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More Legal Cases Involving Transgender Prisoners in Multiple States
Loaded on Nov. 6, 2018 by Christopher Zoukis published in Prison Legal News November, 2018, page 40
Filed under: Transgender Medical Procedures, Discrimination (Transgender), Failure to Protect (Transgender). Location: United States of America.
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by Christopher Zoukis
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), about 34 percent of transgender people held in prisons or jails reported being subjected to at least one incident of sexual violence while incarcerated. That's eight times the rate for prisoners overall – and a large number of the 3,200 transgender prisoners the BJS counted in 2012.
In most jails and prisons, self-professed gender identity is not considered when determining whether to place a prisoner in a men's or women's facility. This leads to situations like that of Jane Doe – a 52-year-old Massachusetts prisoner who filed a November 2017 lawsuit challenging the Department of Correction's policy in that state, which placed her in a prison for males despite the fact that she transitioned to female more than 40 years ago.
Lawsuits like Doe's – along with a recent increase in political pressure – have coincided with incremental changes in the way the needs of transgender prisoners are addressed by prison officials. [See: PLN, June 2018, p.54].
Connecticut recently enacted what might be the most sweeping changes to the way transgender prisoners are treated. SB-13, which went into effect on July 1, 2018, gives those prisoners the right to be housed in a facility that matches their gender identity. The new policy requires a medical diagnosis of gender dysphoria or a legal identification that matches the prisoner's gender identity. Mike Lawler, the governor's undersecretary for criminal justice policy and planning, emphasized the policy was carefully crafted.
"I'm sure there will be people who will say, 'So how does this work?'" he said. "If you are a guy, do you just say you're a woman and you get to go to a woman's prison? No. There is a very elaborate analysis, psychological and otherwise."
In addition to housing changes, Connecticut's new law also gives prisoners the right to be searched by a guard who matches their identified gender, to be addressed in a manner appropriate to their identified gender, and to purchase and possess hygiene and clothing items that correspond to their gender identity.
David McGuire, executive director of the ACLU of Connecticut, called the policy a "really big deal," adding, "It is, in our mind, the most progressive transgender policy and law in the country."
In August 2018, Florida transgender prisoner Reiyn Keohane, 24, won her battle against the state's DOC and its "freeze-frame" policy toward drug treatment – including hormone therapy she was undergoing at the time she was arrested in 2013 and placed in the Lee County jail. Because the jail did not continue the therapy, she was no longer on it when she arrived at a state prison after her conviction. Under its policy at the time, the DOC said it therefore had no obligation to resume the treatment.
Keohane, who began identifying as transgender at age 8, had been dressing and grooming herself as a woman since age 14. She was diagnosed with gender dysphoria at 16. Once in DOC custody, however, she was not only placed with male prisoners but her hair was forcibly shaved. She was denied feminine underwear or grooming products. After she filed suit, the DOC allowed her to grow her hair and resume hormone therapy – dropping its "freeze-frame" policy. But she still was not allowed the underwear and grooming products she needed.
In his ruling, U.S. District Court Judge Mark Walker savaged Keohane's mistreatment by DOC officials, including Secretary Julie Jones, whom he called "indifferent" to Keohane's suffering, as well as chief of security operations James Upchurch, whom Walker said "was downright baffled over the differences between transgender people, gay people, and people diagnosed with gender dysphoria" during testimony. Saying the case was "about whether the law, and this court by extension, recognizes Ms. Keohane's humanity as a transgender woman," Walker declared: "The answer is simple. It does, and I do."
In July 2018, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals overruled a lower court's dismissal of a lawsuit filed against the Wisconsin DOC by prisoner Lisa Mitchell. The 37-year-old, who has lived as a woman most of her life, spent much of an 18-month sentence for child enticement seeking permission to resume hormone therapy she had started in 2008 after a gender dysphoria diagnosis. By the time the DOC had completed a review of her request, she was within six months of release and told she would have to wait until then to seek treatment.
When Mitchell was placed on supervised release in 2013, however, probation officials refused to let her obtain hormone therapy; they also conditioned her release on dressing and presenting herself as male. She sued in 2015, but the district court did not agree that the DOC's actions constituted "deliberate indifference" to her medical needs.
On appeal, Seventh Circuit Chief Judge Diane Wood said, "Punishment for Mitchell's crimes cannot extend to the deprivation of the medical treatment she requires for her serious gender dysphoria.... Wisconsin DOC staff must approach Mitchell's request for treating gender dysphoria with the same urgency and care as it would any other serious medical condition."
The case was remanded to the district court for further proceedings. See: Mitchell v. Kallas, 895 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. 2018).
But there are limits to how far a court is willing to go to secure treatment for transgender prisoners. In July 2018, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals declined to overrule a lower court that found the Kansas DOC did not violate the constitutional rights of transgender prisoner Michelle Renee Lamb by refusing her requests for increased dosages of hormones and sex reassignment surgery.
A DOC doctor testified that Lamb's current treatment consisting of hormones and therapy had "proven beneficial," rendering surgery unnecessary. DOC officials claimed they had merely relied on that medical opinion when denying Lamb's requests. The district court agreed the DOC could not be liable for "deliberate indifference," even if it later turned out the doctor was wrong. That decision was affirmed on appeal.
Back in Massachusetts, Jane Doe won her case on June 14, 2018, with a ruling that took the state's DOC to task in an opinion issued by U.S. District Court Judge Richard G. Stearns. Doe, who is a non-violent drug offender, was not only forced to live with male prisoners but also subjected to strip searches by male guards, who called transgender prisoners "wannabe women."
"In this sense, compulsory assignment to a men's prison caused Doe to be treated differently from other female prisoners in the Massachusetts penal system," Stearns wrote.
He ordered the DOC and Doe's attorneys to work out an agreement, stating, "the court is of the view that Doe may very well prevail on her" Americans with Disabilities Act and Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claims. The case remains pending. See: Doe v. Mass. Dep't of Corr., U.S.D.C. (D. Mass.), Case No. 1:17-cv-12255-RGS; 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99925.
Lastly, with respect to legal actions brought by transgender prisoners, Texas prison officials settled a lawsuit in March 2018 brought by former prisoner Passion Star, which resulted in changes in policies regarding LGBTQ prisoners and additional staff training. Star was paroled in June 2017 after serving 14 years. [See: PLN, Sept. 2018, p.60].
Sources: Boston Globe, Orlando Sentinel, Village Voice, Newsweek, www.oregonlive.com, www.them.us, www.courant.com, www.thesouthern.com, www.correctionsone.com, www.independent.co.uk
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Related legal cases
Doe v. Mass. Dep't of Corr.
U.S.D.C. (D. Mass.), Case No. 1:17-cv-12255-RGS; 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99925
Mitchell v. Kallas
895 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. 2018)
More from this issue:
Louisiana Sex Offender Restrictions, Harsh Laws Prolong Prison Sentences
Defense Investigator Jailed for Initially Refusing to Testify in Death Penalty Case, by Matthew Clarke
Pennsylvania: Allegheny County Jail Settles Sexual Assault Claim for $32,000
Dog-Sniff Search Policy Allowed Under Massachusetts Law, but APA Procedures Required
BOP's Violation of Alcohol Policy Ends in Expungement, Reversal of Disciplinary Sanctions, by Dale Chappell
Over-Incarceration a Worldwide Problem, Report Finds, by Derek Gilna
Prisoner Can Face Discipline Yet Still Sue Guard for Excessive Force Under Heck
Mississippi: Former Jailer Acquitted of Criminal Charges in Prisoner's Death, by Kevin Bliss
Oklahoma County Pays $150,000 to Settle Suit Over Jail Suicide, by Derek Gilna
Class-Action Status Granted in Civil Rights Suit Over Disenfranchised Indiana Jail Prisoners, by Matthew Clarke
New York's Prison-to-Shelter Pipeline is Poor Option for Parolees, by Dale Chappell
Deductions from Pennsylvania Prisoner's Trust Account Require Notice
Female Texas Prison Guards Allege Sexual Harassment, Abuse, Discrimination, by Edward Lyon
Surprise Shutdown of Maine Prison Leads to Controversy, Court Order, by Christopher Zoukis
Polls Show People Favor Rehabilitation over Incarceration, by Matthew Clarke
New Mexico Prisoners Suffer and Die Under Privatized Health Care, by Edward Lyon
Ohio Jail Detainee Receives $500,000 Settlement for Assault by Guard
Maryland Adopts Prison Mailbox Rule for Post-Conviction Petitions
$7,500 Settlement in Pennsylvania Prisoner's Suicide
San Diego County Targets Reporter Who Exposed Sky-High Jail Death Rate, by Dale Chappell
Litigation Surrounding Radon Exposure at Connecticut Prison Moves Forward, by Panagioti Tsolkas
#MeToo Movement, Misconduct Claims Impact Federal and State Judges, by Edward Lyon
Magistrate Judge Must Have Jurisdiction Prior to Entering Final Judgment
Maricopa County, Phoenix Settle Lawsuit Over Mentally Ill Prisoner's Death for $7.25 Million, by Matthew Clarke
Arkansas DOC Says Water is Safe, but Most Tests Not Conducted in Housing Units, by Panagioti Tsolkas
Texas Prison Officials Demoted, Fired after Disciplinary Quota System and Planted Contraband Exposed
States Implementing New Technology to Fight Contraband Smuggling Via Drone, by Monte McCoin
$7 Million Settlement for Pennsylvania Prisoner's Suicide at Private Prison
More Legal Cases Involving Transgender Prisoners in Multiple States, by Christopher Zoukis
Fourth Circuit: Failure to Transfer Mentally Ill Prisoner to Hospital Not Actionable
Fighting the Fees that Force Prisoners to Pay for Their Incarceration, by Jean Trounstine
Ninth Circuit: Prisoner's Disciplinary Appeal Exhausted Claim of Having to Work on Religious Holiday, by Christopher Zoukis
California Prisoners Seek to Enforce Settlement Provisions in Ashker Litigation, by Kevin Bliss
The Secret World of Missouri DOC Internal Death Investigations, by Kevin Bliss
Why Prison Reform is Not Enough to Fix the U.S. Criminal Justice System, by Ed Chung
Aramark Gets Pennsylvania DOC Food Procurement Contract
California Muslim Prisoner Defeats Summary Judgment Order in Mixed Appellate Ruling, by Edward Lyon
CCS Seeks to Hide Internal Review in Jail Detainee's Death; $180,000 Settlement, by David Reutter, R. Bailey
Alaska Supreme Court Reverses Disciplinary Case Where Prisoner Not Allowed to Call Witnesses, by Matthew Clarke, David Reutter
Contraband Found in Prisoner's Rectum Supports Conviction, by David Reutter
Federal District Court Holds Ohio Prison Cannot Cut Rastafarian Prisoner's Hair, by Matthew Clarke
HRDC Sues Oklahoma County Jail for Censoring Books, by Steve Horn
Exonerated Prisoner Invests Portion of $20 Million Settlement to Start Barber School, by Derek Gilna
Death Sentences and Executions Ebbing in the "Capital of Capital Punishment", by Edward Lyon
Denver Pays $100,000 to Settle DOJ Suit Over Failure to Accommodate Diabetic Deputy, by Matthew Clarke
Washington: Jail Detainee Obtains $1 Million Settlement for Spinal Injury, by Steve Horn
Public Outcry Forces Florida DOC to Back Down on Limits to In-Person Visitation, by David Reutter
Podcast Produced by Wisconsin Prisoner Tackles Criminal Justice Topics, by Steve Horn
Justice Sotomayor Slams Solitary Confinement, but Supreme Court Declines to Accept Colorado Solitary Case, by Derek Gilna
Arkansas: $21,000 Settlement in Jail Release Debit Card Class-Action Suit, by Derek Gilna
From the Editor, by Paul Wright
On the Inside: The Chaos of Arizona Prison Health Care, by Jimmy Jenkins
More from Christopher Zoukis:
Partial Justice, Sept. 16, 2019
GEO Group Produces Litigation Documents After HRDC Files Public Records Suit, July 2, 2019
The Second Step: Invest in Prison Education Programs, Reinstate Pell Grants, July 2, 2019
Hawaii Supreme Court Finally Complies with SCOTUS' Apprendi Decision, Vacates Enhanced Sentence Based on Fact Determined by Judge, Not Jury, Feb. 14, 2019
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Clarifies Proper Evidentiary Standard and Type of Evidence for Informal Competency Hearing, Feb. 14, 2019
Idaho Supreme Court: Temporary and Isolated Crossing of the 'Fog Line' Not Enough to Support a Traffic Stop, Feb. 14, 2019
Louisiana Supreme Court Vacates Conviction for Batson Violation, Feb. 14, 2019
Former Prisoners Become Attorneys: From Breaking the Law to Practicing Law, Feb. 4, 2019
Sixth Circuit: Tennessee Aggravated Sexual Battery Is Not a SORNA Tier III Offense, Jan. 18, 2019
Fourth Circuit Vacates USSG Career Offender Sentence Predicated on Georgia Robbery, Jan. 17, 2019
More from these topics:
Oregon Transgender Prisoner Must be Housed Alone or with Other Transgender or NonCisgender Prisoners, Nov. 4, 2019. Transgender, Discrimination (Transgender).
Fifth Circuit Holds Transgender Prisoner Not Entitled to Sex Reassignment Surgery, July 2, 2019. Eighth Amendment, Transgender, Transgender Medical Procedures.
$120,000 Iowa Jury Award Over Discrimination Against Transgender Prison Nurse, May 22, 2019. Discrimination (Transgender).
Virginia Court Improperly Denied Transgender Prisoner's Name Change, May 2, 2019. Transgender, Discrimination (Transgender).
California Prison Psychologist Blows Whistle on LGBTQ Harassment, Settles Lawsuit for Retaliation, March 5, 2019. Gay/Lesbian, Settlements, Discrimination (Transgender).
Florida Prisoner's Gender Dysphoria Requires Hormone Therapy, Social Transitioning Treatment, Feb. 5, 2019. Medical, Transgender, Transgender Medical Procedures, Discrimination (Transgender).
Connecticut Passes Law to Protect Women, Transgender Prisoners, Jan. 8, 2019. Gender Discrimination -- Women, Discrimination (Transgender).
New York: $100,000 to Settle Suit over Rape of Trans Prisoner Held in Men's Prison, Oct. 12, 2018. Prisoner-Prisoner Assault, Eighth Amendment, Failure to Protect (Transgender).
Texas Settles Suit Over Rape and Beating of Transgender Prisoner, Sept. 4, 2018. Prisoner-Prisoner Assault, Settlements, Discrimination (Transgender), Failure to Protect (Transgender).
Transgender Prisoner Issues Result in Litigation, Policy Changes, June 8, 2018. Discrimination (Transgender), Failure to Protect (Transgender).
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'Homework revolt': Time to give kids a break?
In what The New York Times is terming a "homework revolt," some American school districts are considering slashing homework demands, concerned that the after-school grind is stressing kids out without improving their academic performance. The school board in New Jersey's Galloway Township, for example, may limit homework assignments to a mere 10 minutes per grade of school (second graders get 20 minutes, and so on) and eliminating it entirely on weekends and holidays. Will going easier on elementary students help them learn?
Too much homework is bad for our children: American children get so much schoolwork and so little sleep, says Erin Kurt at Get2Central, that many of them show the "same physical and emotional signs of stress as the children in the war-torn countries." And one of the primary reasons is "too much homework." If we can cut back on the homework so our kids can sleep and play more, they'll be happier, healthier, and more successful.
But pampering kids sends the wrong message: Teachers should be showing students that serious effort pays off, says former Olympian Carl Lewis, a Democratic candidate for a New Jersey state Senate seat, as quoted by the Press of Atlantic City. "We can't raise educated, hardworking children when schools refuse to push students to excel by banning weekend homework."
"Galloway Township proposal has teachers, parents asking how much homework should area students be doing?"
Rigor is fine... at school: "Calling for a limit on homework can be viewed as a bit hippy-dippy," says Rich Zahradnik at Patch. That's just because parents and others who aren't educators "equate rigor with achievement, or more bluntly, pain with gain." Encouraging your children to read for pleasure will benefit them more than forcing mountains of homework on them. Hard work is all well and good, but its place is in the classroom, not the living room.
"In search of a homework policy that makes sense in this century"


By Jacob_Stallard on Wed, 02/14/2018 - 5:28pm.
Miles BridgesFebruary 10th had finally arrived, and it was put up or shut up time for Miles Bridges and the Spartans. After a season of being hyped as the two big dogs of the Big Ten, Purdue and Michigan State finally had their lone matchup of the year this week, and though the stakes were sullied a bit by circumstance (the game came on the heels of Purdue's loss to party crasher Ohio State, and Michigan State was already a game out of first place in the conference), it did not disappoint. And when the final buzzer sounded, it was the long-time NBA prospect that lifted the Spartans to victory and a #2 national ranking this week with his NBA-range three-pointer with mere seconds left on the clock.
On the week, Bridges averaged 22.5 PPG on 61% shooting in a pair of three-point wins over Purdue and Iowa. He only attempted one three-pointer per 7 minutes which is a good thing considering much of the criticism of his had stemmed from his insistence on settling for jumpers and not taking the ball to the basket. This week, however, nearly three-quarters of his shot attempts were two's. He's back on track with a 17.8 PPG average and a 49% shooting percentage.
Juwan Morgan is dominant. Another week of 20+ PPG scoring in the books for the junior power forward. In a pair of much-needed blowouts by Indiana, Morgan put up an average statline of 21.5 PPG, 8.5 RPG, 3.5 APG, 1.5 BPG, and 1.5 SPG on 18/27 (67%) shooting. He ranks 7th in the conference in scoring at 59%, good for the 5th-best percentage in the conference, on more attempts than the four players ahead of him. With his combination of efficiency and scoring volume and ability to keep a struggling team afloat on his own shoulders, a case can be made for Morgan earning First Team All-Big Ten honors at the end of the year.
In spite of a loss to unranked Northwestern, Moritz Wagner put his best foot forward this week, pouring in 20 points in each of the Wolverines' road contests. He chipped in 20 additional rebounds and connected on 63% of his shots from the field this week. The Wolverines have fallen behind the pack of MSU, Purdue, and OSU, but they are still a dangerous team to any of those other three, especially when their 6'11" big is connecting from deep.
Don't look now, but the Nebraska Huskers are fourth in the Big Ten and looking to break into the elite group of Big Ten teams that actually have a legitimate shot of making the tournament. They have now won 5 straight, including 3 road games, and even though the best team they have played in that stretch is probably Minnesota, they are lookign consistent. THis week, rather than leading scorer [Player: James Palmer Jr.] leading the charge, it was sophomore forward Isaiah Roby. In their two wins, he put up 31 points and 19 rebounds as well as 4 assists and 7 blocks, connecting on 72% from the floor. He's a high energy guy at the power forward position and even has a little range out to the three-point line, a shot he is shooting at 36% this season. If Nebraska is to crash the NCAAs, they will have to keep doing what they have been doing to win all these games against lesser opponents.
He's been sick with the flu of late, and it wouldn't be surprising if he was still experiencing symptoms this week as Vincent Edwards didn't look great in Purdue's two losses this past week. He shot a grand total of 6/23 (26%) from the field, and while he contributed as a rebounder, the offensive performance he failed to produce could have been enough to push the Boilermakers over the top against either of the teams they played this week.
Where teammate Mo Wagner excelled this week, Matthews shied away from the spotlight with a pair of underwhelming performances, particularly in UM's loss to Northwestern. He scored 5 points on 2/7 shooting, then failed to really bounce back against Wisconsin, scoring an efficient 11 points on 7 shot but also turning the ball over 4 times. In all, the #2 scorer for the Wolverines only averaged 8 PPG (down from 13.9 on the season) and 3.5 TOPG this week as Michigan struggled to even win one game.
I, like many others, expected to be writing about Bryant McIntosh a lot this season, and it hasn't really turned out to be the case as Northwestern as a whole has underwhelmed. McIntosh's shot has been off this year as he has struggled to just put up a 39% rate from the field, but his distribution abilities are still top-notch. He ranks 3rd in the conference in assists but can also fill the basket like few Big Ten point guards can. His handles are superb and he has plenty of range on his jumpshot. This may not have been the season he envisioned for his team, but he deserves plenty of individual recognition to come his way for the way he runs an offense.
Carr won't be mistaken for a high-efficiency scorer, with only a 42% field goal percentage, but he's a big (6'5") athletic point guard who can distribute, shoot, rebound and defend at a high level. His outside shooting has been phenomenal, hitting 46% of his three's on 5 attempts per game, and he ranks second in the whole conference in scoring at 19.2 per game.
He's not a big scorer like a lot of other guys on this list, but Winston is a tough floor general who sparks one of the conference's best offenses and helps a mix of talented pieces mesh. His 7.1 APG is nearly 2 assists per game higher than anyone else in the conference. When he does choose to score, he's incredibly efficient, shooting between 51% and 52% from both the field and from distance. He stands at only 6'0" but don't overlook him as one of the most important pieces in this Michigan State lineup.
This guy has been terrorizing Big Ten defenses with his speed and his shooting for four solid years. Things haven't gone great for the Minnesota basketball program this season, but that hasn't stopped Mason from putting up over 16 PPG, albeit on 40% shooting. He's a streaky shooter who, when on, can be as deadly as anyone in the Big Ten.
This guy has been sort of a breakout sensation this season, averaging both 16 PPG and 5 APG and being a bright spot on a Maryland team that has been hit with injuries and inconsistency. He does an excellent job, like Melo Trimble before him, of striking the balance between scoring and distributing, and as he gets older the next two years, he could easily become the Big Ten's premier point guard.


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Home/ DI Men's Basketball/ Westmont Men's Basketball Coach to Serve on NABC Board
Westmont Men's Basketball Coach to Serve on NABC Board
John Moore chosen for seat on NABC Board of Directors
Story contributed by Westmont College Athletics
SANTA BARBARA, Calif. - Westmont Men's Basketball head coach John Moore recently accepted an invitation to serve on the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) Board of Directors, becoming just the second NAIA coach ever to be on the committee.
"I think it's an incredible honor for me, but it's an incredible honor for our coaching staff, for Westmont basketball and for Westmont College as a whole," said Moore on his appointment. "Just the tradition we've had here going back to Chet Kammerer and Ron Mulder among many, many others… Sometimes I get a lot more credit than I deserve, but to be able to be with that group of coaches to help make decisions on college basketball is an incredible privilege."
Moore will begin serving immediately as a Director on the NABC Board. He replaces former Columbia College (Mo.) men's basketball coach and athletic director Bob Burchard, who recently retired after the 2018-19 season.
The NABC, which was originally founded in 1927 by the renowned former University of Kansas men's basketball coach Forrest "Phog" Allen, has almost 5,000 members that includes coaches from the NCAA, NAIA, community college, and high school levels. According to the NABC, the organization "has continually worked to further the best interests of the game of basketball as well as the players and coaches who participate in the sport."
Moore will serve on the NABC Board of Directors alongside legendary coaches John Calipari (4th Vice President - Kentucky), Tom Izzo (Director Emeritus - Michigan State), Bill Self (2017-18 Past President - Kansas), and Bob Huggins (Director – West Virginia). Other notable names on the committee include the Board's President Mike Brey (Notre Dame), 1st Vice President Jamie Dixon (TCU), and Directors Frank Martin (South Carolina), Matt Painter (Purdue), and Cuonzo Martin (Missouri).
"It's an incredible gift to be able to be with them in the decision-making mode," said Moore on the opportunity to serve alongside those household names. "I've admired many of those coaches and I've even had a chance to work with some of them through USA Basketball. It's an honor to be able to interact with them once again and to be able to give the NAIA and small college perspective.
"Many of those coaches started on the small college level, so they have appreciated what their roots were about," continued Moore. "I think they've appreciated the input that has been given by guys like Bob Burchard and other small college coaches, who have been able to represent well. I think we deserve a voice and I think that voice is a voice that is about college basketball."
Moore, who also serves on the NAIA Men's Basketball Ratings Oversight Committee, just completed his 31st season as a collegiate head coach and his 26th at Westmont. He holds a 611-347 (.638) overall record and a 532-273 (.661) record at Westmont. The winningest coach in program history has led the Warriors to 13 NAIA National Tournament appearances, including each of the last five years. In 2015, Moore coached Westmont to the National Championship game, the best finish in program history. Fourteen of the program's 19 NAIA All-Americans have been coached by Moore.
Moore has previously coached the junior national teams of Bangladesh and Sudan, and has worked with USA Basketball. In 2002, he was on the committee that selected the U.S. Under-19 team that included Carmelo Anthony, Chris Bosh, and Deron Williams.
83rd ANNUAL DIVISION I
Municipal Auditorium
Official Hoops Website
Purchase Game DVD's
All-Star Game, Dunk &
3-Point Records

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With the launch of the healthbank blog this summer, Jody Ranck, healthbank's VP Strategy & Business Development and author of the book Connected Health, has established the healthbank Health Data Lab.
The healthbank Health Data Lab will be a forum to bring together the best minds, technology companies, healthcare entities and researchers, and patients-citizens to create new knowledge networks that can affect change so that citizens benefit from the uses of data more widely and innovative health services, bio-pharmaceutical products, and policies can better serve all stakeholders.
The members of our Advisory Board, Jody and other thought leaders will be posting their views on topics ranging from Healthcoins to data privacy to (algorithmic) ethics and everything healthcare related in between.


text:
Q: How to remove 2 last characters with preg_replace? I have a code like : 784XX . XX could be a character or number and I need an expression to remove the last 2 characters (XX) using ( and only ) preg_replace.
How can I do that?
For example, the output of :
782A3 is 782,

0012122 is 00121,

76542A is 7654,

333333CD is 333333,

A: You can use substr function.
But if you will use preg_replace you can do this:
$val = preg_replace('/[\w\d]{2}$/', '', $val);

A: I'm pretty sure there are much easier ways to do this task, yet if we wish to use regular expressions, we would be starting with just a simple expression such as:
(.+)?(..)

if I understand the problem right, and our desired output is in this capturing group:
(.+)

Demo
$re = '/(.+)?(..)/m';
$str = '782A3
0012122
76542A
333333CD';
$subst = '$1';

$result = preg_replace($re, $subst, $str);

echo $result;

RegEx Circuit
jex.im visualizes regular expressions:

Advice
AbraCadaver's advice in the comment is much better way:
substr('784XX', 0, -2);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Socialist/pacifist house liberal Democrats, quaintly labeled progressives, are fired up and ready to mutiny against Speaker Pelosi. Ending the war in Iraq trumps anything else on earth. Any measure will do, cutting off funding for the troops, ending the war procedurally, whatever. Get out NOW! And, don't let the door hit you in the ….
A great WSJ article gives the ugly, hateful details.


text:
19 project management jobs in Amsterdam
project management Amsterdam
Forex (19) Fintech (19) IT - Software Development (6) Operations (6) Finance (5) Project Management (5)
Legal (4) Management (4) Sales (4) Analysts (4) Backoffice (4) Compliance (4) Trading (4) Business Development (3) Accounting (1) Executive (1) IT - Systems Engineering (1) Payments (1)
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Product Manager - Payments & Portfolio
We are looking for a proactive and driven Product Manager for our Payments & Portfolio team to help us build products loved by our customers. Join the Product team and become part of one of the fastest-growing tech companies in the Netherlands, on the eve of European expansion. About Bitvavo In 2018, Bitvavo launched the first version of its digital assets trading platform, to bridge the gap between traditional currencies and digital assets. By offering transparent fees, a wide range of assets and an easy-to-use platform, Bitvavo is making the currency of the future accessible to everyone. In two years time, Bitvavo has established itself as the market leader in the Netherlands, with hundreds of thousands of users exchanging multiple billions of digital assets a year. Our team, located in Amsterdam, is looking for self-driven, talented people who can help us with making digital assets available to everyone. How you'll have an impact: Our Payments...
What is the role about? As a Technical Product Manager at Bitvavo, you will have an exciting opportunity to shape and make a real impact on the future of a leading European retail investment platform. You will be responsible for leading the product work for the Platform domain, while in close contact with product teams and other parts of the business to understand their needs and map them against your internal backlog. You will be responsible for drafting a long-term roadmap for the team as well as preparing the strategy on how to adjust Bitvavo's technical platform setup to stay compliant with existing rules, and prepare for new implementations and business growth. How will you make an impact? The Platforms domain at Bitvavo is responsible for providing a growing set of internal solutions and capabilities to the backend infrastructure engineering team, as well as to the entire business. We constantly look for a balance between enabling Engineering to go faster, whilst...
Payaut Amsterdam, Netherlands
We're currently looking for a proactive, driven Product Manager who is able to see - and help shape - the big picture and the small steps to get there! As one of our PMs, you will join a close-knit, international team of engineers, designers, and sales people. If you're someone with high determination and world-class interpersonal skills, who thrives in a dynamic environment - this could be the opportunity for you! What responsibilities can you expect in this role? Own and drive your team's products from A-Z; ideation, development, launch, growth and maintenance Conduct research and market analysis to deeply understand our customer's needs and wants Define and maintain the product roadmap by carrying out product discovery and customer interviews Capture and analyse data from our products and customers to understand how it is performing and identify areas of improvement Help build up the product craft at Payaut by sharpening the overall product strategy, product...
Business Intelligence Data Lead
Woolsocks Amsterdam, Netherlands
Woolsocks (https://woolsocks.eu/) is looking for their future BI Data Lead. We are a new Fintech Startup created by 2 founders of DEGIRO and powered by APC (https://www.apcreation.nl/). Our mission is creating a revolution in the world of personal finance management (PFM) through a free Super App ecosystem that enables our members to reach their financial happiness. It aims for rapid growth by acquiring a high volume of members (BtoC) scaling operations across Europe with special focus on Retail and e-commerce Industries (BtoB). In addition, Woolsocks builds its own revolutionary omnichannel cashback model through a single gateway (SaaS) platform. What you will accomplish From our Amsterdam office, you will play a key role in the growth of Woolsocks. With the financial world in the midst of its unique evolution, you have the opportunity to be impactful on our fintech journey in the international markets. About The Role We are looking for an allrounder in the field of...
Senior Demand Generation Manager
FourthLine Amsterdam, Netherlands
At Fourthline, our mission is to fight financial crime. We help protect the global financial system by verifying millions of identities for banks, neobanks, online brokers, crypto exchanges, or insurers like N26, Vivid, Trade Republic, flatexDEGIRO, Wish, Solarisbank, and more. Having started our mission in January 2018 only, we're incredibly proud to count around 350 employees between our Amsterdam and Barcelona offices, with over 50 nationalities and a nearly equal balance of genders. About the role As Senior Demand Generation Manager, your goal is to drive and accelerate the growth of Fourthline. You are responsible for generating demand for Fourthline through channels like paid social, paid search, display, and e-mail. You'll have a deep knowledge of our audience, key segments, commercial priorities, and market trends. You will collaborate closely with our Senior Content Marketing Manager, Brand Marketing Manager, and Brand Designer. You will be part of the marketing team...
Financial Crime Compliance Officer
Finom Amsterdam, Netherlands
Job description: At Finom we are setting new standards for doing business, demonstrating how finances can and should be managed in this modern world – as easily as using your smartphone. We believe that small businesses are the foundation of the European economy. We came to bring the technologies of the future to simplify the business management processes of entrepreneurs, allowing them to focus exclusively on their core businesses. We started in 2019, and in April 2020 we gained support from General Catalyst, Target Global, Cogito Capital, Avala Capital, and FJ Labs as a B2B-Challenger. As a Financial Crime Compliance Officer in the Netherlands, you will perform a wide range of 2nd Line of Defense tasks to ensure FINOM remains compliant with applicable AML regulations. You will take an active part in developing an innovative, top-of-the game Compliance department within FINOM Responsibilities: Reviewing escalations of complex high-risk cases from AML Team in the 1st...
Head of User Experience
We are looking for a proactive and driven Head of UX for our Product & UX team to help us build products loved by our customers. Join Bitvavo and become part of one of the fastest-growing tech companies in the Netherlands, on the eve of European expansion. About Bitvavo In 2018, Bitvavo launched the first version of its digital assets trading platform, to bridge the gap between traditional currencies and digital assets. By offering transparent fees, a wide range of assets and an easy-to-use platform, Bitvavo is making the currency of the future accessible to everyone. In two years time, Bitvavo has established itself as the market leader in the Netherlands, with hundreds of thousands of users exchanging multiple billions of digital assets a year. Our team, located in Amsterdam, is looking for self-driven, talented people who can help us with making digital assets available to everyone. How you'll have an impact: At this moment at Bitvavo we work...
Junior Sales Manager (German speaker)
About us Join us in one of the fastest-growing fintech sales teams to revolutionize the banking industry for companies that trade internationally! Great place to work, FINOM is a fast-moving and ambitious startup that is scaling globally. We're a team of people who wear a million hats – constantly learning, innovating, problem-solving in an effort to create a better banking infrastructure for international trade. In this role, you will be responsible for identifying and pursuing sales opportunities in UK and EU. You are a self-starter who enjoys strategic outreach and sales tactics to grow and expand the client base. We offer hybrid/remote work flexibility, intensive trainings, attractive bonus scheme and potential growth within the company depending on your career interests. YOUR PROFILE Responsibilities: Qualify and establish first contact with potential B2B clients through inbound lead generation follow-up. Be driven and responsible for active approaching prospect...
Senior Non-Financial Risk Manager
Saxo Bank Amsterdam, Netherlands
About the role: To enable the NFRM team to bring its role and non-financial risk management within Saxo Bank to the next level we are looking for a Senior Non-Financial Risk Manager. A great opportunity to join a motivated and dedicated team of non-financial risk managers of diverse professional and cultural background and nationality. Part of the team is based in Paris and cross-team collaboration with the Group Non-Financial Risk Management team in various activities is encouraged. The NFRM team is part of the second line of Saxo Bank Risk & Capital Management, which cooperates closely with Saxo Bank Compliance, Internal Audit and Group Non-Financial Risk Management. The team engages with all functional areas to support the practical implementation and embedment of non-financial risk management. Goal is to enable Saxo Bank to identify and manage its non-financial risks effectively and promote a sound risk culture and awareness. As a Non-Financial Risk Manager, your...
Partnership Manager EMEA
At Fourthline, our mission is to fight financial crime. We help protect the global financial system by verifying millions of identities for banks, neobanks, online brokers, crypto exchanges, or insurers like N26, Vivid, Trade Republic, flatexDEGIRO, Wish, Solarisbank, and more. Having started our journey in January 2018 only, we're incredibly proud to count around 350 employees between our Amsterdam and Barcelona offices with over 50 nationalities. Will you be the one closing top-notch deals with strategic partners to scale Fourthline through Europe? About the role As a Partnership Manager at Fourthline, you take a pioneering role toward strategic partnerships, as we are building out this function within the commercial team. We believe that partnerships will play a vital role in our journey to scale our business across the EMEA region. Partners will leverage Fourthline's unique offering and blend their expertise, services, technology, and ecosystem to fight financial crime...
EMS | European Merchant Services Amsterdam, Netherlands
Are you ambitious and ready to drive and accelerate positive change within a dynamic Finance Team? Would you like to work for a fast-growing, international company in the Fintech industry? Then we have a challenging position available! We are looking to strengthen our Finance team with an energetic, proactive, positive minded Financial Controller eager to make a difference. What this job is all about As our Financial Controller you will be the sparring partner for EMS with regards to various financial issues and work closely with them to ensure smooth financial processes for all existing and new business services. In this role you will be part of a young and growing Finance Team of seven, reporting to the Finance Manager and work closely together with your colleagues in Control and SSC in Poland and UK. Getting the right things done Joint responsibility for internal management reporting, shareholder reporting and external reporting (DNB); Coordinate periodic financial...
Scheme Risk & Compliance Manager
Worldline Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Role The role is a leadership role in the 2nd line merchant risk organisation in Worldline Group, with specific focus on GBL Merchant Services. The role is accountable for risk and compliance assurance for all Worldline entities globally. The selected candidate / role holder will support the Head of Group Merchant Risk (2nd Line) in ensuring that the Worldline Group's scheme risk and compliance assurance and appetite are managed within agreed risk appetite. The role holder will be accountable for the assurance management and policy development for the scheme risk and compliance function and will be the main liaison between 2nd Line and the 1st Line Risk & Compliance. The key responsibilities: Develop and Manage Scheme Risk & Compliance Policies Ensure that there are clear scheme risk and compliance policies and guidance available to the business and 1st Line Risk & Compliance (policy owner) Define, review, and maintain adequate risk and compliance...
About the role: To enable the NFRM team to bring its role and non-financial risk management within Saxo Bank to the next level we are looking for a Senior Non-Financial Risk Manager. A great opportunity to join a motivated and dedicated team of non-financial risk managers of diverse professional and cultural background and nationality. Part of the team is based in Paris and cross-team collaboration with the Group Non-Financial Risk Management team in various activities is encouraged. The NFRM team is part of the second line of Saxo Bank Risk & Capital Management, which cooperates closely with Saxo Bank Compliance, Internal Audit and Group Non-Financial Risk Management. The team engages with all functional areas to support the practical implementation and embedment of non-financial risk management. Goal is to enable Saxo Bank to identify and manage its non-financial risks effectively and promote a sound risk culture and awareness. As a Non-Financial Risk...
Sales Manager Funding
BridgeFund Amsterdam, Netherlands
In 2022 hebben we méér dan bewezen dat beleggers enthousiast worden van onze propositie: beleggen in kortlopende leningen aan het Nederlandse MKB en binnenkort aan ondernemers in heel Europa. Nu is het tijd om de vruchten ervan te plukken en daar hebben we jou voor nodig! Een commerciële creatieveling met kennis van de financiële wereld en onze doelgroep. Wat ga je doen? In 2022 is ons beleggingsfonds met maar liefst 150% gegroeid. Voor het volgende jaar liggen onze ambities natuurlijk minstens zo hoog. Het fonds bestaat uit individuele investeerders die ten minste €100.000 beschikbaar stellen tegen een vast rendement van maximaal 5,25%. Aan jou de taak om niet alleen de relaties met onze huidige beleggers warm te houden en te re-activeren, maar ook om nieuwe beleggers enthousiast te maken. Hierin laat je je creativiteit de vrije loop en kom je met toffe, nieuwe ideeën. Geen zorgen, je staat er niet alleen voor! Samen met Klaas, Jan en Team Marketing ga je aan de slag om onze...
MultiSafepay Amsterdam, Netherlands
Jij bent in staat op om commercieel strategisch vlak met parners de gezamelijke go-to market te bepalen. Belangrijk hierbij is affiniteit met software of SAAS oplossingen. Onze strategie is om via een grote diversiteit aan partners de impact naar de markt te vergroten. Wij zoeken commercieel talent die dit kan aanjagen, ontwikkelen en uiteindelijk de contractonderhandeling kan afronden. Partner Manager Het Partnership-team ontwikkelt en beheert relaties met SAAS Solutions, ERP, boekhoudsystemen en abonnementsbeheersystemen die de productstrategie van MultiSafepay mogelijk maken. Je bent constant in contact om uiteindelijk nieuwe mogelijkheden te bieden aan MultiSafepay-gebruikers. Ons team voert high-impact, cross-functional initiatieven uit op het gebied van nieuwe producten, geografische uitbreiding, belangenbehartiging van gebruikers en beleid. Deze samenwerkingen hebben grote impact op MultiSafepay en de producten die door onze gebruikers worden gebruikt. We zijn op...
Senior Software Engineer - Exchange
About Bitvavo In 2018, Bitvavo launched the first version of its digital assets trading platform, to bridge the gap between traditional currencies and digital assets. By offering transparent fees, a wide range of assets and an easy to use platform, Bitvavo is making the currency of the future accessible for everyone. In two years' time, Bitvavo has established itself as the market leader in the Netherlands and one of the largest in Europe, with over one million users exchanging tens of billions of digital assets a year. Our team, located in Amsterdam, is looking for self-driven, talented people who can help make digital assets available for everyone. How you'll have an impact: As a Senior Software Engineer, you will be in an exceptional position to maintain, improve and expand one of the main pillars of Bitvavo, the Exchange domain. You will be part of the team responsible for assets management; how we display assets, prices, and charts to our users, facilitating the...
Product Operations Manager
We are looking for a driven Product Operations Manager for our Product team to help us optimise product processes and collaboration, so we can be more efficient in creating products our customers love. Join us and become part of one of the fastest-growing tech companies in the Netherlands, on the eve of European expansion! About Bitvavo In 2018, Bitvavo launched the first version of its digital assets trading platform, to bridge the gap between traditional currencies and digital assets. By offering transparent fees, a wide range of assets and an easy to use platform, Bitvavo is making the currency of the future accessible for everyone. In two years' time, Bitvavo has established itself as the market leader in the Netherlands and one of the largest in Europe, with over one million users exchanging tens of billions of digital assets a year. Our team, located in Amsterdam, is looking for self-driven, talented people who can help make digital assets available for everyone. How...


Actor Mohak Meet is coming with a new short film Secret Pocket , which is a mixture of comedy , drama and emotion! this film tells about a boy Ashu (Mohak) and his best friend Beagle dog. After Making Movies on serious issues Mohak is now coming up with a Comedy/Drama short film which promises to entertain the viewers, Before secret Pocket Mohak has made several short films on social message like Ehsaas which topic is based on Drugs , Niyat a film on how a Auto driver shows his humanity , Blue whale film was based on a dangerous cyber game , Shikshaa (Beti bachao beti padhao) and Honey Trap which topic is based on cyber crime. All these films are getting love from the viewers! Secret Pocket Is Releasing On 5th May on Mohak Meet's Youtube Channel.


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Q: Zend_Date: wrong results on DST change day "25 Mar 2012" was the date when time was changed from 02:00am to 03:00am in the Czech Republic. On that date, one functionality on my website stopped working correctly and a customer complained, etc. After digging for a few hours, I figured out that on that day Zend_Date behaved strangely:
#!/usr/bin/env php
<?php

include 'Zend/Date.php';

date_default_timezone_set('Europe/Prague');
shell_exec('sudo date --set="25 Mar 2012 12:00:00"');

$date = new Zend_Date();
$date->set('00:01:00', Zend_Date::TIMES);
$startDate = $date->get(Zend_Date::TIMESTAMP);
echo 'start date: ' . date("j.n.Y H:i", $startDate) . PHP_EOL;

$date->set('23:59:00', Zend_Date::TIMES);
$endDate = $date->get(Zend_Date::TIMESTAMP);
echo 'end date: ' . date("j.n.Y H:i", $endDate) . PHP_EOL;

This outputs:
start date: 24.3.2012 23:01
end date: 24.3.2012 23:59

which is off by day.
If I change the date to "26 Mar 2012 12:00:00", it correctly outputs:
start date: 26.3.2012 00:01
end date: 26.3.2012 23:59

Using mktime instead of Zend_Date works correctly in both cases. Is it bug in Zend_Date? I think it is, so I have already posted a bug report http://framework.zend.com/issues/browse/ZF-12121. But maybe I am missing something obvious?

A: I've just find this on stack overflow, it perfectly fixed my issue (same as yours)
See Bug in Zend_Date (back in time)
Good luck

A: When testing the code with just hardcoding the date: $date = new Zend_Date('2012-03-25 4:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-dd H:mm:ss'); the result is ok. Try to see whether the date output is the same when using $date->toString('d.M.yyyy HH:mm');


MFC full installer 1.2.7 Released !
What's including MFC Dongle installer V1.2.7 ?
We encourage all new customers to use this installer, if you don't know how to install driver etc by separate. The downloaded version of the software is available now.
MFC Dongle Ver. 1.2.9 Beta Official Released !!
We recommend all customers to upgrade to this latest version 1.2.9 beta. The downloaded version of the software is available now, You can download from support page with valid account.
MFC Dongle Ver. 1.2.9 Beta 3 Released !!
This update fixed bugs for arabic language phone when you bruteforce the passcode.
For iOS 7.x - iOS 8.1 version.
MFC New update will coming in few days once complete tested !
HOT !!!! MFC 1.3.6 Merry Christmas Version Released !
We're Very happy to announce the release of MFC Dongle Version 1.36 .
Changelogs for MFC Dongle V1.36 ?
UFS+HWK. JAF+Pkey. BEST. CYCLONE. ATF-nitro. Z3X. Dream Box. RIFF. XTC-Clip. SCout. MFC Dongle. XTC 2 Clip.
Changelogs for MFC Dongle V1.39 ?
The downloaded version of the software is available now, You can download from support page with valid membership.
Response time improved (Server Side).
PS, if you have unlocking server welcome to using our API.
If you bought the credtis from any unlocking server, you will get recharge code in 1-5 mins. Once you get the recharge key you can recharge into your MFC account by mfc software.
Кто сможете загрузить на форум версию 1,40 спасибо!
We're happy to announce the release of MFC V1.5.0 & Huawei Unlocker V1.03 , This is a major update to the software.
Changelogs for MFC Dongle V1.50 & HW Unlocker V1.03 ?
MFC 2.2 is now available. We are encouraged all customers to use this version.
We're proud to announce the release of MFC Dongle 1.0.3, This is a maintenance release focused on resolving issues within the software.
What's new for MFC Dongle Version 1.0.3 ?
We encourage all customers to upgrade to this latest version 1.0.3. The downloaded version of the software is available now, You can using the MFCDL Tools to upgrading to latest version.


It's been so long since I posted anything here that I was not sure I still remembered how. If you're reading this, I have indeed found my way back and am not as foolish as I thought.
There is a lot of news around here so adequate reporting would take days and I love my loyal readers too much to do such a thing. I'm going to do an abriged version here for the moment, but please feel free to use the comments to request further information on a specific topic. With all of that spare time you have after you're done checking Facebook or Twitter or whatever.
1. We're heading for Chicago! Baby shower for our beloved Michele on the afternoon of Aug 15. We arrive the evening of the 12th and fly out on the 16th. Yes, it's stupidly short after an absence of 3 years, but school orientation is on the 10th and KINDERGARTEN starts on the 17th.
2. Elise is two weeks away from starting KINDERGARTEN. Our little punkin is officially school-aged now. Growing like a weed. Can't tell she lost her front teeth because they've grown back in already. Reads like a pro. Knows exactly what we're not saying when we spell words in front of her. Currently loves playing barbies and polly pockets with her BF Rista.
3. I just finished my 14th week of Weight Watchers, and would like to toot my own horn and mention the 18 pounds I no longer have on me. Kind of gross to think that I still have a little more than that to get rid of, but it is good to be off to such a great start. My number one tip? Sandwich Thins that are made by Orowheat. One point per nifty bun-like item, and it rocks. If it's not in your neighborhood grocery store, check Costco. Yum!
4. I am a sucker for small, fuzzy things. We have two foster kittens hanging out in the upstairs bathroom right now. They're both jet-black, and sweet as can be. A far cry from Mellie and Samantha. We've decided to call one Jane (after the character from Ursula LeGuin's Catwings books) and the other Hullabaloo. At some point, I'll get these little furballs photographed and shown here.
5. We've been enjoying time at the beach. I never knew I liked the beach until my friend Danielle showed me how to do it up right. She even helped get Elise to put her feet in the water! Hot days=time to hit the beach.
6. Andy is officially a published author! He and a friend/colleague wrote an article together which I happened to think was pretty doggone interesting.
7. My brother and my sister-in-law are back on this continent! And we were lucky enough to be the first stop on their return.
We approach our 3rd anniversary of living in California with no small amount of awe. When we arrived, we were a family with a toddler. We had hopes of a better career opportunity for Andy. I was recovering from the most painful of the 4 abdominal surgeries I'd had in just over 2 years. Never in our wildest dreams could we have anticipated we'd be where we are now. I can't seem to break the habit I formed when I was a kid of stopping in the middle of an adventure and exclaiming "Look how far we've come!" Isn't it fun? I'm pretty proud of us. And looking forward to the future!
Lots of smilies your way!!!
Welcome back to your blog. You were sorely missed.


The BeyeNETWORK is excited to announce the winners of the 2010 Vision Awards for Business Impact. More than 60 submissions were received in 7 categories (advanced analytics, analytic databases/appliances, business intelligence, data integration, enterprise data warehousing, operational BI, and performance management) and include excellent use cases of valuable software solutions across a wide range of industries.
The winning submissions featured powerful deployments of software technology from departmental applications run in the cloud across huge volumes of data to global governance programs and increased humanitarian aid due to cost savings recouped from reengineering the IT infrastructure.
"These winning entries show the breadth of success that can be achieved with thoughtful applications of a variety of software solutions from mature products to disruptive technologies," said Ron Powell the Associate Publisher of the BeyeNETWORK. "Congratulations to the winners and thanks to the judges who did such a nice job of bringing objectivity and expertise to the judging process."


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How Mocktails Are Driving the Sober Curious Movement, in Dry January and Beyond
Bryce Jones
With brands like Betty Buzz, Ghia, and more, sober curiosity and cutting out alcohol is becoming more normalized—and a whole lot tastier.
Carson Downing | Design: Better Homes & Gardens
Melanie Masarin, the founder and creator behind Ghia, stopped drinking alcohol because of her busy work life. She also didn't like the brain fog and other side effects that came with consuming alcoholic beverages. While she was never a big drinker, this personal decision resulted in her suddenly feeling excluded in social settings. When going out to happy hour with friends, the only options available to her were super sugary drinks like Mexican Cokes—a little infantilizing, and also not great for you.
Growing up in France, home-cooked meals and complex flavors were the norm to Masarin. She enjoyed beverages with dry, bitter profiles like Campari and vermouth. After cutting out drinking, she realized there wasn't anything in the mocktail or alcohol-free market like that. So she decided to make her own Mediterranean-inspired apéritif.
"I got so enthused with the idea of creating something that would really make me feel like I was having an adult beverage … that would feel fresh and also just have the best ingredients in it," Masarin says. "I feel like [drinking is] this social lubricant, and I also feel like there's this crazy external pressure to do this thing that's not actually good for my body, and it's the only thing that's bad for you that keeps getting pushed on you by society."
While that pressure definitely still exists, it's being applied less—with the help of mocktails, young people, and sober curiosity.
The Sober Curious Boom
The culture around drinking in America is at a pivotal moment. In the aftermath of lockdown, where free time was abundant and days blended together, people are taking a step back to rethink their drinking habits—whether they gave up alcohol during the pandemic or polished off a few bottles of wine a week. The movement has a few names, but a key one is sober curious.
In 2018, Ruby Warrington published her first book, Sober Curious: The Blissful Sleep, Greater Focus, Deep Connection, and Limitless Presence Awaiting Us All On The Other Side of Alcohol. In it, she invites the reader to explore what their life would be like without alcohol, or even with less of it. Since she coined the term sober curious, the concept has spread over the last five years and grown into a social media phenomenon—a Facebook group based on the book has over 9,000 members, and Warrington published a follow-up book called The Sober Curious Reset, which guides people through 100 days of no alcohol.
"There wasn't anything that was a softer approach or a gentler approach to examining or re-examining your relationship with alcohol," Warrington says. "And so that's why I created the term sober curious, which really is designed to just be a very open ended, very nonjudgmental way to give people permission to answer some of the questions they might have about their drinking."
Growing from a term to a movement, sober curiosity is gaining momentum year after year, especially among younger generations. A 2018 Berenberg study found that Gen Z specifically drinks 20% less per capita than Millennials, and 64% of Gen Z respondents said they expect to drink less frequently as they get older compared to other generations. The hashtag #sobercurious on TikTok has nearly 370 million views.
Much like Dry January and the gentle terminology of the sober curious movement, mocktails provide a way to avoid invasive questioning and judgment in situations where alcohol is flowing. Having a drink in your hand and being able to go up to the bar with friends also prevents potentially uncomfortable moments and anxiety around missing out.
"It sounds so simple, but the fear of not knowing what you're going to order—whether you're at a restaurant, going to a party, at a networking event—the fear of someone saying, 'What are you drinking?' And you have to say, 'Water,' and everyone goes, 'What?', if you can say, 'Oh, I'm gonna have this cocktail, but it just happens to be an alcohol free one,' it removes that barrier, and it soothes that social anxiety," Warrington says.
The Mocktail Movement
Before starting Ghia, Masarin only knew of one other alcohol-free liquor brand—a gin alternative based in the U.K. Blake Lively got the idea for Betty Buzz, a non-alcoholic sparkling mixer company, because as a non-drinker with a passion for creating cocktails, she found herself limited to sugary, syrupy options. Both of these brands were dreamed up only about five years ago.
With clean, crisp flavors like grapefruit and ginger beer, Betty Buzz set out to become an alternative to the classic overly sweet cranberry juice or bland club soda. The focus on quality ingredients aligns with the focus on health and mindfulness at the forefront of the sober curious movement.
"Coming out of COVID, everyone is even more health conscious than they formerly were," says Katie Moslak, vice president of marketing at Betty Buzz. "I think part of it is, with that popularity, people are taking mocktails more seriously now. So there's better experimentation, there's better sophistication. People see them as proper cocktails now, where it's really a landscape for at home or even mixology experimentation, and it's a fun area."
According to Masarin, three categories make up the mocktail market: functional beverages that have a physical effect (like popular brand Kin Euphorics), analog drinks that mimic already-existing alcohol, and flavor-forward mixers that don't claim to give you a buzz or serve as a spirit replacement. The variety of types shows how the industry is growing—and will continue to grow.
Yelp named mocktails as one of the top 2023 food trends based on their search data, and these alcohol alternatives have never been more accessible. Restaurants have non-alcoholic drink menus, at-home mixologists have the tools and ingredients to experiment, and brands continue to pop up.
For Moslak, choice and the path to being considered a proper mixed beverage is going to define the mocktail space this year—whether it's being able to order a non-alcoholic mule or paloma at dinner or booze-free bottomless mimosas at brunch, having that optionality will become the standard.
"I believe mocktails are here to stay," Masarin says. "I think there's bound to be massive adoption rage, because you just see it when you stop drinking—whether you stop drinking altogether, whether you get down, you just feel so much better. And I feel like having the encouragement of other people doing it is only going to continue making it easier for people to play with mocktails. There's never been more availability."
Gen Zers are moving away from alcohol
Gen Zers are either not drinking period or switching to mocktails, which are non-alcoholic versions of popular cocktails.
Chris Marshall Created A Bar Where People Can Connect... Without Alcohol
The owner of one of the first alcohol-free bars in the U.S. provides a safe haven from the pressures of drinking.
Quick! One of the most popular soundbars at Amazon is down to $35
If you find yourself opting into closed captions more often than not, you might need this in your life.


text:
Adolescent and Family Counselling
Samaritans supports families in need of counselling services. We provide safe, confidential and friendly family counselling in the Lower Hunter.
This Adolescent and Family Counselling Service provides a safe, confidential and friendly space for young people aged 9-18 years, young parents under 25 years and their families to talk through tough times.
This service is FREE and Confidential to families living in the Cessnock and Kurri Kurri areas and is based at headspace Cessnock.
There are various ways that the Adolescent and Family Counsellor may help you and your family work through difficult times. These include:
Offering advice and information
Advocating for the young person and their family
Parenting support programs
Connecting families with other specialists
Samaritans Adolescent and Family counsellors can assist young people aged 9-18 years, young parents under 25 years and their families.
Adolescent and Family Counselling Brochure
headspace Cessnock
122-124 Vincent Street
Cessnock NSW
headspace Cessnock provides mental health and welbeing support for young people in Cessnock and the Hunter.
headspace Maitland
headspace Maitland provides mental health and welbeing support for young people in Maitland and the Hunter.
Rural Young Minds
Samaritans provides mental health wellbeing support to youth in rural areas. Rural Young Minds (RYM) is a program for young people aged 12-25 years that have complex-severe mental health concerns.


text:
Q: 2 LEDs for a mixer, one for signal monitor and another for mute status I'm sorry I know I already asked for the similar question but now I learned how to properly ask my question and I will detail it more on this thread.
I have a DIY mixer on breadboard right now.
It's only 1 channel for the moment and I used a SPDT switch to pass the signal on or off. The center pin of the SPDT is connected to the output. Left pin is at the input where the signal comes from, and the third pin is on ground to minimise the noise when the switch is on the muted status.
I successfully added an LED with a 3904 transistor on this channel so when the SPDT is on, passing the signal to the output, this audio signal (AC I guess) is turning the 3904 transistor on and lets the green light monitors the signal, this LED reacts to the audio signal, like a level meter LED bar graph but only 1 LED, it flickers as the sound frequencies are being played.
Now my question is I want to add another LED, a red one, that would turn on ONLY when the SPDT switch is turned off (this is the muted state for the chanel mixer.)
I tried many things already, with 3906 or other simple circuits I found online for toggling 2 leds but since all I find online is using a steady voltage instead of an audio signal like I do right now, it makes my circuit light up both leds when the signal is on.
So I guess either I would have to block some portion of the audio signal triggering both LEDs (which should trigger just the green ON LED) or convert the audio signal to a DC voltage like something 3V for on and 0V for off. If I can know how to convert this audio signal to 0V or 3V it would solve my problem because right now K can turn on the muted red LED when the audio signal is muted but I can't make it so that when the spdt switch is on it only light up the green led, not the red led.
I hope it is more clear now, I'm sure this is basic electronics but 'm new to all this so it's complicated for me.

A: Turn the switch around!
make the common terminal go to ground, the mute position connect the end of R55 to ground, and the remaining terminal short out the red led (or use an NPN transistor if sinking the current is undesirable)....

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
You will want to refine it a bit, as any DC on the output of the opamp will produce switching clicks.
Your level detector also has a problem in that the 1k base resistor will only draw current on a positive going signal, where it looks like 1k in series with a diode, but when not conducting that chain looks like an open circuit. Your source impedance is 1k, so that produces pretty horrible distortion.


text:
Lightning football is a shortened variation of Australian rules football, often played at half of the duration of a full match.

Lightning football is typically used as a means to accommodate a small tournament inside a single day or weekend, particularly at junior or amateur level; these tournaments are generally known as lightning premierships or lightning carnivals. At the top level of Australian rules football, lightning matches have most recently been staged as part of the Australian Football League pre-season competition.

Lightning football is distinct from AFLX, a different shortened variation of Australian rules football. Lightning football is not significantly different from standard Australian rules football other than the length of its games, while AFLX is a heavily modified variant played with on a smaller field with fewer players.

Name
The use of the word lightning, as a synonym for "fast", to describe an Australian rules football tournament appears to have originated with the first lightning carnival staged by the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) in 1940. The term may have been adopted from its use in chess, which had used the word lightning in the same context for many years: "lightning chess" tournaments were seen in Australia from as early as 1909, and were played under modified rules in which players were allowed at most ten seconds to make each move, allowing an entire tournament to be completed in just a few hours.

In a preview of the 1940 SANFL Lightning Carnival, the Advertiser journalist Jim Handby discussed the suitability of the name; while he surmised that the choice of name was primarily due to the short time over which the premiership was decided, he speculated that the shortened matches could lead to a particularly high-paced style of gameplay.

The term "lightning premiership/carnival" has generally entered the Australian vernacular for a condensed carnival of shortened matches in any game or sport. The term was, for example, attributed to a 1945 South Australian seven-a-side rugby union tournament, long before the sport of rugby sevens was formally codified.

Rules
Unlike other abbreviated sports, such as Twenty20 cricket, rugby sevens or Australian rules football's AFLX, lightning football is not a strictly codified sport in its own right. In many cases, the length of the game is the only difference in the rules between the full and lightning versions of the game; in other cases, some rules are modified for lightning matches.

Most commonly, lightning matches are played at half of the length of a regulation game. In the most recent lightning matches in the Australian Football League (AFL) pre-season competition, lightning matches are played over two halves, each lasting 20 minutes with time on, compared with the normal match length of four quarters each lasting 20 minutes with time-on. However, this varies from tournament to tournament, and the length is often simply adjusted based on the number of games required to be played and the time available to play them in.

In more recent incarnations of lightning football organised by the AFL, several experimental rules, many designed to speed up the game, have been trialled. The most notable variation was the introduction of a free kick paid against the last player to touch the ball before it goes out of bounds (except from a spoil or smother), rather than restarting play with a boundary throw-in; this rule was used in the AFL's 1996 and 2011 lightning matches, and as revised in 2012 to penalise a player only if the last touch was a kick, handpass, or crossing the line while in possession of the ball.

History

Early history
The concept of holding a one-day tournament of shortened Australian rules football matches dates as early as the 19th century. During a weekend's break in the 1896 VFA premiership season, a Charity Cup event was held in which four clubs – , ,  and Port Melbourne – contested a knock-out tournament of shortened matches; as is the case in modern lightning premierships, new rules were trialled during the event.

World War II
Lightning premierships saw an increase in frequency around World War II, when many such events were staged as wartime fundraisers. The first occurred during 1940, the first football season following the outbreak of World War II. On 13 July 1940, the SANFL staged its "Lightning Football Carnival" at the Adelaide Oval, attracting a crowd of almost 17,500 people, with Sturt victorious; the carnival was an eight-team knock-out tournament, with each match played over two periods of 14 minutes each. The Victorian Football League then staged its version, known as the "Patriotic Premiership", on 3 August 1940, at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, attracting more than 30,000 people, and won by ; this was a twelve-team knock-out tournament, with each match lasting a single period of 20 minutes. Both tournaments were considered great successes, and both leagues held further wartime Lightning Premierships in 1941 and 1943.

In addition to the sport's two biggest leagues, the Tasmanian Australian National Football League (TANFL) held two wartime Lightning Premierships, both in 1941, and many smaller leagues also held events. Most notably, the Broken Hill Football League, staged a "Patriotic Premiership" on 6 July 1940, one week before the inaugural SANFL event, which consisted of a four-team knock-out tournament, with matches played at just under half-length (two periods of twenty minutes without time-on).

Post World War II
In the ten years following World War II, most of the major Australian rules football leagues sporadically held lightning premierships. Although there was no longer a war to fund, the events were still held as charity fundraisers. The SANFL was the most active proponent of lightning football, staging four post-war carnivals between 1946 and 1950; the VFL staged lightning premierships on public holidays in 1951 (Jubilee Day), 1952 (Empire Day) and 1953 (Coronation Day); and post-war lightning premierships were also staged by the Victorian Football Association (1946), the North Western Football Union (1951) and the TANFL (1953).

Since the 1950s, lightning football has been seen only occasionally at the top levels of the sport. Specific events have included:
1971: the Rothmans Channel 7 Cup, an eight-team knockout tournament of half-length games played over one weekend in October 1971. The tournament was staged in Perth as a testimonial to Polly Farmer, and featured four West Australian Football League teams and two teams each from the SANFL and VFL.
1972–1979: the VFA staged a post-season lightning premiership among teams from both divisions that failed to reach the finals. The shortened matches were played as curtain-raisers to the finals, rather than as a condensed tournament.
1996: the AFL staged a pre-season lightning premiership over a weekend in February 1996 to celebrate the league's Centenary Season. Matches were played over two halves of 17.5 minutes duration, and this was the first Lightning Premiership to trial some of the more experimental rules currently associated with the lightning format.
2011 to 2013: the AFL staged lightning matches in the first round of the annual pre-season competition. The league's eighteen teams competed in six separate rounds robin of three teams each, with each set of three matches played consecutively at one venue. In 2011, the lightning round was used to eliminate ten of the eighteen teams from the competition; in 2012, the lightning matches counted as two of each team's four scheduled pre-season competition matches.
2011: at the 2011 Australian Football International Cup, a round of lightning matches (in the form of six rounds robin of three teams each) was staged at the start of the tournament, and the results were used to separate the twelve stronger countries and the six weaker countries into separate divisions for the remainder of the tournament.

Lightning football at lower levels
Among the more notable senior lightning football events around Australia are:
The Ngurratjuta Lightning Carnival, which has been held every year since the 1980s over the Easter long weekend in Alice Springs. The Ngurratjuta Lightning Carnival attracts teams from all over the Northern Territory, including from remote indigenous communities, and is the biggest football event in the Red Centre.
The Boag's Draught Pre-season Invitational, which is a pre-season lightning premiership played among the previous year's premiers from each of Greater Melbourne's eight metropolitan football leagues (the EFL, EDFL, GFL, NFL, RDFL, SFL, VAFA and WRFL). First staged in 2011.

Annual lightning carnivals have become common in many junior leagues and school competitions. This is not limited to Australian rules football, with many other sports contested under a lightning premiership format.

Top level lightning premiership winners
This table lists winners of stand-alone lightning premiership series played in the major Australian state leagues.

References

Variations of Australian rules football
Australian rules football terminology
Sports originating in Australia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Geopolitics of the Roman Empire deals with the "inalienable relationship between geography and politics of the Roman Empire". Once the Roman Empire had reached its natural borders, the location of potential threats to the empire and Roman troop locations played a major role in the elevation of Roman Emperors. Access to the troops, their location were crucial to the empire's internal politics, civil wars, and the eventual Fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Natural borders of the Roman Empire

The Empire established by Augustus stayed consistent in territory for most of its history, though grew to permanently add Britannia through the campaign of Claudius and Dacia through Trajan's campaigns. Augustus had previously wanted the empire to incorporate territory until the Elbe river but changed his plans after the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Trajan also conquered Mesopotamia in addition to Dacia, but the territory was abandoned by the next emperor, Hadrian, who felt the territory would be too difficult and expensive to maintain against the Parthian Empire. The Empire's boundaries, therefore, were Hadrian's Wall (sometimes the Antonine Wall), the Rhine and Main rivers in the Western Empire. The Danube River in the middle empire. The mountains of Armenia and deserts of Syria to the East and the Sahara Desert and Atlas Mountains in Africa.

However, after the Battle of Adrianople and Theodosius's subsequent peace deal with the Goths the Rhine and Danube frontiers became incredibly porous. As per the peace deal, the victorious Goths retained their rights to pledge allegiance to their own King and retain their weapons, becoming in effect a separate state within the borders of the Roman Empire. Finding it harder to penetrate into the Eastern Roman Empire past the Bosporus, the Goths turned west. The Vandals, Franks and Alans would soon join the Goths in settling in Western Roman lands, while retaining their tribal allegiances and heritage.

Fracturing of the Empire

The Empire fractured on many occasions, the first and most noteworthy being after the death of emperor Valerian, when the empire split into three parts; the Gallic Empire in the west, the Palmyrene Empire in the east and a rump middle empire led by Valerian's son, Gallienus. Conflict between the empires was initially averted as they were too busy dealing with external threats and a plague to fight amongst each other. However, the fracturing of the empire forced a reorganisation which allowed each part to hold back whatever threat they faced. The Gallic Empire stopped Frankish invasions, the rump Roman empire defeated an Alemanni force invading Italia, and Palmyra in the east under the stewardship of Odaenathus successfully fought off the Sassanid Empire. Modern historians credit this fracturing of the Empire as the reason that the Roman Empire endured under a period of intense duress, postulating that the three empires did a much better job than one Empire headed by a single emperor would have been able to do.

Indeed, the size of the empire and the inability for a single emperor to be able to effectively address barbarian invasions as well as internal threats of usurpation is one of the reasons Diocletian created the Tetrachy and the empire eventually split into its Eastern and Western halves.

The empire would continue to fracture during 407 AD, dissatisfied troops in Britannia hailed Constantine III as Emperor of the west. He then reached Gaul where he campaigned against a group of Vandals, Alans and Suebi who had crossed the Rhine.

Location of Roman capitals

During the Crisis of the Third Century, the presence of the emperor was required near the front to both subdue any barbarian invasion and to deter any possible usurpation or dissatisfaction from the troops. While the court moved with the emperor, during the height of the crisis the de facto capital moved to Mediolanum. The city rose as due to its proximity to the frontiers of both the Rhine and Danube rivers and as the base of an elite cavalry force (Comitatenses) founded by emperor Gallienus, which could quickly be mobilised to counter any such threat.

When Diocletian became emperor and formed the Tetrachy, the four cities of Nicomedia, Mediolanum, Sirmium and Trier became capitals of the Roman Empire. Trier due to its proximity to the Rhine frontier and ability to oversee the legionaries of the area, Sirmium was chosen for the same reasons on the Danube frontier. Diocletian chose Nicomedia as his capital due to its more central location between Europe and Asia and it became the Empire's most senior city.

When Constantine I became sole Emperor he built a new capital at Constantinople because of its site with easy access to the Danube and Euphrates frontiers able to meet the European barbarian and Sassanid threat respectively as well as its more defensible location than Nicomedia, surrounded as it was with water on three sides.

After the battle of Adrianople, the Rhine and Danube frontiers became incredibly porous and an independent horde of Goths were loose within the borders of the empire. Alaric I's siege of Milan in 403 was enough to persuade emperor Honorius to move the capital to a less exposed location and so Ravenna became capital of the Western Empire as it was surrounded by swamps on all sides and harder to lay siege to.

Troop locations
The Romans were a highly martial civilisation, troops were used to defend the empire from external threats as well as by commanders to stake a claim at being Emperor.

External threats

Barbarian tribes living across the Rhine and Danube Rivers would often enter Roman territory for raids, attracted by the idea of plunder. This naturally led to the stationing of large numbers of troops on these frontiers to act both as defense and a deterrent. Similarly, the Parthian Empire to the east, later replaced by the Sassanids posed a large threat to Roman Syria and Egypt. Egypt was of particular importance to the empire due to its grain supply, so the Romans also left a large garrison in the east to counter this threat. The island of Britannia also had a large troop garrison to ensure the pacification of the many tribes inside and outside Roman territory.

Internal threats
After the Marian reforms, the structure and culture of the Roman army had changed incredibly with legionaries loyalties siding more with their generals than the government of Rome. This trend continued through successive emperors and reached its zenith during the crisis of the third century, when the support of legionaries was the crucial factor of a potential emperor's successful bid for power and longevity of reign.

With this in mind, the most powerful individuals in the Empire after the Emperor himself were usually those in command of areas with large troop garrisons, or access to these areas. Historically these areas were the Danube frontier, the Rhine, the far east of the empire and Britannia.

Notes: (1) Table excludes c. 4,000 officers (centurions and above). (2) Auxiliary cavalry nos. assumes 70% of cohortes were equitatae

Analysis
The table shows the importance of auxiliary troops in the 2nd century, when they outnumbered legionaries by 1.5 to 1.
The table shows that legions did not have a standard complement of auxiliary regiments and that there was no fixed ratio of auxiliary regiments to legions in each province. The ratio varied from six regiments per legion in Cappadocia to 40 per legion in Mauretania.
Overall, cavalry represented about 20% (including the small contingents of legionary cavalry) of the total army effectives. But there were variations: in Mauretania the cavalry proportion was 28%.
The figures show the massive deployments in Britannia and Dacia. Together, these two provinces account for 27% of the total auxilia corps.

List of commanders declared Emperor by their legions
Below is a list of Roman commanders who rose through the ranks of their respective legions to either rule the Empire, or form smaller breakaway empires.

List of commanders declared Emperor by the British legions

Britannia accounted for an eighth of the Roman Army at its height but the island was isolated from the continent, although there were significant troops on the island, the chances of a claimant emperor were small unless they could get the support of the Rhine legions too. Finally, neglected by the empire and unable to campaign and win plunder, dissatisfaction lead to troops in Britannia joining the barbarian plundering of the island they were meant to protect during the Great Conspiracy as well as a series of usurpers culminating in the declaration of Constantine III as Augustus in 407 AD.

 Clodius Albinus 193 AD, 196 AD
 Carausius 286 AD, ruler of Britain for seven years during the Carausian Revolt
 Constantine I  306 AD, founder of the Constantinian dynasty
 Marcus 407 AD
 Gratian 407 AD
 Constantine III 407 AD, removed the legionaries from Britannia to fight in Gaul.

List of commanders declared Emperor by the Rhine legions

The Rhine Legions were a formidable force, usually battle hardened and still close enough to Rome to exert influence.
 Vitellius 69 AD
 Valerian 253 AD
 Postumus 260 AD, founder of the Gallic empire
 Julian 355 AD

List of Commanders declared Emperor by the Eastern Legions

The Eastern Legions, although numerous found themselves far from Rome and therefore harder to exert influence on the politics of Rome
 Vespasian 69 AD, founder of the Flavian dynasty
 Pescennius Niger 193 AD
 Macrianus Major 259 AD
 Macrianus Minor 260 AD
 Vaballathus 267 AD, Ruler of the Palmyrene Empire
 Jovian 363 AD

List of Commanders declared Emperor by the Danube legions

The Danube Legions were the most powerful legionary force, they were the most numerous out of all the frontier forces, were usually battle hardened and could rely on their proximity to Rome to enable their candidate's succession.

 Septimius Severus 193 AD, founder of the Severan dynasty
 Maximinus Thrax 235 AD
 Decius 249 AD
 Trebonianus Gallus 251 AD
 Aemilianus 253 AD
 Ingenuus 260 AD
 Regalianus 260 AD
 Probus 276 AD

List of Commanders Who declared Emperor by the Comitatenses
The emperor Gallienus founded an elite cavalry force designed to quickly react to both internal (usurpations) and external (barbarian invasions) he based them in Milan and it was through them that the city gained stature and became de facto capital. Thus their status and location made them an incredibly powerful branch of the Roman military.
 Aureolus 268 AD
 Claudius Gothicus 268 AD
 Aurelian 270 AD, restorer of a unified Roman empire after conquering the Gallic Empire and Palmyrene Empire
 Diocletian 284 AD, founder of the tetrachy

Additional factors

Grain supplies

Throughout the Roman Empire the provinces of North Africa and Egypt were crucial to the Empire for their grain supply. Emperors would use a grain dole to win the support of the people of Rome and so control over these provinces were crucial. Augustus regarded Egypt with such importance that he made it a personal province to the Roman emperor, stationed legionaries under his direct command and made it law that any senator or general wishing to enter the province would first need the permission of the Emperor himself. Tacitus informs us that in 68 AD the governor of Africa, Clodius Macer was executed by Galba for threatening to cut the grain supply to Italy. [Ref: THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE GRAIN FLEETS: CONTRACTING OUT PUBLIC SERVICES IN ANTIQUITY BY MICHAEL CHARLES AND NEAL RYAN Queensland University of Technology]

Queen Zenobia's conquest of Egypt in 270 AD was a key reason that Aurelian marched on the Palmyrene Empire in 272 AD.

When the Empire split, North Africa was crucial to the Western Empire and Egypt to the Eastern for the same reasons. A defection of the governor of Africa, Gildo to the Eastern Roman Empire lead to war and Gothic King Alaric I who sacked Rome in 410 died while leading a campaign into Africa to cut the then Western Empire's grain supply. Similarly, in 408 AD a delay in the grain supply from Egypt to Constantinople lead to riots. And the Bishops of Alexandria, who held sway over the seaman's union of the port would use the leverage of grain supply to threaten Eastern Roman Emperors from time to time.[Ref: Paul Johnson A History of Christianity].

Mineral deposits
Hadrian had considered abandoning Trajan's conquest of Dacia, as he felt the salient was too difficult to defend but the presence of gold and silver mines in the region made its conquest lucrative. The depletion of the mines and its difficulty to defend was a major reason that emperor Aurelian abandoned the province in 275 AD, bringing the frontier back to the Danube river.

Britannia was also conquered in part due to its gold, silver and tin deposits but its island remoteness was a major reason for isolation during the Great Conspiracy and Carausian Revolt, its neglect and eventual withdrawal by Roman emperors.

References

Ancient Roman geography
Geopolitics
Government of the Roman Empire
History of the Roman Empire


CHICAGO -- "Empire" actor Jussie Smollett pleaded not guilty to multiple charges of disorderly conduct Thursday morning.
Cameras were rolling as Lawyer Tina Glandian entered the plea on behalf of the 36-year-old actor during a hearing in Cook County Circuit Court at 26th and California.
Judge Steven Watkins was assigned to oversee the case, including the trial.
Smollett is charged with lying to Chicago police about the January attack in the city's Streeterville neighborhood.
A grand jury indicted Smollett on 16 felony counts of disorderly conduct for filing a false report.
Smollett has denied that he staged the attack and maintains he is innocent.
An attorney for the Osundairo brothers, Abimbola "Abel" and Olabinjo "Ola", has said a $3500 check the actor gave the brothers was for both personal training and to stage an attack.
The brothers are not facing charges.
State's Attorney Kim Foxx has asked Chicago Police Superintendent Eddie Johnson to turn the case over to the FBI.
A spokesperson for Foxx says the request was made over concerns about leaks to the media.
Foxx has recused herself from the case.


text:
Rashomon | Japan | 1950 | DCP | 88 min. | Japanese with English subtitles Director: Akira Kurosawa
Cast: Toshiro Mifune, Machiko Kyo, Takashi Shimura
Director Kurosawa and his star Mifune gained international fame and awakened the world to the importance of Japanese cinema with this story of murder told through the eyes of four different characters. This screening is presented in conjunction with University Theatre's stage production of Rashomon, directed by David Furumoto, September 16-26.