Kenwood's DNX576S navigation receiver can keep most everybody happy, regardless of which smartphone they sport.
Kenwood's DNX576S navigation receiver can keep most everybody happy, regardless of which smartphone they sport. It supports both Apple CarPlay® and Android Auto™, so it's ready for the carpool or soccer team trip. An easy-on-the-eyes 6.75" display lets you control the action, whether you're streaming music via Bluetooth® connection, pulling up Garmin GPS directions, or enjoying another road-ready app as you go on vacation or endure the daily commute to work.
Kenwood designed the DNX576S to work seamlessly with both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. No matter what phone you (or your passengers) prefer, you can access the apps you need without getting distracted from the matter at hand — driving your vehicle. The DNX576S gives you fingertip or voice control of your apps, and its beautiful 6.75" resistive touchscreen display offers plenty of real estate to view your sources and other important info — you can even customize the source button locations for easier access. And even if you're not into using Android Auto to access streaming services, you can still get control of select music apps (like Pandora and Spotify) through the receiver via a wireless Bluetooth connection for most Android devices.
Want to pair two phones? No problem!
If you're driving with a passenger, the DNX576S can pair with up to two phones at once. You'll be able to designate one phone as the priority but be able to switch between the two with ease, as well as have access to both phonebooks.
Leave worries about getting lost behind, as the DNX576S supplies Garmin maps of the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands. You'll also get reliable routing with spoken street names at turns and lane assistance. Kenwood's interface also provides more opportunities for split-screen control, so you can still follow the maps as the stereo shows you what's playing or who's calling.
This receiver will play all your CDs and DVDs, including discs loaded with music files, while an A/V input offers connection for more audio/video sources. A rear USB port let you add audio from an iPod or flash drive, including high-resolution FLAC and WAV files. You also get a microSD card slot for playing digital music files and making map updates.
Don't you hate finding a great radio station, only to have it fade away as you travel? You can hook up a SiriusXM satellite radio tuner (not included) to this receiver and access the wide variety of entertainment, sports, news, and commercial-free music satellite radio provides — and your favorite stations are always there.
The DNX576S is capable of connecting two different cameras, so you can see more when you're getting in and out of tight spots. If you've got a pair of rear-view cameras, you can reverse the image of the one up front to get a more precise picture. With select Kenwood cameras, you can have the display automatically switch to a momentary view from the front camera when you shift out of reverse. The receiver also features a dedicated input for Kenwood's DRV-N520 Drive Recorder dash cam so you can capture your travels in high definition.
The DNX576S offers compatibility you won't find in many other aftermarket radios, thanks to the iDatalink Maestro module (not included). In a wide selection of vehicles, this module lets you keep factory features that you'd otherwise lose when you install a new radio. You'll also be able to check out engine performance data and other vehicle info on the Kenwood's screen. It'll even integrate your stealth K40 RL200di radar detector into the stereo's display, so you can see and hear about incoming threats. Once you've identified your vehicle, you'll see the iDatalink module offered on the way to the Shopping Cart if it's compatible.
Installation note: You must have the parking brake wire connected for some setup functions and menu options.
Garmin Navigation: With built-in Garmin & HERE navigation software and map data, the Kenwood DNX576S features on-screen maps of the United States, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Canada, and Mexico. The built-in maps include over 6-million Points of Interest (POIs) such as hotels, restaurants, gas stations, attractions, parking, airports, ATMs, and more. The built-in navigation software provides you with calculated on-screen routes and audible directions to follow in order to reach your destination safely.
Software/Map Data Updates: When the preloaded maps are considered out of date, the Kenwood receiver will provide periodic notification at startup. Garmin software and map updates can be purchased and downloaded as needed, via microSD card. To find a software or map update, please go to www.garmin.com/kenwood.
GPS Receiver & Antenna: The Kenwood DNX576S employs a high-sensitivity GPS receiver that is forgiving of less than optimal antenna placement, giving you additional placement options. The included GPS antenna features a self-adhesive base and an attached 11.5' cable which plugs into the back of the head unit. The GPS antenna is designed to be mounted inside the vehicle on the dash. The GPS antenna measures 1.3125" (w) x 0.625" (h) x 1.4375" (d). The self-adhesive pad measures 2.625" square.
Note: The navigation receiver took approximately 12.7 seconds to calculate directions from Charlottesville, Virginia to Los Angeles, California. It only took 7.3 seconds to calculate directions from Charlottesville, Virginia to Baltimore, Maryland. These tests were done inside the Crutchfield Lab. Results will vary based on length of calculated route and your surrounding area.
INRIX Traffic: You can receive INRIX traffic information and weather forecast through the Kenwood DNX576S by connecting your compatible iPhone or Android smartphone with "Kenwood's Traffic Powered By INRIX" application (for Apple iOS 8.0+ and Android OS 4.0.3+) installed. While the DNX576S is in navigation mode, it pulls real-time data from the INRIX Traffic app on your smartphone which provides you with up-to-the-minute traffic, weather, parking, traffic cameras, and travel advisory information on-screen. You get 2 years free access to INRIX traffic information (fees will apply after 2nd year). Your iPhone must be connected via USB, while your Android smartphone must be connected via Bluetooth to the Kenwood navigation receiver.
On-Screen Map: The Kenwood DNX576S displays a real-time moving map illustrating your current position and intended route. It will show map scale and geographic details such as lakes, rivers, highways and towns. Your route is marked with a magenta line. A checkered flag marks your destination. As you travel the DNX576S guides to your destination with arrows on the map and directions at the top of the screen. The upper-left corner of the screen indicates the distance to your next maneuver. During your calculated route, your arrival time is displayed in the lower left corner, your current speed is shown in the lower right corner. The posted speed limit for most major roads is displayed near the lower right corner as well. The unit allows you to zoom, pan, and point using the touchscreen during navigation.
2D/3D Map View: You can changes the perspective of the map from 2D North-Up (displays the map in 2 dimensions with North at the top), 2D Track-Up (displays the map in 2 dimensions with your direction of travel at the top of the screen), 3D Track-Up (displays the map in 3 dimensions with your direction of travel at the top of screen).
Note: You can continue to listen to your music source while navigating. The DNX576S will mute the music source, when there is a text-to-speech voice prompt. Once the voice prompt has ended, your music volume will automatically raise to previous setting.
Driver Assistance: The DNX576S features Turn & Lane Assistance, Exit Services, and Speed Limit Icons to assist you along the calculated route to your destination.
Turn & Lane Assistance: While navigating a route, a preview of the next turn, lane change, or other maneuver appears in the upper-left corner of the map. Lane Assist guides you to the correct lane for an approaching turn or exit, making unfamiliar intersections and exits easy to navigate.
Destination & Location Screens: The DNX576S offers a variety of destination/location screens & functions to help you along your route.
Where To? Screen: The "Where To?" screen provides several different ways to enter your destination. The navigation system automatically searches for places near your current location. You can also choose to have the DNX576S search for places in a different city, a recent destination, a favorite destination, projected destination, or along your current route.
Trends: The DNX576S has the ability to recall frequent destinations and historic traffic information to help calculate your route faster.
Fuel Economy: If you have entered your vehicle profiles and the current fuel price, the DNX576S calculates fuel used, the average fuel economy for your vehicle, your carbon footprint, and the cost of the fuel consumed.
Auto Reroute/Detour: If you happen to depart from your original route, the internal navigation system recalculates the route and provides new route instructions. You can also select a specific area to detour around. The navigation system will attempt to get you back on your original route as quickly as possible, after calculating a detour. If the route you are currently taking is the only reasonable option, the DNX576S might not calculate a detour.
Apple CarPlay Compatible: Apple CarPlay is a smarter, safer in-vehicle interface to operate your iPhone (iOS 7.1+) with Lightning-connector. Your iPhone will need to be connected to the Kenwood receiver's rear-panel USB port using the included USB extension cable and the the Lightning-cable that came with your Apple device or Kenwood's Lightning connector-to-USB cable (113KCIP103 sold separately). Apple CarPlay is specially designed for driving scenarios. You can control CarPlay from the Kenwood receiver's touchscreen controls or use Siri to control to control CarPlay with just your voice. You'll be able to use CarPlay to get directions, make phone calls, listen to voice mails, send/receive text messages, select music, and even control Apple HomeKit compatible devices in a way that keeps you focused on the road ahead.
iPod/iPhone Music Playback Only: If you don't desire Apple CarPlay, you can also connect your Lightning-connector Apple iPod/iPhone to the DNX576S's USB port for music playback & control only using the included USB cable and Kenwood's Lightning connector-to-USB cable (113KCIP103 sold separately) or the Lightning-to-USB cable that came with your Apple device. The Kenwood receiver supports playback of stored music and music apps, along with music browsing and playback control, plus song/artist information and album art.
Song/Artist Info & Album Art: The DNX576S will display your iPod/iPhone's stored music information including Track number, Elapsed playing time, Song/Album title, Artist name, and Album art. The unit will also display song/artist info and album art from select music apps.
GPS Antenna: In addition to supporting the built-in navigation, the included GPS antenna also enhances the performance of Android Auto and Apple CarPlay navigation maps. The GPS antenna comes with a self-stick pad which mounts it on top of your dash inside the vehicle.
Smartphone Charging: The Kenwood DNX576S will also charge (5V/1.5A) your Android smartphone or Apple iPod/iPhone device while connected via USB with the vehicle's ignition switch set to the 'ACC' or 'On' position.
Note: Due to the differences in Bluetooth technology, some Bluetooth enabled devices may be incompatible, function improperly, or may not support all features when used with the Kenwood DNX576S. Visit Kenwood's Support Site for a complete list of compatible Bluetooth enabled phones.
SSP & Auto Pairing: With Secure Simple Pairing (SSP), you can easily pair a Bluetooth enabled phone to the Kenwood DNX576S without having to enter pin codes or go through complicated settings. You can even pair your Apple iPhone (iOS 5+) or by simply connecting it to the Kenwood head unit via USB and following a single prompt on the head unit's display. You can pair up to ten Bluetooth-enabled devices to the Kenwood head unit. When an already paired Bluetooth device is in close proximity to the receiver, the auto connection function automatically pairs the two units.
Hands-Free Communication: The head unit supports Bluetooth hands-free communication for your Bluetooth enabled smartphone. Thanks to the latest Hands-Free Profile (HFP 1.7) with wideband speech capability, the Kenwood DNX576S provides more natural sound quality and details during wireless calls. The touchscreen controls of the DNX576S can be used to dial a number, answer an in-coming call, or end a call. The unit also includes an external microphone (featuring adjustable gain), so you can carry on your side of the conversation while listening to the caller through your vehicles speakers (All or Front only). During a conversation, you can switch between the Private Mode (talking directly on your phone) and the Hands Free Mode.
Phonebook: You can download phonebook data (up to 1000 entries) from your phone to the DNX576S. You can then dial by using the downloaded phone book and search it alphabetically.
Wireless Audio Streaming: The Kenwood DNX576S supports wireless audio playback (AD2P) and control (AVRCP) of a Bluetooth-enabled smartphone or audio player, plus song/artist information display and support for AAC lossless music streaming. You are able to stream your stored music library on your Bluetooth-enabled smartphone, as well as music apps downloaded on your smartphone to the Kenwood DNX576S for playback.
SBC & AAC Codecs: In addition to support for the standard SBC Bluetooth audio codec, the DNX576S offers support of AAC codecs for higher quality audio streaming from select Apple devices. By supporting AAC, the DNX576S offers better audio performance of the music streamed from your Apple iPod, iPhone, or iPad.
Advanced Music Playback: In addition to basic playback functions (Play/Pause, FF/RW, Skip, Random/Repeat), the DNX576S lets you browse your stored music by Playlist, Artist, Album, Song, etc. (AVRCP 1.4-up phones only; which includes Android 4.0+ and iPhone 5.0+).
External Microphone: The Kenwood DNX576S includes an external microphone to carry on your side of your phone conversation and voice command dialing. The external wired microphone offers improved audio quality versus an integrated microphone, so you can be heard easier over noisy traffic and road noise. You can adjust the volume level, echo cancellation, and noise reduction of the microphone without affecting the other sources. The external microphone features an attached 10' cable terminated by a right-angle 3.5mm connector which plugs into the mic input on the rear-panel of the head unit. The microphone offers an integrated mounting bracket which can be clipped to your vehicle's sun-visor or taped to your dash.
Internet Radio Apps (for iPhone & Android): You can access Pandora & Spotify online music services on your USB or Bluetooth connected iPhone, or Bluetooth connected Android smartphone through the Kenwood DNX576S receiver. You can also access Apple Music Radio through your USB or Bluetooth connected iPhone. Your compatible mobile device will need an active Data Plan account with connection to the Internet via 3G, EDGE, LTE (4G), or WiFi. Subscriptions and fees will apply.
Pandora: The free Pandora App (for Apple iOS 11.0+ or Android OS 4.0+) lets you play music from the Pandora music service through the DNX576S using your USB or Bluetooth connected Apple iPhone, or Bluetooth connected Android smartphone. The Kenwood DNX576S provides control over the Pandora music service and displays Artist, Album, and Song information. You can select Pandora stations from your station list and sort them by date or alphabetically, or shuffle playback stations in your list. New stations can be created based on the current songs or artists playing. You can also select stations from a Genre list. In addition, you can skip song tracks within a station. You can even give songs a thumbs up or thumbs down. An active Pandora account is required.
Spotify: The DNX576S has the ability to playback & control content from the Spotify music app (for Apple iOS 10.0+ or Android OS 4.0+) on your USB or Bluetooth connected iPhone, or Bluetooth connected Android smartphone. You can play, pause and skip tracks, browse playlists, albums and radio stations through the Kenwood receiver's touchscreen & front-panel controls. You can even create your stations by entering a track, artist, or playlist. You also get song/artist information on the unit's LCD touchscreen. If you are a Spotify Premium user (requires a monthly paid subscription), you can enjoy ad-free, high quality music even when there is no internet connection.
Apple Music Radio (iPhone Only): You can playback Apple Music Radio on your USB or Bluetooth connected Apple iOS 9.3.5+ device through the Kenwood DNX576S. With a WiFi or cellular connection on your iPhone, you can listen to Beats 1 and other live radio stations through the Kenwood receiver. Apple Music subscribers can also listen to on-demand stations for almost any genre or create their own stations. You can use the head unit's touchscreen to select between your Apple Music Radio stations. The touchscreen will also display song/artist/album information, along with Album art.
AM/FM Tuner: The Kenwood DNX576S features a built-in AM/FM tuner with manual, seek, and preset tuning. You can choose one of three tuning modes: Auto 1 (seek tuning), Auto 2 (cycles through and tunes the selected band's preset stations only with each button press), or Manual. Not only does the multimedia receiver's tuner allow you manually enter your desired presets (18FM/6AM) you can choose to have the unit automatically put stations with good reception in the memory banks automatically; this is a handy feature when traveling. Mono mode reduces the noise (static) when a stereo broadcast is received as monaural (for FM band only).
Compatible Discs: The unit has a front-loading disc-slot to make loading your disc easier because there is no panel to slide or fold-down. The Kenwood DNX576S supports playback of DVD-Video, DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW, CD-Audio, and CD-R/RW discs. The unit supports a variety of audio & video files recorded onto a CD-R/RW, DVD-R/RW, or DVD+R/RW disc (see chart below).
Note: There is no physical eject button on the receiver. In order to eject a disc, you must press the "Menu/ATT" button on the front-panel to access the "eject" icon on the touchscreen. You cannot insert or eject a disc with the unit powered off.
microSD Card Slot: The navigation receiver is fitted with a microSD card slot on the front-panel. The microSD card slot supports both microSD, microSDHC, and microSDXC memory cards. The unit supports playback of a variety of compressed and high-resolution music files, as well as standard and high-definition video files, plus JPEG still image stored on a compatible microSD/SDHC/SDXC memory card (see chart below).
USB MSC Playback: The Kenwood DNX576S features a rear-panel USB (type-A) port and comes with a 39" USB extension cable. This USB port can be used for connection and control of a USB mass-storage class (MSC) device, such as a USB thumbdrive. The USB port enables playback of a variety of audio (including Hi-Res), video, and photo files stored on a compatible USB memory device (see chart below). USB portable audio devices that can be charged via USB will be charged when plugged into the receiver's USB port (5V/1.5A), and the vehicle's ignition switch is set to ACC or On.
File Compatibility: The Kenwood DNX576S supports the following types of audio (including Hi-Res), video, and photo files recorded onto a disc, microSD, or loaded onto a USB mass storage class device.
High Resolution Audio Playback: The Kenwood navigation receiver supports playback of high-resolution FLAC & WAV music files (up to 24-bit/192kHz) via USB or microSD. High-Resolution Audio is high-quality sound that exceeds CD standard. High-resolution audio captures and beautifully expresses all the details of your favorite music.
Folder/Track List: The Folder/Track List allows you to search folders and audio/video/picture files stored on a disc, microSD, or USB device.
Song/Artist Info with Album Art: The Kenwood DNX576S will display song/artist information as well as album art for MP3, WMA, AAC, and FLAC music tracks (if encoded).
24-Bit/192kHz DAC: The Kenwood DNX576S utilizes a 24-bit/192kHz digital to analog converter (DAC) for superior sound quality with a signal to noise ratio up to 90.5dB.
6ch/4V Pre-Outs + Sub Control: The DNX576S features front, rear and subwoofer 4.0-volt pre-outs. The front and rear speaker pre-outs are balance and fade adjustable. The subwoofer preamp output is non-fading and offers independent level control (-50 to +10 dB).
Vehicle Setup: In order to optimize the sound quality in your vehicle, you can indentify the type of vehicle you have, select speaker sizes & locations, as well as configure listening distances.
Equalizer: The Kenwood DNX576S offers 8 EQ Presets for easy adjustment, a 13-band EQ for customized tuning, and a Drive EQ mode to overcome road noise. Separate EQ settings and EQ presets can be stored for each source or you can apply one EQ preset or curve to all sources.
Volume Level & Bass Management: The navigation receiver offers several volume level adjustments to tailor the audio output of your sources. The DNX576S also provides bass management to get the most impact out of your system.
Bass Boost & DC Extension: The DNX576S features a four-step Bass Boost (Off/1/2/3) to enhance your music's lower frequencies. When "Bass DC Extension is turned on, frequencies lower than 6.25 Hz are set the same gain level as the unit's 13-Band EQ 62.5 Hz gain setting.
AV Input: The Kenwood DNX576S navigation receiver is fitted with a rear-panel minijack (3.5mm) audio/video input to connect external AV sources, such as a game system, Blu-ray player, or TV tuner.
AV Output (with Dual Zone): The unit features a composite video jack and 3.5mm audio jack to output AV signals to an optional monitor and headphone system. The unit's AV output can be set to Disc, AV-In, USB, microSD, or Off. Volume of the second zone can be controlled by the navigation receiver or your rear entertainment system.
If you select USB, microSD, iPod, Disc, Spotify, Pandora, or Bluetooth as the main source; you cannot select USB as the AV output source.
If you select CarPlay or Android Auto as the main source; you cannot select Disc, microSD, or USB as the AV output.
Note: Built-in Navigation, CarPlay, and Android Auto cannot be displayed through the receiver's video output.
Rear & Front Camera Inputs: The unit features a composite video input for connecting an optional rear view camera, such as the Kenwood CMOS-230 (113CMOS230, sold separately). By connecting a rear view camera, you can use the in-dash receiver's touchscreen LCD to see what's behind you when backing up. There is also a composite video input for connecting a front dash-cam (sold separately), so you can display what's ahead of you on the head unit's touchscreen LCD monitor. In addition, you can configure the unit's 3.5mm AV input to act as a camera input for adding a side-camera (a minijack-to-RCA cable will be required - sold separately).
Dash Cam Ready: In addition to the front camera input, the DNX576S is equipped with a proprietary "Dash Cam" control input for connecting Kenwood's DRV-N520 dashboard camera (113DRV520, sold separately). The DRV-N520 offers high resolution 1080p recording, plus motion detection technology. The dashboard camera's live and recorded video are displayed on the DNX576S's touchscreen. You'll also control the DRV-N520's settings and parameters from the DRV-N520's touchscreen.
6.75" Clear Resistive Touchscreen: The Kenwood DNX576S features a 6.75" widescreen (16:9) clear resistive touchscreen LCD with LED backlighting. The clear resistive touchscreen LCD provides a high contrast ratio, crystal clear display, and vivid text. The LCD touchscreen has a resolution of 800 (H) x 480 (V) x RGB with 1,152,000 total pixels. Touchscreen operations include tap, touch & hold, flick left or right, and swipe up or down. Electronic angle settings adjust the display for best off axis viewing (actual screen does not move).
Dual Core Processor: The Kenwood navigation receiver utilizes a Linux based system and dual core processor for faster operating speeds and enhanced stability. The unit has start-up time of approximately 23.1 seconds from OFF to the last source selected or navigation map screen.
Front-Panel Controls w/ Variable Color Illumination: In addition to the touchscreen controls, the unit includes frequently used buttons along the left edge of the screen. You can adjust the head unit's button illumination, as well as display background color from the following preset colors - Blue, Purple, Sky Blue, Yellow, Green, Amber, Red, Pink, White or Scan (Scans through all preset colors). You can also select a custom "User" color that is adjusted between Red, Green, and Blue (values range: 0-31).
Remote Control: The Kenwood DNX576S offers compatibility with factory steering wheel controls (adapter sold separately) and is compatible with Kenwood's IR wireless remote control (sold separately) for added convenience. Kenwood also offers a remote application which allows you to control the receiver from your smartphone device.
Searches related to the Kenwood DNX576S Navigation receiver.


text:
Infant injured in an attack by settlers south of Nablus
NABLUS, Friday, December 23, 2022 (WAFA) – An 18-month-old female Palestinian infant suffered injuries and was terrified this evening in an attack by Israeli settler vandals on her family's car in the village of Usarin, to the south of Nablus in the occupied West Bank, according to local sources.
Witnesses said that a group of Israeli settlers hurled stones at Palestinian vehicles near the village, injuring an 18-month-old infant while she was inside her family's car along with her parents.
Other vehicles sustained damages in the attack.
Acts of violence and vandalism by Israeli settlers against Palestinians and their property are commonplace in the West Bank, and are rarely prosecuted by Israeli authorities.
There are more than 600,000 Israeli settlers illegally occupying portions of the West Bank in violation of international law and established norms prohibiting the relocation of the occupying power's civil population to the land of the occupied.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Normanby Hall
Take a sneak peek as Go Ape progresses at Normanby Hall
Take a look at what is set to be a fantastic North Lincolnshire attraction
Nicola Birch
North Lincolnshire's first ever Go Ape adventure park, which is being constructed at Normanby Hall Country Park, is on track to open in time for next year's Easter holidays.
Work is already taking shape on the Tree Top Adventure course, with several of the obstacles now visible in the trees.
Three men tackle rogue six-foot emu rampaging through North Lincolnshire
There will be Tree Top Adventure and three loop Tree Top Junior courses.
Activities include an Amazon Bridge, Grandpa's Crossing, Tibetan Bridge and a large Tarzan Swing to test your nerves at the last crossing. Not forgetting five zip lines on the Tree Top Adventure.
Parts of the new Go Ape activity centre are already visible in the trees at Normanby Hall Country Park
Those taking on the Tree Top Adventure course will have the choice of 29 crossings and will brave the highest point of 7.22 metres.
For the younger adventurers, they will have the choice of 17 crossings on the Tree Top Junior course and will go up to 5.25 metres at the highest point.
North Lincolnshire Council bosses say Go Ape will add to Normanby Hall Country Park's appeal to visitors and expect it to attract thousands of people across the region. It is expected to create 26 jobs.
Continental street market to return to Scunthorpe town centre this week - here's what's on offer
A new Normanby Hall Country Park membership scheme will also be available in the new year which will reflect the new additions to the attraction.
Go Ape is located within the Beech Wood at Normanby Hall, adjacent to the Deer Park nestled towards at the end of the woodland.
The new Go Ape activity centre is on track to open at Normanby Hall Country Park in spring 2018
Councillor Carl Sherwood, North Lincolnshire Council's cabinet member for community wellbeing, said: "It is brilliant to see progress being made on Go Ape at Normanby Hall Country Park.
"Go Ape is a top tourist attraction that will attract thousands of visitors to North Lincolnshire. It is a major investment that will help put North Lincolnshire on the map as a place to visit.
"Normanby Hall is set in beautiful surroundings and provides the perfect location for the tree top adventure courses. It is the perfect addition to what is already on offer at Normanby Hall Country Park. It will be a fantastic day out for all the family.
Obstacles which will form the Go Ape Tree Top Adventre course can now be seen in the trees at Normanby Hall Country Park
"We are set to invest £1 million in Normanby Hall Country Park to improve the overall experience including putting on open air concerts, improving the café and putting on more activities for families. We are also looking to secure other partners to bring even more to this top tourist attraction."


text:
var db = require('../db.js');

var valueof = require('./utils.js').valueof
var log_request = require('../logger.js').log_request;

var write_ahead_log = {}

exports.propose = function(request, response) {
    var tx = request.body;
    if (!is_valid(tx)) {
        response.status(400).json({
            "error": "invalid proposal"
        });
        log_request(request, "invalid proposal: " + JSON.stringify(tx));
        return;
    }

    if (write_ahead_log[tx.key] === undefined) {
        write_ahead_log[tx.key] = tx;
        response.status(200).send();
        log_request(request, "accepted transaction proposal: " + JSON.stringify(tx));
    } else {
        response.status(400).json({
            "error": "a transaction for key " + tx.key + " is already present"
        });
        log_request(request, "refused transaction proposal: " + JSON.stringify(tx) + " - already in progress");
    }
};

exports.commit = function(request, response) {
    var id = request.params.id;
    var tx = find_transaction(id);

    if (tx != undefined) {
        db.save(tx.key, valueof(tx), function() {
            delete write_ahead_log[tx.key];
            response.status(200).send();
            log_request(request, "transaction executed: " + JSON.stringify(tx));
        });

    } else {
        response.status(400).json({
            "error": "tranasction id " + id + " not present"
        });
        log_request(request, "transaction not found for id " + id + " - log: " + JSON.stringify(write_ahead_log));
    }
};

exports.rollback = function(request, response) {
    var id = request.params.id;
    var tx = find_transaction(id);

    if (tx != undefined) {
        delete write_ahead_log[tx.key];
        response.status(200).send();
        log_request(request, "transaction rolled back: " + JSON.stringify(tx));
    } else {
        response.status(400).json({
            "error": "transaction id " + id + " not present"
        });
        log_request(request, "transaction not found for id " + id + " - log: " + JSON.stringify(write_ahead_log));
    }
};

exports.repair = function(request, response) {
    var update = request.body;
    log_request(request, "repair for " + JSON.stringify(update))
    if (update != undefined) {
        db.save(update.key, valueof(update), function() {
            response.status(200).send();
            log_request(request, "Repair executed on db: " + JSON.stringify(update, null, 2)+"\n");
        });
    }
};

exports.read = function(request, response) {
    var key = request.params.key;
    db.load(key, function(err, dbvalue) {
        log_request(request, "Read executed on db: " + JSON.stringify(dbvalue));
        if (dbvalue != undefined){
            dbvalue.key = key;
            response.json(dbvalue).status(200).send();
        } else {
            response.status(404).send();
        }
    });
};

find_transaction = function(id) {
    for (var key in write_ahead_log) {
        if (write_ahead_log.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
            var tx = write_ahead_log[key];
            if (tx.id === id) {
                return tx;
            }
        }
    }
}

is_valid = function(tx) {
    return tx != undefined &&
        tx.key != undefined &&
        tx.id != undefined &&
        tx.val != undefined &&
        tx.ts != undefined;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I've seen this from many sources and got my nomination in last night. Maybe we can make a difference.
Hi, just stopped by looking for low carb blogs.
I'm not in your country so can't do your letter.
When I first started losing weight my doctor told me to do a mix of low carb/low fat - no information though, that was left to me.
I lost most of my weight just doing low to medium fat and high carb, till I stalled.
I am now doing low to moderate carbs and I have to say i feel better for it, plus my weight is coming back off now and no hunger pangs.
So there is something to this low carb WOE,and I will be keeping a moderate to low carb amount when maintaining too.
I think word is spreading that we don't need to all be carboholics!
In your photo, you appear to be overweight. Your husband appears to suffer from the same problem. Why should anyone take weight loss advice from someone who can't even control her own weight? It seems the controlled-carb lifestyle isn't working for you, so why do you waste so much time advocating it so strongly?
Let's not listen to anyone who isn't an ideal weight, they can't possibly have anything useful to say if they're not a perfect weight; well isn't that nice?
You obviously haven't spent any time on her blog reading what she's written and shared. Personally I could care if she's still overweight or not, she's obviously healthy and knows what she is talking about.
I don't think she or her husband look too fat. Are they overweight?
Maybe I'm crazy, but I don't think her weight effects her ability to write or communicate here in ways that are helpful to others who are trying to lose weight with low-carb.
Anonymous didn't even have the guts to post that with their real name. I bet they're like 500 pounds and just jealous. Let it go, I for one read your blog everyday and think you're beautiful and your husband is quite handsome. Not that those things matter, but they only add to what you post by putting a face to the words.
Fact is if she's still fat she should sit down and shut up about how to lose weight until she is a normal healthy weight. Same with her husband. Who is he to tell anyone how to lose weight when he's fat too? What is this, the do as I say not as I do blog? If neither of them are a normal healthy weight, then this controlled-carb diet isn't working and they should eat a healthy diet instead and see if that does the trick cause it doesn't look like cutting carbs worked for them.
If you don't think she has anything relevant to say, don't come by, it's that easy. You don't have to attack her personally or her hubby, that's just totally rude.
Regina why are you even letting the comments through? Just hit "reject" and the comment won't show up here!
Yeah...but my moderation policy is pretty much all comments go through unless they're spam/linked to spam or way over the top.
I look at it this way....ok, so someone comments I'm overweight...that's OK, I am.
That I'm still overweight doesn't mean I'm brain-dead, don't understand the data from studies nor does it mean that I haven't a clue how to lose weight or maintain after losing...I lost 30% of my body weight (BMI drop of 11 points) doing low-carb and in fact have kept it off for more than seven years eating controlled-carb.
If for someone like our troll above thinks that my remaining 'overweight' disqualifies my ability and qualification to discuss diet and health, share my experience, knowledge and opinion...so be it.
You're very much appreciated, Regina.
Any idea when we'll hear the results of who's on the committee?


One of the Questions I am often asked is – Are there positive long-term effects from using Erase Instant Facelift.
My long-term clients tell me they see and feel the difference.
However, it was great to receive an unexpected pic from Muriel at the weekend.
You are all familiar with Muriel – our poster girl in our video that has been viewed around 1.5 million times in its original form and stolen by others to promote their own products claiming ownership of the Muriel video.
Frankly, I was blown away with the way Muriel looks now. She assures me she only wears lipstick and a bit of eyeshadow.
Muriel says our Instant facelift cream has made a huge difference to her life. I can attest to the fact that she is far more confident and secure than she was when I met her all those years ago.
But I will let you judge for yourself. it is just a snapshot she sent me so the quality of the pic is not fantastic, but we can say it is totally natural and completely unedited.
But don't just take our word for it – try Erase Instant Facelift for yourself!


Bartana is an Israeli video artist who explores the imagery of cultural identity.
The film documents the work of the summer camp co-ordinated by the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions in 2006, in which Palestinians, Israelis and other nationalities worked together to build a house in the village of Anata, destroyed by the Israeli Authorities as part of its withdrawal from the Palestinian territories. The work presents this heroic but ultimately futile example of co-operation and dissent interspersed with audio-visual footage Zionist propaganda films from the 1930/40s and explores the conflicting rationales of nationhood and territorial ownership that define the contested borders of the area. Presented through the Art Fund International scheme.


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Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to Hear Arguments Over Discriminatory Motivation Behind Texas Voter ID Law and Appropriate Remedy
New Orleans, LA – Civil rights and voting rights groups will be arguing before a three-judge panel from the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Tuesday in an ongoing effort to protect Texas voters from an unnecessary and illegal photo ID law. Both a previous panel and the full Fifth Circuit bench have already declared that the law, originally passed in 2011, had the effect of discriminating against African American and Latino voters in the state.
Tuesday's argument will cover whether the state's original law (SB 14), was enacted with the intent to discriminate against minority voters. Judges will hear from both sides on whether a new photo ID law passed by the Texas legislature this year (SB 5) can go into effect given its similarities to the original law.
The hearing comes after a 2-1 decision by a different panel of Fifth Circuit judges in September which left in place an interim fix for the troublesome law during elections this year. Unless revisited, the ruling means that the interim remedy can be lifted and SB 5 could go into effect in 2018.
Five court decisions over five years have ruled that the original voter ID law, as written, violates the Voting Rights Act because it makes it harder for African Americans and Latinos to vote. This includes the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, which found that the original law ran afoul of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. Section 2, among other things, prohibits "voting practices or procedures that discriminate on the basis of race, [or] color."
The Texas State Conference of the NAACP and the Mexican American Legislative Caucus of the Texas House of Representatives, or MALC, brought a challenge to the Texas law in September 2013. That case was consolidated with other similar cases and is now known as Veasey v. Abbott. The attorneys representing the various plaintiff groups include the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the national office of the NAACP, Dechert LLP, The Bledsoe Law Firm, the Law Offices of Jose Garza, the Law Office of Robert S. Notzon, and the Covich Law Firm, P.C.
"Tomorrow's argument and the ultimate decision in this case will give us a true indication about where our democracy is going," said Gary Bledsoe, president of the Texas NAACP and an attorney with the Bledsoe Law Firm. "Will all of our citizens be recognized in our democracy or will we permit color coding of the level of voting rights that Texans are entitled to? This battle has gone on for far too long. The 150th anniversary of the 15th Amendment is around the corner, hopefully it still has true meaning."
"Instances of voter impersonation are so rare that you have a better chance of getting hit by lightning. Still, the Texas legislature passed another strict photo ID law that will leave many Texans behind. The right to vote is fundamental to our democracy, and we can't allow folks to mess with it to get a partisan advantage," said Rep. Rafael Anchia, MALC Chairman.
"The Texas legislature intentionally passed a law to keep certain voters from having their voice heard at the polls," said Myrna Pérez, deputy director of the Brennan Center's Democracy Program. "It is long past time for the state to fix this, and S.B. 5 doesn't do that."
"The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has the opportunity to issue the death knell for the latest voter ID law in Texas, and we hope that they do so," said Kristen Clarke, President and Executive Director of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. "Lower courts have repeatedly recognized that a State cannot escape the consequences of its pernicious conduct without completely eliminating all vestiges of discrimination. That includes Texas, where African-American and Latino voters, who have been the targets of discriminatory photo ID laws."
"Texas cannot allow this new bill, which a court ruled perpetuates many of the problems with the old bill, to come into effect in January," said Neil Steiner of Dechert LLP, pro bono counsel for the NAACP Texas State Conference and MALC. "We urge the Fifth Circuit to protect access to the ballot box."
Plaintiffs have fought Texas' voter ID law in court for years, arguing that it creates unnecessary obstacles for eligible voters. A federal court in Washington, D.C. first blocked the law in 2012 under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, finding that it would have a disproportionate negative impact on minority citizens in Texas. In June 2013, however, the U.S. Supreme Court (in a separate case) gutted core provisions of the Voting Rights Act. Just hours after the Supreme Court's decision, then-Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott announced the state would implement the voter ID law.
In July 2016, the full Fifth Circuit court of Appeals issued a decision finding the bill has a racially discriminatory effect in violation of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, because it disproportionately diminishes African Americans' and Latinos' ability to participate in the political process. The appellate court also reversed and remanded the district court's discriminatory intent finding for further review.
In February 2017, the U.S. District Court heard arguments to determine whether the state intentionally discriminated against minority voters when it passed the original law in 2011. The hearing had previously been scheduled for late-January, but was postponed on Inauguration Day at the request of the Trump administration. The DOJ formally filed to withdraw its intent claim February 27, after five years of fighting the discriminatory purpose of the law alongside civil rights organizations. The court granted DOJ's withdrawal request on April 3, but made clear that it still considered the question of whether the law was passed with a discriminatory purpose to be a live issue, regardless of the new bill.
Read more on the case here.
Rebecca Autrey Brennan Center 646-292-8316 rebecca.autrey@nyu.edu
Jaclyn Uresti MALC 512-236-8410 juresti@malc.org
Gary Bledsoe Bledsoe Law Firm 512-322-9992 garybledsoe@sbcglobal.net
Daniel Covich Covich Law Firm LLC 361-884-5400 daniel@covichlawfirm.com
Robert Notzon Law Office of Robert Notzon 512-799-4744 robert@notzonlaw.com
Jose Garza Law Office of Jose Garza 210-392-2856 garzpalm@aol.com
Derrick Robinson Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law 202-473-3034 drobinson@lawyerscommittee.org
Erin West Dechert LLP 202-261-7761 Erin.West@dechert.com
Restricting the Vote
Myth of Voter Fraud


Anyhow, here's what I think happened immediately after ingesting the latest corporate jellybeans. I think I'd been pretending for way too long that my capacity for absorbing the dreck that passes for UFO coverage in America was infinite. I thought the human brain had no need for bilge pumps, that it could just soak up every last drop of pointlessness without consequences, that everything you didn't need would auto-purge via aeration or some other natural process requiring no manual input. Instead — with a final hosing from NBC — the sludge evidently slopped over its containment walls and splashed onto some neural circuitry. A pop and fizz of sparks, a thin puff of smoke, flickering lights, and that's all it took to crash the whole system.
When the skilled technicians who huddled with me in recovery showed off what remained of the filter, the results were gruesome. The screen was clotted in decades of gnarly slag, an opaque buildup of winks & nods, cliches, puns and hyperbole; the entire unit had to be replaced. Medical professionals suggested I quit De Void altogether and try filling the cleared space with something of value, something tangible or, failing that, something with a healthy resolution as a possible outcome.
I suspect they're right. De Void began reviewing what passed for headlines on The Great Taboo over the last two weeks and realized I hadn't missed anything. Some people were still arguing about the Roswell alien slides, even though they're not going to be released for another two months. That's an efficient and productive use of time. And there were the usual unending squabbles over the authenticity of still and video images at home and abroad. The only person trying to forge new ground was Jimmy Kimmel, whose job as a comedian gave him cover to nudge President Obama into a shallow conversation on UFOs. Safely cushioned with the prerequisite good-natured gibes and audience laughter, the exchange mirrored his 2014 chat with Bill Clinton, which left the hard-cores combing through scraps of body language to interpret for clues to the truth.
So this is the first day of the rest of my life. It's St. Patrick's Day and I'm still alive and I'm grateful for this second chance. It's time to save my brain and start writing about little green men.
Thanks Billy. That was a public service if ever I've read one. The media definitely has a slant, and a dumbed down one at that. I don't expect their angle to change anytime soon. There is an agenda to make us believe in Aliens, cut and dry. Do we "believe" in UFO's ? Well considering that a bird or plane can be a "UFO," I guess we all must believe in unidentified things in the air. Glad you flipped the switch to reset your brain from the tripe. America is last in the world as far as intelligently reporting or studying "UFO's," yourself and just a few other investigators excluded.


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Politics Obituaries
David Cairns, the Labour MP for Inverclyde who died on Monday aged 44, was a Roman Catholic priest who was able to take his seat in 2001 only because the law had been changed in his favour to end a disqualification dating back to 1801.
He served as a Scotland Office minister under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown before resigning in September 2008 in protest at Brown's refusal to allow debate within the party over the future of his leadership.
Amiable, popular on all sides at Westminster but determined when he embraced a cause, Cairns left the parochial priesthood in 1994 to become director of the Christian Socialist Movement. He was influenced by his ministry in Clapham, "the kind of place where the very rich and the very poor live next to each other", saying: "It became clear that political action was going to be part of the solution."
Cairns — who was openly gay — was not a knee-jerk Left-winger. He supported Blair's decision to go to war in Iraq, favoured identity cards and backed a successor to Trident — a stance that led the Scottish National Party to demonstrate outside his constituency office. His principal hobby was researching America's Civil War.
John David Cairns was born at Greenock on August 7 1966. He attended Notre Dame High School there before training for the priesthood at the Gregorian University in Rome, continuing his studies at the Franciscan International Centre in Canterbury. He began his ministry in urban Scotland — greatly enjoying a secondment to relieve a parish priest in the Outer Hebrides who left a car at the airport for him with the keys in, and offered the reassurance that he need never lock the door of the presbytery. But he soon moved on to south London.
In 1997 Cairns became research assistant to Siobhain McDonagh, the newly-elected Labour MP for Mitcham and Morden, and the next year he was elected to Merton council, serving until 2002.
Archbishop 'links MP's death to being gay'
Scottish Catholics: Homosexuality cuts lifespan by up to 20 years
Paul Goggins
Sam Galbraith
It was Siobhain McDonagh who sought to remove the legal obstructions to his taking up a parliamentary career: the House of Commons (Clergy Disqualification) Act of 1801 and the Catholic Relief Act of 1829. A Bill she introduced fell in 1999, but two years later Blair's government pushed through the House of Commons (Removal of Clergy Disqualification) Bill, of which Cairns would be the first beneficiary. He had by then been selected as Labour candidate for his home town in succession to the sitting MP, Norman Godman. He was elected for Greenock and Inverclyde at the 2001 general election with a majority of 9,890. Two years later he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Malcolm Wicks, Minister of State for Work and Pensions.
Re-elected in 2005 for the larger Inverclyde constituency after boundary changes, Cairns joined the government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Scotland, later a joint appointment with the Northern Ireland Office. In 2007 Gordon Brown promoted him to Minister of State for Scotland; he minded the shop while Des Browne, the Secretary of State, concentrated on his heavier responsibilities as Defence Secretary.
Cairns suffered a setback in July 2008, when he led the by-election campaign at Glasgow East which resulted in Labour unexpectedly losing the seat to the SNP. He became alarmed at the ground the party was losing, even in Scotland, because of Brown's unpopularity.
Seven weeks later he resigned from the government after Siobhain McDonagh was sacked as a whip for calling for a leadership contest. Although he had counselled Brown's critics against triggering a ballot, he said he was "depressed" by the government's dismissal of their concerns.
At the 2010 general election, Cairns increased his majority to 14,416. His last campaign was this March, against closure of the Clyde Coastguard at Greenock. He was chairman of the Labour Friends of Israel.
David Cairns was taken to hospital eight weeks ago suffering from acute pancreatitis. His partner, Dermot Kehoe, survives him.
Obituaries »
In Politics Obituaries
North Korea's Dear Leader
In pictures: Vaclav Havel
Sir Denis Thatcher, Bt
Most-read Obituaries
Rob Ford, Canadian politician
Populist Right-wing former Mayor of Toronto whose drunken antics scandalised his fellow citizens
Johan Cruyff, footballer
Proud and mercurial Dutch football star who developed a fast-moving and fluid style of play
Colonel Robert Hunter
Army officer who knocked out two Tiger tanks in Germany
Sir Peter Moores
Philanthropist and heir to the Littlewoods empire who became a generous patron of the arts
Garry Shandling, comedian
Stand-up comedian who broke new ground with his television series The Larry Sanders Show


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HURRICANE HARVEY: Several Dead, Thousands Displaced in Texas
By Edward Johnson Aug 28, 2017
Several people have died and thousands have been displaced in Central Texas as a result of Hurricane Harvey, as massive flooding hit city streets and other areas in a weather catastrophe described as "beyond anything experienced."
Families in Houston, America's fourth-largest city, rushed to get out of their homes to escape the flood waters. Rescuers and neighbors helped out those stranded using a variety of vessels and vehicles, ranging from fishing boats and inflatable pool toys to dump trucks.
The National Weather Service tweeted Sunday morning that the flood was "beyond anything experienced," and warned that it wasn't over yet. Texas could be hit by nearly 50 inches of rain, which would be the most in the state's history.
As of Sunday, the National Weather Service said that there had been at least five deaths reported due to Harvey. More than 82,000 residents have lost power in the Houston area, where airports have been closed and hospitals were planning to evacuate. (The Washington Post)


In my previous article I talked about memory upgrades for low RAM Macs. This time I'm talking about impractical Mac upgrades.
Welcome to the world of last chance upgrades.
As usual, I was helping out in a grade school (yes, same one as last time) when my computer buddy and the person who runs the lab, Mrs. Risk, pointed out two 5260s which refused to boot. I took to them. I inserted the CD, and it booted. The rest was easy.
Later that night I thought about another computer which was broken, a 5400. The CD wouldn't work - the drive wouldn't open, for that matter. I thought, why not upgrade the 5260 to a 5400.
Only a few Macs have official upgrade path. These are the models (see list below).
LC/LCII: LCIII or any LC motherboard (such as Quadra 605) that will fit the case.
Many others but mostly 68k Macs.
So far the only Mac without an upgrade is the Sawtooth G4. Sonnet & Newer both make upgrades for the Yikes! G4.


by Heston Blumenthal Confit cod with "pil pil" sauce and roasted "calcots"
Clean the langoustines and remove the heads and claws. Take the heads and remove the eyes, then pass them through an electric press to make a langoustine jelly.
Fill a pan with cold water, add the langoustine claws and make a stock.
Make the pasta. Make a mound with the sieved flours on a pastry board: place a third of the langoustine jelly in the middle, gradually incorporating the flour. Knead the dough vigorously by hand for about 15-20 minutes, until it gains a soft compact consistency, and leave to rest in the fridge for about 10 minutes. Roll out the dough into a thin sheet to make tagliatelle. Spread them on a floured cloth and leave them to dry thoroughly.
Heat the sunflower oil and when it reaches the required temperature, fry the tagliatelle, drain them and cook in the langoustine stock. When cooked, dress the tagliatelle in a pan with the remaining langoustine jelly. Serve on a hot plate, adding oil and the raw langoustines.


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In elettronica e telecomunicazioni con il termine jitter si indica la variazione di una o più caratteristiche di un segnale come, ad esempio, l'ampiezza, la frequenza o la fase. Le cause che portano alla comparsa di jitter devono essere tenute in forte considerazione nella progettazione dei sistemi e nelle componenti di un computer, come l'USB, il PCIe, il SATA, l'OC-48.

Descrizione

Il jitter si manifesta sui parametri di un segnale quali ampiezza, frequenza, fase, larghezza dell'impulso e può essere caratterizzato allo stesso modo come un segnale variabile nel tempo, cioè mediante quantità quali valore efficace RMS, o valore picco-picco, così come se ne può dare una rappresentazione attraverso lo spettro di potenza.

Il periodo di jitter è l'intervallo di tempo tra due massime variazioni o tra due minime variazioni di una caratteristica del jitter che varia continuamente nel tempo. La frequenza del jitter è l'inverso del suo periodo. In fase di progettazione circuitale, lo spettro di frequenze che viene preso in considerazione è limitato inferiormente al valore 1 Hz (frequenza di taglio inferiore) e non vengono considerati valori di frequenza inferiori.

Nelle reti

Nelle reti, ed in particolare in quelle IP come Internet, il jitter si riferisce invece alla variazione statistica nel ritardo di ricezione dei pacchetti trasmessi, causata dalle code interne ai router congestionati.

Il "jittering del ping" è la continua variazione del ritardo di ricezione dei pacchetti; questa problematica è risaltata con l'utilizzo delle linee VoIP (che hanno bisogno di un ping costante) appoggiate su linee internet che ad esempio hanno un collegamento verso settori specifici come celle WiFi le quali cambiano in base alla saturazione della cella. Il jittering difficilmente capita su linee HDSL ma bisogna considerare bene la banda effettivamente usata e usufruibile.

Nei compact disc
In fase di estrazione di audio digitale dai compact disc, il jitter influenza il processo di campionamento audio: nello specifico, accade che i campioni estratti vengano duplicati, o saltati del tutto, quando il lettore CD sposta il laser in avanti o indietro sulla traccia (seek) per risincronizzarsi. Il problema si verifica perché nella definizione del Rainbow Books (in cui è definito lo standard CD audio) non è richiesta una precisione di indirizzamento a livello di singolo blocco. Di conseguenza, dopo una risincronizzazione la lettura potrebbe ripartire da alcuni blocchi prima o da alcuni blocchi dopo: nel primo caso, vi sarà l'estrazione di campioni duplicati; nel secondo caso dei campioni verranno del tutto ignorati. Queste variazioni suonano quasi sempre come scatti ripetuti, molto piccoli, durante la riproduzione.

Può fornire buoni risultati una correzione del jitter in fase di lettura con apposito software. La correzione software si attua tornando sempre un po' indietro nella traccia dopo un seek, in modo da leggerne una porzione in parte sovrapposta a quella precedente, facendo poi scorrere le due serie di campioni fino a trovare la posizione in cui la fine della prima serie combacia con l'inizio della successiva. La maggior parte dei programmi di estrazione digitale effettua la correzione del jitter.

I produttori di CD evitano di incorrere nel problema facendo leggere l'intero disco in un'unica operazione, senza discontinuità: questo avviene grazie all'uso di speciali lettori che procedono a velocità molto bassa, in modo che non sia mai necessaria alcuna risincronizzazione.

I CD-ROM non sono soggetti a jitter, grazie all'ulteriore indirizzamento a livello di settore aggiunto nelle specifiche dallo Yellow Book del 1988.

Un misuratore di jitter è uno strumento di prova per la misurazione dei valori di jitter ed è usato nella produzione di unità DVD e unità CD-ROM.

Altri progetti

Teorie delle telecomunicazioni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Knowing Ourselves
Psychological Science & Everyday Life
Category Archives: Mental Disorders
How not to communicate a scientific discovery
April 15, 2013 By Jeffry Ricker in Mental Disorders, Therapies Tags: Empiricism, Erectile Dysfunction, Sexual Disorders
G. S. Brindley made one of the most important contributions to the treatment of erectile dysfunction. He discovered that injecting papaverine into the penis causes an erection. He announced this discovery — in a rather unique way — in 1983 at a meeting of the Urodynamics Society. Laurence Klotz was at that talk and described Brindley's eccentric (and to some audience members, horrifying) presentation in a paper published in 2005. Here is an extended excerpt from that paper:
In 1983, at the Urodynamics Society meeting in Las Vegas, Professor G.S. Brindley first announced to the world his experiments on self-injection with papaverine to induce a penile erection. This was the first time that an effective medical therapy for erectile dysfunction (ED) was described, and was a historic development in the management of ED. The way in which this information was first reported was completely unique and memorable, and provides an interesting context for the development of therapies for ED….
The lecture was given in a large auditorium, with a raised lectern separated by some stairs from the seats….
Professor Brindley, still in his blue track suit, was introduced as a psychiatrist with broad research interests. He began his lecture without aplomb…. His slide-based talk consisted of a large series of photographs of his penis in various states of tumescence after injection with a variety of doses of phentolamine and papaverine….
The Professor wanted to make his case in the most convincing style possible…. He had, he said, therefore injected himself with papaverine in his hotel room before coming to give the lecture, and deliberately wore loose clothes (hence the track-suit) to make it possible to exhibit the results. He stepped around the podium, and pulled his loose pants tight up around his genitalia in an attempt to demonstrate his erection….
At this point, I, and I believe everyone else in the room, was agog. I could scarcely believe what was occurring on stage. But Prof. Brindley was not satisfied. He looked down sceptically at his pants and shook his head with dismay. 'Unfortunately, this doesn't display the results clearly enough'. He then summarily dropped his trousers and shorts, revealing a long, thin, clearly erect penis. There was not a sound in the room. Everyone had stopped breathing…..
He then said, with gravity, 'I'd like to give some of the audience the opportunity to confirm the degree of tumescence'. With his pants at his knees, he waddled down the stairs, approaching (to their horror) the urologists and their partners in the front row. As he approached them, erection waggling before him, four or five of the women in the front rows threw their arms up in the air, seemingly in unison, and screamed loudly….
The screams seemed to shock Professor Brindley, who rapidly pulled up his trousers, returned to the podium, and terminated the lecture.
Figure 1. What Professor Brindley's clothed erection may have looked like at his 1983 talk.
You may contact me at drjeffryricker@gmail.com
Klotz, L. (2005), How (not) to communicate new scientific information: a memoir of the famous brindley lecture. BJU International, 96, 956–957. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05797.x
Note: A pdf of the paper can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05797.x/asset/j.1464-410X.2005.05797.x.pdf?v=1&t=hfjwg8vk&s=c47fb9dd39977745ce58b0994331feb5154737ef
Anecdotes & Testimonials: Good Evidence for Claims?
January 23, 2013 By Jeffry Ricker in Mental Disorders, Research Methods Tags: Autism, Empiricism, Mental Disorders, Psychological Science, Psychology, Skepticism, Therapy
In my PSY 101 class, we recently discussed some problems with using anecdotes and testimonials as evidence for claims. In this post, I want to begin to explore this issue in more depth. In future posts, I will discuss further some of the issues touched upon here.
One afternoon, Eileen Lipsker was sitting in her family room watching Jessica, her red-headed five-year-old daughter, play with her friends. Eileen later reported that she felt "spaced out" and was "thinking of nothing." Lenore Terr (1994), a psychiatrist who spoke with her on many occasions, described what Eileen said happened next:
Jessica twisted her head to look at her mother. To ask something? Her chin pointed up in inquiry. She looked up and over her shoulder. Her eyes brightened. How odd! The young girl's body remained stationary, while her head pivoted around and up…. And at exactly that moment Eileen Lipsker remembered something. She remembered it as a picture. She could see her redheaded friend Susan Nason looking up, twisting her head, and trying to catch her eye.
Eileen, eight years old, stood outdoors, on a spot a little above the place where her best friend was sitting. It was 1969, twenty years earlier. The sun was beaming directly into Susan's eyes. And Eileen could see that Susan was afraid…. [Eileen] looked away from those arresting eyes and saw the silhouette of her father. Both of George Franklin's hands were raised above his head. He was gripping a rock. He steadied himself to bring it down. His target was Susan. (pp. 2-3)
Eileen told Terr that this is how she first recovered her repressed memory of Susan Nason's murder by her father. Eileen's recounting of the memory recovery is an example of an anecdote: a brief story told by an individual about a personal experience. No matter how interesting or compelling an anecdote may be, it doesn't provide good evidence for a claim because it is based on interpretations and memories of personal experiences. In other words, an anecdote is inadequate evidence for a claim because it does not control for factors that affect how a personal experience is (a) initially perceived and interpreted, and (b) eventually remembered.
Figure 1. An example of an anecdote used to support the claim that extraterrestrials visit earth
Autistic Disorder is a severe mental disorder that develops in children before the age of three years. It has three main symptoms: a severe impairment in social interaction, a severe impairment in the ability to communicate, and a severely restricted range of interests, activities, and behaviors. On occasion, new treatments for autism are announced that seem to offer hope for either a cure or, at least, a dramatic reduction of symptoms. One such well-publicized treatment used injections of secretin–a hormone that assists in the digestion of food. Some have claimed that secretin improves the social and language skills of autistic individuals by affecting specific behaviors such as the amount of eye contact made, the level of awareness of one's surroundings, the degree of sociability, and the amount of speech. One proponent of secretin therapy provided the following evidence for this claim:
The good news is that confirmatory evidence of the power of secretin keeps coming. A national newspaper told of Florida pediatrician Jeff Bradstreet's own four-year-old son, Matthew, shocking his parents by holding his first normal conversation with them the day after his first secretin infusion. And Virginia pediatrician Lawrence Leichtman told me of his "miracle case": a five-year-old who had previously said only two words amazed all in the office by saying, 15 minutes after his infusion, "I am hungry. I want to eat." Most cases are much less dramatic, but the autism world is excited, and for good reason. (Rimland, 1998, p. 3)
Is this good evidence for the effectiveness of secretin in the treatment of autism? The evidence consists of two testimonials. A testimonial is an anecdote that describes the supposed merits of a product or service. Testimonials are not good evidence for a claim because they are anecdotes and, as stated above, anecdotes don't control for factors that might distort our observations and interpretations of a personal experience, as well as how we remember it later on. For example, we may misremember exactly what happened during the event, or may have misinterpreted what we observed during the event.
Figure 2. A testimonial from a celebrity about a brand of cigarettes (circa 1951)
In testimonials about therapeutic treatments, one very important factor that causes distortions of perceptions, interpretations, and memories is people's expectations for the treatment. These expectations may cause them to conclude that their symptoms improved or disappeared even when they haven't. This generally happens in one of two ways:
The expectations may cause observers (e,g, patients, family members, doctors) to misperceive or misinterpret the behavior of those receiving a treatment, thereby concluding that the behavior has changed when it really hasn't.
The expectations may cause observers to experience improvement that has nothing to do with the nature of the treatment itself (e.g., the placebo effect or a self-fulfilling prophecy; see later posts in this series).
Specific examples of some of the problems mentioned here will be described in future posts.
Pendergrast, M. (1996). Victims of memory: Sex abuse accusations and shattered lives (2nd ed.). Hinesburg, VT: Upper Access.
Rimland, B. (1998). The use of secretin in autism: Some preliminary answers. Autism Research Review International, 12(4), 3. Retrieved January 23, 2013, from http://legacy.autism.com/ari/editorials/ed_secretinfindings.htm
Terr, L. T. (1994). Unchained memories: True stories of traumatic memories, lost and found. New York: BasicBooks.
Increasing College Costs Causes Autism
January 15, 2013 By Jeffry Ricker in Humor, Mental Disorders, Research Methods, Statistics Tags: Autism, Correlation, Mental Disorders, Psychology, Psychology Humor, Skepticism
Boing Boing's Cory Doctorow reported on a spurious correlation of nearly 1.0 between autism and organic-food sales discovered by Jasonp55 on Skeptic Reddit.
This inspired me to look for other extremely high (albeit spurious) correlations with autism. I discovered a correlation of 0.994 between college costs (tuition + fees) and autism rates between the years 1999 and 2007, inclusive.
In the article that I'm certain to get published in Science, my main conclusion will be this: if we want to slash autism rates, we'll need to drastically reduce college costs by returning educational funding to the levels of previous decades.
Here's a graph of the cumulative percentages of the two variables that shows clearly their close association.
1. Office of Special Education Programs, Data Analysis System (DANS), OMB# 1820-0043: "Children with Disabilities Receiving Special Education Under Part B of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act"
Table 1-11. Number of children and students served under IDEA, Part B, in the U.S. and outlying areas by age group, year, and disability category: Fall 1999 through fall 2008 (Age Group 6-21)
http://archive-org.com/page/2071756/2013-05-12/https://www.ideadata.org/TABLES32ND/AR_1-11.htm
2. National Center for Education Statistics: Digest of Education Statistics 2010 Tables and Figures
Table 345. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-time students in degree-granting institutions, by type and control of institution: 1964-65 through 2009-10
http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d10/tables/dt10_345.asp
Credulous Personality Disorder
November 10, 2012 By Jeffry Ricker in Humor, Mental Disorders, Self-Help Tags: DSM-V, Mental Disorders, Personality Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis, Psychology, Psychology Humor
Yesterday, I posted a piece in which I argued that scientific researchers must be inveterate skeptics and empiricists in their day-to-day work. In this post, I propose a new mental disorder for inclusion in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. People lacking these essential scientific attitudes (i.e., skepticism and empiricism) may be suffering from this disorder. In fact, if the following ads from long ago make you wonder if such products now may be possible given advances in science and technology, you probably will meet the criteria for Credulous Personality Disorder.
The criteria for Credulous Personality Disorder were written several years ago, so this piece may need some updating; but the message is the same.
301.99 Credulous Personality Disorder
(formerly Pseudoneurotic Gullibility)
Proposal Submitted By Jeffry Ricker, Ph.D.
to the DSM-V Working Group
Diagnostic Features
The essential feature of Credulous Personality Disorder is a pattern of pervasive and excessive gullibility that causes the individual to accept without question claims unsupported by any credible evidence (including but not limited to claims involving health and health-related products, unconscious motivations, advertised products and services, extraterrestrial beings, get-rich-quick schemes, psychotherapeutic interventions, and/or the supernatural). This pattern begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts.
Individuals with Credulous Personality Disorder have a marked tendency to be easily convinced by evidence of poor quality, or even by no evidence at all, as long as the knowledge claim fits easily into the individual's irrational worldview and is made by a person of authority (e.g., a guest on an all-night radio call-in show; a self-confident telemarketer with a British accent; a celebrity interviewee on The Tonight Show or a reporter for an entertainment magazine; a "therapist" appearing on a daytime talk show; an actor playing a doctor in a television commercial; an author of a book promoted by Oprah Winfrey; a "being" who claims to be from another planet or another dimension who channels through their next-door neighbor; anyone claiming to speak with the dead, nonverbal animals, or omniscient entities from another plane of existence).
The credulity of individuals with Credulous Personality Disorder seems to be driven most commonly by their desire for personal transformation, future well-being, or continued existence after death. In fact, people with this disorder typically dismiss claims supported by evidence of high quality whenever these claims contradict their hopes or cherished beliefs. This often causes them to spend large sums of money acquiring the latest product or service that seems to offer them hope and solace. Furthermore, much of their day is consumed with learning about and/or acquiring such products and services. In severe cases, the loss of jobs and close relationships or the experiencing of serious injury and even death result from the consequences of their rejection of well-supported claims (e.g., a person with malignant melanoma avoids the established medical treatment for this disorder and subjects him- or herself to a practitioner of Reiki).
Individuals with Credulous Personality Disorder tend to be trusting, friendly, and caring unless one of their core beliefs is subjected to critical analysis, at which point they often become defensive, indignant, and angry, although they may feign extreme concern for the happiness and well-being of the person questioning the belief (e.g., they may offer to pray for the skeptic). They often can be found in the self-help sections of bookstores discussing the latest works of Deepak Chopra or Andrew Weil. They typically express a compulsive stream of optimistic statements and aphorisms (e.g., frequently stating that they "cannot afford a negative thought") and constantly discuss the newest miracle cure, diet fad, financial scheme, etc., that they believe will bring them life-long happiness and/or eternal bliss. These individuals often accumulate large amounts of debt because of their compulsive buying of items that offer the promise of health, financial success, self-transformation, etc.
Individuals with Credulous Personality Disorder often promote "alternative ways of knowing" that involve speculation, visialization, intuition, and shamanic journeys. They are easily convinced by subjective observations consistent with their beliefs and are highly suspicious of quantifiable measurements unless the latter seem to support their beliefs, at which point the evidence will be used in debates with skeptics long after it has been shown to be unreplicable and/or fraudulently obtained. Individuals suffering from this disorder may become psychologically distressed or physically ill when hearing the name of a prominent skeptic (e.g., someone who believes that he has been abducted by alien beings and anally probed passes out whenever Carl Sagan is mentioned; or a practitioner of therapeutic touch develops catalepsy and catatonic stupor whenever someone brings up the study by Emily Rosa and colleagues).
People with Credulous Personality Disorder may become so preoccupied with their credulous belief system that they seem unable to hear or remember the arguments of those with an opposing view. In fact, they often attribute statements to the skeptic that bear no relation to what he or she actually said. It is as if their minds become temporarily inactive whenever an opposing set of beliefs is described. Even when sufferers make an attempt to listen carefully to the views of skeptic, they may dissociate at critical points in the discussion (dissociative amnesia is a common comorbid disorder, although there is some evidence that this disorder itself is the product of extreme credulousness on the part of clinicians and clients).
Associated Features and Disorders
Individuals with Credulous Personality Disorder often experience extreme dysphoria because of their desperate and constant attempts to achieve total happiness, health, and self-fulfillment — attempts that always result in eventual disappointment. The dysphoria lifts temporarily when they find a new scheme for achieving these same goals. People with Credulous Personality Disorder often are diagnosed with comorbid Anxiety Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, Somatization Disorder, Major Depression, Dysthymic Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders, Disorders of Impulse Control, as well as other Personality Disorders, especially Dependent Personality Disorder, Avoidant Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, and several other personality disorders still under development (see future editions of this manual).
The likelihood of developing Credulous Personality Disorder is increased if the individual, during childhood, ever celebrated a major holiday in which mythical figures were said to deliver presents or candy to good girls and boys, heard an "urban myth" while sitting around a campfire on a cold and moonless night, attended a religious service, was tempted by advertisements for X-ray glasses, had close relatives who voted for Richard Nixon, watched professional wrestling, bought "sea monkeys," attended a public school focused on raising students' self-esteem, bought tickets to a concert performed by a "teen idol," had a parent who subscribed to Reader's Digest or TV Guide, thought that the "Fonz" was cool, cried for days after watching Old Yeller, bought cereal in order to obtain the prize inside, watched television more than five minutes per day, or ever ordered anything advertised in the back of a comic book.
Specific Culture, Age, and Gender Features
The prevalence of Credulous Personality Disorder does not seem to be associated with any specific cultural, age-related, or gender-related factors.
Nevertheless, the specific symptoms exhibited do seem to be influenced to some extent by these factors. With respect to culture, the symptoms of Credulous Personality Disorder reflect the beliefs common in the culture in which the person was raised (e.g., Americans are more likely to believe that they will become rich if they cash in their life savings and buy thousands of Powerball tickets). In addition, the specific symptoms change with age. For example, children are more likely to believe that, if they step on a crack, they will break their mother's back whereas adults are more likely to believe that, if they take megadoses of Vitamin C, they will never again suffer from a cold. Lastly, there seem to be some gender differences in symptomatology, especially when the beliefs involve sexual behaviors. For example, men are more likely to believe that, if they honk their horn and hoot loudly from their car window at an attractive female, she will probably sleep with them. Women are more likely to believe that, if they sleep with a man, he probably will marry them.
The lifetime prevalence of Credulous Personality Disorder has been reported to be between 0.1% and 99.9% in the general population, but it is not known whether such reports can be trusted since there is evidence to suggest that a large number of these studies were performed by researchers suffering from the disorder. At present, it seems safe to say that the disorder is very common in the general population (perhaps approaching 100%). The severity of the symptoms, however, differ dramatically across individuals. It seems that the disorder is very common in both in-patient psychiatric settings and out-patient mental-health clinics, but it rarely represents the presenting disorder. Many clinicians also suffer from Credulous Personality Disorder, which makes diagnosis and treatment of the disorder very difficult. These clinicians not only tend to believe the overly credulous pronouncements of their clients, they also are much more likely to believe that untested or falsified treatment modalities actually work (such as eye-movement-desensitization-and-reprocessing therapy, or any therapy in which repressed motivations or dissociated memories induced by trauma are used as explanations of problematic behavior).
In almost all cases, Credulous Personality Disorder has a chronic course. Few remissions of symptoms have been observed in people who are fully or partially conscious. In the few cases of recovery that have been reported, there is reason to suspect that the reporting clinicians were suffering from the disorder and, thus, the accuracy of their reports can be questioned. The symptoms tend to become more severe when the individual is experiencing mild to severe stressors, and even when no stressors are being experienced at all. The symptoms also tend to become more severe after the individual has had experiences designed to encourage a lack of skepticism (e.g., after watching television infomercials, after listening to an audiotape of any lecture by Anthony Robbins, or while attending a talk at a local Unitarian church, especially if that talk is related to Jungian psychotherapy). The symptoms remit completely only during coma or upon death.
Familial Pattern
There is some evidence for an increased prevalence of Credulous Personality Disorder in the first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and nth-degree relatives of probands with the disorder.
Credulous Personality Disorder is not easily distinguished from Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, or any other psychotic disorder in which delusional thinking is prominent. In fact, in many cases, people with Credulous Personality Disorder report hallucinatory experiences consistent with their beliefs (e.g., seeing the faces of supernatural entities in taco shells or stained toilet-seat covers). Their speech often suggests the existence of formal thought disorder, especially when trying to justify their beliefs to skeptics. At this time, there is no general consensus regarding the distinguishing characteristics of Credulous Personality Disorder with respect to Psychotic Disorders. Most clinicians agree that there is a great deal of overlap between the symptoms of Credulous Personality Disorder and Delusional Disorder. In fact, some believe that the two disorders exist on a continuum of severity, but are not certain which disorder is the more severe.
Classical Conditioning of Drug Tolerance
November 6, 2012 By Jeffry Ricker in Learning, Mental Disorders Tags: Addiction, Classical Conditioning, Psychological Science, Psychology
In the case of psychoactive drugs, drug tolerance is a condition in which repeated use of a drug leads to reductions in its psychological effects, thereby requiring progressively larger doses in order for similar effects to occur. Many factors affect the development of drug tolerance, and learning is one of them. A classic study by Siegel, Hinson, Krank, and McCully (1982) was one of the first to demonstrate this. The researchers found that rats can be classically conditioned to develop tolerance to heroin.
Siegel, et al. (1982) wanted to understand why some addicts died after taking a dose of the drug that they had taken many times before. The official cause of death in these cases usually was said to be a "drug overdose" because the dose was high enough to kill most people not addicted to the drug. These addicts, however, had developed a high level of tolerance to the lethal effects of the drug, so ascribing their deaths to an overdose couldn't be correct.
The researchers hypothesized that the addicts' tolerance was due, in part, to classical conditioning. That is, the situation is which they typically took the drug had become a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicited a conditioned response (CR) involving a change in biological processes that prepared their bodies to counteract the lethal effects of the drug. This explanation may be easier to understand by looking at a case study described in Siegel (2001). The study was of a man suffering from severe pain because of pancreatic cancer. In order to reduce the pain, he received four injections of morphine per day. Over time, the dosage had been increased to a high level because of the tolerance he had developed to morphine's pain-reducing effects.
The patient stayed in his bedroom (which was dimly lit and contained apparatus necessary for his care), and received injections in this environment. For some reason, after staying in this bedroom for about a month, the patient left his bed and went to the living room (which was brightly lit and different in many ways from the bedroom/sickroom). He was in considerable pain in the living room, and, as it was time for his next scheduled morphine administration, he was administered his usual dose of the drug. The patient quickly displayed signs of opiate overdose (constricted pupils, shallow breathing), and died a few hours later. (p. 510).
The explanation given by Siegel and his colleagues involved the classical conditioning of tolerance to the lethal effects of morphine. The explanation is outlined in Figure 1:
Figure 1. Classical conditioning of tolerance to morphine
As shown in Figure 1, the stimuli in the bedroom comprise a CS that produces a CR consisting of physiological changes that counteract the effects of morphine (i.e., are opposite to the physiological changes caused by morphine). This CR is part of the change in biological processes that causes tolerance to drugs, thereby requiring people to use higher doses in order to experience the same psychological and physical effects of drugs. The CR develops because the CS is followed by the drug, which can be thought of as a UCS — in this case, the injection of morphine. The UCS causes a UCR consisting of physiological changes associated with the drug. By counteracting the physiological effects of the drug, the CR reduces its lethality (i.e., the probability that the drug will result in death).
When an addict takes a high dose of a drug in a different environment — in the case of the man taking morphine, the different environment was his living room — the CR does not occur and, therefore, the drug now has its full effect on the body, which makes it more likely that the person will die.
Siegel, et al. (1982) designed an experimental study to test the classical-conditioning theory of drug tolerance. They gave rats injections of heroin every other day for 30 days (a total of 15 injections). They increased the dose gradually over time so that the rats eventually could tolerate relatively high doses. On the days the rats didn't get heroin,they were injected with a sugar solution (see Table 1 below).
Siegel, et al. (1982) tested two heroin-injected groups:
Group 1. These rats received their heroin injections in Room 1, which was the room that housed all the rats (the "colony room"). They received their sugar injections in Room 2, which was a room that differed from Room 1 in two ways: (a) no rats were housed there;(b) a machine generated constant "white noise."
Group 2. These rats received their heroin injections in Room 2, and their sugar injections in Room 1.
The researchers also included a placebo-control group (Group 3) that received injections of the sugar solution in both Room 1 and Room 2 on the same schedule as the other rats. Table 1 shows the schedule for each group on the first four days of the 30-day experiment.
Table 1. The schedule of heroin and sugar injections over the first four days of the experiment
At the end of the 30-day period, rats in all three groups were given a very large dose of heroin (almost twice as much as those in Group 1 and Group 2 had received before). Figure 2 shows the results.
Figure 2. Mortality in heroin-tolerant and control rats after receiving a very high dose of heroin
The label Different in Figure 2 refers rats in Groups 1 and 2 that received the very large dose of heroin in the room in which they had been injected with the sugar solution during the first part of the experiment. The label Same refers to in Groups 1 and 2 that received the very large dose of heroin in the room in which they had been injected with heroin during the first part of the experiment. The label Control refers to rats that were injected only with the sugar solution during the first part of the experiment.
As can be seen in Figure 2, almost all the rats in the Control Group died after being injected with the large dose of heroin because they had no tolerance for its lethal effects. About 64% of rats in the Different condition died, whereas only 32% of the rats in the Same condition died. Siegel, et al. (1982) interpreted these results as supporting their theory: the environmental stimuli in which drug addicts usually take the drug serve as a CS that produces a CR that increases tolerance for the drug's effects.
The researchers concluded that the sensory stimuli from the room in which the rats were injected with heroin made up a CS. The rats developed a CR to that room–a CR consisting of changes in biological changes that counteracted the effects of the drug they were about to receive. When they received the final injection in a different room, the CR didn't occur, which increased their chances of dying from the overdose.
Another point I want to make is that, although in most experimental studies of classical conditioning, the CR and UCR are the same or very similar, the responses also may be very different. In fact, in the study by Siegel, et al. (1982), the CR and UCR were completely opposite from each other.
Siegel, S. (2001). Pavlovian conditioning and drug overdose: When tolerance fails. Addiction Research & Theory, 9, 503-513. doi: 10.3109/16066350109141767
Retrieved October 18, 2011, from http://people.whitman.edu/~herbrawt/classes/390/Siegel.pdf
Siegel, S., Hinson, R. E., Krank, M. D., McCully, J. (1982). Heroin "overdose" death: Contribution of drug-associated environmental cues. Science, 23, 436-437. doi: 10.1126/science.7200260
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text:
Q: couchdb - json performance in a messenger application I have a web based instant messenger application written by PHP. Recently I migrated to couchdb from mysql and i think that it's generally a good idea, it's working perfectly so far. I don't need views etc. Basicly I fetch document by ID.
However I've some doubts about performance. A conversation between two users is stored in a single document. For example between A and B, I've a document, between C and B I've another document etc.
I never delete logs and when a new conversation is initiated between those two users, I decode stored document with json_decode, print out the recent conversation history two the users. When one of them write something new, I add the new chat line at the end of the array (that I obtained from the document), reencode array to json and finally update document.
Do I right? What's the best practice about storing such large arrays in no-sql databases?

A: I'd model it differently; Use a document for each thing said. {"from":"foo","to":"bar","text":"hey there"}. Thus you only ever make new documents and every document stays very small.
Add a timestamp and then use a view keyed on that timestamp to reconstruct the conversation.
You'll want to use the server's time to ensure the proper ordering, so I'd recommend you update via an update handler (http://wiki.apache.org/couchdb/Document_Update_Handlers) and add the timestamp there.

A: A workaround is to occasionally bundle old messages into CouchDB attachments. Those will not be visible when you query by document ID.
For example, a conversation document:
{ "_id": "alice_bob"
, "_rev": "123-abcdef"
, "messages":
  [ "alice: Hi, Bob!"
  , "alice: Are you there?"
  , "bob: Yes, what's up?"
  , // ... etc.
  , "bob: Thanks!"
  ]
}

For example, if the conversation length is greater than 200 messages, then split it into two arrays:

*

*150 of the oldest messages ("alice: Hi, Bob", and the next 149)

*50 of the latest messages: (49 messages, up to and including "bob: Thanks!")

Archive the old messages in an attachment, perhaps with a timestamp.
{ "_id": "alice_bob"
, "_rev": "123-abcdef"
, "_attachments":
  { "2011-09-19T17:29:17.293Z.json":
    { "content_type": "application/json"
    , "data": /* 150 message JSON string goes here */
    }
  }
, "messages": [ /* latest 50 messages go here */ ]
}

When you fetch /db/alice_bob you will not get the attachment data; however you can fetch and even delete attachments directly from this URL.
/db/alice_bob/2011-09-19T17:29:17.293Z.json

Note, this is mostly a work-around. The advantage is that you will not have to change your PHP code at all. (Archiving messages can be a background process.) But In the long-term, Robert's technique is more scalable and correct.

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