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Sema Publications
Sema Activities
Interview with Mr. Arif Ramadan
official of Sema foundation culture and arts in Kurdish ROJ TV, interview fulfilled through the (opinion), be prepared and submitted by Professor (Tariq Hammou) broadcast on Saturday, 15 July 2006.
Article | March 8, 2012 - 11:05am
SEMAKURD-TRANSLATION- ALHAM
At the beginning of the interview welcomed Mr. Tariq Hammou the audience and said: I am at the beginning of the meeting, welcoming Mr. Aref Ramadan official Sema institution of culture and arts in Dubai.
Mr. Aref welcoming you at the outset, the viewers would like to know identify Sema Foundation for Culture and Arts?
O-why this institution in a country such as the United Arab Emirates?
- Yes, in fact, in the United Arab Emirates there is Kurdish community numbering over 1500 people, At the outset we meet with our difficulties when we celebrate the holidays Novruz and national events as well as through the collection of those people that did not have an office or center for cooperation among themselves and mixing in general. As established in the UAE, there is no law to establish a community or the opening Office of the community. That is why we thought of Foundation on the topic of cultural art. It got the license official, and through the commercial register, and set up a Web site on the Internet. This web site was a way to communicate with us as kurd both big business or in the offices behind. The way to deal with each other as well as the reason for communication and acquaintance, this first point, the second point is the issue of choosing the place of the institution in Dubai. The fact that we have chosen Dubai has become the cultural capital of the Arabs as a media city in Dubai (Media City). I believe that there is currently more than 500 media institution in this city. We thought as Kurd that we are able to have access to the city due to the presence of more than 200 spaces and enter the world as the world enters through, the mostly Arab satellite channels. And are very keen to reach Arab Thought and the Arab cultured, and able to reach everyone, briefly means definition the Kurdish issue to Arab intellectual.
O - This means the most important objectives of the Foundation and the reasons for conducting the onus and Founder, what are the most prominent activities of the institution?
- We talked about the institution and the goals for which we strive are the deployment issue between Kurdish and Arab intellectuals to interact with them, as well as the definition of the Kurdish issue globally. On the other hand interest in the culture of the Kurdish printing headquarters were printing books and poetry books and translated some of the Kurdish to Arabic and vice versa. And the production of works of art recorder and CD.
For activities that we have carried out so far consisted of printing a book on the life of novelist and political Kurdish (Osman Sabri) in Kurdish language and we also printing office was for the poet Evin Shkaki, named convoy's rain. Now there is a poetry book in the Kurdish language was also of poet (Aziz Gmjvin) was under printing.
For Folklore and Art Kurdish the Foundation also properly taken within interests in this area we have more than once brought all Kurdish technical teams to the United Arab Emirates on many occasions, These teams offer wonderful tableau of Kurdish folklore and art to the masses and the Arab world, as happened in the Dubai shopping festival. So that the world cans knowledge the folklore Kurdish dress, as well as Kurdish folklore dances. I think that more than a million people from around the world attended the festival. It focused on informing the UAE team Kurdish broadcast some footage of Kurdish Aldabka live. The team had focused the attention of the people took the first figure in terms of public demand, because we have a good publicity and information in preparation for this occasion.
We have registered a dialogue on television about the problem of the Kurdish issue in the Arab cultured, Dialogue conducted by Dr. Alaealden Abdalrzak Jenko, The guest of the seminar Dr. Ali Shaibi Chief of the Public Information in the United Arab Emirates. Dr. Ahmed Khalil, a teacher at the University of Al Ain, UAE, MR. Imad Mzury representative of the government of Kurdistan in Dubai. We have talked about the Kurdish issue and its dilemma when cultured Arab and duplication felt through this issue. When there is the problem of the Kurds in Turkey are cultured Arab with the Kurds , while when there are in Syria and Iraq, we see a clear antagonism of the Arab intellectual towards issue, In fact, it was a very excellent and is under submission to the production space.
As the institution of semi-professional training of other cadres of satellites Kurdish television in Dubai and familiarize the world channels. And training in the studios Media City with high technologies, as well as the institution printing of Kurdish flags on 10 thousand pens, frankly, there are many other activities do not remember.
Q - You pointed to the Arab and said that there are Arab brothers to participate in dancing and singing Kurdish and Arab intellectuals engaged to the activities, I want to ask about how the Kurdish cultured approach from?
- Yes, since the first moment frankly intellectuals Kurds paging daily electronic location and giving us their views, we still wish to present our views. I expect that the success we had by God in a short period of time because we always cooperate with the intellectuals and artists Kurds wherever they may be. For entertainment things I want to mention that there is a video clip and record for artist Reber Wahed in Kurdish language issued under the auspices of the Sema Foundation. It is well known that the artist Reber Wahed sings in Arabic and the institution has tried hard to sing in Kurdish language. Already influenced by that pushed him to sing the Kurdish language and considers this a significant gain that the artist Reber Wahed had large audience among Arab listeners, Thus we can through this artist delivery of Kurdish art to the public.
Q – Mr. Arif cultured and Kurdish artist complain always lack of funding and support from the institutions in order to grow their business. How do you look at yourself this question?
- a very important issue and I appeal cross-your channel to every Kurdish businessmen. because the issue is very important, because it actually Kurdish intellectuals are oppressed in this regard, theories as a businessman I would be full-time every day dozens of hours for my work. While full-time tutors have dozens of hours writing not find its way to live. I appeal to the Kurdish businessmen across your channel esteemed and take the opportunity and invite them to cooperate and assist Kurdish artists and writers.
O-Sema Foundation for Culture and Arts what can progress in this regard?
Sema Foundation and the limited potential of each month modest activity either printing book or book of poetry or the cassette or video clip. Now we are preparing a video clip for Delnia Kardage.
Q - Those intellectuals who have a desire to print a book of poetry or an art exhibition How can contact you?
- To Contact us is very simple, either through the telephone or through e-www.semakurd.net location. And the Commission has been studying this book does not hesitate to respond
- And the answers within 10 to 15 days then begin printing procedures.
Q - Mr Arif we enter to another the axle, what is the position of the institution than in Kurdistan in general of the conflicting policies and violating human rights both in the north and other parts of Kurdistan. What is the most important work you have to define the Arab people to these violations and the policies that have been living in the United Arab Emirates to what is happening in Kurdistan?
- There is no doubt that we always monitor news in the four parts of Kurdistan. As you can see that the electronic site of Smakurd publishes in Kurdish, Alsouraneh, Arabic and English, the news spread all dialects and try connecting to the media in Dubai, We recall an example in this context: We have revived the memory of the late Sheikh Mashouk Khaznoi in the United Arab Emirates, attended by Arab intellectuals from other countries and some media personalities and turned into a symposium. We manage this tribute, explaining them how this great hero was killed.
As we prepare a symposium in which we denounced the pressure and Turkish campaign on the channel Rose TV space. It sent letters supported and condemnation of this act to space Rose and the Belgian embassy.
Q- Mr. Aref What is the most significant obstacles that stand in the way and prevent the implementation of the duties and your activities to the fullest?
- The most significant obstacles were some comrades arrested by the security authorities in Syria, In addition, some selfishness of some intellectuals brothers and of some of the young Kurdish and something of this nature.
O-yes always a cultured accuse with selfishness, mean what are your activities in Kurdistan, Does representatives Enterprise in Kurdistan?
- Yes for Kurdistan have in the Kurdish city representatives and correspondents. In Iraqi Kurdistan we have a formal office in the capital Holer. In Dubai, the main center where huge library of books and includes a variety of books in Arabic, Kurdish, We are trying to deliver these books to requesting through the mail or loan, As we have a semi-official of the Office of the City of Hamburg in Germany, as well as our office in China City (Ito) that the Kurdish community exist in a number of cities, numbering approximately fife hundred people, and this year we celebrated Novruz with some businesses in the city Ito Chinese. This is the first time where Novruz celebration in the State of China.
O-Do you have in the city of Diyarbakir representatives (Amed) in Northern Kurdistan, for example?
- Does not, unfortunately, so far there is a God, but will seek through the forthcoming visit to Kurdistan Turkey shortly.
O- I say this because the city (Amed) became an active field of cultural and artistic value, the Amed annual festival there, for example. Mr. Aref What about members of the Assembly, how one can become a member of your organization, or what the conditions of membership?
- So far we do not open for the submission of applications for affiliation, because of a single point, namely that the UAE does not allow any form of political activity. Fearful of this institution to become one day a political institution, we have a reservation on this topic. It is under study, but thank God we have in the United Arab Emirates approximately 300 to 400 Friend, liaising with the institution in addition to communication to the four parts of Kurdistan, Even Kurdistan Iran have contact with people of many intellectuals and others.
- Mr. Arif What is your relations with the Kurdish forces and institutions in Southern Kurdistan, There is the Ministry of Culture, for example, in other parts there are consortia alike. What are these relations?
- a very strong relationship, There is continuing with all the activities for the Ministry of Culture in Kurdistan region of Iraq and other ministries to the Ministry of Finance and Economy, all accepted invitations from us in a lot of occasions, We have more than once sent trade delegations to reconstruct Kurdistan, founded in collaboration with Mr. Hirsch Tayar Kurdistan union businessmen, there is a good relationship for constructing and media in Kurdistan.
O-What are your future projects in this area, what you intend to do to strengthen the relationship and interdependence, not only with South Kurdistan, but also with other parts?
- Yes at the level of future projects that we wish to have offices and representative offices in the four parts of Kurdistan. In each of the provinces on the one hand, in second hand I wish that there should be cooperation from both the government of Kurdistan region of Iraq or businessmen with the support of this institution, so that we can print more than one book per month. And the production of more than one work of art per month, the last dream to have our Kurdish space channel in Dubai, so that we are close to the satellite Global Information and Arab intellectuals. So that we can deliver through our message faster and the definition of the Kurdish issue in the form required for educators and the Arab people. In fact, for the division of Kurdish folklore that participated in the Dubai festival has pictures of Emirate citizen participates in Kurdish folklore (Dabka=dance) with the team is carrying Kurdish flag. And hoping help from all of this institution by delivering its message to the world as fully as possible.
O-How is your relations with the political forces of Kurdistan, and what is required to support your institution may this is a complex subject and somewhat thorny?
- Yes, we are interested in more cultural and artistic aspect of the media, As I mentioned earlier we are in an Arab country, we very much thanks the President, government and people, as is now allowed us to develop these cultural activities on its territory, invitations to teams to Dubai and the Kurdish administration concerts on national occasions as well as the printing of books. In fact we have Thanksgiving and there is a saying of a friend who said if we were treated in the home as we are treating in Dubai we wouldn't struggled for the Kurds issue. We respect the extent possible frameworks and laws of this State.
The data for the various parts of the Kurdish parties to publish position without reservation and without bias for one party over the other, where it found in the pages of the site all the media reaction from Rose, Kurd Sat to Kurdistan, as well as newspapers from different parts and without bias, We are not choosing any idea or any particular political point, and we want to make our Turkish and Persian cadres in order not confining our Arab side alone, they also Kurdish neighbors. They must understand and assimilate the Kurdish history, culture and folklore.
O-Mr. Aref here let me ask for the Kurdish community in the UAE. How to organize this community better, what are the obstacles to you for organizing the community?
- Kurdish community in the UAE vary greatly from the community based in Europe, that the process of networking and to live there and not as weak in Europe, For example, the Kurdish community in Europe can live for the assistance provided by European countries, for example, even if they do not work you have certain rights to food, housing and social care. While in the UAE, which does not work can not live there in addition to the four-digit inflation. There is another issue is always the dual always takes hours to the whole day and there was no time to exercise other activities, whether cultural, social or otherwise. Thus there is no act only on Friday, some of the duties of a person, and therefore we find that the interface is mostly via the Internet, There are a lot of young people in the city do not meet the one-only events as Novruz and other national occasions. Therefore, there is difficulty in communicating with each other as well as financial condition and everything related to this thriving.
Q - I want to ask here about relations with the Arab and civil associations of cultural and artistic associations there in Dubai. I think that there is a team called Team Dubai war always watching them at television Do you mean the relations with these teams?
- Since the celebrating of the last Shopping Festival till now we have made several attempts to reach teams- ALayalhTeam- Dubai folklore team-there a project to invite these teams to Kurdistan to publicize them. The other subject is important that any team from the Emirates to visit any other country will be with media and will give a major boost to get acquainted with the Kurd in Kurdistan. For information centers have strong relationships with the Sultan Ali Awes foundation and the Foundation of Jumae Magid, and there are some Doctors do not recall their names now to visit Dubai from time to time to examine the books and the development of some print and schemes Arab and Kurdish.
O-Are there laws in the UAE allow you to get the assistance of progress as is the case in Europe?
- No not in the UAE there are no laws in this form, the existing Institutions such as institution Gomaa – Majed, and Sultan and the state accreditation of two businessmen. Perhaps I was one of the students Sultan Ali Awess was a poet God mercy on him. Now the Sema centered in the Office Sultan Ali Awess, this place was occupied by the Special Bureau, Hired by them and is now the main center for Sema Foundation for Culture and Arts
Q- Yes Mr. Aref at the end of this meeting, the final word and how you will see the future of your institution?
- I thank you very much for that welcome and hospitality to this meeting, I thank all the technical cadres in space and Rose Kurdish Mesopotamia, the huge media organization, I thank once again the United Arab Emirates government and the people for their wide chest and for not differentiating between Arab and Kurd and interesting in Kurdish thriving and even participating with us in our happiness and grief. And most thanks to you very much.
- Yes-We thank Mr. Arif Ramadan official institution poison culture and the arts in Dubai and wish you progress in your work in the service of the Kurdish culture and art.
Club parties


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Ron Johnson predicts Wisconsin's near-total ban on abortions wouldn't last long if Roe v. Wade is overturned
Bill Glauber Patrick Marley
U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson said Friday he doesn't believe Wisconsin's potential ban on almost all abortions would remain in place for long, distancing himself from his four fellow Republicans running for governor.
Speaking to reporters, Johnson did not detail what abortion limits he would like to see but said he did not think a near-total ban would last for long if the landmark Roe v. Wade decision is overturned.
Johnson suggested Wisconsin officials would set different limits — even though Republicans who control the Legislature have given no indication they would do anything other than keep the ban in place.
The four Republicans running against Democratic Gov. Tony Evers have said they oppose exceptions for rape or incest.
Johnson, who is running for re-election to a third term in the Senate, made his comments after a draft of a U.S. Supreme Court ruling was leaked that showed a majority is prepared to overturn Roe v. Wade, the 1973 ruling that legalized abortion nationwide. If that happens, an 1849 ban on nearly all abortions would go back into effect in Wisconsin.
"I don't think that will stand for long," Johnson said. "I think the democratic process in Wisconsin will have something other than the 1849 law."
On this issue, Johnson's read of the politics of the state appear to be completely off. Republican lawmakers for decades have made sure to preserve the 1849 ban in hopes that Roe would someday be overturned.
Running against Evers are former Lt. Gov. Rebecca Kleefisch, construction business owner Tim Michels, management consultant Kevin Nicholson and state Rep. Tim Ramthun of Campbellsport. All have strongly opposed abortion and would be unlikely to sign legislation loosening the ban.
The 1849 law allows for the prosecution of those who perform abortions except in cases where two physicians determine the abortion is necessary to save the life of the woman. The ban does not include exceptions for rape or incest.
More:Here are Wisconsin's abortion laws and how they would be affected by Roe v. Wade decisions
While those who perform abortions could be charged, the woman could not. Those found guilty could be imprisoned for up to six years and fined up to $10,000. If the fetus is beyond about 16 weeks of development, the maximum penalty is more severe — a prison term of 15 years and a fine of $50,000.
The Republicans running for governor did not immediately react to Johnson's comments. They have all praised the draft opinion that would overturn Roe, with Kleefisch calling it a "blessing" in a Thursday interview with FOX6-TV.
Asked if she wanted an exception for rape or incest, Kleefisch said, "No, because I don't think it's the baby's fault how the baby is conceived."
More:Here are the 4 Republicans who are seeking to unseat Wisconsin Gov. Tony Evers in the 2022 election
If Evers wins, he would be unlikely to get a chance to sign legislation changing the ban because Republicans are all but certain to maintain control of the Legislature.
A court fight over the ban is likely, which could result in a lifting of the ban.
"Gov. Evers has always been clear that he will do whatever is necessary to protect access to reproductive care for everyone in Wisconsin," Evers campaign spokeswoman Kayla Anderson said in a statement. "Choice is on the ballot in 2022 and it's critical that we reelect Gov. Evers."
Johnson offered little clarity on what law he would like to see in Wisconsin in the event Roe v. Wade is overturned. He said he believed life begins at conception but added that different states would set different policies. He noted he has supported laws that would limit abortions, including one after 20 weeks and another after 15 weeks.
The bills include Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act and the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion and Abortion Insurance Full Disclosure Act. He also signed onto an amicus brief in the current case before the Supreme Court, urging the high court to upholding Mississippi's law limiting abortions after 15 weeks.
More:Wisconsin Attorney General Josh Kaul says he would not assist with enforcing abortion ban
Johnson said the Roe v. Wade decision "settled nothing," adding, "we just had this issue festering, this profoundly moral issue festering in the body politic of America."
"I'm comfortable that now it's going to be put back into the democratic realm where the American people and the people of Wisconsin decide how we deal with abortion," he said.
Johnson was at the Republican National Committee's Hispanic Community Center in Milwaukee where he helped present God Touch Milwaukee and Hispanic families with food drive donations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The 2014 Baum Award for an Emerging American Photographer has been presented to Jaime Warren, a photographer and performance artist based in Brooklyn, NY, and Kansas City, MO. Her work, often involving self-portraiture as well as a host of collaborators, explores identity in the context of pop culture, art history, and the Internet. SF Camerawork will host an exhibition of Warren's work from April 30 to June 21.
Warren is also the co-director and co-creator of Whoop De Doo, a variety show that hosts live, free shows and workshops in the community and for underserved youth groups.


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Whiplash  is a non-medical term describing a range of injuries to the neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck associated with extension, although the exact injury mechanisms remain unknown. The term "whiplash" is a colloquialism. "Cervical acceleration–deceleration" (CAD) describes the mechanism of the injury, while the term "whiplash associated disorders" (WAD) describes the subsequent injuries and symptoms.

Whiplash is commonly associated with motor vehicle accidents, usually when the vehicle has been hit in the rear; however, the injury can be sustained in many other ways, including headbanging, bungee jumping and falls. It is one of the most frequently claimed injuries on vehicle insurance policies in certain countries; for example, in the United Kingdom 430,000 people made an insurance claim for whiplash in 2007, accounting for 14% of every driver's premium. In the United States, it is estimated that more than 65% of all bodily injury claims are whiplash related, translating to around $8 billion in economic costs per year.

Before the invention of the car, whiplash injuries were called "railway spine" as they were noted mostly in connection with train collisions. The first case of severe neck pain arising from a train collision was documented around 1919. The number of whiplash injuries has since risen sharply due to rear-end motor vehicle collisions. Given the wide variety of symptoms associated with whiplash injuries, the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders coined the phrase 'Whiplash-Associated Disorders'.

While there is broad consensus that acute whiplash is not uncommon, the topic of chronic whiplash is controversial, with studies in at least three countries showing zero to low prevalence, and some academics positing a linkage to financial issues.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms reported by affected people include: pain and aching to the neck and back, referred pain to the shoulders, sensory disturbance (such as pins and needles) to the arms and legs, and headaches. Symptoms can appear directly after the injury, but often are not felt until days afterwards.  Whiplash is usually confined to the spine.  The most common areas of the spine affected by whiplash are the neck and middle of the spine. "Neck" pain is very common between the shoulder and the neck.  The "missing link" of whiplash may be towards or inside the shoulder and this would explain why neck therapy alone frequently does not give lasting relief.

Cognitive symptoms following whiplash trauma, such as being easily distracted or irritated, seems to be common and possibly linked to a poorer prognosis.

Cause
The exact injury mechanism that causes whiplash injuries is forceful sudden hyperextension followed by hyperflexion of the cervical vertebrae, mainly spraining the nuchal ligament and the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament respectively. A whiplash injury may be the result of impulsive retracting of the spine, mainly the ligament: anterior longitudinal ligament which is stretched or tears, as the head snaps forward and then back again causing a whiplash injury.

A whiplash injury from an automobile accident is called a cervical acceleration–deceleration injury. Cadaver studies have shown that as an automobile occupant is hit from behind, the forces from the seat back compress the kyphosis of the thoracic spine, which provides an axial load on the lumbar spine and cervical spine. This forces the cervical spine to deform into an S-shape where the lower cervical spine is forced into a kyphosis while the upper cervical spine maintains its lordosis. As the injury progresses, the whole cervical spine is finally hyper-extended.

Whiplash may be caused by any motion similar to a rear-end collision in a motor vehicle, such as may take place on a roller coaster or other rides at an amusement park, sports injuries such as skiing accidents, other modes of transportation such as airplane travel, or from being hit, kicked or shaken..

Whiplash associated disorders sometimes include injury to the cerebrum. In a severe cervical acceleration–deceleration syndrome, a brain injury known as a coup contrecoup injury occurs. A coup contrecoup injury occurs as the brain is accelerated into the cranium as the head and neck hyperextend, and is then accelerated into the other side as the head and neck rebound to hyper-flexion or neutral position.

"Volunteer studies of experimental, low-velocity rear-end collisions have shown a percentage of subjects to report short-lived symptoms",

From this type of research, it has been inferred that whiplash symptoms might not always have any pathological (injury) explanation.

However, over the last decade, academic surgeons in the UK and US have sought to unravel the whiplash enigma.  A 1000-case, four-year observational study published in 2012 said that the "missing link" in whiplash injuries is the trapezius muscle which may be damaged through eccentric muscle contraction during the whiplash mechanism described above and below.  Another study suggested that "shneck pain" was in the nearby supraspinatus muscle and this resulted from a seemingly asymptomatic form of shoulder impingement. Shoulder impingement is commonly asymptomatic and the shoulder may be injured along with the neck in a motor vehicle accident.  Whiplash due to The Referred Shoulder Impingement Syndrome was successfully treated using conventional treatments for shoulder impingement including anti-inflammatory steroids and non steroids, and by avoiding the overhead position of shoulder impingement during the day and night time.  All of this work demonstrates that historically and indeed presently whiplash patients' pain sources may be missed if it is outside of the neck.  Hence the pathology in whiplash may have been missed and the treatment ineffective.

Mechanism
Whiplash can be described as a sudden strain to the muscles, bones and nerves in the neck. The neck is made up of seven vertebrae, referred to as the cervical vertebrae. The first two cervical vertebrae, the axis and atlas, are shaped differently from the remaining five. The atlas and axis are responsible for movement of the skull from side to side (cervical rotation to the right and left); also moving forward and backward (cervical flexion and extension). Excessive extension and flexion can disrupt the vertebrae.

There are four phases that occur during "whiplash": Initial position (before the collision), retraction, extension and rebound.  In the initial position there is no force on the neck it is stable due to inertia. Anterior longitudinal ligament injuries in whiplash may lead to cervical instability. They explain that during the retraction phase that is when the actual "whiplash" occurs, since there is an unusual loading of soft tissues. The next phase is the extension, the whole neck and head switches to extension, and it is stopped or limited by the head restraint.  The rebound phase transpires as result of the phases that are mentioned.

During the retraction phase, the spine forms an S-Shaped curve, and this caused by the flexion in the upper planes and hyperextension at the lower planes and this exceed their physiological limits this phase the injuries occur to the lower cervical vertebrae. At the extension phase, all cervical vertebrae and the head are fully extended, but do not surpass their physiological limits. Most of the injuries happen in C-5 and C-6.

Pathophysiology
While the time associated with a specific collision will vary, the following provides an example of the occupant and seat interaction sequence for a collision lasting approximately 300 milliseconds.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis occurs through a patient history, head and neck examination, X-rays to rule out bone fractures and may involve the use of medical imaging to determine if there are other injuries.

Québec Task Force
The Québec Task Force (QTF) has divided whiplash-associated disorders into five grades.
 Grade 0: no neck pain, stiffness, or any physical signs are noticed
 Grade 1: neck complaints of pain, stiffness or tenderness only but no physical signs are noted by the examining physician.
 Grade 2: neck complaints and the examining physician finds decreased range of motion and point tenderness in the neck.
 Grade 3: neck complaints plus neurological signs such as decreased deep tendon reflexes, weakness and sensory deficits.
 Grade 4: neck complaints and fracture or dislocation, or injury to the spinal cord.

Prevention
The focus of preventive measures to date has been on the design of car seats, primarily through the introduction of head restraints, often called headrests. This approach is potentially problematic given the underlying assumption that purely mechanical factors cause whiplash injuries — an unproven theory. So far the injury reducing effects of head restraints appears to have been low, approximately 5–10%, because car seats have become stiffer in order to increase crashworthiness  of cars in high-speed rear-end collisions which in turn could increase the risk of whiplash injury in low-speed rear impact collisions. Improvements in the geometry of car seats through better design and energy absorption could offer additional benefits. Active devices move the body in a crash in order to shift the loads on the car seat.

For the last 40 years, vehicle safety researchers have been designing and gathering information on the ability of head restraints to mitigate injuries resulting from rear-end collisions. As a result, different types of head restraints have been developed by various manufactures to protect their occupants from whiplash.
Below are definitions of different types of head restraints.

Head restraint — refers to a device designed to limit the rearward displacement of an adult occupant's head in relation to the torso in order to reduce the risk of injury to the cervical vertebrae in the event of a rear impact. The most effective head restraint must allow a backset motion of less than 60 mm to prevent the hyperextension of the neck during impact.

Integrated head restraint or fixed head restraint — refers to a head restraint formed by the upper part of the seat back, or a head restraint that is not height adjustable and cannot be detached from the seat or the vehicle structure except by the use of tools or following the partial or total removal of the seat furnishing".

Adjustable head restraint — refers to a head restraint that is capable of being positioned to fit the morphology of the seated occupant. The device may permit horizontal displacement, known as tilt adjustment, and/or vertical displacement, known as height adjustment.

Active head restraint — refers to a device designed to automatically improve head restraint position and/or geometry during an impact".

Automatically adjusting head restraint — refers to a head restraint that automatically adjusts the position of the head restraint when the seat position is adjusted.

A major issue in whiplash prevention is the lack of proper adjustment of the seat safety system by both drivers and passengers. Studies have shown that a well designed and adjusted head restraint could prevent potentially injurious head-neck kinematics in rear-end collisions by limiting the differential movement of the head and torso. The primary function of a head restraint is to minimize the relative rearward movement of the head and neck during rear impact. During a rear-end collision, the presence of an effective head restraint behind the occupant's head can limit the differential movement of the head and torso. A properly placed head restraint where one can sufficiently protect his/her head lower the chances of head injury by up to 35% during a rear-end collision.

In contrast to a properly adjusted head restraint, research suggests that there may be an increased risk of neck injuries if the head restraint is incorrectly positioned. More studies by manufacturers and automobile safety organizations are currently undergoing to examine the best ways to reduce head and torso injuries during a rear-end impact with different geometries of the head restraint and seat-back systems.

In most passenger vehicles where manually adjustable head restraints are fitted, proper use requires sufficient knowledge and awareness by occupants. When driving, the height of the head restraint is critical in influencing injury risk. A restraint should be at least as high as the head's center of gravity, or about 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) below the top of the head. The backset, or distance behind the head, should be as small as possible. Backsets of more than 10 centimeters (about 4 inches) have been associated with increased symptoms of neck injury in crashes.
In a sitting position, the minimum height of the restraint should correspond to the top of the driver's ear or even higher. In addition, there should be minimal distance between the back of head and the point where it first meets the restraint.

Due to low public awareness of the consequence of incorrect positioning of head restraints, some passenger vehicle manufactures have designed and implemented a range of devices into their models to protect their occupants.

Some current systems are:
 Mercedes-Benz A-Class Active Head Restraint (AHR),
 Saab (Responsible for the first active head restraint), Opel, Ford, Nissan, Subaru, Hyundai, and Peugeot — Active Head restraint (SAHR),
 Volvo and Jaguar — Whiplash Protection System/Whiplash Prevention System (WHIPS), and
 Toyota — Whiplash Injury Lessening (WIL).

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) and other testing centers around the world have been involved in testing the effectiveness of head restraint and seat systems in laboratory conditions to assess their ability to prevent or mitigate whiplash injuries. They have found that over 60% of new motor vehicles on the market have "good" rated head restraints. Various organisations exist which list such vehicles

Management

Rehabilitation (e.g. physical therapy)
Symptoms remaining more than six months after trauma is labelled Whiplash syndrome. The main purpose with early rehabilitation is to reduce the risk for development of Whiplash syndrome. Early rehabilitation for whiplash depends on the grade category. It can be categorized as grade 0 being no pain to grade 4 with a cervical bone fracture or dislocation.  Grade 4 obviously needs admission to hospital while grade 0-3 can be managed as outpatients. The symptoms from the potential injury to the cervical spine may be debilitating, and pain was reported to be one of the biggest stressor events experienced in daily living, so it is important to begin rehabilitation immediately to prevent future pain.

Current research supports that active mobilization rather than a soft collar results in a more prompt recovery both in the short and long term perspective. Furthermore, Schnabel and colleagues stated that the soft collar is not a suitable medium for rehabilitation, and the best way of recovery is to include an active rehabilitation program that includes physical therapy exercises and postural modifications. Another study found patients who participated in active therapy shortly after injury increased mobilization of the neck with significantly less pain within four weeks when compared to patients using a cervical collar.

Active treatments are light repetitive exercises that work the area to maintain normality. Basic information is also given to teach the patient that exercises as instructed will not cause any damage to their neck. These exercises are done at home or under the care of a health professional. When beginning a rehabilitation regimen, it's important to begin with slow movements which include cervical rotation until pain threshold three to five times per day, flexion and extension of the shoulder joint by moving the arms up and down two to three times, and combining shoulder raises while inhaling and releasing the shoulder raise while exhaling. Soderlund and colleagues also recommend that these exercises should be done every day until pain starts to dissipate. Early mobilization is important for preventing chronic pain, but pain experienced from these exercises might cause psychological symptoms that could have negative impact on recovery. Rosenfeld found that doing active exercises as often as once every waken hour during one month after trauma decreases the need for sick leave three years after trauma from 25% to 5.7%.

Passive treatments such as acupuncture, massage therapy, and stimulation may sometimes be used as a complement to active exercises. Return to normal activities of daily living should be encouraged as soon as possible to maximize and expedite full recovery.

For chronic whiplash patients, rehabilitation is recommended.  Patients who entered a rehabilitation program said they were able to control their pain, they continued to use strategies that were taught to them, and were able to go back to their daily activities. A Cochrane review published in 2007 found that evidence neither supports nor refutes the effectiveness conservative treatments including physiotherapy, acupuncture, or a collar to treat Grades 1 or 2.

Medications
According to the recommendations made by the Quebec Task Force, treatment for individuals with whiplash associated disorders grade 1–3 may include non-narcotic analgesics. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may also be prescribed in the case of WAD 2 and WAD 3, but their use should be limited to a maximum of three weeks. Botulinum toxin A is used to treat involuntary muscle contraction and spasms.  Botulinum toxin type-A is only temporary and repeated injections need to take place in order to feel the effects.

According to a year long follow-up study in 2008 on 186 patients, the WAD-classification and Quebec Task Force regimen were not linked to better clinical outcomes.

Prognosis
The consequences of whiplash range from mild pain for a few days (which is the case for most people), to severe disability. It seems that around 50% will have some remaining symptoms.

Alterations in resting state cerebral blood flow have been demonstrated in patients with chronic pain after whiplash injury. There is evidence for persistent inflammation in the neck in patients with chronic pain after whiplash injury.

There has long been a proposed link between whiplash injuries and the development of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). A recent review concluded that although there are contradictions in the literature, overall there is moderate evidence that TMD can occasionally follow whiplash injury, and that the incidence of this occurrence is low to moderate.

Epidemiology
Whiplash is the term commonly used to describe hyperflexion and hyperextension, and is one of the most common nonfatal car crash injuries. More than one million whiplash injuries occur each year due to car crashes. This is an estimate because not all cases of whiplash are reported. In a given year, an estimated 3.8 people per 1000 experience whiplash symptoms. "Freeman and co-investigators estimated that 6.2% of the US population have late whiplash syndrome". The majority of cases occur in patients in their late fourth decade. Unless a cervical strain has occurred with additional brain or spinal cord trauma mortality is rare.

Whiplash can occur at speeds of fifteen miles per hour or less; it is the sudden jolt, as one car hits another, that causes one's head to be abruptly thrown back and sideways. The more sudden the motion, the more bones, discs, muscles and tendons in ones neck and upper back will be damaged. Spinal cord injuries are responsible for about 6,000 deaths in the US each year and 5,000 whiplash injuries per year result in quadriplegia.

After 12 months, only 1 in 5 patients remain symptomatic, only 11.5% of individuals were able to return to work a year after the injury, and only 35.4% were able to get back to work at a similar level of performance after 20 years. Estimated indirect costs to industry are $66,626 per year, depending on the level and severity. Lastly, the total cost per year was $40.5 billion in 2008, a 317% increase over 1998.

Incidence
Altogether it is of note that, especially in many Western countries, after a motor vehicle collision those involved seek health care for the assessment of injuries and for insurance documentation purposes. In contrast, in many less wealthy countries, there may be limited access to care and insurance may only be available to the wealthy. Against this background, the "(late) whiplash syndrome" (ICD-10: S13.4) has been one special focus of continuous and controversial scientific research since the 1950s as the worldwide incidence of such injuries varies enormously, from 16 to 2000 per 100,000 population, and the late whiplash syndrome in these cases varies between 18% to 40%. Thus, important work by Schrader et al. in The Lancet showed that late whiplash syndrome after a motor vehicle collision is rare or uncommon in Lithuania, and Cassidy et al.'s conclusion in the New England Journal of Medicine is that "the elimination of compensation for pain and suffering is associated with a decreased incidence and improved prognosis of whiplash injury".

Moreover, an experimental study in 2001 places participants in a stationary vehicle with a curtain blocking their rear view, and exposed them to a simulated rear-end collision. Twenty percent of patients had symptoms at 3 days, despite the fact that no collision actually occurred.

From the evolving viewpoint of naturalistic Internet search engine analytics in has been shown in 2017 that the expectations for receiving compensation may influence Internet search behavior in relation to whiplash injury.

See also
 Railway spine
 Traffic collision

References

External links

Contortion
Injuries of neck
Law of negligence
Dislocations, sprains and strains

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text:
Theresia Widiastuti (born 1954) is an Indonesian former badminton player in the 70s.

Profile
Theresia Widiastuti is a specialist in women's doubles and mixed Indonesian players. In the 1975 Uber Cup, she played an important and decisive role because she managed to win in two women's doubles matches with Imelda Wiguno against Japanese women's doubles and led Indonesia to win the Uber Cup for the first time. In the 1976 Asian championships she also won the women's doubles with Regina Masli. and won two bronze in women's doubles in the 1974 and 1978 Asian games and one mixed doubles silver.

Achievements

Asian Games
Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

Asian Championships
Women's doubles

Southeast Asian Games
Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

International Open Tournaments (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Women's doubles

Invitational Tournament
Women's doubles

References

 1954 births
Living people
People from Yogyakarta
Sportspeople from Special Region of Yogyakarta
Indonesian female badminton players
Badminton players at the 1970 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 1974 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 1978 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia
Asian Games bronze medalists for Indonesia
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games
Competitors at the 1977 Southeast Asian Games
Competitors at the 1979 Southeast Asian Games
Competitors at the 1981 Southeast Asian Games
Southeast Asian Games gold medalists for Indonesia
Southeast Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia
Southeast Asian Games medalists in badminton
20th-century Indonesian women
21st-century Indonesian women


The World's largest library of Service Manuals and Operating Guides available for download delivery.
Choose your make from the index links.
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text:
Q: Generic collection collision Here's my best attempt to recreate the situation.
public interface IFoo
{

}

public class Foo : IFoo { }

public class Bar : IFoo { }

public class CollectionOf<T> : List<IFoo>
{

}

public class Bars : CollectionOf<Bar>
{

}

public class Test
{
    public void Test()
    {
        CollectionOf<IFoo> bars = new Bars();
    }
}

Compiler complains on the instantiation. Bars is a collection of IFoos. Is this one of those covariance/contravariance issues?

A: Yes.
Think about it for a second; bars should legally be able to hold objects of any type that implement IFoo.  However, an object of type Bars can only hold objects of type Bar.
Using your code this would be allowed, which is obviously wrong.
CollectionOf<IFoo> bars = new Bars();
bars.Add( new Foo() );  // Uh oh!

That would effectively break the type safety afforded to you via generics.

A: Yes it is.
If this was allowed, you would be able to place any object into that collection, as long as it implemented the IFoo interface, but that wouldn't be safe for the collection.
Let me illustrate:
var b = new Bars();
CollectionOf<IFoo> bars = b;
bars.Add(Dummy); // implements IFoo, but does not descend from Bar

At this point, what does b contain? An object of type Dummy? That would be bad, and thus this is not allowed in the first place.

A: The fix, if there is one would depend on what it is that's not working for you.  I can get your example to compile in two ways, either use IEnumerable or define your CollectionOf as an interface with the out generic modifier.  Whether either is a fix for you I don't know:
public interface IFoo { }

public class Foo : IFoo { }

public class Bar : IFoo { }

public interface CollectionOf<out T> : IEnumerable<IFoo> { }

public class Bars : CollectionOf<Bar> { }

public class Test
{
    public void Test()
    {
        IEnumerable<IFoo> bars1 = new Bars();
        CollectionOf<IFoo> bars2 = new Bars();
    }
}

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Go biking on Kiawah's 30+ miles of paved bike paths! Biking on Kiawah is the best way to tour the island. In addition to the hard-packed beach, there is a 10-mile-long bike path which starts at one end of the island and runs alongside the main parkway. Bike paths are set back off the parkway in the trees and are safe, easy and scenic rides.
Feel free to ride your bikes down Kiawah's 10-mile beach. Start off with the wind at your back and sail down the sand; when you reach the other end, locate a boardwalk and return via a bike trail. This is the easiest method and you'll see a good bit of the island. Maps of the island's bike trails are available at most Resort locations.
Click here for more info on bike rentals on the island.


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text:
Steelers Versus Giants: Week 13 Projected Inactive List
By Dave Bryan
Posted on December 3, 2016 at 6:50 pm
The (6-5) Pittsburgh Steelers will host the (8-3) New York Giants on Sunday and that contest figures to be a great test for both teams. The Steelers Friday injury report showed that two players will miss the game against the Giants due to injuries and on Saturday a surprise addition to that list was quickly followed by a roster move. With all the Saturday housekeeping now out of the way, I will attempt to project the Steelers seven inactives for Sunday's game against the Giants.
Game inactives are officially announced 90 minutes before kickoff, so make sure you check back at that time to see the names of the players for both teams who will be sitting the game out.
Zach Mettenberger – Mettenberger hasn't dressed since the Steelers game against the New England Patriots and you can once again count on him being inactive Sunday against the Giants.
DeAngelo Williams – Even though head coach Mike Tomlin said Tuesday that Williams is "perking up," the veteran running back still failed to practice this week. He was ultimately ruled out for Sunday's game on the Friday injury report and this will make the fourth game in a row that he's missed since undergoing a minor surgical procedure on one of his knees following the Week 9 game against the Baltimore Ravens.
Darrius Heyward-Bey – On Tuesday, Tomlin indicated that Heyward-Bey is still week-to-week and as expected, the wide receiver failed to practice this past week which ultimately led to him being ruled out for Sunday's game on the Friday injury report. Heyward-Bey hasn't played since injuring his foot in the first half of the loss to the Ravens. At this point, you must really wonder if Heyward-Bey will be able to return to practice any time soon.
Brian Mihalik – Mihalik hasn't dressed since Week 7 and he's not likely to get a helmet Sunday against the Giants. In fact, barring any kind of injuries occurring on the Steelers offensive line, Mihalik isn't likely to dress for another game anytime soon. For now, Chris Hubbard and B.J. Finney remain the Steelers backup linemen on gamedays.
Xavier Grimble – After missing the last two games with a quadricep injury, Grimble was finally healthy enough to practice all three days this past week and was ultimately removed from the team's injury report on Friday. However, just because he's healthy doesn't necessarily mean he'll get a helmet on Sunday. With fellow tight end Ladarius Green now off Reserve/Injured and contributing, Grimble isn't really needed and especially being as he's not a big special team's contributor. I have a feeling Grimble will be a healthy scratch against the Giants.
Daryl Richardson – Richardson has been inactive the last two games and thus there's currently no reason to think that will change Sunday against the Giants and especially being as he's not a huge contributor on special teams. Should, however, Richardson ultimately receive a helmet, it would likely result in one of the Steelers several backup linebackers being inactive.
Chris Boswell – Boswell was added to the Steelers injury report on Saturday as questionable with an abdomen injury and with his status for Sunday in doubt the team quickly signed veteran free agent kicker Randy Bullock. Keep in mind that there's still a chance that Boswell will play Sunday against the Giants, but we aren't likely to know for sure until 90 minutes before kickoff. I have no choice but to guess that Boswell will be inactive on Sunday.
Related Items:B.J. Finney, Baltimore Ravens, Brian Mihalik, Chris Boswell, Chris Hubbard, Darrius Heyward-Bey, Daryl Richardson, DeAngelo Williams, Inactives, Ladarius Green, Mike Tomlin, New England Patriots, New York Giants, Randy Bullock, Week 13, Xavier Grimble, Zach Mettenberger
Mike Tomlin On If Receivers Left Plays Out On The Field: 'Ya Think?'
Steelers Fail To Keep Pace With Kansas City, Who Advances On Strength Of High-Powered Offense
In Final Game Together, Tomlin Says It's 'Been An Honor And a Pleasure' Pairing With Roethlisberger


text:
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Shoe size" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A soldier recruit measuring for shoe size during uniform issue at the Afghan National Army training site in Kabul, Afghanistan, 2002
A shoe size is an indication of the fitting size of a shoe for a person.
There are a number of different shoe-size systems used worldwide. While all shoe sizes use a number to indicate the length of the shoe, they differ in exactly what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where the size 0 (or 1) is positioned. Some systems also indicate the shoe width, sometimes also as a number, but in many cases by one or more letters. Some regions use different shoe-size systems for different types of shoes (e.g. men's, women's, children's, sport, and safety shoes). This article sets out several complexities in the definition of shoe sizes. In practice, shoes should be tried on for size and fit before they are purchased.
Deriving the shoe size
Foot versus shoe and last
The length of a person's foot is commonly defined as the distance between two parallel lines that are perpendicular to the foot and in contact with the most prominent toe and the most prominent part of the heel. Foot length is measured with the subject standing barefoot and the weight of the body equally distributed between both feet.
The sizes of the left and right feet are often slightly different. In this case, both feet are measured, and purchasers of mass-produced shoes are advised to purchase a shoe size based on the larger foot, as most retailers do not sell pairs of shoes in non-matching sizes.
Each size of shoe is considered suitable for a small interval of foot lengths, typically limited by half-point of the shoe size system.
A shoe-size system can refer to three characteristic lengths:
The median length of feet for which a shoe is suitable. For customers, this measure has the advantage of being directly related to their body measures. It applies equally to any type, form, or material of shoe. However, this measure is less popular with manufacturers,[citation needed] because it requires them to test carefully for each new shoe model, for which range of foot sizes it is recommendable. It puts on the manufacturer the burden of ensuring that the shoe will fit a foot of a given length.
The length of the inner cavity of the shoe. This measure has the advantage that it can be measured easily on the finished product. However, it will vary with manufacturing tolerances and only gives the customer very crude information about the range of foot sizes for which the shoe is suitable.
The length of the "last", the foot-shaped template over which the shoe is manufactured. This measure is the easiest one for the manufacturer to use, because it identifies only the tool used to produce the shoe. It makes no promise about manufacturing tolerances or for what size of foot the shoe is actually suitable. It leaves all responsibility and risk of choosing the correct size with the customer. Further, the last can be measured in several different ways resulting in different measurements.[1]
All these measures differ substantially from one another for the same shoe. For example, the inner cavity of a shoe must typically be 15 mm longer than the foot, and the shoe last would be 2 size points larger than the foot, but this varies between different types of shoes and the shoe size system used. The typical range lies between 1⁄2 to 2⁄3 inch (12.7 to 16.9 mm) for the UK/US size system and 4⁄3 to 5⁄3 cm (13.3 to 16.7 mm) for the European size system, but may extend to 1⁄4 to 3⁄4 inch (6.4 to 19.1 mm) and 2⁄3 to 6⁄3 cm (6.7 to 20.0 mm).
Sizing systems also differ in the units of measurement they use. This also results in different increments between shoe sizes, because usually only "full" or "half" sizes are made.
The following length units are commonly used today to define shoe-size systems:
The Paris point equates to 2⁄3 centimetre (6.67 mm; 0.26 in). Whole sizes are incremented by 1 Paris point; this corresponds to 3.33 millimetres (0.131 in) between half sizes. This unit is commonly used in Continental Europe, excluding Russia and former USSR countries.
The barleycorn is an old English unit that equates to 1⁄3 inch (8.47 mm). This is the basis for current UK and North American shoe sizes, with the largest shoe size taken as twelve inches (a size 12) i.e. 30.5 cm, and then counting backwards in barleycorn units, so a size 11 is 11.67 inches or 29.6 cm.
Metric measurements in millimetres (mm) with intervals of 5 mm and 7.5 mm are used in the international Mondopoint system (USSR/Russia and East Asia).
The sizing systems also place size 0 (or 1) at different locations:
Size 0 as a foot's length of 0. The shoe size is directly proportional to the length of the foot in the chosen unit of measurement. Sizes of children's, men's, and women's shoes, as well as sizes of different types of shoes, can be compared directly. This is used with the Mondopoint system (USSR/Russia and East Asia).
Size 0 as the length of the shoe's inner cavity of 0. The shoe size is then directly proportional to the inner length of the shoe. This is used with systems that also take the measurement from the shoe. While sizes of children's, men's and women's shoes can be compared directly, this is not necessarily true for different types of shoes that require a different amount of "wiggle room" in the toe box. This is used with the Continental European system.
Size 0 (or 1) can just be simply a shoe of a given length. Typically this will be the shortest length deemed practical; but this can be different for children's, teenagers', men's, and women's shoes - making it impossible to compare sizes. For example, a women's shoe at size 8 is a different length from a men's shoe at size 8 in the US system, but not the British.
Some systems also include the width of a foot (or the girth of a shoe last), but do so in a variety of ways:
Measured foot width in millimetres (mm) - this is done with the Mondopoint system.
Measured width as a letter (or combination of letters), which is taken from a table (indexed to length and width/girth) or just assigned on an ad-hoc basis. Examples are (each starting with the narrowest width):
A, B, C, D, E, EE, EEE is the typical North American system and follows the brannock device standards, per the system B is narrow, C is regular, D is medium, E is wide, EE is extra wide and so on.
4A, 3A, 2A, A, B, C, D, E, 2E, 3E, 4E, 5E, 6E (variant North American).
In Japanese Mondopoint system the unlettered D size is the norm for men and B for women in its foot circumference.
C, D, E, F, G, H (common UK; "medium" is usually F, but varies by manufacturer—makers Edward Green and Crockett & Jones, among others, use E instead, but one maker's E is not necessarily the same size as another's).
N (narrow), M (medium) or R (regular), W (wide).
The width for which these sizes are suitable can vary significantly between manufacturers. The A–E width indicators used by most American, Canadian, and some British shoe manufacturers are typically based on the width of the foot, and common step sizes are 3⁄16 inch (4.8 mm).
Common sizing systems
Shoe size in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Pakistan and South Africa is based on the length of the last used to make the shoes, measured in barleycorns (1⁄3 inch) starting from the smallest size deemed practical, which is called size zero. It is not formally standardised. Note that the last is typically longer than the foot heel to toe length by 1⁄2 to 2⁄3 in or 1+1⁄2 to 2 barleycorns, so to determine the shoe size based on actual foot length one must add 2 barleycorns.
A child's size zero is equivalent to 4 inches (a hand = 12 barleycorns = 10.16 cm), and the sizes go up to size 13+1⁄2 (measuring 25+1⁄2 barleycorns, or 8+1⁄2 inches (21.59 cm)). Thus, the calculation for a children's shoe size in the UK is:
child shoe size (barleycorns) = 3 × last length (in) − 12
child shoe size (barleycorns) ≈ 3 × foot length (in) − 10.
An adult size one is then the next size up (26 barleycorns, or 8+2⁄3 in (22.01 cm)) and each size up continues the progression in barleycorns.[2] The calculation for an adult shoe size in the UK is thus:
adult shoe size (barleycorns) = 3 × last length (in) − 25
adult shoe size (barleycorns) ≈ 3 × foot length (in) − 23.
Although this sizing standard is nominally for both men and women, some manufacturers use different numbering for women's UK sizing.
In Australia and New Zealand, the UK system is followed for men and children's footwear. Women's footwear follows the US sizings.
In Mexico, shoes are sized either according to the foot length they are intended to fit, in cm, or alternatively to another variation of the barleycorn system, with sizes calculated approximately as:
adult shoe size (barleycorns) = 3 × last length (in) − 25+1⁄2
adult shoe size (barleycorns) ≈ 3 × foot length (in) − 23+1⁄2.
Note: UK Shoe size and Indian shoe sizes are same.
This article is missing information about details on athletic scale. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (April 2019)
In the United States and Canada, there are different systems that are used concurrently. The size indications are usually similar but not exactly equivalent especially with athletic shoes at extreme sizes. The most common is the customary, described in more detail below, which for men's shoes is one size shorter than the UK equivalent, making a men's 13 in the US the same size as a men's 12 in the UK.
Customary
The traditional system is similar to British sizes but start counting at one rather than zero, so equivalent sizes are one greater.
The calculation for a male shoe size in the United States is:
male shoe size (barleycorns) = 3 × last length (in) − 24
male shoe size (barleycorns) ≈ 3 × foot length (in) − 22.
In the "standard" or "FIA" (Footwear Industries of America) scale, women's sizes are men's sizes plus 1 (so a men's 10+1⁄2 is a women's 11+1⁄2):
female shoe size (barleycorns) = 3 × last length (in) − 23
female shoe size (barleycorns) ≈ 3 × foot length (in) − 21.
There is also the "common" scale, where women's sizes are equal to men's sizes plus 1+1⁄2.
Children's sizes are equal to men's sizes plus 12+1⁄3. Children's sizes do not differ by gender even though adults' do:
child shoe size (barleycorns) = 3 × last length (in) − 112⁄3
child shoe size (barleycorns) ≈ 3 × foot length (in) − 161⁄3.
Children's shoe stores in the United States use a sizing scheme which ends at 13, after which the adult range starts at 1. Alternatively, a scale running from K4 to K13 and then 1 to 7 is in use.[3] K4 to K9 are toddler sizes, K10 to K13 are pre-school and 1 to 7 are grade school sizes.
Brannock Device
Drawing of a Brannock Device (from US Patent 1,725,334)
A slightly different sizing method is based on the Brannock Device, a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock in 1925 and now found in many shoe stores. The formula used by the Brannock device assumes a foot length 2⁄3 in (1.7 cm) less than the length of the last; thus, men's size 1 is equivalent to a foot's length of 7+2⁄3 in (19.47 cm):[4]
male shoe size (Brannock) = 3 × foot length (in) − 22.[5]
Women's sizes are one size up:
female shoe size (Brannock) = 3 × foot length (in) − 21.[5]
The device also measures the length of the arch, or the distance between the heel and the ball (metatarsal head) of the foot. For this measurement, the device has a shorter scale at the instep of the foot with an indicator that slides into position. If this scale indicates a larger size, it is taken in place of the foot's length to ensure proper fitting.[6]
For children's sizes, additional wiggle room is added to allow for growth.[6]
The device also measures the width of the foot and assigns it designations of AAA, AA, A, B, C, D, E, EE, or EEE. The widths are 3/16 inches apart and differ by shoe length.[4]
Some shoe stores and medical professionals use optical 3D surface scanners to precisely measure the length and width of both feet and recommend the appropriate shoe model and size.[7]
UK and US shoe sizes
Last length
Foot length/Brannock
US & Canada sizes
Adults'
5 127.0 4+1⁄3 110.06 3
5+1⁄18 128.41 4+7⁄18 111.47 3+1⁄2
5+1⁄6 131.23 4+1⁄2 114.3 3+1⁄2
5+2⁄9 132.64 4+5⁄9 115.71 4
5+7⁄18 136.87 4+13⁄18 119.94 4+1⁄2
5+1⁄2 139.7 4+5⁄6 122.76 4+1⁄2
5+5⁄9 141.1 4+8⁄9 124.17 5
5+2⁄3 143.93 5 127.0 5
5+13⁄18 145.34 5+1⁄18 128.41 5+1⁄2
5+5⁄6 148.16 5+1⁄6 131.23 5+1⁄2
6+2⁄9 158.04 5+5⁄9 141.1 7
6+2⁄3 169.3 6 152.4 8
7+2⁄9 183.4 6+5⁄9 166.51 10
7+1⁄3 186.26 6+2⁄3 169.3 10
7+7⁄18 187.67 6+13⁄18 170.74 10+1⁄2
7+1⁄2 190.5 6+5⁄6 173.56 10+1⁄2
7+5⁄9 191.91 6+8⁄9 174.97 11
7+2⁄3 194.73 7 177.8 11
7+13⁄18 196.14 7+1⁄18 179.21 11+1⁄2
7+5⁄6 198.96 7+1⁄6 182.03 11+1⁄2
8 203.2 7+1⁄3 186.26 12 1
8+1⁄18 204.61 7+7⁄18 187.67 12+1⁄2
8+1⁄6 207.43 7+1⁄2 190.5 12+1⁄2 1+1⁄2
8+1⁄3 211.6 7+2⁄3 194.73 13 0 1 2
8+1⁄2 215.9 7+5⁄6 198.96 13+1⁄2 1⁄2 1+1⁄2 2+1⁄2
8+2⁄3 220.13 8 203.2 1 2 3
8+5⁄6 224.36 8+1⁄6 207.43 1+1⁄2 2+1⁄2 3+1⁄2
9 228.6 8+1⁄3 211.6 2 3 4
9+1⁄6 232.83 8+1⁄2 215.9 2+1⁄2 3+1⁄2 4+1⁄2
9+1⁄3 237.06 8+2⁄3 220.13 3 4 5
9+1⁄2 241.3 8+5⁄6 224.36 3+1⁄2 4+1⁄2 5+1⁄2
10 254.0 9+1⁄3 237.06 5 6 7
10+1⁄6 258.23 9+1⁄2 241.3 5+1⁄2 6+1⁄2 7+1⁄2
10+1⁄3 262.46 9+2⁄3 245.53 6 7 8
10+1⁄2 266.7 9+5⁄6 249.76 6+1⁄2 7+1⁄2 8+1⁄2
10+2⁄3 270.93 10 254.0 7 8 9
10+5⁄6 275.16 10+1⁄6 258.23 7+1⁄2 8+1⁄2 9+1⁄2
11 279.4 10+1⁄3 262.46 8 9 10
11+1⁄6 283.63 10+1⁄2 266.7 8+1⁄2 9+1⁄2 10+1⁄2
11+1⁄3 287.86 10+2⁄3 270.93 9 10 11
11+1⁄2 292.1 10+5⁄6 275.16 9+1⁄2 10+1⁄2 11+1⁄2
11+2⁄3 296.3 11 279.4 10 11 12
11+5⁄6 300.56 11+1⁄6 283.63 10+1⁄2 11+1⁄2 12+1⁄2
12 304.8 11+1⁄3 287.86 11 12 13
12+1⁄6 309.03 11+1⁄2 292.1 11+1⁄2 12+1⁄2 13+1⁄2
12+1⁄3 313.26 11+2⁄3 296.3 12 13 14
12+1⁄2 317.5 11+5⁄6 300.56 12+1⁄2 13+1⁄2 14+1⁄2
12+2⁄3 321.73 12 304.8 13 14 15
In the Continental European system, the shoe size is the length of the last, expressed in Paris points, for both sexes and for adults and children alike. Note that the last is typically longer than the foot heel to toe length by 4⁄3 to 5⁄3 cm or 2 to 2+1⁄2 Paris points, so to determine the shoe size based on actual foot length one must add 2 Paris points.
Because a Paris point is 2⁄3 of a centimetre, the formula is as follows:
shoe size (Paris points) = 3⁄2 × last length (cm)
shoe size (Paris points) ≈ 3⁄2 × foot length (cm) + 2.
The Continental European system is used in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,[8] Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain,[9] Sweden, Switzerland, and most other continental European countries. It is also used in Middle Eastern countries (such as Iran), Brazil—which uses the same method but subtracts 2 from the final result, in effect measuring foot size instead of last size[citation needed]—and, commonly, Hong Kong. The system is sometimes described as Stich size (from Pariser Stich, the German name for the Paris point), or Stichmass size (from Stichmaß, a micrometer for internal measurements).
Mondopoint
Measurement of foot length, width and perimeter (cirсumference) as defined in the Mondopoint standard
The Mondopoint shoe length system is widely used in sports industry to size athletic shoes, ski boots, skates, and pointe ballet shoes; it was also adopted as the primary shoe sizing system in the Soviet Union,[10] Russia,[11] East Germany, China,[12] Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea, and as an optional system in United Kingdom,[13] India,[14] Mexico, and European countries. The Mondopoint system is also used by NATO and other military services.
The Mondopoint system was introduced in the 1970s by International Standard ISO 2816:1973 "Fundamental characteristics of a system of shoe sizing to be known as Mondopoint" and ISO 3355:1975 "Shoe sizes – System of length grading (for use in the Mondopoint system)".[15] ISO 9407:2019, "Shoe sizes—Mondopoint system of sizing and marking",[16] is the current version of the standard.
The Mondopoint system is based on average foot length and foot width for which the shoe is suitable, measured in millimetres. The length of the foot is measured as horizontal distance between the perpendiculars in contact with the end of the most prominent toe and the most prominent part of the heel. The width of the foot is measured as horizontal distance between vertical lines in contact with the first and fifth metatarsophalangeal joints. The perimeter of the foot is the length of foot circumference, measured with a flexible tape at the same points as foot width. The origin of the grade is zero.
The labeling typically includes foot length, followed by an optional foot width: a shoe size of 280/110 indicates a foot length of 280 millimetres (11.0 in) and width of 110 millimetres (4.3 in). Other customary markings, such as EU, UK and US sizes, may also be used.
Because Mondopoint takes the foot width into account, it allows for better fitting than most other systems. A given shoe size shall fit every foot with indicated average measurements, and those differing by no more than a half-step of the corresponding interval grid. Standard foot lengths are defined with interval steps of 5 mm for casual footwear and steps of 7.5 mm for specialty (protective) footwear. The standard is maintained by ISO Technical Committee 137 "Footwear sizing designations and marking systems."
In Japan, mainland China, Taiwan, and South Korea, the Mondopoint system is used as defined by national standard Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) S 5037:1998 and its counterparts Chinese National Standard (CNS) 4800-S1093:2000 and Korean Standards Association (KS) M 6681:2007.
Foot length and girth (foot circumference) are taken into account.[17] The foot length is indicated in centimetres; an increment of 5 mm is used.
The length is followed by designators for girth (A, B, C, D, E, EE, EEE, EEEE, F, G), which are specified in an indexed table as foot circumference in millimetres for each given foot length; foot width is also included as supplemental information. There are different tables for men's, women's, and children's (less than 12 years of age) shoes. Not all designators are used for all genders and in all countries. For example, the largest girth for women in Taiwan is EEEE, whereas in Japan, it is F.
The foot length and width can also be indicated in millimetres, separated by a slash or a hyphen.
Soviet Union (Russia, Commonwealth of Independent States)
Historically the Soviet Union used the European (Paris point) system, but the Mondopoint metric system was introduced in the 1980s by GOST 24382-80 "Sizes of Sport Shoes" and GOST 11373-88 "Shoe Sizes", and lately by GOST R 58149-2018. Foot lengths are aligned to 5 mm and 7.5 mm intervals.
Standard metric foot sizes can be converted to the nearest Paris point (2⁄3 cm) sizes using approximate conversion tables; shoes can be marked with both foot length in millimetres, as for pointe ballet shoe sizes, or last length in European Paris point sizes (although such converted Stichmass sizes typically come 1⁄2 to 1 size smaller than comparable European-made adult footwear, and up to 1+1⁄2 sizes smaller for children's footwear, according to ISO 19407 shoe size definitions). Optional foot width designations includes narrow, normal (medium or regular), and wide grades.
Infant sizes start at 16 (95 mm) and pre-school kids at 23 (140 mm); schoolchildren sizes span 32 (202.5 mm) to 40 (255 mm) for girls and 32 to 44 (285 mm) for boys. Adult sizes span 33 (210 mm) to 44 for women and 38 (245 mm) to 48 (310 mm) for men.
GOST 11373-88 shoe sizes (5 mm and 7.5 mm steps)
Mondopoint/foot
Stich size
16+1⁄2
ISO 19407 and shoe size conversion
ISO/TS 19407:2015 Footwear - Sizing - Conversion of sizing systems is a technical specification from International Standards Organisation. It contains three conversion tables (for adults and children) which feature major shoe sizing systems (e.g., Mondopoint, United States, European, United Kingdom, China, and Japan).[18] Each table is based on actual foot length measurement (insole) in millimetres; typical last length ranges are also included.
The standard includes conversion tables for Mondopoint (USSR/Russian/Chinese/Japanese/Korean systems) using length steps of 5 mm and 7.5 mm, European Paris point system, and UK 1⁄3-inch system. The standard has also been adopted as Russian GOST R 57425-2017.
The standard is maintained by ISO/TC 137, which also developed ISO/TS 19408:2015 Footwear - Sizing - Vocabulary and terminology; currently in development are companion standards ISO/TS 19409 "Footwear - Sizing - Measurement of last dimensions" and ISO/TS 19410 "Footwear - Sizing - Inshoe measurement".
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: ISO 19407:2015 specifies shoe size conversion based on foot length. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2018)
Differences between various shoe size tables, makers' tables or other tables found on the Web are usually due to the following factors:
The systems are not fully standardised. Differences between shoes from different makers, which are due to different methods of measuring the shoes, different manufacturing processes, or different allowances[1] are sometimes related to different countries. A "German" size may then differ from a "French" size, although both countries use the Continental European system.
Different widths may have the result that for wide feet, a shoe multiple sizes larger (and actually too long) may be required. This may also result in different size indications, especially if different typical widths are attributed to different sizing systems or countries.
Some tables for children take future growth into account. The shoe size is then larger than what would correspond to the actual length of the foot.[6]
An indication in centimetres or inches can mean the length of the foot or the length of the shoe's inner cavity. This relation is not constant but varies due to different amounts of wiggle room required for different sizes of shoes.
There are several US systems, which differ substantially for sizes far above or below medium sizes.
Further, some tables available on the Web simply contain errors. For example, the wiggle room or different zero point is not taken into account, or tables based on different US systems (traditional and athletic) are simply combined although they are incompatible.
Moreover, though the ISO had released a technical specification (ISO/TS 19407:2015) for converting shoe sizes across various local sizing systems, the organization noted that the problem of converting shoe sizes accurately has yet to be fully resolved. At best, its own published standards for shoe sizes conversions only serve as "a good compromise solution" for shoe-buyers.[18][19]
The following tables indicate theoretical sizes calculated from the standards and information given above.
Unofficial adult shoe sizes comparison
Unofficial children's shoe sizes comparison
Shoe sizing
The adult shoe sizes are calculated from typical last length, which is converted from foot length in mm by adding an allowance of two shoe sizes:
EUR shoe size = L + 2 × 6.6 6 ¯ 6.6 6 ¯ = 3 20 × L + 2 {\displaystyle {\text{EUR shoe size))={\frac {L+2\times {6.6{\bar {6)))){6.6{\bar {6))))={\frac {3}{20))\times {L}+2}
UK shoe size = L + 2 × 8.4 6 ¯ 8.4 6 ¯ − 25 = 3 25.4 × L − 23 {\displaystyle {\text{UK shoe size))={\frac {L+2\times {8.4{\bar {6)))){8.4{\bar {6))))-25={\frac {3}{25.4))\times {L}-23}
where L is foot length in mm.
Direct conversion between adult UK, Continental European and Mondopoint shoe size systems is derived as follows:
L = 20 3 × ( EUR shoe size − 2 ) = 25.4 3 × ( UK shoe size + 23 ) {\displaystyle L={\frac {20}{3))\times \left({\text{EUR shoe size))-2\right)={\frac {25.4}{3))\times \left({\text{UK shoe size))+23\right)}
EUR shoe size = 1.27 × ( UK shoe size + 23 ) + 2 {\displaystyle {\text{EUR shoe size))={1.27\times \left({\text{UK shoe size))+23\right)}+2}
UK shoe size = EUR shoe size − 2 1.27 − 23 {\displaystyle {\text{UK shoe size))={\frac ((\text{EUR shoe size))-2}{1.27))-23}
Exact foot lengths may contain repeating decimals because the formulas include division by 3; in practice, approximate interval steps of 6.67 mm and 8.47 mm are used, then resulting lengths are rounded up to 0.1 mm, and shoe sizes are rounded to either 1⁄2 size point or closest matching Mondopoint size.
Adults' shoe sizes
UK*
Typical last length range
210.0 21 210 210 33+1⁄2 217 229
211.6 8+1⁄3 2 219 231
213.3 21+1⁄3 34 220 232
215.0 21+1⁄2 215 222 234
215.9 8+1⁄2 2+1⁄2 223 235
216.6 21+2⁄3 34+1⁄2 224 236
217.5 21+3⁄4 217.5 225 237
220.0 22 220 35 227 239
220.13 8+2⁄3 3 227 239
224.36 8+5⁄6 3+1⁄2 231 243
225.0 22+1⁄2 225 225 232 244
228.6 9 4 236 248
230.0 23 230 36+1⁄2 237 249
240.0 24 240 240 38 247 259
254.0 10 7 261 273
258.23 10+1⁄6 7+1⁄2 265 276
262.46 10+1⁄3 8 269 281
266.7 10+1⁄2 8+1⁄2 274 286
279.4 11 10 286 298
283.63 11+1⁄6 10+1⁄2 291 303
287.86 11+1⁄3 11 295 307
*UK sizes listed are nominally unisex, but women's UK sizes may vary.
Children sizes are approximations converted from foot length by adding an 8% allowance at the toes and matching the result to the closest practically available last size.
Children's shoe sizes
Foot length, mm
Typical last length range, mm
120 120 19+1⁄2 3+1⁄2 4 130 136
123 125 20 4 4+1⁄2 133 139
127 20+1⁄2 4+1⁄2 5 137 143
138 140 22+1⁄2 6 6+1⁄2 150 156
142 23 6+1⁄2 153 156
164 26+1⁄2 177 183
166 165 27 9+1⁄2 10 180 186
169 170 27+1⁄2 10 10+1⁄2 183 189
173 28 10+1⁄2 11 187 193
179 180 29 11+1⁄2 12 193 199
185 185 30 12 12+1⁄2 200 206
188 30+1⁄2 12+1⁄2 13 203 209
195 195 31+1⁄2 13+1⁄2 1 210 216
204 205 33 1+1⁄2 2 220 226
236 235 38 5 253 259
The standard also includes quick conversion tables for adult shoe sizes; they provide matching sizes for shoes marked in Mondopoint, European, and UK systems. Converted values are rounded to a larger shoe size to increase comfort.
Mondopoint conversion
34 2+1⁄2 3+1⁄2 4+1⁄2
35+1⁄2 3+1⁄2 4+1⁄2 5+1⁄2
36+1⁄2 4 5 6
41+1⁄2 8+1⁄2 9+1⁄2 10+1⁄2
42+1⁄2 9 10 11
43 9+1⁄2 10+1⁄2 11+1⁄2
44+1⁄2 10+1⁄2 11+1⁄2 12+1⁄2
45+1⁄2 11 12 13
47 12+1⁄2 13+1⁄2 14+1⁄2
European shoe size conversion
215 2+1⁄2 3+1⁄2 4+1⁄2
265 8 9 10
265 8+1⁄2 9+1⁄2 10+1⁄2
275 9+1⁄2 10+1⁄2 11+1⁄2
285 10+1⁄2 11+1⁄2 12+1⁄2
United Kingdom shoe size conversion
2+1⁄2
215 34+1⁄2 3+1⁄2 4+1⁄2
230 36+1⁄2 5 6
235 37 5+1⁄2 6+1⁄2
260 41+1⁄2 9 10
265 42 9+1⁄2 10+1⁄2
270 42+1⁄2 10 11
290 46 12+1⁄2 13+1⁄2
Fashion portal
List of shoe styles
^ a b Andersson, Bendt. "Recommendations to suppliers and manufacturers of orthopedic footwear concerning sizes of shoes and lasts" (PDF) (in Swedish). Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ Cairns, Warwick (2007). About the Size of It. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-01628-6.
^ ASICS Oceania Pty Lyd., Asics Shoe Sizes, stating "Shoe sizes on product details pages are in US shoe size"; accessed 16 January 2017
^ a b Brannock Device Co. "History". Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ a b Brannock Device Co. "Size Conversion Chart". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2010-04-20. .
^ a b c Brannock Device Co. "Instructions". Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ Telfer S, Woodburn J (2010). "The use of 3D surface scanning for the measurement and assessment of the human foot". J Foot Ankle Res. 3: 19. doi:10.1186/1757-1146-3-19. PMC 2944246. PMID 20815914.
^ German Standard DIN 66074:1975, Shoe sizes
^ Spanish Standard UNE 59850:1998, Shoes: Size designation
^ GOST 11373-88
^ GOST R 58149-2018
^ GB/T 3293:1998
^ BS 4981:1973
^ IS 8751:1978
^ R. Boughey. Size Labelling of Footwear. Journal of Consumer Studies & Home Economics. Volume 1, Issue 2. June 1977. DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1977.tb00197.x
^ International Standard ISO 9407:2019, Shoe sizes—Mondopoint system of sizing and marking
^ (in Japanese) 靴のサイズ表示について・分かっているようで分かっていない話 tr. About shoe size display ... A story that seems to be known but not known Rakuten.co.jp Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "ISO/TS 19407:2015 - Footwear -- Sizing -- Conversion of sizing systems". www.iso.org. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
^ "Shoe Size Conversion: Use this EASY Tool, Size Guide + How To". BlitzResults.com. 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
IS 8751-1 (1978): Footwear sizes in mondopoint system, Part 1: Fundamental characteristics
IS 8751-2 (1978): Footwear sizes in mondopoint system, Part 2: Length grading
Chart of US shoe widths by size
ISO standards by standard number
List of ISO standards / ISO romanizations / IEC standards
-8-I
11941 (TR)
15926 WIP
16949 (TS)
27000 series
Sizes in clothing


text:
Rice's skills as Mideast mediator face a serious test
Sue Pleming
Condoleezza Rice taught crisis management at Stanford University but experts say the top United States diplomat will need more than academic prowess to mediate an end to six decades of Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
"The question is, will she have that diplomatic skill to pull it off?" asked Daniel Levy, a former Israeli mediator now with the New America Foundation.
Secretary of State Rice is hosting a Middle East peace conference in Annapolis on November 27 aimed at launching formal Palestinian statehood negotiations between Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas.
With an academic background in Soviet affairs, she has conceded the task ahead is daunting.
"If this had been an easy conflict to resolve and to end, it would have been done years ago," Rice said on a visit to the West Bank this month, her eighth trip to the region this year.
Some experts point to her lack of experience in Middle East affairs but commend her efforts anyway to try and get a deal that has eluded all of her predecessors.
"She doesn't have a significant background in the Middle East so, if I were to look at somebody's CV or professional background in this particular area, you'd have to be skeptical," said one Arab diplomat, who asked not to be named.
"On the other hand, if this Annapolis conference works … it will be to a great extent because of the way she's handled it," he added.
In her tenure, Rice has left most negotiations to senior staff — whether on North Korea's nuclear programme or an Indian civil nuclear deal, both of which are not yet complete.
Rice has plunged into direct negotiations only once, in November 2005 when she helped broker an access deal to Gaza. It was never fully implemented.
"She does not have a strong track record of being a negotiator," said former CIA analyst Bruce Riedel, now at the Saban Centre at the Brookings Institution.
But Rice has made clear she's ready to roll up her sleeves and work hard to get a deal until President George Bush's last day in office in January 2009.
She told reporters last month she would persist "until I've given my last ounce of energy and my last moment in office".
Asked if she were ready to get her hands dirty, she laughed and said: "I don't know how much dirtier I can get my hands."
Rice considers herself a natural debater and likes the intellectual "give and take" of negotiations. Her staff say she never loses sight of the overall strategic picture of an issue no matter how many crises come her way.
Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright advised Rice to boost her negotiating team and appoint a special Middle East envoy to tackle day-to-day Arab-Israeli peacemaking.
"This should be seen as the beginning of a process in which she is going to have to be intimately involved and I would also advise her to get the president of the United States up to date on what is happening and … and have some kind of a robust peace team," said Albright.
Rice has often said she can "walk and chew gum" at the same time, but Albright pointed to the difficulties of juggling major issues like Iran and Iraq while the Middle East consumes her energy.
"[For] the secretary of state and others — having been there and done that — it is very hard for a year to keep attention on one thing," said Albright.
Aaron David Miller, a US mediator in Arab-Israeli negotiations who has a new book coming out next year, said his advice to Rice was simple: "Above all, do no harm. Don't over reach, think things out carefully, don't commit yourself to things you can't deliver and be very patient."
"Do not succumb to the temptation and power of the ticking clock," he added. "Don't go too fast. We don't need another failure. I helped participate in too many."
Former envoy for the Clinton administration, Dennis Ross, said a fatal flaw would be Rice wanting peace more than the warring factions.
"If it is more important to her then they will all simply sit back and wait for her to deliver concessions to everyone else and they won't do anything on their own," he said. – Reuters
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Stephanie M. Pelz, nee Stephanoff, of Schaumburg, beloved wife of the late Erwin; loving mother of Rick (Pamela) Pelz and Kim (Mike) Shannon; fond sister of Rodger (Karen), David (Mary Jane), Robert and the late Donald (Kay) Oznoff; cherished grandmother of Heidi (Rene) Hurtado, Gregory and Kristin Pelz, and Christopher, Nicole and Timothy Shannon; dear great-grandmother of Matthew Hurtado; aunt to many loving nieces and nephews; and friend to many. Visitation 3 to 9 p.m. Thursday at Grove Memorial Chapel, 1199 Arlington Heights Rd., Elk Grove Village. Chapel Service 11 a.m. Friday. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions to the Amercian Heart Association. Info, 847-640-0566 .


text:
Taiji Dolphin Drive
Wild Welfare comments on the Taiji Dolphin Drive
Animal Welfare, News
The annual Taiji Dolphin Drive is taking place at the moment in the Higashimuro District, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. It will continue until March 2017 and during that time a quota of up to 1,800 different species of dolphin, which may include Bottlenose, Risso's, False killer whales and other individuals, will be taken from the wild.
The annual dolphin drive is sanctioned by the Japanese government and they set the annual quota. Wild dolphins collected during the drive are killed for use in the meat industry or sold to captive entertainment facilities. The drive generates an income for local residents but has received international criticism for the cruelty said to be inflicted on dolphins during the process of capture and killing.
Taiji has received worldwide condemnation because of the animal welfare concerns and in 2015, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) suspended the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA)'s accreditation, because it refused to prohibit its member aquariums from taking dolphins captured in Taiji. It commented that by continuing to take dolphins from the drive, JAZA was violating WAZA's Code of Ethics and Animal Welfare.
Wild Welfare Director, Georgina commented: "We welcomed WAZA's decision to act on this issue by working with JAZA to find a solution for their members. The suspension ultimately resulted in JAZA announcing it was banning its members from acquiring dolphins from the drive – a hugely positive step.
"JAZA has a large and growing membership and through this action it demonstrates to the international community that it is committed to improved animal welfare. We commend JAZA for enforcing this position and plan to continue working with them on attaining high standards of animal welfare from all their members."
~ENDS~
For more information or interview requests please contact Wild Welfare on communications@wildwelfare.org. Wild Welfare is a global organisation committed to improving animal welfare standards in captive wild animal facilities. Its mission is to partner with zoo associations, accredited zoos and aquariums, zoo professionals and leading international animal welfare organizations in identifying and improving the conditions of captive wild animals kept under circumstances of severe distress.
Wild Welfare was established in 2012 and has rapidly established itself as an internationally recognised hub in zoo animal welfare reform, forming effective collaborative relationships with a number of animal welfare NGOs, reputable universities and professional bodies.
Wild Welfare's vision is to end the suffering of captive wild animals around the world and ensure that full and sustainable protection is given to all animals in human care.
Image © DolphinProject.com
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OH Man!! Was I BEAT after yesterday…Thank GOD I don't have to go anywhere beside the gym today!! I am enjoying the laid back quality of today. Just me and my computer for a bit!
My day yesterday went well, but I didn't get in my upper body workout. I did get my run done and stayed active most of my day with moving junk and MOWING! I just wanted to get around the house a bit, but the Crazy mower was getting bogged down constantly- I had to clean it out and restart it over and over again! I can't wait to get a riding one~ just have to get HUBBY to pull the trigger on it. It's gonna be "his" deal, not mine, lol!
Anyway, the kids are good– they have had benchmark testing all week. So NO HOMEWORK!!! YAY!! Silly Layla has lost her glasses AGAIN– If they don't turn up today, I will have to get a new pair ordered ASAP. She has really bad vision in one of her eyes– a muscle problem- so she's supposed to "patch" her good eye in order to make the bad eye work. Without glasses her good eye takes over even more– so…I must get her a pair.
The AC guy was supposed to come this morning—- I guess that's not gonna happen being that it's past noon already. I just hope they don't decide to show up right at my "gym time". -my downstairs AC isn't working quite right– part of the time it doesn't blow air thru the vents??
If you are still reading this, congrats, lol!! Blah, blah, blah— time to eat!
Talk to you later babes!!
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