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In the Indian subcontinent, hijra are eunuchs, intersex people, or transgender people who live in communities that follow a kinship system known as guru-chela system. Also known as aravani, aruvani, and jogappa, the hijra community in India prefer to call themselves "kinnar", referring to the mythological beings that excel at song and dance. In Pakistan, they are known as khawaja sira, the equivalent of transgender in the Urdu language.

Hijras are officially recognised as a third gender in the Indian Subcontinent, being considered neither completely male nor female. Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity, as suggested by the Kama Sutra. Starting in the 19th century, hijras were targeted by British colonial authorities who sought to eradicate them, criminalised under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (1860), and labelled as a criminal tribe in 1871. This encouraged anti-hijra sentiments throughout the Indian subcontinent, the legacies of which continued in the post-colonial era.

Many hijras today live in well-defined and organised all-hijra communities, led by a guru. These communities have consisted over generations of those who are in abject poverty or who have been rejected by or fled their family of origin. Many work as sex workers.

The word hijra is a Hindustani word. It has traditionally been translated into English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite", where "the irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the definition". However, in general hijras have been born male, with only a few having been born with intersex variations. Some hijras undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community called nirvaan, which involves the removal of the penis, scrotum and testicles.

Since the late 20th century, some hijra activists and non-government organizations have lobbied for official recognition of the hijra as a kind of "third sex" or "third gender", as neither man nor woman. Hijras have successfully gained this recognition in Bangladesh and are eligible for priority in education and certain kinds of low paid jobs. In India, the Supreme Court in April 2014 recognised hijras, transgender people, eunuchs, and intersex people as a "third gender" in law. Nepal, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh have all legally accepted the existence of a third gender, with India, Pakistan and Nepal including an option for them on passports and certain official documents.

Terminology
The Hindustani word hijra may alternately be romanized as hijira, hijda, hijada, hijara, hijrah and is pronounced . This term is generally considered derogatory in Urdu and the term Khwaja Sara is used instead. Khawajasira is sometimes seen as a more respectable term and has been reclaimed by the community given its precolonial origins and revered status within Islamic spirituality. Another such term is khasuaa (खसुआ) or khusaraa (खुसरा).

A number of terms across the culturally and linguistically diverse Indian subcontinent represent similar sex or gender categories. While these are rough synonyms, they may be better understood as separate identities due to regional cultural differences. In Odia, a hijra is referred to as hinjida or hinjda, in Tamil as ali, aravanni, aravani or aruvani (often considered derogatory, and have been supplanted by in-community terms rejecting the concept of hijra for a broader trans identity, such as thirunangai (; "respected woman"),  thirunambi (; "respected man") and thirunar (; "respected person") for trans woman, man and person respectively), in Punjabi as khusra or jankha, in Kannada as mangalamukhi (ಮಂಗಳಮುಖಿ), in Sindhi as khadri (), and in Gujarati as pavaiyaa (પાવૈયા). In Bengali, hijra is called হিজড়া, hijra, hijla, hijre, hizra, or hizre. In Konkani, they are known as hizddem or hizdô.

In North India, the goddess Bahuchara Mata is worshipped by pavaiyaa. In South India, the goddess Renuka is believed to have the power to change one's sex. Male devotees in female clothing are known as jogappa. They perform similar roles to hijra, such as dancing and singing at birth ceremonies and weddings.

The word kothi (or koti) is common across India, similar to the kathoey of Thailand, although kothis are often distinguished from hijras. Kothis are regarded as feminine men or boys who take a feminine role in sex with men, but do not live in the kind of intentional communities that hijras usually live in. Additionally, not all kothis have undergone initiation rites or the body modification steps to become a hijra. Local equivalents include durani (Kolkata), menaka (Cochin), meti (Nepal), and zenana (Pakistan).

Hijra used to be translated in English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite", although LGBT historians or human rights activists have sought to include them as being transgender. In a series of meetings convened between October 2013 and January 2014 by the transgender experts committee of India's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, hijra and other trans activists asked that the term "eunuch" be discontinued from usage in government documents, as it is not a term with which the communities identify.

Gender and sexuality
These identities have no exact match in the taxonomy of gender and sexual orientation, and challenge Western ideas of sex and gender.

A common misconception of many in Indian society is that hijra are intersex, asexual, and impotent. This is not fully accurate as many hijra are sexually active, in relationships, or may even partake in sex work. In India, some Hijras do not define themselves by specific sexual orientation, but rather by renouncing sexuality altogether. Sexual energy is transformed into sacred powers. However, these notions can come in conflict with the practical, which is that hijras are often employed as prostitutes. Furthermore, in India a feminine male who takes a "receptive" role in sex with a man will often identify as a kothi (or the local equivalent term). While kothis are usually distinguished from hijras as a separate gender identity, they often dress as women and act in a feminine manner in public spaces, even using feminine language to refer to themselves and each other. The usual partners of hijras and kothis are men who consider themselves heterosexual as they are the ones who penetrate. These male partners are often married, and any relationships or sex with "kothis" or hijras are usually kept secret from the community at large. Some hijras may form relationships with men and even marry, although their marriage is not usually recognized by law or religion. Hijras and kothis often have a name for these masculine sexual or romantic partners; for example, panthi in Bangladesh, giriya in Delhi or sridhar in Cochin. A 2015 study found that self identified panthi participants reported their sexual orientation as bisexual but otherwise aligned with male-typical in other study measures. Identification as hijra, kothi and panthi can be distinguished from Western categories, as they go beyond sexual attraction (such as gay, lesbian or bisexual in the West) to also include gender roles/presentation and preference in sexual position.

A qualitative, interview based study found that those who fall under the umbrella of being hijra tend to identify with certain 'schools of thought' including Khusrapan and Zananapan. These terms refer to categories of hijra functioning. Those who follow Khusrapan identify with being a Hermaphrodite, denouncing sex work while believing that the ancient practices of bestowing prayers and blessings are to be depended on for sustenance. In contrast, the Zananapan school of thought has followers who may be born biologically male but identify with being a woman through their appearance and lifestyle. They often turn to begging or sex work as a consequence of social exclusion.

History
The ancient Kama Sutra mentions the performance of fellatio by feminine people of a third sex (tritiya prakriti). This passage has been variously interpreted as referring to men who desired other men, so-called eunuchs ("those disguised as males, and those that are disguised as females"), male and female trans people ("the male takes on the appearance of a female and the female takes on the appearance of the male"), or two kinds of biological males, one dressed as a woman, the other as a man. Furthermore, in the Puranas three kinds of devas or divine beings of music and dance were identified. These included apsaras, gandharvas, and kinnars, with the former two referring to female and male while the latter refers to 'neuters'. Additionally, the early writings of the Manu Smriti explained the biological origin of the sexes, identifying a third sex that could result if there was an equal prevalence of male and female 'seed'.

Islamic era
Hijra identity and culture is documented to have evolved during the Delhi Sultanate (1226-1526) and Mughal Empire (1526-1707), where hijras held positions as servants for elite households, manual laborers, military commanders, political advisors, and guardians of the harem.

Franciscan travelers in the 1650s noted the presence of "men and boys who dress like women" roaming the streets of Thatta, in modern Pakistan. The presence of these individuals was taken to be a sign of the city's depravity.

British colonialism and the anti-Hijra campaign (1858-1947)

Beginning in the 1850s with the British Raj, colonial authorities deployed various strategies to eradicate hijras, whom they saw as "a breach of public decency." The British viewed hijras as incapable of "moral transformation" and assimilation and therefore subjected them to eliminatory policies. In 1860, hijras became subjected to Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code which allowed British authorities to prosecute hijras simply for existing. Even though they were already criminalized under Section 377, in 1861, authorities of the North-Western Provinces (NWP) sought to enact a 'special law' against hijras. By 1870, no high-ranking British officials argued against the implementation of special legislation to address the 'hijra problem,' thus solidifying a violent anti-hijra campaign all across the Indian subcontinent.

Anti-hijra laws were enacted; whereas a law outlawing castration, a central part of the hijra community (although not required for community membership), was left intact, though it was rarely enforced. The hijra were included in the Criminal Tribes Act (1871) and labelled a "criminal tribe", now subjected to compulsory registration, strict monitoring, and stigmatization. Because of economic costs, which were the main impetus behind British colonialism in India, hijras and other so-called "criminal tribes" were unable to be collectively sequestered from colonial society. British Lieutenant-Governor Edmund Drummond (1814-1895) framed the anti-hijra campaign as a necessary project of "extinguishment" and "extinction." Intense surveillance tactics were enacted over communities with hopes to eradicate hijras permanently.

Child removal projects, which had already begun elsewhere in the British Empire, like colonial Australia with the forced removal of aboriginal children for assimilation into white settler society, were brought to India for all 'criminal tribes' officially in 1911. Child removal was already in de facto practice against hijras since the passage of the Criminal Tribes Act (1871) to initiate the extermination of hijra communities by preventing initiation, since the dominant colonial narrative was that all hijra children were "kidnapped and enslaved". Jessica Hinchy notes that the elimination-oriented tactics carried out toward hijras during the colonial era were comparable to what Patrick Wolfe called the 'logic of elimination' in British settler colonies, such as the United States and Australia, as well as the anti-joya campaigns executed by Spanish colonial authorities against third gender people centuries earlier in the establishment of New Spain (1535-1821).

Post-colonial era (1947-present)
After independence, hijras survived these colonial extermination attempts. However, the centuries-old stigma continues as a legacy of British colonialism. Hijra communities remain throughout modern states of Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, although they continue to face social marginalization and police abuse. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, hijras became the subject of more attention, being the focus of numerous documentaries, news features, ethnographies, monographs, and dissertations. Gayatri Reddy writes that in the 21st century, hijras have also been 'mainstreamed' into popular films: "given this history of near invisibility, the recent attention focused on hijras has been unsettling for both hijras and non-hijras."

Social status and economic circumstances

Most hijras live at the margins of society with very low status; the very word "hijra" is sometimes used in a derogatory manner. The Indian lawyer and author Rajesh Talwar has written a book, titled The Third Sex and Human Rights, highlighting the human rights abuses suffered by the community. Few employment opportunities are available to hijras. Many get their income from performing at ceremonies (toli), begging (dheengna), or prostitution ('raarha')—an occupation of eunuchs also recorded in premodern times. Violence against hijras, especially those who are prostitutes, is often brutal, and occurs in public spaces, police stations, prisons, and their homes. As with transgender people in most of the world, they face extreme discrimination in health, housing, education, employment, immigration, law, and any bureaucracy that is unable to place them into male or female gender categories.

Housing
The aforementioned all-hijra communities are where many hijra seek refuge and move in. These are made up of a hierarchical structure with large groups of hijras from different areas forming lineages or gharanas. A naayak is the head and primary decision maker for a gharana, determining policies for the community. Falling under naayaks are gurus (lit. "teachers"). Gurus are above community members and regulate daily life in the housing space (known as a dera). The followers of a guru are called chelas. Traditionally, teachers and their disciples use these terms in many domains such as religious learning; however, they bear specific meaning in hijra communities as being about cultural learning—hijra chelas are taught about hijra customs by their guru. These communities reflect similarities to Western notions of found family.

In these communities, the hijras usually refer to each other in feminine terms. Thus, they refer to their relations as sisters with those who fall around their age range or aunt with those older than them, and so on.

In October 2013, Pakistani Christians and Muslims (Shia and Sunni) put pressure on the landlords of Imamia Colony to evict any transgender residents. I.A. Rehman, the director of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, said, "Generally in Pakistan, Khwaja Sira are not under threat. But they are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province because of a 'new Islam' under way."

Healthcare
The social status of hijra in society plays a part in their difficulty accessing healthcare services as doctors will turn hijra clients away, claiming that their presence will disturb other clients. Hijra have to hide their identities or can't disclose illnesses such as STI's. Most medical practitioners are also not well educated and informed enough on hijra or sexuality, further contributing to this issue. Social exclusion of the hijra also has some severe consequences for their health.

Hijra in Dhaka, Bangladesh were found to have the highest syphilis rates out of all at-risk groups in the city. In a study of Bangladeshi hijras, participants reported not being allowed to seek healthcare at the private chambers of doctors, and experiencing abuse if they go to government hospitals.

In 2008, HIV prevalence was 27.6% amongst hijra sex workers in Larkana, Pakistan. The general prevalence of HIV among the adult Pakistani population is estimated at 0.1%.

The aforementioned social inequalities and medical negligence also make hijra sex workers a more vulnerable population to HIV. Protection is not usually used in , increasing risk of direct exposure to HIV. 40% of the sample in a Pakistan study on HIV reported experiencing forced sex or abuse. Additionally, of this sample, 58% of participants had STI's, the most common being syphilis and gonorrhoea.

An Indian study consisting of 68 transgender participants reported that respondents expressed having intense feelings of low self worth, shame, depression and suicidal thoughts, internalizing the negative views the society around them holds. Many hijra experience a lack of a support system, facing rejection from family members or difficulties in terms of maintaining steady relationships with romantic partners. This rejection from society contributes to struggles with mental health as well as trans sex workers feeling obligated to accept the violence and stigmas they are subject to.

Criminalization of sexuality
After India's Supreme Court re-criminalized homosexual sex on 11 December 2013, there was a sharp increase in physical, psychological and sexual violence against the transgender community by the Indian Police Service, which often does not investigate reports of sexual assault against them. On 6 September 2018, the Supreme Court overturned India's Section 377, which criminalized anal and oral sex.

Education and employment
In an ethnographic study on the hijra experience in Bangladesh, many hijra recounted childhood experiences of facing abuse and isolation from their peers for presenting as feminine males. Additionally, many hijra reported facing abuse and humiliation from their teachers as well, making school an unfriendly and uncomfortable environment for them.  These experiences ultimately resulted in their reluctance to attend school or continue education. This lack of education ends up playing a role in unemployment rates of Hijra. Hijra in Bangladesh also experience sexual harassment and abuse at work, being removed from their jobs when outed as hijra or denied from jobs in general. They face accusations of disturbing the workplace environment.

Being turned away from traditional careers, many hijra have become involved in sex work. However, this has its own problems as Hijras face harassment, forced unprotected sex and assault from clients but many are not able to report it due to fear of harassment from the police as well.

In 2002, nearly 5,000 people attended the All India Eunuch Conference held in Varanasi; the conference's platform demanded that universities and government open more job opportunities to this population. On 15 April 2014, in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, the Supreme Court of India ruled that transgender people should be treated as a third category of gender or as a socially and economically "backward" class entitled to proportional access and representation in education and jobs.

Beginning in 2006, hijras were engaged to accompany Patna city revenue officials to collect unpaid taxes, receiving a 4-percent commission.

Language

The hijra community developed a secret language known as Hijra Farsi. The language has a sentence structure loosely based on Hindustani and a unique vocabulary of at least a thousand words. Some of the kinship terms and names for rituals used by the Hindi-speaking Hijra community are different in use from those used by people outside the Hijra community. For example, dādī, the Standard Hindi for paternal grandmother, is used in the Hijra community to address one's guru's guru. Beyond the Urdu-Hindi speaking areas of subcontinent the vocabulary is still used by the hijra community within their own native languages.

In politics of South Asia

The governments of both India (1994) and Pakistan (2009) have recognized hijras as a "third sex", thus granting them the basic civil rights of every citizen. In India, hijras now have the option to identify as a eunuch ("E") on passports and on certain government documents. They are not, however, fully accommodated; in order to vote, for example, citizens must identify as either male or female. There is also further discrimination from the government. In the 2009 general election, India's election committee denied three hijras candidature unless they identified themselves as either male or female. In 2013, transgender people in Pakistan were given their first opportunity to stand for election. Sanam Fakir, a 32-year-old hijra, ran as an independent candidate for Sukkur, Pakistan's general election in May.

In April 2014, Justice KS Radhakrishnan declared transgender to be the third gender in Indian law in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India. The ruling said:

Seldom, our society realises or cares to realise the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex. Our society often ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations, bus stands, schools, workplaces, malls, theatres,

hospitals, they are sidelined and treated as untouchables, forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society's unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions, a mindset which we have to change.

Justice Radhakrishnan said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law, enabling them to access jobs, healthcare and education. He framed the issue as one of human rights, saying that, "These TGs, even though insignificant in numbers, are still human beings and therefore they have every right to enjoy their human rights", concluding by declaring that:

 Hijras, Eunuchs, apart from binary gender, be treated as "third gender" for the purpose of safeguarding their rights under Part III of our Constitution and the laws made by the Parliament and the State Legislature.
 Transgender persons' right to decide their self-identified gender is also upheld and the Centre and State Governments are directed to grant legal recognition of their gender identity such as male, female or as third gender.

A bill supported by all political parties was tabled in Indian parliament to ensure transgender people get benefits akin reserved communities like SC/STs and is taking steps to see that they get enrollment in schools and jobs in government besides protection from sexual harassment.

In the 1990s, about 10,000 people belonged to a national organization called Treetiya Panthi Sanghatana (TPS). As of 2003, the president was Kajal Nayak. A younger Kajal Nayak, who was 27 years old in 2019, is the president of Jajpur's Transgender Association.

In religion

Many practice a form of syncretism that draws on multiple religions; seeing themselves to be neither men nor women, hijras practice rituals for both men and women.

They are usually devotees of the mother goddess Bahuchara Mata, Lord Shiva, or both.

Bahuchara Mata
Bahuchara Mata is a Hindu goddess with two unrelated stories both associated with transgender behavior. One story is that she appeared in the avatar of a princess who castrated her husband because he would run in the woods and act like a woman rather than have sex with her. Another story is that a man tried to rape her, so she cursed him with impotence. When the man begged her forgiveness to have the curse removed, she relented only after he agreed to run in the woods and act like a woman. The primary temple to this goddess is located in Gujarat and it is a place of pilgrimage for hijras, who see Bahuchara Mata as a patroness.

Lord Shiva

One of the forms of Lord Shiva is a merging with Parvati where together they are Ardhanari, a god that is half Shiva and half Parvati. Ardhanari has special significance as a patron of hijras, who identify with the gender ambiguity. The legend includes a story where Rishi Bhrigu pleased Lord Shiva and denied to please Mata Parvati. Then Lord Shiva and Parvati merged with each other and showed their form of Ardhanari or Ardhanarishwar, meaning half man and half woman. The form represents that a person has both elements of masculine and feminine.

In the Ramayana

In some versions of the Ramayana, when Rama leaves Ayodhya for his 14-year exile, a crowd of his subjects follow him into the forest because of their devotion to him. Soon Rama notices this, and gathers them to tell them not to mourn, and that all the "men and women" of his kingdom should return to their places in Ayodhya. Rama then leaves for 14 years. When he returns to Ayodhya, he finds that the hijras, being neither men nor women, have not moved from the place where he gave his speech. Impressed with their devotion, Rama grants hijras the boon to confer blessings on people during auspicious inaugural occasions like childbirth and weddings. Specifically, hijras will perform and bestow their blessings when a son is born. This boon is the origin of badhai in which hijras sing, dance, and give blessings.

In the Mahabharata

The Mahabharata includes an episode in which Arjuna, a hero of the epic, is sent into exile. There he assumes an identity of a eunuch-transvestite and performs rituals during weddings and childbirths that are now performed by hijras.

In another episode, before the Kurukshetra War, Aravan offers his lifeblood to goddess Kali to ensure victory for the Pandavas, and Kali agrees. On the night before the battle, Aravan expresses a desire to get married before he dies. No woman was willing to marry a man doomed to die in a few hours, so Lord Krishna (as Mohini) marries him. In South India, hijras claim Aravan as their progenitor and call themselves aravanis.

Each year in Tamil Nadu, during April and May, hijras celebrate an eighteen-day religious festival at a temple located in the village Koovagam in the Ulundurpet taluk in Villupuram district. The temple is devoted to the deity Koothandavar, who is identified with Aravan. During the festival, the hijras reenact the wedding of Lord Krishna and Lord Aravan, followed by Aravan's subsequent sacrifice. They then mourn Aravan's death through ritualistic dances and by breaking their bangles. An annual beauty pageant is also held, as well as various health and HIV/AIDS focused seminars. Hijras from all over the country travel to this festival. BBC Three documentary India's Ladyboys as well as the National Geographic Channel television series Taboo depict personal experiences of hijras attending this festival.

In Islam

There is evidence that Indian hijras identifying as Muslim also incorporate aspects of Hinduism. Still, despite this syncretism, Gayatri Reddy notes that hijra do not practice Islam differently from other Muslims and argues that their syncretism does not make them any less Muslim. Reddy also documents an example of how this syncretism manifests: in Hyderabad, India, a group of Muslim converts were circumcised, something seen as the quintessential marker of male Muslim identity.

In films and literature

India

Hijras have been portrayed on screen in Indian cinema since its inception, historically as comic relief. A notable turning point occurred in 1974 when real hijras appeared during a song-and-dance sequence in Kunwaara Baap ("The Unmarried Father"). The Hindi movie Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) features hijras who accompany one of the heroes, Akbar (Rishi Kapoor), in a song entitled "Tayyab Ali Pyar Ka Dushman" ("Tayyab Ali, the Enemy of Love").

 In Soorma Bhopali (1988), Jagdeep encounters a troupe of hijra on his arrival in Bombay. The leader of this pack is also played by Jagdeep himself.
 One of the main characters in Khushwant Singh's novel Delhi (1990), Bhagmati, is a hijra. She makes a living as a semi-prostitute and is wanted in the diplomatic circles of the city.
 One of the first sympathetic hijra portrayals was in Mani Ratnam's Bombay (1995). 1997's Tamanna starred male actor Paresh Rawal in a central role as "Tiku", a hijra who raises a young orphan. Pooja Bhatt produced and also starred in the movie, with her father Mahesh Bhatt co-writing and directing.
 The 1997 Hindi film Darmiyaan: In Between, directed & co-written by Kalpana Lajmi, is based on the subject of hijras, with a fictitious story of an actress bearing a son that turns out to be neuter.
 Kishor Shatabai Kale's novel, Hijara Ek Mard [Eunuch, A Man], was adapted for the stage in 1998. The play was titled Andharyatra.
 In the 2000 Tamil film Appu, directed by Vasanth and a remake of the Hindi film Sadak, the antagonist is a brothel-owning hijra played by Prakash Raj. (In Sadak, the brothel-owning character was played by Sadashiv Amrapurkar under the name "Maharani".)
 In Anil Kapoor's Nayak (2001), Johnny Lever, who plays the role of the hero's assistant, gets beaten up by hijras, when he is caught calling them "hijra" (he is in habit of calling almost everyone who bothers him by this pejorative and no one cares much, except this once ironically, as the addressees are literally what he is calling them.)
 There is a brief appearance of hijras in the 2004 Gurinder Chadha film Bride & Prejudice, singing to a bride-to-be in the marketplace.
 Deepa Mehta's controversial film Water (2005) features the hijra character "Gulabi" (played by Raghubir Yadav), who has taken to introducing the downtrodden, outcast widows of Varanasi to prostitution.
 Vijay TV's Ippadikku Rose (2008), a Tamil show conducted by postgraduate educated transgender woman Rose, was a very successful program that discussed various issues faced by youth in Tamil Nadu, where she also gave her own experiences.
 In addition to numerous other themes, the 2008 movie Welcome to Sajjanpur by Shyam Benegal explores the role of hijras in Indian society.
 Jogwa, a 2009 Marathi film, depicts the story of a man forced to be hijra under certain circumstances. The movie has received several accolades.
 The 2011 film Queens! Destiny Of Dance tells the story of an upmarket hijra community that is headed by their queen, Guru Amma, played by actress Seema Biswas.
 The 2011 comedy-horror Kanchana features an unemployed man who is possessed by a transgender woman seeking revenge against her murderers.
 The 2020 comedy-horror Laxmii, based on Kanchana, features the actor Akshay Kumar, a cisgender man who usually plays hypermasculine roles, in the role of a Muslim man who begins crossdressing because he is possessed by the ghost of a transgender woman.

Malayalam
In the Malayalam movie Ardhanaari, released on 23 November 2012, director Santhosh Sowparnika tries to depict the life of a transgender person. Manoj K Jayan, Thilakan, Sukumari and Maniyanpilla Raju perform leading roles.

Njan Marykutty is another Malayalam film about the troubles and challenges of a trans woman in Kerala.

Tamil

Vaadamalli by novelist Su. Samuthiram is the first Tamil novel about the Aravaani community in Tamil Nadu, published in 1994.

Transgender activist A. Revathi became the first hijra to write about transgender issues and gender politics in Tamil. Her works have been translated into more than eight languages and act as primary resources on gender studies in Asia. Her book is part of a research project for more than 100 universities. She is the author of Unarvum Uruvamum (Feeling and Form), the first of its kind in English from a member of the hijra community. She acted and directed stage plays on gender and sexuality issues in Tamil and Kannada. The Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story is part of the syllabus for final year students of The American College in Madurai.

"Naan Saravanan Alla" (2007) and Vidya's I Am Vidya (2008) were the first autobiographies of trans women.

Pakistan
The 1992 film Immaculate Conception by Jamil Dehlavi is based upon the culture-clash between a western Jewish couple seeking fertility at a Karachi shrine known to be blessed by a Sufi fakir called 'Gulab Shah' and the group of Pakistani eunuchs who guard it.

Murad (, but the film's English title was Eunuch's Motherhood), was an award-winning biographical telefilm drama made by Evergreen Media Europe for Pakistan's television channel Indus TV that aired in 2003. It featured some of the country's top male television actors—Sohail Asghar, Nabeel, Qazi Wajid, and Kamran Jilani playing the roles of hijras. It was directed by Kamran Qureshi, written by Zafar Mairaj and produced by Iram Qureshi. It won both Best TeleFilm and Best Director awards at 2003 Indus Telefilm Festival. The story revolves around Saima, a transgender woman, who adopts a child named Murad. For the first time, influential male actors showed their support for hijra rights during interviews, pointing out that in Pakistani English at that time eunuch was the term to describe a transgender person, and khwaja sara had not yet replaced what is now considered a derogatory term due to decades of heckling and name calling.

In 2004, Kamran Qureshi directed Moorat ( but released in English under the title Eunuch's Wedding. It a 33-episode series produced by Humayun Saeed and Abdullah Kadwani with more than a dozen cast members. It was nominated for Best Drama Serial, Abid Ali for Best Actor, and Maria Wasti for Best Actress at the Lux Style Awards 2005. The show was credited with making people understand the pain and abuse that hijra constantly endure when people make fun of the way they look or dress. The story involves a young lady who is engaged to be married. It turns out her husband is transgender. The story unfolds the trans community and their deprived and isolated world. It portrays eloquently how they, too, are not far away from human emotions and feelings and their world is not much different from the heterosexual community. Even though they are in plain sight, they are taboo subjects and are not taken seriously. This makes them suffer endlessly in silence wrapped in slurs. The 33-episode series therefore touches on transgender abuse, abuse against women, poverty, the immorality of arranged marriages and child abuse.

Bol (Urdu: بول meaning Speak), is a 2011 Urdu-language Pakistani social drama film. It concerns a patriarch, Hakim, who is a misogynist, a domestic abuser, a bigot and a zealot who forces religion on his family. They face financial difficulties due to Hakim wanting a son. He rejects his transgender daughter, Saifi, as he wanted an heir and she identifies as a girl. Saifi is deeply loved by the rest of her family. As she grows up, men want to take advantage of her and she does not understand at first. However, her oldest sister intervenes and teaches Saifi about what kind of touching is inappropriate. As Saifi grows older, she is not allowed to leave the house. She finds her sister's dresses compelling and tries them on, revealing her gender identity. A neighbour played by famous South Asian singer Atif Aslam, who is in love with one of the sisters, gets Saifi a job at a place where they paint trucks, with the blessing of Saifi's sisters and mother. Saifi dresses like a boy; however, other boys sense her lack of self-esteem and eventually gang-rape her. She is saved when another transgender person, played by Almas Bobby (a transgender actor), finds her and takes her home. Hakim overhears Saifi telling her mother and Zainab what happened. When everybody is asleep, Hakim locks the room and suffocates his child for luring the men for the "shame" he would have to bear if the story got out. It received several positive reviews from critics and went on to win the Best Hindi film award in IRDS Film awards 2011 by Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS).

Outside the Indian subcontinent

In the graphic novel Habibi by Craig Thompson, the protagonist, Zam, is adopted by a group of hijras.

In the TV comedy Outsourced (2011), a hijra is hired by Charlie as a stripper for Rajiv's "bachelor party", much to Rajiv's utter horror.

The novel The Ministry of Utmost Happiness by Arundhati Roy features a storyline involving a hijra character named Anjum.

Hijras feature prominently in John Irving's 1994 novel A Son of the Circus.

In the 2008 film 'Bride and Prejudice', directed by Gurinder Chadha, a group of hijras make an appearance during the 'A Marriage Has Come to Town' number, in which they dance and sing the following lyrics: "Who can tell you more about Yin & Yang?/Sharing one spirit between woman and man/Marriage is the path taken by he and she/May your new life be kissed by harmony."

Documentaries
 Middle Sexes (HBO documentary, includes segment on modern hijra) (2005)
 Shabnam Mausi (2005) based on the life of politician Shabnam Mausi.

See also

 Galli, the eunuch priests of the Phrygian goddess Cybele in antiquity
 Gender identities in Thailand
 Homosexuality in India
 Kathoey, a distinct transgender group in Thailand.
 Lên đồng, transgender priest or medium in Vietnam
 LGBT rights in Pakistan
 List of transgender-related topics
 Miss Transqueen India, a beauty pageant for transgender women
 Muxe, an analogous Zapotec concept
 Nullo
 Transgender rights in Tamil Nadu
 Transvestism
 Two-Spirit

References

Explanatory notes

Citations

General and cited references

Further reading
 Ahmed, Mona and Dayanita Singh (photographer). Myself Mona Ahmed. Scalo Publishers, 15 September 2001.
 Bakshi, Sandeep. "A Comparative Analysis of Hijras and Drag Queens: The Subversive Possibilities and Limits of Parading Effeminacy and Negotiating Masculinity." Ed. Stephen Hunt, Religions of the East. Surrey: Ashgate, 2010.
 Gannon, Shane Patrick. Translating the hijra: The symbolic reconstruction of the British Empire in India. PhD Thesis. University of Alberta, 2009.
 Jaffrey, Zia. "The Invisibles: A Tale of the Eunuchs of India." Vintage, 1998.
 Jami, Humaira. "Condition and Status of Hijras (Transgender, Transvestites etc.) in Pakistan", National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University (nd, 2005?)

 Khan, Faris A. (2014). "Khwajasara: 'Transgender' Activism and Transnationality in Pakistan." In South Asia in the World: An Introduction, edited by Susan Wadley, 170-184. New York: Routledge.
 Kugle, Scott. Sufis & Saints' Bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality & Sacred Power in Islam. University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
 Malloy, Ruth Lor, Meen Balaji and others. Hijras: Who We Are. Toronto: Think Asia, 1997.
 Money, John. Lovemaps. Irvington Publishers, 1988. Page 106.

 Patel, Geeta. Home, Homo, Hybrid: Translating Gender. In A Companion to Postcolonial Studies. Malden MA: Blackwell, 2000. 410–27.
 Zipfel, Isabell ' 'Hijras, the third sex' ' eBook with 34 photographs https://www.amazon.com/Hijras-the-third-sex-ebook/dp/B009ETN58C

External links

 Human Rights Violations against the Transgender Community , summary of a 2003 report by the Peoples' Union for Civil Liberties, Karnataka
 Aamr C. Bakshi of The Washington Post on Pakistan Drag Queen talk show host Begum Nawazish Ali
 Collected BBC articles on Hijras
 India's eunuchs demand rights, BBC News, 4 September 2003
 The Works on Hijra in Indian Sub-Continent – Photographs (Link to most recent archived version at Archive.org.)
 Why are Indian eunuchs warned about unsafe sex?
 World Press: Pakistan's Hijras
 Sangama – Leading Hijra Human Rights Organisation in India
 Eunuch MP takes seat – BBC world news- News on Shabnam Mausi, Hijra MP

Gender systems
Transgender in Asia
Third gender
Gender and Hinduism


In our lineage, those who have ordained have made giving and receiving the Dharma the center of their lives, and the ordained of the Chicago Zen Center are all too eager to discuss Zen practice and Buddhist teaching in any number of settings. In recent years, requests to have a Center representative speak or give a presentation have come from churches, university student groups, and interfaith organizations.
If you would like to schedule a CZC speaker or presentation, contact the Center at any time to see what can be arranged.


Source: British Medical Association. Caring, supportive, collaborative? Doctors' views on working in the NHS. November 2018.
1.51. We will continue to develop ICSs, building on the progress the NHS has already made. By April 2021 ICSs will cover the whole country, growing out of the current network of Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships (STPs). ICSs will have a key role in working with Local Authorities at 'place' level and through ICSs, commissioners will make shared decisions with providers on how to use resources, design services and improve population health (other than for a limited number of decisions that commissioners will need to continue to make independently, for example in relation to procurement and contract award). Every ICS will need streamlined commissioning arrangements to enable a single set of commissioning decisions at system level. This will typically involve a single CCG for each ICS area. CCGs will become leaner, more strategic organisations that support providers to partner with local government and other community organisations on population health, service redesign and Long Term Plan implementation.
clinical leadership aligned around ICSs to create clear accountability to the ICS. Cancer Alliances will be made coterminous with one or more ICS, as will Clinical Senates and other clinical advisory bodies. ICSs and Health and Wellbeing Boards will also work closely together.
1.53. NHS Improvement will take a more proactive role in supporting collaborative approaches between trusts. We will support trusts that wish to explore formal mergers to embed these benefits, supported by a new fast-track approach to assessing proposed transactions involving trusts that have been accredited as 'group' leaders. Each ICS will be required to implement integral services that prevent avoidable hospitalisation and tackle the wider determinants of mental and physical ill-health.
1.54. Funding flows and contract reform will support the move to ICSs as set out in Chapters Six and Seven. Service integration can be delivered locally through collaborative arrangements between different providers, including local 'alliance' contracts. Another option is to give one lead provider responsibility for the integration of services for a population. A new Integrated Care Provider (ICP) contract will be made available for use from 2019, following public and provider consultation. It allows for the first time the contractual integration of primary medical services with other services, and creates greater flexibility to achieve full integration of care. We expect that ICP contracts would be held by public statutory providers.
1.55. A new ICS accountability and performance framework will consolidate the current amalgam of local accountability arrangements and provide a consistent and comparable set of performance measures. It will include a new 'integration index' developed jointly with patients groups and the voluntary sector which will measure from patient's, carer's and the public's point of view, the extent to which the local health service and its partners are genuinely providing joined up, personalised and anticipatory care.
1.56. ICSs will agree system-wide objectives with the relevant NHS England/NHS Improvement regional director and be accountable for their performance against these objectives. This will be a combination of national and local priorities for care quality and health outcomes, reductions in inequalities, implementation of integrated care models and improvements in financial and operational performance. ICSs will then have the opportunity to earn greater authority as they develop and perform.
1.57. Both the wellbeing of older people and the pressures on the NHS are also linked to how well social care is functioning. When agreeing the NHS' funding settlement the government therefore committed to ensure that adult social care funding is such that it does not impose any additional pressure on the NHS over the coming five years. That is basis on which the demand, activity and funding in this Long Term Plan have been assessed.
Source: NHS England. Delayed Transfers of Care: Monthly Situation Reports.
the model where the CCG and local authority ask the chief executive of NHS England to designate the council chief executive or director of adult social care as the CCG accountable officer.
The government will set out further proposals for social care and health integration in the forthcoming Green Paper on adult social care.
1.59. In the meantime, the Better Care Fund (BCF) has provided an opportunity for councils and the NHS to work together to reduce delays, but is now in need of review. The BCF is regarded as a success in many areas, with local authorities and CCGs contributing more than their minimum required investment to support integration. However the National Audit Office has reported that the funding mechanism is overly complex, and there is a lack of clarity on the return from investment. The funding has also sometimes been used to replace core council funding rather than add to investment at the interface between health and care services. The Department of Health and Social Care and the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government with NHS England are therefore reviewing the BCF to ensure it meets its goals. The review will conclude in early 2019, and 2019/20 will continue to include clear requirements to continue to reduce DTOCs and improve the availability of care packages for patients ready to leave hospital.
1.60. Chapter Two now sets out the action we – the NHS, will be taking specifically on prevention and inequalities.


text:
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SESAMOID BONE
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Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot ACFAS. What is a sesamoid bone? We'll define it for you. Your browser does not support audio. What is a sesamoid bone? What is a sesamoid bone?, The largest sesamoid bone is the patella at the knee joint. It is not present in newborns. It starts its ossification later on life due to the action of the.
Function of Sesamoid bone science.answers.com
Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot ACFAS. A bone formed in a tendon. Example are the patella and baculumA sesamoid bone is that bone which is embedded within a tendon., Examples a sesamoid bone include: In the knee, In the hand, and In the foot. Share to: Answered. In Skeletal System. What sesamoid bone forms in the quadriceps tendon?.
3 / 13 Sesamoid bones are found embedded in _____. suture is an example of fibrous joint and is QuizOver.com uses cookies to ensure that you get the best Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot. What is a Sesamoid? A sesamoid is a bone embedded in a tendon. Sesamoids are found in several joints in the body.
The largest sesamoid bone is the patella at the knee joint. It is not present in newborns. It starts its ossification later on life due to the action of the INQUIRY QUESTION How do bones and joints FIGURE 2.5 Examples of bone types: (a) a long bone, (c) a sesamoid bone, (d)Лњa Лљ at bone, (e) an irregular bone
Example of sesamoid bone keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see Example of sesamoid bone keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see
Talk:Sesamoid bone Jump to navigation In the hand - two sesamoid bones are located in distal portions of the first metacarpal bone. For example, in the second Talk:Sesamoid bone Jump to navigation In the hand - two sesamoid bones are located in distal portions of the first metacarpal bone. For example, in the second
There can be inflammation of the tendons which are connected to the sesamoid (sesamoiditis) or there can be breakage of the sesamoid bone (sesamoid fracture). There can be inflammation of the tendons which are connected to the sesamoid (sesamoiditis) or there can be breakage of the sesamoid bone (sesamoid fracture).
Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot. What is a Sesamoid? A sesamoid is a bone embedded in a tendon. Sesamoids are found in several joints in the body. A bone formed in a tendon. Example are the patella and baculumA sesamoid bone is that bone which is embedded within a tendon.
8/04/2017В В· In this free online human anatomy course you will learn about the structure, development and function of bones within the human skeletal system. The largest sesamoid bone is the patella at the knee joint. It is not present in newborns. It starts its ossification later on life due to the action of the
INQUIRY QUESTION How do bones and joints FIGURE 2.5 Examples of bone types: (a) a long bone, (c) a sesamoid bone, (d)Лњa Лљ at bone, (e) an irregular bone A bone formed in a tendon. Example are the patella and baculumA sesamoid bone is that bone which is embedded within a tendon.
Sesamoid Injuries These are the sesamoids. A good example is the kneecap (patella), If you have fractured a sesamoid bone, Chapter 5 What is sesamoiditis? • In the hand — two sesamoid bones are commonly found in the distal portions of the first Book Sample. Home; Table of
Dr. Singh responded: Extra bone. Sesamoid bone is an extra bone that usually forms in a tendon. Knee cap is an example of a normal sesamoid bone. It may require What are sesamoid bones? What are sesamoid bones? Here are some definitions. Examples. At the level of each metacarpo-phalangeal articulation are two sesamoid bones.
What are sesamoid bones health.answers.com
TalkSesamoid bone Wikipedia. There can be inflammation of the tendons which are connected to the sesamoid (sesamoiditis) or there can be breakage of the sesamoid bone (sesamoid fracture)., In anatomy, a sesamoid bone (/ although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the bones, the scapulae, the sternum..
What exactly is a sesamoid bone (in hand) and HealthTap. There can be inflammation of the tendons which are connected to the sesamoid (sesamoiditis) or there can be breakage of the sesamoid bone (sesamoid fracture)., The largest sesamoid bone is the patella at the knee joint. It is not present in newborns. It starts its ossification later on life due to the action of the.
II. Osteology. 6d. 5. The Sesamoid Bones. Gray Henry
Bone Terminology Flashcards Quizlet. INQUIRY QUESTION How do bones and joints FIGURE 2.5 Examples of bone types: (a) a long bone, (c) a sesamoid bone, (d)Лњa Лљ at bone, (e) an irregular bone Dr. Singh responded: Extra bone. Sesamoid bone is an extra bone that usually forms in a tendon. Knee cap is an example of a normal sesamoid bone. It may require.
There can be inflammation of the tendons which are connected to the sesamoid (sesamoiditis) or there can be breakage of the sesamoid bone (sesamoid fracture). 8/04/2017В В· In this free online human anatomy course you will learn about the structure, development and function of bones within the human skeletal system.
Multipartite hallux sesamoids are a commonly seen normal variant, present in up to 33% of hallux sesamoids. They are more commonly bipartite than tripartite. The Chapter 5 What is sesamoiditis? • In the hand — two sesamoid bones are commonly found in the distal portions of the first Book Sample. Home; Table of
INQUIRY QUESTION How do bones and joints FIGURE 2.5 Examples of bone types: (a) a long bone, (c) a sesamoid bone, (d)Лњa Лљ at bone, (e) an irregular bone Sesamoid Injuries These are the sesamoids. A good example is the kneecap (patella), If you have fractured a sesamoid bone,
Types of bone on the basis They have no medullary cavity which is present in the typical long bones. Examples of this class of bones are Sesamoid bones: Sesamoid bones are bones embedded within a tendon. They are usually related to joint surfaces and the kneecap is one particular example.
Multipartite hallux sesamoids are a commonly seen normal variant, present in up to 33% of hallux sesamoids. They are more commonly bipartite than tripartite. The In anatomy, a sesamoid bone (/ although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the bones, the scapulae, the sternum.
Chapter 5 What is sesamoiditis? • In the hand — two sesamoid bones are commonly found in the distal portions of the first Book Sample. Home; Table of Dr. Singh responded: Extra bone. Sesamoid bone is an extra bone that usually forms in a tendon. Knee cap is an example of a normal sesamoid bone. It may require
Multipartite hallux sesamoids are a commonly seen normal variant, present in up to 33% of hallux sesamoids. They are more commonly bipartite than tripartite. The Reference.com Examples of sesamoid bone include the knee, the first metatarsal bone that connects to the big toe in the foot, and the hand,
There can be inflammation of the tendons which are connected to the sesamoid (sesamoiditis) or there can be breakage of the sesamoid bone (sesamoid fracture). The bones of the wrist are examples of _____ bones. Sesamoid. The bones of the Bone Terminology. 47 terms. Anatomy Lecture 2 Osteology.
The bones of the wrist are examples of _____ bones. Sesamoid. The bones of the Bone Terminology. 47 terms. Anatomy Lecture 2 Osteology. What is a sesamoid injury? A sesamoid bone is a bone that is inside a tendon where the tendon passes over a joint. Tendons are strong bands of tissue that attach
Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot. What is a Sesamoid? A sesamoid is a bone embedded in a tendon. Sesamoids are found in several joints in the body. Sesamoid bones are bones embedded within a tendon. They are usually related to joint surfaces and the kneecap is one particular example.
8/04/2017В В· In this free online human anatomy course you will learn about the structure, development and function of bones within the human skeletal system. Examples a sesamoid bone include: In the knee, In the hand, and In the foot. Share to: Answered. In Skeletal System. What sesamoid bone forms in the quadriceps tendon?
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What is a sesamoid bone" Keyword Found Websites Listing. 8/04/2017В В· In this free online human anatomy course you will learn about the structure, development and function of bones within the human skeletal system., Types of bone on the basis They have no medullary cavity which is present in the typical long bones. Examples of this class of bones are Sesamoid bones:.
Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot ACFAS
Sesamoid Bones and Injury. What are sesamoid bones? What are sesamoid bones? Here are some definitions. Examples. At the level of each metacarpo-phalangeal articulation are two sesamoid bones., Multipartite hallux sesamoids are a commonly seen normal variant, present in up to 33% of hallux sesamoids. They are more commonly bipartite than tripartite. The.
Dr. Singh responded: Extra bone. Sesamoid bone is an extra bone that usually forms in a tendon. Knee cap is an example of a normal sesamoid bone. It may require Example of sesamoid bone keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see
What is a sesamoid bone? We'll define it for you. Your browser does not support audio. What is a sesamoid bone? What is a sesamoid bone? What is a sesamoid bone? We'll define it for you. Your browser does not support audio. What is a sesamoid bone? What is a sesamoid bone?
The bones of the wrist are examples of _____ bones. Sesamoid. The bones of the Bone Terminology. 47 terms. Anatomy Lecture 2 Osteology. The bones of the wrist are examples of _____ bones. Sesamoid. The bones of the Bone Terminology. 47 terms. Anatomy Lecture 2 Osteology.
The Sesamoid bones are tiny pea sized bones which aid the functions of the joints. Located in the hands, wrists, knees and feet, they act as a fulcrum to help tendons Musculoskeletal X-ray - General principles Sesamoid bones are also present at the first metatarsophalangeal joint Bone anatomy example
INQUIRY QUESTION How do bones and joints FIGURE 2.5 Examples of bone types: (a) a long bone, (c) a sesamoid bone, (d)Лњa Лљ at bone, (e) an irregular bone What is a sesamoid injury? A sesamoid bone is a bone that is inside a tendon where the tendon passes over a joint. Tendons are strong bands of tissue that attach
Musculoskeletal X-ray - General principles Sesamoid bones are also present at the first metatarsophalangeal joint Bone anatomy example In anatomy, a sesamoid bone (/ although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the bones, the scapulae, the sternum.
Sesamoid bones are bones embedded within a tendon. They are usually related to joint surfaces and the kneecap is one particular example. 3 / 13 Sesamoid bones are found embedded in _____. suture is an example of fibrous joint and is QuizOver.com uses cookies to ensure that you get the best
What is a sesamoid bone? We'll define it for you. Your browser does not support audio. What is a sesamoid bone? What is a sesamoid bone? INQUIRY QUESTION How do bones and joints FIGURE 2.5 Examples of bone types: (a) a long bone, (c) a sesamoid bone, (d)Лњa Лљ at bone, (e) an irregular bone
Types of bone on the basis They have no medullary cavity which is present in the typical long bones. Examples of this class of bones are Sesamoid bones: Types of bone on the basis They have no medullary cavity which is present in the typical long bones. Examples of this class of bones are Sesamoid bones:
Example of sesamoid bone keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see Talk:Sesamoid bone Jump to navigation In the hand - two sesamoid bones are located in distal portions of the first metacarpal bone. For example, in the second
There can be inflammation of the tendons which are connected to the sesamoid (sesamoiditis) or there can be breakage of the sesamoid bone (sesamoid fracture). What is a sesamoid injury? A sesamoid bone is a bone that is inside a tendon where the tendon passes over a joint. Tendons are strong bands of tissue that attach
What are sesamoid bones? What are sesamoid bones? Here are some definitions. Examples. At the level of each metacarpo-phalangeal articulation are two sesamoid bones. A bone formed in a tendon. Example are the patella and baculumA sesamoid bone is that bone which is embedded within a tendon.
Multipartite hallux sesamoids are a commonly seen normal variant, present in up to 33% of hallux sesamoids. They are more commonly bipartite than tripartite. The What is a sesamoid bone? We'll define it for you. Your browser does not support audio. What is a sesamoid bone? What is a sesamoid bone?
Different types of bones have differing shapes related to their particular function. is an example of a sesamoid bone. < Next Article: Axial Skeleton > Related Sesamoid Injuries These are the sesamoids. A good example is the kneecap (patella), If you have fractured a sesamoid bone,
The bones of the wrist are examples of _____ bones. Sesamoid. The bones of the Bone Terminology. 47 terms. Anatomy Lecture 2 Osteology. What are sesamoid bones? What are sesamoid bones? Here are some definitions. Examples. At the level of each metacarpo-phalangeal articulation are two sesamoid bones.
There can be inflammation of the tendons which are connected to the sesamoid (sesamoiditis) or there can be breakage of the sesamoid bone (sesamoid fracture). Multipartite hallux sesamoids are a commonly seen normal variant, present in up to 33% of hallux sesamoids. They are more commonly bipartite than tripartite. The
8/04/2017 · In this free online human anatomy course you will learn about the structure, development and function of bones within the human skeletal system. Chapter 5 What is sesamoiditis? • In the hand — two sesamoid bones are commonly found in the distal portions of the first Book Sample. Home; Table of
Dr. Singh responded: Extra bone. Sesamoid bone is an extra bone that usually forms in a tendon. Knee cap is an example of a normal sesamoid bone. It may require 8/04/2017В В· In this free online human anatomy course you will learn about the structure, development and function of bones within the human skeletal system.
Sesamoid Injuries These are the sesamoids. A good example is the kneecap (patella), If you have fractured a sesamoid bone, The Sesamoid bones are tiny pea sized bones which aid the functions of the joints. Located in the hands, wrists, knees and feet, they act as a fulcrum to help tendons
Sesamoid Injuries Signs Symptoms Treatment Recovery. There can be inflammation of the tendons which are connected to the sesamoid (sesamoiditis) or there can be breakage of the sesamoid bone (sesamoid fracture)., Dr. Singh responded: Extra bone. Sesamoid bone is an extra bone that usually forms in a tendon. Knee cap is an example of a normal sesamoid bone. It may require.
Example of sesamoid bone keyword-suggest-tool.com. Chapter 5 What is sesamoiditis? • In the hand — two sesamoid bones are commonly found in the distal portions of the first Book Sample. Home; Table of, In anatomy, a sesamoid bone (/ although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the bones, the scapulae, the sternum..
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The Sesamoiditis Cure Chapter 5 What is sesamoiditis?
Chapter 5 What is sesamoiditis? • In the hand — two sesamoid bones are commonly found in the distal portions of the first Book Sample. Home; Table of What is a sesamoid injury? A sesamoid bone is a bone that is inside a tendon where the tendon passes over a joint. Tendons are strong bands of tissue that attach
Types of bone on the basis They have no medullary cavity which is present in the typical long bones. Examples of this class of bones are Sesamoid bones: Examples a sesamoid bone include: In the knee, In the hand, and In the foot. Share to: Answered. In Skeletal System. What sesamoid bone forms in the quadriceps tendon?
The bones of the wrist are examples of _____ bones. Sesamoid. The bones of the Bone Terminology. 47 terms. Anatomy Lecture 2 Osteology. Types of bone on the basis They have no medullary cavity which is present in the typical long bones. Examples of this class of bones are Sesamoid bones:
3 / 13 Sesamoid bones are found embedded in _____. suture is an example of fibrous joint and is QuizOver.com uses cookies to ensure that you get the best Different types of bones have differing shapes related to their particular function. is an example of a sesamoid bone. < Next Article: Axial Skeleton > Related
3 / 13 Sesamoid bones are found embedded in _____. suture is an example of fibrous joint and is QuizOver.com uses cookies to ensure that you get the best The Sesamoid bones are tiny pea sized bones which aid the functions of the joints. Located in the hands, wrists, knees and feet, they act as a fulcrum to help tendons
In anatomy, a sesamoid bone (/ although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the bones, the scapulae, the sternum. What is a sesamoid bone? We'll define it for you. Your browser does not support audio. What is a sesamoid bone? What is a sesamoid bone?
Types of bone on the basis They have no medullary cavity which is present in the typical long bones. Examples of this class of bones are Sesamoid bones: The bones of the wrist are examples of _____ bones. Sesamoid. The bones of the Bone Terminology. 47 terms. Anatomy Lecture 2 Osteology.
The largest sesamoid bone is the patella at the knee joint. It is not present in newborns. It starts its ossification later on life due to the action of the Multipartite hallux sesamoids are a commonly seen normal variant, present in up to 33% of hallux sesamoids. They are more commonly bipartite than tripartite. The
8/04/2017В В· In this free online human anatomy course you will learn about the structure, development and function of bones within the human skeletal system. Dr. Singh responded: Extra bone. Sesamoid bone is an extra bone that usually forms in a tendon. Knee cap is an example of a normal sesamoid bone. It may require
Example of sesamoid bone keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see The largest sesamoid bone is the patella at the knee joint. It is not present in newborns. It starts its ossification later on life due to the action of the
Types of bone on the basis They have no medullary cavity which is present in the typical long bones. Examples of this class of bones are Sesamoid bones: 3 / 13 Sesamoid bones are found embedded in _____. suture is an example of fibrous joint and is QuizOver.com uses cookies to ensure that you get the best
What are sesamoid bones? What are sesamoid bones? Here are some definitions. Examples. At the level of each metacarpo-phalangeal articulation are two sesamoid bones. 8/04/2017В В· In this free online human anatomy course you will learn about the structure, development and function of bones within the human skeletal system.
Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot. What is a Sesamoid? A sesamoid is a bone embedded in a tendon. Sesamoids are found in several joints in the body. Multipartite hallux sesamoids are a commonly seen normal variant, present in up to 33% of hallux sesamoids. They are more commonly bipartite than tripartite. The
Sesamoid bones are bones embedded within a tendon. They are usually related to joint surfaces and the kneecap is one particular example. Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot. What is a Sesamoid? A sesamoid is a bone embedded in a tendon. Sesamoids are found in several joints in the body.
Example of sesamoid bone keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see Examples a sesamoid bone include: In the knee, In the hand, and In the foot. Share to: Answered. In Skeletal System. What sesamoid bone forms in the quadriceps tendon?
What is a sesamoid injury? A sesamoid bone is a bone that is inside a tendon where the tendon passes over a joint. Tendons are strong bands of tissue that attach 8/04/2017В В· In this free online human anatomy course you will learn about the structure, development and function of bones within the human skeletal system.
Different types of bones have differing shapes related to their particular function. is an example of a sesamoid bone. < Next Article: Axial Skeleton > Related Multipartite hallux sesamoids are a commonly seen normal variant, present in up to 33% of hallux sesamoids. They are more commonly bipartite than tripartite. The
Talk:Sesamoid bone Jump to navigation In the hand - two sesamoid bones are located in distal portions of the first metacarpal bone. For example, in the second The bones of the wrist are examples of _____ bones. Sesamoid. The bones of the Bone Terminology. 47 terms. Anatomy Lecture 2 Osteology.
The largest sesamoid bone is the patella at the knee joint. It is not present in newborns. It starts its ossification later on life due to the action of the Chapter 5 What is sesamoiditis? • In the hand — two sesamoid bones are commonly found in the distal portions of the first Book Sample. Home; Table of
24/08/2018В В· Authenticating to Azure AD in daemon apps with certificates; Authenticating to Azure AD in daemon apps with certificates. API projects. To deploy Metadata api deploy certificate example Mt Hunter Certification ; Tools. A Metadata API deployment that includes Master-Detail relationships deletes all detail This sample shows how to deploy components in a
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Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., today announced the return of an ancient marble sarcophagus fragment to the Hellenic Republic during a repatriation ceremony attended by the Consul General of Greece in New York, Dr. Konstantinos Koutras, and ICE Homeland Security Investigations ("HSI") Assistant Special Agent-in-Charge Brett Dreyer.
Consul General of Greece, Dr. Koutras stated: "On behalf of the Hellenic Republic, I wish to extend my heartfelt thanks to the District Attorney of Manhattan, Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., for his contribution to this achievement, as we proudly accept a part of our heritage. This marvelous marble sarcophagus dated around the 2nd century A.D. will now be returned where it belongs, to Greece. It will be displayed at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens with a special reference that will point out the decisive contribution of the Manhattan District Attorney's Office for its repatriation. Sadly, in the past, our country has suffered from cruel and continued smuggling of its antique artifacts, and even to this day, a very important part of our heritage remains scattered throughout the world.
"The artistic expression of every human age and culture is part of our global and perennial heritage. Art, culture, and tradition transcend time and space. This global, collective expression should in no way be confined within the physical borders of any country, as regrettably is still the case today, especially with numerous ancient Greek artifacts.
As part of an ongoing joint investigation with partners in international law enforcement, in January, the Manhattan District Attorney's Office seized pursuant to a search warrant the ancient marble sarcophagus fragment from a gallery in Midtown Manhattan, where it was displayed as the centerpiece. The item, which originally dates back to 200 A.D. and depicts a battle between Greek and Trojan warriors, was stolen from Greece in 1988. The artifact was then smuggled abroad and transported through Europe before finally landing in New York.
In August 2014, five ancient coins dating as far back as 515 B.C. were returned to Greece following the investigation and prosecution of Arnold Peter Weiss, a coin collector who was convicted of multiple counts of Attempted Criminal Possession of Stolen Property in the Fourth Degree for possessing several coins that the defendant believed to be stolen dekadrachma and tetradrachm from the Sicilian cities of Agrigento and Catania.
In April 2016, a 2nd century Buddhist sculpture valued at more than $1 million was returned to Pakistan following the investigation and prosecution of Tatsuzo Kaku, an art dealer convicted of Criminal Possession of Stolen Property for acquiring and selling stolen antiquities smuggled out of South Asia.
In May and June 2016, two bronze statues and four carved artifacts dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries A.D. and valued at several millions of dollars were returned to India following a series of seizures conducted as part of an investigation into international antiquities trafficking.
Assistant District Attorney Matthew Bogdanos, Senior Trial Counsel, handled the recovery of the ancient marble sarcophagus fragment. The recovery was made possible by the efforts of Dr. Christos Tsirogiannis, Affiliate Researcher at the Scottish Centre of Crime and Justice Research, University of Glasgow, and lecturer for the Association for Research into Crimes Against Art ("ARCA") in Italy.
District Attorney Vance thanked HSI New York and the Consulate General of Greece in New York for their assistance with the matter.


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Tag: Death Metal
"Death…is Just the Beginning" is also a tour
By	Jason Muxlow | August 29, 2018 September 10, 2019 by Jason Muxlow
This was announced way back in April, but bears repeating now that we're a bit closer to the dates and NUCLEAR BLAST has announced the resurrection of the Death…is Just the Beginning compilation series this tour is taking its name from. From Nuclear Blast: Montréal based melodic death metallers KATAKLYSM announce that they will be teaming up with Swedish death metal legends HYPOCRISY for a European co-headline tour! After several years without any touring activities, the band with Peter Tägtgren (PAIN, LINDEMANN) is…
Music & Merch News
"Death…is Just the Beginning" returns
Nuclear Blast are reviving their old Death …is Just the Beginning death metal compilation series and for anyone old to remember geeking out over the first few installments of this series (before they turned it into video compilations and started putting power metal bands on it) or Roadrunner's similar At Death's Door series, it looks like they may be doing it right. Right off the bat, the cover art is solidly in line with the early entries.…
Relapse offer full album stream of Amorphis' debut, "Privilege of Evil"
By	Jason Muxlow | February 5, 2017 November 21, 2018 by Jason Muxlow
Not sure what brought this on, but who am I to look a crushing Finnish death metal horse in the mouth?
The Golden Years of British Extreme Metal: The Other Guys
By	Sebastian Gregory | July 22, 2016 November 21, 2018 by Sebastian Gregory
Much ink has been spilled about the blossoming of extreme metal around the world. The United States – particularly the Florida scene which spawned so many great bands – has been well represented. Sweden/Norway gets plenty of love, from the chainsaw guitar tone to the unchained hedonism. That's all fine and good as those were the blood-stained birthing grounds of our beloved genre. What about England, then? In those glorious pre-Internet days of tape-trading and DIY promotion, metal…
Thursday Three: Cadaver & Friends
By	Jason Muxlow | July 14, 2016 November 21, 2018 by Jason Muxlow
Here's a three of mid-tempo death metal-bordering-on-thrash that exchanges brutality and violence for something a bit more cerebral. There's something to be said for taking your time. Cadaver — "Into the Outside" from …in Pains (1993) Coroner — "About Life" from Mental Vortex (1991) Inner Thought — "Words" from Perspectives (1995) Playlist: Thursday Three: Cadaver & friendsWatch this playlist on YouTube
Cannibal Corpse, "Butchered at Birth" (1991)
By	Sebastian Gregory | July 5, 2016 November 21, 2018 by Sebastian Gregory
Imagine for a minute that you grew up in the musical suburbs, in an unpretentious little subdivision called Death Metal; you know, right down the road from Thrash Town but a long way away from Rock City and on the other side of the freaking country from Country Burg and the glittering excess of Discolopolis. Just a few houses down from where you live are the guys who like to play a lot of fantasy-based…
Memoriam sign with Nuclear Blast
By	Jason Muxlow | June 25, 2016 November 21, 2018 by Jason Muxlow
This slipped under the radar! Apparently, back in January, Karl Willets (vocals; Bolt Thrower) and Frank Healy (bass; Benediction, Sacrilege) started a new band with Andy Whale (drums; ex-Bolt Thrower) to "jam out some cover versions of old classic songs that had influenced us in the past along with some cover versions from the bands we had played with over the years, and maybe eventually do a few low key gigs" in the wake of…
Gruesome are visiting the (un)holy land!
DEATH worshippers GRUESOME are hitting the road to support their new EP, Dimensions of Horror, out now on Relapse Records. Their 10-date European run is preceded by what will no doubt be 3 suitably swampy August shows in the home of gators, sweltering humidity and inexplicable behavior: Florida. North American Dates Aug 4 Tampa, FL New World Brewery Aug 5 Winter Park, FL The Haven Aug 6 Ft. Lauderdale, FL Kreepy Tiki European Dates Aug…
New Centinex available for preorder
After nearly a decade on hiatus, Sweden's CENTINEX rebounded with 2014's more than solid comeback, Redeeming Filth. Two years later and their next full-length slab, Doomsday Rituals is scheduled for release in July 2016 on Agonia Records. It's available for preorder with 3 promising tracks streaming on Bandcamp.
60% of Entombed are back together!
Decibel Magazine broke the news a couple weeks ago that the mighty ENTOMBED is back in action with 3 original members: Guitarists Alex Hellid & Ulf Cedarlund and drummer/writer/driving force/sometimes secret vocalist Nicke Andersson! Plans on the table at the moment are Close-Up Magazine's Båten cruise in late October and a performance of Entombed's 1991 classic Clandestine with the Malmö Symphony Orchestra on November 12.


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The commercial building at 110 Robinson Road in the Central Business District has been put up for sale with an indicative price tag of $45 million and this is marketed by Cushman & Wakefield as sole agent.
This commercial property was completed in the eighties with twelve storeys of which eleven are office space and a retail unit on the ground floor. This commercial real estate has a freehold land tenure with land size of 1,853 square feet with rentable or lettable floor area of 14,233 square feet. The zoning for this site is of commercial use having a plot ratio of about 11 which when completed as new commercial property offering new office space will yield up to building height control not exceeding 35 storey.
According to Cushman & Wakefield, strong influx of liquidity is finding its way into Singapore for its prime office assets in the Central Business District from foreign investors with the latest high profile acquisitions of Asia Square Tower 1 being transacted at $3.4 billion to Qatar Investment Authority by BlackRock and also notably Straits Trading Building being sold at $560 million to Indonesian tycoon Tahir by Sun Venture.


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Zollie Coffer Steakley, Jr. (August 29, 1908 – March 24, 1992) was a Texas lawyer, politician and judge, serving as Secretary of State of Texas and as a justice of the Texas Supreme Court.

Early years and education

Steakley was born in Rotan, Texas, and moved to Comanche County, Texas as a young child where he grew up and attended school. He graduated as valedictorian from DeLeon High School in 1926, and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Simmons University (now Hardin-Simmons University) in Abilene in 1929. While at Simmons University, Steakley excelled in baseball and as a member of the debate team. Upon graduation, he declined a professional baseball contract to pursue a law degree.  Steakley earned an LL.B. from The University of Texas School of Law in 1932, where he served as student editor of the Texas Law Review.

Career

Steakley returned to West Texas shortly after graduating from law school in 1929. He practiced law throughout the 1930s in Sweetwater and assisted his father in his Chevrolet dealership business.  In 1939, Texas Attorney General, Gerald Mann, offered Steakley a position as Assistant Attorney General, and he returned to Austin.  After serving as Assistant Attorney General for 3 years, Steakley joined the U.S. Navy after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, serving from 1942 to 1945 in naval intelligence and earning the rank of lieutenant commander.

Following the war, Steakley returned to Austin and briefly served again as Assistant Attorney General under Grover Sellers.  He then re-entered private practice, forming a partnership with the distinguished Austin lawyer, Herbert Smith, in September 1946.  Steakley practiced law as a partner of this newly established firm, Smith and Steakley for over 10 years, when Senator Price Daniel offered him the position of Secretary of State prior to Daniel's likely Gubernatorial victory in November 1956.  Steakley served as Texas Secretary of State from 1957 until 1961.  As the Secretary of State, Steakley played an influential role in liaising with the legislature to promote and ultimately pass Daniel's initiatives in numerous areas including the interstate gas tax and escheat law. Steakley ensured the 1960 election of President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson by certifying the narrow results in Texas and rejecting Republican claims of election fraud.

Gov. Price Daniel appointed Steakley to the Texas Supreme Court on January 1, 1961 to fill the vacancy created when Robert Calvert became chief justice. Steakley was subsequently elected to the position in November 1962, and reelected in 1968 and 1974. He retired from the court on December 31, 1980. During his tenure he authored an estimated 200 major opinions and was an authority in many areas of law.  Following his retirement from the bench, Steakley served as special assistant to attorney general Mark White. When White was elected governor, Steakley became a special assistant in the governor's office of general counsel. He also assisted attorneys general Jim Mattox and Dan Morales.

Legacy and Death

In addition to his work as a lawyer and judge, Steakley was involved in numerous civic organizations throughout his lifetime to include the Boy Scouts, the Lions Club of Austin, and the Christian Education Commission. He served as the president of the Austin Lions Club and as District Governor for Lions International.  Steakley served as the Director of the United Fund of Austin and as the Chairman of the Baptist Commission of Texas. He taught a radio Bible class from Austin's Paramount Theater for forty-two years that reached a large audience in central and east Texas, and was regularly attended by Texas Governors and other prominent politicians.  In fact, Price Daniel and Ralph Yarborough, fierce rivals within the Texas Democratic Party, regularly attended Steakley's bible class and were both among his closest personal friends.

Steakley was widely respected among the Texas ruling elite throughout his years of public service.  At a special session of the Texas Supreme Court to honor Steakley after his death, former Chief Justice Joe Greenhill stated " The State of Texas is a better place for free men and women to live because of his services on the Court.  Those of us who were privileged to serve with him are richer for our association with him, and he deserves to be remembered as one of the ablest judges ever to site on this Court."  Considered a gifted public speaker, Steakley was often invited to deliver commencements and speeches throughout his lifetime of public service, and President Lyndon Johnson once described Steakley as an "orator and advocate without peer".

Steakley served on the board of trustees of Hardin-Simmons University, his alma mater, for eighteen years. He died in his home in Austin at the age of eighty-three.

See also

Secretary of State of Texas

References

Sources
 In Memoriam: Honorable Zollie Steakley. The Supreme Court of Texas, June 11, 1993. 879 S.W.2d XXXIX-XLIII (1993).
 Zollie Coffer Steakley, Jr. & Leona Ruth Butler: First 100 Years in Nolan County Texas (1985). http://www.rootsweb.com/~txnolan/nolan_co100yr/steakley_zollie_coffer.htm
 Zollie Coffer Steakley, 25:42 Forty Acres Facts: The Faculty and Staff Newsletter for Hardin –Simmons University, June 23, 2003, 1 & 3. https://web.archive.org/web/20060901185633/http://www.hsutx.edu/news/archive/20030623.pdf
 Oral Memoirs of Zollie Coffer Steakley, Baylor University Institute for Oral History. 1983.

1908 births
1992 deaths
Secretaries of State of Texas
Justices of the Texas Supreme Court
Hardin–Simmons University alumni
University of Texas School of Law alumni
People from Rotan, Texas
20th-century American judges

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Sec. 7343. Definition Of The Term Person
CHAPTER 75—CRIMES, OTHER OFFENSES, AND FORFEITURES
Subchapter A—Crimes
Subchapter D—Miscellaneous Penalty and Forfeiture Provisions
Sec. 7343. Definition of the term person.
The term "person" as used in this chapter includes an officer or employee of a corporation, or a member or employee of partnership, who as such officer, employee or member is under a duty to perform the act in respect of which the violation occurs.
All of the criminal Code Sections, 7201 - Attempt to evade or defeat tax, 7202 - Willful failure to collect or pay over tax, 7203 - Willful failure to file return, supply information, or pay tax, etc., and this section (7343), defining the affected and controlled "persons" to be prosecuted for the crimes, are ALL in Chapter 75.
In this Chapter (75), according to this section (7343), the term "person" means only the corporate officers "under a duty to perform the act in respect of which the violation occurs". OF COURSE, the "duty" they are obviously referring to is the duty of those corporate officers who are the "persons" in charge of the "duty of the corporations, etc to retain and pay the sum of the tax", acting as Withholding Agents performing their legislatively mandated duties as tax collectors, who are tasked in the law with the duty to collect tax from foreign subject "persons".
Clearly and obviously, for the purposes of applying ALL OF THE CRIMINAL STATUTES of Chapter 75, including code Sections 7201, 7203, etc., - only the corporate officers who are RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CORPORATE WITHHOLDING OPERATIONS are brought under the jurisdiction of the IRS TO BE PUNISHED AS CRIMINALS, NOT private citizens acting in a personal capacity, rather than those persons acting in the capacity of an officer of a corporation, with a duty as a Withholding Agent to withhold tax from a foreign subject. Of course it was necessary to enact this because it is the corporation that is actually liable for the payment of the tax collected (by withholding), but a corporation cannot be put in jail to be punished fOR a failure to collect and pay. Somebody has to be punished for the corporate failure of the duty to collect tax as required by law, to make sure the situation gets ccorrected. This statute identifies the persons in the corporation who are put in place of the "liable" corporation itself, for punishment. person!
All private Citizens charged under these criminal code sections, regarding any alleged failure to pay tax on their own income, are being fraudulently charged as though the tax were direct, WHEN IT IS NOT!
Remember the citizen's exemption.
Section 7203's own language acknowledges the Citizens exception recorded in Section 6654 and explicitly states that Section 7203 does not apply in such cases !!
And as we have seen, the IRS intentionally ignores the actual requirements of the law, and insists on misusing their authority, committing extortion under color office under color of law, to misapply the law in name of tax only, by intentionally using the wrong form so as to unconstitutionally generate as large an alleged direct tax debt as possible in the citizen's name in order to illegally intimidate the citizen into submission and compliance, under threat of criminal prosecution and imprisonment if convicted. All unlawfully done in the name of tax only, because in fact, the Constitution still does not allow it, and the actual law does not implement a direct tax on one's own income at all, but rather imposes an indirect tax that is collected at the source by corporations, etc. (acting as tax collectors in the form of Withholding Agents) given a duty to retain (by withholding money as tax from payments made to persons made subject in the law to the withholding of tax from their pay) and pay the sum of the tax (under the liability established under Section 1461 to pay over to the U.S. Treasury the income tax collected by withholding money from subject person's payments). Those subject persons are all foreign. There is no other statute besides Section 1461 making any other person liable under the law for the payment of any income tax.
The Proper Legal Use of Form 1040 clearly shows the true legal nature and correct legal use of Form 1040, under the LAW.
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