$ is defined as the number of positions in which they differ. Consider two words $a_4a_6a_5$ and $a_7a_6a_3$, then $H(a_4a_6a_5,a_7a_6a_3)=2$.

\subsection{Confusion parameter}

To explicitly measure the ability to distinguish between words the \textit{confusion parameter} $\epsilon \in [0,1]$ is defined. Suppose that the vertex $u$ faces two words $x,y$. Then,

\begin{enumerate}
\item[] \textbf{if} $H(x,y) > \epsilon L$, $u$ \textbf{distinguishes} the words $x$ and $y$

\item[] \textbf{else} $u$ \textbf{confounds} the words $x$ and $y$ (or simply ``$x=y$")
\end{enumerate}

For instance, the individual $u \in P$ is confronted with the words $x=a_1a_8a_6a_4$ and $y=a_1a_8a_6a_3$. Two values of $\epsilon$ are considered, $0$ and $0.5$:

\begin{itemize}
\item ($\epsilon=0$) $H(x,y) = 1 > \epsilon L = 0 \times 4 = 0$, then $u$ distinguishes the words $x$ and $y$

\item ($\epsilon=0.5$) $H(x,y) = 1 < \epsilon L = 0.5 \times 4=2$, then $u$ confounds the words $x$ and $y$
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Local rules}

Inspired in the Naming Game \cite{baronchelli_naming_jstat}, the \textit{local rule} associated to the individual $u \in P$ is based on two possible actions on the memory $M_u$:

\begin{itemize}
\item $u$ updates its memory $M_u$ by the \textbf{addition} of words; or

\item $u$ \textbf{collapses} its memory if $M_u$ is updated by cancelling all its words, except one of them.
\end{itemize}

Both actions attempt to take into account \textit{lateral inhibition}  strategies \cite{Steels95,steels2011REVIEW} in the alignment process: the individuals add words in order to increase the chance of future agreements (local consensus), and defect the words that do not cooperate with mutual understanding. In a \textit{collapse} the individuals prefer the \textit{minimal} word, according to the \textit{lexicographic order} over the set of words. The \textit{lexicographic order}, denoted $\prec$, is a generalization of the typical alphabetical order of words on the alphabetical order of their component letters (or sounds). For example in the dictionary the word ``Me" appears before ``My" because the letter \textit{e} comes before the letter \textit{y} in the alphabet. In some sense the word ``Me" is \textit{lower} than the word ``My". Formally, the order $<$ is defined on the set $\Sigma$. Two words $x$ and $y$ of length $L$ are considered. Then, $x\prec y$ ($x$ is \textit{lexicographically} lower than $y$) if the first position in which they differ, say $k \leqslant  L$, satisfies $x(k)<y(k)$. For instance given the set of sounds $\Sigma=\{a,b,c,d\}$, with $a<b<c<d$, the words $abc$, $bcd$ and $cda$ satisfy $abc<bcd<cda$. Therefore, $abc$ is the \textit{minimal} word or, in other terms, $\min(\{abc,bcd,cda\})=abc$. Associated to the previous words ``Me" and ``My" it is possible to write $\min(\{\text{``Me"},\text{``My"}\})=\text{``Me"}$.

The preference for the minimal words can be viewed in accordance with the following hypothetical scenario \cite{Nowak06071999}. It is possible to think in a population of early hominids for which leopards represents a higher risk than cows. So, the word ``leopard" may be more valuable than ``cow". In the terms of this paper ``leopard" can be the \textit{minimal} word.

At time step $t$ the vertex $u \in P$ is selected according to the updating scheme (\textit{fully asynchronous} or \textit{sequential}). Consider a simple population $P=\{1,2,3,4,5\}$ (each number represents one individual). For a \textit{fully asynchronous} scheme at each time step any individual of $P$ can be selected (for instance, the individual 3). In the next step the individual 3 can be selected again. For a \textit{sequential} scheme a permutation of the set $P$ is defined, for instance, the order 5-4-3-2-1. The individual 5 updates first, then the individual 4 updates, taking into account the effects of the changes in the first individual, and so on. At time step 6 the dynamics starts in the same previous way. In other terms a \textit{sequential} scheme supposes that each individual is updated after that all the other individuals of the population have been updated.

The individual $u \in P$ is completely characterized by its \textit{state} $(M_u,x_u)$, where $M_u$ is the memory to stores words ($M_u$ is a subset of $W$) and $x_u \in M_u$ is a word that $u$ conveys to the vertices of $V_u$. The model induces specific communication roles: the vertex $u$ plays the role of ``hearer" (it receives the words conveyed by its neighbors); the neighbors of $u$ play the role of ``speaker" (they convey words to the vertex $u$). The set of all words conveyed by the speakers can be re-written as two subsets: $N_u$ and $B_u$. Roughly speaking $N_u$  includes the unknown words, and $B_u$ includes the known ones.

The state pair $(M_u,x_u)$ changes according to the following steps, which define the \textit{local rule} of the automata (see Fig. 1):

\begin{enumerate}
\item[] \textbf{step 1} the vertex $u$ defines two sets:

					\begin{enumerate}
					\item[] $N_u=\{x_v: (v \in V_u) \land (\forall y \in M_u, H(x_v,y) > \epsilon L) \}$
					\item[] $B_u=\{x_v: (v \in V_u) \land (\forall y \in M_u, H(x_v,y) \leqslant \epsilon L) \}$
					\end{enumerate}

\item[] \textbf{step 2}

				\begin{enumerate}
				\item[] \textbf{if} $N_u \neq \emptyset$, $M_u$ \textbf{adds} the words of $N_u$
				\item[] \textbf{else} $M_u$ \textbf{collapses} in the word $\bar{x}$, selected at random from the set $\{x \in B_u: H(x,\min(B_u)) \leqslant \epsilon L\}$ (that is, the new state is $(\{\bar{x}\},\bar{x})$)
				\end{enumerate}

\end{enumerate}

Step 1 comprises (1) the speaker's behavior (the neighbors convey words to the vertex $u$); and (2) the definition by the hearer of the sets $N_u$ and $B_u$. Given a conveyed word $x_v$, $v \in V_u$, the hearer $u$ decides between: either $x_v$ is added to $N_u$ if for all $y \in M_u, H(x_v,y) > \epsilon L$; or $x_v$ is added to $B_u$, otherwise.

Step 2 summarizes the behavior of the hearer in order to \textit{align} itself with the speakers. In the case that $N_u \neq \emptyset$, the hearer simply adds to its memory the words of $N_u$. Otherwise ($N_u = \emptyset$), the hearer collapses its memory in the word $\bar{x} \in B_u$. The word $\bar{x}$ is selected uniformly at random from $\{x \in B_u: H(x,\min(B_u)) \leqslant \epsilon L\}$. Thus, the preferred word $\min(B_u)$ can be confused by ``similar" ones (with $H(\cdot,\min(B_u)) \leqslant \epsilon L$).

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
  [scale=.45,auto=left,every node/.style={minimum size=0cm}]
  [thick,scale=0.6,shorten >=0pt]

  \node (n1) at (3,5)  {\Large $(\{abcd,bacd\},bacd)$};
   \node (n2) at (-0.5,7.5)  {\Large $bacd$};
   \node (n3) at (6.5,7.5)  {\Large  $cabd$};
   \node (n4) at (3,2) {\Large $dabc$};

  \foreach \from/\to in {n1/n2,n1/n3,n1/n4}
    \draw (\from) -- (\to);

   \node (n5) at (19,5)  {\Large $(\{abcd,bacd,cabd,dabc\},bacd)$};
   \node (n6) at (15.5,7.5)  {};
   \node (n7) at (22.5,7.5)  {};
   \node (n8) at (19,2) {};

  \foreach \from/\to in {n5/n6,n5/n7,n5/n8}
    \draw (\from) -- (\to);

   \node (n9) at (9,5)  {};
   \node (n10) at (12,5)  {};

   \path (n9) edge [->, line width=2pt] node[]{\Large \textbf{(addition)}} (n10);

   \node (n11) at (3,-3)  {\Large $(\{abcd,bacd,cabd\},bacd)$};
   \node (n12) at (-0.5,-0.5)  {\Large $bacd$};
   \node (n13) at (6.5,-0.5)  {\Large $cabd$};
   \node (n14) at (3,-6) {\Large $abcd$};

  \foreach \from/\to in {n11/n12,n11/n13,n11/n14}
    \draw (\from) -- (\to);

   \node (n15) at (19,-3)  {\Large $(\{abcd\},abcd)$};
   \node (n16) at (15.5,-0.5)  {};
   \node (n17) at (22.5,-0.5)  {};
   \node (n18) at (19,-6) {};

  \foreach \from/\to in {n15/n16,n15/n17,n15/n18}
    \draw (\from) -- (\to);

   \node (n19) at (9,-3)  {};
   \node (n20) at (12,-3)  {};

   \path (n19) edge [->, line width=2pt] node[]{\Large \textbf{(collapse)}} (n20);

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\caption{\textbf{Example of the two actions at $\epsilon=0$}. The order $a<b<c<d$ is defined on the set $\Sigma=\{a,b,c,d\}$. $W=\{abcd,bacd,cabd,dabc\}$. The \textit{lexicographic} order establishes $abcd \prec bacd \prec cabd \prec dabc$. The confusion parameter is set to $\epsilon=0$ (that is, the individuals do not confound words). Suppose that at some time step the central vertex ($u \in P$) has been choosen. Four individuals participate in the interaction: the central vertex $u$ and its three neighbors of $V_u$. Associated to each action of the local rule, two different configurations are showed. First row \textbf{(addition)}: $B_u =\{bacd\}$ and $N_u=\{cabd,dabc\}$. Second row \textbf{(collapse)}: $B_u=\{abcd,bacd,cabd\}$ and $N_u=\emptyset$.}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Dynamics of the automata}

As initial configuration each individual receives a word constructed by a random combination of $L$ sounds from the set of symbols $\Sigma$. Thus, at $t=0$ each individual is associated to a state of the form $(\{x\},x)$, with $x \in W$. Each discrete time step $t\geqslant 0$ supposes that one individual, say $u$, is selected uniformly at random (the \textit{fully-asynchronous} scheme) or according to a permutation of the set of vertices (the \textit{sequential} scheme). The individual receives the words conveyed by its neighbors: it plays the role of hearer, the neighbors play the role of speaker. Regarding to the conveyed words the individual follows the two defined steps in order to decide possible changes in its own language state:

\begin{itemize}
\item[] \textbf{step 1} the individual defines the sets $N_u$ (unknown words) and $B_u$ (known words).

\item[] \textbf{step 2} the individual either \textbf{adds} words if $N_u$ is non empty or \textbf{collapses} its memory in the minimal word of $B_u$, if $N_u$ is empty.
\end{itemize}

Both steps involve the possibility of confusion between \textit{similar} words. In the next time step $t+1$ another individual (possibly the same one) is selected, and so on.

A \textit{fixed point} is a configuration invariant under the application of local rules, which can be interpreted as a final consensus configuration, where all individuals agree about some linguistic convention.

\section{Theoretical results}

An interesting problem related to the formation of consensus on linguistic conventions is to propose a proof of convergence. Given the mathematical framework of this paper the problem becomes to count (in the \textit{worst} case) the number of simulation steps whom the dynamics needs to stop, that is, to prove that after a finite number of time steps the population reaches a shared linguistic convention. Despite that other works have solved related tasks \cite{DevJTB06} the novelty of the rest of this section is to develop a convergence proof based on the worst-case complexity, which measures the amount of resources (running time) needed by the system if it is considered as an \textit{algorithm}. Running time, defined as the number of steps until the entire population reaches a global consensus language, indicates the largest dynamics performed by the automata given the size $n$ of the population (denoted $\mathcal{O}(f(n))$, where $f(n)$ is a function of $n$). For instance $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$ means that in the worst-case the running time has a growth rate scaling as $n^2$.

In this section individuals are located on a general undirected and connected network (not necessarily a regular \textit{grid}), and they do not confound words, that is, $\epsilon=0$.

It is straightforward to notice that at $\epsilon=0$ $(\forall y \in M_u, H(x_v,y) > \epsilon L)$ is equivalent to $(x_v \notin M_u)$. Roughly speaking, the expression $(\forall y \in M_u, H(x_v,y) > \epsilon L)$ means that $x_v$ is ``different" to every word in $M_u$ and, therefore, $x_v \notin M_u$. As a consequence the two steps of the rule take a simpler form:

\begin{enumerate}
\item[] \textbf{step 1} the vertex $u$ defines two sets:

					\begin{enumerate}
					\item[] $N_u=\{x_v: (v \in V_u) \land (x_v \notin M_u) \}$
					\item[] $B_u=\{x_v: (v \in V_u) \land (x_v \in M_u) \}$
					\end{enumerate}

\item[] \textbf{step 2}

				\begin{enumerate}
				\item[] \textbf{if} $N_u \neq \emptyset$, $M_u$ \textbf{adds} the words of $N_u$
				\item[] \textbf{else} $M_u$ \textbf{collapses} in the word $\min(B_u)$ (the new state is $(\{\min(B_u)\},\min(B_u))$)
				\end{enumerate}

\end{enumerate}

First of all, a sequential updating scheme is considered. This means that a \textit{permutation} of the vertices is defined. As previously noted, each individual is updated after that all the other individuals of the population have been updated. In the worst case, each time step supposes that one individual adds one word. This process ends when some individual has all possible words, that is, after $p-1$ steps (there are $p$ words). Since the population has size $n$, after $n(p-1)$ steps the individuals must collapse their memories. Then, at step $t^*=n(p-1)$ all individuals have been collapsed at least once. As the theorem shows in detail the minimum conveyed word at $t^*$ propagates in the system until it reaches a fixed point where all individuals convey this minimum word.

\begin{theorem}

Consider a population of $n$ individuals playing the automata model with the set of $p$ words $W$ and confusion parameter $\epsilon=0$. Then,
\begin{enumerate}[(I)]

\item for the sequential scheme, the system converges to fixed points in at most $\mathcal{O}(n^2p)$ steps;

\item for the fully-asynchronous scheme, the system converges to a fixed point in expected time $\mathcal{O}(n^2p\log(n))$.

\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
\normalfont
(I) Initially there are $p$ words. Then, in at most $p-1$ updates a vertex has collapsed for the first time (in the worst case the vertex must add every possible word, one at a time). This implies that in $n(p-1)$ steps ($p-1$ updates of each vertex) all vertices have collapsed at least one time. Let $m$ be the minimum conveyed word at step $t^* = n(p-1)$, and let $u$ be a vertex such that $x_u = m$ (in more precise terms, $m=\min(\{x_u\}_{u \in P})$).

Since $u$ has collapsed at least one time, the updating scheme is sequential, and $m$ is the minimum word, then $u$ must have another neighbor $v \in V_u$ conveying $m$. In consequence, after $t^*$ both vertices $u$ and $v$ will remain conveying $m$, and at each time a neighbor of any of these two vertices will necessarily collapse in the word $m$. The graph has a diameter of $\mathcal{O}(n)$ and each $np$ steps it occurs a collapse. Therefore, in at most $\mathcal{O}(n^2p)$ steps the system converges to a fixed point where all vertices convey the same word $m$.

(II) In the fully-asynchronous scheme, at each time step a single vertex is picked independently and uniformly at random. The expected convergence time grows by a factor of $O(\log(n))$ with respect to the sequential scheme. Notice that in the proof of the part (I) it is shown that after updating [$\mathcal{O}(np)$ times] [each vertex], a fixed point is reached. From the well known coupon collector's problem (see, for instance, \cite{grimmett2001probability}), the expected number of steps required to update [at least once][every vertex in the graph (or pick every coupon)] is $\mathcal{O}(n\log(n))$. Since in a fully asynchronous updating scheme each step is independent to the others, the result follows.
\end{proof}

\section{Simulations}

\subsection{Protocol}

To describe the amount of agreement between individuals, an energy operator is defined. This energy-based approach arises from a ``physicist" interpretation, related to \cite{Regnault20094844}: the energy measures the amount of local unstability of the system. At each neighborhood $V_u$ the function $\sum_{v \in V_u} H(x_u,x_v)$ is defined, which measures the \textit{Hamming} distance between the word $x_u$ and the words conveyed by the neighbors of the individual $u$. This function is bounded by $0$ (in case of \textit{agreement}, that is, the individual $u$ and its neighbors convey the same word) and $4L$ (\textit{disagreement}, which means that the individual $u$ and its neighbors convey radically different words). Summing over all individuals defines the total energy function at some time step $t$:

\begin{equation}
E(t)=\frac{1}{4Ln}\sum_{u \in P}\sum_{v \in V_u} H(x_u,x_v)
\end{equation}

The function $E(t)$ is bounded: $0 \leqslant E(t) \leqslant 1$. Thus, the dynamics of the AN model can be understood as the trajectory between initial configurations associated to large amounts of unstability (with $E(0) \sim 1$) and final consensus configurations where $E(t) \sim 0$, or equivalently, all individuals convey similar -in the sense defined by the \textit{Hamming} distance- words.

The analysis focuses on two-dimensional periodic lattices of size $n=128^2$ with Von Neumann neighborhood. The simulations describe $500n$ steps of the energy function $E(t)$. At each time step one vertex (playing the role of hearer) is selected uniformly at random (\textit{fully-asynchronous} scheme). The plots show average values over 20 initial conditions. An initial condition is defined as follows: each individual receives uniformly at random a word constructed by a random combination of $L$ sounds from the set of symbols $\Sigma$, $|\Sigma|=10$. Word-length $L$ varies from: $\{2,4,8,16,32,64\}$. $\epsilon$ is varied from 0 to 1 with an increment of $10\%$.

Given the worst-case complexity approach to theoretical aspects of convergence it is important to notice that on low-dimensional lattices it seems hard that one individual adds $\mathcal{O}(np)$ words after it collapses, because lattices are low-connected. This intuition suggests that running times on lattices will be lower than theoretical bounds ($\mathcal{O}(n^2p\log(n))$ for the \textit{fully-asynchronous} scheme).

\subsection{Results}

There are several remarkable aspects, as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. First of all, $E(t=500n)$ versus $\epsilon$ exhibits at $\epsilon=1$ a maximum which is close to 0.5 for all values of $L$ (Fig. 2). Secondly, to the extent $L$ grows, $E(t=500n)$ versus $\epsilon$ evolves more ``smoothly": $L \leqslant 8$ supposes ``ladder" steps which mean that different values of the confusion parameter $\epsilon$ lead to the same energy. Finally, focusing the description on $L=32$ (Fig. 3), it is interesting to notice that
at $\epsilon = 0.7$ the average value of $E(t)$ stops approximately after $t=200n$ steps. This fact exhibits that only a few set of runs does not converge to the global minimum of the $E(t)=0$. This strongly suggests the appearance of a critical parameter $\epsilon^* \sim 0.7$ which clearly defines two phases in the evolution of $E(t=500n)$ versus $\epsilon$: (1) $\epsilon < \epsilon^*$ implies the convergence to the global minimum $E(t)=0$, where all individuals convey the same word; and (2) for $\epsilon \geqslant \epsilon^*$ the dynamics changes drastically until it reaches local minima of the energy function ($E(t) \rightarrow 0.5$).

\begin{figure}[h!]

  \begin{center}

  \includegraphics[scale=0.3]{1top.eps}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.3]{1bottom.eps}

  \end{center}
  \caption{\textbf{$E(t=500n)$ versus $\epsilon$}. On a two dimensional grid of size $n=128^2$, the figure shows the final value of the energy function versus the parameter $\epsilon$, after $500n$ steps or until they reach the global minimum $E(t)=0$. The plots show averages over 20 initial conditions: for an initial condition, each vertex receives a word constructed by a random combination of $L$ sounds from the set of symbols $\Sigma$, $|\Sigma|=10$. Word-length varies from: $\{2,4,8\}$ (top); and $\{16,32,64\}$ (bottom). $\epsilon$ is varied from 0 to 1 with an increment of $10\%$.}

\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]

  \begin{center}

  \includegraphics[scale=0.3]{2.eps}

  \end{center}
  \caption{\textbf{$E(t)$ versus $t$, $L=32$, for different values of $\epsilon$}. On a two dimensional grid of size $n=128^2$, the figure shows evolution of the energy function $E(t)$ versus $t$, for different values of the parameter $\epsilon$. Simulations run $500n$ steps or until it reaches the global minimum $E(t)=0$. The plot shows averages over 20 initial conditions: for an initial condition, each vertex receives a word constructed by a random combination of $L$ sounds from the set of symbols $\Sigma$, $|\Sigma|=10$. $L = 32$ and $\epsilon$ is varied from $\{0,0.7,0.8,0.9,1\}$. }

\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}

This work summarizes an AN approach to the formation of linguistic conventions under phonological similarity (and, in general, working memory) mechanisms. The paper presents the evolution of an energy functional, defined as a word ``confusion" average, during the alignment game. Two aspects are remarkable. On the one hand, the appearance of drastic transitions can be related to previous works that focus on the absence of stages in the formation and evolution of human languages (see, for instance, \cite{bickerton98,calvin2001lingua,FS03}). On the other hand, the proposed model becomes an alternative (mathematical) framework for agent-based studies on language formation.

As a first approach to the convergence of the formation of linguistic conventions this paper presents within an AN account simple results of the number of steps needed to reach fixed points. As the main tool the proofs are based on the \textit{worst} case of convergence.

Many extensions of the proposed model should be studied with the purpose to describe the role of cognitive constraints (and, in particular, the role of (working) memory limits) on the formation of linguistic conventions. First, within a mathematical point of view it seems interesting to explore convergence bounds on regular lattices. Also, a comparison between theoretical and numerical convergence times should be carried out. Second, AN allow to study new aspects of the formation of linguistic conventions. Indeed, the model can be extended to other \textit{updating schemes}, for example, the \textit{synchronous} one, where at each time step all individuals are updated. Third, the results should be compared with larger word lengths ($L$) and several number of symbols ($\Sigma$). Finally, future work should involve more realistic ways to measure the amount of phonological confusion and its effects on the formation of conventions.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
The author likes to thank CONICYT-Chile under the Doctoral scholarship 21140288.

\bibliographystyle{apacite}

\setlength{\bibleftmargin}{.125in}
\setlength{\bibindent}{-\bibleftmargin}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Database Design: Same entity different relations I'm working on an e-commerce platform build using Django and Postgresql. In my platform I have an entity called "Category" and an entity called "Attribute". A category can have multiple attributes, but an attribute can only belong to one category.
For example, the "digital camera" category can have lens, image quality, etc. as its attributes.
I have come to realize that some attributes can belong to all categories. For example: packaging, shipping, customer service, etc.
In addition to these general attributes, in the future I may end up having attributes that belong to multiple categories. For example battery can belong to all categories in the Electronics department (categories belong to a department). But I'm not sure if this is a good idea as it may make things unnecessarily complex.
What's the best way to approach this? Please note that I need to be able to query the general attributes often. I have thought of the following solutions:

*

*Make a default category and assign those attributes to that category. In the code write a special logic that will always look at these categories.

*Allow a nullable foreign key in the attributes table. So an attribute can belong to no specific category indicating that it belongs to all categories.

*Make another table for general attributes.

*Store the category-attribute relationship in a third table. But then my question is how can I query for attributes that don't belong to any specific category?

I appreciate your help in advance.
UPDATE:
Not sure if this is the best solution, but I took the easy route and ended up making nullable m2m relationship between attribute and the other models. Thank you all for your help.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Divine Mercy Pilgrimage to Lithuania
Country: Lithuania
€975 inclusive of tax
Return flights to Vilnius with Ryanair
One piece of 20kg check in luggage and small hand bag per person (non priority boarding)
Transfer on arrival from the airport to your hotel in Vilnius
Four nights in the 3 star Ibis Vilnius City Centre Hotel
Breakfast served each morning in the Ibis Vilnius City Centre Hotel
Two nights in the 4 star Best Western Santaka Hotel in Kaunas
Breakfast served each morning at the Best Western Santaka Hotel in Kaunas
One night in the 4 star Saulys Hotel in Siauliai
Breakfast served each morning Saulys Hotel
Six evening meals
Entrance fees to the Vilnius University, Trakai Castle and Pazaislis Monastery
Transfer back to Vilnius airport for return flight
Full assistance of Joe Walsh Tours English speaking guides and representatives for all excursions & tours
Full spiritual programme including Daily Masses
Day 1: Thursday 12 September
We depart Dublin at 17.30hrs on our flight to Vilnius. On arrival in Vilnius airport, we will be met by our Joe Walsh Tours Pilgrimage co-ordinator and our coach. We will continue to our hotel the 3 star Ibis Vilnius City Centre, where we will stay for the next four nights with breakfast served each morning.
Day 2: Friday 13 September
We celebrate our opening Mass this morning. Today we follow the Way of Mercy, visiting places associated with Saint Faustina and her spiritual director Blessed Fr. Michael Sopoćko. Sr. Faustina Kowalska proclaimed a Saint in 2000, lived in Vilnius in 1929 and then again from 1933 to 1936. Here she received her revelations and visions of Our Lord and met Fr. Sopoćko who encouraged her to write a diary, arranged for the Image of Divine Mercy to be painted and began devotion to Divine Mercy. We visit the Shrine of Divine Mercy and venerate the original image of Divine Mercy. We continue to the House of Sr. Faustina. While living here, St. Faustina received several visions of Jesus and received the Chaplet of Divine Mercy in 1935. The wooden building of the former convent remained standing, as if by miracle, amidst the ruins from World War II and later Soviet-built apartment blocks. Our next stop will be the Convent of the Sisters of Merciful Jesus (former Visitation Convent), where Fr. Sopoćko lived from 1932 to 1934, as well as painter Eugene Kazimirowski, who painted the image of Merciful Jesus according to the visions of St. Faustina. The image was created right here at this Convent. Evening meal will be served in a local restaurant in Vilnius.
Day 3: Saturday 14 September
We will celebrate Mass this morning. After breakfast we will take a stroll through the winding streets of Vilnius's Old Town. We will visit Užupis Republic, a quirky mecca of Vilnius' artists. We see some of the main sights including the landmark bronze statue of the Angel of Užupis and the plaque with Užupis residents' Constitution. We also visit Vilnius University, founded by the Jesuits in 1579 and St. Peter and Paul's Church to see seventeenth century Lithuanian Baroque architecture and to witness its awe-inspiring interior. We also visit the Church of St. Michael (the Church Heritage Museum), the Church of St. Anne and the Bernardine Church of St. Francis of Assisi. Evening meal and overnight in Vilnius.
Day 4: Sunday 15 September
Mass today. Following breakfast today we will visit the town of Trakai. Trakai, set by a picturesque lakeside, this medieval capital is one of the country's most popular attractions, famous for its Gothic Castle set on an island. We also visit the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, known for its painting of the Virgin Mary and child, the oldest image of the Mother of God in Lithuania. Going back to Vilnius Old Town we will visit St. Peter and Paul's Church, famous for its superb interior. Evening meal and overnight Vilnius.
Day 5: Monday 16 September
We will celebrate Mass. Today we depart Vilnius for Kaunas and we follow St John Paul II's route. On the way we will visit the cities of Pivasiunai and Marijampole. Our first stop is Pivasiunai, a small village which has long been known not only for its natural beauty, but also for its church of the Mother of God and Child. After lunch we continue to Marijampole, a city, located on the banks of the Sesupe River. In the mid 18th century the Marian fathers built a monastery whose name, Marijampole, thereafter was also applied to the village established in the place some 200 years earlier.
We continue to Kaunas and check in to our hotel the Best Western Santaka Hotel, where we will stay for the next two nights. Evening meal and overnight Kaurnas
Day 6: Tuesday 17 September
Following breakfast today we will explore the city of Kaunas, the second largest city and the capital of Lithuania between the World Wars. We will celebrate Mass in Kaunas today. We will see the thirteenth century Castle, the Town Hall Square and the Jesuit Church. The Cathedral Basilica of St Peter and Paul, one of Lithuania's oldest and largest sanctuaries and the country's only gothic basilica, is home to the renowned painting of Our Lady of Sorrows as well as the image of Mary the Most Gracious Mother. In the afternoon we visit the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary with its monastery, located outside Kaunas. Return to Kaunas for evening meal and overnight Kaunas.
Day 7: Wednesday 18 September
We depart Kaunas today for Siluva, the most important pilgrimage site in Lithuania. This is where the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared 400 years ago in one of Europe's first Marian apparitions. We visit the chapel of the Apparition of Our Lady of Siluva, which stands at the exact place Our Lady appeared. We will celebrate Mass in Siluva. In the afternoon we travel to Tytuvai to visit its monastery and church, Lithuania's largest and most significant structures of 17th and 18th century sacred architecture. We continue to Siailiai and check into the Saulys Hotel where we will stay for one night. Evening meal and overnight Siauliai.
We celebrate our final Mass of the pilgrimage today. This morning we visit the Cathedral of the Apostles Saints Peter and Paul and we then continue to the Hill of Crosses. The Hill of Crosses is unique both for its size and its history. At present some 200,000 crosses of various sizes adorn the hill. In erecting crosses here, people manifested their devotion to Christ, prayed for his help and marked Lithuania as a Christian land. It gained immense significance in the lives of Lithuanian Catholics during the Soviet era as a place of anonymous yet remarkable persevering resistance to the totalitarian regime. After independence was regained, the hill quickly became a symbol of the nation's unshakeable faith, of its past suffering and its hope. Pope John Paul II visited and celebrated Mass here in 1993 and a cross that he donated was erected here in 1994. We continue then to Samogitian Calvary, to visit its Way of the Cross. 20 stations were created here in 1639. We continue then to Vilnius airport for our evening flight back to Dublin
Price per person sharing twin/double rooms with private facilities. Single rooms are limited and subject to a supplement of €210 for the tour
To book we require a non refundable deposit of €200 per person, completed booking form and first and surname as it appears on passport. Please also advise us of passport number, expiry date, nationality and date of birth so we can issue boarding passes for the group prior to travel.
Prices are inclusive of airline taxes and charges totalling €90 per person
Group pilgrimage cover is included up to 85 years of age (terms & conditions apply).
A buy on board catering system is available on flights
Itinerary and flight details may be subject to change; E&OE


In the quiet and picturesque area "Paradisos" just 50 meters from the beach, you will find "MICHEL MAR". Our stylish & functional apartments will make your stay pleasant & unforgettable.
"MICHEL MAR" consists of fully furnished studios 30m² capable to accommodate 2-3 persons. The apartments which are also fully furnished, 40m², consist of 2 spaces. The first one is the bedroom & the second one is the living room. They are capable to accommodate 2-4 persons.
"MICHEL MAR" is surrounded by a beautiful green garden.
It is the perfect place for unique moments of relaxation.
Also next to the internal garden area, there is a private personal shaded parking area, available to all of our customers.
Smeštaj je odličan, i jaaako čist. Boravili smo 12 noći. Svaki treći dan se čisti smeštaj, menjaju peškiri i posteljina. Sve je novo od nameštaja. Ipak, naglasak je na predivnom dvorištu. Trava kao iz bajke, i imala sam utisak da hodam po tepihu. U dvorištu se nalazi par baštenskih garnitura, suncobrana. Sjajno za porodice sa decom.
This year we were fortunate to book a studio in this lovely family runned hotel. We were pleasantly surprised how clean and comfortable rooms are. Cozy yard and wonderful beach will leave you breathless.
Καθαρός χώρος, ευρύχωρο δωμάτιο, πλήρως εξοπλισμένη κουζίνα, wifi, κοντά στην παραλία, άμεση εξυπηρέτηση, ωραίος εξωτερικός χώρος, φιλικό για τα παιδιά, εξαιρετική φιλοξενία. Σίγουρα θα ξαναπάμε. Μπράβο, συνεχίστε έτσι.
Clean and comfortable apartment in great location. Lovely garden and grass area with some play equipment for children to play. My children loved it! The host was very friendly and helpful. Parking available.
Copyright © Michel-Mar 2009-2017 | Studios & Apartments in Paradisos - Neos Marmaras - Sithonia - Halkidiki - Greece | All Rights Reserved.


text:
O'Keeffe (Waterford)
O'Keeffe (Waterford) John O'Keeffe of Ballylemon, Dungarvan and Mountain Castle, Cappoquin, served as MP for Dungarvan in the 1870s when he owned over 4800 acres in county Waterford.He was among the principal lessors in the parish of Lickoran, barony of Decies-without-Drum at the time of Griffith's Valuation. Lands, the property of John O'Keeffe, were offered for sale in the Landed Estates Court in June 1868. They were sold to James O'Brien for over £1700. Denis O'Keeffe held townlands in the parish of Modelligo in the same barony. In 1871, houses and premises in Dungarvan town, the property of William O'Keeffe, were offered for sale in the Landed Estates Court. In May 1876 John O'Keeffe's estate, amounting to over 7700 acres, was offered for sale in the Landed Estates Court. The Irish Times reported that portions of the lands were bought by John Walsh and Messers. Quinn and Ridge raising over £18,000. The history of Mountain Castle house, though, indicates it remained the property of the O'Keeffe family until the 1930s.


My great grandparents, Charles Madison Uphouse and Julia Christine Veland, have always been somewhat of a mystery. So few stories have been passed down about them, and so little is known of their lives. Here are some photos and documents recently sent to me by my wonderful aunt.
Charlie's military service in co. H, 5th Nebraska Infantry.
About 1918 or 1919, probably in Minnesota, Charlie married Julia C. Veland.
The details of Julia and Charlie's marriage were lost with those who have passed; however, we do know that while they separated, they never legally divorced. According to Goldie (Simpson) Uphouse, wife of Julia and Charlie's son, Harold, Charlie was a sweet, kind man of whom she was quite fond.
This entry was posted on Sunday, July 20th, 2014 at 7:23 PM	and posted in My Family Lines, Uphouse.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
« Finding family treasures – better than the lotto!
Your great-grandmother's wedding ring is similar in style to my grandmother's dinner ring. She died before I was born so it was given to me by my aunt after I grew up. My grandmother was a farmer's wife and somehow I couldn't picture her going out for dinner, reminding me how little we can ever know about some of our ancestors.


Founded in 1913. Luther College at the University of Regina is a Public higher education university located in regina, saskatchewan, canada, north america. The university awards degree in arts & humanities, business & social sciences, language & culture, medicine & health, science & technology. Internationally Luther College at the University of Regina university ranked 5051 in the world. It has ranked 72 in canada. This 106 years old higher education university admission process is based on students past academic record and grades. It provides admission to Men and Women (coed) and Yes, international applicants are welcome to apply for admission.