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Dragon+ Magazine Article
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Behind the Screen: Visual Impairment and D&D Dragon+ spoke with those trying to make roleplaying more accessible to players with sight issues to see what more can be done to include them. by Matt Chapman
"The power of Dungeons & Dragons is that you can play different roles," says Greg Tito, Senior Communications Manager at Wizards of the Coast, who has been putting that idea into practice as part of the Clerical Error live-stream. Inspired by the work of producer and roleplayer Jennifer Kretchmer, who champions D&D players with disabilities, Tito chose to play a blind character called Faben. [Image of Greg Tito and his blind character, Faben (courtesy Luke McKay)] "Jennifer uses Dungeons & Dragons to allow players to step outside the norm and feel a little heroic when they might not get to feel that way in their own lives," he explains. "She thought it would be instructive if a lot more people were telling stories about characters with disabilities that don't restrict their heroism in any way. I thought that was a really interesting idea because I'd never played a character that wasn't in full control of all their limbs or wasn't able to use all their senses. "We had that conversation just as I was thinking about what my character would be like for this live-stream and I decided he would be blind because I thought that would be very interesting to roleplay." "Roleplaying has no boundaries. It's all in your head so it's one of those perfect things that everyone can enjoy," agrees Jess Dempsey, who now heads up DOTS—a soon-to-be non-profit promoting accessibility in gaming for visually impaired players. "If you think about how many games of D&D are played at schools or community centers it would be perfect to also have the game played at centers for the blind where all they need is their imagination to get going and to play a game that might last 20 years or more." [Image of Jess Dempsey] DOTS was created by Jack Berberette, who started the project as a way to help his friend D, a blind gamer and DM, have more independence when it came to running and playing games. Berberette started out by creating braille dice designs and then used crowd fundraising to buy a braille printer to create books for D. "And everything kind of snowballed from there," says Dempsey. "We're now all about donations and getting dice and books into the hands of the people who need them."
[Video of Jack and D found on the About page] Understanding Blindness Having taken the decision to play a blind character Tito was aware that he needed to learn more about the condition. "I suddenly realized I didn't understand blindness. I don't know what it's like to actually be a person who cannot see. Visuals are such an important part of our everyday lives and I had never even thought about it," he admits. "That's one of the powers of roleplaying; it can allow you to step into someone else's shoes. "But I wanted to make sure I portrayed it in a way that didn't feel insulting or misrepresent a blind person's experience. My goal is to make them feel like heroes just like any other character on the table." [Image of Temple Smith] Tito reached out to Kretchmer to see if she could connect him with a blind player to give him some pointers. She put him in contact with Temple Smith, a Dungeons & Dragons player and DM who is visually impaired and has made it his goal to speak to sighted people and share what a blind person's experiences are really like. Smith started out playing Avalon Hill board games in the 1970s and first played Dungeons & Dragons in 1980. He still plays a weekly game with his school friends and has played just about every kind of roleplaying game available. In 2009 he lost his sight for eight months and was totally blind until eye surgery restored the sight in one eye. He was happy to dispel some of the common misconceptions. "There's nothing wrong with being blind and I don't have a bad life because of it," Smith tells Dragon+. "I'm just as happy and fulfilled as someone who can see. I simply live in a different world than those people. It's not a worse world, it's just a different world." ---------- "There's nothing wrong with being blind and I don't have a bad life because of it" - Temple Smith ----------
Smith admits that it is frustrating to be misrepresented so often by the mainstream media. With that in mind he was able to guide Tito past some of the more common pitfalls in the portrayal of his character. "When blind people are portrayed on TV they have a pole or stick they tap out in front of them. Temple said many times that the action of swinging the pole extremely far back and forth, with an arc that's six feet in front of the person as they're walking down the streets, is unrealistic," Tito explains. "People who are blind have a good estimation of how wide their body is and they're only waving it back and forth three feet. It's only important whether there's something directly ahead of them and they're not worried about running into something four feet to the left. I thought that was a really interesting insight." Engaging other players in the game meant dodging another common misconception about visual impairment. Tito thought it would be possible to mimic a blind man talking to a sighted character by gazing into the middle-distance. He wanted to sell the fact that Faben is not looking directly at whoever he's talking to but Smith again suggested that's not always the case. "He said it's not like a blind person will have their back to whoever's talking because they will obviously have a general sense of where people are. And in order to show that you're paying attention you orient your body to look in the right direction. You might not be making eye contact but it will never be that cartoony action that says, 'Where am I looking?'" Tito advises. The Daredevil Effect Tito also initially wanted Faben to wear Daredevil-style red-tinted glasses or regular sunglasses but was dissuaded by Smith. "That's an easy go-to in television and movies to illustrate someone who's blind. But when you go blind they don't immediately issue you dark glasses," Smith says with a laugh. "I warned him off that because for a sighted person to be wearing dark glasses and pretending to be blind would be very insensitive to some. It doesn't bother me because I understand that people are trying to convey something that's difficult to portray. But some people will think they're being mocked." The other major stereotype is what Smith refers to as "the Daredevil effect" where the world thinks that going blind makes all other senses more attuned. "You do notice them more but that level of increase in their effectiveness is just not true," he says. "I can't close my eyes and hear people walking around in the other room and know exactly where they are. But television and movies play that up. "And when there's a dangerous situation that happens around blind people on screen they're always suddenly terrified because they can't see what's going on. That's also not true. People that can't see are just as courageous—if not more so—than others in a crisis situation." [Image of DOTS RPG Project business cards with braille]
The DOTS project aims to improve the use of braille for RPGs Character props aside, Smith was also able to impart some invaluable advice about how a blind character would function in a game based on his real-world experience. For example, if a blind person wants to move quickly from one area to another they might take up a friend's elbow rather than fending for themselves and be guided that way. "It's not necessarily holding hands but more like grabbing an elbow so you know you're not going to walk into something in front of you and can be positioned in the right direction for whatever is going on in the adventure," Tito says. "That's also true for actions beyond walking. If Faben's going to examine something with his hands I have one of the companions put his hands where they need to be. I'm playing a cleric so I trust my companions to help with healing or laying on hands to do the touch spells." Clerical Duties Tito shared all the advice he'd been given with the DM for Clerical Error, Lauren Urban. "We talked ahead of time about how to address Faben's blindness in a semi-accurate way in a world of magic without it making his character ineffective. We also talked with the players to instill strong connections between several of the characters so the few times Faben would need assistance it wouldn't be a burden," she adds. Lauren Urban Urban found the biggest challenge with DMing for a blind character was making sure she described things in more detail than simply what the players could see. "It was important that Faben could succeed on checks that would usually be visual and in order to make that happen I needed to come up with ways to describe things by smell, hearing or a change in the air. It frankly pushed me to be a better DM as it made me think about the world from more than just a visual perspective." One part of the game the pair needed to consider carefully was combat. Tito reasoned that Faben would depend on spells like detect magic or detect evil because those would still function for him. "He would still be able to pinpoint a target based on those and I thought that was a good way to make it playable when we did get into combat," he says. "One good combo is if I have detect magic up and one of the other characters casts light on something like a stone. I can then determine where they are based on the blue glow of the light spell in a way I wouldn't be able to with a normal torch." In actual fact there's been little combat to worry about as much of the game has focused on interpersonal relationships and problem-solving. "The whole Clerical Error cast is much more interested in roleplaying than combat!" confirms DM Urban. "So far there has only been one combat, which happened during our Extra Life game and lasted a single round before one character managed to persuade themselves out of fighting!" Practical Help One important breakthrough to help the visually impaired engage with D&D is the ability to create braille dice that can be read by blind players who have that skill. "This is definitely something people were actively looking for and players wanted to see," suggests Dempsey, who says since DOTS first started producing the braille dice they've created a few different versions. [Image of DOTS braille dice version 1] Traditionally braille has no number symbols and a "#" sign is placed next to a letter to signify it is a number. For example, "A" equals number "1", "B" is number "2". The DOTS design eventually took a different approach. "Once you start doing double digits you usually double the letters, such as 'AA'. Instead we changed it up and it went to letter 'K' because a braille reader would find it easily understandable. K is the eleventh number of the alphabet so that must signify number '11'," she details, having also written a blog about 3D printing the dice. "We also removed the '#' sign because if you are holding a d20 in your hand you know that it contains numbers. It was just taking up extra space at that point." [Image of braille guide]
DOTS sells its braille dice already printed via Shapeways.com but a full set of dice costs around $60 and Dempsey is aware that's out of some players' price range. Thanks to donations the organization has now been able to purchase its own 3D printer and once a system is in place will be selling them on its own site for closer to $30 to cover the cost of materials and shipping. On top of that, DOTS plans to donate braille dice to game stores, schools, and libraries to encourage blind player participation. The 3D template files are also available for free on the DOTS website in a similar spirit of collaboration and sharing. "Whether it be schools, libraries or businesses that have access to 3D printers we're encouraging people to download the files, print a batch themselves and donate them to local gamers," Dempsey advises. "People are free to do what they want with dice printed from our files with the limit that they're not allowed to sell them." Spoken and Printed Word One other technical advance that should help improve the lives of visually impaired players is the improvement of screen readers. Having a piece of software take the written word of a book or adventure and read that text aloud instantly brings it to life. Unfortunately, it's not that simple. Screen readers deal best with PDFs or websites when they have been optimized for the technology and that doesn't always happen as standard. "It's easy to change a PDF so it's screen reader friendly if you're doing that from the beginning. It's the same with web development because in the HTML programming language you can label things like 'Header', 'Paragraph', and 'Footer' so the reader recognizes them and treats them accordingly. It'll say, 'OK, this is the title of the page so I need to read this first. This is a paragraph so I need to read this second," says Dempsey. [Image of braille book] DOTS would love to hear from braille translators with time to donate "If the formatting is clear at the very start it's a seamless transition to make it screen reader-friendly. If you're trying to do that after the fact it's a lot harder. So it's really about coding PDF, Word, InDesign or HTML documents to have those labels and that's often something the software will have built in as an accessibility feature." "The hardest thing for screen readers to deal with is websites because they break things up on a page into blocks. The screen reader might only read the text in one block and then direct you to something else on the same page so it's very disjointed and hard to understand," adds Smith, who says he found salvation in D&D Beyond. "Fifth edition was new around the time I got some of my sight back but I wasn't able to play it straight away because all of that information was hidden away in books that I couldn't access," he remembers. "And then D&D Beyond came out and I could access that. I have a desktop computer with a 32-inch monitor that I can change the contrast on. So I can lean in close to that and read the text which meant I was able to start gaming again. I currently run two campaigns of my own." Backstory Bonus Tito's character in Clerical Error has been well received and he feels Faben has been successfully brought to life as a blind D&D character. That's largely been down to the group's excellent roleplaying and a touch of humor. "The success of this character has mostly come through the storytelling and I've also been able to land a good joke every once in a while. For example, Demetrios Feredinos' character Jeff has been wearing a fake beard that's obviously fake. A few sessions back I said something along the lines of, 'I'm blind and even I can tell that it's fake,'" he says. "Temple specifically called that out in an email to me and said, 'That's exactly the kind of joke I would tell as a blind guy. You nailed that.' So I'm glad that worked." "Him doing this is so wonderful for the blind gaming community," Smith says. "It's much easier to make a character that's interesting in some way but not that difficult to play and not many people would take the time or the effort to do this. "He's willing to take a risk and possibly embarrass himself in order to help show that we don't have a lesser life because of our sight and we're not weaklings that have to be rescued. I really appreciate him taking that chance." "For Faben it's a detail," confirms Tito. "It's a big part of his backstory but it's not a defining feature of this character because there are so many other great stories that have come through all the other things that have been going on in his life." ---------- "One of the cool aspects of playing Faben was coming up with that backstory. If the cleric wasn't born blind how would he have lost his sight?"
---------- One of the cool aspects of playing Faben was coming up with that backstory. If the cleric wasn't born blind how would he have lost his sight? Tito made the character an acolyte of Lathander who was able to speak to his god a little easier than his fellow acolytes could. Because of that Faben was a prankster who felt he could get away with more than the others. When Waterdeep's new head of the church of Lathander took offence at a frowny face drawn on one of the temple statues he punished the prank by placing Faben in a chamber with an open door to the sun. "Faben was in solitary confinement and told to pray to the sun, always looking at it. Over the course of that week he took the head of the church at his word and by the time it was over he could no longer see," Tito recalls. "He also couldn't receive any of the blessings of Lathander or cast any of the spells he was once able to cast. So the head of the church threw him out and let him fend for himself in Waterdeep." Faben wandered around like an urchin for a long time before he met Riza and Jeff, two members of the Dungsweepers' Guild. Through speaking with Riza he found a patron in the nature goddess Mielikki and began his work to beautify the city and make it as green as possible by sweeping up the dung and using it as fertilizer when planting trees. His mix of spells are now more nature-focused to reflect that devotion. Future Plans Although a lot of good work has already taken place the movement to make roleplaying more inclusive for visually impaired gamers is just beginning. DOTS isn't resting on its laurels having created braille dice and worked with companies to highlight best practices for gamers. Dempsey also hopes to create a worldwide lending library supplying braille books to game stores, while sending any store that participates a set of braille dice they can keep in-house. According to Dempsey, DOTS is hoping to create other gaming aids alongside those dice: "We're looking to make something like a domino-sized token that will have numbers on it and can be used to track health points, spell slots and things of that nature. We're also in talks to create a dynamic fifth edition braille character sheet. There are certain labels for ability scores such as Strength and Dexterity that always stay the same and those would be fixed braille. Next to those is the number that can change and we can do that either by inserting a card with a number on it or by using a spinning dial. We're still working that out. On top of that, DOTS also hopes to start a twice-yearly event to encourage disabled gamers to come out and meet their community. "It would be similar to Tabletop Day and we'd encourage other players to speak to a blind player and learn about the issues they have while playing the game. The same goes for board games because there are a lot of games that could be adapted for visually impaired gamers." Community Outreach Reaching out to a community can be a two-way street for gamers. Not only will they learn about how to include players with disabilities in their regular games, they can also gain valuable advice on how to play a character affected by the same issues. "If you're going to play a character with disabilities an interesting way to do it is to reach out to people in that community and get information from them. This is much easier to do using online communities than it would have been 20 years ago," Tito advises. "It was extremely enlightening to speak to a D&D player who also has the life experience that I'm trying to portray. That kind of dialogue is important and the best piece of advice I could give to someone is don't make assumptions. Don't go off what an abled person can glean from TV or movies. There is no substitute for speaking to people who have that experience." [Image of DOTS RPG Project logo]
Smith identifies himself on Twitter as the "Sightling Whisperer"—sightlings being the name visually impaired people give to those with regular sight. "I explain blind people to the sightlings. On the eighteenth of every month I do an 'Ask Me Anything – blind guy' session. People can ask me about running or playing in games or just questions about blindness in general. I understand that people are curious and might want to ask a blind person a certain question but may be too embarrassed to ask. My catchphrase is: ignorance is the enemy. So I try to help them." Dempsey looks forward to a world where the work DOTS currently does has become obsolete. "I would love to see the DOTS project not be needed anymore. I would love to see publishers and companies—not just those in the games industry but in any field—thinking about accessibility first. It would be amazing if in five years everybody in the games industry was already doing this. I'd be fine with that." Until then games like Clerical Error can help spread understanding. "So far the reception has been positive. I think there are many ways to portray a character with a disability and my goal has been to make sure that the character is not defined by it but it is just part of who they are," says Urban. "They are not a hero despite being blind or because they are blind—they just happen to be blind." You can find out more about the work DOTS does at its official website and connect with Temple Smith, Greg Tito, and Lauren Urban on Twitter. Clerical Error recently finished its initial season on the official Dungeons & Dragons Twitch channel and you can find the archives here.
This post serves as a screen reader friendly alternative to DragonMag.com
Original article can be found at this link: Dragon+ Magazine


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DIPLOMATIC ROLLER-COASTER
ENTER THE DIPLOMATS
David Montagu Erskine
David Montagu Erskine was born in England in 1776 and died in England on March 19, 1855. His father was Thomas Erskine, the Lord High Chancellor of England. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge. In 1799 he married Frances Cadwalader, the daughter of General John Cadwalader, commander of the Pennsylvania troops during the American Revolution. In 1802 he became a barrister at law and returned to parliament for Portsmouth on February 24, 1806.
George Canning
In July 1806 Foreign Secretary of Great Britain George Canning made him the plenipotentiary to the United States and Erskine stayed in that position until 1809. A plenipotentiary is a person given full power to act on behalf of their government (Webster's Dictionary). Over the next three to four years he was in constant communication with Thomas Jefferson's Secretary of State James Monroe, who was adamant in addressing British ships taking U.S. ships and sailors for their own use.
President James Madison
The correspondence between David Montague Erskine and James Madison was extensive.
DETERIORATING NEGOTIATIONS
On June 27, 1807 the HMS Leopard attacked the U.S. frigate Chesapeake, causing a major international incident. The Embargo Act was passed in December 1807 which banned American ships from exporting to or carrying goods for other nations. This prevented both Britain and France, who were at war with each other at the time, from getting supplies. It was supposed to be a form of economic coercion, as well as a way to keep U.S. ships from harm. On January 23, 1809 Erskine was informed by Foreign Secretary Canning that the Orders in Council would be lifted if the U.S. lifted its embargo. However, there were three conditions to Britain lifting the Orders:
All embargoes against England should be revoked, while those against France would remain.
The United States would formally renounce any claims to British colonial trade in war that was not permitted in times of peace.
The united states would recognize the rite of Great Britain to capture U.S. vessels found to be trading with any powers acting under the French Decrees.
Erskine knew the U.S. government would not agree to these and keeping in what he viewed as the "true spirit" of his instructions, removed the conditions. President Madison and Congress accepted his offer, but no one knew Foreign Secretary Canning would refuse to ratify Erskin's arrangement. In April of 1809, the British government issued a new Orders in Council, which removed the one of 1807 and reestablished the blockade of Holland, France, and Italy. Since Canning had acted without hearing back from Erskine, the U.S. government wondered if he had any authority to open the ports of Holland to the U.S. as he promised. Erskine worked feverishly to reassure the U.S. government the new blockade would not affect the recent negotiations.
Francis James Jackson
But Foreign Secretary Canning rejected Erskine's negotiations and replaced him with Francis James Jackson who took a hard line with the U.S. and reasserted the original three conditions. He also accused Erskine of fraud and trickery by leaving out the conditions. Erskine was proved right for the conditions were rejected by the U.S. Any control Foreign Secretary Canning had in U.S. negotiations was gone for Jackson spoke in what President Madison considered extremely disrespectful and he would accept no more communications from Jackson. Jackson, in turn, tried to get the American people on his side by publishing what he deemed to be charges against the U.S. government. Only some radical Federalists repeated his words while every patriotic American was outraged.
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America, History. 2008. "History Of The United States Of America: Henry Adams : Free Download, Borrow, And Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Accessed June 22 2018. Pgs. 66-132, 154-157. https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst39adamgoog
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"James Madison". 2018. The White House. Accessed June 12 2018. https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-madison/
THE CHESAPEAKE & LEANDER INCIDENT
DESERTERS, ORDERS, AND DISASTER
The incident between the USN Chesapeake and the HMS Leopard was set in play by the desertion of four men. William Ware, Daniel Martin, and John Strachan, three Americans who had been pressed into service by the British Navy, and Jenkin Ratford, a British sailor, deserted from the HMS Halifax and HMS Melampus as they patrolled off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia. The ships were looking for the French ships Sybelle and Patriot who had sought safe harbor after being damaged in a hurricane in 1806. The men stole a boat and rowed ashore where Ratford boasted that he had escaped to "the land of liberty".
Vice Admiral George Cranfield Berkeley
Desertion was common. Vice Admiral George Cranfield Berkeley, commander in chief of the British ships stationed on the St. Lawrence River, along the coast of Nova Scotia, the Island of St Johns and Cape Breton, the Bay of Funday, and around Bermuda and Somers Islands, heard about these desertions. He ordered all captains to look for deserters from the Belleisle, Bellona, Triumph, Chichester, Halifax, and Zenobia the moment they found United States ships at sea to board them and seize any deserters. They were also to allow the commander of the Chesapeake to search the British ships for their own deserters.
The four men joined the crew of the USN Chesapeake, flagship of Commodore James Baron; Ratford had joined under a different name. The Chesapeake was a 36-gun frigate weighing around 1244 tons. It had been built at the Gosport Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia. On June 22, 1807, the Chesapeake sailed from Norfolk to the Mediterranean. With its decks littered with cargo and its guns stowed, it was the perfect target when the
USN Chesapeake Vs. HMS Leopard
Captain Salisbury Humphries
Commodore James Baron
HMS Leopard intercepted it off the coast of Norfolk. Captain Salusbury Humphreys, commander of the Leander, requested permission to board to look for deserters. Commodore Baron investigated his men and found the suspected men were Americans. He did not know Ratford was a British deserter due to the false name and he refused to muster his crew for inspection. The Leopard opened fire with a barrage of broadsides, killing three American sailors and wounding eighteen. The British then boarded and took two African Americans, one white American, and Jenkin Ratford.
The American public was infuriated and war fever thundered along the coast of the United States. Thomas Jefferson claimed the event had left the country more exasperated than any other time since the Battle of Lexington Green, which started the Revolutionary War, and "even that did not produce such unanimity". Both Republicans and Federalists clamored for a response and war seemed likely. But there was nothing the ill prepared United States could do since its small navy was in the Mediterranean fighting Barbary pirates and the army had been reduced by Republicans wanting to reduce government spending. President Thomas Jefferson passed the Embargo Act and made a proclamation that all armed British ships were to leave U.S. waters.
Commodore Barron was court martialed and found guilty of "neglecting on the probability of an engagement, to clear his ship for action". He was suspended from the navy without pay for five years.
On August 31, 1807 Jenkins Ratford was tried by court martial for mutiny, desertion, and contempt toward a British naval officer. He was sentenced to death and was hung from the fore yardarm of the HMS Halifax, his former ship.
The Naval Chronicle for 1807 contains documents relating to the Chesapeake incident, an extract of a letter from a man who was on the HMS Leopard, resolutions passed in a meeting in New York on July 2, 1807 with De Witt Clinton as the chair, Thomas Jefferson's proclamation, letters between the mayor of Norfolk and Captain Douglas of the HMS Bellona, and William Cobbett's perspective of the U.S. response to the attack on the Chesapeake on pages 116-130.
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"Founders Online: To James Madison From David Montague Erskine, 1 September 1807". 2018. Founders.Archives.Gov. Accessed June 18 2018.
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"Founders Online: To James Madison From David Montague Erskine, 14 September 1807". 2018. Founders.Archives.Gov. Accessed June 18 2018.
Petch, Alison. 2018. "HMS Leopard 1884.54.44". Web.Prm.Ox.Ac.Uk. Accessed June 12 2018.
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"Summer 1807: The British Attack The USS Chesapeake And Remove American Sailors (U.S. National Park Service)". 2018. Nps.Gov. Accessed June 12 2018. https://www.nps.gov/articles/chesapeake-leopard-affair.htm
"The Atlantic Monthly". 2018. Google Books. Accessed June 18 2018. https://books.google.com/books?id=qfg3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA592&dq=Captain+Lewis++and+Captain+Whitby+of+the+Leander&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhw6jr5c7bAhXB2lMKHXnODHQQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Captain%20Lewis%20%20and%20Captain%20Whitby%20of%20the%20Leander&f=false
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"The Naval Chronicle: Containing A General And Biographical History Of The Royal Navy Of The United Kingdom With A Variety Of Original Papers On Nautical Subjects.: Free Download, Borrow, And Streaming: Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Accessed June 12 2018. Pages 116-130.
https://ia801409.us.archive.org/12/items/navalchronicleco18londiala/navalchronicleco18londiala.pdf
"William Cobbett | British Journalist". 2018. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed June 18 2018.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Cobbett-British-journalist
JOHN PIERCE'S DEATH
Three British warships parked in U.S. territorial waters around Sandy Hook, New Jersey
HMS Leander
outside New York. They searched every vessel entering the harbor for what they determined to be contraband and illegal commerce. The HMS Leander, captained by Henry Whitby, attempted to stop an American vessel. They fired a warning shot, trying to get the ship to stop so they could board it. The cannonball struck and killed seaman John Pierce. The incident was called murder and there was rioting in New York where the goods destined for the British ship were given to the poor instead.
President Thomas Jefferson
President Thomas Jefferson, due to the lack of a strong U.S. navy, made a proclamation calling for the arrest of Henry Whitby and the immediate withdrawal of the warships from U.S. waters. Whitby was able to evade an American trial and he was acquitted by a British court-martial.
John Pierce was given a huge public funeral and both Republicans and Federalists publicly condemned what had happened. The press took the story and soon every paper in the nation reported the incident as an "atrocious murder" and Pierce was made an object of songs and toasts on the Fourth of July. He became a national hero and a rallying point for the United States against Britain. He was later mentioned in a long poem written by Philip Freneau for Thomas Jefferson's retirement party.
"The Atlantic Monthly". 2018. Google Books. Accessed June 12 2018.
https://books.google.com/books?id=qfg3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA592&dq=Captain+Lewis++and+Captain+Whitby+of+the+Leander&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhw6jr5c7bAhXB2lMKHXnODHQQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Captain%20Lewis%20and%20Captain%20Whitby%20Leander&f=false
"Founders Online: To Thomas Jefferson From Dewitt Clinton, 28 April 1806". 2018. Founders.Archives.Gov. Accessed June 12 2018.
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-3648
"Founders Online: Enclosure: Philip Freneau'S Poem On Thomas Jefferson'S Retirem …". 2018. Founders.Archives.Gov. Accessed June 12 2018.
https://founders.archives.gov/?q=%22John%20Pierce%22%20Recipient%3A%22Jefferson%2C%20Thomas%22&s=1111311111&sa=&r=7&sr
"Free Trade And Sailors' Rights In The War Of 1812". 2018. Google Books. Accessed June 12 2018. Pg. 153.
https://books.google.com/books/about/Free_Trade_and_Sailors_Rights_in_the_War.html?id=zWURc-BfahsC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q=Leander&f=false
"The Naval Chronicle: Containing A General And Biographical History Of The Royal Navy Of The United Kingdom With A Variety Of Original Papers On Nautical Subjects.: Free Download, Borrow, And Streaming: Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Accessed June 12 2018. Pages 72-82.
"Thomas Jefferson: Proclamation—Ordering The Arrest Of British Citizens Henry Whitley, John Nairn, And Slingsby Simpson For The Murder Of John Pierce". 2018. Accessed June 12 2018.
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65715#axzz1yqhkENmB
The War of 1812. This event is often overlooked completely or given a cursory glance by the public and in the educational setting. Yet it was a pivotal moment in United States history that effected the entire country. But what was the war all about? What led up to it and how did the people of Darlington County, South Carolina respond to the declaration of war? In this series of blogs, we will lay some of the framework because all history is a tapestry of events leading up to the main event and the events following after. Nothing happens in a vacuum. Everything is being affected by everything else. We will end this series with the transcription of resolutions drafted by the Darlington Citizens Committee in response to the declaration of war in June 1812.
TURMOIL ON THE HIGH SEAS
While the fledgling United States was striving to grow as a nation, all was not well in Europe. The French Revolution through the Napoleonic Wars (1789-1814) had created a state of constant war, especially between France and Britain. The British Navy had
succeeded in destroying the French Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 and had turned its attention to decimating France's economy. They attacked French ships and blockaded French sympathetic ports. Britain put restrictions on trade so that France would not be able to receive foreign goods. Anyone wishing to trade with Europe had to follow these restrictions or their ports were blockaded, their ships attacked and boarded, and their goods and sailors taken by the British. France retaliated with restrictions of their own, attacking and refusing access to ports of any ships friendly to Britain. The two went back and forth, issuing one decree after another and making life miserable for any nation wanting to trade in Europe.
To make matters worse, the British Navy was in need of sailors and they sent out press gangs, taking experienced seamen off the streets and forcing them to work in the navy. They went a step further and attacked all types of vessels and pressed sailors into service. Needless to say, this did not sit well with the United States, who was experiencing its own naval problems with Barbary Pirates in the Mediterranean.
These pirates were attacking US ships, taking their crews, and then forcing the U.S. to pay exorbitant ransoms to get them back. At first the United States did its best to pay the ransoms. But with trade being limited, the government did not have the funds to continue paying ransoms. So they sent their tiny navy into the Mediterranean to combat the pirate threat. Pressures escalated on all sides and with rising pressures, these, and a host of other events, led to the events on the following posts.
"Barbary Pirate". 2018. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed July 12 2018. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Barbary-pirate
" Barbary Pirates, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 ". 2018. Penelope.Uchicago.Edu. Accessed July 12 2018. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/history/American_and_Military/Barbary_Pirates/Britannica_1911*.html
Benner, Dave, Brion McClanahan, Michael Arnheim, and Joe Wolverton. 2016. "Jefferson And The Barbary Pirates | Abbeville Institute". Abbevilleinstitute.Org. Accessed July 12 2018. https://www.abbevilleinstitute.org/review/jefferson-and-the-barbary-pirates/
"The Mariners' Museum : Birth Of The U.S. Navy". 2018. Marinersmuseum.Org. Accessed July 12 2018.
https://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/micro/usnavy/08/08a.htm
Historian Elected to the University South Caroliniana Society
The Historical Commission is pleased to announce that Brian Gandy, Director of the Commission and County Historian has been elected to serve on the University South Caroliniana Society's Executive Council! Brian is excited to represent the Darlington County Historical Commission through this new opportunity. The South Caroliniana Library and Archive is a valuable resource in South Carolina and the Society Board is a wonderful opportunity to network Darlington County with the State at large. "I believe that I have a lot to offer the Society and that my role at the Commission will be strengthened by this opportunity."
The Darlington County Historical Commission
https://youtu.be/I7wRWMzvsDI
Tour – Historic Society Hill
https://youtu.be/zBfD5uZD98E
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text:
Whistleblower Awarded $27 Million for J&J Settlement with Texas
Allen Jones, the person who sued Johnson & Johnson on behalf of the state of Texas for allegedly defrauding the state's Medicaid program, will receive 17%, or $27 million, of the $158 million settlement the company has agreed to pay state and federal regulators to settle the lawsuit.
Travis County District Judge John Dietz approved the $158 million settlement agreement between J&J and the state of Texas to settle claims that the pharmaceutical company fraudulently marketed its Risperdal anti-psychotic drug for uses not approved by U.S. regulators, including for children with psychiatric disorders.
"This settlement represents a resolution to claims brought by the State in 2004 for alleged Medicaid overpayment during the years 1994-2008, and will circumvent potentially lengthy and costly appellate activities," Teresa Mueller, a company spokeswoman, said in an e-mail.
Under the agreement, J&J and Janssen will pay $158 million, with 40 percent going to the state, 31 percent to the U.S., 17 percent to whistle-blower Allen Jones, who brought the lawsuit, and the rest to his attorneys, Tommy Jacks, one of Jones's lawyers, said in an interview. Both sides agreed on final allocation last night, Jacks said.
"We know the Texas taxpayers are getting more," said Tom Kelley, spokesman for the Texas attorney general. The settlement is the largest in a Texas case under the state's Medicaid fraud act, Kelley said.
The settlement, reached during trial, was the first time J&J and its Janssen unit settled a state's claims over Risperdal. The company lost jury trials in South Carolina and Louisiana over Risperdal marketing. Opening statements in a trial in Arkansas began today.
The settlement "provides for full payment within 10 days," Tom Melsheimer, another Jones attorney, said today. "Allen is very pleased to put this all to rest."
If you would like more information on whistleblower awards, the J&J settlement with Texas or other news, please click here and fill out the confidential form.
Tags: J&J Risperdal settlement, J&J Texas Medicaid Fraud, J&J Whistleblower award, Johnson & Johnson Allen Jones Risperdal, Johnson & Johnson Risperdal settlement
This entry was posted	on Monday, April 2nd, 2012 at 1:02 pm	and is filed under WT Blog. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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Link to homepage
Common Application sets 500-word limit on main essay
By Valerie Strauss
Valerie Strauss
Reporter covering education, foreign affairs
The Common Application widely used for college admissions by high school seniors has set a 250-500 limit for the essay as part of the 2011-12 college admissions season because essays written without any limits had become too long and poorly written, the organization said.
Some counselors complained about the change on an e-list used by college admissions counselors at high schools, saying they are worried that students will not have enough room to adequately display their writing abilities.
But officials for the Common App — which is accepted by 415 college and universities — say the change is only a return to a practice that had been used for 31 years before the unlimited essay experiment started four years ago, and that kids will be helped by the limit.
Executive Director Rob Killion and Director of Outreach Scott Anderson sent an e-mail to the e-list explaining the decision, and here's part of their response to complaints about the change:
"To give you some history regarding how we arrived here: After a four year experiment with no maximum essay size, we are simply returning to the practice of the prior 31 years in specifying a 500-word maximum. Our Board of Directors re-instated this maximum word limit at the unanimous recommendation of our counselor advisory committee and our member advisory committee. Both groups indicated that the lack of any guidance regarding a maximum size over the last four years had led to essays that were far too long, less well-written, and, at the end of the day, often skimmed rather than read by admission officers. In addition, the absence of a maximum size proved to be confusing for students — particularly those without access to counseling — who simply did not know when to stop writing.
"Any maximum size we might have chosen — 500, 750, 1000 — would have been subject to criticism in some quarters as arbitrary — either too short or too long. Since there is no magic number that would be acceptable to all, we returned to our historic 500 word limit, which allows an applicant approximately two double-spaced pages to express their thoughts and writing skills. Colleges that want longer writing samples can ask for them on their supplements, as many of them already do. Finally, the additional information section/upload remains available for students to use as they wish."
A preview of the 2011-12 Common App is available here. The essay prompt says:
Please write an essay of 250 –500 words on a topic of your choice or on one of the options listed below, and attach it to your application before submission. Please indicate your topic by checking the appropriate box. This personal essay helps us become acquainted with you as a person and student, apart from courses, grades, test scores, and other objective data. It will also demonstrate your ability to organize your thoughts and express yourself. NOTE: Your Common Application essay should be the same for all colleges. Do not customize it in any way for individual colleges.
Discuss some issue of personal, local, national, or international concern and its importance to you.
Indicate a person who has had a significant influence on you, and describe that influence.
Describe a character in fiction, a historical figure, or a creative work (as in art, music, science, etc.) that has had an influence on you, and explain that influence.
A range of academic interests, personal perspectives, and life experiences adds much to the educational mix. Given your personal background, describe an experience that illustrates what you would bring to the diversity in a college community or an encounter that demonstrated the importance of diversity to you.
Topic of your choice.
Follow The Answer Sheet every day by bookmarking http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet. And for admissions advice, college news and links to campus papers, please check out our Higher Education page. Bookmark it!
Valerie Strauss Valerie Strauss is an education writer who authors The Answer Sheet blog. She came to The Washington Post as an assistant foreign editor for Asia in 1987 and weekend foreign desk editor after working for Reuters as national security editor and a military/foreign affairs reporter on Capitol Hill. She also previously worked at UPI and the LA Times. Follow
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Q: Socket is closed on write stream but not when reading I recently noticed in my multi threaded Java socket handler that I was getting exceptions when I tried to write on a socket, however I was still receiving data via reads.  It was my understanding that if the socket was closed the input stream reader would also throw a socket closed exception when attempting the next read.  Is this not the case and should I manually close the socket if I get this exception when attempting to write?

A: A TCP connection can be closed in the write direction but not in the read direction, such a connection is called "half closed". You should keep reading the rest of the data the other side sent, otherwise the connection will not close normally.
If you think about it, how else could you sanely shut down a TCP connection? If you shut it all the way down in one step, what happens if the other side sends some data to you before you finish shutting it down? You still need to receive it. But, obviously, you can't keep sending data.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Zoe Wanamaker, famous people from .
Born 1949 - New York - British/US actress.
Educated at Central School of Speech and Drama, London. Work has been mainly in the theatre with Royal Shakespeare Company and National Theatre. Film work includes Wilde (1997) and the Harry Potter films. Numerous television roles include Love Hurts and My Family.
Contributors: Do you have a site related to Zoe Wanamaker?


I am Sushmita Matta, I live in Parker, CO, Zone 5. I always loved plants, especially tropical plants. I have created a small tropical paradise indoors. My husband once called our house "Botanical Gardens".
I started my plant collection 4.5 years ago.
When I started my plant collection, I was in my mid-twenties and had very less patience. In this process I killed some of my initial very hard to kill plants with over watering (expecting they will grow faster with more water) and poor light conditions.
I am really glad that my plants have taught me patience and to take it slow and watch them grow and enjoy natures beautiful creations.
I usually like to get 2-4 inch plants and enjoy watching them grow. A new leaf, a bud, a flower gives me immense happiness.
Every year in spring and summer I try adding new varieties to my collection.
After I get my new plants I research about them on web and make notes and follow those instructions. TopTropicals has been very good source of information. I came across this site when I was searching for information and since then has become one of my favorite site. With work, two small kids I find time to look and enjoy my plants.
inch pot. Has grown well, and this year it has started to bloom.
I am happy to see couple of pups growing at the base of mother plant. When I started my plant collection bromeliad was one of the plant that, I killed with over watering.
another from seed. Still waiting for their blooms.
Ficus (This has grown quite a bit in last couple of years.


We should be all propagated to the new server.
We were with our previous host from 2006 (a year and a bit after PEN was launched and really took off, first time around) and never had an issue like we did earlier this week with such p**s poor support being offered. That host we joined in 2006 was bought out by a new host, so I assumed they'd have their s**t together. Way off the mark.
So, we've f**ked them off and gone with a new host. I've done s**t like this in the past and this was probably the quickest swap/setup I've been a part of. Hopefully its a sign of things to come with another good stable host.
So, apologies for the downtime, we're back up and running now.
I switched the forum offline before the scheduled migration, but I think they started porting data over before that, so its been on and off all day.
If you did post stuff, double check its still there.
f**king hell , glad we are up and running again !!!!
Yeah, email error at the moment. Looking into it.
Site is really slow on mobile for me.
Running well on my Sony xz.
For me too. Did the cookie reset and it is still the same.
Same for me as for the mobile version .
Its been the quickest its ever been for me, at home, on phone or in work.
Been fine for me on android and pc for me since migration.
Same here, no email notifications!
Yeah, looking in to it. Trying to pinpoint it has proven difficult.
takes ages for the forum to load on my iphone ipad and pc.has been since sunday gets better once in, but going back seems to take a while.
I'll look into things tomorrow. I think we got some software issues not server.
Forum is due an update as well which I'm gonna sort this weekend as well.


The prestigious Camping du Clos Virgile welcomes you to Sérignan, in lively Languedoc Roussillon!
For a relaxing break, escape to this relaxing and natural environment surrounded by vineyards. During your stay at le Clos Virgile, don't forget to visit some of the many nearby towns such as Béziers (16km/9.9 miles), le Cap d'Agde (29km/18 miles), Marseillan (31km/19.3 miles) or even Pézenas (32km/19.9 miles). For those who love exploring and water-sports: le Clos Virgile is only 400m from the beach and is close to many hiking trails.
At le Clos Virgile, choose between swimming in the sea or in the pools (outdoor and indoor pool). With its talented entertainers, the kids' club is open in July and August for fun games and hands-on activities. Your little ones can also enjoy the children's play area. Here you can also enjoy the 50m water slide, the Jacuzzi, sports tournaments and refreshing activities such as a gym and aqua-aerobics. The sports equipment is available from May to September (including basketball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, table tennis and pétanque).
As well as all of this, this well-kept campsite surrounded by nature offers quality rental accommodations and top-notch services (bar, restaurant, convenience store, newsagents, TV room, laundrette, rental service, gas barbecues, and Wi-Fi access). Its location enables you to take part in various sports excursions (sailing, sea fishing, horse riding) as well as go to various festivals, concerts, exhibitions, and much more.
Nearest town : Sérignan (5 km).
Béziers Cap d'Agde airport (15 km).
The region of Languedoc Roussillon has many assets: picturesque villages, local markets with smells and aromas to remind you of your childhood, and beautiful sandy beaches. For history lovers, you can discover Montpellier and its historic town centre, as well as many monuments: such as Saint Pierre Cathedral, le Couvent des Ursulines, and the opera house. Not far from there, Sète is a tranquil village to visit: its centre is picturesque, the houses are colourful, and from Mont Saint Clair you get an outstanding panoramic view of the Pyrenees.


Ben Affleck defends back tattoo: Would you like to view this in our German edition? I even show her the gym text from my wife, and this really sets her off. Spain approves exhuming, moving remains of dictator Francisco Franco. NBC Sports Boston.
She motions toward a subway station. Keri Russell seems real, insofar as any celebrity can actually seem real, and the best-friend thing — the neighbor thing — draws you in until you believe, unbelievably, that you already know her. Stars on set As the Felicity alum's rep confirmed to Us Weekly back in December, Russell separated from her carpenter hubby Shane Deary over the summer after seven years of marriage. It's good news for the former Felicity star and her boyfriend, Matthew Rhys, who also plays her husband on the show. Photo credit: Alex Parale - December 20, 0.
Nice to meet ya! At least it would be fun and invigorating instead of me playing another nice mom in some sappy movie. All rights reserved. Latest News. She swears liberally. Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Young Artist Awards.
Absolutely stunning body! Any other?


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Vigelsø ist eine 148 Hektar große, seit Ende der 1980er Jahre unbewohnte dänische Insel im Odensefjord. Die Insel gehört zur Kirchspielsgemeinde (dän.: Sogn) Østrup Sogn, die bis 1970 zur Harde Lunde Herred im damaligen Odense Amt gehörte, ab 1970 zur damaligen Otterup Kommune im damaligen Fyns Amt und gehört seit der Kommunalreform zum 1. Januar 2007 zur Nordfyns Kommune in der Region Syddanmark.

Siehe auch: Liste dänischer Inseln

Einzelnachweise

Insel (Europa)
Insel (Dänemark)
Insel (Ostsee)
Geographie (Nordfyns Kommune)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Nothing say small-town America (or Minnesota in this case) like a small roadside gas station / convenience store. While it may seem mundane on the surface, these convenience stores are often times the community hub after the local coffee shop or diner closes for the day. Patrons can be seen chatting over a donut and a cup of coffee and solving the world's problems.


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RANKED: The Best Business Class Seats In 2018
December 27, 2018 December 27, 2018 ~ Alvin
As I'm incredibly busy over the next few days and am also doing some spring cleaning with the blog and my YouTube channel, I'd like to re-post some of the guides I've written for your viewing pleasure, as well as post some new ones that I've had lined up. I'll be back next week with some new aviation content, but for now, enjoy!
Over the course of the last few years I've had the opportunity to sample every single "generic" business class configurations there is out there. By "generic", I'm talking about business class configurations that a number of airlines operate. I'm effectively ruling out specific custom-made configurations, such as Qatar Airways' QSuites, Delta's Delta One Suites, British Airways' weird forwards-backwards configuration, etc.. I plan to try those out soon, though for now I thought it would be fun to visit a quick ranking of all the business class seats we've flown here at YTHK so far.
(For the record, based on reviews alone I'd predict that QSuites and Delta One Suites are both ahead of the competition compared to all of the products listed below. Here's to hoping I can prove that sometime soon.)
While economy class is all about the price these days, there is lots of competition for the best business class seat out there
I figured I'd start from the worst and move on up. So here we go:
9. Intra-Europe Business Class
The worst business class hard product out there, hands down, is in Europe. Now, I don't know how this trend started or how the industry, in general, thinks it's acceptable, but standard intra-European business class is an economy class seat with the middle seat blocked. Apart from the fact that you have a guaranteed empty seat next to you, there is literally no difference between a business class seat and an economy seat on most intra-European flights.
Lufthansa Airbus A321 Business Class Cabin
Now, an extra seat does make a difference, as it means there's more space to put loose items. I've mentioned in a post that intra-European business class is better than intra-European economy class. However, in no way does intra-European business class resemble a business class experience, and in no way is the cost justified.
Which airlines use this configuration? If you're flying any European airline shorthaul – be it Lufthansa, Swiss, etc. – you'll get this configuration when flying business class. There are a few precious exceptions which include Aeroflot, Cobalt Air, and Turkish Airlines – they offer "legitimate" business class seats on their shorthaul fleet.
Which airline does it best? You'll never get far in terms of comfort with intra-European business class. If I had to choose, I'd pick any airline that operates flights in a 2-2 configuration (or at least has two seats on one side), such as Lufthansa/KLM's Embraer 190, or the left side of Swiss/AirBaltic/Korean Air's CS300. At least, in that case, you'd have two seats to yourself. However, I'd avoid paying outright for intra-European business class, and would avoid it for any other business class configuration if I had the choice.
Reviews we've done of this configuration:
Finnair A321 Business Class Helsinki to Amsterdam
Lufthansa A321 Business Class Geneva to Frankfurt
Swiss A321 Business Class Zurich to Geneva
Finnair A321 Business Class Barcelona to Helsinki
Finnair A321 Business Class Helsinki to London
8. Recliner
The most basic "true" business class configuration is the recliner. A recliner doesn't turn into a bed, though it's wider, and goes further back than an economy class seat. Back in the day recliners were world-class for a business class product, though nowadays they've been outclassed by way more modern and spacious configurations, and mostly serve shorthaul Asian and U.S. routes.
China Southern Airbus A320 Business Class
While the most basic of recliners have manual controls (you'll more likely than not find a "basic" recliner when flying business class on a narrowbody aircraft within Asia), some more pimped out recliners may be electronically controlled, and even have "shells", so that they don't recline into the space of the person behind them.
Which airlines use this configuration? Most airlines within Asia use recliners for shorthaul configurations, though select airlines still fly recliners on longhaul routes. If you're flying a low-cost airline in a premium cabin (Scoot, Jetstar, etc. in business class), you're likely to get a recliner, even when flying on a longhaul flight. As far as full-service airlines go, however, you'll more likely see a recliner in premium economy.
More often than not nowadays you'll see a recliner in premium economy
Which airline does it best? While I don't actually find the seat to be that comfortable, there's no arguing that Cathay Pacific has the best recliner out there – there's storage space (not nearly enough, though more than any other recliner business class seat you'll find out there), and the electronically controlled seat goes further back than any other recliner seat you'll find in business class today.
Cathay Pacific Airbus A330 Regional Business Class
Cathay Pacific Boeing 777 Regional Business Class Reclined Seat
Cathay Dragon A321 Business Class Haikou to Hong Kong
Cathay Pacific A330 Business Class Taipei to Hong Kong
Cathay Pacific 777 Business Class Hong Kong to Taipei
Cathay Pacific 777 Business Class Osaka to Hong Kong
Dragonair A330 Business Class Fukuoka to Hong Kong
Dragonair A330 Business Class Hong Kong to Fukuoka
7. Angled Lie-Flat Seat
Around 20 years ago angled lie-flat seats were introduced. The idea was that back then airlines thought a fully flat bed would take up too much real estate on a plane, since they hadn't figured out how to configure planes efficiently. Angled lie flat seats are essentially seats that provide a flat surface at an angle to the floor; they're good for lounging, but as you'd expect you'd slide down when trying to get some sleep on a longhaul flight.
Thai Airways Boeing 747 Business Class Seat Angled Flat
Being born in this century I've never had the chance to fly angled-flat on a longhaul or redeye flight (I'd say I was lucky enough not to, but I've spent quite a few in an economy seat that I would've been glad to swap for an angled-flat seat instead). However, having spent quite a few shorthaul flights in angled-flat seats, I can confirm they're fine for lounging and napping. It's worth noting that not all angled flat seats are made equal – some are more angled than others, others have parts that jut out that attempt to support your butt to stop you from sliding down (e.g. Thai Airways, pictured above), etc..
Which airlines use this configuration? Many smaller airlines still run their longhaul flights with angled flat seats – Fiji Airways comes to mind. Hong Kong Airlines runs angled-flat seats on their A330 flight to Auckland – their only longhaul flight where this is still the case. You can expect to see angled-flat seats flying regionally to Hong Kong on JAL, Thai, Hong Kong Airlines, Asiana, and select aircraft from Singapore Airlines, Thai, EVA Air, etc. to name a few.
Which airline does it best? My favourite angled lie-flat seat goes to an airline that has very carefully crafted all the ergonomics of their seat. Singapore Airlines' regional business class has very good privacy, a very nice amount of storage space, and it's overall just a very carefully thought-out seat for regional flying. The same seat has also been used by EVA Air, China Airlines, and Hong Kong Airlines (which I first flew this seat in).
Hong Kong Airlines Airbus A330 Regional Business Class Bed
Hong Kong Airlines A330 Business Class Osaka to Hong Kong
Thai Airways 747 Business Class Bangkok to Hong Kong
Thai Airways A330 Business Class Hong Kong to Bangkok
Korean Air 747 Business Class Seoul to Hong Kong
Thai Airways A330 Business Class Phuket to Hong Kong
Thai Airways A330 Business Class Hong Kong to Phuket
6. Forward-Facing Fully Flat Bed
Now, what's not to like about a fully flat bed? Next on the list is the most rudimentary version of the fully flat bed currently in the market – simply seats that are arranged in a 2-2-2 or 2-3-2 configuration, facing forward. These seats are nothing to complain about, but you do have to climb over your neighbour to get to the bathroom, it's not often easy to get out of your seat when your tray table's out, and storage space is, more often than not, very limited.
LATAM Airbus A350 Business Class Cabin
While these seats are no longer competitive due to all the different configurations offering direct aisle access and whatnot, they're still comfortable – especially if you can snag a window, where the seat becomes quite private. Nowadays most forward-facing business class seats are also equipped with privacy partitions between seats.
LATAM Airbus A350 Business Class Bed
Note that I'm including seats that slope a couple of degrees downward in this category. When B/E Aerospace created their Minipod seat many years ago, they elected to have their seat's fully flat position angle downward by a couple of degrees, since the plane flies nose-up. Personally I don't find the 2° to make a difference at all, so I'll count this as a fully-flat seat as well, flown by Korean Air, Egyptair and Philippine Airlines – Emirates flies a modified version on their older 777s (sadly, their newer 777s feature the same uncompetitive forward-facing fully flat configuration, save the 2° angle).
Korean Air Boeing 777 Business Class Bed
Which airlines use this configuration? Most European airlines actually use forward-facing fully flat beds – Lufthansa, KLM, Aeroflot and Turkish Airlines come to mind. Most airlines that currently operate forward-facing fully flat beds are either smaller airlines that prefer to maximise capacity while trying to offer a comfortable product, but many larger airlines have chosen to outfit these seats onto their new aircraft as well. Some have just done so as they've introduced forward-facing fully flat seats many years in the past and have yet to update their seat, while others just don't find the need to be competitive. From Hong Kong, expect these seats longhaul when flying Qantas' A380s and 747s, KLM, Lufthansa, and Air Mauritius, among others.
We give Lufthansa crap, and their business class configuration isn't competitive, though there's still nothing to complain about a fully flat bed – and I find Lufthansa's seat to be one of the better ones within its category
Which airline does it best? Now I'm being completely unfair here, since Singapore Airlines' business class product features a 1-2-1 configuration, and the seat pitch isn't as much as what you'll get on other airlines, since you kind of have to sleep in an awkward position. But objectively, the best, most spacious, most storage-laden forward-facing fully flat business class seat would undoubtedly have to go to Singapore Airlines. Now, the seat isn't perfect, since you have to sleep diagonally – though it's the only forward-facing fully flat business class product that gives you direct aisle access, and objectively it's still a very good product.
Singapore Airlines Boeing 777-300ER Business Class
Singapore Airlines Airbus A380 Business Class Bed
LATAM A350 Business Class Munich to Doha
LATAM A350 Business Class Doha to Munich
Lufthansa A380 Business Class Frankfurt to Hong Kong
Korean Air 777 Business Class Vancouver to Seoul
Korean Air 777 Business Class Seoul to Vancouver
Korean Air 777 Business Class Hong Kong to Seoul
Korean Air A330 Business Class Hong Kong to Seoul
5. Herringbone Seat
Back in the day herringbone seats were the pinnacle of business class flying, due to the added concept of privacy in business class travel. Back then direct aisle access was the exception rather than the norm, so herringbone seats were quite popular with a large number of airlines. Due to how exposed they feel (since you're facing the aisle) and with the more spacious configurations out there, these seats are getting quite outdated by now, but they're still not too bad for longhaul flying.
Virgin Atlantic Boeing 787 Upper Class
Cathay Pacific Airbus A340 Business Class
I'd say, however, with the lack of storage, the inability to easily look out of the window, and the confinement caused by the seat walls, that out of all the modern-day business class seats that offer direct aisle access, this configuration is my least favourite. Still, however, the seats go fully flat, so you'll get a good night's sleep.
Virgin Atlantic Boeing 787 Upper Class Bed
Which airlines use this configuration? Virgin Atlantic and Air New Zealand have sworn by herringbone seats for the past few years, saying that they've been "incredibly popular" with customers. Virgin Atlantic even went so far as to file a lawsuit against seat manufacturer Contour many years ago, since they "copied Virgin Atlantic's product" and sold it to many other competitors, including Cathay Pacific, Jet Airways, Air Canada, Delta, etc.. At this point, however, herringbone seats are past their prime, and Virgin Atlantic and Air New Zealand are the only two airlines that continue to pump out their "incredibly popular" herringbone seats (actually, even Virgin Atlantic is considering a new suite-like product now).
Which airline does it best? I don't actually have a preference for my favourite herringbone seat. I've only flown Cathay Pacific's herringbone configuration before they phased it out after they retired their last A340 in 2017, as well as Virgin Atlantic's this year. So I can't speak for the best herringbone seat flying out there – can you?
I can speak for a herringbone seat I would avoid, though – Virgin Atlantic and Air New Zealand have herringbone seats that fold down into beds. The upside of that is that you can recline your seat during takeoff and landing. The bad news is that the recline only goes marginally further than your average economy seat, and I don't actually find the bed to be any more comfortable. So while both airlines otherwise offer great business class experiences, their seats are the worst herringbone seats out there, due to the inability to get into a lazy-Z position for reading.
The furthest recline goes in "seat mode" in Virgin Atlantic 787 Upper Class
Virgin Atlantic 787 Upper Class Hong Kong to London
Cathay Pacific A340 Business Class Bangkok to Hong Kong
Cathay Pacific A340 Business Class Rome to Hong Kong
4. Staggered Seat (Solstys Style)
When airlines were trying to increase their seat density while keeping seat comfort in mind, staggered seats became very popular. There are two types of staggered seats: Solstys style staggered seats, and Vantage style staggered seats. The main difference with Vantage style staggered seats is how they are laid out; while both generally outfit seats in a 1-2-1 configuration, the middle seats in Vantage-style seats are spaced out evenly between rows, whereas Solstys-style middle seats alternate between honeymoon seats (two seats together near the center) and seats nearer to the aisle, which you'll read about below.
Swiss Boeing 777 Business Class Middle Seats
Vantage-style staggered seats are laid out in a 1-2-1 configuration most of the time, but sometimes you will see them alternate between a 1-2-1 and 2-2-1 configuration.
Swiss Boeing 777 Business Class
In those cases, some rows will feature two seats by the window, which are the only seats on the plane that lack direct aisle access. They're actually not a bad choice for couples that want to look out of the window, but I'd avoid them if traveling alone (the aisle seat, in particular, isn't very private).
Swiss Boeing 777 Business Class "Pair" Seats
The idea of staggering lie-flat seats is that the footwell of the seat behind you lies under the seat console next to your seat. This means that in front of, and behind every "pair" seat near the window is a "throne" seat, as pictured below. These seats offer extra storage and privacy, and I'd highly recommend them if traveling in this configuration; the only downside is that the footwell is quite limiting, due to the fact that it's "wedged" between the two "pair" seats in front of you.
Swiss Boeing 777 Business Class Solo Seats
If you get a throne seat you'll have a great flight. However, between the "pair" seats by the window and the limiting footwells at all seats (particularly the throne seats), this is my less favourite of the two types of staggered business class seat.
Swiss Boeing 777 Business Class Bed
Which airlines use this configuration? Out of those that fly to Hong Kong longhaul, Swiss, Austrian, South African and Qantas come to mind as airlines that operate this configuration. Other notable operators of Vantage-style staggered business class seats include ANA, Aer Lingus, Malaysia Airlines, and Air Belgium.
Which airline does it best? Despite not having flown the configuration before, I've heard that the new Vantage XL seat (configured in the same way) is more spacious, and features more storage. This is featured on SAS, Qantas, China Southern, South African and Rwandair's A330 aircraft, as well as Philippine Airlines' newer A330s and A350s. Otherwise, this configuration is probably best enjoyed if you can snag a throne seat on a wider aircraft (such as a 777 or A350), preferably during daytime flights, due to the footwell issue.
(For the record, I didn't count Delta's A350s as having this product. Although Delta crafted their A350 Suites product from a Vantage seat configuration, they added a door, so not having flown it before I'm not sure how it affects seat comfort.)
Swiss 777 Business Class Hong Kong to Zurich
Swiss 777 Business Class Zurich to Hong Kong
Now for the other type of staggered seat, which I marginally prefer. Solstys-style staggered seats are always arranged in a 1-2-1 configuration, and I find space to generally be better utilised in this seat. This differs from the Vantage-style business class seat as there are "honeymoon" seats – the middle seats alternate between seats that are next to the aisles, and seats in the center right next to each other.
Hong Kong Airlines Airbus A330 Business Class Seat 18K
Below is a picture of one of those "honeymoon" seats – you'll see that they're right next to each other, whereas the seats behind are quite far apart. While I personally wouldn't want to be seated in a honeymoon seat, I know some people will feel otherwise, and in most cases there's always a privacy partition you can put up, in case you end up being seated next to a stranger in this configuration.
Hong Kong Airlines Airbus A330 Business Class Honeymoon Seats
As with other staggered configurations, not all seats are created equal; some are closer to the window, and others are closer to the aisle (pictured below), and much more exposed. However, that's a problem that Vantage-style staggered seats face as well – at least here all seats get direct aisle access.
Hong Kong Airlines Airbus A330 Business Class Aisle Seat 17H
The main advantage of this seat over the Vantage-style seats is that the footwell is larger, so it's easier to roll around comfortably in your sleep. Also, there's ample storage at all seats, whereas in the Vantage-style configuration some seats have significantly less storage than others.
Hong Kong Airlines Airbus A330 Business Class Seat in Bed Mode
Which airlines use this configuration? If you're flying out of Hong Kong the most notable example will be Hong Kong Airlines. Emirates and Etihad operate variants of this configuration, and other airlines that do include (but aren't limited to) Thai Airways, Asiana, and Iberia – some of Virgin Atlantic's A330s operate with this configuration too. United's new Polaris product on the 777-300ER actually features a modified version of this seat.
Which airline does it best? I found the configuration rather tight on the rather narrow A330, so this seat is best enjoyed on wider aircraft, such as the 777 and A350. If you can snag a windowside seat on an A380 configured with this seat configuration, you'll also have a great flight, due to the added shoulder space due to the side storage bins.
Emirates' A380s feature this type of seat, complete with side storage bins, too
Hong Kong Airlines Business Class Hong Kong to Osaka
2. Apex Suite
This is one of the two business class seat configurations that I consider as world class. Apex Suites are laid out in a simple 2-2-2 or 2-3-2 configuration, and look similar to forward-facing business class seats at first glance.
Korean Air Boeing 747-8 Business Class
However, upon closer look at the seats closer to the window, you'll realise that the seats are offset from each other, and are set up to maximise storage and privacy. All seats have direct aisle access – every window seat has its own "mini-aisle" setup that heads into the aisle.
The true reason why these seats are so highly acclaimed are the window seats. When the privacy partition's up, the privacy and space afforded in these seats are second-to-none, whether you're seated upright, or in bed mode.
Korean Air Boeing 747-8 Business Class Window Seat
Korean Air Boeing 747-8 Business Class Bed
Why isn't this the best business class configuration out there? While I love Apex Suites, there's something to be said about the fact that the aisle and middle seats aren't nearly as private as the window seats. Korean Air extended the privacy partition to make the aisle and center seats more shielded from aisle traffic – on the other three carriers that operate Apex Suites, even this shield isn't present. So while Apex Suites are brilliant business class seats, I can't in good conscience rank them as the best business class configuration in the world (in other news, storage in these seats is lacking).
Korean Air Boeing 747-8 Business Class Aisle Seat
Which airlines use this configuration? As of writing, exactly four airlines use this seat configuration: Korean Air, Japan Airlines, Oman Air, and Gulf Air. Japan Airlines is actually phasing out this seat for a reverse herringbone seat on their 787s, so they really only operate Apex Suites on their 777-300ERs, in a denser 2-3-2 configuration.
Which airline does it best? Korean Air has an unfair advantage because they're the only airline to operate Apex Suites on the upper deck of a 747. However, since there's basically unlimited storage space by the side storage bins when flying on the upper deck of Korean Air's 747-8, I'd take a window seat Apex Suite on Korean Air's 747-8 over a reverse herringbone seat on any airline any day.
Korean Air Boeing 747-8 Business Class Upper Deck
In addition to that, while JAL operates Apex Suites in a 2-3-2 configuration on the 777, Korean Air operates a 2-2-2 configuration on their 777s, as well as the lower deck of their 747-8s, which are even wider. So I'd say that Korean Air has the most spacious Apex Suite out of the four airlines flying it, at least on the 777s and 747-8s (all four airlines operate 787s with Apex Suites in a 2-2-2 configuration, and Korean Air and Oman Air both operate A330s with Apex Suites in a 2-2-2 configuration as well).
Korean Air 747-8 Business Class Hong Kong to Seoul
1. Reverse Herringbone Seat
The reverse herringbone stemmed from the innovation that a herringbone seat brought to the table; how angling the seat away from the aisle would generate lots of utilisable space. However, unlike herringbone seats, reverse herringbone seats have the whole package; they're private as they angle away from the aisle (as opposed to towards the aisle), and they have plenty of storage space.
Hong Kong Airlines Airbus A350 Business Class Seat
I ranked this above Apex Suites for two reasons. The first is that reverse herringbone seats typically offer more storage options. The second, and much more importantly, in my opinion, is that all reverse herringbone seats are similarly private. With staggered seats some seats are much more private than others, and even with Apex Suites the window seats are infinitely better than the aisle seats.
Here you can end up with a center seat in the last row of the business class cabin seated next to a stranger, and you'll still have a private flight with lots of storage space. Some people go as far as to say that the introduction of reverse herringbone seats was why we see first class starting to shy away from the aviation industry.
Qatar Airways Boeing 787 Business Class
As you'd expect these seats also recline into flat beds in all instances; most airlines' reverse herringbone seats have adjustable armrests, so you can choose between more head privacy and a few extra inches of bed width. It's worth noting, for the sake of comparison, that you'll get substantially less head privacy than if you were seated in a window seat in the Apex Suites configuration.
Qatar Airways Boeing 787 Business Class Bed
Which airlines use this configuration? After US Airways introduced reverse herringbone seats in 2010, they quickly gained popularity – Cathay Pacific was the first to introduce it in Asia, and it quickly became popular in the aviation market, being picked up by American, Delta, Air Canada, Finnair, Air France, Hainan Airlines, Virgin Australia, Xiamen Airlines, even Thai Airways (but then, they operate all but one of the above configurations across a range of aircraft, SMH) – just to name a few.
Which airline does it best? Most airlines have pretty similar configurations, and I've only flown the reverse herringbone seat configuration on a handful of airlines. But in terms of bed spaciousness, storage, and privacy, I like the Rockwell Collins Super Diamond rendition of the seat, used by Air Canada, China Airlines, Xiamen Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, Virgin Australia, and Hong Kong Airlines (on their newest A350s), among quite a few others.
The seat has some massive storage compartments, and I find the tray table to have many different adjustable positions, making it easy to get in and out of your seat. I tried this configuration out on a Hong Kong Airlines A350, and found the customisability of the seat to be beyond that of what most business class seats offer, and the abundant storage to be more favourable than an Apex Suite.
Hong Kong Airlines Airbus A350 Business Class Bed Mode
Hong Kong Airlines Airbus A350 Business Class Storage Area
The other great version of this seat that I've tried is Cathay Pacific's A350 business class, which is also modified on the storage front and is customised to maximise bed width, but I find the Super Diamond seat described above to have better storage options.
Hong Kong Airlines A350 Business Class
Finnair A350 Business Class Helsinki to Hong Kong
Finnair A350 Business Class London to Helsinki
Finnair A350 Business Class Bangkok to Helsinki
Cathay Pacific 777 Business Class Hong Kong to Bangkok
Cathay Pacific 777 Business Class Sydney to Hong Kong
Cathay Pacific A350 Business Class Hong Kong to Newark
Cathay Pacific 777 Business Class Hong Kong to Sydney
Qatar Airways 787 Business Class Doha to Hong Kong
Qatar Airways 787 Business Class Hong Kong to Doha
Finnair A350 Business Class Helsinki to Bangkok
Cathay Pacific A330 Business Class Hong Kong to Osaka
Cathay Pacific 777 Business Class Taipei to Nagoya
Cathay Pacific 777 Business Class Paris to Hong Kong
Cathay Pacific 777 Business Class Hong Kong to London
It's insane to think that only half of the configurations in the above list existed a decade ago. I haven't even included all the configurations flown in business class today – namely, I left out Delta's Delta One Suite and Qatar Airways' QSuite, which I hadn't flown yet, and didn't consider to be in the same league. As space is becoming more efficiently utilised, who knows what different business class seat configurations we'll see in ten years?
It's important to keep in mind that the above are my own rankings of the 9 "generic" types of business class seat out there. I'm pretty sure that #9 will be the same for all of you out there, but the rest may vary – I know some people who swear by a recliner over an angled lie-flat seat, others particularly like herringbone seats, some may prefer Vantage-style staggered seat over Solstys-style (due to the throne seats), etc..
Do you agree with these rankings for the main business class seat configurations out there? Was there a configuration I missed?
Posted in Business Class Guides, General, General Aviation, Travel, Updates
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2 thoughts on "RANKED: The Best Business Class Seats In 2018"
theitinerary1 says:
Kremmen says:
I can only guess that you only ever travel alone. While I like reverse herringbone while flying alone, I would definitely not rank it highest. If you want to really feel cut off from everyone else, why not go for the old Cathay herringbone (coffin) layout? However, either of those are horrid if two people are travelling together. The annoying inability for anyone to communicate with their companion can affect you even when you are alone. You can end up with people around you talking very loudly to be heard, whether in two central seats or yelling across the aisle. Plus the angle means you have those big, fat airbag belts or the annoying shoulder belt.
The vast majority of staggered (Solstys) seats are just as private as reverse herringbone for those travelling alone, but the paired seats in the middle are 100 times better when travelling with a companion. Surely a much better compromise.


Portrait of a young man with dark moustache.
Portrait of Archie Forbes, war correspondent.
Portrait of man with a moustache.
Portrait of John Connon, wearing a hat.
Portrait of man in striped jacket.
Portrait of Lt.-Col. Charles Clarke.
Two portraits of Alexander Waddell, one taken in Dublin, 1851, the other in Elora, 1901.
Thomas Connon, John Connon, and Thomas Connon Jr.
Thomas Connon, Sr., holding a book.
On back: "Thomas Connon, Sr."
Portrait of David Boyle as a young man.
Portrait of John Connon, seated, holding a copy of McClure's Magazine.
On back "filed under 38 in scrapbook".
Portrait of a young man with moustache.
Portrait of a man seated in a rustic chair.
Portrait of Seaman H. Sarraro.
Portrait of an unidentified man, seated, with book on knee.
Portrait of an unidentified man in checked jacket.


Here is the Utah law code if you are interested in partially homeschooling your children, as I have done with Ellery this year. Your principal must comply. I would begin to open the dialogue now, before the new school year. This will allow the school to place your child with an appropriate teacher who communicates well with parents.
(1) A person having control of a minor under this part who is enrolled in a regularly established private school or a home school may also enroll the minor in a public school for dual enrollment purposes.
(2) The minor may participate in any academic activity in the public school available to students in the minor's grade or age group, subject to compliance with the same rules and requirements that apply to a full-time student's participation in the activity.
(3) Except as otherwise provided in Sections 53A-11-101.5 and 53A-11-102, a student enrolled in a public school may also be enrolled in a private school or a home school for dual enrollment purposes.
(4) A student enrolled in a dual enrollment program is considered a student of the district in which the public school of attendance is located for purposes of state funding to the extent of the student's participation in the public school programs.
(5) In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act, the State Board of Education shall make rules for purposes of dual enrollment to govern and regulate the transferability of credits toward graduation that are earned in a private or home school.
(6) The State Board of Education shall determine the policies and procedures necessary to permit students enrolled under Subsection (1) to participate in public school extracurricular activities.


text:
Arusnati è una popolazione italica dell'Italia settentrionale.

Il popolo
Il popolo degli Arusnati abitava la Valpolicella in epoca romana e preromana. In epoca romana dipendevano da Verona, dopo la creazione del municipio, il tutto conservando una certa autonomia amministrativa (il Pagus Arusnatium) e religiosa. Gli Arusnati erano localizzati in Valpolicella, partendo dalla parte nord del comune di Verona ed arrivando, secondo due ipotesi, sino alla chiusa di Ceraino o entrando in Vallagarina fino ad Ossenigo, frazione di Dolcè, che è l'ultimo paese della provincia di Verona al confine col Trentino.

Le uniche tracce lapidarie sono custodite a Verona nel Museo Lapidario Maffeiano e a san Giorgio di Valpolicella nel museo annesso alla pieve longobarda del VII secolo d.C. (tra le meglio conservate del territorio veronese), luogo dove sono stati trovati frammenti di più di 200 statuette votive in terracotta rappresentanti divinità, offerenti, animali.
Le prime testimonianze della presenza degli Arusnati in questa regione risalgono al V secolo a.C. Il popolo era prevalentemente dedito all'agricoltura (particolarmente rilevante la vitivinicoltura già in epoca romana).  Scavi effettuati presso la località di San Giorgio (forse il centro religioso più importante dell'area) e oggi visibili nel giardino antistante l'abside orientale della pieve, hanno riportato alla luce quello che doveva essere un laboratorio metallurgico, probabilmente risalente al IV secolo a.C., a testimonianza di un'attività di lavorazione dei metalli di discreta importanza. Il laboratorio infatti dispone di un'area adibita a magazzino dei manufatti che dimostrerebbe che tale attività produttiva non era destinata a soddisfare esclusivamente le esigenze di una ristretta comunità locale. Il ritrovamento di manufatti anche in rame, materia prima non disponibile in loco, dimostra che l'insediamento produttivo aveva rapporti di interscambio con altri centri più distanti. Con il progressivo abbandono dell'attività metallurgica questi laboratori furono in seguito utilizzati come abitazioni. In epoca romana, l'intera area era inoltre dedita alla cavatura e lavorazione della pietra, utilizzata in vari monumenti romani di Verona e di altre città del nord Italia.

In epoca longobarda San Giorgio divenne curtis regia restando il centro del Pagus.

L'autonomia amministrativa della zona fu ereditata anche dopo l'assimilazione e la fusione degli arusnati con altri popoli. Fino alla repubblica di Venezia la Valpolicella godette di un'ampia autonomia amministrativa.

Le origini
I più recenti studi sui reperti epigrafici rinvenuti nel territorio del pagus arusnatium, collegherebbero la popolazione ed i suoi culti alla cultura etrusca, che sembra peraltro permeare varie sacche retiche abitanti l'area cisalpina (tra le fonti antiche, sia lo storico Tito Livio che Plinio il Vecchio attribuiscono ai reti origini etrusche). Lo stesso nome Arusnates potrebbe derivare da Aruns/Arruns, eroe della mitologia etrusca legato alla città di Chiusi (lat. Clusium), potenza etrusca impegnata nella colonizzazione dell'Italia settentrionale attorno al VI-V secolo a.C.

Secondo Girolamo Asquini (storico dell'Ottocento) sono di origini gallo-celtiche. Alla base di questa ipotesi sarebbe la tradizione (arrivata ai giorni nostri) della distribuzione delle fave. Le fave, che per prime sbucavano dal terreno primaverile dopo che il seme era stato sepolto nella terra, erano il simbolo della resurrezione, nell'antichissima credenza che le anime dei morti non perissero con il corpo. Oggi la "Festa de le Fa'e (fave)" di origine pagana arusnate si svolge nella seconda domenica di novembre.

La religione
Alcuni teonimi del pantheon arusnate sono del tutto singolari e difficilmente riconducibili in maniera certa ad altri culti o divinità italiche o romane.
 Cuslano - nome di divinità - forse il "dio della porta" etrusco Culsan.
 Imnhagalle, Schnagalle - onomastici di difficile interpretazione, sui quali esistono varie ipotesi (una delle quali rimanda a culti di origine celtica comunque presenti in area cisalpina).
 Udisna Augusta - nome di divinità oppure  (più probabilmente, date le caratteristiche del reperto epigrafico) nome di un edificio o area edificale sacra.
 Lualda - da reperto epigrafico [...]LVALDAE[...] oppure [...]LVAE DAE[...]  - forse la divinità romana Lua.
 Man(n)isnavius - figura sacerdotale sconosciuta.
 Iuppiter Felvennis - l'epiteto Felvennis si trova solo presso gli arusnati ed è di incerta definizione.
Questa originale teonomia può far pensare ad un culto arusnate di origine preromana (forse etrusca) ed ai sincretismi generatisi successivamente alla latinizzazione del territorio. Tuttavia, la molteplicità di influenze che vi si possono riscontrare, potrebbe essere dovuta alla specifica posizione geografica del pagus che si trovava all'incrocio di importanti vie di comunicazione tra differenti etnie (etrusca, retica, celtica, veneta). Questo potrebbe aver creato le condizioni per lo sviluppo di una religiosità contenente elementi di varia origine ed appartenenza, mantenutisi poi anche in età romana.

Note

Popoli dell'Italia antica
Storia di Verona


text:
Curlee is a surname or given name. Notable people with this name include the following:

Surname
Christina "Phazero" Curlee was a video game designer
Hannah Curlee, runner-up on Season 11 of The Biggest Loser
Nancy Curlee, American soap opera writer

Given name
Curlee Brown, Sr. (1909 1976), African-American activist

See also

Curlee (disambiguation)
Curler (disambiguation)
Curlew (disambiguation)
Curley, name list
Curly, name list
Curli, protein