text:
Know the Inspirational Quotes of Swami Vivekananda on his Death Anniversary
Home English Know the Inspirational Quotes of Swami Vivekananda on his Death Anniversary
English, News
Today we will tell you about Swami Vivekananda like his death anniversary, Quotes, Messages etc. The biography of Swami Vivekananda is very interesting, after reading which you will become very motivated. Today the young generation needs new inventions and ideas, and unemployment is still one of the most prominent problems of the country and today the young generation of the country can get a lot of help from the great ideas of Swami Vivekananda.
About Swami Vivekananda Life History
Swami Vivekananda Believes in God & Spirituality
Swami Vivekananda was the Epitome of Genius
National Youth Day is also celebrated on the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda.
Swami Vivekananda did not get the right path, died due to disease
10 priceless thoughts of Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda Quotes & Messages 2021 in English
Swami Vivekananda was born on 12 January 1863 in Kolkata, his father's name was Vishwanath Dutt and mother's name was Bhuvaneshwari Devi.
Be not in despair; the way is very difficult, like walking on the edge of a razor; yet despair not, arise, awake , and find the ideal, the goal.#swamivivekananda pic.twitter.com/AB6epTsT9O
— VIF India (@vifindia) July 1, 2021
Before his retirement, Swami Vivekananda's name was Narendranath Datta and he was also known as Naren, his family was wealthy, noble and famous for generosity and learning. Vishwanath Dutt was an Attorney-at-law in the Kolkata High Court and advocated in the Kolkata High Court, he was a thinker, very liberal, sympathetic to the poor, practical and creative approach in religious and social matters. He was the person to keep. His father believed in Western civilization and he also wanted his son Narendra to follow the path of Western civilization by teaching English.
Vivekananda was intelligent since childhood and had meditation in God and in spirituality, that is why he first went to Brahmo Samaj, but there his mind was not satisfied and at the same time he met many people to get rid of his religious and spiritual doubts, but his doubts were resolved anywhere.
About Swami Vivekanand in english
Swami Vivekananda Essay: Didn't get it One day one of his relatives took him to Ramakrishna Paramahansa Swami Ramakrishna Paramahansh asked on seeing Narendra Dutt, can you sing some hymns about religion Narendra Dutt said yes I can sing then Narendra sang two or three hymns in his melodious voice. Swami Paramhansh was very happy after listening to his hymns narrated in me, since then Narendra Dutt started doing satsang to Swami Paramhansh and became his disciple.
Also Read: Rani Lakshmi Bai: जानिए रानी लक्ष्मीबाई जी की 10 मुख्य बात साथ ही जाने कैसे हुई उनकी मृत्यु?
Swami Vivekananda had become a staunch follower of Vedanta school. Between 1887 and 1892, Swami Vivekananda lived in anonymity, after being in solitude, on a tour of India, on 16 August 1986, Swami Paramhansa went to the world. Swami Vivekananda played an important role in contributing to contribution the prevalence of Vedanta and Yoga in Western culture. Swami Vivekananda was the main and influential spiritual teacher of Vedanta.
India has about 60 percent youth. Youth has the most energy, there is only a need to put that energy in the right place. Possibilities have many pollen grains within them. If the youth is aware of his rights and goals, then he can change the condition of the country. If he becomes familiar with philosophy, he can change both the direction and condition of his family, society, country and other generations. In the youth, many possibilities result from just one right guidance. Possibilities are those which take the country towards drug-freedom, dowry-freedom, lead towards Satbhakti, towards Sanatan Dharma. Presently the youth are in dire need of this direction.
Swami Vivekananda Jayanti is celebrated as National Youth Day: The situation of disorientation among the youth is being seen for some time now. The energy which was to be used in the revolution of good ideas is being spent in drug addiction, greed, dishonesty etc. Due to this, they make their own life hell, but they also make the country, society and family life hell. The deviation in any devotion is only due to the lack of guidance and if the guidance is found in the philosophy of philosophy, then there comes a state of luscious gold, that is, the energetic youth, on that too, all that energy collects and looks towards the welfare of human life.
Swami Vivekananda Explained by Dhruv Rathi
Such youth build a healthy and beautiful society where, apart from drug addiction, bribery, dowry-lust etc., youth engages in true spiritual practice and leaves all these lusts and habits that hinder the progress of the country. The present youth has accepted the purpose of life only to collect money. He is far away from Sanatan Dharma and Vedas and this is where Swami Vivekananda's purpose ends. Because Swami Vivekananda had elevated the name of Bharatvarsha in the Chicago conference by singing the virtues of Sanatan Dharma and today the youth are away from Dharma-karma.
Swami Vivekananda was rich in intelligence since childhood. After reading only once, he could memorize a book of hundreds of pages by memorization. He had also studied LLB i.e. law, yet spiritual knowledge remained incomplete without a complete Sadhguru. His worshiper was Kali Mata and because of worshiping Krishna ji against scripture, he could not achieve the basic purpose of human life i.e. salvation, due to incurable disease, he went to the hereafter at the age of 39 years only in 1902.
His guru was Sri Ramakrishna Paramhans, who also died due to throat cancer. Ramakrishna Paramahansa himself was also a great devotee of Kali Devi, along with he also used to worship the incarnations of Rama and Krishna. Swami Vivekananda ji followed the method of devotion prescribed by his guru ji and both died due to disease. Due to being deprived of true devotion, the human life of both of them was in vain, they did not get the Sadguru, who is Sant Rampal Ji Maharaj today. For more information read: Spiritual Book "Gyan Ganga" and "Way of Living"
Live as long as learn, experience is the best teacher in the world.
The bigger the struggle, the more glorious the victory.
Concentration is necessary for reading, attention is necessary for concentration. Through meditation we can attain concentration by keeping control over the senses.
Purity, patience and enterprise – I want these three qualities together.
Arise and wake up and don't stop until you achieve your goal.
Knowledge is present in itself, man only invents it.
Do one thing at a time, and while doing so put your whole soul in it and forget everything else.
Unless you believe in yourself, you cannot believe in God.
Lord Shiva is a symbol of meditation and knowledge, learn lessons to move forward
Whether people praise you or criticize you, whether the goal is kind to you or not, whether you die today or in the age, you should never be corrupted from the path of justice.
"Arise, awake and stop not till the goal is achieved"~Swami Vivekananda Quotes
"The greatest sin is to consider yourself weak"~Swami Vivekananda Quote 2021
"No one can teach you, no one can make you spiritual. You have to learn everything from within. There is no better teacher than the soul." – Swami Vivekananda Quote
"Truth can be told in a thousand ways, yet each one will be true".~Swami Vivekananda Message
"The outer nature is only the greater form of the inner nature".~Swami Vivekananda Message 2021
"All the powers of the universe are already ours. We are the ones who put our hands on our eyes and then weep about how dark it is".~Swami Vivekananda Quote in English
swami vivekananda death anniversary, Swami Vivekananda Essay, swami vivekananda quotes, Swami Vivekananda story
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text:
#include "hst/csp0.h"

#include <cassert>
#include <cstring>
#include <functional>
#include <string>

#include "hst/environment.h"
#include "hst/event.h"
#include "hst/process.h"
#include "hst/recursion.h"
#include "hst/semantic-models.h"

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Debugging nonsense

// Define DEBUG_CSP0 to 1 to get debugging information about which parser rules
// are being attempted.  Define it to 2 to also get information about which
// individual characters are being parsed.

#if DEBUG_CSP0
#include <iostream>
#endif

namespace {

class DebugStream {
  public:
    ~DebugStream() {
#if DEBUG_CSP0
        std::cerr << std::endl;
#endif
    }

    template <typename T>
    DebugStream& operator<<(const T& value)
    {
#if DEBUG_CSP0
        std::cerr << value;
#endif
        return *this;
    }
};

DebugStream
debug()
{
    return DebugStream();
}

struct hex {
    unsigned char ch;
    hex(char ch) : ch(ch) {}
};

#if DEBUG_CSP0
std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& out, hex ch)
{
    unsigned char high_nybble = (ch.ch & 0xf0) >> 4;
    unsigned char low_nybble = ch.ch & 0x0f;
    return out << (char) (high_nybble >= 10 ? high_nybble - 10 + 'a' :
                                              high_nybble + '0')
               << (char) (low_nybble >= 10 ? low_nybble - 10 + 'a' :
                                             low_nybble + '0');
}
#endif

struct debug_indent {
    int width;
    debug_indent(int width): width(width) {}
};

#if DEBUG_CSP0
std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& out, debug_indent indent)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < indent.width; ++i) {
        out << " ";
    }
    return out;
}
#endif

}  // namespace

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Branch prediction

// TODO: Implement these
#define likely(x) (x)
#define unlikely(x) (x)

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The actual parser

namespace {

// Each rule in the grammar is implemented as a subclass of Parser.  All of the
// actual parsing of a grammar rule should happen in its constructor.  If at any
// point the parsing of a grammar rule fails, call the fail() method to record
// this.  You can use the `attempt` method in nonterminals to try to parse a
// "lower-level" grammar rule; see its documentation for details.
class Parser {
  public:
    // This constructor creates the "top-level" Parser, which contains the full
    // string of data that we want to parse.  The various `load_*` functions
    // down below will call this constructor, and immediately call its `attempt`
    // method with the root grammar rule for whatever language is being parsed.
    explicit Parser(const std::string& csp0)
        : depth_(0),
          label_("parser"),
          p_(csp0.data()),
          eof_(p_ + csp0.size()),
          failed_(false)
    {
        debug() << debug_indent(depth_) << "START " << label_;
    }

    ~Parser() {
        if (failed_) {
            debug() << debug_indent(depth_) << "FAIL " << label_;
        } else {
            debug() << debug_indent(depth_) << "PASS " << label_;
        }
    }

    bool eof() const { return p_ == eof_; }
    bool failed() const { return failed_; }

    // Try to parse another grammar rule at the current position in the input
    // text.  P should be the name of the class that implements the grammar rule
    // that you want to parse.  That class's constructor should take in a
    // Parser* parameter, plus whatever additional parameters it needs (e.g., to
    // store results into).
    //
    // If P parses successfully, we update this parser's state to consume
    // whatever P consumed, and return true.  If P fails to parse, then we
    // return false and nothing else happens.
    //
    // As an example, from within a "parent" Parser, you can call it as follows:
    //
    //     std::string id;
    //     attempt<Identifier>(&id);
    //
    // In this case, the Identifier parser takes in an additional std::string*
    // parameter.  Note that attempt() only takes in the "additional"
    // constructor parameters; the first Parser* parameter will be automatically
    // filled in with the parent parser.
    //
    // A very common pattern will be that if P fails, then the current parser
    // fails as well.  To handle this, just wrap your call to attempt in
    // return_if_failed:
    //
    //     std::string id;
    //     return_if_failed(attempt<Identifier>(&id));
    //
    // which is just syntactic sugar for:
    //
    //     std::string id;
    //     if (!attempt<Identifier>(&id)) {
    //         fail();
    //         return;
    //     }
    template <typename P, typename ...Args>
    bool attempt(Args&&... args);

  protected:
    // This is the superclass constructor that "real" grammar rule subclasses
    // should call; it takes care of propagating the bookkeeping from the parent
    // parser to the child parser.  `label` should be a readable name of the
    // grammar rule you're trying to parse; in debug mode we'll use that to
    // print out some information about which rules are being parsed.
    Parser(Parser* parent, const char* label)
        : depth_(parent->depth_ + 1),
          label_(label),
          p_(parent->p_),
          eof_(parent->eof_),
          failed_(false)
    {
        debug() << debug_indent(depth_) << "START " << label;
    }

    void fail() { failed_ = true; }
    size_t remaining() const { return eof_ - p_; }

    void debug_char(char ch);
    char get();

    int depth_;
    const char* label_;
    const char* p_;
    const char* eof_;
    bool failed_;
};

#define return_if_success(call) \
    do {                        \
        auto __result = (call); \
        if (__result) {         \
            return;             \
        }                       \
    } while (0)

#define return_if_error(call)   \
    do {                        \
        auto __result = (call); \
        if (!__result) {        \
            fail();             \
            return;             \
        }                       \
    } while (0)

inline void
Parser::debug_char(char ch)
{
#if DEBUG_CSP0
    if (DEBUG_CSP0 > 1 && label_) {
        debug() << "[" << hex(ch) << " "
                << (((unsigned char) ch) < 0x80 ? ch : '*') << "] " << label_;
    }
#endif
}

inline char
Parser::get()
{
    assert(p_ < eof_);
    char ch = *p_++;
    debug_char(ch);
    return ch;
}

template <typename P, typename ...Args>
bool
Parser::attempt(Args&&... args)
{
    P parser(this, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    if (parser.failed()) {
        return false;
    }
    // If the child parser succeeded, update our state to consume all of the
    // data that the child just parsed.
    p_ = parser.p_;
    return true;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Our grammar rules

// Requires there is at least one more character in the input text, and that
// that character satisfies P::predicate().
template <typename P>
class RequireChar : public Parser {
  public:
    RequireChar(Parser* parent, const char* label) : Parser(parent, label)
    {
        if (unlikely(eof() || !P::predicate(get()))) {
            fail();
        }
    }
};

// Requires that a particular string appear next in the input text.
class RequireString : public Parser {
  public:
    RequireString(Parser* parent, const char* expected)
        : Parser(parent, expected)
    {
        size_t length = strlen(expected);
        if (unlikely(remaining() < length)) {
            fail();
            return;
        }

        if (unlikely(memcmp(expected, p_, length) != 0)) {
            fail();
            return;
        }

#if DEBUG_CSP0
        for (const char* ch = expected; ch < expected + length; ++ch) {
            debug_char(*ch);
        }
#endif
        p_ += length;
    }
};

// Skips over any characters in the input text that satisfy P::predicate.  This
// parser will never fail; if there aren't any characters that satisfy the
// predicate, nothing happens.
template <typename P>
class SkipWhile : public Parser {
  public:
    SkipWhile(Parser* parent, const char* label) : Parser(parent, label)
    {
        const char* curr;
        for (curr = p_; curr < eof_ && P::predicate(*curr); ++curr) {
            debug_char(*curr);
        }
        p_ = curr;
    }
};

// Skips over any whitespace in the input text.
class SkipWhitespace : public SkipWhile<SkipWhitespace> {
  public:
    explicit SkipWhitespace(Parser* parent) : SkipWhile(parent, "whitespace") {}
    static bool predicate(char ch)
    {
        return ch == ' ' || ch == '\f' || ch == '\n' || ch == '\r' ||
               ch == '\t' || ch == '\v';
    }
};

// Skips over any digits in the input text.
class SkipDigits : public SkipWhile<SkipDigits> {
  public:
    explicit SkipDigits(Parser* parent) : SkipWhile(parent, "digits") {}
    static bool predicate(char ch) { return ch >= '0' && ch <= '9'; }
};

// Parses a positive integer.
template <typename T>
class Integer : public Parser {
  public:
    Integer(Parser* parent, T* out) : Parser(parent, "integer")
    {
        const char* start = p_;
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipDigits>());
        if (start == p_) {
            // Expected a digit
            fail();
            return;
        }
        T result = 0;
        for (const char* ch = start; ch < p_; ++ch) {
            result *= 10;
            result += (*ch - '0');
        }
        *out = result;
    }
};

// Requires that there is an "identifier character" next in the input text.  (An
// identifier character is one that can be used in an identifier!)
class RequireIDChar : public RequireChar<RequireIDChar> {
  public:
    explicit RequireIDChar(Parser* parent)
        : RequireChar(parent, "identifier character")
    {
    }

    static bool predicate(char ch)
    {
        return (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ||
               (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') || ch == '_' || ch == '.';
    }
};

// Skips over any identifier characters in the input text.
class SkipIDChar : public SkipWhile<SkipIDChar> {
  public:
    explicit SkipIDChar(Parser* parent)
        : SkipWhile(parent, "identifier character")
    {
    }

    static bool predicate(char ch)
    {
        return (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ||
               (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') || ch == '_' || ch == '.';
    }
};

// Tries to parse a "dollar identifier" (one that starts with a dollar sign).
// If we succeed, we place the name of the identifier into `out`.  These are
// used when generating a CSP₀ script programmatically; higher level languages
// won't provide these as identifiers that the user can use, and so these are
// available for the generator script to use without having to worry about
// conflicting with user identifiers.
class DollarIdentifier : public Parser {
  public:
    DollarIdentifier(Parser* parent, std::string* out)
        : Parser(parent, "dollar identifier")
    {
        const char* start = p_;
        // Parse the leading $
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("$"));
        // A $ identifier must contain at least one character after the $
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireIDChar>());
        // Parse any additional characters in the identifier
        attempt<SkipIDChar>();
        *out = std::string(start, p_ - start);
    }
};

// Requires that there is an "identifier start character" next in the input
// text.  (This is just like an identifier character, except that identifiers
// can't start with a number.)
class RequireIDStart : public RequireChar<RequireIDStart> {
  public:
    explicit RequireIDStart(Parser* parent)
        : RequireChar(parent, "initial identifier character")
    {
    }

    static bool predicate(char ch)
    {
        return (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ||
               ch == '_';
    }
};

// Tries to parse a regular identifier (one that doesn't start with a dollar
// sign).  If we succeed, we place the name of the identifier into `out`.
class RegularIdentifier : public Parser {
  public:
    RegularIdentifier(Parser* parent, std::string* out)
        : Parser(parent, "regular identifier")
    {
        const char* start = p_;
        // Parse the leading identifier character
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireIDStart>());
        // Parse any additional characters in the identifier
        attempt<SkipIDChar>();
        *out = std::string(start, p_ - start);
    }
};

// Tries to parse an identifier (dollar or regular).  If we succeed, we place
// the name of the identifier into `out`.
class Identifier : public Parser {
  public:
    Identifier(Parser* parent, std::string* out) : Parser(parent, "identifier")
    {
        return_if_success(attempt<RegularIdentifier>(out));
        return_if_success(attempt<DollarIdentifier>(out));
        fail();
    }
};

// Tries to parse a CSP₀ process.  If we succeed, we use `env` to construct the
// corresponding hst::Process object, which we then place into `out`.
//
// Note that CSP₀ and friends have a fairly deep precedence tree; we implement
// this using a separate Parser class for each level of the tree.  You probably
// don't need to care about this if you just need to parse a Process, but if you
// want to look into the details of how this parser works, that's why there's
// some extra complexity.
class Process : public Parser {
  public:
    // We have to forward-declare this constructor since all of the per-level
    // Parsers are mutually recursive.
    Process(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
            const hst::Process** out);
};

// Tries to parse a set of processes.  This is used by the replicated operators
// to let you (for instance) define an external choice over an arbitrary number
// of processes.
class ProcessSet : public Parser {
  public:
    ProcessSet(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env,
               hst::RecursionScope* scope, hst::Process::Set* out)
        : Parser(parent, "process set")
    {
        const hst::Process* process;
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("{"));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        if (attempt<Process>(env, scope, &process)) {
            out->insert(std::move(process));
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            while (attempt<RequireString>(",")) {
                return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
                return_if_error(attempt<Process>(env, scope, &process));
                out->insert(std::move(process));
                return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            }
        }
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("}"));
    }
};

// Tries to parse a bag of processes.  A bag is just like a set, but can contain
// duplicate entries.  The parser logic looks exactly the same as for
// ProcessSet; the "duplicates are allowed" logic happens down in the
// Process::Bag::insert() method.
class ProcessBag : public Parser {
  public:
    ProcessBag(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env,
               hst::RecursionScope* scope, hst::Process::Bag* out)
        : Parser(parent, "process bag")
    {
        const hst::Process* process;
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("{"));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        if (attempt<Process>(env, scope, &process)) {
            out->insert(std::move(process));
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            while (attempt<RequireString>(",")) {
                return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
                return_if_error(attempt<Process>(env, scope, &process));
                out->insert(std::move(process));
                return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            }
        }
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("}"));
    }
};

// Precedence order (tightest first)
//  1. () STOP SKIP
//  2. → identifier
//  3. ;
//  4. timeout
//  5. interrupt
//  6. □ (infix)
//  7. ⊓ (infix)
//  8. ||
//  9. |||
// 10. \ (hiding)
// 11. replicated operators (prefix)
// 12. let

// Each of these numbered Process classes corresponds to one of the entries in
// the precedence order list.

class ParenthesizedProcess : public Parser {
  public:
    ParenthesizedProcess(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env,
                         hst::RecursionScope* scope, const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "parenthesized process")
    {
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("("));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        return_if_error(attempt<Process>(env, scope, out));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>(")"));
    }
};

class Omega : public Parser {
  public:
    Omega(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
          const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "Ω")
    {
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("Ω"));
        *out = env->omega();
    }
};

class Skip : public Parser {
  public:
    Skip(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
         const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "SKIP")
    {
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("SKIP"));
        *out = env->skip();
    }
};

class Stop : public Parser {
  public:
    Stop(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
         const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "STOP")
    {
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("STOP"));
        *out = env->stop();
    }
};

class Process1 : public Parser {
  public:
    Process1(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
             const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "process1")
    {
        // process1 = (process) | Ω | STOP | SKIP
        return_if_success(attempt<ParenthesizedProcess>(env, scope, out));
        return_if_success(attempt<Omega>(env, scope, out));
        return_if_success(attempt<Skip>(env, scope, out));
        return_if_success(attempt<Stop>(env, scope, out));
        fail();
    }
};

class Process2 : public Parser {
  public:
    Process2(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
             const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "process2")
    {
        // process2 = process1 | identifier | event → process2
        return_if_success(attempt<Process1>(env, scope, out));

        std::string id;
        return_if_error(attempt<Identifier>(&id));

        // identifier@scope
        if (attempt<RequireString>("@")) {
            hst::RecursionScope::ID scope = 0;
            return_if_error(attempt<Integer<hst::RecursionScope::ID>>(&scope));
            *out = env->recursive_process(scope, std::move(id));
            return;
        }

        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());

        // prefix
        if (attempt<RequireString>("->") || attempt<RequireString>("→")) {
            hst::Event initial(id);
            const hst::Process* after;
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            return_if_error(attempt<Process2>(env, scope, &after));
            *out = env->prefix(initial, std::move(after));
            return;
        }

        // identifier
        if (!scope) {
            // Undefined identifier (not in a let)
            fail();
            return;
        }

        *out = scope->add(std::move(id));
        return;
    }
};

class Process3 : public Parser {
  public:
    Process3(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
             const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "process3")
    {
        // process3 = process2 (; process3)?

        const hst::Process* lhs = nullptr;
        return_if_error(attempt<Process2>(env, scope, &lhs));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        if (!attempt<RequireString>(";")) {
            *out = std::move(lhs);
            return;
        }

        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        const hst::Process* rhs = nullptr;
        return_if_error(attempt<Process3>(env, scope, &rhs));
        *out = env->sequential_composition(std::move(lhs), std::move(rhs));
    }
};

#define Process5 Process3  // NIY

class Process6 : public Parser {
  public:
    Process6(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
             const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "process6")
    {
        // process6 = process5 (⊓ process6)?
        const hst::Process* lhs = nullptr;
        return_if_error(attempt<Process5>(env, scope, &lhs));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        if (!attempt<RequireString>("[]") && !attempt<RequireString>("□")) {
            *out = std::move(lhs);
            return;
        }

        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        const hst::Process* rhs = nullptr;
        return_if_error(attempt<Process6>(env, scope, &rhs));
        *out = env->external_choice(std::move(lhs), std::move(rhs));
    }
};

class Process7 : public Parser {
  public:
    Process7(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
             const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "process7")
    {
        // process7 = process6 (⊓ process7)?
        const hst::Process* lhs = nullptr;
        return_if_error(attempt<Process6>(env, scope, &lhs));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        if (!attempt<RequireString>("|~|") && !attempt<RequireString>("⊓")) {
            *out = std::move(lhs);
            return;
        }

        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        const hst::Process* rhs = nullptr;
        return_if_error(attempt<Process7>(env, scope, &rhs));
        *out = env->internal_choice(std::move(lhs), std::move(rhs));
    }
};

#define Process8 Process7  // NIY

class Process9 : public Parser {
  public:
    Process9(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
             const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "process9")
    {
        // process9 = process8 (⫴ process9)?
        const hst::Process* lhs = nullptr;
        return_if_error(attempt<Process8>(env, scope, &lhs));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        if (!attempt<RequireString>("|||") && !attempt<RequireString>("⫴")) {
            *out = std::move(lhs);
            return;
        }

        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        const hst::Process* rhs = nullptr;
        return_if_error(attempt<Process9>(env, scope, &rhs));
        *out = env->interleave(std::move(lhs), std::move(rhs));
    }
};

#define Process10 Process9  // NIY

class Process11 : public Parser {
  public:
    Process11(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
              const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "process11")
    {
        // process11 = process10 | □ {process} | ⊓ {process}

        // □ {process}
        if (attempt<RequireString>("[]") || attempt<RequireString>("□")) {
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            hst::Process::Set processes;
            return_if_error(attempt<ProcessSet>(env, scope, &processes));
            *out = env->external_choice(std::move(processes));
            return;
        }

        // ⊓ {process}
        if (attempt<RequireString>("|~|") || attempt<RequireString>("⊓")) {
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            hst::Process::Set processes;
            return_if_error(attempt<ProcessSet>(env, scope, &processes));
            *out = env->internal_choice(std::move(processes));
            return;
        }

        // ⫴ {process}
        if (attempt<RequireString>("|||") || attempt<RequireString>("⫴")) {
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            hst::Process::Bag processes;
            return_if_error(attempt<ProcessBag>(env, scope, &processes));
            *out = env->interleave(std::move(processes));
            return;
        }

        return_if_error(attempt<Process10>(env, scope, out));
    }
};

class RecursiveDefinition : public Parser {
  public:
    RecursiveDefinition(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env,
                        hst::RecursionScope* scope)
        : Parser(parent, "recursive definition")
    {
        std::string id;
        return_if_error(attempt<Identifier>(&id));
        hst::RecursiveProcess* process = scope->add(std::move(id));
        if (process->filled()) {
            // process redefined
            fail();
            return;
        }

        const hst::Process* target;
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        return_if_error(attempt<RequireString>("="));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        return_if_error(attempt<Process>(env, scope, &target));
        return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
        process->fill(target);
    }
};

class Process12 : public Parser {
  public:
    Process12(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
              const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "process12")
    {
        // process12 = process11 | let [id = process...] within [process]

        // let
        if (attempt<RequireString>("let")) {
            // Create a new recursion scope for this let
            hst::RecursionScope new_scope = env->recursion();

            // Parse the recursion definitions, requiring there to be at least
            // one of them.
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            return_if_error(attempt<RecursiveDefinition>(env, &new_scope));
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            while (!attempt<RequireString>("within")) {
                return_if_error(attempt<RecursiveDefinition>(env, &new_scope));
                return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            }

            // After parsing the `within`, verify that any identifiers used in
            // the definitions of each of the recursive processes were
            // eventually defined.  (We have to wait to check for that here
            // because we want to allow you to refer to a process that appears
            // later on in the definition with having to forward-declare it.) */
            std::vector<const std::string*> unfilled_names;
            new_scope.unfilled_processes(&unfilled_names);
            if (!unfilled_names.empty()) {
                // TODO: Report which particular processes were undefined.
                fail();
                return;
            }

            // Then parse the let body.
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            return_if_error(attempt<Process>(env, &new_scope, out));
            return;
        }

        return_if_error(attempt<Process11>(env, scope, out));
    }
};

class Process13 : public Parser {
  public:
    Process13(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env, hst::RecursionScope* scope,
              const hst::Process** out)
        : Parser(parent, "process13")
    {
        // process13 = process12 | prenormalize {process} |
        //             normalize[model] {process} within {process}

        // prenormalize {process}
        if (attempt<RequireString>("prenormalize")) {
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            hst::Process::Set processes;
            return_if_error(attempt<ProcessSet>(env, scope, &processes));
            *out = env->prenormalize(std::move(processes));
            return;
        }

        // normalize[model] {process} within {process}
        if (attempt<RequireString>("normalize[T]")) {
            hst::Process::Set processes;
            return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
            return_if_error(attempt<ProcessSet>(env, scope, &processes));
            attempt<SkipWhitespace>();
            if (attempt<RequireString>("within")) {
                hst::Process::Set root;
                return_if_error(attempt<SkipWhitespace>());
                return_if_error(attempt<ProcessSet>(env, scope, &root));
                const hst::NormalizedProcess* prenormalized_root =
                        env->prenormalize(std::move(root));
                *out = env->normalize<hst::Traces>(prenormalized_root,
                                                   std::move(processes));
            } else {
                const hst::NormalizedProcess* prenormalized_root =
                        env->prenormalize(std::move(processes));
                *out = env->normalize<hst::Traces>(prenormalized_root);
            }
            return;
        }

        return_if_error(attempt<Process12>(env, scope, out));
    }
};

// Now that we have all of our per-level Parsers defined, we just have to
// delegate to the top level of the precedence tree to parse a Process.
Process::Process(Parser* parent, hst::Environment* env,
                 hst::RecursionScope* scope, const hst::Process** out)
    : Parser(parent, "process")
{
    return_if_error(attempt<Process13>(env, scope, out));
}

}  // namespace

namespace hst {

const Process*
load_csp0_string(Environment* env, const std::string& csp0, ParseError* error)
{
    debug() << "--- " << csp0;
    Parser parser(csp0);
    parser.attempt<SkipWhitespace>();
    const Process* result;
    if (unlikely(!parser.attempt<::Process>(env, nullptr, &result))) {
        error->set_message("Error parsing CSP₀");
        return nullptr;
    }
    parser.attempt<SkipWhitespace>();
    if (unlikely(!parser.eof())) {
        error->set_message("Unexpected characters at end of input");
        return nullptr;
    }
    return std::move(result);
}

}  // namespace hst

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ukulele or Guitar : Which Should My Child Learn?
How long will a beginner take to learn the ukulele?
Are you interested in finding the best ukulele brand without any mistake? Then this guide will help you achieve your goal. This guide was prepared without bias for any product. It is basically my experience with different uke brands both the ones I could afford and the ones I got from friends to try out myself.
So, if you are a beginner planning to buy your first ukulele, this ESSENTIAL UKULELE GUIDE will be of great help to you.
1 Do ukulele brands really matter to uke players ?
3 Sound & Quality: Are they same or different for all brands?
Do ukulele brands really matter to uke players ?
You might think this when you visit the ukulele market and see lots of flashy ukulele staring at your face, but the truth is, yes, ukulele brands really matter to all players and here is why !
Durability is a very common challenge that ukulele players battle with. With lots of products released into the market every day, the best option is to rely on brands that are consistent with their product's quality.
I have used and tested brands like Lanikai, Kala, Cordoba, and Mahalo and I think they really give a good value for money. The quality of the wood material and finish also make these uke brands highly durable .
I can vividly remember the first ukulele I got that was producing a buzzing sound. In fact, the sound of the ukulele was so annoying that I totally lost interest to continue playing it.
When it comes to sound, brands matters a lot because not all brands will sound the same way. The fretting, strings wood materials and fretboard used can also affect the quality of the ukulele sound.
The price for a ukulele varies from one brand to another. Some brands are even cheaper and yet they give better output. A lot of people have been brainwashed into believing that one cannot get top rated ukulele brands at a low price.
There are cheap ukuleles in the market that do not only give great output but are also highly durable. You can find top ukulele brands at a cheap price when you do proper research.
How can someone spot the best ukulele brand when all the ukuleles in the market look similar and attractive? Well, let's find out how.
The fret arrangement on the ukulele fretboard matters a lot. If it is not properly arranged, it can affect the ukulele tone. You can spot the error by carefully looking at the fret arrangement and the frets are not arranged properly, then that ukulele is not a good choice.
Also, check if all the frets are on the same level. This means that they should be on the same level, not that one will be higher than the other.
If they are not well-leveled, it can cause a buzzing sound in the area, which will affect the output. From the pictures below, figure 1 is showing a well-leveled fret while figure 2 shows a poorly leveled fret.
The ukulele body is the first part that makes contact with the eyes of the buyer. The body, especially the neck must be smooth and straight to give that excellent intonation that will blow your listener's mind away.
Some of the best brands of ukulele have straight neck and body. The manufacturers are also very consistent the quality of ukulele they produce.
The ukulele finishing matters a lot. Don't forget that it acts as a protective cover for the ukulele body, so if it's not quality, am afraid your uke's body might get some bruises soon.
Sound & Quality: Are they same or different for all brands?
If you want to know what the answer is, just play and listen to two different soprano, concert or tenor ukulele brands and see for yourself. You will notice that the sound is slightly different between the two brands. The major reason is the material used in making the ukulele.
Other factors like the strings, neck, and strings can also contribute. Ukulele has a unique sound it is known for and you can get this sound only from the best uke brands.
Therefore, if you are planning on getting your own ukulele, you need to find out which brand has the best sound and quality.
Kala ukulele, Luna ukulele, and Cordoba ukulele are among the three best ukulele brands every beginner should have. They sound great and are also very portable.
Ukulele brands are very important. There are some brands that are very consistent with the quality of their products. They use the best materials, design, and finishing to make their ukulele's sound great.
The durability of this instrument is also a very serious challenge. And if you don't want to spend more than you budgeted for, then buy from the best ukulele brand markers in the industry.
Beginners may not like to spend too much on a ukulele since it is their first. Maybe as the love for the instrument grows, then they can splash some more cash.
Beginners can get best brands ukulele at a very cheap rate. When we say cheap, it means ukulele worth less than $100.
This still boils down to cost of the instrument. There are some ukulele brands that come with accessories like carry pouch and others.
Beginners don't need to spend more money to acquire these things. They may also come with instructional manual to guide the play in so many ways.
As a beginner, finding the best ukulele brand that is comfortable to play is very important. Though ukuleles are very comfortable to play, but some brands offer better playability.
They don't give buzzing sound and are also very easy to re-string and tune. Once you are done tuning, they also stay tuned for long, so there is no need to re-tune consistently.
These ukulele brands come with the Aquila nylgut string and sound so bright. For intermediate players looking to enhance their skills, these ukulele brands will make a fine option.
You have put in so much energy to become an intermediate uke player, now it's time to grow. If you are planning to get your next ukulele, know that brands are still important. Below are some of the reasons.
Do ukulele brands sound differently? The answer is yes they do. That's why you need to go for brands that consistently deliver great sound.
When we say consistency, we also mean the sound the instrument produces. Ukuleles are known for the unique sound they produce. After tuning, they should also stay consistent.
Well, this is possible but not with all brands. That's why you must consider ukulele brand type when buying.
Some ukulele brands don't retain their beauty for long, which is of great concern to players. The finishing and ukulele material plays a vital role when it comes to appearance. And the finishing and material differ from one brand to the other.
Do ukulele brands also matter to advance players? The answer is still yes. Brands really matter to professionals or advanced players because now they are ready to face the big stage.
As an entertainer, this is very important if you truly want to thrill your audience. Now, here is why brands should be of great importance to you.
Ukulele brands sound different because of the material, string, fretting, fretboard and other features. It is difficult to find two brands that can sound differently unless they have the same specifications.
Ukulele brands have different prices. Some are very expensive but that doesn't mean the output will be great. There are some cheap ukulele brands with great output.
Some even outclass the so called expensive ukuleles in the market. You just need to consider the brand and the feature it has before buying. Features like the strings, fretboard, fretting, material, binding and others.
The size of these ukuleles makes them comfortable for kids. They also have a lightweight, comfortable to grip, and look very attractive. The finishing on these ukuleles also makes them special for kids.
The finish gives maximum protection to the ukulele body that they can't have scratches even if handled roughly.
At the end choosing the best ukulele is very essential to know about the ukulele brands. This article can help you to choose the best ukulele bands and make you comfortable to play. Check our reviews to feel you easy to choose best uke .


text:
At the low end of the ladder: Resilience, treatment-seeking behaviour and the impact of the economic crisis in a poor neighbourhood of Jakarta
Tanja Houweling
Research output: Chapter/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic
The Indonesian town revisited
P.J.M. Nas
Houweling, T. (2002). At the low end of the ladder: Resilience, treatment-seeking behaviour and the impact of the economic crisis in a poor neighbourhood of Jakarta. In P. J. M. Nas (Ed.), The Indonesian town revisited (pp. 296-318).
Houweling, Tanja. / At the low end of the ladder: Resilience, treatment-seeking behaviour and the impact of the economic crisis in a poor neighbourhood of Jakarta. The Indonesian town revisited. editor / P.J.M. Nas. Stuttgart, 2002. pp. 296-318
@inbook{ccbca3a28df14123af6b65a814cf1356,
title = "At the low end of the ladder: Resilience, treatment-seeking behaviour and the impact of the economic crisis in a poor neighbourhood of Jakarta",
author = "Tanja Houweling",
editor = "P.J.M. Nas",
booktitle = "The Indonesian town revisited",
Houweling, T 2002, At the low end of the ladder: Resilience, treatment-seeking behaviour and the impact of the economic crisis in a poor neighbourhood of Jakarta. in PJM Nas (ed.), The Indonesian town revisited. Stuttgart, pp. 296-318.
At the low end of the ladder: Resilience, treatment-seeking behaviour and the impact of the economic crisis in a poor neighbourhood of Jakarta. / Houweling, Tanja.
The Indonesian town revisited. ed. / P.J.M. Nas. Stuttgart, 2002. p. 296-318.
T1 - At the low end of the ladder: Resilience, treatment-seeking behaviour and the impact of the economic crisis in a poor neighbourhood of Jakarta
AU - Houweling, Tanja
BT - The Indonesian town revisited
A2 - Nas, P.J.M.
CY - Stuttgart
Houweling T. At the low end of the ladder: Resilience, treatment-seeking behaviour and the impact of the economic crisis in a poor neighbourhood of Jakarta. In Nas PJM, editor, The Indonesian town revisited. Stuttgart. 2002. p. 296-318

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}
Properties of dense cold
3 flavor quark matter characterized by a large quark number chemical potential $\mu\gg\Lambda_{QCD}$ and a low temperature
${\rm T}\ll\Delta,$ where $\Delta$ is the superconducting gap,
in the presence of non-zero quark masses have been a subject of an intensive investigation. See reviews
\cite{Rajagopal:2000wf,Nardulli:2002ma,Schafer:2003vz,Shovkovy:2004me,Schaefer:2005ff,Alford:2006fw} and the references therein.~It has
been argued that under the
``stress'' induced by the strange quark mass, $m_s,$ the $SU(3)$ symmetric Color Flavor Locked (CFL) ground state of asymptotically dense
quark matter \cite{Alford:1998mk}
undergoes a second order phase transition to a less symmetric state where a condensate of collective bosonic excitations with quantum
numbers of neutral kaons is formed (CFL$K^0$ phase) \cite{Bedaque:2001je,Kaplan:2001qk}.
Later it was shown that the $K^0$ condensed ground state persists for larger values of $m_s,$ at least for
$y\equiv m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta \leq 2/3$
\cite{Kryjevski:2004kt}. As the strange quark mass increases several quasiparticle excitations become lighter and at $y=2/3$ the spectrum
of fermionic excitations develops a gapless
electrically charged mode \cite{Kryjevski:2004kt,Kryjevski:2004jw}. It has been argued
in the context of the symmetric CFL state that at the value of the strange quark mass where the gapless fermions appear ($y=1/2$), a phase
characterized by flavor dependent quark-quark pairing pattern becomes favored (gapless CFL or gCFL phase)
\cite{Alford:2003fq}. However, later it was
realized that because of gapless fermionic states in the spectrum, the proposed gCFL ground state had instabilities in the
current-current correlation functions \cite{Casalbuoni:2004tb}. The resolution of these instabilities is currently under active
investigation. Several instability free states have already been proposed
\cite{Ciminale:2006sm,Gerhold:2006dt}.

In this article, we present a calculation which suggests that for
large enough strange quark mass, $m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta>2/3(1-0.023),$ the CFL$K^0$ ground state of strongly interacting dense quark matter
is unstable with respect to the generation of currents of Nambu Goldstone bosons (NGBs) due to spontaneous breaking of baryon number and
hypercharge
symmetry in CFL$K^0.$ A similar state in the context of a polarized Fermi gas near the unitary limit has been investigated in
\cite{Son:2005qx}. Also, the idea of spontaneous NGB current generation in two flavor quark matter has been considered in
\cite{Huang:2005pv,Hong:2005jv}.

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the assumptions and approximations made in this work, review the relevant
low energy degrees of freedom and then perform a calculation
of the free energy of the state with currents and find that it is favored for large enough $m_s.$ Section 3 contains conclusions and the
outlook.

\section{Free Energy Calculation}
\subsection{Setup,  Approximations and Assumptions}
Let us start by listing the assumptions and approximations that we make in this work.

We will work in the isospin limit
assuming $M={\rm diag}(m,m,m_s)$ for the quark mass
matrix. Except for the Section 2.B. in this article, we will be neglecting small light quark mass, $m,$ as phenomenologically
$m \ll m_s.$
We will assume that ${m_s^2/{\mu^2}} \ll 1$ and ${m_s^2/{4\,\Delta \mu}} \leq 1$
so that the light-strange pairing is still possible \cite{Schafer:1999pb}.

In this regime the chiral expansion,
that is an expansion in ${\partial}/{\Delta}\sim{m_s^2/{\Delta \mu}},$ where one retains only few leading terms to
attain the desired accuracy, is expected to break down and one should retain $m_s^2/{\Delta \mu}$ terms to all orders. The relevant
effective theory in this regime should include both bosonic excitations of diquark condensate and quasiparticles as the degrees of freedom.

Being in the weak coupling regime (as $\mu\gg\Lambda_{QCD}$), we will work to leading order in $\alpha_s$ which corresponds to the mean
field approximation.

Also except for Section 2.B.,
we will neglect meson mass terms
generated by quark masses. Quark mass terms connect particle and antiparticle states and the resulting meson mass terms are generally
suppressed by powers of $\Delta/\mu\propto {\rm exp}(-{\rm const}/g_s)$ and/or $\alpha_s$
\cite{Son:1999cm,Schafer:2001za,Kryjevski:2004cw}. Also for simplicity we will neglect the small color-flavor symmetric CFL gap term as
well as any other effects that may generate additional small mass gaps for quasiparticles (such as secondary gap generation due attractive
meson exchanges). Investigation of such effects is left to future work.

For excitation energies below $\mu$ the relevant degrees of freedom are the nonet of quasiparticles
and holes, ten pseudo NGBs due to the spontaneous symmetry breaking of global symmetries and soft gauge bosons. The corresponding
effective theory is called High Density Effective Theory (HDET) \cite{Hong:1998tn,Hong:1999ru,Bedaque:2001je,Schafer:2003jn}.
Let us consider the leading terms of the HDET Lagrangian of the CFL phase of high density QCD in the mean field approximation
\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal L} &=&
- 2\times{{3 |\Delta|^2}\over{G}} + \nonumber \\
&+& {\rm Tr}\,\left[{L_v}^{\dag}
i v \cdot D\,{L_v}\right] +
{L_v}^{\dag}_{\,\,i\,a}\,
\left(i \vec{\sigma}_{\perp} \cdot \vec{D}\,\frac{1}{i\,\tilde{v} \cdot D+2\,\mu}\,i \vec{\sigma}_{\perp} \cdot \vec{D}\right)^a_b\,
{L_v}^{i\,b}
+ \nonumber \\
&+& {{\Delta}\over{2}}\epsilon_{ijk}\epsilon_{abc}\left(\,e^{-2\,i\,\beta} X_{k\,c}\, {L^{ia}_{-v\,\alpha}}{L^{jb}_{v\,\rho}}\,
\epsilon^{\alpha\,\rho} + h.c.\right) +
\nonumber \\ &+& (L \leftrightarrow R,X \leftrightarrow Y,\mu_s^L \leftrightarrow \mu_s^R,\Delta \leftrightarrow -\Delta) -
\frac{1}{2}{\rm Tr}\,G^{\mu\nu} G_{\mu\nu}
- \frac{1}{4} F^{\mu\nu} F_{\mu\nu}.
\label{lagrangian1111}
\end{eqnarray}
Let us define the quantities in (\ref{lagrangian1111}) and list some additional approximations employed in this calculation.
\begin{itemize}
\item{
The first term is the mean field potential with $G \sim \alpha_s/\mu^2$ being the coupling of the effective
attractive four fermion interaction generated by the hard gluon exchange \cite{Schafer:2003jn}.
}
\item{
The fermionic fields
$L_v^{i\,a}(x)$ and $R_v^{i\,a}(x)$ are the left- and right handed quasiparticle fields corresponding to states with Fermi velocity
$v^{\mu} = (1,\hat v),\, \tilde v^{\mu} = (1,- \hat v),\,\hat v \cdot \hat v = 1;$ flavor indices
$i,j,k$ take values $u,d,s;$ color indices $a,b,c$ take values $r,g,b;$
$\alpha,\rho={\{}1,2{\}}$ are Weyl spinor indices (explicitly shown only in the gap term) and
$\vec{\sigma_{\perp}}=\vec{\sigma}-\hat{v}\,(\vec{\sigma}\cdot\hat{v}).$ Chiral representation of $\gamma$ matrices is used.
Trace over spin indices is not shown explicitly.
Under the original symmetry group $SU(3)_{c}\times SU(3)_{L}\times SU(3)_{R}\times U_B(1),$
$L_v$ transforms as $(3,3,1)_1$ and $R_v$ transforms as $(3,1,3)_1.$
}
\item{$Q={\mathrm diag}(2/3,-1/3,-1/3)$ is the quark electric charge matrix}
\item{
We have neglected the SU(3) singlet part of the leading HDET mass term, $M^2 /2\mu,$ which is responsible for the quark mass dependent
baryon density shift, but does not affect the $m_s$ dependence of the condensation energy.
The relevant mass dependent terms are
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu^L_s = \frac{M\,M^{\dag}}{2\mu} - \frac{1}{3}{\mathrm Tr} \frac{M\,M^{\dag}}{2\mu}, \nonumber \\
\mu^R_s = \frac{M^{\dag}\,M}{2\mu} - \frac{1}{3} {\mathrm Tr} \frac{M^{\dag}\,M}{2\mu}.
\label{mus}
\end{eqnarray}
}
\item{
The covariant derivatives for quark fields are defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
&& D_{\nu} L = \partial_\nu L + i g_s L (A_\nu^{c})^{T} + i \left(e A^{em}_\nu Q + \delta_{\nu 0}\,{\mu^L_s}\right)L,\nonumber \\
   &&
 D_{\nu} R = \partial_\nu R + i g_s R (A_\nu^{c})^{T} + i \left(e A^{em}_\nu Q + \delta_{\nu 0}\,{\mu^R_s}\right)R,
\label{cov_der}
 \end{eqnarray}
where $A_{\nu}^{c}$ and $A^{em}_{\nu}$ are the gluon and photon gauge fields, respectively; $A_{\nu}^c=A_{a\nu}^c t_a,$ where $t_a$ is an
$SU(3)_{c}$ generator in the fundamental representation.  It was argued in \cite{Bedaque:2001je} that ${M^2}/{
2 \mu}$ terms should appear in the covariant
derivatives (\ref{cov_der}), and, thus, that in the low energy effective theory
${m_s^2}/{2 \mu}$ plays the role of a chemical potential
for strangeness.}
\item{
We consider the diquark condensate in the form
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\langle{L_{ai}^*L_{bj}^*}\rangle\sim\epsilon_{kij}\epsilon_{cab}\,e^{-2\,i\,\beta}\,X_{k\,s}\,\Delta_{s\,c},\nonumber \\
&&\langle{R_{ai}^*R_{bj}^*}\rangle\sim-\epsilon_{kij}\epsilon_{cab}\,e^{-2\,i\,\beta}\,Y_{k\,s}\,\Delta_{s\,c}.
\label{gaptermXY}
\end{eqnarray}
The NGB fields are collected in $X_{kc}$ and
$Y_{kc}$ which are
$3 \times 3$ special unitary matrix valued composite
fields describing oscillations of the left and right handed quark-quark condensates about the CFL ground state in the ``directions''
of spontaneously broken symmetries.
Under the original symmetry group $SU(3)_{c}\times SU(3)_{L}\times SU(3)_{R}\times U(1)_B,$
$X\,\Delta$ transforms as $(3,3,1)_{-2}$ and $Y\,\Delta$ transforms as $(3,1,3)_{-2}$
\cite{Casalbuoni:1999wu,Son:1999cm}. In this calculation we will be assuming CFL pairing pattern and set
$\Delta_{s\,c}=\delta_{s\,c}.$
Here $\beta$ is the (dimensionless) $U_B(1)$ NGB field.
The massive $U_A(1)$ pseudo-NGB field is neglected in this work.}
\item{We use a mean field approximation in which both parts of the gap,
$\Delta,$ and the chiral field, $\Sigma=\mathrm{X}\,\mathrm{Y}^{\dag},$ are to be determined from their equations of motion.
For example, inclusion of quantum oscillations of the NGB fields about their ground state expectation values would give
a contribution to the free energy density suppressed by ${\cal O}(\Delta/\mu)^2$ relative to the fermionic contribution.}
\item{
$G^{\mu\nu}$ and $F^{\mu\nu}$ are the field strength tensors for the gauge fields $A^{\mu}_{c}$ and $A_{em}^{\mu}.$ They vanish for the
gauge field configurations relevant for this calculation.
}
\item{Also, we do not include oscillations of the gauge fields about their ground state expectation values.
These oscillations are important for the calculation of the gap parameter as the gap equation is dominated by the soft magnetic gluon
exchanges \cite{Son:1998uk}, but here we do not attempt such a calculation. It was pointed by Weinberg that in the superconducting system
expression for the condensation free energy evaluated on the solution to the gap equation does not depend on the microscopic interaction
between particles \cite{Weinberg:1993dw}.
Later Schaefer demonstrated that the expression for the free energy of quark matter in the mean field approximation when evaluated
on the solution to the gap equation coincides with the expression for free energy of quark matter with color-flavor antisymmetric short
range interactions in the mean field approximation (NJL model) \cite{Schafer:1999fe}.
With this in mind, our approximation
is equivalent to working in the model with a color-flavor antisymmetric short range interactions (NJL model) in the mean field
approximation with a given value of gap parameter \cite{Alford:1998mk,Schafer:1999fe}
and the role of gauge fields is only to ensure the
gauge charge neutrality of the ground state \cite{Alford:2002kj,Kryjevski:2003cu}.}

\end{itemize}

So, we consider dynamics of quasiparticles in some gauge charge neutral meson field background.
To calculate the free energy one needs to determine what this background is.

Changing basis of quasiparticle fields as
\begin{eqnarray}
{L_v} &=& {1\over{\sqrt{2}}}\, e^{i \beta} \sum_{A=1}^{9}\,X\,\lambda^{A}\,{L^{A}_v},\nonumber \\
{R_v} &=& {1\over{\sqrt{2}}}\, e^{i \beta} \sum_{A=1}^{9}\,Y\,\lambda^{A}\,{R^{A}_v},
\label{q_chi}
\end{eqnarray}
where for $A=1,\ldots,8$ $\lambda^{ia}_{A}$ are the Gell Mann matrices (${\rm Tr}\,\lambda_A\lambda_B=2\delta_{AB}$)
and $\lambda^{i\,a}_{9} = \sqrt {\frac{2}{3}} \,\delta^{i\,a}$ \cite{Bedaque:2001je}.
The Lagrangian (\ref{lagrangian1111}) may be rewritten as
\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal L} &=& -
2\times{{3 |\Delta|^2}\over{G}}+ \nonumber \\
&&
\sum_{A,B=1}^{9} {\Psi_{L}^A}^{\dag}{\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
i\,v \cdot \partial\,\delta^{AB} + {\mathcal X}^{A\,B}_{\hat v}
& \Delta_A \delta^{AB} \\
\Delta_A \delta^{AB} &
i\,\tilde{v}\cdot \partial\,\delta^{AB} - {\mathcal X}^{B\,A}_{-\hat v} \\
 \end{array} \right)} {\Psi_{L}^B} + \nonumber \\
&&
\sum_{A,B=1}^{9} {\Psi_{R}^A}^{\dag}{\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
i\,v \cdot \partial\,\delta^{AB} + {\mathcal Y}^{A\,B}_{\hat v}
& -\Delta_A \delta^{AB}  \\
-\Delta_A \delta^{AB}  &
i\,\tilde{v} \cdot \partial\,\delta^{AB} - {\mathcal Y}^{B\,A}_{-\hat v}
 \\
 \end{array} \right)} {\Psi_{R}^B},
\label{action}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Delta_A=\Delta,\,A=1..8$ and $\Delta_A=-2\,\Delta,\,A=9.$
The rest of the definitions are as follows:
\begin{equation}
\Psi_{L}^A =
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
L^A_v \\
(L^A_{-v})^{\dag} \end{array} \right)
\label{psiL}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\Psi_R^A =
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
R^{A}_v \\
(R^A_{-v})^{\dag} \end{array} \right)
\label{psiR}
\end{equation}
are the components of the Nambu-Gor'kov field;

\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal X}^{A\,B}_{v} &=&
\sum_{C=1}^{9}{1\over{4}}{\rm Tr} \left(\,{\vec{\sigma}}_{\perp}\cdot i\,{\vec{\cal D}}_{A\,C}\,\left[X\,e^{i \beta}\right]\right)^{\dag}
\frac{1}{i\,\tilde{v} \cdot \partial +
2\,\mu}{\rm Tr} \,{\vec{\sigma}}_{\perp}\cdot i\,{\vec{\cal D}}_{C\,B}\,\left[X\,e^{i \beta}\right] +\nonumber \\
&+&
{1\over{2}}{\rm Tr}\,\lambda_{A} X^{\dag}\,e^{-i \beta}
(i v \cdot \partial  - \mu_s^L - v \cdot A_{em}\,Q)\,e^{i \beta}\, X \lambda_{B} -
{1\over{2}}\,{\rm Tr} \, \lambda_{A} \lambda_{B} \,v \cdot A_{c}^{T},
\label{JXYAB}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
i\,{\vec{\cal D}}_{A\,B}\left[X\right] =\lambda_{A}\,i
\vec{\nabla}\,X\,\lambda_{B}-\lambda_{A}\,X\,\lambda_{B}\,{\vec A_c}^T.
\label{DAB}
\end{eqnarray}
The matrix ${\mathcal Y}^{A\,B}_{v}$ is given by the same expression as ${\mathcal X}^{A\,B}_{v}$ with $X$ and $Y$ interchanged. The gauge
fields have been rescaled to eliminate explicit dependence on the gauge couplings.

It has been shown that CFL
is characterized by
the following expressions for the (classical) gauge fields ({\it i.e.}, the following expressions solve the corresponding equations of
motion)
\cite{Casalbuoni:1999wu,Kryjevski:2003cu}
\begin{eqnarray}
A_0^{c\,T} &=& -\frac{1}{2}(X^{\dag}(\mu_s^L + A^{em}_0 Q) X + Y^{\dag} (\mu_s^R + A^{em}_0 Q) Y),\nonumber \\
\vec{A_c}^T&=&-\frac{i}{2}\left(X^{\dag}\vec{\nabla}\,X + Y^{\dag}\vec{\nabla}\,Y\right).
\label{Asolution}
\end{eqnarray}
It was shown that for $M={\rm diag}(0,0,m_s)$ the CFL$K^0$ ground state is characterized by
\cite{Bedaque:2001je,Kaplan:2001qk,Kryjevski:2004jw}
\begin{eqnarray}
\Sigma &=&X\,Y^{\dag}= \Sigma_{K^0}=
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0  & i \\
0 & i & 0 \end{array} \right),\nonumber \\
\vec{A_c}^T&=&0,\nonumber \\
A_0^{em}&=&0.
\label{sigmaK01}
\end{eqnarray}

In the approximation used in this calculation the strange quark mass only appears in the role of an
effective chemical potential for strangeness.
It has been argued that as $m_s$ increases the kaon mass terms generated by the quark masses suppressed by the powers of
$\Delta/\mu$ and/or $\alpha_s$ cannot counterbalance the ``chemical potential'', ${m_s^2/{2 \mu}},$ which is driving the $K^0$ Bose-Einstein
condensation \cite{Bedaque:2001je,Kaplan:2001qk}. For as long as the CFL pairing pattern is preferred,
there is nothing that can significantly alter the $K^0$ condensate in
the ground state as $m_s$ increases. When the light quark masses are neglected there is literally nothing that can change the form
of the kaon condensate in the ground state until a phase transition to a different ground state occurs \cite{Kryjevski:2004kt}.

Also it has been found that among fermionic excitations about the CFL$K^0$ ground state there is an electrically charged mode with a
dispersion relation given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon(p)/\Delta= -\frac{3\,y}{2} + \sqrt{\left(\frac{p}{\Delta}+\frac{y}{2}\right)^2 + 1}
\label{epsilon4}
\end{eqnarray}
with $p=\vec{p} \cdot \hat{v}-\mu.$ It becomes gapless at $y=m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta=2/3$ \cite{Kryjevski:2004kt,Kryjevski:2004jw}.

\subsection{Low Energy Bosonic Excitations of CFL$K^0.$}

Before we proceed
to the investigation of possible instabilities of CFL$K^0$ at large $m_s,$
let us recapitulate what the spectrum of collective bosonic excitations about the
CFL$K^0$ ground state looks like \cite{Miransky:2001tw,Schafer:2001bq}. Here we work to the leading order in $M^2/\mu\,\Delta$ but will
assume that the spectrum is qualitatively similar in the regime $m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta \leq 2/3$ by continuity. For now let us reinstate
the light quark masses so that
$M={\rm diag}(m,m,m_s).$
We use the following parametrization for the pseudo-NGB excitations about CFL$K^0$ \cite{Kryjevski:2002ju}
\begin{eqnarray}
\Sigma=\xi_{K^0}\,\hat {\Sigma}\,\xi_{K^0},
\label{SigmaK0param}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\hat {\Sigma}$ is the chiral octet field, $\xi_{K^0}^2=\Sigma_{K^0}.$ The superfluid mode terms are neglected here.
The leading terms of the chiral Lagrangian are
\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal L} &=&
{\mathrm Tr}\left[(\partial_t\,\hat{\pi})^2 - v^2\,(\vec{\nabla}\,\hat{\pi})^2 -
i\,(\hat{\pi}\,(\partial_t\,\hat{\pi}) - (\partial_t\,\hat{\pi})\,\hat{\pi})\,(\mu_L+\mu_R) - a\,(M_L+M_R)\,\hat{\pi}^2 \right] +
\nonumber \\ &+&
{\mathrm Tr}\left(b\,[Q_L,\hat{\pi}][Q_R,\hat{\pi}] -[\mu_L,\hat{\pi}][\mu_R,\hat{\pi}] \right),
\label{LK0}
\end{eqnarray}
where $M_L=\xi_{K^0}\,\bar{M}\,\xi_{K^0},\,$ $M_R=\xi_{K^0}^{\dag}\,\bar{M}\,\xi_{K^0}^{\dag},\,$
$\mu_L=\xi_{K^0}({M^2}/{2\,\mu})\xi_{K^0}^{\dag},\,$
$\mu_R=\xi_{K^0}^{\dag}({M^2}/{2\,\mu})\xi_{K^0},\,$ $Q_L=\xi_{K^0}^{\dag}\,Q\,\xi_{K^0},\,$
$Q_R=\xi_{K^0}\,Q\,\xi_{K^0}^{\dag},\,\bar{M}=|M|\,M^{-1}.$
The coefficients are as follows $a=3\,\Delta^2/\pi^2\,f_{\pi}^2,\,b\sim\,{\tilde \alpha}\,\Delta^2/4\,\pi,$ where ${\tilde \alpha}$ is
the $U_{\tilde Q}(1)$ coupling constant
\cite{Kaplan:2001qk,Son:1999cm}.
Let us first neglect the $\mathrm{b}$ term responsible for NGB mass splitting due to electromagnetic interactions between quarks. In the
CFL$K^0$ state the
$SU(2)\times U_Y(1)$ symmetry of the CFL phase is broken down to $U_{em}(1)\times P^{'}$ where $P^{'} = P\times Z,$ with
$Z={\{}U_Y(2\,\pi\,\sqrt{3}),U_Y(4\,\pi\,\sqrt{3}){\}},$ the discrete
symmetry of the $K^0$ condensed state.

Three continuous symmetries are spontaneously broken. In the spectrum we find one massless mode with quadratic
dispersion relation
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon^2_{K^{+},\, K^{-}}(k) = \left[\left(\frac{2\mu}{m_s^2}\right)^{2}-\frac{32\,a\,\mu^4\,m}{m_s^7}\right]\,v^4\,k^4
\label{K1K2quadratic}
\end{eqnarray}
and one mode with linear dispersion relation
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon^2_{K^{0},\, \bar K^{0}}(k) = \left(1+\frac{64\,a^2\,m^2\,\mu^4}{m_s^6}\right)\,v^2 \, k^2,
\label{K01K02linear}
\end{eqnarray}
where $v^2=1/3,$ which is in agreement with the recent clarification to the Goldstone theorem on the counting of NGB modes
\cite{Miransky:2001tw,Schafer:2001bq}.
Finally, taking into account the $\mathrm{b}$ term responsible for electromagnetic mass splitting of the NGB masses gives the charged
kaonic mode a mass $\mathrm{b}$ thus leaving two neutral massless NGB excitations of CFL$K^0$: the NGB due to spontaneous breaking of the
hypercharge and the superfluid mode due spontaneous breaking of $U_B(1).$ Note that had we neglected light quark mass, we would have seen
additional massless excitations in the pion-$\eta$ sector.

\subsection{Free Energy of the Current State}

Going back to the simplified $m=0$ case, we now investigate the stability of the CFL$K^0$ state against the spontaneous
generation of currents made of these two massless collective bosonic excitations.

Let us work in the gauge
$X=\Sigma=X\,Y^{\dag},\,Y=1.$ A field configuration with a non-zero NGB field due to hypercharge spontaneously broken in CFL$K^0$ is
produced by applying the hypercharge transformation to $X = \Sigma_{K^0}$
\begin{eqnarray}
X= \Sigma = U_Y\,\Sigma_{K^0}\,U_Y^{\dag}=
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0  & i\,e^{-i\,\theta} \\
0 & i\,e^{i\,\theta} & 0 \end{array} \right),\,
Y=1,
\label{sigmaK01theta}
\end{eqnarray}
while a non-zero $\beta$ defined in (\ref{lagrangian1111}) describes a non-trivial $U_B(1)$ configuration.

Let us compare the free energies of the following two states: 1. CFL$K^0$ and 2. CFL$K^0$ with non-zero
$\vec{j}_B\equiv\vec \nabla \beta$ and
$\vec{j}_K\equiv\vec \nabla \theta$ present in the ground
state. We will be making a simplifying assumption that $\vec{j}_k= const$ and $\vec{j}_B= const.$ The expression for the free energy
difference is \cite{Weinberg:1993dw}
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta\,{\Omega}&=& \Omega(\Sigma=\Sigma_{K^0},\Delta(j),\vec{j}_B,\vec{j}_K) -
\Omega(\Sigma=\Sigma_{K^0},\Delta(0),\vec{j}_B=0,\vec{j}_K=0) = \nonumber \\
&=&
\pi \int_{p} \sum_{A=1}^{9}\,
\left(\epsilon^{A}_L(p;m_s,\Delta(0),\vec{j}_B = 0,\vec{j}_K = 0) - \epsilon^{A}_L(p;m_s,\Delta(j),\vec{j}_B,\vec{j}_K \right)+\nonumber \\
&+&\pi \int_{p} \sum_{A=1}^{9}\,\left(\epsilon^{A}_R(p;m_s,\Delta(0),\vec{j}_B=0,\vec{j}_K = 0) - \epsilon^{A}_R(p;m_s,\Delta(j),\vec{j}_B,\vec{j}_K\right)+
\nonumber \\&+&
{3\,\mu^2\,|\vec{j}_B|^2}/{2\,\pi^2} +{3\,\mu^2\,|\vec{j}_K|^2}/{4\,\pi^2}.
\label{Omega_difference}
\end{eqnarray}
In equation (\ref{Omega_difference}):
\begin{itemize}
\item{the last two terms are the current kinetic terms which are discussed below (page 11)}
\item{${\{}p_0\pm\epsilon_{A}(p;m_s,\Delta(j),\vec{j}_B,\vec{j}_K){\}}$
are the eigenvalues of
the inverse propagator (\ref{action}) for a given background, where $p_0$ is the
time component of the 4-momentum vector}
\item{The momentum integration is over the domain defined by
$\epsilon_{A}(p;m_s,\vec{j}_B,\vec{j}_K) > 0.$
One has to exclude
contributions from the regions where $\epsilon_A < 0$ and to include contributions
from the hole states where $-\epsilon_A > 0.$ {\it Note that a non-zero contribution to (\ref{Omega_difference}) may
only come from the light quasiparticle mode which
may actually become gapless due to the presence of the currents in the background.}}
\item{the integration measure is
\begin{eqnarray}
\int_{p} = \frac{\mu^2}{(2\,\pi)^4}\int \,d\,p \,d \,\hat{v}.
\label{measure}
\end{eqnarray}}
\item{the value of the gap parameter may be different in the states with and without the currents, hence $\Delta=\Delta(j).$ But from now
on we will be assuming $\Delta(0)=\Delta(j)\equiv \Delta.$ Validity of this assumption will be checked later.}
\end{itemize}

The last two terms in (\ref{Omega_difference}) are discussed in the next paragraph. Let us first determine the dispersion relation
$\epsilon(p;m_s,\vec{j}_B,\vec{j}_K)$ for the light fermionic mode.

After substitution  of (\ref{sigmaK01theta}) into (\ref{action})
the expressions for ${\mathcal X}_{v}$ and  ${\mathcal Y}_{v}$ of (\ref{JXYAB})
become
\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal X}^{A\,C}_{v} &=&
\left(- \hat{v} \cdot \vec{j}_B + i{\vec{\sigma}}_{\perp} \cdot \vec{j}_B\,\frac{1}{i\,\tilde{v} \cdot \partial + 2\,\mu}\,i
{\vec{\sigma}}_{\perp} \cdot \vec{j}_B \right)
\delta^{A\,C}+\nonumber \\ &+&
{1\over{2}}{\rm Tr} \, \lambda_{A}\,i{\vec{\sigma}}_{\perp} \cdot \vec{J}_K\,\frac{1}{i\,\tilde{v} \cdot \partial + 2\,\mu}\,i
{\vec{\sigma}}_{\perp} \cdot \vec{J}_K\,\lambda_{C}+\nonumber \\ &+&
{1\over{2}}{\rm Tr} \, \lambda_{A}\left(\hat{v} \cdot \vec{J}_K - X^{\dag}\,\mu_s^L\, X\,\right)\lambda_{C}
-{1\over{2}}\,{\rm Tr} \, \lambda_{A} \lambda_{C} \,(A_{c}^{0\,T} - \hat{v} \cdot \vec{A}_c^T)+...,
\label{JXABK}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal Y}^{A\,C}_{v} &=& \left(- \hat{v} \cdot \vec{j}_B+ i{\vec{\sigma}}_{\perp}\cdot \vec{j_B}
\,\frac{1}{i\,\tilde{v}\cdot\partial + 2\,\mu}\,i
{\vec{\sigma}}_{\perp} \cdot \vec{j}_B\right)
\delta^{A\,C} +\nonumber \\ &-& {1\over{2}}{\mathrm Tr} \, \lambda_{A}\,\mu_s^R\, \lambda_{C} -
{1\over{2}}\,{\mathrm Tr} \, \lambda_{A} \lambda_{C} \,(A_{c}^{0\,T} - \hat{v} \cdot \vec{A}_c^T)+...,
\label{JYABK}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{J}_K
= X^{\dag}\,i\,\vec{\nabla}\,X =
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & -1  & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)\,\vec{j}_K;
\label{JK}
\end{eqnarray}
the spatial gluon field induced by $\vec{j}_K,$
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{A_c}^T=-\frac{i}{2}\left(X^{\dag}\vec{\nabla}\,X + Y^{\dag}\vec{\nabla}\,Y\right)=\frac{1}{2}\,\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & -1  & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)\,\vec{j}_K,
\label{AcTi}
\end{eqnarray}
as well as the expression for $A_{c}^{0\,T}$ follow from (\ref{Asolution}) evaluated on (\ref{sigmaK01theta}).
We have neglected $j_B,\,j_K\sim{\cal O} (\Delta)$ terms compared to
$2\,\mu$ in the denominator of the $1/(i\,\tilde{v} \cdot \partial + 2\,\mu)$
terms. Also, gauge field couplings in the numerator of the $1/(i\,\tilde{v} \cdot \partial + 2\,\mu)$
terms are not explicitly shown for simplicity. Their effect will be taken into account by gauge invariance.
Then, in the presence of $\vec{j}_B$ and $\vec{j}_K$ the light fermion dispersion relations are modified to
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon_L(p,\hat{v}) &=&
-\frac{3\,y}{2}\,\Delta +\hat{v} \cdot (\vec{j}_B + \frac{1}{4}\,\vec{j}_K) + \sqrt{\left(p + \frac{y}{2}\,\Delta -
\frac{3}{4}\,{\hat{v}.\vec{j}_K}\right)^2 + \Delta^2},\nonumber \\
\epsilon_R(p,\hat{v}) &=&
-\frac{3\,y}{2}\,\Delta +\hat{v}\cdot (\vec{j}_B + \frac{1}{4}\,\vec{j}_K) + \sqrt{\left(p + \frac{y}{2}\,\Delta +
\frac{1}{4}\,{\hat{v}\cdot \vec{j}_K}\right)^2 + \Delta^2}.
\label{epsilon4betaK}
\end{eqnarray}
Here we have made an additional assumption that $A_0^{em}=0,$ which may not be true in the ground state we consider where charged
quasiparticles are present. This issue will be discussed in the concluding section.
We note that since (vacuum) parity is spontaneously broken in CFL$K^0,$ the excitation energies for the left and right handed species don't
have to be equal.
Near the minimum we approximate (\ref{epsilon4betaK}) as
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon_L(p,\hat{v})&=&\epsilon_0\,\Delta + \hat{v} \cdot (\vec{j}_B + \frac{1}{4}\,\vec{j}_K) + \frac{(p-p_0^L)^2}{2\,\Delta},\nonumber \\
\epsilon_R(p,\hat{v})&=&\epsilon_0\,\Delta+ \hat{v} \cdot (\vec{j}_B + \frac{1}{4}\,\vec{j}_K) + \frac{(p-p_0^R)^2}{2\,\Delta},
\label{epsilon4betaapprLR}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\epsilon_0=1-3\,y/2,$ $p_0^L= - y\Delta/2 + 3\,{\hat{v}\cdot \vec{j_K}}/4,$ and
$p_0^R=-y\Delta/2 - {\hat{v}\cdot \vec{j_K}}/4.$

{\it The following observation is of central importance for the calculation.} Eq. (\ref{epsilon4betaK}) indicates that in
the presence of the currents the light fermionic mode may become gapless while
$m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta < 2/3.$
The dispersion curves dip below 0 when ${3\,y}/{2} -\hat{v} \cdot (\vec{j}_B + \frac{1}{4}\,\vec{j}_K) < 1;$ the domain defined by
$\epsilon_{L,\,R}(p,\hat{v})>0$ is modified and the momentum integral in (\ref{Omega_difference}) has to be modified accordingly.

The last two terms in (\ref{Omega_difference}) are the
kinetic term for $\beta(x)$ and the ``bare'' part of kinetic term for $\theta(x)$ of Eq. (\ref{sigmaK01theta})
(in terminology of Son and Stephanov \cite{Son:1999cm}).
They are generated by expanding the $1/(i\,\tilde{v} \cdot \partial + 2\,\mu)$ term in the effective action (\ref{action}) in
$|\vec{j}_K|^2$ and in $|\vec{j}_B|^2.$
The ${\cal O}(j_{B,\,K}^2)$ terms are generated by a tadpole diagram with $|\vec{j}_B|^2,$ $\,|\vec{j}_K|^2$ or $\,|\vec{A}_c^T|$ insertion
into a quasiparticle loop (normal contribution to the $|\vec{j}_B|^2$ term is shown in Fig. \ref{jB24},a); the resulting loop integral
needs to be regulated
and produces the ${\cal O}(\mu^2)$ coefficients shown in (\ref{Omega_difference})\cite{Casalbuoni:2000na,Son:1999cm}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering{
\begin{psfrags}
\psfrag{a}{$\mathrm{a})$}
\psfrag{b}{$\mathrm{b})$}
\psfrag{y}{$|\vec{j_B}|^2$}
\epsfig{figure=jB24.eps, width=.65\textwidth}
\end{psfrags}
}
\caption{HDET graphs that produce normal contributions to the coefficients at the ${\cal O}(j_B^2)$ (Fig. a) and ${\cal O}(j_B^4)$ (Fig. b)
terms in the effective Lagrangian. The ${\cal O}(j_B^4)$ terms are suppressed by two inverse powers of $\mu.$
}
\label{jB24}
\end{figure}
The ${\cal O}(j_B^4),\,{\cal O}(j_K^4)$ terms are generated by a one loop HDET diagram with two $|\vec{j}_B|^2,\,|\vec{j}_K|^2$ insertions;
the corresponding
integral has two quasiparticle propagators and produces a coefficient ${\cal O}(\mu^0)$ which is suppressed by $1/\mu^2$ compared to the
leading order term. Higher order
terms are suppressed by higher powers of inverse $\mu.$
So, under the approximations used ({\it i.e.} to the leading order in $\mu,\, m_s^2/\mu^2$) only terms quadratic in $j_{B,\,K}$ are to be
kept.

The expression for the free energy now reads
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta\,{\Omega}&=& \Omega(\Sigma=\Sigma_{K^0},\vec{j}_B,\,\vec{j}_K) - \Omega(\Sigma=\Sigma_{K^0},\vec{j}_B=0,\,\vec{j}_K=0) =
\nonumber \\&=&
\frac{3}{2\,\pi^2}\,\mu^2\, |\vec{j}_B|^2 + \frac{21 - 8\,{\rm Log}\,2}{216\,\pi^2}\,\mu^2\,|\vec{j}_K|^2
- \frac{\mu^2}{2(2\,\pi)^3}\int_{\hat{v}}\int_{p_m^L(\hat{v})}^{p_p^L(\hat{v})}d\,p\,\epsilon_L(p;\vec{j}_B,\,\vec{j}_K)-
\nonumber \\
&-& \frac{\mu^2}{2(2\,\pi)^3}\int_{\hat{v}}\int_{p_m^R(\hat{v})}^{p_p^R(\hat{v})}d\,p\,\epsilon_R(p;\vec{j}_B,\,\vec{j}_K).
\label{Omega_difference_beta}
\end{eqnarray}
Here ${p_m^L(\hat{v})},\,{p_m^R(\hat{v})}$ and ${p_p^L(\hat{v})},{p_p^R(\hat{v})}$ are zeros of the gapless dispersion relation
(\ref{epsilon4betaK}). The ``bare'' coefficient at the $j_K^2$ term has been augmented to the proper value for the $\theta(x)$ kinetic term
previously found in the chiral perturbation theory
for the CFL phase \cite{Son:1999cm}. The requisite contribution comes from
\begin{eqnarray}
\sum_{A=1}^{9}\,\pi\,\int_{\hat{v}}
\left[\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}d\,p\,\left(\epsilon_L^A(p;\vec{j}_B=0,\,\vec{j}_K=0)-\epsilon_L^A(p;\vec{j}_B,\,\vec{j}_K)\right)\right]+
(L\leftrightarrow R).
\label{restofjKkineticterm}
\end{eqnarray}

From now on we will be assuming that $\vec{j}_K$ and $\vec{j}_B$ are parallel, which obviously corresponds to the strongest effect.
Performing the integration
we arrive at the following expression for the free energy difference between CFL$K^0$ and the state with currents in the ground state
(with $j_B$ and $j_K$ being in units of $\Delta$)
\cite{Son:2005qx}
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\delta\Omega}{\mu^2\,\Delta^2}&=&
-\Theta(|\vec{j}_B + \frac{1}{4}\,{\vec{j}_K}|-\epsilon_0)\,
\frac{2^{5/2}}{15\,\pi^2}
|\vec{j}_B + \frac{1}{4}\,{\vec{j}_K}|^{3/2}
\nonumber \\&\times&
\left(1-\frac{\epsilon_0}{|\vec{j}_B+ \frac{1}{4}\,{\vec{j}_K}|}\right)^{5/2}+
{f_{\beta}^2\,|\vec{j}_B|^2} +
\frac{f_{\pi}^2\,|\vec{j}_K|^2}{6}.
\label{Omega_difference_betaK}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $f_{\beta}^2={3}/{2\,\pi^2}$ and
$f_{\pi}^2={(21-8\,\rm{Log}\,2)}/{36\,\pi^2},$ $\epsilon_0$ is defined below (\ref{epsilon4betaapprLR})
and $\Theta(x)$ is a unit step function.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering{
\begin{psfrags}
\psfrag{E}{$\delta\,\Omega/\mu^2\,\Delta^2$}
\psfrag{jK}{$j_B/\Delta$}
\epsfig{figure=omegacurrent.eps, width=.65\textwidth}
\end{psfrags}
}
\caption{$\delta\,\Omega/\mu^2\,\Delta^2$ vs. $j_B/\Delta$ at $m_s$ corresponding to
$\epsilon_0 \equiv 1-3\,y/2= {0.026,\,0.023,\,0.020}.$
}
\label{domega_BK1}
\end{figure}

Minimization of the free energy with respect to both currents
gives the relationship
\begin{eqnarray}
|\vec{j}_K|=\frac{f_{\beta}^2}{24\,f_{\pi}^2}\,|\vec{j}_B| = \frac{81}{21-8\,\rm{Log}\,2}\,|\vec{j}_B|.
\label{jKjB}
\end{eqnarray}
One gets the picture shown in (Fig. \ref{domega_BK1}). At $m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta \simeq 2/3\,(1-0.023)$ the system undergoes
a first order phase transition to a state with non-zero currents of Nambu Goldstone bosons due to spontaneous breaking of baryon number
and of hypercharge symmetry in the CFL$K^0$
ground state with $|\vec{j}_B|=0.06\,\Delta$ and $|\vec{j}_K|=0.31\,\Delta.$

A more general calculation of the free energy difference where $\Delta(j) \neq \Delta(0)$ is allowed has been performed. Its results turned
out to be very close to the results of the simplified calculation with $\Delta(j) = \Delta(0)$ thus justifying the
earlier assumption. In this case the current terms are too small to appreciably modify the magnitude of the pairing gap.

The total baryon and hypercharge currents vanish in the ground state. A general way to see this is to recall that in the ground
state the following equations of motion are satisfied
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta \,{\rm L}_{eff}/\delta \vec{\nabla}\,\beta=0,\nonumber \\
\delta \,{\rm L}_{eff}/\delta \vec{\nabla}\,\theta=0,
\label{eomjBjK}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\rm L}_{eff}$ is the effective Lagrangian of the system. (Note that its exact form does not have to be specified in this argument.)
On the other hand, the corresponding Noether currents are given by
the same expressions, and, therefore, have to vanish. More qualitatively, the NGB currents are
canceled by the back flow of quasiparticles.

\section{Discussion and Outlook}

In this calculation we have used the simplest possible ansatz for the NGB currents: $\vec{j}_B=const,\,\vec{j}_K=const$ and
found that
in the vicinity of $m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta=2/3$ where a light quasiparticle excitation is present in the spectrum, the CFL$K^0$ state is
unstable with respect to spontaneous
generation of baryon number and hypercharge NGB currents in the ground state. The two states are separated by a first order
phase transition. Working to the leading order in $\alpha_s$ and neglecting ${\cal{O}}({m_s^2/{\mu^2}})$ terms we have found that the
instability occurs for
$m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta \geq 2/3(1-0.023).$

Let us emphasize that strictly speaking the results obtained are valid in QCD with electro-magnetic interactions turned off. A more general
calculation of free energy for  $2/3 \leq m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta\leq 1$
including effects of electric charge neutrality and the possibility of a more general flavor dependent quark-quark pairing pattern
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle{L_{ai}^*L_{bj}^*}\rangle\sim\epsilon_{kij}\epsilon_{cab}\,e^{-2\,i\,\beta}\,X_{k\,r}\,\Delta_{r\,c},
\label{noncflgap}
\end{eqnarray}
with $\Delta={\rm diag}(\Delta_1,\Delta_2,\Delta_3)$\cite{Alford:2003fq}
will be presented elsewhere \cite{Kryjevski:2006ab}. Note that for $m_s^2/4\,\mu\,\Delta\leq 1$ a neutral
quasiparticle mode is expected to become light \cite{Kryjevski:2004jw,Kryjevski:2004kt} which may further enhance the possibility of
the current state formation.

Also, determination of the true ground state (even within a mean field approximation) requires solving the equations
of motion for the NGB fields
$\vec{j}_B(\vec{x})=\vec{\nabla} \cdot {{\beta}},\,\vec{j}_K(\vec{x})=\vec{\nabla} \cdot {\theta}.$ This is left to future work. It will
be interesting to see if spatially inhomogeneous ground states suggested in the previous work
on crystalline superconducting quark matter \cite{Alford:2000ze} will be found in this approach.
Note that already in this simple calculation the gap term with non-zero $j_B$ and $j_K$ is essentially that of the
Larkin-Ovchinnikov-Fulde-Ferrel (LOFF) phase with a single
plane wave ansatz.

Also, a non-zero kaon
current generates a spatial gluon field in the ground state. Its role in a possible
resolution of the chromomagnetic instability \cite{Casalbuoni:2004tb} is being investigated \cite{Kryjevski:2006ab}.

\begin{center}
\large{\textbf{Acknowledgments}}
\end{center}
I thank Dam T. Son for introducing me to the idea of spontaneous current generation in a superfluid system and helpful discussions. I
also thank D.~Kaplan, M.~Stephanov and T.~Sch\"afer for discussions. I thank Andrew Crouse for proofreading the article. This
work is supported in part by the US Department of Energy grants DE-FG02-87ER40365 and DE-FG02-05ER41375 (OJI) and by the National Science
Foundation grant PHY-0555232.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Werner Zemp (1906-1959) was a German-Swiss poet and translator, "regarded in Switzerland as the most distinguished German-Swiss pastoral poet of his generation". Zemp was also an expert on the 19th-century poet Eduard Mörike.

Works
 Gedichte [Poetry], 1937.
 Mörike : Elemente und Anfänge [Mörike: elements and beginnings], 1938
 (tr.) Tanz, Zeichnung und Degas [Dance, drawing and Degas] by Paul Valéry. Zurich, 1940. Translated from the French Degas, danse, dessin.
 (ed.) Briefe [Letters] by Eduard Mörike.
 Das lyrische Werk, Aufsätze, Briefe [The lyrical work, essays, letters], 1967.

References

1906 births
1959 deaths
Swiss poets in German
20th-century Swiss poets
French–German translators
20th-century translators

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
El Niño 'taking a nap,' but not the surf
PUBLISHED: February 26, 2016 at 2:50 pm | UPDATED: April 20, 2018 at 9:40 am
Monterey – A big swell hit the Central Coast on Wednesday, bringing high surf and giant waves crashing against the coast from Monterey Bay to San Francisco. It began to grow about 7 a.m. and gradually subsided in the evening, according to the National Weather Service.
The agency issued a high surf advisory throughout the day until 9 p.m., but it was not accompanied by a flood advisory.
Wave heights crested at about 10 feet on average, occasionally peaking above 15 feet in Half Moon Bay, depending on where the break was, said forecaster Steve Anderson. The powerful waves reached speeds of 30 mph and came in about 18 seconds apart, indicating that there was more energy behind them than usual.
A storm from the Gulf of Alaska, several thousand miles away, generated the swell and propelled it south. Monterey Bay witnessed much calmer and warmer weather, however, with temperatures reaching a high of 70, slightly above normal for this time of year. The water was about 57 degrees.
The waves created strong rip currents that could be hazardous to swimmers. Only professional surfers should venture out in these conditions, Anderson warned.
Meteorologists predict swells will go down to about 8 feet. By the weekend, they forecast slightly cooler weather, reaching the mid-60s — usual late-winter weather for the area.
Anderson continues to foresee mild weather, with no rain for the next seven days.
"El Nio is taking a nap," he said.


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text:
The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order) 5763 is an Israeli law first passed on 31 July 2003. The law makes inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza Strip ineligible for the automatic granting of Israeli citizenship and residency permits that are usually available through marriage to an Israeli citizen (i.e. family reunification). It expired on 6 July 2021, but was reauthorized on 10 March 2022.

History
The law originated in a 2002 Cabinet order freezing the issue of citizenship on family reunification grounds between Israeli citizens and residents of areas governed by the Palestinian National Authority. The law was extended in mid-2005 but limited its scope to those families where the husband is under 35 years of age and the wife is under 25 years old. In the interim the law was tested against Israel's Basic Laws, which operate in a manner similar to a constitution, when the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, filed a 2003 petition to have the law struck down.

The law was upheld in a split 6-5 High Court decision rendered in 2006, but the decision criticized a number of aspects of the law. In particular, the minority judgement, written by Chief Justice Aharon Barak, emphasized the temporary nature of the law's effect, arguing that "the appropriate goal of increasing security is not justifying severe harm to many thousands of Israeli citizens."

A draft bill to replace the law rather than seek a second renewal following the expiry of its application in January, 2007, sought to expand the areas targeted by the law beyond Palestinian Authority-controlled areas to include other regions with which Israel is in a state of military conflict.

The law was challenged again in 2007. A number of human rights organisations  and  public figures petitioned the Supreme Court arguing that the law violates the right to family life and the right to equality of Palestinian citizens of Israel. In 2012, the Court issued its decision rejecting the petitions and confirming the constitutionality of the law. The majority of the Court ruled that there was no violation of the right to family life or the right to equality. They further stated that to the extent that these rights are violated, the violation is considered proportionate and therefore justified according to section 8 of Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom. The majority justices explained that the Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are considered to be "enemy nationals". This, for the majority, is considered a relevant distinction that justifies the law.

The outcome and the reasoning of this ruling by the Supreme Court has been criticised because of its negative implications for the constitutional rights of the Palestinian citizens of Israel. The majority justices in this decision treated the rights of the Palestinian citizens of Israel as though they are an immigrant non-citizen group and not a homeland indigenous minority.  The Court also discussed the role of demographic considerations and showed inclination to accept restricting the rights of the Palestinian citizens in order to preserve a Jewish majority among the population in Israel. It is argued that the arguments and justifications used by the Supreme Court  provide the building blocks for a legal framework that explicitly institutionalises separate hierarchical categories of citizenship.

The law expired on 6 July 2021, after the new coalition government headed by Naftali Bennett failed to muster enough votes for its extension; despite Yamina striking a deal with the coalition parties Ra'am, Labor Party and Meretz to let it pass in return for reducing the extension period to six months, granting A-5 visa to 1,600 Palestinian families, and resolving the issue of 9,700 Palestinians staying in the country from permission by the IDF. The opposition right-wing members from parties like Likud voted against the extension in order to humiliate the government, while the Arab Joint List and rebel Yamina MK Amichai Chikli also voted against it.

After the expiry of the law, the number of applications for residency increased but the Interior Minister Ayelet Shaked instructed the Population, Immigration and Border Authority to continue to act as if the law was still in place. On 11 January 2022, the Supreme Court issued an  order instructing the government "to act in accordance with existing law alone" and that "it is no longer authorized to act based on a law, emergency provisions or regulations that were issued pursuant to it as long as this law is not in effect."

The law was later reintroduced in Knesset and passed on 10 March 2022 by a 45–15 vote with the help of opposition lawmakers from Likud and the Religious Zionist Party, after Interior Minister Ayelet Shaked and Religious Zionist Party MK Simcha Rothman drafted a version that would be acceptable to the parties of the coalition government as well as the opposition. Coalition members Meretz and Ra'am voted against it. The new version allows the Interior Ministry to put quotas on permits granted under "exceptional humanitarian cases" and cancel permits of Palestinians for activities against the state like spying or terrorism.

Debate

Those in favor of the law, such as Ze'ev Boim, say it is aimed at preventing terrorist attacks and that "We have to maintain the state's democratic nature, but also its Jewish nature." In the Israeli Supreme Court decision on this matter, Deputy Chief Justice Mishael Cheshin argued that, "Israeli citizens [do not] enjoy a constitutional right to bring a foreign national into Israel ... and it is the right—moreover, it is the duty—of the state, of any state, to protect its residents from those wishing to harm them. And it derives from this that the state is entitled to prevent the immigration of enemy nationals into it—even if they are spouses of Israeli citizens—while it is waging an armed conflict with that same enemy."

Supporters also cite demographic concerns about the family reunification process. According to demographer Arnon Sofer, had the process continued unabated, 200,000 Palestinians would receive Israeli citizenship in the first decade alone, and the number of Palestinians in Israel would rise exponentially due to the law and high population growth. Within sixty years, Jews would be a minority within Israel (not including the West Bank and Gaza Strip), effectively destroying the Jewish character of the state.

Critics argue that the law is discriminatory because it disproportionately affects Israeli Arabs, since Israeli Arabs are far more likely to have spouses from the West Bank and Gaza Strip than other Israeli citizens. Such critics have included the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, which unanimously approved a resolution stating that the Israeli law violated an international human rights treaty against racism; and Amnesty International, which has argued that "[i]n its current form the law is discriminatory and violates fundamental principles of equality, human dignity, personal freedom and privacy, enshrined in the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty, as well as the right of children to live with both parents, and other fundamental rights enshrined in international human rights treaties to which Israel is a party and which it is obliged to uphold." When the law was renewed in June 2008, the publisher of the Israeli daily Ha'aretz argued that its existence makes Israel into an apartheid state.

In January 2012, Arab Knesset member Jamal Zahalka expressed concern that the law would lead to large-scale emigration of Arab Israelis from Israel into Palestinian Authority areas, and claimed that Israel was taking advantage of the Supreme Court's decision to bring about an exodus of Arabs from Israel.

See also
Amendment No. 28 to the Entry Into Israel Law
Israeli nationality law
Visa policy of Israel
Visa requirements for Israeli citizens
Israeli passport
Israeli identity card
Who is a Jew?
Relationships between Jewish religious movements
Law of Return
Yom HaAliyah

References

External links
Unofficial translation of the full text of the law, from the Knesset site

Israeli immigration law
Politics of Israel


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