text:
"C. elegans" redirects here. For other uses, see C. elegans (disambiguation).
It has been suggested that Victor Nigon be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2020.
An adult hermaphrodite C. elegans worm
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Chromadorea
Order: Rhabditida
Family: Rhabditidae
Genus: Caenorhabditis
(Maupas, 1900)[1]
Caenorhabditis elegans var. Bergerac[2] (for instance strain BO)[3]
Caenorhabditis elegans var. Bristol[4] (for instance strain N2)[5]
Caenorhabditis elegans (/ˌsiːnoʊræbˈdaɪtəs ˈɛləɡæns/[6]) is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length[7] that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus.[8] The name is a blend of the Greek caeno- (recent), rhabditis (rod-like)[9] and Latin elegans (elegant). In 1900, Maupas initially named it Rhabditides elegans. Osche placed it in the subgenus Caenorhabditis in 1952, and in 1955, Dougherty raised Caenorhabditis to the status of genus.[10]
C. elegans is an unsegmented pseudocoelomate and lacks respiratory or circulatory systems.[11] Most of these nematodes are hermaphrodites and a few are males.[12] Males have specialised tails for mating that include spicules.
In 1963, Sydney Brenner proposed research into C. elegans, primarily in the area of neuronal development. In 1974, he began research into the molecular and developmental biology of C. elegans, which has since been extensively used as a model organism.[13] It was the first multicellular organism to have its whole genome sequenced, and as of 2019, is the only organism to have its connectome (neuronal "wiring diagram") completed.[14][15][16]
1 Anatomy
1.1 Gut granules
2 Reproduction
3.1 Embryonic development
3.1.1 Axis formation
3.1.2 Gastrulation
3.2 Post-embryonic development
5 Research use
5.1 Notable findings
5.2 Spaceflight research
6 Genetics
6.1 Genome
6.1.1 Size and gene content
6.1.2 Related genomes
6.2 Other genetic studies
7 Scientific community
Movement of wild-type C. elegans
C. elegans is unsegmented, vermiform, and bilaterally symmetrical. It has a cuticle (a tough outer covering, as an exoskeleton), four main epidermal cords, and a fluid-filled pseudocoelom (body cavity). It also has some of the same organ systems as larger animals. About one in a thousand individuals is male and the rest are hermaphrodites.[17] The basic anatomy of C. elegans includes a mouth, pharynx, intestine, gonad, and collagenous cuticle. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system. The four bands of muscles that run the length of the body are connected to a neural system that allows the muscles to move the animal's body only as dorsal bending or ventral bending, but not left or right, except for the head, where the four muscle quadrants are wired independently from one another. When a wave of dorsal/ventral muscle contractions proceeds from the back to the front of the animal, the animal is propelled backwards. When a wave of contractions is initiated at the front and proceeds posteriorly along the body, the animal is propelled forwards. Because of this dorsal/ventral bias in body bends, any normal living, moving individual tends to lie on either its left side or its right side when observed crossing a horizontal surface. A set of ridges on the lateral sides of the body cuticle, the alae, is believed to give the animal added traction during these bending motions.
In relation to lipid metabolism, C. elegans does not have any specialized adipose tissues, a pancreas, a liver, or even blood to deliver nutrients compared to mammals. Neutral lipids are instead stored in the intestine, epidermis, and embryos. The epidermis corresponds to the mammalian adipocytes by being the main triglyceride depot.[18]
The pharynx is a muscular food pump in the head of C. elegans, which is triangular in cross-section. This grinds food and transports it directly to the intestine. A set of "valve cells" connects the pharynx to the intestine, but how this valve operates is not understood. After digestion, the contents of the intestine are released via the rectum, as is the case with all other nematodes.[19] No direct connection exists between the pharynx and the excretory canal, which functions in the release of liquid urine.
Males have a single-lobed gonad, a vas deferens, and a tail specialized for mating, which incorporates spicules. Hermaphrodites have two ovaries, oviducts, and spermatheca, and a single uterus.
Anatomical diagram of a male C. elegans
C. elegans neurons contain dendrites which extend from the cell to receive neurotransmitters, and a process that extends to the nerve ring (the "brain") for a synaptic connection between neurons.[20] The biggest difference is that C. elegans has motor excitatory and inhibitory neurons, known as cholinergic and gabaergic neurons, which simply act as further regulation for the tiny creature. They have no influence on the nervous system besides regulating neuron impulses.[21]
Gut granules
Numerous gut granules are present in the intestine of C. elegans, the functions of which are still not fully known, as are many other aspects of this nematode, despite the many years that it has been studied. These gut granules are found in all of the Rhabditida orders. They are very similar to lysosomes in that they feature an acidic interior and the capacity for endocytosis, but they are considerably larger, reinforcing the view of their being storage organelles. A remarkable feature of the granules is that when they are observed under ultraviolet light, they react by emitting an intense blue fluorescence. Another phenomenon seen is termed 'death fluorescence'. As the worms die, a dramatic burst of blue fluorescence is emitted. This death fluorescence typically takes place in an anterior to posterior wave that moves along the intestine, and is seen in both young and old worms, whether subjected to lethal injury or peacefully dying of old age.
Many theories have been posited on the functions of the gut granules, with earlier ones being eliminated by later findings. They are thought to store zinc as one of their functions. Recent chemical analysis has identified the blue fluorescent material they contain as a glycosylated form of anthranilic acid (AA). The need for the large amounts of AA the many gut granules contain is questioned. One possibility is that the AA is antibacterial and used in defense against invading pathogens. Another possibility is that the granules provide photoprotection; the bursts of AA fluorescence entail the conversion of damaging UV light to relatively harmless visible light. This is seen a possible link to the melanin–containing melanosomes.[22]
A lateral (left) side anatomical diagram of an adult-stage C. elegans hermaphrodite
The hermaphroditic worm is considered to be a specialized form of self-fertile female, as its soma is female. The hermaphroditic germline produces male gametes first, and lays eggs through its uterus after internal fertilization. Hermaphrodites produce all their sperm in the L4 stage (150 sperm cells per gonadal arm) and then produce only oocytes. The hermaphroditic gonad acts as an ovotestis with sperm cells being stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a chamber wherein the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm).[23]
The male can inseminate the hermaphrodite, which will preferentially use male sperm (both types of sperm are stored in the spermatheca).
Once he recognizes a hermaphrodite worm, the male nematode begins tracing the hermaphrodite with his tail until he reaches the vulval region. The male then probes the region with his spicules to locate the vulva, inserts them, and releases sperm.[24]
The sperm of C. elegans is amoeboid, lacking flagella and acrosomes.[25] When self-inseminated, the wild-type worm lays about 300 eggs. When inseminated by a male, the number of progeny can exceed 1,000. Hermaphrodites do not typically mate with other hermaphrodites. At 20 °C, the laboratory strain of C. elegans (N2) has an average lifespan around 2–3 weeks and a generation time of 3 to 4 days.
C. elegans has five pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Sex in C. elegans is based on an X0 sex-determination system. Hermaphrodites of C. elegans have a matched pair of sex chromosomes (XX); the rare males have only one sex chromosome (X0).
Embryonic development
The fertilized zygote undergoes rotational holoblastic cleavage.
Sperm entry into the oocyte commences formation of an anterior-posterior axis. The sperm microtubule organizing center directs the movement of the sperm pronucleus to the future posterior pole of the embryo, while also inciting the movement of PAR proteins, a group of cytoplasmic determination factors, to their proper respective locations.[26] As a result of the difference in PAR protein distribution, the first cell division is highly asymmetric.[27] C. elegans embryogenesis is among the best understood examples of asymmetric cell division.[28]
All cells of the germline arise from a single primordial germ cell, called the P4 cell, established early in embryogenesis.[29][30] This primordial cell divides to generate two germline precursors that do not divide further until after hatching.[30]
Axis formation
The resulting daughter cells of the first cell division are called the AB cell (containing PAR-6 and PAR-3) and the P1 cell (containing PAR-1 and PAR-2). A second cell division produces the ABp and ABa cells from the AB cell, and the EMS and P2 cells from the P1 cell. This division establishes the dorsal-ventral axis, with the ABp cell forming the dorsal side and the EMS cell marking the ventral side.[31] Through Wnt signaling, the P2 cell instructs the EMS cell to divide along the anterior-posterior axis.[32] Through Notch signaling, the P2 cell differentially specifies the ABp and ABa cells, which further defines the dorsal-ventral axis. The left-right axis also becomes apparent early in embryogenesis, although it is unclear exactly when specifically the axis is determined. However, most theories of the L-R axis development involve some kind of differences in cells derived from the AB cell.[33]
Gastrulation occurs after the embryo reaches the 24-cell stage.[34] C. elegans are a species of protostomes, so the blastopore eventually forms the mouth. Involution into the blastopore begins with movement of the endoderm cells and subsequent formation of the gut, followed by the P4 germline precursor, and finally the mesoderm cells, including the cells that eventually form the pharynx. Gastrulation ends when epiboly of the hypoblasts closes the blastopore.[35]
Post-embryonic development
Under environmental conditions favourable for reproduction, hatched larvae develop through four larval stages - L1, L2, L3, and L4 - in just 3 days at 20 °C. When conditions are stressed, as in food insufficiency, excessive population density or high temperature, C. elegans can enter an alternative third larval stage, L2d, called the dauer stage (Dauer is German for permanent). A specific dauer pheromone regulates entry into the dauer state. This pheromone is composed of similar derivatives of the 3,6-dideoxy sugar, ascarylose. Ascarosides, named after the ascarylose base, are involved in many sex-specific and social behaviors.[36] In this way, they constitute a chemical language that C. elegans uses to modulate various phenotypes. Dauer larvae are stress-resistant; they are thin and their mouths are sealed with a characteristic dauer cuticle and cannot take in food. They can remain in this stage for a few months.[37][38] The stage ends when conditions improve favour further growth of the larva, now moulting into the L4 stage, even though the gonad development is arrested at the L2 stage.[39]
Each stage transition is punctuated by a molt of the worm's transparent cuticle. Transitions through these stages are controlled by genes of the heterochronic pathway, an evolutionarily conserved set of regulatory factors.[40] Many heterochronic genes code for microRNAs, which repress the expression of heterochronic transcription factors and other heterochronic miRNAs.[41] miRNAs were originally discovered in C. elegans.[42] Important developmental events controlled by heterochronic genes include the division and eventual syncitial fusion of the hypodermic seam cells, and their subsequent secretion of the alae in young adults. It is believed that the heterochronic pathway represents an evolutionarily conserved predecessor to circadian clocks.[43]
Nematodes have a fixed, genetically determined number of cells, a phenomenon known as eutely. The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 959 somatic cells and the male has 1033 cells,[44][45][46] although it has been suggested that the number of their intestinal cells can increase by one to three in response to gut microbes experienced by mothers.[47] Much of the literature describes the cell number in males as 1031, but the discovery of a pair of left and right MCM neurons increased the number by two in 2015.[46] The number of cells does not change after cell division ceases at the end of the larval period, and subsequent growth is due solely to an increase in the size of individual cells.[48]
Main article: Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans
The different Caenorhabditis species occupy various nutrient- and bacteria-rich environments. They feed on the bacteria that develop in decaying organic matter (microbivory). Soil lacks enough organic matter to support self-sustaining populations. C. elegans can survive on a diet of a variety of bacteria, but its wild ecology is largely unknown. Most laboratory strains were taken from artificial environments such as gardens and compost piles. More recently, C. elegans has been found to thrive in other kinds of organic matter, particularly rotting fruit.[49]
C. elegans can also use different species of yeast, including Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus kuetzingii, as sole source of food.[50] Although a bacterivore, C. elegans can be killed by a number of pathogenic bacteria, including human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus,[51] Pseudomonas aeruginosa,[52] Salmonella enterica or Enterococcus faecalis.[53]
Invertebrates such as millipedes, insects, isopods, and gastropods can transport dauer larvae to various suitable locations. The larvae have also been seen to feed on their hosts when they die.[54]
Nematodes can survive desiccation, and in C. elegans, the mechanism for this capability has been demonstrated to be late embryogenesis abundant proteins.[55]
C. elegans, as other nematodes, can be eaten by predator nematodes and other omnivores, including some insects.[56]
The Orsay virus is a virus that affects C. elegans, as well as the Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus[57] and the Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus.
Interactions with fungi
Wild isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans are regularly found with infections by Microsporidia fungi. One such species, Nematocida parisii, replicates in the intestines of C. elegans.[58]
Arthrobotrys oligospora is the model organism for interactions between fungi and nematodes.[59] It is the most common nematode capturing fungus, and most widespread nematode trapping fungus in nature.
Further information: History of research on Caenorhabditis elegans
Asymmetric cell divisions during early embryogenesis of wild-type C. elegans
In 1963, Sydney Brenner proposed using C. elegans as a model organism for the investigation primarily of neural development in animals. It is one of the simplest organisms with a nervous system. The neurons do not fire action potentials, and do not express any voltage-gated sodium channels.[60] In the hermaphrodite, this system comprises 302 neurons[61] the pattern of which has been comprehensively mapped, in what is known as a connectome, and shown to be a small-world network.[62]
Research has explored the neural and molecular mechanisms that control several behaviors of C. elegans, including chemotaxis, thermotaxis, mechanotransduction, learning, memory, and mating behaviour.[63] In 2019 the connectome of the male was published using a technique distinct from that used for the hermaphrodite. The same paper used the new technique to redo the hermaphrodite connectome, finding 1,500 new synapses.[64]
It has been used as a model organism to study molecular mechanisms in metabolic diseases.[65] Brenner also chose it as it is easy to grow in bulk populations, and convenient for genetic analysis.[66] It is a multicellular eukaryotic organism, yet simple enough to be studied in great detail. The transparency of C. elegans facilitates the study of cellular differentiation and other developmental processes in the intact organism. The spicules in the male clearly distinguish males from females. Strains are cheap to breed and can be frozen. When subsequently thawed, they remain viable, allowing long-term storage.[13] Maintenance is easy when compared to other multicellular model organisms. A few hundred nematodes can be kept on a single agar plate and suitable growth medium. Brenner described the use of a mutant of E. coli – OP50. OP50 is a uracil-requiring organism and its deficiency in the plate prevents the overgrowth of bacteria which would obscure the worms.[67] The use of OP50 does not demand any major laboratory safety measures, since it is non-pathogenic and easily grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) media overnight.[68]
Notable findings
The developmental fate of every single somatic cell (959 in the adult hermaphrodite; 1031 in the adult male) has been mapped.[69][70] These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, whereas in mammals, cell development is more dependent on cellular cues from the embryo.
As mentioned previously, the first cell divisions of early embryogenesis in C. elegans are among the best understood examples of asymmetric cell divisions, and the worm is a very popular model system for studying developmental biology.[28]
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) eliminates many additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become neurons); this "apoptotic predictability" has contributed to the elucidation of some apoptotic genes. Cell death-promoting genes and a single cell-death inhibitor have been identified.[71]
Wild-type C. elegans hermaphrodite stained with the fluorescent dye Texas Red to highlight the nuclei of all cells
RNA interference (RNAi) is a relatively straightforward method of disrupting the function of specific genes. Silencing the function of a gene can sometimes allow a researcher to infer its possible function. The nematode can be soaked in, injected with,[72] or fed with genetically transformed bacteria that express the double-stranded RNA of interest, the sequence of which complements the sequence of the gene that the researcher wishes to disable.[73] RNAi has emerged as a powerful tool in the study of functional genomics. C. elegans has been used to analyse gene functions and claim the promise of future findings in the systematic genetic interactions.[74]
Environmental RNAi uptake is much worse in other species of worms in the genus Caenorhabditis. Although injecting RNA into the body cavity of the animal induces gene silencing in most species, only C. elegans and a few other distantly related nematodes can take up RNA from the bacteria they eat for RNAi.[75] This ability has been mapped down to a single gene, sid-2, which, when inserted as a transgene in other species, allows them to take up RNA for RNAi as C. elegans does.[76]
Research into meiosis has been considerably simplified since every germ cell nucleus is at the same given position as it moves down the gonad, so is at the same stage in meiosis. In an early phase of meiosis, the oocytes become extremely resistant to radiation and this resistance depends on expression of genes rad51 and atm that have key roles in recombinational repair.[77][78] Gene mre-11 also plays a crucial role in recombinational repair of DNA damage during meiosis.[79] A study of the frequency of outcrossing in natural populations showed that selfing is the predominant mode of reproduction in C. elegans, but that infrequent outcrossing events occur at a rate around 1%.[80] Meioses that result in selfing are unlikely to contribute significantly to beneficial genetic variability, but these meioses may provide the adaptive benefit of recombinational repair of DNA damages that arise, especially under stressful conditions.[citation needed]
Nicotine dependence can also be studied using C. elegans because it exhibits behavioral responses to nicotine that parallel those of mammals. These responses include acute response, tolerance, withdrawal, and sensitization.[81]
As for most model organisms, scientists that work in the field curate a dedicated online database and the WormBase is that for C. elegans. The WormBase attempts to collate all published information on C. elegans and other related nematodes. Their website has advertised a reward of $4000 for the finder of a new species of closely related nematode.[82] Such a discovery would broaden research opportunities with the worm.[83]
C. elegans has been a model organism for research into ageing; for example, the inhibition of an insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway has been shown to increase adult lifespan threefold;[84][85] while glucose feeding promotes oxidative stress and reduce adult lifespan by a half.[65] In addition C. elegans exposed to 5mM lithium chloride (LiCl) showed lengthened life spans.[86] When exposed to 10μM LiCl, reduced mortality was observed, but not with 1μM.[87]
C. elegans has been instrumental in the identification of the functions of genes implicated in Alzheimer's disease, such as presenilin.[88] Moreover, extensive research on C. elegans has identified RNA-binding proteins as essential factors during germline and early embryonic development.[89]
C. elegans is notable in animal sleep studies as the most primitive organism to display sleep-like states. In C. elegans, a lethargus phase occurs shortly before each moult.[90] C. elegans has also been demonstrated to sleep after exposure to physical stress, including heat shock, UV radiation, and bacterial toxins.[91]
While the worm has no eyes, it has been found to be sensitive to light due to a third type of light-sensitive animal photoreceptor protein, LITE-1, which is 10 to 100 times more efficient at absorbing light than the other two types of photopigments (opsins and cryptochromes) found in the animal kingdom.[92]
C. elegans is remarkably adept at tolerating acceleration, it can withstand a g-force of 400,000 according to geneticists at the University of São Paulo in Brazil in an experiment 96% of them were still alive without adverse effects after an hour in an ultracentrifuge.[93]
Spaceflight research
C. elegans made news when specimens were discovered to have survived the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in February 2003.[94] Later, in January 2009, live samples of C. elegans from the University of Nottingham were announced to be spending two weeks on the International Space Station that October, in a space research project to explore the effects of zero gravity on muscle development and physiology. The research was primarily about genetic basis of muscle atrophy, which relates to spaceflight or being bed-ridden, geriatric, or diabetic.[95] Descendants of the worms aboard Columbia in 2003 were launched into space on Endeavour for the STS-134 mission.[96] Additional experiments on muscle dystrophy during spaceflight will be carried on board of the ISS starting in December 2018.[97][needs update]
Genomic information
Karyotype of C. elegans
explanation of colors
Mitotic chromosomes of Caenorhabditis elegans. DNA (red)/ Kinetochores (green). Holocentric organisms, including C. elegans, assemble diffuse kinetochores along the entire poleward face of each sister chromatid.
NCBI genome ID
Genome size
101.169 Mb
Number of chromosomes
5 pairs of autosomes (I, II, III, IV and V) + 1 or 2 sex chromosomes (X[98])
Sequenced organelle
Organelle size
C. elegans hermaphrodite
C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its whole genome sequenced. The sequence was published in 1998,[99] although some small gaps were present; the last gap was finished by October 2002.
Size and gene content
The C. elegans genome is about 100 million base pairs long and consists of six pairs of chromosomes in hermaphrodites or five pairs of autosomes with XO chromosome in male C.elegans and a mitochondrial genome. Its gene density is about one gene per five kilo-base pairs. Introns make up 26% and intergenic regions 47% of the genome. Many genes are arranged in clusters and how many of these are operons is unclear.[100] C. elegans and other nematodes are among the few eukaryotes currently known to have operons; these include trypanosomes, flatworms (notably the trematode Schistosoma mansoni), and a primitive chordate tunicate Oikopleura dioica. Many more organisms are likely to be shown to have these operons.[101]
The genome contains an estimated 20,470 protein-coding genes.[102] About 35% of C. elegans genes have human homologs. Remarkably, human genes have been shown repeatedly to replace their C. elegans homologs when introduced into C. elegans. Conversely, many C. elegans genes can function similarly to mammalian genes.[37]
The number of known RNA genes in the genome has increased greatly due to the 2006 discovery of a new class called 21U-RNA genes,[103] and the genome is now believed to contain more than 16,000 RNA genes, up from as few as 1,300 in 2005.[104]
Scientific curators continue to appraise the set of known genes; new gene models continue to be added and incorrect ones modified or removed.
The reference C. elegans genome sequence continues to change as new evidence reveals errors in the original sequencing. Most changes are minor, adding or removing only a few base pairs of DNA. For example, the WS202 release of WormBase (April 2009) added two base pairs to the genome sequence.[105] Sometimes, more extensive changes are made as noted in the WS197 release of December 2008, which added a region of over 4,300 bp to the sequence.[106][107]
Related genomes
In 2003, the genome sequence of the related nematode C. briggsae was also determined, allowing researchers to study the comparative genomics of these two organisms.[108] The genome sequences of more nematodes from the same genus e.g., C. remanei,[109] C. japonica[110] and C. brenneri (named after Brenner), have also been studied using the shotgun sequencing technique.[111] These sequences have now been completed.[112][113]
Other genetic studies
C. elegans adult with GFP coding sequence inserted into a histone-encoding gene by Cas9-triggered homologous recombination
As of 2014, C. elegans is the most basal species in the 'Elegans' group (10 species) of the 'Elegans' supergroup (17 species) in phylogenetic studies. It forms a branch of its own distinct to any other species of the group.[114]
Tc1 transposon is a DNA transposon active in C. elegans.
In 2002, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, and John Sulston for their work on the genetics of organ development and programmed cell death in C. elegans. The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello for their discovery of RNA interference in C. elegans.[115] In 2008, Martin Chalfie shared a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on green fluorescent protein; some of the research involved the use of C. elegans.
Many scientists who research C. elegans closely connect to Sydney Brenner, with whom almost all research in this field began in the 1970s; they have worked as either a postdoctoral or a postgraduate researcher in Brenner's lab or in the lab of someone who previously worked with Brenner. Most who worked in his lab later established their own worm research labs, thereby creating a fairly well-documented "lineage" of C. elegans scientists, which was recorded into the WormBase database in some detail at the 2003 International Worm Meeting.[116]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caenorhabditis elegans.
Animal testing on invertebrates
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OpenWorm
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Caenorhabditis elegans (category)
Wikispecies has information related to Caenorhabditis elegans
Scholia has a taxon profile for Caenorhabditis elegans.
Scholia has a topic profile for Caenorhabditis elegans.
Brenner S (2002) Nature's Gift to Science. In. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf (also Horvitz and Sulston lectures)
WormBase – an extensive online database covering the biology and genomics of C. elegans and other nematodes
WormAtlas – online database on all aspects of C. elegans anatomy with detailed explanations and high-quality images
WormBook – online review of C. elegans biology
AceView WormGenes – another genome database for C. elegans, maintained at the NCBI
C. elegans II – a free online textbook.
WormWeb Neural Network – an online tool for visualizing and navigating the connectome of C. elegans
C. elegans movies – a visual introduction to C. elegans
View the ce11 genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser.
Caenorhabditis elegans at eppo.int (EPPO code CAEOEL)


As I sat in Starbucks on a dreary Saturday afternoon, trying to fight my exhaustion and the darkening half moons under my eyes with a steady flow of caffeine, these were just a few of the phrases I heard exclaimed by the weary students around me. While listening, I noticed a somewhat startling occurrence. It seemed like everyone was trying to one-up each other over the matter of how much sleep they neglected for studying, or how much they could push their bodies to the limit of complete debilitation.
In the past 10 years or so, with a rise in competitive college applicants (and subsequently, students) across the nation, it seems that being productive to the point of deteriorating performance is the new vogue. A 2011 study by the American Psychological Association showed that students today are more anxious, depressed and have poorer sleep patterns than at any other time in this nation's history. Psychologist Gregg Henriques attributes this trend to the economic and financial pressures of the unstable job market and the obsession with testing and grades in schools.
This semester, I purposefully scaled back on the strenuousness of my classes in order to have more time for both running and exploring extracurriculars. Though it was the right decision for me, it left me with feelings of uncertainty that I wasn't working up to my potential. Throughout high school, I would often leave my house at 7 a.m. and not return until late at night. By the spring of my senior year, I was completely burnt out. I wasn't sleeping, racing poorly and had little to no interest in academics. I couldn't maintain my façade of inhuman productivity forever.
Last night, I got eight hours of sleep due to the fact that I have a manageable workload and have finally figured out how to prioritize my time. Yet, I was left feeling strangely guilty about my decision to choose what worked best for me, and ultimately, the fact that I was not living up to society's expectations of what a truly "good" student does during the night (spending it in the library). As I'm sleeping, I thought, other people are out there working hard to expand their knowledge and fulfill their hopes and dreams — while I lie here like a rock in my bed.
Instead of paying tribute to the things that matter such as balance, self-care and emotional well-being, it seems that our society has turned toward romanticizing exhaustion and anxiety. Coffee is not seen as a delicious beverage, but as a way of pumping caffeine into one's body after too many hours studying into the late hours of the night. Of course, every so often, a very late night due to hours of work is inevitable — and part of the college experience. I am by no means declaring that students need to simply stop studying so they can suddenly morph into perfectly rested human beings.
However, we can only run on fumes for so long. Our body does not function on lack of sleep. Numerous studies have shown that over time, low sleep levels contribute to higher rates of anxiety, depression, poor academic performance and even obesity.
In life, it is impossible to constantly be going — we are humans, not energizer bunnies. Thus, pushing, pushing, pushing will inevitably lead us over the brink of a total breakdown. In competitive running, for example, if you never scale back, you will eventually wear your body down and experience massive declines in performance. Though it is tempting to go out and pound the pavement for miles and miles every single day, desperately chasing a dream, it's important to listen to your body. Doing too much with no recovery time is the reason a plethora of stress fractures and other injuries leave heartbroken runners pedaling sadly on the stationary bike for large portions of their season.
Runners and, to a greater extent, all athletes, are encouraged to take care of their bodies and choose sleep over "cram sessions" and adequate nutrition over missed meals. We know our bodies will simply not perform at high levels if we fail to refuel the energy we are taking out of it.
However, why isn't this message of proper refueling and balance being shared with all students? Though we all use our bodies in different ways, everyone has the same basic human needs. At our very core, food, rest and hydration keep us going — but a good laugh with friends, a day of simply doing nothing but watching Netflix and drinking hot chocolate or a nice walk in the sun never fails to boost my overall mindset. A strong GPA and work ethic will take you far in life, but someone who does not ever stop and cut back every once in a while will inevitably burnout.
This belief in never taking a day off — even amid injury or sickness, or days when you simply feel like you have the entire world on your shoulders — is twisted. That mindset is how I ended up with two stress reactions in my legs and mental burnout. The belief in "no days off" that is supposed to promote success and productivity, ironically halted my progress in its tracks.
Though totally transforming a recent social phenomenon is unrealistic, it's important to know how to take care of yourself when you're feeling overwhelmed and stressed out. Instead of frantically pressing on amid overwhelming feelings of helplessness, take some time to slow down and address the source of your stress. It is not embarrassing to go to bed before midnight if you're completely exhausted. You are not a failure if you have to miss a club meeting because you've shed tears over whether you'll complete a paper in time for the due date. The bags under your eyes are not meant to be shown off like a shiny new purchase, but rather an indicator that you need to let yourself recover. Your body, and your mind, will definitely thank you.
Kaela Theut can be reached at ktheut@umich.edu.


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Within Glasgow
Employment by gender
Employment of migrant workers
Loss of Industrial Employment
Employment rates for selected UK cities, UK and Scotland, April 2016-March 2017
Glasgow's employment rate sits in the middle of the selection of UK cities and is below the UK average.
The Annual Population Survey (APS) combines results from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the English, Welsh and Scottish Labour Force Survey boosts. It is the primary source for information on local labour markets, providing headline estimates on employment, unemployment and economic activity and is the largest annual household survey in Scotland.
The LFS definition of employment is anyone (aged 16 or over) who does at least one hour's paid work in the week prior to their LFS interview, or has a job that they are temporarily away from (e.g. on holiday). Also included are people who do unpaid work in a family business and people on government supported employment training schemes, in line with ILO definitions.
The headline employment rate is the proportion of the working-age population who are in employment. The working-age population comprises men aged 16-64 and women aged 16-59 and therefore takes account of the school leaving age but does not align completely with the state pension age which is in the process of change and rising.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


New Music and its very latest examples should form part of conductor training and so also feature as part of a conducting competition. For this reason, a new competition CAMPUS II organized by German universities has commissioned Gordon Kampe with the writing of a new work especially for the event, with the support of the EvS Music Foundation. This will be the compulsory piece for all twelve candidates in the first round to be held on January 21, 2019. The young conductors will receive the work only about six weeks before the competition and must furthermore manage without today's usual recording aids when developing their work. This will help them reinforce their own interpretative skills without regard for any previous performances. Kampe is planning his composition as a kind of "étude for conducting" that will contain technical and tonal challenges. CAMPUS II will be held in three rounds. The second and third rounds will be performed with Nuremberg's professional orchestras and the concluding concert will be held on January 26 in the main building of the Staatstheater.


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5 Men Who Know How To Invest Money
October 25, 2012 by Karl Leave a Comment
Whatever the field of interest, it is natural for a devotee to look at the qualities of already highly successful participants, analyze those qualities, and then try to simulate them into his own life. Whether it is sport, cooking, motor racing, or any area where those that excel reap high rewards, much can be gained by examining top performers and setting targets to beat their performance.
The world of investing is no different in this regard to any other. Just as there are heroes in sport, there are heroes in the investing community: investors who seem to have the Midas touch, and consistently beat the markets. But who are the top 5, and how do they do it?
Jim Simons founded his private investment firm, Renaissance Technologies Corporation, in 1982. It is now one of the world's most successful hedge funds and over its lifetime has made an average annual return of 30%. Renaissance is one of the most active investment firms in the marketplace today, perhaps because of its trading philosophy.
Simons trades in easily tradable instruments, and selects buy and sell opportunities by reference to complex mathematical modeling, analyzing price movements to predict future price direction. In other words, his trading methodology relies on scientific modeling, and removes all emotive reasons to buy, sell, or hold.
David Tepper looks for value where others see none. The distressed debt specialist founded Appaloosa Management in 1993, and the company now has around $4 billion under management. His interest in making money investing was fostered by his father, who traded stocks in Pittsburgh. He actively looks for companies that are on the verge of bankruptcy, and buys their debt securities. In times when such opportunities are few and far between, he invests in distressed industries (such as the housing and construction sector in the last few years).
Like many prominent investors, Tepper also has a philanthropic outlook, and donated $55 million to Carnegie Mellon University, from where he gained a Master of Science in industrial administration in 1982. Tepper's best single year came in 2003, when his distressed debt investments made a return of 148.82%. In its lifetime to date Appaloosa has suffered three loss-making years, and its average annualized return is 29.5%.
Prem Watsa immigrated to Canada from India, where his parents were from a small Christian community. Watsa studied at what was to become the Ivey Business School, and worked several jobs before buying Markel Financial for $5 million in 1985. He renamed the company Fairfax Financial Holdings, and together with his friend Francis Chou used the insurance float of the company to invest and increase its worth, in much the same way as Warren Buffett at Berkshire Hathaway.
Again, like Buffett, Watsa invests in companies that he believes are fundamentally undervalued by the market and operates a passive, buy and hold investment strategy. Long term, Watsa's Fairfax has made an annualized return of 23.5%.
Andreas Halvorsen was a platoon commander in the Norwegian SEALs before he moved to the United States. He graduated from the Stanford Graduate School of Business in 1990, and then took positions in investment banking at Morgan Stanley before becoming a senior managing director at Tiger Management LLC.
In 1999, Halvorsen became a founding partner of Viking Global Investors, where he is now the Chief Investment Officer for the company, running two equity hedge funds. His portfolios are diversified across sector and at company level. His investments have produced an annualized return of more than 22% since Viking's inception in a moderately traded portfolio.
Robert Karr, like Andreas Halvorsen, is a devotee of Julian Robertson and was an employee at Tiger Management before setting up Joho Capital in 1996. Robertson's investment philosophy was to go long of the top 200 companies in the world and short of the worst 200 companies in the world.
Karr's Joho Capital is rather more concentrated in its investments, with a high proportion in the technology sector and invested predominantly in Asian markets, particularly Japan and China. Karr, again, is in the camp of a buy and hold strategy, that has seen annualized returns on his investments of over 22% since Joho's inception.
These top five investors all make money on a consistent basis. They are driven and determined, though come from very different backgrounds: Watsa is an immigrant from a family who lived in a small rural town, while Tepper was bought up by a father who traded stocks in a big city.
Some have been within academia all their lives, whilst others, like Halvorsen, had careers far removed from a desk in an office.
All have had their investment heroes, whether that is an investor like Julian Robertson, Warren Buffett, or Benjamin Graham.
Some trade in focused and concentrated portfolios, some with a wide spread of international equities, others prefer debt instruments. Some turn their portfolio over at near lightning speed whilst others are happy to buy a security and hold almost to eternity.
But all have two things in common:
They are focused on a goal and use disciplined trading strategies to invest money and achieve their aims;
Secondly, they all have taken time to learn their profession, and then have kept learning throughout their careers, whether that is from trading mistakes or from watching and learning from the trading activities of their personal investment heroes.
Of course, perhaps the best known of investors in the world is Warren Buffett, and many would be surprised that he is not on this list. Known as the Oracle of Omaha, his Berkshire Hathaway has returned an average of 19.5% since he bought it in the mid 1960's. A value investor, he is a keen advocate of Benjamin Graham's investment methodology, and seeks out undervalued companies in which he can invest on a long term basis.
Filed Under: Education, Making Money, Stock investing


In a follow up to my Love Is In The Air post, The Great Horned Owls and Redtail Hawks now have chicks.
Four owl chicks in the sand cliff, up from 3 each of the last two years.
The adults were in a tree about 50 yards away.
This Redtail Hawk raised three chicks last year.
We saw at least two heads this year. Could be more.
Spring is a great time for birdwatching in Boise. This morning we rode our tandem 42 miles. This included 7 miles next to the Boise river. During the two hour ride we saw 10 Redtail Hawks (not including the nesting pair in the photos above), 2 Harriers, 10-15 Kestrels, 4 Meadowlarks, 2 Kingfishers, 1 Osprey, 2 Chuckers, 1 Downy Woodpecker, and lots of Geese, Ducks, Quail, Robins, Redwing Blackbirds, Magpies, Crows, and other unidentified birds.
Wonderful pictures! I guess I'll have to post some of my husband's shots of nesting herons.
These are fantastic photographs! I'm so glad you came by and left a comment on our blog. It brought me here, and I was rewarded with these lovely owl and hawk baby photographs. Really great. Thank you.
rexroth's daughter sent me here. I'm so glad she did. These are wonderful, photos. Thanks for this high point in my day.


The relinquishment by an assured person to the assur- ers of his right to what is saved out of a wreck, when the thing insured has, by some of the usual perils of the sea, become practi- cally valueless. Upon abandonment the as- sured is entitled to call upon the assurers to pay the full amount of the insurance, as in the case of a total loss. The loss is, in such I case, called a constructive total loss, — Wharton. See Total loss.


Gary Scogin thinks about shoes probably less than your average person does on your average day, but shoes are the only thing on his main character`s mind in his new children`s picture book called Penny the Palomino Quarter Horse and Her New Shoes.
Gary is a graduate of Texas A&M University class of 2001. Whoop! He has taught 6th grade language arts for the past 12 years in Friendswood ISD, a suburb south of Houston, Texas. In his spare time, when he is not teaching or writing, he enjoys running (with shoes on) and playing any game inside or outside that his boys think up.
He also has the following John Muir quote whispering to him as he goes about his day: The mountains are calling and I must go. "


Cozy one bedroom apartment on the second floor with balcony in the popular Zeeheldenkwartier. Nice open kitchen with entrance to the balcony. High ceilings and large windows offer a spacious and sunny living space. Living at Zoutmanstraat means living close to Prins Hendrikstraat and Piet Heinstraat with it's lovely restaurants, bars and shops. The tram stops right in front of the apartment with direct connections to the sea and Central Station.
Layout Stairs to the second floor. Spacious living and dining room. Open kitchen with dish washer, oven, fridge and freezer and ample storage space. Bedroom where a double bed fits and bathroom with toilet, shower and sink. Washing machine will be available. Entrance to balcony on the backside of the apartment.
Location Ideally located apartment next to the Prins Hendrikplein with lovely restaurants and bars. At a short distance from Scheveningen and the beach. At walking distance from city center and shopping area. Located right next to Tramline 16 bringing Statenkwartier and OPCW, ICTY and Eurpol within 10 minutes reach and the city center and The Hague central train station at 5 minutes.


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Nigeria vs Cape Verde: Ighalo starts, Iheanacho, Onuachu benched
November 16, 2021 Ebere Sports 0
Super Eagles coach, Gernot Rohr on Tuesday started Forward Odion Jude Ighalo against Cape Verde in their 2022 World Cup qualifier at at the Teslim Balogun Stadium, Lagos State.
Other players that are in the starting line-up are Maduka Okoye, Victor Osimhen, Wilfred Ndidi, William Troost-Ekong, Leon Balogun, Chidozie Awaziem, Jamilu Collins, Joe Aribo, Moses Simon, and
Alex Iwobi.
Forward Odion Jude Ighalo was unable to play any part in Saturday's encounter in Tangier because he arrived in Morocco only two days before the match as he was taking his second dose of the covid-19 vaccine in Riyad.
It would be his first run-out with the squad since he announced his retirement from the international scene after the 2019 AFCON, where he was tournament top scorer.
Cape Verde's Blue Sharks lost 1-2 to the Eagles on their own soil two months ago.
Captain Ahmed Musa had assured that the Super Eagles are matured, professional and ambitious enough to deal with any pressure when taking on the Blue Sharks of Cape Verde in Tuesday's ultimate game of Group C of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 qualifying African series.
"There will always be all kinds of pressure when you are out there on the football field, as a professional sportsman or woman. You just must have strong fibre to cope with the pressure from everywhere, focus on getting the result and get the job done. Pressure is never an excuse not to put out your best; sometimes, it helps you to get beyond your level best," Musa told thenff.com just before the Super Eagles had their last training session at the Teslim Balogun Stadium on Monday evening.
Saturday that we will not be going for a draw against Cape Verde. Nothing has changed."
Musa also assured that the Eagles will not be under-rating the Sharks but will go all out as from the first whistle of Algerian referee Mustapha Ghorbal.
Head Coach Gernot Rohr, who will be in charge of his 54th game for the Nigeria senior men's team on Tuesday, expressed confidence that the three-time African champions will collect all three points against the Sharks, just as they did when both teams met at the Estadio Municipal Adérito Sena on the island of Mindelo on 7th September.
"We have a job on our hands and that is to win tomorrow. It is important to win so as to be sure of where you will be at the end of the day. We are top of the table now and a win keeps us there and sends us to the final knockout round.
"I really don't think we are under any pressure. We have 12 points, two more than the opponents. They are the ones with the big pressure to come out and look for a win. Our approach for tomorrow will be to win. The players are looking forward to doing that."
Ighalo
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Copenhagen Business School (CBS) is inviting ambitious applications for a vacant PhD scholarship at the Department of Strategic Management and Globalization (SMG). The scholarship is related to the Manufacturing Academy of Denmark (MADE) project: Digitalization and New Business Models.
CBS is one of the largest business schools in Europe and one of the 8 Danish universities. CBS do not focus solely on technical aspects or on organizational managerial aspects, but rather take a socio-technical perspective and a multidisciplinary approach to address a range of strategic, structural, and operational activities involved in gathering, processing, storing, distributing and use of information and its derivatives in organizations and society.
To be considered, the candidate should have a basic training at the Masters level (similar to the 3 + 2 Bologna process). An educational background in the social sciences is necessary. The applicant must have successfully completed the Master's degree before commencing on PhD studies at CBS. The applicants must be fluent in English.
The application (see link below) must include a 5-page project description. This research proposal should contain a presentation of an original research question, a description of the initial theoretical framework and methodology, a presentation of the suggested empirical material as well as a work-plan.
A committee of experts in the field in question will assess the applications. The assessment of the applicants will be based on the quality and relevance of the project, including an evaluation of the applicant's ability to accomplish it. Following this assessment, the management of the department will select the winners of the scholarships.


Went with the wife this morning to a gym called Core 24 to get memberships. Im pumped that we finally went through with committing ourselves to fitness for 2010. After we got the membership, Rachael had to leave for work but I stayed and ran two miles along with some weight lifting. As of right now, it takes me 24 minutes to run 2 miles. thats obviously 12 minutes a mile. My goal for the next couple months is to run 9 minute miles equalling 18 minutes for two miles! I think this is extremely achievable but also very challenging. Ill keep you updated with this membership and the progress.
I also find it very interesting that while you work out, your brain kinda works out too.... Im thinking of who I need to call, what I need to do and how to successfully get it done. The thought of working out seems miserable but gosh Its so vital to a human body. Its going be fun to watch the transformation.
We have this whole week "off" from the offices but that doesn't mean the work necessarily stops. Not having office hours doesn't mean not having ministry to do. Working from the house is actually quite nice and I feel much more creative to think and plan. as Im working, Home Depot should be here sometime soon to deliver our washer and dryer!!! Finally!!!! Life without both of these appliances has been inconvenient so were definitely ready to get these in the apartment.
also, keep praying that I find peace with this whole tattoo idea. Im still a little on edge about it.


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Return home NYC Employment Attorney Sexual Harassment
New York City Sexual Harassment Lawyer
Sexual Harassment Attorney Serving The Greater New York City Area
Employees have the legal right to come to work without fear of being sexually harassed by a supervisor, co-worker, vendor or client. Unfortunately, that is not the case for many workers in New York City and around the world. Both men and women are often victims of sexual harassment and many do not report the harassment or seek legal help. The NYC employment attorney at Lipsky Lowe have significant experience litigating sexual harassment claims and will fight for you.
What Constitutes Sexual Harassment in New York City?
Sexual harassment is any unwelcome sexual conduct directed at one employee by another, regardless of gender, and includes sexual advances, inappropriate joking, touching, requesting sexual favors, and many other types harassment that are sexual in nature. State, city and federal laws prohibit sexual harassment and further prohibit an employer from discriminating or retaliating against a victim of sexual harassment.
For harassment to be unlawful under federal law, the conduct must be unwelcome, and severe or pervasive. No requirement, however, exists under the New York City Law that the conduct be severe or pervasive to be actionable. One instance may, in fact, be enough to constitute sexual harassment. Under the City law, the test if whether the employee was treated less well than others because of his or her gender.
Under federal law, an employer is liable for sexual harassment it had prior knowledge of the wrongdoing but failed to correct it. New York State and New York City's law is different. Under these laws, employees who are owners, supervisors, and managers are individually liable if they create or condone the sexual harassment or hostile work environment. While in New Jersey, individuals can only be individually liable if they "aid and abet" the unlawful harassment.
The law distinguishes two types of sexual harassment: quid pro quo and hostile work environment.
Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment
Quid pro quo exists when an employee feels he or she must go along with the harassment in exchange for a promotion, salary increase, not being fired, not getting a pay decrease or not being fired. Quid pro quo essentially means "this for that" and is not an acceptable or legal workplace practice.
A work environment becomes hostile when the speech and conduct of supervisors, co-workers, clients, customers, owners, or anyone else at the workplace are sexually unsavory, derogatory, or hostile to create an environment that interferes with job performance or would make any person quit that job.
Examples of Sexual Harassment in New York City
Any person can be sexually harassed, regardless of gender, sexual orientation or their position in the company. Any inappropriate sexual gestures or words that create an offensive, intimidating, or hostile environment qualifies as sexual harassment, even if not directed at a specific person. Here are common examples of harassment:
Displaying offensive or pornographic images
Making obscene or indecent gestures
Making repeated, unwelcome advances
Uses vulgar language or telling inappropriate jokes
Remarking on another's sexual attractiveness (or lack of it)
Making improper references to one's own sexual attributes
Touching another person in a way that is unnecessary and undesired
Touching oneself in a sexual way in front of another person
Preventing Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Employers are responsible for both preventing and promptly correcting harassment in the workplace. They do this through multiple methods including creating and distributing employee handbooks that have a reporting process and training. Employees should, while not required, report harassment whenever it occurs.
Contact Our NYC Sexual Harassment Lawyer
If you are a victim of sexual harassment in New York, we are ready to fight for you. This may include filing or defending a lawsuit or negotiating a confidential settlement. You should not delay. If you have experienced an issue at work, contact the experienced attorneys at Lipsky Lowe. With Lipsky Lowe, you have strength in your corner.
Lipsky Lowe, LLP is located in New York City, New York, and services the sexual harassment victims of New York City, Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, and the Bronx.
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When Casual Friday Goes from Casual to Offensive


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Category: lithium-ion battery
Y Combinator-backed Holy Grail is using machine learning to build better batteries – gpgmail
August 16, 2019 administrator articles, Battery Technology, Co-founder, Electronics, energy, energy storage, Entrepreneur, executive, lithium battery, lithium-ion battery, London, manufacturing, partner, semiconductor, TC, Y Combinator
For a long, long time, renewable energy proponents have considered advancements in battery technology to be the holy grail of the industry.
Advancements in energy storage has been among the hardest to achieve economically thanks to the incredibly tricky chemistry that's involved in storing power.
Now, one company that's launching from Y Combinator believes it has found the key to making batteries better. The company is called Holy Grail and it's launching in the accelerator's latest cohort.
With an executive team that initially included Nuno Pereira, David Pervan, and Martin Hansen, Holy Grail is trying to bring the techniques of the fabless semiconductor industry to the world of batteries.
The company's founders believe that the only way to improve battery functionality is to take a systems approach to understanding how different anodes and cathodes will work together. It sounds simple, but Pereira says that the computational power hadn't existed to take into account all of the variables that go along with introducing a new chemical to the battery mix.
"You can't fix a battery with just a component," Pereira says. "All of the batteries that were created and failed in the past. They create an anode, but they don't have a chemical that works with the cathode or the electrolyte."
For Pereira, the creation of Holy Grail is the latest step on a long road of experimentation with mechanical and chemical engineering. "As a kid I was more interested in mechanical engineering and building stuff," he says. But as he began tinkering with cars and became fascinated with mobility, he realized that batteries were the innovation that gave the world its charge.
In 2017 Pereira founded a company called 10Xbattery, which was making high-density lithium batteries. That company, launching with what Pereira saw as a better chemistry, encapsulated the industry's problem at large — the lack
So, with the help of a now-departed co-founder, Pereira founded Holy Grail. "He essentially told me, 'Do you want to take a step back and see if there's a better way to do this?'" said Pereira.
The company pitches itself as science fiction coming from the future, but it relies on a combination of what are now fairly standard (at least in the research community) tools. Holy Grail's pitch is that it can automate much of the research and development process to create new batteries that are optimized to the specifications of end customers.
"It's hard for a human to do the experiments that you need and to analyze multidimensional data," says Pereira. "There are some companies that only do the machine-learning part and the computational science part and sell the results to companies. The problem is that there's a disconnection between experimental reality and the simulations."
Using computer modeling, chemical engineering and automated manufacturing, Holy Grail pitches a system that can get real test batteries into the hands of end customers in the mobility, electronics, and utility industries orders of magnitude more quickly than traditional research and development shops.
Currently the system that Holy Grail has built out can make 700 batteries per day. The company intends to build a pilot plant that will make batteries for electronics and drones. For automotive and energy companies, Holy Grail says it will partner with existing battery manufacturers that can support the kind of high-throughput manufacturing big orders will require.
Think of it like bringing the fabless chip design technologies and business models to the battery industry, says Pereira.
Holy Grail already has $14 million in letters of intent with potential customers, according to Pereira and is expecting to close additional financing as it exits Y Combinator.
To date the company has been backed by the London-based early stage investment firm Deep Science Ventures, where Pereira worked as an entrepreneur in residence.
Ultimately, the company sees its technology being applied far beyond batteries as a new platform for materials science discoveries broadly. For now, though the focus is on batteries.
"For the low volume we sell direct," says Pereira. "While on high volume production, we will implement a pilot line through the system… we are able to do the research engineering with the small ones and test the big ones. In our case when we have a cell that works, it's not something that works in a lab it's something that works in the final cell."
Leave a comment batteries, build, Combinatorbacked, gpgmail, Grail, Holy, learning, machine
Nio electric vehicles sales took a hit as it scrambled to handle battery recall – gpgmail
August 12, 2019 administrator Automotive, China, electric vehicle, lithium-ion battery, nio, transport, Transportation, United States
Nio delivered just 837 electric vehicles in July, a nearly 38% drop from the previous month that was largely caused by a voluntary recall of its high-performance ES8 SUV.
The Chines automotive startup issued a voluntary recall in June of nearly 5,000 ES8 SUVs after a series of battery fires in China and a subsequent investigation revealed a vulnerability in the design of the battery pack that could cause a short circuit. The recall affected a quarter of the ES8 vehicles sold since they went on sale in June 2018.
Nio was able to complete its recall for the 4,803 ES8s by prioritizing battery manufacturing capacity for this effort, which significantly affected our production and delivery results, NIO founder, chairman and CEO William Li said Monday in a statement.
"On the positive side, we completed the ES8 battery recall in approximately half the time compared to our original timeline," Li said, adding that the customer confidence is returning. "Looking ahead, with battery capacity allocation back to normal, we will accelerate deliveries and make up for the delivery loss impacted by the recall."
Nio expects August to be a "much stronger month" with a target to deliver between 2,000 and 2,500 vehicles, according to Li. That's a considerable jump from what Nio has been able to achieve in the past several months, even without the added battery recall problem.
Nio delivered 1,340 vehicles in June, 1,089 in May and 1,124 in April. As of July 31, 2019, aggregate deliveries of the Company's ES8 and ES6 reached 19,727 vehicles, of which 8,379 vehicles were delivered in 2019.
Deliveries of the ES8 initially surpassed expectations, but they have since slowed in 2019. Now, Nio will have to double deliveries in August to meet its target.
Other factors, and ones that might prove more chronic, also affected delivery numbers in July. Li noted that anticipated reductions in EV subsidies and macroeconomic conditions in China such as a decline in passenger vehicle sales and the U.S.-China trade conflict as other causes.
The souring economic picture in China has already prompted Nio to cut its workforce by 4.5%, shift its vehicle production plans and reduce R&D spending. Nio reported in May a loss of $390.9 million in the first quarter from a slowdown in sales that was primarily driven by the EV subsidy reduction in China and macroeconomic trends in the country that have been exacerbated by the U.S.-China trade war, Li said at the time.
Leave a comment battery, electric, gpgmail, handle, Hit, Nio, recall, sales, scrambled, vehicles
Are We Moving Towards A Duopoly Market Soon?- Tempemail – Blog – 10 minute
Google and Sabre team up to build the Future of Travel |Tempemail – Up to date technology news, IT news, Digital news, Telecom news, Mobile news, Gadgets news, Analysis and Reports – Blog – 10 minute
Deepening tech innovation ties on BRICS agenda this year: Report- Tempemail – Blog – 10 minute


There is too much poverty in the world, and even where there is some wealth it does not bring much benefit to those who need it most.
Obviously, the need for financial security is one important reason why so many people seek to migrate.
Some people fear that this emigration is a dangerous thing for it may allow the best talent in the home country to leave and take their money and their skills with them, further impoverishing the home country. But many people believe that this migration to wealthier countries actually benefits all of us.
Much of this depends on how well migrants share their money by sending portions of it back to their families in their country of origin.
Remittances are usually made in small amounts, but they add up to be a big deal.
Did you know that remittances sent informally to family members in the home country add up to far more money than any official aid provided to poorer countries?
Remittances sent to family members bring far more money into Egypt than do the fees to use the Suez Canal; and far more money into Sri Lanka than does exporting tea; and far more money into Nepal or Morocco than does tourism.
In 2014-2015, Pakistanis outside Pakistan sent relatives in Pakistan more than $15 billion (no, that is not a typing error).
Remittances received are most often a very large portion of a family's income, which shows both how great is the need for this income, and the generosity of out-of-country family members and others.
These remittances are enabling families and through them their communities to improve their local economies and the family's own prospects.
As you can imagine, being the first family member to arrive in Canada can impose very significant family responsibilities on a newcomer, but the importance and the benefits of remittances to the family and community outside Canada, and to the global economy, cannot be exaggerated.
• Gregory James of Gregory James Immigration Law Firm is an immigration lawyer with over 28 years of experience, a former senior manager at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, and a member of the Law Society of Upper Canada. He is based in Toronto and can be contacted at cc@GregoryJamesLaw.com or 416-538-1301.


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Urrbrae is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It is located in the City of Mitcham.

Located at the foot of the Adelaide Hills, it is bordered on the east by the South Eastern Freeway, and the Old Toll House, which marked the traditional entrance to the city of Adelaide in the 19th century.

History
In the early 1850s, Robert Forsyth Macgeorge bought land in the area and built a house, naming the estate Urrbrae after the village Haugh of Urr in Scotland; the word brae refers to a hillside, especially near a river or creek. One notable son was the architect James Macgeorge (1832–1918).

Demographics

The 2016 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 966 persons in Urrbrae on census night. Of these, 47.3% were male and 52.7% were female.

The majority of residents (68.5%) were of Australian birth, with other common census responses being China (5.3%) and England (5.2%).

The age distribution of Urrbrae residents was comparable to that of the greater Australian population. 71.1% of residents were over 25 years in 2016, compared to the Australian average of 68.5%; and 28.9% were younger than 25 years, compared to the Australian average of 31.5%.

Attractions

Urrbrae House Historic Precinct

Urrbrae House is a two-storey, bluestone mansion located on Walter Young Avenue, on the Waite Campus of the University of Adelaide. Not the suburb's namesake, the current house was actually completed in 1891 by the philanthropist Peter Waite, replacing the original single-storey home of Robert MacGeorge, which was for many years rented by Edward Stirling Snr. It was probably Waite, a Scot like MacGeorge, who opted to carry on the name Urrbrae.

For many years, Urrbrae House was the family home of Waite, his wife Matilda and their family. After Peter and Matilda's death, the house was bequeathed to the University of Adelaide, being handed over in February 1923 by the couple's two daughters.

Urrbrae House was the first home in Adelaide to be electrified.

The house and its surrounds now constitute the Urrbrae House Historic Precinct within the university campus.

St Paul's Retreat Monastery
On Cross Road, in the suburb's north, lies the Roman Catholic monastery of St Paul's Retreat. Formerly an oriental-style mansion named The Glen, the house was occupied for several years by a retired Indian judge. Later, the house passed to the Boothby family before being sold in 1896 to the Passionist Catholic order.

As well as the monastery, St Paul's Retreat includes a convent and other facilities lying outside the suburb.

Waite Research Precinct
As well as the University of Adelaide's Waite Campus, the precinct contains:
Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics (ACPFG);
Australian Grain Technologies
Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI);
CSIRO research laboratories;
 Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA)
South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)
Urrbrae Agricultural High School

University of Adelaide Waite Campus
The University of Adelaide's Waite Campus is primarily located in the west and southwest of Urrbrae, extending into the neighbouring suburbs of Springfield and Brown Hill Creek.

Developed on land bequeathed by the late owner of Urrbrae House, Peter Waite, Waite Campus holds several research facilities:

Waite Research Institute (WRI)
Waite Conservation Reserve
Waite Arboretum

Parks
There are parks and small reserves throughout the suburb.

Transport

Roads
Cross Road forms the northern boundary of Urrbrae and Fullarton Road forms part of the eastern boundary. The South Eastern freeway starts from here too.

Public transport
Urrbrae is serviced by public transport run by the Adelaide Metro.

Climate

See also
List of Adelaide suburbs

References

External links

Suburbs of Adelaide

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Q: Variable is not being passed to the back end using RESTful I am just trying to pass "hello" to the back end of my code through the url. Instead of a "hello" string being sent to my back end java code i get an empty sting.
Here is my backend code:
@GET
@Path("getJob/{stepName}")
@Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public List<Step> getStepByName(@PathParam("stepName") String stepName) {
    String x = stepName;
    System.out.println(x);
    return null;

            //List<ModuleProcCount> pusher = statements.inMod(dbc,theReader);
            //for(ModuleProcCount p : pusher) {
            //  input.add(p.modName + " " + p.modCount);
            //}
            //  return result;

        }

and here is my javascript:
performanceApp.controller("homectrl", function($scope, $http){
    var x = "rest/performance/getJob/hellp";
    $http.get(x).then(function(response){

    });

});

Not sure what im doing wrong or what is wrong with this code, seems pretty straight forward.

A: Ok, don't really get all you are saying, but i am making some assumptions here, as in which you are using AngularJS, and just for starters, that is your first mistake, but well... on the question.
What you are getting wrong is problably the header of your request, you will have to set a different type of header in you client side javascript code so your server knows and understand the type of media it is receiveng.
AngularJs docs have a nice example around it:
var req = {
 method: 'POST',
 url: 'http://example.com',
 headers: {
   'Content-Type': 'application/json'
 },
 data: { test: 'test' }
}

$http(req).then(function(){...}, function(){...});

I would suggest you inspect the request made, it can be done at network tab of you browser devtool, make sure your content-type is application/json

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