Barbara returns to her apartment, where she reveals everything that has happened to her, minus her secret identity, to Alysia. Alysia returns the favor by revealing that she is transgendered. Barbara then leaves to confront James.
At the Gotham Police Department, Gordon gets a call from James, telling him to meet down by the Aquarium. James meets with Batgirl and their mother, where he reveals that Batgirl is Barbara. Their mother shoots James, and in the ensuing fight Batgirl throws a batarang into James' face, who falls over a railing with a broken back.
Gordon arrives, and places Batgirl under arrest for murder. Barbara considers attacking her father, but in the end she escapes.
I'm a bit amused by how all morning my RSS feed was full of articles discussing the momentous occasion of Alysia being the first transgendered character in mainstream comics. I can certainly see that this is a momentous occasion, but really, the moment didn't have any impact on the rest of the story for this issue, so I don't see any reason to bother spending much time on it.
Though, considering how this is the first transgendered character in mainstream comics, could the fact that Gail Simone was planning this be the reason she was initially taken off Batgirl? Probably not, but it's a thought worth considering.
As for the story itself, I admit I wasn't expecting to see the conclusion to the James Jr. story so soon. Considering how he's been woven throughout the entire Batgirl series I would have imagined that he would have stuck around for a bit longer.
Though, James' apparent death is a bit exciting, because with this all of Batgirl's story threads are resolved. Or at least those that have been built up in the book. I may be forgetting some, but from where I'm sitting right now I'm excited to see where the story will be going from here.
While I do enjoy Batgirl I am getting a bit tired of the general dour nature of the Batman books. Sure dour is what I signed up for with Batman, I always figured Barbara Gordon as Batgirl to be a much more lighthearted character. Someone, please, throw me a bone here. Not even Power Girl, who was my main source of superhero levity, is lightening the mood at all. We need some variation in tone here, after how heavy the Bat Books have been I really need something lighter. Well, that's what I've got the IDW books in my pull list for I suppose.
For this story alone, it feels like we didn't quite get enough material of James' past with the rest of the Gordons. We got the opening scene, which was good, but other than that I don't really feel like I know him. I know the majority of his story has been covered before, but new readers need to know all relevant information in the proper story. Just a few more scenes of James Jr. would have been appreciated.
Also, it looks like a bit of the Joker rubbed off on James Jr. during their short time together. James hitting Batgirl on the head with a mallet was a bit more comical than the tone of the story was actually meant to be. Which works just fine for me, like I said, any bit of levity helps.
From here on out I look forward to the aftermath between Batgirl and Gordon over James' murder, but I imagine these events will further drive a wedge between Batgirl and the rest of the Bat Family. Granted, the wedge was already there, but mostly on the part of everyone else towards Batman. Now Batman has a reason to cut off association with Batgirl. I look forward to see where this goes, but would very much appreciate a bit more levity.


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Fiona Apple's "Shameika" lives in Virginia Beach. The song flipped her world upside down.
Former First Colonial High student goes from cancer diagnosis to happy ending
One dead, another injured in Norfolk shooting
Thirteen hours earlier, the man had been shot while watching his friend get killed.
Now – with bullet holes in his face – he was back at the same spot, looking at blood on the sidewalk. It could have been from his friend, 42-year-old Kaliek L. Suber. Or it could have been his own.
The blood trail stretched for more than 200 feet, starting at the corner of Melon and Goodman streets and going south to the entrance of a Norfolk Redevelopment Housing Authority playground.
Officers went to the 1500 block of Melon St. just after 10 p.m. Tuesday to check out a call about gunshots, Norfolk police said in a news release. Not long after, they heard that two men with gunshot wounds had walked into Sentara Norfolk General Hospital. One of them, Suber, died.
Police released no other details about the shooting. They asked anyone with information to call the Norfolk Crime Line at 1-888-LOCK-U-UP.
The man who was shot in the face – fresh bandages covering his cheek and neck – would not give his name. He said his friend had celebrated his 42nd birthday on Sunday. One time, he said, when he had no money, Suber paid his electric bill for him.
Another friend, who also requested anonymity, described Suber as a talented musician who'd put his own career on hold to mentor younger artists.
"He was one of the best dudes on the planet," he said.
One boy stumbled across the blood trail and tracked it to its origin like a detective or forensics investigator. A few minutes later, a group of five older boys came across it after playing in the street. One had a football in his hand; another had a basketball under his arm.
"That's blood, bro," one said. "It looks like he was running to his truck."
Jonathan Edwards, 757-446-2536, jonathan.edwards@pilotonline.com
Melon Street
Kaliek Suber

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Beyonce Knowles "can't wait" to start a family.
The 29-year-old singer - who has previously hinted she would like to have children with husband Jay-Z in the near future - will be a "natural" mother, according to her sister Solange, who has six-year-old son Daniel.
Solange said: "She will be a great mother, a natural. She will love to start a family. I can't wait, they will be beautiful."
However, while waiting to become a mother of her own, 25-year-old Solange admits Beyonce has a great time as an auntie to her child.
She added to the Daily Mirror: "Beyonce adores my little boy. She takes him everywhere. We were in Europe a couple of months ago and he loved being with his auntie."
Meanwhile the 'Best Thing I Never Had' hitmaker - who is currently in the UK on a promotional tour of her new album '4' - is said to have become obsessed with British TV shows, in particular the BBC London-based soap 'EastEnders'.
A source said: "Beyonce finds the accents on 'EastEnders' really funny. She spends half the time mimicking what they're saying in her fake British accent."


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By Cecelia Svinth Carpenter Nisqually Tribal Historian
Leschi was born to be a leader. His people believed that the stars that rose over the Nisqually Plains on the day of his birth in 1808 predestined him to become someday a war chief on behalf of his people, but ironically the title of chief would be bestowed upon him by a territorial governor who would later demand his life on the gallows.
Leschi's parents were a Nisqually father and a Yakima mother. It was then the custom of the Nisqually people to arrange marriages outside of tribal lineage so as to minimize the shortness of stature and the broadness of shoulders that is typical of the canoe Indians of Puget Sound. His mixed heritage provided Leschi with a tall agile body, strong heavy shoulders and a face more slender than others in his village. Most distinguishing and most remembered by those who were to describe him later were his alert, penetrating eyes that seemed to size up a situation immediately. As he grew to adulthood he became known as a man of great intelligence possessing superb oratorical abilities. He developed the wisdom of a judge and was often called upon to settle disagreements among his tribesmen.
Because of his wealth of houses, Leschi's father was held in high esteem. His sons, Quiemuth and Leschi, benefited from this distinction within the tribe. However because it was the custom, they would not carry their father's name but would choose their own. Leschi had one sister and a brother-in-law whose name was Stahi.
The Nisqually people were first known as the Squally-absch, meaning "people of the grass country," for they inhabited the vast prairies dotted with blue camas blossoms which lay to the east of the head of Puget Sound. The French voyageurs called them Nesquallies and conferred the same name upon their river which flowed through the heartland of their prairie and reached from Puget Sound to the forested slopes of the Cascades. Americans later changed the spelling to Nisqually.
Although the Nisquallies roamed a vast land area running north to the Puyallup and south to the Cowlitz and shared berry picking and hunting grounds with both, they tended to locate all of their villages along the Nisqually River, its tributaries and along the sound. The villages sharing the Nisqually watershed held a common bond with the river which provided their main food source. In the summer the bands moved to the lower river and caught great quantities of salmon which were dried and stored for winter consumption. They returned to the smaller, higher streams during the cold season. The foothills of the beloved mountain, Tacobud, (Mount Rainier) provided excellent winter hunting.
One of their villages was located on the Mashel River at the point where it empties into the Nisqually. Leschi was born and raised in this village. The Mashel site lay adjacent to an upland prairie which provided winter grazing for the family's horse herd. Language maps suggest that this was a bilingual village and indeed, Leschi spoke both the Sahaptin language of his Yakima mother and the Salish of his father who was originally from the salt waster Salish village at Minter Creek on the Kitsap Peninsula. It is recorded that Leschi never learned to speak English but that he spoke a few words of Chinook jargon, a trading language. During the summer, thirty to forty families would gather along the Muck Creek where it joins the Nisqually near the present town of Yelm. Leschi came here each summer with his family for food gathering and friendship. The rich bunch grass of the area provided summer pasture for his horses. . . .
The first treaty concluded was the Medicine Creek Treaty, so named because the signing took place on She-nan-num or Medicine Creek on the Nisqually Delta. The treaty was explained to the assembled Nisquallies, Puyallups and assorted bands who spoke Chinook jargon, and on December 26, 1854, the governor asked those he had appointed chiefs to sign. Leschi refused although an X appeared before his name. He felt that the proposed Nisqually allotment, south of the delta on high forested land, would condemn the tribe to a slow death, for there would be no river for fishing, no pasture land for horses. Moreover, to sign the treaty might mean eventually being moved to the dreaded lands to the north.
Governor Stevens made more treaties to the north and east. Meanwhile, Leschi, traveling across the Cascades to the Yakimas and the Klickitats and then south into Oregon, noticed the hostility of these inland peoples to the settlers rushing onto Indian land. In October 1885, he went to Olympia and met with Acting-Governor Charles Mason (Stevens was away) and told him that the Nisquallies wanted peace with the white man, but they also wanted to stay on their river bottom where they could fish and farm. Receiving no clear direction from Mason, Leschi returned home to his fall plowing.
The Indian War
Early in 1855, due to a fear of an Indian uprising, Governor Stevens secured form the legislature approval for a volunteer militia. Volunteers had been used in the Indian uprising in Oregon although General John E. Wool, Commander of the U.S. Army's Pacific Division for regular troops (as they were known), had sharply criticized their use, believing that the Indian tribes had turned hostile because of their premature presence.
In September of 1855, Indian Agent Michael Simmons encouraged friendly Indians to move onto Fox and Squaxin Islands where they would be safe should an outbreak occur. Then, on October 24, 1855, Acting Governor Mason provoked hostilities by ordering Eaton's Rangers, a detachment of volunteers, to apprehend Leschi and his brother Quiemuth, for preventative reasons. Upon reaching Nisqually they found that the brothers had fled, leaving their plow in the wheat field. The volunteers pursued the Nisqually chiefs. Indian drums sounded throughout the foothills and not a canoe was seen in the river.
Leschi and Quiemuth fled northeast towards the White River, possibly heading for the Naches pass and east of the mountains. A roving band of warriors ambushed the pursuing Eaton' Rangers at Connell's Prairie in Pierce County, killing two men. The remainder of the militia turned back to Olympia.
At this time about one hundred and fifty warriors of the Duwamish, Puyallup and Klickitat tribes were camped with their wives and children in the White River area. Approximately thirty-five Nisqually fighters and their families joined them. Drawing the force under his leadership Leschi proposed that this war was with the troops, not the settlers. Unknown to him, however, renegade Indians looted and burned the homes of three White River families, killing nine.
On the thirty-first of October 1855, a seven man vanguard of Captain Maurice Maloney's troops, returning home from the Yakima area via the Naches Trail passed through the Indians' camp. All seemed friendly at the time, but the seven were ambushed a mile beyond the camp. When Maloney's main force reached the same camp area a few days later, the surprised Indians fled across the White and Green Rivers. Following a three day battle during which both sides suffered casualties, Maloney disengaged and continued to Fort Steilacoom. News of this outbreak sent the settlers of Western Washington fleeing into towns. Governor Stevens, returning from his treaty trek east of the mountains, provided the settlers more than sixty volunteer built blockhouses.
[Upon his return west of the mountains, Leschi was taken into custody, tried, and convicted.]
Even though Stevens would not halt the execution, it still did not take place as planned. Before it was scheduled to occur a Federal Marshal arrested the Pierce County officials in charge of the hanging for having sold liquor to the Indians. So the execution date passed. The territorial Legislature, in a questionable interference in judicial matters, ordered the Supreme Court to set another date, February 18, 1858. When U.S. Army authorities refused to allow the hanging of Leschi at Fort Steilacoom, a scaffold was erected about a mile east of the fort.
Leschi waited in silence. He had taken a stand for his people in the reservation matter, and in time the Nisquallies acquired better land. But, false accusations and political maneuvering would cost him his life. He accepted fate and made peace with his God. Leschi heard the beating of the Indian drums in the distance and his heart must have become one with his people, the Squally-abasch. He approached the scaffold, bowed his head and prayed. Turning to Thurston County Sheriff Charles Granger, Leschi thanked him for the kindness he had shown him while a prisoner in his care, then said he was ready. Leschi's death was as dignified as his life. Granger believed he had hanged an innocent man that day.
The Legacy of Leschi
Daniel Mounts, Indian Agent at the Nisqually Reservation, took Leschi's body and buried it in a spot known to few. On July 4, 1895 his remains were moved to a site at the mouth of the Muck Creek near his old village. In 1917 when Pierce County donated a large tract of land to the United States for an army post the north-eastern portion of the Nisqually Reservation was condemned and included in that parcel. Muck Creek was in that section and so, for the third time, the body of the Chief was moved, this time to the Cushman Indian Cemetery near where his daughter lived. On the memorial stone over his grave are the words:
This is a memorial to Chief Leschi, 1818-1858. An arbitrator of his people.
On the back of the same stone are the words:
Judicially murdered, February 19, 1858, owing to misunderstanding of treaty of 1854-55. Serving his people by his death. Sacrificed to a principal. A martyr to liberty, honor and the rights of people of his native land. Erected by those he died to serve.
Leschi's legacy has lived on through his daughter who married Chief Tom Stolyer, the founder of the Cushman Indian School near Puyallup where the Cushman hospital was later built. For three generations only daughters descended from Leschi. Today only the descendants of Quiemuth, the Chief's brother, carry the Chief's name.
Leschi left a still greater legacy to his tribesmen who today live on or near the remaining portion of the reservation on the Nisqually River near Yelm. The courage and determination Leschi displayed on behalf of what he felt rightfully belonged to his people have been carried down through six generations of Nisquallies who today insist on receiving their fishing rights reserved through the Medicine Creek Treaty of 1851. They still hope that someday the portion of their land on the Nisqually Plains where the Muck Creek flows and the blue camas flowers bloom will b regained and Leschi, Last Chief of the Nisquallies, will be brought back home to a final resting place among his people.
–Cecelia Svinth Carpenter
Nisqually Tribal Historian
Author Yelm History ProjectPosted on May 14, 2009 May 7, 2010 Categories The First People, Euro-Americans Arrive (1800 - 1872), Little War on the Prairie
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MAHLE has signed a definitive agreement to acquire the wholly-owned thermal business of U.S. automotive supplier Delphi Automotive PLC (NYSE: DLPH). In 2014, the division and its approximately 7,600 employees achieved annual sales of around USD 1.2 billion (roughly EUR 1.0 billion). After approval by the relevant antitrust authorities, a closing of the deal is anticipated for the fall of 2015. Further, it is intended to acquire the joint venture of Delphi Thermal in China.
This takeover supports the strategic expansion of the important thermal management growth sector within the MAHLE Group. Comprehensive thermal management systems will play an increasingly significant role for all potential drive systems of the future—combustion engines, electric drives (batteries and power electronics), or fuel cells.
Delphi Thermal is represented in all regions of the world. The product portfolio, ranging from HVAC modules and air conditioning compressors to cooling components, is an ideal complement to MAHLE's existing thermal management activities. The identically named MAHLE business unit, which was formed in connection with the majority acquisition of the Behr Group in 2013, will thus be in an even stronger position to serve the automotive industry as its global systems partner. Furthermore, the air conditioning compressor technology will round out MAHLE's thermal management product range.
The goal is to integrate the 13 Delphi plants in Europe (Poland, Slovakia, Hungary), North and South America (USA, Mexico, Brazil), and Asia (China, India), as well as the development centers in the USA and Luxembourg, into the global MAHLE Group organization.
As a leading global development partner for the automotive and engine industry, MAHLE offers unique systems competence in the areas of engine systems, filtration, electrics/mechatronics, and thermal management. In the original equipment industry, MAHLE provides technologically innovative solutions for automotive, commercial vehicle, machinery, and other industrial applications. The Aftermarket business unit also serves the independent parts market with MAHLE products in OE quality.
MAHLE has a local presence in all major world markets. In 2014, some 66,000 employees at approximately 150 production locations generated estimated sales of around EUR 10 billion. At ten major research and development centers in Germany, Great Britain, the USA, Brazil, Japan, China, and India, more than 4,500 development engineers and technicians are working on forward-looking concepts, products, and systems.


Our men's "Pray for the USA" design is on a charcoal black wide neck tee with grey ink. Our inspiration is 2 Chronicles 7:14 "If my people, who are called by my name, will humble themselves and pray and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven, and I will forgive their sin and will heal their land."
Fit: The model is wearing a size large. This shirt is a relaxed fit with a wide neck. This shirt style fits well on men with broad shoulders. The fit is relaxed/unisex. Available in additional sizes. See FAQ's.
*Final sizes on sale. This style will be discontinued.


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White Collar Criminal Defense Lawyer Blog
by Swartz Law Firm
Amendment 750 to the crack cocaine guidelines did not apply to a defendant whose original guidelines sentence was the statutory minimum sentence
by The Swartz Law Firm
In U.S. v. Glover the defendant moved to reduce his sentence under 18 U.S.C. §3582(c)(2) based on a retroactive amendment to the sentencing guidelines that lowered base offense levels for certain crack cocaine crimes. Glover pled guilty to 50 grams or more of crack cocaine violation 18 U.S.C. §841, but his relevant conduct involved two kilograms of crack cocaine. With his criminal history category of II, his guideline range would normally have been 188 to 235 months, except that he faced a mandatory life sentence under the sentencing enhancement provision of 21 U.S.C. §841(b)(1)(A) because he had at least two prior convictions for felony drug offenses. For this reason the statutory mandatory life sentence became his guideline sentence. The PSI recommended life and the sentencing judge adopted this recommendation. However, the government filed a §5K1.1 motion based on his substantial assistance to the government and the district court departed downward from the life sentence reducing his sentence to 208 months.
Amendment 750 lowered the crack cocaine penalties. The Sentencing Commission also made the amendment retroactive. In Glover's case, the two kilogram quantity dropped from level 38 to 34. This would have given Glover an offense level 31 and a range of 121 to 151 for his criminal history category of II. Like many federal criminal lawyers in Miami that have applied for sentence reductions under this amendment, so did Glover. Unfortunately for Glover, the 11th Circuit held that §3582 does not allow for a reduction in his case. While the amendment normally applies where a sentencing range has been subsequently lowered by the Commission, the original guidelines were dictated by the statutory minimum. The amendment only applies if the amended guideline range is not affected by the operation of another other statute or guidelines. Here, Glover's original guideline sentence was the statutory minimum of life, according to section 841(b)(1)(A). The statutory minimum was not affected by the Amendment.
The 11th Circuit held that the statute does not permit the defendant to receive a lower sentence than any sentence he would have receive if the amendment had been in effect at the time of his sentencing. The goal is to treat a defendant sentenced before the amendment the same as those sentenced after the amendment. Therefore, because the original sentence was based on a mandatory minimum sentence, the court lacks jurisdiction to consider a 3582(c)(2) motion even when an amendment would lower an otherwise applicable guidelines sentence.
Glover argued that Amendment 759 to the guidelines gave the sentencing court authority to lower his sentence because he gave substantial assistance to the government. The 11th Circuit found Amendment 759 not applicable. It did nothing more than limit a district court's authority to reduce a defendant's sentence below an amended guidelines range. It does not permit a court to reduce a defendant's sentence based on a guidelines amendment that does not reduce his guidelines range. The court can only reduce a defendant's sentence under 3582(c)(2) based on a retroactive amendment to the crack cocaine base offense levels if and only if that retroactive amendment actually lowers the defendant's guidelines range.
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October Comes [G1936] - $8.00 : Yarn Tree, Your wholesale source for cross stitch supplies.
Three cute Halloween cross stitch patterns from Shepherd's Bush. Finish as little pillows or a framed piece. Stitch count per design 40 x 40.


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A statue of Nero resides in Anzio, Italy, his hometown.
Photograph by Richard Barnes
Rethinking Nero
He killed two of his wives and possibly his mother. He may have presided over the burning of Rome. But he never fiddled, and now some scholars say he wasn't all bad.
ByRobert Draper
Photographs byRichard Barnes andAlex Majoli
• 25 min read
This story appears in the September 2014 issue of National Geographic magazine.
Underneath Rome's Oppian Hill, today a modest public park marred by unclever graffiti, where young men idly kick around a soccer ball, elderly couples walk their dogs, and transients build charcoal fires, part of the greatest palace in the history of the Eternal City lies buried.
The palace is called the Domus Aurea, or Golden House, erected by and for Nero. When the 30-year-old emperor's crazed world exploded in A.D. 68, and he ordered a subject to drive a knife through his throat, gasping, so they say, "What an artist dies in me," his palace may not even have been completed. The next few emperors reconfigured or ignored it, and in 104 Trajan reused the palace's walls and vaults to create a suitable foundation for his famous baths. For the next 1,400 years the entombed palace was utterly forgotten.
Around 1480 a few excavators began digging on the Oppian Hill and found what they thought were the ruins of the Baths of Titus. One of them fell through the dirt, landed in a pile of rubble, and found himself looking up at a ceiling still covered in sumptuous frescoes. Word spread across Italy. Great artists of the Renaissance—Raphael, Pinturicchio, Giovanni da Udine—climbed down into the hole to study (and later replicate in palaces and the Vatican) the repetitive ornamental motifs that would eventually be termed grotesques, after the grotto-like conditions of the Domus. More digging begat more wonderment: long, colonnaded hallways overlooking what had been a vast park and artificial lake; traces of gold and shards of marble quarried from Egypt and the Middle East that once covered the walls and vaulted ceilings; and a magnificent octagonal room with a domed roof, constructed fully six decades before the completion of Hadrian's exalted Pantheon.
Today, following the partial collapse of its roof in 2010, the Domus Aurea is closed to the public until further notice. Staff show up daily to tend to the frescoes and patch the leaks, their cult-like labors unseen by the park's pedestrians 25 feet overhead. Until he recently retired, a Roman architect named Luciano Marchetti oversaw the activity at the Golden House. One morning Marchetti stood in the chilly underground darkness of the octagonal room at the eastern end of the palace complex. Holding a flashlight, he gazed up at the vaulted, eight-sided ceiling, 50 feet from one corner to the next, externally buttressed by the arches of adjacent rooms and thereby hovering without visible support, like a UFO.
A painting depicts Rome in flames on July 18, A.D. 64.
"THE FIRE OF ROME," CA 1770-1790, BY HUBERT ROBERT, MUSÉE ANDRÉ MALRAUX, ERICH LESSING, ART RESOURCE
"I'm so moved by this," he said quietly as he pointed to the self-sustaining flat arches over the doorways. "This is an architectural sophistication that had never been seen before. The Pantheon is marvelous, of course. But its dome sits on a cylinder, which they built up brick by brick. This dome is held up by structures you don't see."
Sighing, the architect then muttered a Latin phrase: Damnatio memoriae. Canceled from memory—the fate of the palace as well as the accomplishments of its owner.
To the immediate southwest of this wing of the Domus Aurea, just across an ever humming Roman boulevard and directly on top of where Nero's artificial lake had been, sits the Colosseum. The world-famous amphitheater, built by Vespasian in the years following Nero's suicide, was apparently named for the more than 100-foot-tall bronze statue of Nero depicted as the sun god—the Colossus Neronis—that once loomed over the valley. Today the Colosseum receives upwards of 10,000 visitors each day. The PR-savvy shoe manufacturer Diego Della Valle has donated $34 million toward its refurbishment. From the Colosseum's ticket sales, a small stream flows to fund the ongoing restoration of the dank and shuttered palace across the street.
Just to the west of the Colosseum sprawl the lavish imperial ruins on the Palatine Hill. In April 2011 the Special Superintendency for the Archaeological Heritage of Rome opened an exhibit at the Palatine and other locations nearby devoted to the life and works of Nero. On display for the first time were the monster king's many architectural and cultural contributions; also unveiled, on the grounds of the Palatine itself, was a recently excavated chamber believed by many to be Nero's famed coenatio rotunda, a rotating dining hall with sweeping views onto the Alban Hills. The exhibitors knew that any show about the notorious Nero would attract visitors. They had not anticipated a turnout greater than any since the superintendency hosted its first exhibit a decade before.
"Well, he's good box office," observes Roberto Gervaso, the bald and hawk-eyed 77-year-old author of the 1978 biographical novel Nerone. "They've made lots of films about Nero, but they couldn't resist making a caricature of him. There's no need to do that—he himself was a bit of a caricature anyway. Such picturesque depravity attracts a biographer. I could never write a biography of St. Francis! And I would certainly rather go to dinner with Nero than Hadrian."
Tonight Gervaso is stuck with me for a dining companion. We sit outside, just a hundred yards from the slumbering Domus Aurea, at Osteria da Nerone, one of the few structures in Rome that bear the emperor's name. "The restaurant is always full," says Gervaso, insisting there's a connection. "He was a monster. But that's not all he was. And those who came before and after him were no better. The true monsters, like Hitler and Stalin, lacked [Nero's] imagination. Even today he would be avant-garde, ahead of his time.
"I wrote my book 35 years ago precisely because I wanted to rehabilitate him. Maybe you could do more."
Roman Revelry

Living life flamboyantly is an attribute associated with Nero—and with today's Rome.

At the Vista Club near the Oppian Hill, entertainer Doctor Vintage performs for a late-night audience. Nero was a showman too, who sang and played the lyre. His nocturnal carousing in the streets of Rome was well documented and condemned by contemporary biographers.

Living life flamboyantly is an attribute associated with Nero—and with today's Rome.
At the Vista Club near the Oppian Hill, entertainer Doctor Vintage performs for a late-night audience. Nero was a showman too, who sang and played the lyre. His nocturnal carousing in the streets of Rome was well documented and condemned by contemporary biographers.
Photograph by Alex Majoli
Well. One is hard pressed to "rehabilitate" a man who, according to historical accounts, ordered his first wife, Octavia, killed; kicked his second wife, Poppaea, to death when she was pregnant; saw to the murder of his mother, Agrippina the Younger (possibly after sleeping with her); perhaps also murdered his stepbrother, Britannicus; instructed his mentor Seneca to commit suicide (which he solemnly did); castrated and then married a teenage boy; presided over the wholesale arson of Rome in A.D. 64 and then shifted the blame to a host of Christians (including Saints Peter and Paul), who were rounded up and beheaded or crucified and set aflame so as to illuminate an imperial festival. The case against Nero as evil incarnate would appear to be open and shut. And yet …
Almost certainly the Roman Senate ordered the expunging of Neronian influence for political reasons. Perhaps it was that his death was followed by outpourings of public grief so widespread that his successor Otho hastily renamed himself Otho Nero. Perhaps it was because mourners long continued to bring flowers to his tomb, and the site was said to be haunted until, in 1099, a church was erected on top of his remains in the Piazza del Popolo. Or perhaps it was due to the sightings of "false Neros" and the persistent belief that the boy king would one day return to the people who so loved him.
The dead do not write their own history. Nero's first two biographers, Suetonius and Tacitus, had ties to the elite Senate and would memorialize his reign with lavish contempt. The notion of Nero's return took on malevolent overtones in Christian literature, with Isaiah's warning of the coming Antichrist: "He will descend from his firmament in the form of a man, a king of iniquity, a murderer of his mother." Later would come the melodramatic condemnations: the comic Ettore Petrolini's Nero as babbling lunatic, Peter Ustinov's Nero as the cowardly murderer, and the garishly enduring tableau of Nero fiddling while Rome burns. What occurred over time was hardly erasure but instead demonization. A ruler of baffling complexity was now simply a beast.
"Today we condemn his behavior," says archaeological journalist Marisa Ranieri Panetta. "But look at the great Christian emperor Constantine. He had his first son, his second wife, and his father-in-law all murdered. One can't be a saint and the other a devil. Look at Augustus, who destroyed a ruling class with his blacklists. Rome ran in rivers of blood, but Augustus was able to launch effective propaganda for everything he did. He understood the media. And so Augustus was great, they say. Not to suggest that Nero was himself a great emperor—but that he was better than they said he was, and no worse than those who came before and after him."
Ranieri Panetta is among the energetic and multiplying voices who have spurred a reappraisal of Nero. Not everyone is on board. "This rehabilitation—this process of a small group of historians trying to transform aristocrats into gentlemen—seems quite stupid to me," says the famed Roman archaeologist Andrea Carandini. "For instance, there are serious scholars who now say that the fire was not Nero's fault. But how could he build the Domus Aurea without the fire? Explain that to me. Whether or not he started the fire, he certainly profited from it."
It's worth lingering on Carandini's logic—Nero benefited from the fire, therefore he caused the fire—since the horrific blaze that damaged or destroyed 10 of Rome's 14 regions is central to Neronian mythology. "Even Tacitus, the great accuser of Nero, writes that no one knows whether Rome burned from arson or by chance," counters Ranieri Panetta. "Rome in Nero's time had very narrow streets" and was full of tall buildings with wooden upper stories. "Fire was essential for lighting, cooking, and heating. Consequently almost all the emperors had big fires during their reigns." It also happens that Nero was not in Rome when the Great Fire began, but instead in his birthplace of Antium, modern-day Anzio. At some point during the conflagration, he sped back to Rome, and while it seems the case that Nero did enjoy playing a stringed instrument known as the kithara, the first account alleging that he did so while watching flames consume the city was written by Cassius Dio a century and a half after the fact. Tacitus, who lived during the time of Nero, wrote that the emperor ordered the homeless to be sheltered, offered cash incentives to those who could expeditiously rebuild the city, and instituted and enforced fire safety codes...
...And rounded up, condemned, and crucified the then hated Christians. And seized the charred remains of the Eternal City as the future site of his Golden House. "He lent himself to the label of monster," Ranieri Panetta concedes. "He was an easy target."
"What worse than Nero?" wrote the poet Martial, a contemporary of the emperor. But then came his next line: "What better than Nero's baths?"
In 2007, while conducting impact studies for a new subway line that would plow through the heart of the city, a Roman archaeologist with the Italian Ministry of Culture named Fedora Filippi was digging directly under the busy Corso Vittorio Emanuele II when she discovered the base of a column. Burrowing further, beneath a Mussolini-era building along Piazza Navona, Filippi encountered a portico—and nearby, the edge of a pool. It took more than a year of stratigraphic analysis and poring over historical texts before she concluded that she had discovered the enormous public gymnasium built by Nero a few years before the Great Fire of 64. Plans for the metro stop at the site were immediately abandoned, as were the excavations. Outside of academia, Filippi's important discovery received little attention.
"The gymnasium was part of a big change Nero brought about in Rome," Filippi says. "He introduced the concept of Greek culture—and with it, this idea of physical and intellectual education of youth, and soon it spread throughout the empire. Before, such baths were only for the aristocrats. This changed social relations, because it put everyone on the same level, from senators to the horsemen."
Nero was a grenade hurled into an already untidy social order. Despite blood connections with Augustus on both his maternal and paternal sides, he seemed anything but Roman: blond, blue-eyed, and freckle-faced, with an aptitude for art rather than war. His sly and ambitious mother, Agrippina, was accused of plotting to kill her brother Caligula and later probably killed her third husband, Claudius, with poisonous mushrooms. Having already arranged for the stoic essayist Seneca to mentor her young son, Agrippina proclaimed Nero a worthy successor to the throne, and in A.D. 54, just shy of age 17, he assumed it. Anyone curious about the mother's intentions could find the answer on coins from the era, depicting the teenage emperor's face no larger than that of Agrippina.
Nero's early reign was golden. He banished Claudius's secret trials, issued pardons, and when asked for his signature on a death warrant, moaned, "How I wish I had never learned to write!" He held working dinners with poets—perhaps, it would be theorized, so that he could steal their lines—and rigorously practiced his lyre as well as singing, though his voice was not the best. "Above all, he was obsessed with a desire for popularity," wrote his biographer Suetonius, but Princeton classics professor Edward Champlin views Nero's persona with more nuance. In his revisionist book, Nero, Champlin describes his subject as "an indefatigable artist and performer who happened also to be emperor of Rome" and "a public relations man ahead of his time with a shrewd understanding of what the people wanted, often before they knew it themselves." Nero introduced, for instance, the "Neronia"—Olympic-style poetry, music, and athletic contests. But what pleased the masses did not always please the Roman elites. When Nero insisted that senators compete along with commoners in other public games, his golden age began to crackle with tension.
"It was something new, like young people today with their social media, where suddenly everything personal is on exhibit," says archaeologist Heinz-Jürgen Beste. "Nero was an artist, like Warhol and Lichtenstein, who embodied these changes. Like his baths—and what Martial said about them—this is the polarity of Nero. He'd created something no one had seen before: a light-flooded public place not just for hygiene but also where there were statues and paintings and books, where you could hang out and listen to someone read poetry aloud. It meant an entirely new social situation."
In addition to the Gymnasium Neronis, the young emperor's public building works included an amphitheater, a meat market, and a proposed canal that would connect Naples to Rome's seaport at Ostia so as to bypass the unpredictable sea currents and ensure safe passage of the city's food supply. Such undertakings cost money, which Roman emperors typically procured by raiding other countries. But Nero's warless reign foreclosed this option. (Indeed, he had liberated Greece, declaring that the Greeks' cultural contributions excused them from having to pay taxes to the empire.) Instead he elected to soak the rich with property taxes—and in the case of his great shipping canal, to seize their land altogether. The Senate refused to let him do so. Nero did what he could to circumvent the senators—"He would create these fake cases to bring some rich guy to trial and extract some heavy fine from him," says Beste—but Nero was fast making enemies. One of them was his mother, Agrippina, who resented her loss of influence and therefore may have schemed to install her stepson, Britannicus, as the rightful heir to the throne. Another was his adviser Seneca, who was allegedly involved in a plot to kill Nero. By A.D. 65, mother, stepbrother, and consigliere had all been killed.
Nero was free to be Nero. Thus ended the so-called good years of his reign, followed by years in which, as Oxford historian Miriam Griffin writes, "Nero escaped more and more into a world of fantasy," until reality crashed down upon him.
Spending time in the still great but recession-battered city of Rome and discussing the last of the Julio-Claudian emperors with scholars and political figures, one is tempted to compare the grandiosity of Nero to the showmanship of a more recent fallen Italian leader.
"Nero was a fool and a megalomaniac, but a fool can also be charming and interesting," says Andrea Carandini. "The thing he invented, which all demagogues after him repeated, was that he cherished the masses. He made a gigantic thing of inviting the whole city inside his Domus Aurea, which was one-third of the city, and making a gigantic show. This is television! And Silvio Berlusconi did exactly the same thing, using the media to connect with the plebes."
The former mayor of Rome and Italy's former minister of culture and the environment, Walter Veltroni, rejects any comparison between Nero and the scandal-ridden former prime minister, on the grounds that the latter thoroughly lacked Nero's cultural appetites. "Berlusconi had no interest in archaeology—the word was simply not in his head," says Veltroni (who, it should be said, also ran for prime minister but was defeated by Berlusconi in 2008). By contrast, he says, "for me, Nero's Domus Aurea is the most beautiful place in the city—the most mysterious, where different periods of history weave together. When I was minister of culture in the late 1990s, I took Martin Scorsese to see it, who was so impressed with the grotesques. And I also took Ian McEwan into it—he wrote about the Domus Aurea in his novel Saturday."
The entire palace complex was laid out like a stage, with woodlands and lakes and promenades accessible to all. Still, acknowledges Nero revisionist Ranieri Panetta, "it was a scandal, because there was so much Rome for one person. It wasn't only that it was luxurious—there had been palaces all over Rome for centuries. It was the sheer size of it. There was graffiti: 'Romans, there's no more room for you, you have to go to [the nearby village of] Veio.'" For all its openness, what the Domus ultimately expressed was one man's limitless power, right down to the materials used to construct it. "The idea of using so much marble was not just a show of wealth," says Irene Bragantini, an expert on Roman paintings. "All of this colored marble came from the rest of the empire—from Asia Minor and Africa and Greece. The idea is that you're controlling not just the people but also their resources. In my reconstruction, what happened in Nero's time is that for the first time, there's a big gap between the middle and upper class, because only the emperor has the power to give you marble."
A paradox began to define the reign of Nero. He had become the entertainer in chief, yet increasingly imperial in the process. "As he separated himself from the Senate and tried to move closer to the people, he was concentrating his power like an Egyptian pharaoh," says Ranieri Panetta. But an emperor could get only so close. "He was completely isolated in a bubble, and you had to go through a million layers to get to him," says Beste.
"He wanted to be close to the people," says professor of Greek and Roman architecture Alessandro Viscogliosi, who has designed a remarkable 3-D computerized reconstruction of the Domus Aurea. "But as their god, not as their friend."
One evening I was enjoying a meal at a palatial enoteca near Piazza Navona called Casa Bleve when the manager offered to take me downstairs to the wine cellar. Surrounding the racks of Barolos and Chiantis were stone remnants of an ancient structure. I later mentioned this to archaeologist Filippi. She said of this enduring swath of Rome, "Everything under that area is Campo Marzio, a part of the city where Nero was constructing." Discovering it would be left to chance—the lot of subway-line diggers and basement remodelers. Otherwise the full architectural greatness of Nero's reign would stay buried beneath centuries of Roman history. Even in the mountain village of Subiaco, where Nero began building his audacious villa in A.D. 54—damming the Aniene River to create three lakes beneath his patio—the ruins repose behind a locked gate, unnoticed by the hordes of tourists who walk right past it en route to a nearby Benedictine monastery.
In all of the former empire, there is one locale that has elected to celebrate Nero: Anzio, the famed beachhead for American troops in World War II. This is where Nero was born and where he kept another villa—now mostly underwater, though numerous artifacts from the complex are housed at the local museum. In 2009 Anzio's new mayor, Luciano Bruschini, declared his intentions to commission a statue of the town's infamous native son. The statue was unveiled in 2010. Today it sits at the edge of the sea, a rather stunning representation of the emperor in his early 20s, well over six feet tall, standing in his toga on a pillar, his eyes intent as his extended right arm points toward the water in all its splendid mystery. The plaque gives his full ruling name in Italian—Nerone Claudio Cesare Augusto Germanico—and memorializes his birth here in Anzio on December 15, A.D. 37. Then, after describing his lineage, it says: "During his reign the empire enjoyed a period of peace, of great splendor, and of important reforms."
"When I was a boy, I used to swim among the ruins of the villa," Mayor Bruschini told me one spring morning as we sat in his office overlooking the sea. "As children, we were taught that he was evil—among the worst emperors of all. Doing a little research, I came to conclude that it's not true. I consider Nero to be a good, even great emperor, and maybe the most beloved of the entire empire. He was a great reformer. The senators were rich, and they owned slaves. He took from them and gave to the poor. He was the first socialist!"
A proud socialist himself, Bruschini smiled and went on, "After I was elected, I decided to do this rehabilitation of Nero. We put up posters that said: 'Anzio, City of Nero.' Some people said, 'But Mayor, he killed lots of Christians.' I told them, 'Only a few—nothing like the thousands of Christians who were killed later in the empire.' We received proposals from two different sculptors. One of them portrayed Nero as a lunatic. We got rid of that one and used this other artist, which is the statue you see today. It's now the most photographed place in the city. In summer big crowds congregate."
Sometimes, the mayor told me, he would take a stroll out to the statue and listen to what the tourists were saying. Now and then, he would hear them read the plaque—"of peace, of great splendor, and of important reforms"—and mutter to themselves, "What a bunch of BS." Myth-believers to the end, Bruschini would conclude, the same who believed that foolishness about fiddling while Rome burned and who would fail to appreciate the tragedy of Nero's final day: a beleaguered ruler now in flight, persuaded by traitors to retreat not to Anzio or Egypt but instead to a villa north of Rome, pursued by enemies and distraught with the knowledge that the only choice left was his manner of death.
No matter. The boy king was home now in Anzio, surrounded by the masses once again.


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6 Fry: Ricciardo's team motivation a "forgotten" asset
8 Monaco organisers insist F1 race is going ahead
9 Tost: COVID 'opened teams' eyes' on spending
10 Norris explains more serious approach to social media
Bottas: Sakhir qualifying performance "not my best" in F1
Published on Saturday December 5th 2020
Valtteri Bottas says his pole position performance at the Sakhir Grand Prix came despite him not delivering the best of qualifying sessions during his time in Formula 1.
The Finn edged out new team-mate George Russell by just 0.026 seconds on the Bahrain outer loop track, to allow the Mercedes duo to lock out the front row of the grid. Both cars will also start on the medium tyre after using it to get out of Q2.
On a weekend where Bottas has been under pressure not to be outperformed by Russell, who is standing in for Lewis Hamilton as the seven-time champion has COVID, the Finn said he was happy he did enough after a scrappy run in Q3.
"For sure it's a different situation to have a new team-mate but ultimately I just wanted to focus on my own doing, and not to waste energy anywhere else," said Bottas. "I think I managed to do that.
"I think strategy wise we are in a great place as a team and good to see George locking out the front row as well. It's good to be on pole, I'm happy for that but not my best qualifying. I'm happy it was enough."
While the three long straights could offer plenty of overtaking opportunities in the race, Bottas is worried that cars may still not be able to follow each other closely enough.
"It's a bit of an unknown really how the racing is going to be," he said. "It didn't feel that easy to follow other cars, so I'm really pleased to be on pole and go from there.
"Hopefully we'll see a fun race. It feels a bit of a Mickey Mouse track, in a way, it's quite bumpy and twisty. But let's see tomorrow."
Bottas and Russell's performance left Red Bull's Max Verstappen third on the grid, with him starting on the soft compound.
Although the Dutchman ended up just 0.056 seconds adrift of Bottas, he felt that shorter track reduced the significance of that.
"From our side we had a good qualifying," he said. "The lap itself as well, it's a very short lap and not many corners.
"I'm pleased to get near to be in P3. I tried to be as close as I can today.
"It was a bit closer than normal, but I think the layout explains that as well.
"Of course we also tomorrow will be starting on different tyres, so this will be quite interesting in how it's going to play out for us.
"Like I said before, we have nothing to lose so it's better to have a bit of fun tomorrow and see what we can do."
Fry: Ricciardo's team motivation a "forgotten" asset Daniel Ricciardo's hidden benefit in motivating a Formula 1 team is one of his most striking qualities, says Alpine technical chief Pat Fry 1610967384 F1


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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'than I' tag.
"than I" and "than me"
June 13, 2012 in analogy, bad arguments, case, common usage, conjunctions, English, formality and tone, grammar, history, Latin, One Right Way, prepositions, syntax, Uncategorized, words, writing | Tags: joseph priestley, mwdeu, robert lowth, than I, than me | 27 comments
If English words were Norse gods, perhaps than would be the best candidate to play the role of Loki, the trickster god.* It causes confusion not only due to its similarity with then, but also by raising the question of what case the noun phrase it governs should have. Of course, there's no confusion if you are a brilliant grammaticaster, as in this example from a list of peeves:
12. I/Me: We had several different takes on this, with one correspondent nailing it thus: "The correct choice can be seen when you finish the truncated sentence: He's bigger than I am. 'He's bigger than me am' actually sounds ridiculous and obviates the mistake."**
Now, there're two questions one should be asking of this explanation. First, can you just fill in the blank? By which I mean, does a sentence with ellipsis (the omission of words that are normally syntactically necessary but understood by context) necessarily have the same structure as a non-elided sentence? There are many different types of ellipsis, so this is a more complex question than I want to get into right now, but the short answer is no, and here's a question-and-answer example:
Who drank my secret stash of ginger-grapefruit soda?
(1a) He/*Him drank it.
(1b) Him/*He.
(The asterisks indicate ungrammatical forms.) The second question to ask here is whether there even is an elision. We know that "He eats faster than I do" is a valid sentence, but does than necessarily trigger a clause after it? Could it be that "He eats faster than me" is not an incomplete version of the above structure but rather a different and complete structure?
This boils down to the question of whether than is strictly a conjunction (in which cases the conjoined things should be equivalent, i.e., both clauses) or can function as a preposition as well (in which case the following element is just a noun phrase, with accusative case from the preposition). It's pretty easy to see that than behaves prepositionally in some circumstances, pointed out in the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, via Language Log:
(2a) He's inviting more people than just us.
(2b) I saw no one other than Bob.
But this prepositional usage has become frowned upon, save for instances like (2a) & (2b) where it's unavoidable. Why? Well, it's an interesting tale involving the love of Latin and the discoverer of dephlogisticated air. It all starts (according to the MWDEU) with Robert Lowth, who in 1762 claimed, under the influence of Latin, that than is a conjunction and noun phrases following it carry an understood verb. The case marking (e.g., I vs. me) would then be assigned based on the noun phrase's role in the implied clause. So Lowth's grammar allows (3a) and (3b) but blocks (3c):
(3a) He laughed much louder than I (did).
(3b) He hit you harder than (he hit) me.
(3c) *He laughed much louder than me.
Lowth's explanation was not without its wrinkles; he accepted than whom as standard (possibly due to Milton's use of it in Paradise Lost), and worked out a post hoc explanation for why this prepositional usage was acceptable and others like (3c) weren't.
Lowth's explanation was also not without its dissenters. Joseph Priestley, a discoverer of oxygen, argued against it in his Rudiments of English Grammar (1772 edition). Priestley noted that the combination of a comparative adjective and than behaved prepositionally, and that good writers used it as such. Regarding the Lowthian argument against it, he wrote:
"It appears to me, that the chief objection our grammarians have to both these forms, is that they are not agreeable to the idiom of the Latin tongue, which is certainly an argument of little weight, as that language is fundamentally different from ours"
Another pro-prepositionist was William Ward, whose 1765 Essay on Grammar argues that than in phrases like to stand higher than or to stand lower than is akin to prepositions like above or below, and thus that the prepositional usage of than should be allowed. That's not much of an argument, because semantically equivalent words and phrases don't have to have the same syntax — consider I gave him it vs. *I donated him it. But then again, Lowth is basing his argument on a completely separate language, so this is a slight improvement.
The real key, of course, is usage, and the MWDEU notes that Priestey and Ward are backed by standard usage at the time. Visser's Historical English Syntax strengths the case with examples of prepositional than from a variety of estimable sources, including the Geneva Bible (1560), Shakespeare (1601), Samuel Johnson (1751, 1759), and Byron (1804). And of course prepositional than continues in modern usage — why else would we be having this argument?
Despite the irrelevance of his argument, Lowth's opinion has stuck through to the present day, reinvigorated by new voices repeating the same old line, unwilling to concede something's right just because it's never been wrong. It's the MWDEU, not the commenter mentioned at the top, who nails it:
"Ward's explanation [that both conjunctive and prepositional uses are correct] covered actual usage perfectly, but it was probably too common-sensical—not sufficiently absolutist—to prevail."
So in the end, we're left with this. Than I and than me are both correct, in most cases. Than I is often regarded as more formal, but interestingly it's the only one that can be clearly inappropriate.*** Using the nominative case blocks the noun phrase from being the object of the verb. I can't write The wind chilled him more than I to mean that the wind chilled me less than it chilled him.
Sometimes this can be used to disambiguate; I love you more than him is ambiguous while I love you more than he isn't. This only matters for clauses with objects, and in general, these tend not to be ambiguous given context, so the benefit of disambiguation must be weighed against the potentially over-formal tone of the nominative case. (I, for instance, think the second sentence above sounds less convincing, even though it's clearer, because who talks about love so stiltedly?)
I'm branching a little off topic here, but I'd like to conclude with a general point from Priestley, a few paragraphs after the quote above:
"In several cases, as in those above-mentioned, the principles of our language are vague, and unsettled. The custom of speaking draws one way, and an attention to arbitrary and artificial rules another. Which will prevail at last, it is impossible to say. It is not the authority of any one person, or of a few, be they ever so eminent, that can establish one form of speech in preference to another. Nothing but the general practice of good writers, and good speakers can do it."
Summary: Than can work as a conjunction or a preposition, meaning that than I/he/she/they and than me/him/her/them are both correct in most situations. The latter version is attested from the 16th century to the present day, by good writers in formal and informal settings. The belief that it is unacceptable appears to be a holdover from Latin-based grammars of English.
*: Interestingly, and counter to the mythology I learned from the Jim Carrey movie The Mask, Wikipedia suggests that Loki may not be so easily summarized as the god of mischief.
**: I'm pretty sure the use of obviate is a mistake here. I can just barely get a reading where it isn't, if thinking of the full version of the sentence causes you to avoid the supposed mistake. But I suspect instead that our correspondent believes obviate means "make obvious", in which case, ha ha, Muprhy's Law
***: Is there a case where than me is undeniably incorrect? I can't think of one.


Leonardo, currently exhibiting at the 2018 Farnborough Air Show (stand L1), has today highlighted the success of its Osprey Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar family, announcing that more than 40 Osprey radars have been ordered by eight different customers. Leonardo expects Osprey to continue to rapidly grow its market share as it remains the only radar of its type available to offer full spherical coverage with no moving parts.
Osprey is already on-board Norway's new Leonardo AW101 search and rescue helicopters, which have now started to be delivered, and has also been selected by the US Navy to equip its new MQ-8C Fire Scout unmanned helicopters. The reasons for the success of Osprey include exceptional mission performance and low through life costs due to its innovative AESA design.
Osprey builds on the success of the Company's Seaspray family of AESA surveillance radars which have seen service with many armed forces and civilian agencies around the world, since the first Seaspray was sold in 2005. Like Seaspray, Osprey employs AESA technology, also known as 'E-Scan', technology which Leonardo innovatively applied to Surveillance radars ahead of other radar manufactures. Today, having been sold to 30 countries, Leonardo's AESA radars set the standard for surveillance radars internationally.
AESA technology involves a matrix of hundreds of tiny radar modules being used to 'steer' an electronic beam, rather than the radar physically moving to point at a target. This means the beam can be moved around extremely quickly, allowing the radar to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, for example carrying out maritime surveillance while at the same time monitoring weather along an aircraft's flight path. Leonardo's radars offer air-to-air and air-to-ground capabilities with a variety of advanced modes including the company's patented small target detection capability.


We are back from Colorado, back from visiting family, back from saying goodbye to my grandmother, the dearest, sweetest, most magical ray of sunshine to have graced all of our lives. In spite of the sad circumstance under which we gathered, despite the sorrow of her departure from this life, the woe of separation, we spent the weekend in celebration of her life, and the days were joyous and filled with love and warmth.
When we got back from our trip to the grave, and then the church, there was a rainbow in the western skies, right over the mountains, and though it was fading quickly, it was glorious.
Thank you, Margaret Ellen Taylor, for everything. I'll see you in the funny pages.
Music: Israel Kamakawiwo'ole - "Over the Rainbow"


A couple of weeks ago I blogged about the Veeam RDP virtual appliance for Remote Management of Hyper-V Server. Since then I have been inundated with questions, opinions and information about different solutions for managing a Hyper-V server. I have been spending some time looking at the various options – and one of my favorites has been FreeRDP.
To give some more context – if you are using the free version of Hyper-V Server (you can download it from here: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/evalcenter/dn205299.aspx) you can use the Hyper-V management tools remotely from a full installation of Windows. But if you login locally to the server all you have is PowerShell.
Now, you can do almost everything through PowerShell. Almost. The one thing you cannot do is interact with a virtual machine directly. Luckily – FreeRDP is a simple project that, amongst other things, supports connecting to Hyper-V virtual machines.
(Note, my server only had a single network adapter – so I cheated and made this command simple).
# CMDLet takes a single parameter of VMNames.
# Can be single or plural, can come from the pipeline.
start-process $FreeRDPPath -ArgumentList "/v:localhost:2179 /vmconnect:$($VMID)"
Very cool! I liked this option most of everything I tried – as it was the smallest / lightest weight solution that solved all the problems that I had.
Thanks to Alessandro Pilotti, from Cloudbase Solutions, who gave me the pointers to this solution.
How do you send Ctrl+Alt+Del to host through FreeRDP?
Will this display the full windows desktop, as if connected via windows RDP from a remote machine? What is the graphics performance like?
The performance is pretty low. I would only recommend this for basic server administration – not for daily desktop usage.
great stuff, appears to be working well on Hyper-V Server 2012!
Unfortunately this tool didn't make it under my use scenario and reverted to vmconnect.
I was using it to control a network disconnected VM on HyperV 2012R2.
It worked for some minutes and then the mouse control was lost.
I had to use vmconnect to Pause > Resume the session for FreeRDP to function for another few minutes.
Thanks for the work and this info. Will this work with HyperV Server 2016? If not, is a version that works with it coming?
Everything is working on hyper-v server 2016. I even managed to install graphical drivers and configured RemoteFX.
1. Can't get audio redirection to work . When connecting from rdp it works, but not from freerdp.
2. I'm using /f option to open freerdp in full screen, and it works fine. But when I minimize the freerdp window and re-open it again – it isn't opening in full screen any more. So, I've to close it and re-connect.


I hate writing policy. I agonise over the words that feel so important at the time and know damn well that almost no-one's going to read it. But imperfect as it is, it's a framework/agreed set of standards that we can work towards.
This piece is a work in progress, a public draft if you will.
Early in the process of developing learning analytics we wrote a policy for the ethical use of learning analytics (section 8), but we've realised that this policy is primarily ethical and aspirational. We are missing some dull, but essential, operational content.


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View E-Delivery events
The E-Delivery dashboard gives you the tools to track E-Delivery events and related details.
To view E-Delivery events:
Go to the E-Delivery dashboard.
Scroll to view E-Delivery events.
The E-Delivery dashboard contains several columns, including:
Policy Number: The policy number is a link to the Policies Accounts Receivable screen in BriteCore.
Insured: Insured's name.
Email address: Insured's email address.
Title: Title of the E-Delivery notification.
An asterisk next to the Title indicates a user opened or downloaded it. The number in parentheses indicates the number of times the user opened or downloaded the document.
Print Date: Date the deliverable is set to print.
Delivery Status: Indicates whether a notification was sent. There are two options:
Notified: Sent to users who enrolled in E-Delivery.
Do Not Send: Displays deliverables set to print and will be mailed to users who did not enroll in E-Delivery.
Select the arrow at the end of the column to reveal additional details.
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A Guide to Understanding the 2021 MITRE Engenuity ATT&CK® Evaluations for ICS
Discover more about MITRE Engenuity's first evaluation of the Industrial Control Systems (ICS) threat detection market and how the Dragos Platform and other participant solutions performed in a realistic demonstration attack against an Operational Technology (OT) environment. This guide offers a high-level...
Threatscape 2022: What Is the Outlook for Government?
Tom Field • December 20, 2021
Supply chain attacks and OT risks are not new, but they got taken to new lengths by cyber adversaries in 2021. The outlook for 2022: More of the same, says Jim Richberg of Fortinet. But he has ideas on how governments worldwide can improve their defenses and security postures.
The Ransomware Files, Episode 3: Critical Infrastructure
Jeremy Kirk • December 9, 2021
Cybersecurity experts worry about attacks and ransomware directed at the 70,000 water and wastewater facilities in the U.S. In November 2020, the Hampton Roads Sanitation District was infected with Ryuk ransomware. Fortunately, its operational technology systems were unaffected, and it recovered.
Solving Problems Before They Escalate in Manufacturing: A Dashboard for Process Safety
There is a safer and potentially more profitable way to conduct business along the manufacturing enterprise – and the funny thing is it has been here all the time. By applying API RP 754 and extending it with edge analytics, it is possible for manufacturers to create a process safety management dashboard...
Seven Experts on Protecting OT Environments Against Targeted Cyber Attacks
Digital transformation is well established in the business IT space, but it's a different story for industrial process control. Because reliability and safety are so critical to industries like oil and gas, these industries are more cautious about adopting the newest technologies. But what are the best ways to...
Seven Experts on Balancing Digital Transformation and OT Security
Verint Systems • November 30, 2021
Securing operational technology (OT) systems for critical infrastructure requires identifying and tracking a complete inventory of all OT and IT endpoints. Only with a comprehensive inventory that includes configuration data can companies protect against unauthorized change, achieve compliance, mitigate risk...
Profiles in Leadership: Steven Sim Kok Leong
Geetha Nandikotkur • November 23, 2021
CISOs need to be open to ideas and suggestions from their peers and other functions and exhibit thought leadership to establish collective defense thinking in fighting threats, says Steven Sim Kok Leong, president of ISACA, Singapore chapter and chair of OT-ISAC Executive Committee.
The 2021 State of Industrial Cybersecurity
As the frequency and severity of cyber attacks on industrial organizations increase, defenders are struggling to keep ahead of threats. Security leaders know that a unified IT and OT approach is critical to protecting the safety and availability of operations, but are faced with cultural and technical differences...
Infrastructure Bill Features $1.9 Billion in Cyber Funding
Dan Gunderman • November 8, 2021
Congress has passed the $1.2 trillion physical infrastructure bill, which will inject $1.9 billion in new cybersecurity funding for the federal government. The bill, long held up in Congress, passed the House on Friday and moves to the desk of President Joe Biden, who plans to sign the measure into law.
Changing Employee Mindsets During Digital Transformation
CyberEdBoard • November 1, 2021
While doing digital transformation, CISOs tend to look more at technology and try to adapt it without making the distinction between technologies that are must-have and good to have. Krishnamurthy Rajesh of ICRA says CISOs must analyze risks, update security, and change the mindset of employees.
Defending Against Open-Source Supply Chain Attacks
Anna Delaney • October 26, 2021
Findings from CyberTheory's 2021 Third Quarter Review indicate that criminals are exploiting the open-source supply chain, and those exploits are proving much more difficult to identify, defend and stop in terms of complexity and depth than we've seen before, says CyberTheory's director, Steve King.
The Top 3 Cyber Challenges for Utilities
The business benefits of digital transformation in grid operations are tremendous, but this progress increases cyber risk to Operations Technology (OT) in the areas of safety, unscheduled downtime, and negative impact on corporate brand. The good news is that there are practical steps utilities can take to enhance...
An Executive's Guide to Industrial Cybersecurity: What You Need to Know
As enterprises invest heavily in digital transformation, industrial cybersecurity will increasingly serve as the critical enabler for safely and securely advancing business goals through technological innovation. While advancing connectivity and digitalization of operational technology (OT) provides significant...
Understanding the Challenges of OT Vulnerability Management and How to Tackle Them
Industrial asset owners know that protecting the integrity of their systems is critical for maintaining operations, but the challenges around cybersecurity vulnerabilities make that job much harder. As environments become more connected, and attackers become more advanced, staying a step ahead has never been more...
US Agencies to Water Facilities: You May Be Next Target
Dan Gunderman • October 15, 2021
U.S. federal agencies issued a joint advisory around potential cyber threats to the nation's water facilities. They cite "ongoing malicious cyber activity - by both known and unknown actors - targeting the IT and OT technology networks, systems and devices" of U.S. water and wastewater systems.


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You are here: Home / Fire and Emergency Management Degrees
Fire and Emergency Management Degrees
Many veterans seek careers in ambulance, police, and fire departments after leaving the military. For those interested in careers related to fire and emergency management, military experience can play an important role in getting hired, training, and promotion.
How does your military experience provide an advantage when applying for fire and emergency management jobs? And do military members need Fire and Emergency Management degrees to supplement their military experience?
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How Direct Experience Counts
By "direct experience" we are talking about military career fields and operations that are distinctly labeled as emergency management. Two excellent examples of this can be found in the Air Force and the Army, which both advertise career fields in emergency management. The Air Force description includes the following:
"Whether it's a natural disaster…or man-made as a result of a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear incident, Emergency Management specialists are trained for response and recovery operations anywhere in the world. Additionally, these professionals develop plans to ensure all other Air Force personnel are trained to meet mission needs and to minimize casualties and damage in the event of any disaster situation."
The Army version of the emergency management career field involves three tracks, any one of which a soldier may find themselves interested in working:
US Army Medical Command
Installation Emergency Management
This kind of direct military experience in emergency management is a huge plus for anyone considering doing the work outside the U.S. military. An emergency management agency will be interested in hiring people with practical experience and training, but depending on the type of positions to be filled, that training may or may not include a military member's specific area of expertise.
Not All Emergency Management Training Applies Across The Board
That means that those with extensive training and experience in fire fighting, flightline operations, and crash recovery would not necessarily be qualified to get an emergency management job where radioactive material containment or hazardous waste management are the skills required. Emergency management is a big field and it helps to narrow down what kinds of specialties and skills you want to develop or continue using outside the military.
Direct experience counts for a great deal, but if you have skill sets you need to learn, it's best to try to diversify your resume by taking classes, working toward a degree, etc.
Emergency Management Careers Feature A Diverse Range Of Job Requirements
Why do we say this? Let's look at some job descriptions for emergency management positions. Here's one posted by the U.S. Department of Energy, which includes the following job responsibilities:
Enhances regional/radiological emergency planning and response capabilities and offers 24-hour emergency response assistance to resolve radiological/nuclear emergencies and incidents.
Provides expert evaluation of the health threats and environmental consequences associated with releases of radioactive materials.
Serves as a principal interface with headquarters, other Regional Program Managers, DOE/NNSA incident response assets, and other Federal, state, tribal, and local agencies to support radiological/nuclear emergency planning and preparedness activities.
Compare that to a job posting by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) seeking an Emergency Management Specialist. The job requirements here include:
Conducting mission-oriented analyses of difficult and complex survivor-centric emergency response and assistance issues.
Analyzing the efficiency and effectiveness or programs and advises on new developments, changing emphasis, or other events which could greatly impact the effectiveness of program delivery.
Developing plans to ensure the capability to continue essential functions during All Hazard events.
Performing as a spokesperson at regional conferences, meetings, committees and working groups that propose, defend and/or criticize continuity and emergency response criteria, in order to promote and maintain a proactive response posture.
These two jobs couldn't be more different, but the basic requirements for each include a background in emergency operations, and certain higher education or continuing education may also be a necessity for obtaining or maintaining employment in these agencies.
Career Tips For Emergency Management Careers
Consider signing up for independent coursework in emergency management.
Volunteer with state, county or local emergency management resources.
Sign up for emergency management trade publications.
Join an emergency management professional association.
Contact FEMA or visit the FEMA official site to learn of emergency management opportunities (paid or volunteer) near you.
Higher Education Opportunities In Emergency Management
There are plenty of colleges and universities that offer emergency management degrees (see below) but the Federal Emergency Management Agency also provides training programs in a variety of areas. FEMA training programs include, but are not limited to:
Advanced Professional Series (APS)
Community Rating System Resource Center
Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience
EMI School Program
HazMat Exercise Material
Incident Command System / Unified Command System
Master Exercise Practitioner Program (MEPP)
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
National Dam Safety Program
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program
Professional Development Series (PDS)
Trainer Program (TP)
To enroll in these programs or learn more about them, visit the FEMA official site at www.training.FEMA.gov. There are resident courses and non-resident options available depending on the program and other factors.
This kind of training can be a valuable addition to military experience, but certain emergency management work may require an undergraduate or graduate degree. The higher your career goes in this field, the more important a degree might be for jobs in management and upper management.
Colleges That Offer Emergency Management Degrees
According to the FEMA official site, the following colleges offer degrees in emergency management at the undergraduate level (Bachelor's degree). FEMA does not endorse any institution of higher learning specifically, but the agency does work with these institutions to develop training programs that are relevant to today's emergency management needs.
Adelphi University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management
Adelphi University – BS in Emergency Services Administration
American Public University – Bachelor of Arts in Emergency and Disaster Management
Anderson University – Bachelor of Emergency Services Management
Arizona State University – Bachelor of Applied Science in Emergency Management/Homeland Security
Arizona State University – Bachelor of Science Public Service and Public Policy Emergency Management/Homeland Security
Arkansas State University – Bachelor of Science in Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management
Arkansas Tech University – Bachelor of Science degree in Emergency Management
Barry University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management
Bellevue University – BS in Emergency Management International Disaster Relief/Humanitarian Assistance
Columbia College – Bachelor of Arts in Emergency Management
Crown College, School of Online Studies – Bachelor of Science in Disaster and Emergency Management
Drury University – Associate and/or Bachelor of Science degrees in Emergency Management
Eastern Michigan University – Bachelor of Science in Public Safety
Eastern New Mexico University – Bachelor of Applied Arts and Sciences, Minor in Emergency Management, and a Certificate in Emergency Management
Elizabeth City State University – BS in Emergency Management
Everglades University – Bachelor of Science in Crisis and Disaster Management
Franklin University – Bachelor's degree in Emergency Management and Homeland Security
Grand Canyon University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management Program
Idaho State University Meridian – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management
Immaculata University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Planning and Management
Indiana Tech – BS in Emergency Response Management
Jacksonville State University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management with a Minor in Homeland Security or Public Safety Telecommunications
John Jay College of Criminal Justice (CUNY) – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Services Administration
Kansas Wesleyan University – Bachelor of Arts in Emergency Management
Kaplan University – Bachelor of Science in Fire and Emergency Management
Lee University – BA or BS Disaster and Healthcare Mission Management
Louisiana State University – BA or BS in Geography with Concentration in Disaster Science and Management
Louisiana State University – Undergrad Minor in Disaster Science and Management
Madonna University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management
Massachusetts Maritime Academy – Bachelor of Science Degree in Emergency Management
Mercer University – Online Bachelor of Science in Homeland Security and Emergency Management
Metropolitan College of New York – Associate of Arts and Bachelor of Arts in Emergency Management & Business Continuity
North Dakota State University Bachelor of Science Degree in Emergency Management
Northern Arizona University, Extended Campuses – BAS and BIS in Emergency Management
Northwest Missouri State University – Bachelor of Science and Minor in Emergency and Disaster Management
Notre Dame College of Ohio – BA in EM and Policy Studies
Ohio Christian University – Bachelor of Arts in Emergency Management and Business Program
Ohio Christian University – Bachelor of Arts in Emergency Management and Business Program (Double Major)
Pacific Union College – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management
Pennsylvania College of Technology – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management Technology (BEM)
Pierce College – BAS in HS EM
Pikes Peak Community College – Bachelor of Applied Science: Emergency Service Administration
Post University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management and Homeland Security
Purdue University Global – Bachelor of Science in Fire and Emergency Management
Saint Louis University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management
Savannah State University – Homeland Security and Emergency Management Bachelor of Arts Degree
Southwestern College – Bachelor of Science Degree in Security Management
SUNY Canton – Bachelor of Technology in Emergency and Disaster Management
Texas Southern University – Bachelor of Science Degree in Emergency Management and Homeland Security (EHMS)
Truckee Meadows Community College – Bachelor of Applied Science in Emergency Management and Homeland Security EM
Union Institute and University – BS in Emergency Services Management
University at Albany – Major in Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity
University of Akron – Bachelor of Science Degree in Emergency Management
University of Alaska, Fairbanks – Bachelor of Emergency Management and Homeland Security
University of Central Missouri – Bachelor of Science Degree in Crisis and Disaster Management
University of Central Florida – BA/BS in Emergency Management
University of Findlay – Bachelor of Science in Environmental, Safety and Occupational Health Management
University of Nebraska at Omaha – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Management
University of Nebraska at Omaha – Minor in Emergency Management
University of North Texas – Bachelor of Science Degree in Emergency Management
University of North Texas – BS in Emergency Admin and Planning
Utah Valley University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency Services Administration-Emergency Management
Upper Iowa University – Bachelor of Science in Emergency & Disaster Management
Voorhees College – Bachelor of Science Major in Emergency Management and Homeland Security
Waldorf University – BAS in Emergency Management with Optional Concentrations in Fire Science or Homeland Security
Waldorf University – BA in Emergency Management with Optional Concentrations in Fire Science or Homeland Security
West Texas A&M University – Emergency Management Administration Bachelor of Applied Arts and Science
Western Carolina University – Online Bachelor of Science Degree in Emergency Management
Western Illinois University-Bachelor of Science Degree in Emergency Management
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