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Research ArticleOriginal Research
Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to Understand a Community's Primary Care Needs
Michael F. Dulin, Thomas M. Ludden, Hazel Tapp, Joshua Blackwell, Brisa Urquieta de Hernandez, Heather A. Smith and Owen J. Furuseth
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine January 2010, 23 (1) 13-21; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2010.01.090135
Michael F. Dulin
Thomas M. Ludden
Hazel Tapp
Joshua Blackwell
Brisa Urquieta de Hernandez
Heather A. Smith
Owen J. Furuseth
Introduction: A key element for reducing health care costs and improving community health is increased access to primary care and preventative health services. Geographic information systems (GIS) have the potential to assess patterns of health care utilization and community-level attributes to identify geographic regions most in need of primary care access.
Methods: GIS, analytical hierarchy process, and multiattribute assessment and evaluation techniques were used to examine attributes describing primary care need and identify areas that would benefit from increased access to primary care services. Attributes were identified by a collaborative partnership working within a practice-based research network using tenets of community-based participatory research. Maps were created based on socioeconomic status, population density, insurance status, and emergency department and primary care safety-net utilization.
Results: Individual and composite maps identified areas in our community with the greatest need for increased access to primary care services.
Conclusions: Applying GIS to commonly available community- and patient-level data can rapidly identify areas most in need of increased access to primary care services. We have termed this a Multiple Attribute Primary Care Targeting Strategy. This model can be used to plan health services delivery as well as to target and evaluate interventions designed to improve health care access.
The US health care system is searching for ways to increase health care coverage and reduce costs. One clear strategy is to increase the access to and utilization of primary care and preventative services.1,2 Policy changes that increase access to these services must weigh both the community's primary care needs and the provider workforce.2–5 Having the ability to create models at a community level that illustrate and predict a community's current and future primary care needs can be an invaluable tool for planning and implementing changes to increase access to care. This type of descriptive model would assist with the (1) identification of current and future physician workforce needs; (2) development of interventions that improve access to and utilization of primary care services; (3) provision of data for policy leaders as they make decisions about funding for health-related initiates; and (4) evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and/or policy changes designed to improve a community's patterns of health care access.
The process of developing this type of model is complex and requires the ability to access and analyze data from multiple sources. Only a handful of studies have applied geographic information systems (GIS) analysis of community and/or patient data to address this.1,6–11 Prior studies have examined issues by applying the geographic retrofitting technique to characterize and define a clinic's service area7; modeling clinic deprivation scores to measure socioeconomic indicators of a clinic service area12; and facilitating access to community health information using health data maps.13
We propose a method that uses both descriptive community-level data and information from the community's primary care safety net and emergency departments (EDs) to clearly identify geographic areas that would benefit the most from improved access to primary care. This technique, which we have coined "Multiattribute Primary Care Targeting Strategy" (MAPCATS), was developed within a regional practice-based research network (PBRN) and uses mapping technology and weighted evaluation techniques. Here we describe the theoretical aspects used in our approach and show how we applied our technique to the population of Charlotte, NC. To determine the factors involved in blending population and health care indicators into informative maps we took a theoretical approach involving the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and multiple attribute assessment and evaluation (MAAE). This combination of mapping and evaluation provides a unique approach to identifying geographic locations lacking access to health care, particularly for the uninsured and other disadvantaged populations. As such, this article answers the research question: Where in our community would there be the most benefit from increased access to primary care services?
The Practice-Based Research Network
To develop our model we used the resources of the Mecklenburg Area Partnership for Primary Care Research. This regional PBRN is based at Carolinas Health care System (CHS), the third largest vertically integrated hospital system in the United States. The CHS system provides the majority of care for our underserved community. Based on patient volume and community-wide data we estimate that this system provides more than 85% of emergency care and 80% of primary care services to the community's uninsured patient population. The primary care safetynet for this project was defined using 4 of the system's primary care clinics that provide the majority of services for the community's uninsured patients.
The methods described were developed by Mecklenburg Area Partnership for Primary Care Research as a way of carefully targeting interventions designed to improve access to primary care, with the goal of ameliorating disparities and improving the health of the community. The research network brought together ambulatory providers, community members, and research team members as a community advisory board (CAB) using principles of community-based participatory research.7 The network's CAB consisted of the following members: The Carolinas Medical Center (CMC) Ambulatory Clinic System (CMC Eastland Family Practice Clinic, CMC NorthPark Clinic, and CMC Biddle Point Clinic); Our Lady of Guadalupe Church; The Bethesda Clinic (a local free clinic); The Mecklenburg County Health Department; Department of Family Medicine; University of North Carolina at Charlotte Geography and Earth Sciences Department; and the Latin American Coalition. Advisory board involvement spanned from development of the research question to selection of attributes to oversight of research processes and review of results. Thus, the process involved both partnering with and tailoring to the needs of the community.
Analytic Hierarchy Process
The AHP is a structured technique for making complex decisions.14,15 Rather than giving a "correct" decision, the AHP helps decision makers find the solution that best suits their perception of the research problem. The research question is translated into a hierarchy of more easily comprehended subproblems, each of which can be analyzed independently. Once the hierarchy is built, the decision team systematically evaluates its various elements by comparing them to one another. When making comparisons the decision makers can use data or personal judgments about each elements' relative importance. These evaluations are converted to numerical values that can then be compared.
The decision makers can assign weights to each factor so they can be combined quantitatively on a map. For example, if we have 5 factors of equal weighting, each factor would be multiplied by 0.2. Then the factors would be added together to give a final score for each census tract. If the weightings were different for each factor, this would enable the CAB to emphasize key factors with greater weightings in the overall map.
For this project, the available community- and patient-level data were reviewed to identify what information was most pertinent to answer a critical question in the process: What are the best indicators of primary care need for our community? The research team and advisory board used an iterative process of reviewing the available data, selecting attributes that were deemed important, and reviewing maps of each data element before selecting 5 key attributes. Identifying these attributes was a key first step in answering the research question of what geographic areas within a defined community would receive the greatest benefit by increasing access to primary care services.
Each variable was reviewed by the team for its ability to describe the community's primary care needs and contribute to the answering of the research question. This iterative process led to multiple assessments and weightings of different variables, including (1) the selection of population density; (2) the identification of uninsured/Medicaid insurance types as risk factors for primary care need; and (3) the choice of percentage of population using a primary care safety-net clinic as a protective variable instead of using the primary care service area alone.
The 5 selected attributes were standardized to values between 0 to 1, and multiple sets of composite maps were created based on several different weighting criteria. After evaluating the different weighting schemes, the team chose equal weighting for all variables, with utilization of the primary care safety-net being given an inverse but equal weight as a protective factor.
Multiple Attribute Assessment and Evaluation
MAAE methods analyze multiple attributes and combine data elements to positively influence decision quality.16 For this project we used MAAE methods to weigh multiple attributes selected through the AHP process (described above) to gain a better understanding of community-wide primary care needs. The members of the research team and CAB ranked each of the selected attributes according to its perceived importance. The attributes were rated on a scale (0 to 1), with 1 being the highest level of importance. The attributes were then combined and maps showing the data were created and reviewed. After reviewing multiple sets of weights for each attribute, the group selected a system of equal weighting. Discussion among the research team and CAB concluded that no single factor deserved differential weighting. As such, all indicators were considered equally reflective of primary care need in the community.
After institutional review board approval for the study was obtained, data for all ED and primary care clinic visits in 2007 was extracted from the shared CHS databases. The initial dataset contained just more than 367,000 records. Data for patients living outside of the county or lacking an address were excluded, which resulted in approximately 187,000 ED visits and 50,000 primary care patients being included in the analysis. Census-based demographic data for Mecklenburg County projected for 2007 was obtained from Claritas (San Diego, CA). All patient address data were geocoded using ArcGIS (ESRI Products, Redlands, CA) greater than a 97% match rate for both clinic and ED data.
To ensure patient privacy, the original addresses and any other information that could identify the patients (other than the geocode) were stripped from the data set before further analysis. In addition, all data were reviewed to identify any census tracts containing fewer than 50 individuals from any one racial or ethnic category. When identified, these data points were either removed or averaged into an adjacent census tract. All maps created from the dataset were at the level of the census tract or higher, and no dot maps were created for this project.
New York University Emergency Department Algorithm
The New York University (NYU) Algorithm was developed by the NYU Center for Health and Public Research to classify ED visits and identify inappropriate utilization of the ED based on the patients' diagnosis.17 The categories include (1) nonemergent; (2) emergent but treatable through primary care; (3) emergent with ED care needed but preventable or avoidable with access to primary care; (4) emergent with ED care needed and not otherwise preventable; and (5) other categories, including injury, mental health, drug/alcohol related, and unclassifiable. We applied the NYU ED algorithm (version 2.1 for Microsoft Access) applied it to our geocoded ED data. To facilitate this process, our ED data were reduced to only 2 fields (the geocode and International Classification of Diseases version 9 code) before application of the algorithm. The resultant data set provided a geocode linked with a probability (from 0 to 1) for each of the categories described above. For this study we combined the probabilities for categories 1 to 3 because ED visits in each of these groups were considered treatable through primary care or preventable with appropriate access to primary care. These combined categories for issues treatable through primary care or preventable ED visits are also called "ambulatory care sensitive" (ACS).
MAPCATS
A flow diagram for the MAPCATS process can be seen in Figure 1. After the research question was defined, the descriptive community data—including population density, household income, and race/ethnicity—were imported into ArcGIS (ESRI Products), allowing the team to assign weights to each attribute before creating maps. Then the AHP process was used to select and refine attribute selection from the available data fields (see Figure 2). Members of the research team and the CAB reviewed maps of individual attributes to confirm that the data fit their perceptions of the community and that these factors would be valid indicators of primary care needs. Next, combined maps were assembled based on the MAAE process (described above) to determine the appropriate weightings for a final map. Finally, combination maps incorporating the weightings determined by the group process were assembled to show the primary care needs of the community.
Overview of the Multiattribute Primary Care Targeting Strategy (MAPCATS). This process started with engagement of the community advisory board that guided and oversaw each step of the research process. The team selected the research question of "What geographic areas are in need of increased access to primary care services?"
Overview of the data processing for the Multiattribute Primary Care Targeting Strategy (MAPCATS).
To validate the results of the model, the individual variables selected were combined using factor analysis.11 The final component scores (the result of one or more components combined) were used to create an overall combination map to compare with the final target map.
Map Preparation for Each Attribute
Socioeconomic data were represented by median household income—an easily obtained community indictor available from the census-based Claritas dataset. These data were mapped by census tract, as seen in Figure 3A. Income was considered an important indicator of primary care need, and targeting low-income community members would provide a means of helping to overcome health disparities and improving community health.19,20
Maps showing each attribute used to assess community-wide primary care need. A: Median household income by census tract. B: Population density by census tract. C: Emergency department patients, uninsured or using Medicaid, by census tract. D: Patient emergency department utilization for illness preventable or treatable through primary care, by census tract. E: Patient utilization of safety-net clinics by census tract.
Population density was identified by dividing the total population in each census tract by the census tract area in square miles. Data were then mapped using ArcGIS (ESRI Products) to create Figure 3B. Population density was considered an important attribute because interventions to improve health care access need to be in areas that can impact the largest number of at-risk community members. Population density maps were checked against the hospital's patient data, and rates of patient ED utilization were found to be directly proportional to the overall population density.
Insurance status was drawn from the CHS clinical databases. This data field was sorted based on input from the research team members and primary care providers into 5 categories: uninsured, commercial, Medicaid, Medicare, and other. A separate analysis, comparing each insurance type and ED utilization for ambulatory care-sensitive diagnoses, revealed that lack of insurance and Medicaid insurance coverage were significantly linked to inappropriate ED utilization (unpublished data). From this analysis, the number of patients within either of these 2 insurance categories were combined and divided by the total number of patients for each census tract. This data were mapped using ArcGIS (ESRI Products) to produce Figure 3C.
ED utilization patterns were determined using the NYU ED algorithm to identify ACS ED visits. Our assumption was that these ACS visits could have been treated in a primary care setting or avoided if patients had access to primary care in a more timely fashion. The ACS scores provided a probability between 0 to 1 for each patient visit. These scores were combined at the census-tract level and mapped using ArcGIS (ESRI Products) to provide Figure 3D. To confirm the validity of this data, maps were also created for non-ACS visits. The maps showed patterns that were the direct inverse of the ACS ED maps incorporated into this model.
The final attribute used in the MAPCATS process was patient utilization of the community's primary care safety net. Data from the 4 primary care clinics that provide the majority of care for our community's uninsured patients were analyzed. The percentage of the population using the safety-net clinics was determined by dividing the number of patients in each census tract by the total population of that tract. This information was then mapped and can be seen in Figure 3E. This attribute was added to the model as a protective factor for primary care need, so the areas with a higher percentage of the population accessing services were considered to be less likely to need additional primary care access.
Creation of Composite Map
The numeric values for all the variables in each census tract were added together as a measure for the tract's perceived need for additional primary care services. The cumulative total was then obtained, and the census tracts with values greater than 1 SD above the mean were selected as target areas that would probably benefit the most from additional primary care capacity (Figure 4). The areas that scored highest for primary care need were located to the east of the city center and were near one of the ambulatory care clinics. Further analysis revealed that this clinic's service area did not include many of the census tracts within its geographically located neighborhood as would be predicted by this model. This finding led to a secondary project that sought to determine why this mismatch occurred and how it could be rectified.
Composite map showing overall community primary care need. A single map shows the final output based on combining the 5 selected attributes describing primary care need in Figure 3.
The 5 individual variables were combined using factor analysis11 to validate the results presented. The analysis resulted in the creation of 2 components that explained 85% of the variance of the variables. The socioeconomic component combined ED utilization, safety-net clinic utilization, percent of uninsured/Medicaid patients, and median household income (Table 1). The density component consisted only of population density. The 2 components were combined together based on the number of variables contributed to each component. The socioeconomic component contained 80% of the variables and the density component contained 20% of the variables. The combined factor scores were then standardized. The results 1 SD above the mean are illustrated in Figure 5 and target more than 85% of the same census tracts, as indicated in Figure 4.
Factor analysis composite map showing overall community primary care need.
Variance and Loading of Variables for Components in Factor Analysis
This article describes a novel system that weighs multiple community-level and patient-level attributes to describe the primary care access needs of an entire community. This system uses AHP and MAAE assessment methods to create a composite geospatial model, which is then brought to the community for feedback using the principals of community-based participatory research. We have termed this model MAPCATS, for "Multiattribute Primary Care Targeting Strategy." We propose that this model can also be used to target interventions designed to improve primary care access.
Strengths of this model include the use of feedback from a CAB; the use of commonly available patient- and community-level data; the application of an open-source algorithm to identify ambulatory care sensitive emergency department visits; and the relative ease with which the composite models can be created. The weighting of the attributes by CABs removes arbitrary assumptions about the impact of one factor over another by a single individual or researcher. In addition, this system allows the users to generate various scenarios that can then be mapped and reviewed by the research team. The data used was extracted from a large clinical database and either downloaded from the US Census Bureau or purchased from Claritas to ensure temporal matching. The NYU algorithm can be downloaded and applied to large data sets within commonly available database software, such as Microsoft Access (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA). Once the data are geocoded and imported into ArcGIS (ESRI Products), the composite models with various weights for each attribute can be created within a few hours.
The community where this system was developed (Charlotte in Mecklenburg County, NC) is an ideal location for this type of analysis because of its rapidly growing and diversifying population and the presence of a large, vertically integrated hospital system charged with providing the majority of care to underserved populations.21 We propose that other communities facing similar population changes and/or growing numbers of uninsured patients may consider using this method to identify at-risk geographic areas within their community that would experience the greatest benefit from additional resources. Our approach may be particularly useful for specific subpopulations that are currently underserved by many community health care systems. Indeed, the follow-up article demonstrates the use of the MAPCATS system to develop interventions for Charlotte's Hispanic immigrant population.22 Using the MAPCATS system to target underserved locations and the vulnerable populations residing within them will probably have a rapid and measurable impact on community health and subsequently provide a clear return on investment.
One additional potential use of this system could be to monitor community-wide changes in patterns of health care access that occur as the result of a specific intervention. Preliminary data from our group has shown that changes in access patterns around one of the primary care clinics that may have occurred as a result of a community-based participatory research intervention could be detected with this system. There is an ongoing study that will prospectively test this specific hypothesis.
The primary limitation to this model is the lack of validation at the individual level. Combining patient-level data with descriptive community-level information helps to overcome this limitation and ensures that many community members with limited access to primary care will be identified. However, this data cannot be used to determine the number of individuals that live in the same vicinity who are also at risk. Additional studies, such as selected door-to-door surveying, have previously been used in our community and could be repeated to validate the MAPCATS process.
The methods used in the model can be adopted by other communities to reproduce the output created by MAPCATS. If the data used in the socioeconomic component are not readily available (assuming a community can calculate population density), advisory groups can propose other variables that show similar variability of ED utilization, safety-net clinic utilization, percent uninsured/Medicaid, or median household income at the census-tract level to identify a set of target areas. However, the level of specificity created by MAPCATS would require all 4 variables to be used. Our model is not as broad as the factor analysis validation and therefore produced a more targeted result.
Gaining understanding of the patterns of health care access for a community is a key step in the process of improving primary care access and positively impacting community health. The proposed MAPCATS method provides a means for using information about patients' patterns of health care utilization and community-level data to identify areas where access to primary care services are limited and can be improved. This method may be particularly well suited for use in urban communities facing population changes related to immigration or loss of health insurance. The maps resulting from this process could be used to target such vulnerable populations and monitor the effectiveness of interventions designed to improve their, and overall community, access to care.
The authors would like to acknowledge Travis Haney, Andrea Dulin, the providers, and the community members who participated in the development of the maps.
This article was externally peer reviewed.
Funding: This study was funded by the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Health Services Foundation and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), grant R03 HS016023-01.
Conflict of interest: none declared.
Received for publication June 1, 2009.
Accepted for publication October 9, 2009.
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Michael F. Dulin, Thomas M. Ludden, Hazel Tapp, Joshua Blackwell, Brisa Urquieta de Hernandez, Heather A. Smith, Owen J. Furuseth
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Jan 2010, 23 (1) 13-21; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2010.01.090135
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Gap Back-to-School 'Hijab Ad' Ignites Social Media
by Nadia Naffi
on Sep 11, 2018 September 11, 2018
In July, Gap launched its back to school advertising campaign featuring a group of children of colour from P.S. 153 in Harlem, New York, including a young girl wearing a hijab. The ad spurred positive media coveragefor its celebratory inclusivity and a massive virulent debate on social media.
Many applauded Gap's decision, which they perceived as empowering women and girls around the world. Some who wear hijabs or wore hijabs shared the struggles they faced to find comfortable clothing in middle and high school.
Hamida Ahmed, a well-known model and Miss Maine pageant winner, expressed her approval in a tweet.
Others were outraged by the picture of a young girl in a hijab. They brought up stereotypes about Islam, including child marriage, as well as highly publicized cases of honour killings.
France and Canada
There were similar reactions from French and Canadian citizens to the Gap ad.
Journalist Sophie Durocher of the Journal de Montréal said that she almost choked when she saw the ad.
Anne-Christine Lang, an elected French politician representing La République En Marche, called on her constituents and social media followers to boycott Gap, tweeted that she will never accept seeing young girls veiled and vowed never to set foot in Gap again.
France and Canada do not share the same stance on hijab in schools. In 2004, France, a secular state, banned all religious symbols in schools.
Unlike France, the Canadian federal government protects the right for reasonable accommodation, which includes religious accommodation.
In France, the Féministes laïques started a first petition titled "le voile n'est pas un jeu d'enfant!" (the veil is not a children's toy) on Change.org. The petition has gathered to date almost 8,000 signatures. In Canada, a second petition with the same title has about 1,000 signatures.
Children pay the price
Islamophobia is on the rise in the West; it is up 250 per cent in the U.K., France and Canada. Sidrah Ahmad, a student researcher looking at Islamophobic violence faced by Muslim women in Toronto, says Islamophobia in Canada has gradually risen to a boiling point.
In 2016, a Montréal school teacher denied one of his students her right to take an exam unless she showed him her ears, which she refused to do.
Last spring, a teenaged basketball player, Je'Nan Hayes, was benched at her team's finals in Maryland. She had played the whole season but according to the regional referee did not qualify for the playoffs due to national rules about headwear.
In Toronto, an 11-year-old-girl in a hijab was put under the media spotlight when she made up a story of being attacked by a stranger. Many demanded that she publicly apologize, forgetting she is a child acting normally; children do lie sometimes. A scared child can sometimes "come up with her own personal bogeyman." .
Some Muslim women and girls have "chosen" to stop wearing the hijab to escape the feeling of being labelled, misjudged, incompatible with their community or unsafe.
A new clientele?
Gap's use of models in hijabs is not new; the brand depicted women wearing headscarves in its 2017 ads. That initiative also spurred mixed reactions.
An image from Dolce and Gabbana's 2016 line of hijab and abayas. Dolce and Gabbana
But the idea of young girls wearing hijabs seems to whip up the urgency to save young girls from political and religious agendas.
Gap is not the first clothing brand to show a woman wearing a headscarf. In 2016, Dolce and Gabbana introduced a line of hijab and abayas that Muslim women worldwide celebrated, though some felt excluded by the use of a white model.
In December 2017, Nike launched the Pro Hijab saying they wanted to "make sports an inclusive space for Muslim women." However, they forgot to acknowledge the many women in hijabs who had already claimed their rightful place in the athletic world.
Zahra Lari of the UAE performs during the women's short program of figure skating competition at the Asian Winter Games in Sapporo, Japan, in February 2017. (AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko)
World champions Ibtihaj Muhammad, Manal Rostom, Doaa Elghobashy, Zahra Lari and Amna Al Haddad are examples of women athletes who were never hindered by their headscarves.
In Canada a couple of months before the launching of the Pro Hijab, a Winnipeg high school ordered custom hijabs for their athletes. They were the second high school in Canada to do so.
After Nike's launch, a din of tweeters promised to boycott the brand and accused Nike of normalizing the domination and oppression of women. The tweeters escalated to condemn hijabs and even equated the hijab and Islam with terrorism.
Amna Al Haddad, a UAE weightlifter, was one of the inspirations for the Nike Pro Hijab line. Nisaa
The right to cover; the right to uncover
The issues around wearing a hijab is complex. Many people know very little about Islam, let alone about what the hijab actually means for the women who choose — or are forced — to wear it, or for those who don'twear one.
I am a Muslim woman. I do not wear a hijab. This does not make me less of a Muslim. But the West tends to represent all Muslim women, veiled or not, by the hijab.
A negative connotation has been attached to the hijab through news media, movies and popular discussions where many claim Muslim women are oppressed and need to be rescued, despite its value to those who wear it.
The hijab for young girls is not only opposed by non-Muslim white feminists wanting to "save" young girls from an "oppressive religion" but it is also opposed by some Muslim women. They perceive early hijab as supportive of child abuse, misogyny and of denying women their rights starting at a young age.
A Muslim mother complained about a traffic safety campaign in London showcasing a four-year-old girl in a hijab. The safety campaign was pulled.
Many shared novelist Samina Ali's TED talk, in which Ali explains the origins of the hijab. Ali says the headscarf has never been a requirement of Islam; that the the verses of the Quran only advise Muslim women to dress based on custom and function. Rather, the hijab was a contextual solution to a problem that occurred more than 400 years ago.
Hajar J. Woodland, the U.K. singer and writer, says: "The right to cover is just as important as the right to uncover."
Amna Al-Haddad, a professional Olympic weightlifter who competed in her hijab and consulted with Nike on the Pro Hijab, has appeared lately without her veil.
But not all Muslim women have the right to make their own choice. For example, Iranian women are being jailed for exercising their choice with headscarves.
Some tweeted the hashtags #MyStealthyFreedom #WhiteWednesdays and #NoHijabDay.
Some also feel that girls are persuaded by unexamined cultural normssuch as "carrying the flag of Islam," "being a good daughter," "following great women in Islam," "looking like my mother," "looking like an angel," and "going to heaven."
Gap's mistake
Gap is not the only brand that did not understand how their marketing message affects their global audiences. Gap made a few mistakes despite its potential good intentions.
Gap introduced its first girl in hijab in a back-to-school advertising campaign. In many Western schools, hijabs on young girls are controversial. They are banned in some countries, like France and Austria, and highly criticized in others.
Gap assumed their attempt to normalize the hijab on young girls would help Muslim girls feel included, like the world was theirs: "Hey young world, the world is yours". But the rise in hate crimes and bullying based on racism and Islamophobia is on the rise, and so the message is not that simple.
Gap assumed that young children, specifically Muslim girls, are equipped to deal with complex reflections about what religious head wear entails in Western societies. Many of these young girls find themselves in the midst of very heated religious, cultural and political debates.
Finally, Gap assumed that all girls were free to make decisions about their hijabs and whether to wear it. Sometimes they are, and sometimes they are not.
Did Gap purposefully create a controversial ad? Is the idea that no publicity is bad publicity true? While many applauded Gap's inclusive ad, many western audiences were horrified by it, and many Muslim women relived bad memories they were trying to flee.
Previous: Syrian refugees — the need for an image reboot
Next: La « pub du hidjab » de Gap pour la rentrée scolaire enflamme les médias sociaux

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Destination Deco Travel
Destination Deco: Havana
Wednesday, January 15–Monday, January 20, 2020
The Art Deco Society of New York (ADSNY) had a special exclusive opportunity to explore the Art Deco splendors of Havana, Cuba as part of a "Support for the Cuba People." This special program for ADSNY members celebrated Cuba's unique culture and one-of-a-kind tropical Art Deco style as part of a 5-day "People-to-People" educational exchange in Havana. With our expert guides, all fluent in both English and Spanish, we explored the architecture, conservation, design of Cuba's artistic environment and the rhythmic culture that make this spirited island nation so vivacious and met with leading architects. Artists, designers, preservationists, scholars and museum leaders.
We visited Havana's Art Deco enclaves in Lugardita, Vedado, Marianao, Miramar, Cerro, and Central Havana, including the interiors of Art Deco mansions such as Casa de la Amistad and Catalina Laza House; residential towers such as the López Serrano Building; iconic Cuban Art Deco masterpieces such as the Bacardi Building; theaters and much more. We met with leading preservationists working to restore some of the Art Deco buildings affected by years of neglect and tropical climate conditions. Our program also included guided visits to important cultural institutions such as the National Museum of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Decorative Arts, Hemingway's home, now a museum, and more. We visited the homes of individuals actively working to preserve Cuba's important early 20th Century design.
Highlights included private visits to arts spaces and historic sites including:
Casa de la Amistad, the elegant mansion that was the home of landowner Juan Pedro Baro and Catalina Lasa, who scandalized Havana with their love affair
The America Theater, one of the most interesting architectural works in Havana, with a main lobby that depicts a favorite theme of Art Deco decorators––signs of the zodiac
The López Serrano Building, which is considered the first Cuban skyscraper and was inspired by Art Deco towers of New York
The famed Bacardi Building, designed by architects Esteban Rodríguez-Castells and Rafael Fernández Ruenes
The Hemingway Museum housed in the author's residence that will give us a wonderful opportunity to learn about the famous author and his relationship with Cuba
Museum of Decorative Arts with Habana Deco President, Gustavo Lopez
Fine Arts Museums
Fausto Theater, the sleek Art Deco theater that boasted the first air-conditioned theater in Cuba
Private homes and studios of top Cuban artists
Fabrica de Arte Cubano (FAC)
A lecture on Deco graphics and vintage Cuban movie posters with Pepe Menendez
Catalina Laza House, often described as the most beautiful mansion in Havana, with stunning Art Deco interiors credited to Dominique and gardens designed by Gaulish Forrestier, one of the architects of the changes to the Champs-Élysées
Beautiful Art Deco mausoleums of Colon Cemetery
Art Deco workshops at Decorative Arts Museum and Lab 26
Revolution Square
Morro Fortress San Carlos de la Cabaña
Colonial Havana
The home of private Cuban art dealer, Milagros Borges
Meeting with top City Historian, Miguel Coyula and more
Destination Deco: South Beach
The Art Deco Society of New York (ADSNY) offered a members-only, one-day immersion into Miami, Florida's Art Deco District in South Beach on Tuesday, January 14, 2020.
Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, this extensive Art Deco enclave contains 960 buildings that exude the unique Streamlined Moderne architectural vocabulary now synonymous with Miami. In addition to touring inspiring Art Deco environs, ADSNY members had three private curated tours of The Wolfsonian Museum's three exhibitions focusing on the 1920s and 30s.
The day began with a private walking tour of South Beach's streamlined style led by the current chairman of the Miami Design Preservation League. On this walking tour, members visited the interiors and exteriors of landmark building while learning about the colorful characters that made the area so legendary in the 1920s and 30s, including Barbara Baer Capitman, the dynamic woman who saved South Beach from the wrecking ball. This morning tour ended with a visit to Miami Beach's Art Deco Museum/Welcome Center.
Following the engaging walking tour and visit to the Art Deco Center, attendees relaxed and enjoyed a poolside lunch at the Villa Casa Casuarina, the former Versace Mansion.
Once rested and recharged from lunch, the group visited the nearby Wolfsonian Museum, for curator-led tours of three extraordinary exhibitions. This world- class museum was founded by Miami-born author, philanthropist, and former diplomat, Micky Wolfson, who was fascinated by the active role design plays in shaping human experiences. With more than 200,000 objects, The Wolfsonian houses a collection that contains a vast universe of ideas: household appliances that sped the pace of work; designs that bridged cultures; architectural plans fueled by ambition; and propaganda that turned the tides of war.
The visit to The Wolfsonian included:
A tour of Deco: Luxury to Mass Market with curator Silvia Barisione, who explained how Art Deco has come to evoke a set of styles that emerged in the 1920s and 30s out of aspirations to fuse art and industry into a modern language of design. From exquisite handcrafted objects to streamlined household appliances, we saw items on display that demonstrated how American designers adapted a style associated with European luxury to the demands of industrial mass production.
A tour of the exhibition A Universe of Things: Micky Wolfson Collects, led by curator Shoshana Resnikoff, examined Wolfson's life of collecting by exploring how objects connect across time and cultures.
The visit concluded with a tour with chief librarian Frank Luca, of Cuban Caricature and Culture: The Art of Massaguer. With his biting political satire, celebrity caricatures, and magazine and advertising illustrations, graphic artist Conrado Walter Massaguer helped shape the visual culture of his native Cuba between the 1920s and 1950s. This installation of works recently gifted to The Wolfsonian Library by ADSNY member Vicki Gold Levi, brings forth Massaguer's legacy through dozens of works, from images of the "New Woman" flapper ideal (the so-called "Massa-girls") in his magazine Social to depictions of tropical paradise for the Cuban Tourist Commission.
To close this delightful day, attendees enjoyed a leisurely dinner at the nearby Greek boutique restaurant, Poseidon, whose chef brings together a variety of foods to create delicious and unique meals for a special experience.
Autumn in New York: Art Deco Weekend
Thursday, October 10–Sunday, October 13, 2019
The Art Deco Society of New York was excited to offer an immersive, extended weekend in the city where far-flung cultures joined forces and Art Deco became the rage in all aspects of life and defined New York as the most celebrated modern city in the world.
Tailored to Art Deco enthusiasts from around the world, as well as those from New York, ADSNY arranged this special program to explore and celebrate some of the world's most recognizable examples of Art Deco architecture and design. In addition to the city's interwar treasures and mementos of Jazz Age culture, we dined in iconic hotspots that embody our favorite era.
Through a series of engrossing programs––led by acclaimed architectural, design, and culture historians––attendees delved deep into 1920s and 1930s New York: home to the flapper, the speakeasy, and the belief that anything goes. This program focused on the development of New York's unmatched skyscrapers, which transformed the city into a modern, glittering metropolis.
This weekend spotlighted New York's embrace of everything au courant, the dizzying heights of hopes and excesses of the 1920s, where even the stock market crash of 1929 and the economic downturn of the Great Depression did not halt the city's progress. Construction projects for some of the most famous and luxurious structures of the 1930s came to signal triumph over adversity, and these new skyscrapers embodied the upward thrust of the American spirit.
Activities included:
Walking tours of midtown Manhattan's renowned 1920s and '30s towers with an award-winning guide
An exploration of the grandeur of Rockefeller Center, the world's most famous Deco business center
A private visit to see the Donald Deskey-designed Showplace of the Nation, Radio City Music Hall
Special access to lobbies and interiors
Group dining in famed Manhattan eateries
A private reception in an Art Deco gallery
Destination Deco: Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas
Friday, May 3–Sunday, May 5, 2019
The Art Deco Society of New York (ADSNY) was hosted by Jim Parsons and David Bush––architectural historians and authors of DFW Art Deco; Fair Park Deco: Art and Architecture of the Texas Centennial; and more––for a private VIP tour that offered a dazzling and informative look at the extraordinary architecture and design of the 1920s and 1930s in Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas.
In this in-depth exploration––designed just for ADSNY––we saw stellar examples of interwar architecture and design that reflects the rise and fall of the 1920s and 30s economy of Dallas and Fort Worth, from flamboyant Art Deco towers to more modest Art Moderne structures. We saw how elegant and sophisticated Art Deco towers illustrated how the 1920s economy flourished when the region experienced major petroleum discoveries and a burgeoning aircraft industry. We also visited wonderful examples of pared down modernistic federal buildings, post offices, and schools that were constructed following the 1929 stock market crash, when 1930s economic stimulus programs poured into the area. As highlight of our visit was a spending a day exploring the architecture, art, and design of one of the world's only remaining 1930s, Art Deco World's Fair grounds––Fair Park where we had an exclusive behind-the-scenes tour of the archives of the 1936 Texas Centennial Exposition.
Our program began Friday morning with an engaging introductory presentation by Jim Parsons and David Bush introducing us on how Dallas and Fort Worth utilized Deco architecture and design as a way to quickly update their image to a modern, prosperous region. After the stage was set for the weekend's festivities, we were off to Fort Worth for an exciting day of walking tours and special access.
Highlights of the day included visits to:
The spectacularly restored waiting room of the sprawling Art Deco Texas and Pacific passenger terminal railway station, a major highlight of the weekend.
The stunning, Depression era courthouse on the National Register of Historic Places, which symbolized growth and renewed optimism in Fort Worth upon its 1934 completion.
Several municipal buildings, one that features a unique Spanish-inspired Deco style
The building largely hailed as Fort Worth's finest Deco tower, sometimes referred to as Zigzag Moderne thanks to its many ziggurat inspired elements on doorways, windows, and in the shape of the building
A group dinner at a famed Tex/Mex eatery in the Stockyards National Historic District followed.
On Saturday, we had a first-hand, exclusive glimpse into what it might have been like to attend a 1930s World's Fair! With our expert guides, we were transported back in time to learn how Fair Park is not only one of the finest collections of Art Deco architecture in the country, but how it became the embodiment of Texan swagger and a testament to the Texanic task of creating a dazzling spectacle during the darkest days of the Great Depression.
Our activities this day included:
An exploration of the architecture, landscape design, statuary, and murals of the Esplanade of State
A stop to see the Woofus––easily one of the most unique Art Deco sculptures at the fairgrounds––in what was the Agriculture and Livestock area of the Fair
Interior visits to restored pavilions and exhibitor booths, including the Hall of State, as well as stops to see interiors that have been virtually untouched since the Fair closed
A behind-the-scenes tour with the Dallas Historical Society to see their archive of items related to the Texas Centennial A catered lunch at Fair Park
Following our tour of the Fair, we returned to the Cambria hotel for a short break before setting out for a private dinner at a famous Steakhouse in downtown Dallas.
For our final day in Dallas set out on foot from our hotel to see the city's most impressive Art Deco structures. Highlights of the day included visits to:
The Dallas Power & Light Building, now converted to luxury condominiums
The late Moderne style Masonic Temple, which boasts a sleek black granite entrance with silver metalwork
The Warner Brothers Film Exchange building, which features a unique Zigzag Moderne Art Deco facade including striking cast-stone reliefs and black marble
Following the tour, the program officially concluded with a group lunch so that attendees could enjoy an afternoon exploring Dallas at their own pace.
Destination Deco: Art Deco in the Windy City
Friday, November 2–Sunday, November 4, 2018
The Art Deco Society of New York (ADSNY) was hosted by the Chicago Art Deco Society (CADS) for three exciting days for a dazzling and informative look at Chicago's extraordinary Art Deco architecture and 1920s and 1930s culture.
The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 may have erased thousands of buildings in the city; however, this tragedy made way for architectural visionaries, such as Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, to transform the city in the early decades of the twentieth century. By the 1920s, Chicago's booming economy reflected the spirit of the Jazz Age through elegant and sophisticated Art Deco buildings that soared into the skies. In this in-depth exploration of the Windy City––designed just for ADSNY––we discovered how the buildings of Chicago influenced and reflected the history of American architecture and design.
Our point of departure for this adventure was the 1928 Chicago Motor Club, now the Downtown Hilton Hampton Inn. This Art Deco gem was inspired by the 1925 Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes, which can be seen in its limestone and terra cotta façade, cast-iron detailing that frames the entrance, and its frozen fountain motifs.
Highlights of our weekend included walking tours of downtown Chicago's commercial Deco icons, bus tours of important architectural enclaves in the city and residential neighborhoods, group dinners in famed Chicago eateries, a private museum tour of the new exhibition "Modern by Design: Chicago Streamlines America," exclusive tours of important Frank Lloyd Wright architecture and design in Oak Park, an evening at a renowned Chicago jazz club, and a VIP experience at The Sculptural Objects, Functional Art, and Design Expo (SOFA). A highlight of the weekend was a visit to the Powhatan, a stellar Art Deco apartment building where we were hosted for a tour and private reception in a stunning residence.
Destination Deco: The Roots of Modernism in Israel
Sunday, March 18–Friday, March 23, 2018
On this exclusive trip, 20 ADSNY members were hosted by prominent members of Israel's preservation, architectural and design communities for an immersion week exploring of the roots of modernism in Tel Aviv and beyond. Through a series of behind-the-scenes walking and bus tours and visits to world class museums, libraries, and archives related to the unique 1920s and 1930s architecture, fine and decorative arts, culture, and fashion we learned about the country's visual identity during the 1930 and 40s, and explored Tel Aviv's White City, a breathtaking UNESCO World Heritage Site, filled with remarkable architecture from the interwar period.
Highlights of the week included:
An in-depth look at the architecture and design of the White City of Tel Aviv, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its 4,000+ modernist buildings, led by leading architectural historians
A tour by the preservationist involved in the recent restoration of the Levant Fairgrounds, which attracted over 300,000 visitors when it opened in 1932
Highlights of the unique architecture and design in Haifa, Israel's third largest city, led by the head of Haifa's municipality overseeing historic preservation
A look at the newly restored 1937 Kibbutz building originally designed by prominent Israeli architect Joseph Neufeld
Artistic works of Reuven Rubin as well as a taste of 1930s poster art that developed in Israel during this period
Stunning Jazz Age fashion illustrations by a young woman who made her way from Jerusalem to Paris in the 1920s
A look into the newly restored residence of Chaim Weizmann, Israel's first president, designed by Erich Mendelsohn
Modernist buildings in Jerusalem, including its legendary Jerusalem International YMCA building, designed by the New York architect, Arthur Loomis Harmon, of Shreve Lamb and Harmon–the firm that designed the Empire State building.
Visits to residences filled with Deco furnishings
A stay in a boutique hotel adapted from a 1930s movie palace
This once-in-a lifetime program was developed exclusively for ADSNY members by the Society for Preservation of Israel Heritage Sites and the Bauhaus Center. According to Micha Gross, Director of the Bauhaus Center, the budding city of Tel Aviv, founded in 1909 by Jewish immigrants on the barren beaches outside the ancient Arab city of Jaffa, "used modern architecture to create a new world." More than 4,000 buildings were constructed in Tel Aviv alone during the 1920s and 1930s alone, and thousands more were built in Haifa, Jerusalem, the kibbutzim, and other locations throughout Israel.
Destination Deco: Long Island Bus Tour
Sunday, September 11, 2016, 9:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m.
ADSNY members took all-day safari as exploring the wilds of Long Island looking for Art Deco. Though Nassau and Suffolk counties are known primarily for their suburban residential architecture, they also have town and city centers with commercial and government buildings dating from the late 1920s and early 1930s – and that means new Deco marvels for us to discover and enjoy.
Architectural historian, Tony Robins, led ADSNY on this special daylong bus trip that began with a visit to the Classic Car Club of Long Island's annual car show featuring iconic automobiles of the 1920s and 30s.
From there we visited:
The Nassau County Courthouse, part of an early 1930s "Modern Classic" government complex in Mineola
A handsome WPA-era post office in Hempstead, which is across the street from a fabulous early telephone company building by the same firm (Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker) that gave us the three great Deco behemoths of Lower Manhattan (and it includes marvelous ornamental tracery similar to that found on Ralph Walker's seminal Barclay-Vesey building)
An intact, 1928 Art Deco high school in Valley Stream, rivaling any of New York City's (very few) Art Deco public school buildings where we were welcomed by the Mayor of Valley Stream and taken on a tour of the magnificent restoration of the building
Another splendid Deco post office, in Patchogue
With such a busy day, lunch was a fast stop at the central pavilion––just opposite the central administration tower – of Robert Moses's 1930s fabulously designed Jones Beach. Our afternoon continued with:
A visit to a rarely seen set of WPA murals in a Hempstead firehouse.
An exclusive tour of a stunning collection of spectacular classic cars that were produced from the 1920s to the 1940s.
Our day concluded with a visit, behind-the-scenes tour, and wine reception at the beautifully restored and splendidly Deco, Suffolk Theatre in Riverhead, where we presented the first ADSNY Hero Award to Robert and Dianne Castaldi, the couple who single-handedly brought the theater back from the brink of destruction.
Destination: Deco Philadelphia Bus Tour
Sunday, October 19, 2014, 9:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m.
ADSNY was pleased to announce the first event in our new series entitled Destination: Deco. We traveled by motor coach to see the amazing Art Deco that Philadelphia has to offer. Our tour guide, Bob Jaeger led us on a spectacular tour highlighting more than 15 of the most interesting Deco spaces in Philadelphia.
Our first sighting was the 1926 Benjamin Franklin Bridge, created by Paul Philippe Cret.
Shortly afterwards, we picked up a few more of our guests and went to enjoy the US Custom House. The architecture of the Custom House beautifully blends Philadelphia's historic red brick style with the modern Deco style.
Another stop on the tour allowed us to see the Deco murals and elevators located at the 1928, Simon and Simon, Strawbridge and Clothier Building. The building department store is now closed but as you can see these murals are a wonderful example of how Philadelphia integrated their rich national history with the Deco aesthetic.
Another interesting building interior where we had unique access was the 1929 Ayer Building Lobby. The many sculptural elements created by J.Wallace Kelly made the space truly breathtaking.
One of the last buildings we saw on the tour of Philadelphia was the amazing Rodeph Shalom Synagogue. The entire synagogue is covered in wonderful hand painted stenciling that creates a truly dramatic Deco interior.


SABIC completed operational procedures to purchase the Finnish Neste Oil's 10% share of capital in SABIC affiliate, IBN ZAHR. US$ 120 million, representing the share, has been paid to Neste Oil. The appropriate amendment to the company's Articles of Incorporation was signed today.
Accordingly, as from January 1, 2006, SABIC owns 80% of IBN ZAHR capital. Ecofuel-Italy owns 10% and the Arab Petroleum Investments Corporation (APICORP) owns the remaining 10%.
SABIC originally announced the signing of this agreement on March 26, 2006.


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I love Open Source Bridge so much that I couldn't restrain myself: I submitted four talks. But I'm not embarrassed. My love for this conference must proclaim itself abundantly. So help me get accepted! Please add stars and comments to the four talks I proposed.
Update: "Black Pipe Testing" and "March to Triumph as a Mentor" have been accepted. My friend Rebecca Friedman's talk "The Ability to Disable: Who Did You Forget When You Designed Your UI?" was also accepted, and "Massively Parallel Testing at MongoDB" by my colleagues Shraya Ramani, Kyle Erf. See you in Portland!
Step 1: Sign in. It's easy, you can sign in with Twitter or GitHub.
Step 2: Vote for my talks!
Here's all my talks this year. If you like one, I hope you give it a star.
If your project is lucky enough to have ardent fans, that's great news. But what do you do when fans submit bad patches? You hurt their feelings when you reject their patches, but you hurt your project if you accept them. You can get out of this bind! Give your fans other ways to be recognized. Showcase their plugins in your project's wiki, or rewrite their patches while giving them credit, or feature their related projects on your site.
Black Pipe Testing, or "@#$! Up Your App by Impersonating a Database"
If you're a senior engineer, you must learn to mentor new hires. Besides, great mentors are critical to the careers of women and minorities in tech. The good news is, there's a method you can apply. Learn from me and march to mentorship triumph.


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We will examine your case and help you secure a bond as fast as possible. That is why we are opened to serve you 24/7. If you need to rescue someone from jail at any hour we are there to answer the call and help you get the bond you need to get them on the outside. You are in the right place and we are wastin valuabe time! Lets get to work and nd bail you out right now!
When you get that call in the middle of the night and find out a friend or family member is in jail, your first thought is likely full of panic. They are asking you to help bail them out and calling a bail bondsman can seem intimidating when you are unsure how the process works. Be assured that we are here to help you in this time of need and will do everything possible to make this a painless experience for you. We make it quick and simple so you can show up and be the hero, releasing your friend or family member from jail.
What Is Bail and How does a bail bond company work?
money to the court. The money is held by the court until all of the court proceedings, regarding the arrest charges, are completed. Bail is viewed as a promise to the court that the arrested person will show up for all court date appearances. The courts will keep all of the money if the arrested person does not show up for a court appearance, and order a warrant for arrest.
In most cases, it is easier for an arrested person to pay bail to the courts through a bail bonds agency. Rather than paying the full amount of the bail, a bail bonds agency will charge an arrested person a percentage of the bail. In the state of Arizona, the bail bonds agency will charge 15% of the entire bail amount. For example, if bail is set at $1,000.00 the costs to bail out of jail is $150.00. The bail bonds agency will deliver a bail bond to the courts, rather than cash. The bail bond is given to the courts for a jail release and the courts treat the bail bond as though the full cash amount of the bail was paid including the promise to appear in court.
How do you start the bail bond process?
Simply contact our agency and provide us with the name of the arrested person. One of our licensed team members will locate the detention facility where the arrested person has been taken to, contact the facility to verify the bail amount, and then complete the necessary paperwork to ensure the jail release.
The bail bond process may be completed over the phone by supplying one of our team members with necessary information regarding the arrested person and additionally there are a few documents that will require your signature. These documents may be presented to you via email, delivered to you by one of our team members, or you may come into our office to receive them. The documents include, a client information form, payment arrangement form (if necessary), authorization to process payment, and an information form regarding future court dates and client responsibilities.
When you get a bail bond you are guaranteeing perfect attendance for all court matters. Guilty, not guilty doesn't matter, you're just saying the person bailed, the "defendant", will go to all their court dates.
Part one, You are arrested. Dont panic you will get through this.
First, the arresting officer takes the person to jail where he or she is 'booked' for their particular offense. In a criminal matter, the defendant should consult with an attorney. Many attorneys offer a free consultation. The public defender is appointed to those who cannot afford a private attorney. At the first court appearance called the arraignment, the defendant is asked if he/she can afford an attorney. If the answer is no, the court appoints a public defender. Common Sense Rules: If you've bailed someone out of jail and know they are going to JUMP- please call us immediately, so that your financial responsibilities are lessened or removed. If you or the defendant has moved, please keep your bail company updated. One of the benefits of posting bail is the ability to be free and to conduct one's affairs as usual. Unless instructed by the court, the defendant is free as long as he/she appears before the court, as directed.
What happens next to the defendant after he/she is booked? When can they be bailed out of jail?
The defendant is released on his/her own recognizance (O.R), however, the person must make all court appearance or there will be a warrant issued and the process begins again.
The defendant is released on bail bond.No bail is set and the defendant must remain in jail until he/she goes to court.
The bail agent is the person who posts your negotiated bond with the jail and obtains the release of the defendant. The bail agent cannot post a bond until all the requirements, listed in the first question, have been met. The jail will not release anybody without the bail amount defined, the court and date set, and confirmation that there are no pending warrants.
How long does it take for the defendant to be released once the bail bond is posted at the jail or the person is released on an O.R. ( Own Recognized)?
Does that person only get one phone call?
While in the process of booking, the person can make many calls, either to you by collect call, to the bail company (we accept all collect calls), and depending on jail restrictions, establish a 3-way call between you, the defendant and a bail office to negotiate bail-only. These calls may be short, but the necessary information can be made during this time, with appropriate introductions between all parties that may expedite one's release.
Is a bail company the only option available to get someone out of jail? Are there any other choices?
For fast release, the jail recognizes two sources: 1) A licensed bail company can post a bail bond. (Always ask to see identification from a bail agent. Each licensed agent has his/her number listed with the Department of Insurance) 2) Full cash bail deposited with the court *In this case, the full cash bail will be refunded unless there are court fees and fines outstanding. Your permission is required for these deductions. A US Treasury Bond is also recognized by some courts, and this may be a third solution. In some cases, the court may agree to use property bond as collateral for the defendant's release. An attorney or the court clerk would best advice you on this matter.
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