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If you have your eye on an affordable electric bike, you'll want to make sure that you get the most bang for your buck. Unless you plan on doing more manual pedaling than cruising, you'll want a bike with a sufficient amount of power. Some bikes have lower watt motors, such as 250 to 300, while others offer more of a boost with 500 watts or more. Another factor for many consumers is whether the bike comes with certain features, such as lights, a water bottle cage, and a rear rack.
Weight isn't anything like a critical as one would assume. Weight distribution however is a different matter and this is where geometry, specifically the ratio of the front centre measurement to the chain stay length really comes into play. Battery placement is important too, and smaller batteries give an edge in the handling stakes while robbing the bike of range.
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If you really want to see the future take a look at the Fazua Evation, with a battery and motor this system weighs an incredible 4.7kg! The battery only has 250wh, but at 1.3kg you could easily carry a spare in a pack. The really interesting thing about this system though, is the motor and the battery can be removed from the frame, so you really do have two bikes in one.
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The NAKTO Electric Mountain Bike is one powerful bike that delivers great speed. It has the Shimano 6-speed system to allow for easy shifting of the breaks. Secondly, the bike also features the powerful 350W high-speed motor, which ensures that it delivers top-notch speed. You can always adjust the speed from 20-24 MPH. The elegant and body friendly design of the bike makes it suitable for all users. It is a more refined and humanized bike recommended by both experts and riders.
More and more people are switching to electric bikes for a lot of practical reasons. It provides convenience because you do not have to wait in traffic or look for the perfect parking spot. That saves you time and money for gas. As for health benefits, you can squeeze in some exercise and manually pedal your way to work then switch to the electric motor when you get tired.
For the electric mountain bikes, it is vital to check out the battery type. This powerful electric bike comes with a powerful 10.4Ah lithium-ion battery to ensure that it delivers excellent services. Besides this, the bike is also driven by a powerful electric 350W brushless motor for great speed. You can always shift the speed since it uses the 7-speed Shimano system, which makes it great for all users.
A sleek affordable commuter from Yamaha, a household brand name going for a balance of price, performance, efficiency, and a purist feel, for years they did their homework studying their applications on Haibike, Giant, etc, using data and analysis to make offerings of their own. The PW SE motor is smooth and very efficient, coupled with the protected PW-X display,…...
The 2019 Specialized Turbo Levo Comp returns to our electric mountain bike test and claims our Editor's Choice Award for the second year in a row. The new model has several notable changes over the previous version we tested including a new frame design, 29-inch wheels, 150mm of front and rear wheel travel, a new motor, and an updated battery charge and power output display. All these new changes have only helped to solidify the Turbo Levo Comp's position at the top of the podium. It still has the same well-rounded performance on the trail that makes it "feel the most like a mountain bike." It is more playful and agile than the competition, yet it still manages to charge the fall-line just as hard. Like previous Turbo Levo models, Specialized has very stealthily integrated the battery and motor into the frame giving it a low center of gravity and a very non-e-bike look. The new Specialized 2.1 motor is very quiet, plus it weighs less and has reduced the overall weight of the bike by more than 2 lbs.
None of this would matter if the VanMoof Electrified S2 (and its close relative the X2) wasn't fun to ride, but it is a blast. Like the Brompton, it pulls off the neat trick of powering you along but giving the illusion that you're doing the work, reacting quickly and cleverly to the speed of your pedalling and the difficulty of any incline you're on.
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205-WH battery, $5,000. One of the sexiest bikes on this list, the frame is made from Titanium with no paint. Titanium is known for being sweet looking, lightweight, strong, and expensive, and an ebike made up of it is a rare piece of ebike porn. This bike is basically a conversion bike built by a company. It can easily be built the same way as a home build. It would be even sexier and cleaner with an internal gear hub in the rear such as a Rohloff. This is possible because this is a front wheel drive ebike. Get more info on this bike from the Prodego website
Speaking of which, if you're used to non-electric cycles, be aware that e-bikes are heavy and capped at 25kph or 15.5mph. In many cases, that means the bike starts to feel like its actively fighting against you, if you try to push the speed higher than that by pedalling. That's especially true with heavier bikes, for obvious reasons, and can take a while to get used to.
The HITHOT H1 from Addmotor is the second bike in this list. It is cheaper than the Cyrusher XF800 because its motor and battery are less powerful but the bike, in no way, lacks in quality. Considering the price and quality of the components, Addmotor has done an amazing job. Riding this bike is fun and playful, and it will match the expectations of every budget shopper.
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The Ghost is a sleek, quiet and practical bike with everything you need to carry out your daily chores and trips around town. It's a simple and refined electric city bike – no gears, no shifter. No front suspension either, but there is the 500W motor that will get you to speeds up to 26mph. The design, the build quality and the specs are on par with much more expensive bikes. Features include the rack and fenders, an integrated LED tail light as well as a headlight. Because of the flat top tube frame style that is 28″ off the ground this bike is fits best to riders 5'4″-6'1″ tall.
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If you are an experienced rider this is actually annoying as hell. Personally, I tend to leave whatever I'm riding in a high gear all the time, because my body is like a powerful machine, and I found the way it slowed my escape from the lights quite disconcerting. For beginners, it could be useful, but it's worth remembering that the whole point of e-bikes is that the motor helps you along anyway, so I do really question the usefulness of this.
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However, Emu sells a little foldable number if that's your bag. The Emu Crossbar is for town commuters that require a sweet ride that's backed up by solid Shimano Nexus hub gears and Tektro brakes, which are adequate if not the best on the market. Riding is smooth and easy, with the crank moving sensor doing its best to iron out any gaps in power delivery.
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The bikes we tested all use a different e-bike motor system, and the controls, the primary user interface, are an important element we rated but didn't weight as heavily as some of the others. Each motor system and its associated controls are slightly different. Our primary interest is in how user-friendly is it to interact with the system, how intuitive and ergonomic are the shifters, how good and easy to read is the display, and how easy is it to charge the battery? Each drive system also has a smartphone app that is intended to allow the user to fine-tune the motor's support settings, create custom settings, monitor battery charge and health, and a whole lot more. We don't feel the apps are necessary for the use of any of these e-MTB's, but those with an affinity for technology or personalizing your ride may be inclined to use them.
Electric bikes (also known as e bikes) are perfect for long-distance riding, or when you just don't feel like giving your full effort. What differentiates them from electric motorcycles is the ability for the rider to pedal the bike at any time, so if you're riding along and your battery dies, you're not going to stranded. These are often very valuable bikes, but some models can be more affordable than you might expect, especially when you treat them as a form of transportation as opposed to thinking of the price in terms of regular bicycles.
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There is no crossbar or crazy geometry to speak of, simply a high modulus carbon front frame that is connected to a trailing arm. Even the wheels are cutting edge, with the special patented quick-detach "Pitstopwheels" fastening to a central hub like a sports car. On top of this, there's a futuristic Knightrider-esque "cockpit", which consists of numerous coloured LEDs that give slightly abstract readouts on battery range, gear selection and speed. Again, lighting is built in, drawing power from the main battery.
There are many places in the U.S. where you can legally and responsibly ride e-MTB's, and take it from us; they are a heck of a lot of fun. Check with local land management agencies to find out where you are allowed to use an electric mountain bike before taking to the trails. One thing we do know, e-MTB's can be used on any trails that are legal for motorized use, so we took advantage of the wealth of OHV trails in the greater Lake Tahoe area for our testing purposes and had more fun doing it than any of us expected.
The unit system is likely to have several options to choose various levels of pedal assistance, which is between 25% and 100% of the pedaling input of the rider. The drive system is most likely to have a smartphone app with features to control various settings including setting up the engine's support settings, modifying the controls according to the rider's preference, monitoring the health and charge status of the battery, and more functions.
Perhaps one of the most important factor to consider in a mountain bike is its ability to perform and deliver. The performance that one gets is dependent on the motor the bike comes with. How a motor transfers power to the drivetrain is crucial to the performance and will provide noticeable difference especially when scaling up a mountain or a steep road.
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With different degrees of assistance at your fingertips, riders of varying fitness levels are easily accommodated on the same ride too. Which, depending on who's setting the pace, can bring a social aspect back to big days out, because you can all ride together and the assistance from the motor makes it that much easier to string a coherent sentence together even on the steepest climbs.
Yukon Trails Outback Electric Mountain Bike is an affordable urban bike with a 24 volt motor of 250 watts. The lead-acid battery of 10 AH offers 28 miles in a charge. This mountain bike is manufactured in China. The bike has the solid tires of 1.75 Watt and 24 inches. It reaches up to the speed of 15 MPH due to the rim of 24 inches. You can smoothly ride the bike while enjoying the fresh air. The seat is comfortable to sit for a long time.
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The F1-trained engineers at William Advanced Engineering assisted with the electrical parts and the result is a 250W motor that provides pedal assistance via the front hub – which is still a very unusual approach. It draws power from a 300Wh battery pack that sits in a bag and goes on the front where the Brompton luggage rack would normally sit. You can also opt for a larger bag that holds both the battery and your spare suit or laptop or whatever.
With most ebikes the choice of motor defines aspects of the frame geometry and to a lesser degree the suspension characteristics of the bike. Not with new Rock Mountain Altitude Powerplay. With its bespoke motor Rocky has been able to design an ebike that reflects the ride quality of a highly evolved 150mm trail bike. With instant power pickup, extended battery life and streamline proportions it's not just the handling of the Rocky that will get you charged up for riding. It's the best bike in this test by some margin, but we had an issue with the motor momentarily cutting and raising questions over it's reliability.
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Recently, electric mountain bikes have exploded in popularity. Our team researched the top models on the market and purchased six bikes in the $4500-$6000 range to test and review. Our team of testers rode these pedal-assist mountain bikes for thousands of miles, countless hours, and many tens of thousands of vertical feet. In the process, we analyzed each model's uphill and downhill performance, tested their distance range, paid close attention to the user-friendliness of their e-bike controls, and scrutinized their power output. We rode of each of these bikes hard in an effort to expose their strengths and weaknesses and determine the key ride characteristics of each one, and most importantly how they compare to each other.
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All the electric bikes need to have the best braking system to keep them safe for all users. With this quality E-bike, you are assured of a safe ride thanks to the front and rear disk brakes. This makes it easier to stop the bike even when at a higher speed. Besides this, the bike also lasts for years due to the high-strength carbon steel used in the construction. This makes it a great investment for anyone looking for the best electric bike.
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Electric bicycles offer the same great benefits as traditional bicycles and remove many of the roadblocks and challenges that people face with traditional pedal-powered bikes. With help of an electric motor you can get where you need to be faster, climb hills effortlessly and significantly reduce your carbon footprint. Also e-bikes don't require registration, license plates, or insurance. So how come the electric bikes are have not taken over the world by now? The real problem—even now that e-bikes have been available for years—is cost.
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The major reason I want a lightweight e-bike is so that I can largely ride it as a regular bike and only occasionally use the assist and so that I won't notice quite so much when the battery runs out of juice going up a hill. Other reasons I want a lightweight e-bike: so that I can easily lift it onto the bus bike rack; so that I can hang the front tire on the bike hooks in our light rail trains; so that I can put it on a car rack; so that I can occasionally carry it up stairs.
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Ego 26" bike is perfect for everyday commute. It features a 500W motor with 10AH lithium-ion battery. The E-go 26″ allows up to 20 miles with a speed up to 20 MPH. The design has a large display for speed and distance, as well as the battery life. Built with an aluminum frame with built-in battery, seat post suspension and Shimano gears. This bike is really one of the best cheap electric bikes on the market.
We didn't take an existing charger and slap the Luna name on it. We special-ordered a quality charger from a respected manufacturer, and specified certain features that we feel are the most important. It has a difgital voltage read-out (why don't they all have that?), a choice between a slow charge at 3A, or a fast charge at 5A. Most importantly, we made sure to include an 80%/90%/100% three-way switch so you can choose max possible range, or max possible life. Other chargers give you only two choices...take it or leave it.
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What use is a 'lightest' bike if you don't get any performance advantage out of it? No long range? No top speed? No rid comfort and other 'niceties'. Basically nothing and an added price tag to boot so what's the f*ckin point then? At least with all other transportation vehicles be it cars, motorcycles, regular bikes, electric cars, being lightweight has a point usually it's speed and/or range. This however is just idiocy.
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324-WH Panasonic LiPo. The bargain ebike of this bunch. This lightweight electric bike will cost you $1,650, including shipping from Australia. This ebike builder bought 50 of these fixie bikes from China, and does the motor conversions himself. Why is it so light? For one it is a fixie bike which means no gears and limited braking in order to make it simpler and lighter. Visit the Solar Bike Website
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By Max Shumpert: This article has been updated to reflect the most accurate information regarding best e-bikes available for those who are interested in new technology combined with traditional bikes. The best 5 available have changed, and information has been added to assist individuals in finding the best electric bicycles currently available on the market. The FAQ has also been updated.
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With the multi-colors now available, every user will definitely find their favorite picks. It has fat tires, which makes it ideal for riding on all kind of terrains. It has been built from durable frames, which makes it suitable for supporting up to 260 lbs. Other than this, the bike moves at a speed of 23 MPH and with the Shimano 7-gears shifting system, you will find it great for your cycling needs. The comfortable bike has an adjustable saddle that can be adjusted to suit your height.
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Recovery from injury will be faster – Injury and biking go hand in hand. When you are hurt, you cannot ride a regular MTB although biking can actually help your body to gain the fitness. An e-bike can be your best companion to your fitness-regain journey. As you can choose the assistance level, it will be easy to keep up with your trail mates without pushing yourself too hard.
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While we're on this thread, I want to go ahead and throw in the most tricked-out shred sled in the AllMtn line. Haibike spared no expense wit the XDURO AllMtn 10.0. It's a premium bike, and here is why. A Fox Factory 34 front suspension fork with 150mm of travel and Kashima coating starts things off. That's followed by a 20-speed drivetrain brought to you by Shimano Deore XT Shadow Plus. Then you've got DT Swiss rims, KS LEV-DX dropper seatpost, Magura MT7 HD brakes, and a Yamaha PW-X motor. 'Nuff. Said.
The energy it has stored escapes gradually: this is called 'self-discharging'. If it remains completely discharged for a long period of time, irreparable damage can occur due to chemical reactions inside the battery. Refer to your battery's user manual for information on what to do if you do not intend to use it for a period of time. Recommendations vary depending on the type of battery.
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The XF800 comes with a high-powered motor (1000W and 48V) that works on three levels – Twisting Throttle to get the electric power at the full force, Pedal Assist, and completely Turn Off the power. The 7-speed Shimano shifter is great for experimenting at various speeds while the dual-suspension, wider tires, and hydraulic disc brakes ensure a bump-free smooth ride.
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The Bulls motor is claimed to have 90Nm of torque, but it was so smooth and quiet that it didn't feel outrageously powerful. The assistance came on smooth and strong thanks to the belt driven system. The Rocky Mountain Instinct Powerplay Alloy 50 uses a drive system that claims to have up to 108Nm of torque. While their system felt quite powerful, it didn't feel stronger than the Bulls, and we noticed that it seemed to modulate its output in a way that the others didn't. The Rocky Mountain makes you work for it a little more than the rest. The Trek, Giant, and the Specialized motor systems felt slightly less powerful, still offering plenty of pedal-assist support mind you, but that also resulted in efficient motors and longer distance ranges than the models with more brute power.
Are Electric Bikes Considered Motorized Vehicles
In our view, e-bikes are approaching a crossroads in concept and design. Heading off in one direction are longer travel, enduro-style e-bikes, which are largely designed for cruising up and then blasting back down. Plotting a slightly different course is the idea of a lightweight model that rides much more like a normal mountain bike, but requires more work from the rider. Of the two approaches, both have their benefits, but it's the latter that gets us the most excited. Once the overall weight falls into the 16-17kg range (the lightest bikes are currently19-20kg) it's going to be really hard to tell the difference between an e-bike and a regular trail bike on the descents and the flat, but you get the benefit of a gentle push up the climbs.
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When riding a normal bike through creek crossings and rock gardens, I typically stop pedaling often to avoid pedal strikes and to maneuver the bike. This approach is not compatible with the Turbo Levo's weight. On it, continual pedaling was necessary, but the big tires and well-damped suspension enabled me to roll over obstacles I'd typically try to avoid, with the motor helping me power over them smoothly. To make this constant pedaling possible without pedal strikes, the bottom bracket is moved higher and Specialized has spec'd 170mm cranks that are a tad shorter than normal.
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Merax is a brand that has been dominating the biking industry for a while now, and this electric mountain bike compliments the brands quality and desire to be one of the best brands. It is powered by a 350 Watt motor which gives the bike enough power to go anywhere. The bike functions in two modes; as an E-bike and on a PAS mode. It also has a 5 pedal assistant level which is a good way to enjoy different riding experiences.
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Additionally, it features the Shimano 7-speed shifting system, making it easier to attain a higher speed. It is a reliable bike with two working modes. With this, you can pedal it whenever it runs out of power. The powerful e-bike is able to move at a speed of 32km/h and can move for 22-28 miles on a single charge. The padded and comfortable saddle is easily adjustable for your riding height. You can also adjust the handlebars for a more comfy ride.
There are various kinds and classifications of electric bikes on the market, but the most common type is the Class 1, or pedal assist, bikes which have motor units that are activated by pedaling and are limited to lower speeds. In the US, Class 1 electric bikes, the type tested and reviewed here, are limited to a top speed of 20 mph, and their motors are designed with a speed governor to regulate this. These types of e-bikes resemble modern mountain bikes, but they have significant battery packs, and small motor units integrated onto and into the frame design. The e-MTB pedal-assist motor is typically built around the bottom bracket and provides varying levels of pedaling "support" directly into the drivetrain while the cranks are turning. Most drive unit systems offer several support settings that provide pedal assistance between 25% and 100% of the user's pedaling input.
He put in countless hours of work designing the drive system, motor, and controller. One challenge was addressing how the high motor torque would affect the ultra-light frame he chose, a Scott Scale made from carbon-fiber which was outfitted with the lightest components available on the market. Schiltnecht named his creation the Montanara Volta (Volted Mountaineer), and it weighed in at an incredibly light 7.66 kilograms…including a 240 watt-hour battery.
This is another comfortable and durable electric bike that will suit you. The e-bike features adjustable handlebars and seat, which you can move to suit your riding height. Apart from this, the bike is also durable due to the fact that it has been made from the best quality of 26-inch aluminum alloy spokes. This also aids in rust prevention and dust-proof. The quality e-bike also features the 7-modes fly-wheel to provide a wide range of choices.
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Specifically, battery packs are made up from many cells: the lead acid ones are similar to those we use on our cars, while the lithium ones use the same technology as mobile phones. Apart from the chemical component inside their cells, the main feature that differentiates lead acid and lithium batteries is their size: the lead ones are heavy and have a short life (200 to 300 charge cycles), while the lithium ones are smaller and can last longer (from 500 to 1,000 charge cycles).
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The Swagcycle folding electric bike is a stylish and sturdy bike. With a single battery charge, you can reach up to 15 miles. This bike is an excellent choice for the cities and amazing countrysides. The Swagcycle folding electric bike weights only 16.8 kg, so it is not only powerful but lightweight also. Because it is a foldable electric bike, you can fit it almost everywhere. It allows you to save some space in your home. This electric bike has two modes: you can ride it on your own, or turn on the throttle mode and enjoy the riding without even pedaling hard!
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The Brose motor puts out 250 watts nominally, and can peak up to a max of 460 watts. That's around half what the 2016 Specialized Turbo S road bike we tested last year develops, but that bike's much-larger motor sits in the rear hub, which would massively compromise performance on a full-suspension mountain bike like this one. Spend up to the Expert or S-Works spec Turbo Levo and you get a motor that can peak up to 530 watts.
That's a tough one to answer. It depends on the power of the battery (typically 24, 36 or 48V), the power of the bike (limited in the UK to 250W), the bike's battery management system, and the way you ride. Some bikes allow you to choose different levels of assist to prioritise speed or battery life, which makes predictions of battery life even more difficult.
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The major feedback that we received was our viewer's dissatisfaction with high prices of those two-wheelers. So in this episode we decided to review 10 of the cheapest models on sale that come to your doorstep almost factory assembled and do not require additional skills and sophisticated instruments to be put together. Do you think you can get a decent electric bicycle for $1000 or less? Let watch and find out!
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Jan, I disagree with your carry as a prime reason/not be looking at e bikes. My primary reason for an e assist is age and medical problems. Carting a heavy bike around, trying to lift it onto a vehicle would not work, and riding from home is not a possibility. I know there are light-weight e bikes out there. Price, within reason, is not a big concern. Need a 2018 update. E bikes are common in Europe, will eventually be more mainstream in the US.
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As with anything, there is still room for improvement. There is no handlebar mounted digital display, and the only way to tell your speed is to mount a phone or bike computer to the bars. Specialized has changed the location of their battery charge and output mode display, however, which is now conveniently located on the top tube where you can see it while riding. The new motor is an improvement over the previous, but it still lags a little in engagement compared to the competition and the climbing performance is hampered by the drive unit's slightly more abrupt cutoff. Overall though, the Specialized still proved to be the test team's favorite for its versatility and well-rounded performance. We loved it, and we think you will too.
Electric bikes are generally heavier than normal bikes. This is due to the battery packs and additional motors which usually makes them about 20 pounds heavier. The weight of the bike can mean better traction in downhill and better stability to the ground, while on the other end, they can make them hard to maneuver with on flat grounds. Therefore, the weight of the bike you get should be based on how and where you intend to use it. The best one to get should be one that is heavy yet have a motor that is powerful enough to support the weight.
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To enjoy a great ride for long hours, this durable E-bike is one to try out. This is because the electric bike is powered by the 250W high-speed motor that aids in boosting the speed. Besides this, it has the 21-speed transmission system; hence you can easily shift the speeds to attain a higher speed. In addition to this, has the ideal brakes system that makes it very safe.
Me: I had a total of seven knee surgeries over 14 months, and man, my fitness took a beating. Getting back on a bike was both liberating and frustrating. I just can't go as fast, or as far, as I used to. But, you don't have to fall victim to a flesh-eating bacterial infection during routine a ACL reconstruction to find the idea of an electric mountain bike appealing.
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Q: Display show/hide depending on the combinaion of classes - Javascript Vanilla I'm making a multi-language registration site. I need to detect if an element has a class="lng" which indicates that it will be displayed or hidden, depending on the language selected. (this part already works).
Additionally I need to detect which other class the element with the lng class has. So if the combination of classes is lng and en it will display the content in english language and hide all the other elements with the lng class which do not have an en class next to it (`class="lng" class="ru").
I can refactor the html elements so that it has class="lng en" if that would have make it easier...
HTML - language selection
<input type="image" id="slo" onclick="setLanguage('sl')">
<input type="image" id="ang" onclick="setLanguage('en')">
<input type="image" id="hrv" onclick="setLanguage('hr')">
<input type="image" id="rus" onclick="setLanguage('ru')">

HTML example - only one should be displayed, depending on the language selected:
Spol:
Gender:
Spolov:
секс:

Javascript
function setLanguage(language) {
    var lngs;
    var i;
    lngs = document.getElementsByClassName("lng");
    console.log(lngs);
    for (var i=0;i<lngs.length;i++){
        if (lngs[i].classList.contains(language) !== language) {
            lngs[i].style.display="none";
        } else {
            lngs[i].style.display="inline-block";
        }
    }
}

A: At the begining make them all invisible then iterate through all inputs and check if the class includes your language:

const lngs = document.getElementsByClassName("lng");

function init() {
  for (var i = 0; i < lngs.length; i++) {
    lngs[i].style.display = "none";
  }
}

init();

function setLanguage(language) {

  debugger
  for (var i = 0; i < lngs.length; i++) {
    if (lngs[i].className.includes(language)) {
      lngs[i].style.display = "block";
    } else {
      lngs[i].style.display = "none";
    }
  }
}
<input type="image" id="slo" onclick="setLanguage('sl')">
<input type="image" id="ang" onclick="setLanguage('en')">
<input type="image" id="hrv" onclick="setLanguage('hr')">
<input type="image" id="rus" onclick="setLanguage('ru')">

Spol:
Gender:
Spolov:
секс:

A:

function setLanguage(language) {
  // var 1
   document
    .getElementsByClassName("lng")
    .forEach(lang => lang.classList.remove('visible'));

   // var 2
   document
    .getElementByClassName('visible')
    .forEach(el => el.classList.remove('visible'));

  // show target lang
    document.getElementById(language).classList.add('visible');
}
.lng {
 display: none;
 }

 .visible {
  display: block;
  }

A: simply u can use radio buttons if it is checked that particular matching language will be displayed and others will be hidden.

$(document).ready(function() {
  $("input").change(function() {
    var len = document.getElementsByTagName("input");
    for (var i = 0; i < len.length; i++) {
      if (len[i].checked == 1) {
        $(".lng." + len[i].id).show();

      } else {
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text:
Witchcraft, Sorcery and Superstition
The Classic Study of Medieval Hexes and Spell-Casting
By Jules Michelet
Published by Skyhorse
Witchcraft, Sorcery and Superstition, a classic study of medieval hexes and spell-casting, is one of the truly great sociological works of modern times. Michelet draws vivid word pictures of the witch-hunts, the Black Masses, the reign of Satan, and the weird rites of the damned. Here is an age of unbridled pleasure and sensuality, of luxury beyond imagining, and squalor behind endurance.
It was a time when a girl might be accused of witchcraft merely and she was young and pretty and did not survive the test of immersion in water or boiling oil…a day of beatings, floggings, tortures, and summary decapitations.
Starting from the 4th century, Michelet meticulously explains the history, background, origin of each sacrament and ritual, leaving one thoroughly occupied with this fantastical world of superstition, paranoia, and perhaps the paranormal. History intermingled with a gripping narrative, this enchanting piece will have you immersed in the world of magic.
Witchcraft, Sorcery and Superstition is indeed one of the great works on the Age of Darkness.
Skyhorse Publishing, as well as our Arcade imprint, are proud to publish a broad range of books for readers interested in history--books about World War II, the Third Reich, Hitler and his henchmen, the JFK assassination, conspiracies, the American Civil War, the American Revolution, gladiators, Vikings, ancient Rome, medieval times, the old West, and much more. While not every title we publish becomes a New York Times bestseller or a national bestseller, we are committed to books on subjects that are sometimes overlooked and to authors whose work might not otherwise find a home.
Jules Michelet
Publisher: Skyhorse (August 5, 2014)
History > Europe > Western
History > Medieval
History > Social History
Book Cover Image (jpg): Witchcraft, Sorcery and Superstition

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Vind er en dansk uradelsslægt. Den nørrejyske adelsslægt er en af de ældste nulevende danske slægter og forekommer tidligst i 1193 med Ago Wind, stamrækken lader sig dog først dokumentarisk følge fra Henrik Vind (nævnt 1525 og 1550) til Rønshave og Vellinggård. Slægten findes både som Vind og som linjen Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, der bl.a. besidder Frijsenborg.

Våben
Slægten Vind fører et våben med et sort hestehoved med sølv-bidsel og tømme i guld-felt og på hjelmen en af en guld-skansekurv halvt opspringende sort hest med sølv-bidsel og tømme.

Se nedenfor for senere udgaver af våbenet udfærdiget til betitlede medlemmer af slægten Vind.

Historie
Navnet forekommer allerede i det 13. århundrede. Stamtavlen begynder imidlertid først med Henrik Vind til Rønshave og Vellinggård, der endnu levede 1550. Han var fader til Christen Vind (død 1589) til Lydom og Plovstrup, lensmand på Københavns Slot og Iver Vind. Iver Vind (1502-1586) til Starup, som mageskiftedes med Grundet, var fader til Albert Vind til Ullerup på Mors (død 1608) og til Jacob Vind til Grundet (1544-1607). Den førstnævnte af disse brødre efterlod kun en søn, lensmand på Bergenhus Niels Vind til Ullerup og Grundet (1577-1615). Denne var fader til Niels Vind til Grundet (1615-1646), der 1640 i egenskab af marskal fulgte den af Corfitz Ulfeldt ledede ambassade til England. Han døde sønneløs. Ovennævnte Jacob Vind var fader til øverstesekretær i Kancelliet, den senere rigsråd hr. Iver Vind til Klarupgård, Nørholm m.fl. gårde (1590-1658), der deltog i slagene ved Lister-Dyb og på Kolberger-Heide, og som oftere benyttedes i diplomatiske sendelser, til rigsadmiralen Jørgen Vind til Gundestrup i Skåne (1593-1644), tidligere mangeårig rentemester, der blev hårdt såret i slaget på Kolberger-Heide, og endelig til admiral Henrik Vind til Aggersvold (1594-1633). Blandt rigsadmiralens mange børn skal her nævnes gehejmeråd, blå og hvid ridder Holger Vind til Harrested og Gjeddesdal (1623-1683) og stiftamtmand i Trondhjem, kancelliråd Joachim Frederik Vind til Gerdrup og Nørre Vosborg (1634-1687), hvis søn, oberstløjtnant Jørgen Vind til Amdrup, faldt i slaget ved Gadebusch 1712.

Gehejmeråden blev vel nok slægtens mest fremtrædende mand i ældre tid. Efter at have fuldendt sin uddannelse på gentagne lange udenlandsrejser trådte han 1648 i Frederik III's tjeneste som overskænk og blev 1650 sat til hofmester for den 4-årige prins Christian (V), med hvis opdragelse han havde tilsyn i fem år. Under krigen med Sverige var han i et par måneder guvernør i Landskrona, som han udleverede til svenskerne efter fredsslutningen 1658. Da fjendtlighederne atter brød ud, fungerede han som krigskommissær for Sjælland. Han udnævntes 1669 til viceskatmester, idet han samtidig optoges i kongens råd som gehejmeråd, hvormed tillige fulgte sæde i Statskollegiet og i Højesteret, og blev 1677 desuden deputeret i Generalkommissariatet. Fra 1679 til sin død var han endelig som vicekansler den daglige leder af Kancelliets forretninger. Hans søn, stiftamtmand over Århus Amt, etatsråd Frederik Vind til Harrested og Baggesvogn (1662-1702), der ægtede baronesse Sophie Cathrine Juel til baroniet Juellinge på Sjælland, blev fader til kammerherre, baron Jens Juel-Vind (1694-1726), som ved patent af 1. maj 1708 optoges i friherrestanden, idet slægtsnavnet Juel sattes foran hans eget.

Samtidig tillagdes der ham følgende våben: Skjoldet firdelt med hjerteskjold, delt af guld, hvori de Vind'ers hestehoved, og blåt, hvori en seksoddet guld-stjerne over tre sølv-strømme (Juel), 1. og 4. felt to gennem en guld-krone krydsvis stukne sølvankere i rødt, 2. og 3. felt tværdelt, øverste del delt af sølv og rødt, nederste blå. To hjelme, den heraldisk højre med slægtens eget hjelmtegn, den venstre med to nøgne arme, med sølv-ærmer til albuen, holdende en seksoddet guld-stjerne (Juel). Skjoldholdere to fremtravende, indadseende sorte heste.

Han oprettede 26. december 1721 det lollandske baroni Juellinge. I hans ægteskab med baronesse Ide Helle Margrethe Krag fødtes sønnen, baron Jens Krag-Juel-Vind til
baroniet Juellinge (1724-1776). Denne blev første besidder af stamhuset Stensballegaard, oprettet 3. november 1748 af to mostre. Ifølge patent af 20. august 1771 optog han
slægtsnavnet Krag, idet hans friherrelige våbens hjerteskjold forandredes, således at det blev tværdelt, øverste felt delt af Vind og Juel, nederste tre sorte krager (2, 1) i sølv (Krag).

Han indtrådte 1745 i Danske Kancelli som assessor (dommer), fik 1747 sæde i Højesteret, udnævntes 1756 til amtmand over Københavns Amt og blev endelig 1769 Højesterets-justitiarius. Hertil kom bl.a. hvervet som medlem af Overskattedirektionen og stillingerne som provisor for Vallø Stift og kurator for Vemmetofte Kloster. Han hædredes med det hvide bånd og udnævntes sidst til gehejmekonferensråd. Ved sit giftermål med Sophie Magdalene von Gram, besidderinde af grevskabet Frijsenborg, som hun 1799 havde arvet efter en moster, kom dette landets største grevskab til slægten.

Deres ældste søn, kammerherre og hvid ridder, grev Frederik Carl Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs
(1753-1815), der først var assessor i Højesteret, senere stiftamtmand over Lolland-Falsters Stift, blev både besidder af grevskabet – idet han, i henhold til kgl. resolution af 11. januar 1805, havde erholdt ret til at føre de Friis'ers grevelige navn, våben og titel, uden dertil at behøve et særligt patent – og af baroniet Juellinge.

Han var fader til stænderdeputeret, kammerherre greve Jens Christian Carl Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs til Frijsenborg (1779-1860) – hvis søn, konseilspræsident, grev Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1817-1896), atter var fader til grev Mogens Christian Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1849-1923), som 1920 lod grevskabet afløse og derefter overtog Frijsenborg som fri ejendom – endvidere til major, kammerherre, grev Carl Ludvig Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs til Juellinge (1780-1838), som var barnløs, og endelig til kaptajn, kammerjunker, grev Erhard Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs til Wedelslund (1788-1826). Sidstnævntes søn, kammerherre, grev Frederik Julius Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1821-1885), overtog baroniet Juellinge efter farbroderen.

Hans sønnesøn, hofjægermester, grev Frederik Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1882-1926), som lod baroniet afløse 1921 og derefter gav hovedsædet Juellinge dets gamle navn, Halsted Kloster, kom efter grev Mogens' død i besiddelse af successorfondet for det tidligere grevskab og fik dermed rang og titel af lensgreve. Hans farbroder, ritmester, kammerherre, grev Julius Benedictus Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (1858-1933), blev 2. staldmester 1900 og 1. staldmester samt chef for Den kgl. Staldetat 1904.

I henhold til grevepatent af 8. december 1867 – udfærdiget uanset den nævnte resolution fra 1805 – er den grevelige linjes våben fastsat således: Hovedskjoldet firdelt med grevekronet firdelt midterskjold og hjerteskjold (Vind), midterskjoldets 1. og 4. felt et på en blå bjælke siddende rødt egern, knækkende en nød, i guld (Friis), 2. felt Juel, 3. felt Krag, hovedskjoldets 1. og 4. felt to gennem en guld-krone krydsvis stukne guld-nøgler med opadvendte kamme i blåt, 2. og 3. felt en kronet guld-løve, holdende et guld-anker, i rødt; på skjoldet en grevekrone og derover tre grevekronede hjelme, den midterste med de Vind'ers hjelmtegn, den heraldisk højre med to af rødt og blåt vekselvis delte vesselhorn, hvorimellem ovennævnte bjælke med egernet (Friis), den heraldisk venstre med to til albuen blåklædte arme, holdende en seksoddet guld-stjerne (Juel); skjoldholdere to opspringende sorte heste, stående på to med en violet sløjfe sammenbundne, grønne palmegrene; bidsel og tømme på de Vind'ers hest er her guld; hovedskjoldet er det grevelige Friis'iske af 1672.

Ovennævnte baron Jens Krag-Juel-Vinds yngre søn, generalmajor, kammerherre, baron Jens Carl Krag-Juel-Vind-Arenfeldt (1767-1855), der arvede stamhuset Stensballegård, ægtede Mette Johanne Reedtz til stamhuset Sæbygård, som hun tiltrådte efter sin farmoders mosters ægtefælle, Otto Arenfeldt (død 1806). I denne anledning føjedes slægtsnavnet Arenfeldt til de øvrige navne, samtidig med at det derom udfærdigede patent af 4. maj 1827 (resolution af 2. januar 1807) foreskrev en ændring af våbnet af 20. august 1771 for ham og efterkommere, gående ud på, at der mellem hovedskjoldets 1. og 2. felt, over hjerteskjoldet, blev indskudt et af rødt og sølv delt felt, hvori en dobbeltørn af modsat farve (Arenfeldt). Hovedskjoldet bærer kun en friherrelig krone, ingen hjelme. Dette våben lagdes dog allerede i graven med sønnen, baron Preben Krag-Juel-Vind-Arenfeldt (1810-1867). Medens stamhuset Sæbygård efter sidstnævntes ugifte søsters død 1884 overgik til slægten Arenfeldt, tilfaldt Stensballegård allerede 1867 ovennævnte grev C.E. Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, hvis ligeledes nævnte søn lod det afløse 1920.

Oberstløjtnant, senere amtmand over Korsør og Antvorskov Amter, etatsråd Christian Vind (1664-1712) – en anden af ovennævnte vicekansler Holger Vinds sønner – var fader til kommandant i Nyborg, generalmajor, kammerherre og hvid ridder Holger Christian Vind (1704-1763) og til gehejmekonferensråd, kammerherre og hvid ridder Niels Krabbe Vind (1705-1766). Sidstnævnte blev 1739 dansk gesandt i Paris, 1744 i Stockholm, vendte 1753 tilbage til København, udnævntes da til deputeret i Admiralitets- og Kommissariatskollegiet og blev senere overhofmester hos dronningen, kurator for Vemmetofte Kloster og direktør for Øresunds Toldkammer. Vicekansler Holger Vind var endelig fader til kommanderende general nordenfjelds, kommandant i Fredrikstad, generalmajor Ove Vind (1665-1722), hvis søn, oberstløjtnant Holger Christian Vind til Teigegård ved Tønsberg (1693-1744), var fader til major, hofjægermester Ove Johan Vind til Hindemae (1730-1805). Dennes søn, kammerherre, hofjægermester Christian Andreas Vind til Sanderumgård og Bækkeskov (1794-1869), der i sine unge dage havde deltaget i slaget ved Sehested (1813), efter hvilket han hædredes med Ridderkorset, blev fader til gehejmekonferensråd, kammerherre Carl Rudolph Emil Vind til Bækkeskov (1829-1906), som 1868 udnævntes til gesandt i Sankt Petersborg og 1884 i Berlin, hvor han repræsenterede Danmark til 1902, og til kammerherre, hofjægermester, cand.jur. Sophus Gustav Holger Vind til Sanderumgård (1842-1913), kendt som en fremskreden og dygtig landmand. Sidstnævnte var fader til Ove Holger Christian Vind til Sanderumgård (1877-1954), der var fader til atleten, kammerherre, hofjægermester Ivar Emil Vind til Sanderumgård (1921-1977), fader til kammerherre Erik Ove Carl John Emil Vind (født 1954). I den kendte liste over adelens tilnavne tales om »de kække« Vind'er.

Kilder
 Poul Bredo Grandjean, "Vind", i: Christian Blangstrup (red.), Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, København: J.H. Schultz Forlag 1915-30.
 Albert Fabritius, "Vind", Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, København: J.H. Schultz Forlag 1932-44. Online

Vind

Salmonsens

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There are presently many different responses to juvenile offending in Ireland, but they are fragmented, unco-ordinated and sometimes self-contradictory. They fail to constitute an adequate, comprehensive system that would maximise the chances of persuading troubled and troublesome young people to avoid crime. They also fail to provide at risk young people with constructive alternatives and opportunities in life so that they themselves would not consider crime a feasible or desirable option.
Some of the preventative measures in current use are progressive and can, with certain individuals, be very effective, such as the juvenile diversion scheme or indeed your own work in Youthreach, but some are inappropriate and ineffective, such as our overuse of detention for people under 21. Others, such as preventative work with at risk youngsters as in the Garda projects, have great potential but are often under-resourced and not fully integrated into the overall strategy.
The Interdepartmental Group report on "Urban Crime and Disorder" published in 1992 represents a turning point in Ireland because of its recognition of both the chaos of our juvenile justice system and the causative factors underlying youth offending. This report was a landmark on the way to our current relatively enlightened position. Because of this reports and subsequent ones like it, government is at last prepared to move beyond simply blaming individual perpetrators to address social and structural factors, such as the physical condition of corporation estates and the inadequacies of the educational system. They are also, and this I believe is a very useful as well as a welcome departure, prepared and sometimes keen to learn from the social and human sciences and from models of best practice from abroad.
The Interdepartmental report stated that "failure to assign essential resources to the task of dealing with factors which contribute towards urban crime and disorder could have extremely serious and expensive consequences for Irish society as a whole in the longer-term". While couching its argument in the almost obligatory economic terms, the group correctly identified, as crucial to an understanding of juvenile crime, social and economic factors. They focused on poverty and lack of educational and employment opportunities .and they recognised that these were preventable problems that could and must be tackled. The report also acknowledged that major socio-economic disadvantages are often compounded, in the background of vulnerable young people, by other prevalent ills, such as alcoholism in the home, juvenile alcohol and drug abuse, poor parenting including child abuse and neglect, lack of self-esteem, boredom and truancy.
In this context and given the intervening years of increasing commitment to social partnership and the abolition of social exclusion, what does the forthcoming Children Act have to offer?.
3) Detention is to be seen as a last resort (in spite of the creation of the extra custodial places in what are to be called Children Detention Schools) and this positive bias towards alternatives to custody is supported by an emphasis on diversion and community disposal of cases as seen for example in the provision of Day Centres and legal orders for attendance at them and sentences to treatment, especially for drug abusing offenders.
4) The Bill is also expected to more decisively separate the provisions and mechanisms for care and protection from the criminal justice system, especially by leading to the provision of a number of high and moderate support units under the control of the Health Boards. This it is confidently expected will see an end to the embarrassing spectacle of Judge Peter Kelly continually berating the executive for its failure to provide suitable accommodation for needy young people. These units will emphasise an individual, needs-based approach, including relationship- and trust-building, high standards of educational, health, leisure and material provision, and a maximum of continued parental involvement to maintain affectional ties within the family.
5) A Special Residential Services Board will also be established, for the purpose of ensuring the efficient, effective and coordinated delivery of services to children in special schools.
7) The courts will also be able to order the parent of a child offender to enter into a recognisance to exercise proper and adequate control over the child. Reoffending by the child could in effect lead to a fine imposed on the parents.
These conferences which can be called at the diversion stage by the Juvenile liaison system, when they will be facilitated by a Garda or at the prosecution stage by the court, when they will be facilitated by a Probation and Welfare Officer, bring interested parties together to work in a consensual way that respects the needs of the child his family the victim and the wider community. The conference will attempt to gain a full and rounded view of why the child became involved in the offending behaviour and will discuss how the parents or guardian, family members and relatives or any other person or agency could help to prevent similar behaviour in future.
The conference will formulate an action plan for the child, which might include an apology, reparation, attendance or participation in a programme, being physically restricted to home at various times or from certain specific persons and places. However, the conference will also be committed to upholding the concerns of the victim and having due regard to his or her interests. If the victim is willing the conference will bring together the child and the victim, especially so that the child may be given the opportunity to understand the consequences of his or her actions on the victim. Finally a conference can be recalled to review the child's behaviour since admission to the diversion programme.
It is often said that it is ludicrous and shameful that we still operate under a 1908 Act in the area of juvenile justice. Social conditions and the position of young people have changed dramatically since that Act, so it is reasonable to condemn the neglect and inertia of successive Irish governments in this area. However, it is worth remembering that in its time the 1908 Act was far from, as it is sometimes painted, the draconian, inflexible response of a more barbaric and heartless era to offending young people. In fact, there are many elements in that Act that echo aspects of the current Bill. For example, there was the possibility of restitution and a form of mentoring and some attempt to mobilise parents to act in a positive way. In short the Act in its time was quite an enlightened and flexible piece of legislation.
I think it is important to make the point that it is by no means entirely the fault of the 1908 Act that we have ended up with a chaotic and utterly inadequate juvenile justice system. Nor would it make any sense to approach the implementation of the new Act in an overly optimistic and confident frame of mind as if it offered a panacea for the present problems of the system or a genuine final solution to the juvenile crime problem. The Children Act could be a very significant stepping stone towards a better way of doing things but it will not revolutionise things nor immediately usher in a new and totally satisfactory system. There is often a huge chasm between the aspirations of the drafters of legislation of this kind and what eventually becomes the everyday reality of the system on the ground.
In part this gap is a result of the immense complexity and difficulty of the area, which is after all at the grand level a form of highly ambitious social engineering. The Children Act sets out to utilise the powers and resources of the State in an attempt to control the conduct of its young people. But it can, realistically only offer a framework and a small number of mechanisms that might in some way facilitate this purpose. The underlying social engineering task is immense and, the cynic might say, tantamount to abolishing unhappiness from the world.
I am going to draw attention to three of the areas of difficulty – first the difficulty of raising children even in the best of circumstances; second the underlying problem of social inequity that impacts on families and on the psychology of individuals and third the commonplace failure in Ireland to create effective systems to implement social programmes. The Children Act will almost certainly fall foul of all three of these problem areas.
First, then, in relation to parenting. Erich Fromm has said: "For a man to be stunted in his growth and become vicious is as much a real possibility as to develop fully and to be productive; the one or the other outcome mainly depends on the presence or absence of social conditions conducive to growth". The most immediately and obviously relevant social conditions influencing these positive and negative outcomes are found in the family and care-giving environment of children. Each of us who is a parent, let alone society when it sets out to substitute for or intervene in parenting, is faced with a huge mountain of challenges.
Bruno Bettleheim has written a book very sensibly titled 'A Good Enough Parent'. The title acknowledges that realistically being a good enough parent is all most of us can aspire to. Just two of Bettleheim's descriptions of "good enough parenting" indicate how immensely difficult the task is even for those in harmonious two parent families with good personal and material resources. First, he argues that "the parent must not give in to his desire to try to create the child he would like to have, but rather help the child to develop – in his own good time – to the fullest, into what he wishes to be and can be, in line with his natural endowment and the consequence of his unique life history". In other words we have to respond to the uniqueness of each individual child and this is far harder than it might seem. Second Bettleheim argues that "only the example of our own good behaviour will induce our children to make such behaviour part of their personalities – and only then if we are open about it and neither force our values on them nor expect them to be able to emulate our examples before their own development makes them ready to do so". My point is that even "good enough parenting" calls for a whole pantechnicon of skills, sensitivities, and virtues that few of us can claim.
The human child has obvious needs for physical and material security but the need for a sense of positive identity and self-worth is equally basic and absolutely crucial to the successful, future development of the individual. Lack of unconditional love, neglect, emotional rejection or generally harsh treatment will contribute to a negative view of the self in the child, which can have damaging effects lasting into adulthood and can lead to aggressiveness and can undermine an individual's capacity for self-control.
4] Problem Solving which refers to the readiness of parents to acknowledge, and their skilful ability to proactively address and resolve conflict within the family. It is easy to see how any parent might go wrong or fail at this extremely sensitive and skilled business.
A lack of rules in the family setting, or inconsistent rules, or a lack of enforcement of rules, especially when combined with punitive, power assertive methods of discipline have been associated with poorer outcomes as has a generally permissive but cold style of child-rearing. Parents who model anti-social attitudes and behaviours are also very influential, to the extent that the socialisation process within such families may succeed only in passing on an uncertain or inconsistent or perhaps even frankly anti-social set of values.
However, the many neglectful, incompetent and irresponsible parents are, themselves, very often part of the cycle of disadvantage and their weaknesses reflect the social conditions imposed on them in their own upbringing, their own background of deprivation and disadvantage, as much as their own moral frailty. Poverty and disadvantage often prevent parents from parenting in the way they want to parent. One way to break down this negative cycle is to provide positive, constructive and empowering programmes focused as much on the parents as on the child. Another, of course, is to abolish poverty. But already it is possible to see the flaws in the proposed Children Act, because its focus is on holding parents accountable and these parents will often be people who have always lacked the kind of supports that would enable them to exercise this kind of responsibility.
The influence of the family is absolutely critical. However, just as important, partly because of its role in conditioning the family environment, is the social environment beyond the family. The social and economic setting provides the context in which the family must struggle to exist. Conditions of poverty, poor housing, chronic unemployment, under-education and socio-cultural disadvantage can be seen to be actively criminogenic and to foster whole communities that tolerate or even encourage offending. .
I have carried out two surveys of Mountjoy prisoners, in 1986 and 1996, which lead to a by now quite familiar profile of prisoners as having a history of stark social and economic disadvantage and personal adversity. It is sometimes argued that this picture is extreme because it relies on a sample at the very worst end of the spectrum, that is incarcerated adults. However, recent research completed for the Juvenile Justice Review Group has looked at the other end of the spectrum, at 84 children attending the Dublin Childrens' Courts. It is very significant that the customary picture of social and educational disadvantage applied equally to these 84 children profiled by the researchers.
The 84 children aged from 10 to 17 came from relatively large (possibly still incomplete) families with an average of 4.6 children, more than twice the national average. Thirty percent of the total had suffered the loss of one or both parents either permanently or for long periods and only half of the children presently had two married parents in the home. Thirty-six percent of the children lived with the mother alone. On a rough estimate, 80% of the children lived in local authority housing. Only a third of fathers, in families where there were fathers present, were in full-time employment. For over a quarter of the children parental abuse of alcohol was recorded and for more than one in ten, parental drug abuse. Ten percent of the children came from homes where there was a record of domestic violence and 17% of them were known to have been victims of physical abuse. Unsurprisingly but most significantly, twenty five percent of the children had left school before the age of 14 , 85% before the age of 16 and 90% were currently out of school. Also about 30% had at some time been suspended or expelled from school. In a third of cases, the Probation and Welfare Officer had recorded a considered opinion that there was poor or inadequate parental supervision of the child. In almost 40% of cases, another member of the child's family was known to have offended.
About half the children were involved in substance abuse of any form (i.e. including alcohol and tobacco) and about one in three (26 children) in drug abuse. Twenty of the 26 were described as having a serious problem and 18 of the twenty had an involvement with heroin. Only 5 of these more serious drug abusers had attended a detoxification programme. However, it was noted that 35 children out of the 84 had had some contact with Health Board psychological services and that a further 34 had been in contact with other agencies such as drug treatment centres and private counselling services.
The continuity of these results with those of the Mountjoy studies is stunning and it constitutes compelling evidence of an utterly defective social system and support for High Court Judge, Mr Justice Barr's recent very forthright statement that the worst injustice in modern Irish society has is "our failure as a caring society to take sufficient steps to rescue from crime those who are born to it and have the misfortune of existence without reasonable support in the marginalised economically and socially deprived fringes of our society".
According to this analysis, then, we must be realistic and cautious when pinning hopes on the Children Act. It is important not to expect too much of the Act and to remember the much wider context of positive social policy that is required if the Act is to reach its potential. First there is the immense difficulty of preventing juvenile crime by impacting positively on individuals and families. Second there is the gigantic task of social engineering which must go beyond intervening with maladjusted and disaffected people in order to make them fit better with society and must achieve the infinitely harder task of changing society itself so that it creates fewer maladjusted and disaffected people. Then there is the third problem area which is the very familiar and much less excusable Irish failure to organise effective public services and to comprehensively and effectively implement well-intentioned legislation such as the Children Act.
The current Children Bill recognises the limited culpability of young people for getting into trouble with the law and tries to find ways to realise the real potential for intervention at this stage in their development. But the same could be said of the 1908 Act in its era and there is a real danger that, like the 1908 Act. the current Bill will fail to live up to its promise because, through lacks of funds or genuine support and enthusiasm, things are simply not done properly. Cost-cutting and other compromises in resource provision, demarcation disputes between autonomous organisations, that are defensive and jealous of their own powers, or laziness, carelessness, and ignorance in adhering to and applying the important principles can all seriously and very easily undermine a system and introduce chaos and self-defeating inconsistencies of approach. An example from the criminal justice area is the farce of the bail referendum. The constitution was changed in order to make the refusal of bail easier at a time when the system was so ineffective that in only a tiny proportion of cases where bail was breached was the fine collected. In other words there was no serious system in place to enforce the law as it presently stood.
Closer to the subject of the Children Act, the published conclusions of a recent Breaking through Conference are a case in point. Among the conclusions drawn at the Conference were that while a multi-agency approach is of enormous benefit, policy can and does impact by sometimes enabling but sometimes blocking such cooperation. In general it was concluded that there is in the youth welfare area "a lack of long-term strategic planning, epitomised by short-term funding and a reliance on pilot programmes".
The peculiarly Irish failure in this area of implementation may in fact be serving an underlying purpose. It may covertly be part of the system for maintaining a status quo that after all serves the majority very well. For example, we have a two-tier health system and a two-tier education system. The taxpayer subsidises these two systems and the way in which they look to the interests of the comfortable middle classes as a first priority. The existence of an underclass in Irish society and of a whole series of very obviously inferior public service systems designed to serve their needs is probably not the result of a deliberate government policy favouring their creation. However it is the result of deliberate policies aimed at other objectives, namely satisfying the middle class voter first and foremost, This well-established approach knowingly disregards the unfortunate but inevitable consequences of policies favouring the middle classes and indeed the wealthy for the weaker sectors of society. We seem to have a society dedicated to what Julian Tudor Hart has named the Inverse Care Law – Those in most need of care get least care.
Even within the juvenile justice system there are signs of a two-tier system. The Juvenile diversion programme for example is very successful with the children it accepts. However there is some evidence that the most vulnerable, most at risk and most needy children inspire only a lack of interest and hope and are from an early age excluded from genuine consideration. The research I have mentioned already on the Childrens' courts also undertook an analysis of the contact with the Juvenile diversion scheme of 77 out of the group of 84 children. Most strikingly, for these as we have seen very disadvantaged children, prosecution final status was the result for 14% on their first offence and first referral to the NJO. Prosecution final status means that the individual has not been accepted for the diversion scheme but is instead sent forward for prosecution. It also means that the NJO have deemed this particular offender unsuitable for diversion with respect to any future offences. Prosecution only status, entails that the prosecution on this matter is without prejudice for decisions on possible diversion for future offences. This status was the result of initial contact with the NJO for a further 24% of the sample. In other words, fully 38% of the 77 children when making a first contact with the NJO were rejected for diversion and passed on for prosecution. This suggests to me another area of social policy which is successfully implementing the inverse care law despite all the lip service to the philosophy of social inclusion.
On the other hand, while it is reasonable to question policy-makers' and the various public authorities' commitment to the full and efficient implementation of the more difficult and demanding aspects of the Children Bill, it would be wrong to criticise the Bill because it doesn't offer a prescription for wider problems such as impacting positively on socialisation within the family or on inequality within society.
The Children Act in its own right will be a major departure with huge potential for positive change in the juvenile justice system. The raising of the age of criminal responsibility to 12 is itself an enormous step. In one fell swoop the misbehaviour of children under twelve, however serious it is, is to be redefined as non-criminal. This alone will produce a revolution in thinking and in practical approaches. Troublesome children under twelve will in other words have to be dealt with under the aegis of the Health Boards or the Department of Education by way of purely educational and therapeutic methods. In theory this radical new approach will necessitate new truly child- and family- centred methods.
The reorientation of the system so that it prioritises community-based treatments and genuinely keeps custody as a last resort will be an immense challenge but it has real potential to radically improve on the present situation.
The restorative justice elements supported by the Bill also have potential. There is little doubt that victim offender mediation can be beneficial to both parties and that methods for increasing the community's sense of ownership and participation in the law enforcement process are very welcome. Crime is a negative experience that comes out of negative experiences but a family group conference with strong agency and community involvement offers some hope of a more healing process that is less alienating of both the victim and the offender. It also offers the hope that some of the underlying needs of the offender will be acknowledged and properly addressed.
But examining the wider context allows us to see that the Children Act is not and should not be treated as a single isolated piece of legislation that says the last word on juvenile justice.
This Act is not the Holy Grail. Thinking that it might be or should be is partly to blame for the inordinate amount of time it is taking to get the Bill enacted. I would suggest that a more flexible pragmatic and speedy approach would be more appropriate. The real issues, after all. will be funding, resourcing, coordination across agencies and achieving clarity consistency and integrity in both objectives and means. We should be introducing this Act in a confident frame of mind – that this is the right approach – but we should also be flexible enough to be able to make amendments and adjustments to systems and indeed to legislation if they are found necessary. Showing how possible this is, speedy adjustments to other areas of criminal justice legislation have become commonplace in recent years sometimes for the wrong reasons. For example the Criminal Assets Bureau was brought in a matter of a few short months.
We should be approaching the new system with an open mind and an experimental outlook. This would entail a willingness to try out new approaches but also a readiness to have all aspects of the system open to scrutiny and careful scientific evaluation and to make improvements when they are found necessary..
On the one hand, it would be very useful if following the Austrian example there was cross party agreement to give the more radical aspects of the Bill breathing space for an agreed number of years – to give the new system freedom from highly damaging ,political point-scoring types of criticism. There will always be failures in juvenile justice, some of them sensational and headline grabbing, and these can very easily be exploited by politicians to seriously undermine programmes.
It is also important never to loose sight of the fact that the Children Bill and the approaches it proposes are only a relatively small component in a very much larger enterprise. They will not work or not work fully if the other elements are not in place and if they are not integrated with those other elements. This is to say that the success of the Children Act will finally be dependent on the success of all the other associated social policy initiatives – child care provision – anti-poverty measures – positive parenting training and supports – anti-drugs initiatives -and perhaps most centrally of all the initiatives in the area of education.
School and education has the potential, almost completely unfulfilled in this country – at least in the cities – to be a miraculous force for genuine and rapid upward social mobility for the least well-placed in society. Education really changes life chances and does this by empowering the child to better manage his or her own life. Unfortunately, in our points dominated system, educational success depends to a large extent on intellectual selection and many, indeed the majority of needy and at risk children simply do not fit the bill. The current attempts to change the education system so that it is more child-centred and more welcoming and meaningful for those who have up to now been dropping out at the first opportunity have been greatly strengthened by the turnaround in the Irish economy. There is now the possibility of offering all children an education suited to themselves and their talents which will provide the genuine prospect of a worthwhile and reasonably well-rewarded career.
It is obvious that this huge agenda of work to provide for young people and enhance their chances of avoiding crime requires a very well organised and cohesive system. I believe that this will require some kind of overarching Youth Authority that will have the power to oversee and co-ordinate policy in all of the different areas of enterprise, including those relating to criminal justice. There are some recent signs that government is willing to put in place such structures.
Finally, however, I think that the proof of the pudding will be in whether or not the whole enterprise is put on a truly professional footing. Not only should there be an end to seemingly endless pilot programmes, but there should be a thorough and effective and integrated system of qualification for the many people who will have to work at various levels in the system. A proper and attractive system of the incentives also needs to be provided. What I am saying is that youth workers should be recognised for the high levels of professional skill and dedication they require and show. The status of the work should be greatly enhanced – most particularly by providing secure, permanent and much better paid positions and an attractive overall career structure.
We live in a society where recently the great political visions all seem to be about sports stadia. The Taoiseach has a grand vision for the National Stadium at Abbotstown. This will be an elite, high prestige, showcase venue costing over half a billion pounds. An Irish Businessman has offered a cool £50 million gift towards this project. Think what this kind of money – the £50 million let alone the £500 million – could do for the youth welfare area. Perhaps even more importantly, think what it could do if Irish politicians and businessmen brought the same vision and energy to the business of youth welfare as they bring to the business of producing sports spectaculars.


Davis Dilution Bottle is a translucent plastic bottle marked on the outside with common dilution ratios, allowing you to dilute liquid concentrates visually - without having to use a measuring cup or do math. Mixing bottles make diluting and mixing shampoos and other solutions accurately and with ease.
Conquer Hyla-Derm Medicated Shampoo For Cats, 8 oz.
Conquer Hyla-Derm Shampoo is a unique hypoallergenic medicated shampoo perfect for any dog. Formulated with Sodium Hyaluronate (HA) for all types of skin. Antibacterial and antifungal, deodorizing and deep cleaning. Promotes healing and skin hydration.
Davis Simply Pure Foaming No-Rinse Bath is a natural soap-free formula made with ultra purified water to provide the purest pet experience available. Impurity-free water is combined with a synergistic blend of antioxidant Olive Oil, essential fatty acid rich Macadamia Oil, and healing Jojoba Oil to provide a naturally pure pet bathing experience. The gentle foaming shampoo is rich in natural extracts and thoroughly cleanses while removing odors caused by urine and pet accidents. Simply Pure Foaming No-Rinse Bath is a great choice for shampooing on cold days, quick clean-ups and pets that do not like a full bath.
Aloe & Oatmeal Conditioner contains a unique combination of natural, soothing agents, moisturizers and vitamins. For use after shampooing. May be used after every bath. Indicated for Dogs and Cats.
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longer and emits a pleasant, long-lasting citrus fragrance.
Mycodex Flea & Tick Shampoo P3 (Triple Strength Pyrethrin), 6 oz.
Mycodex Flea & Tick Pet Shampoo P3 with 3x Pyrethrins kills fleas, ticks and lice on dogs and fleas on cats. Also contains aloe, lanolin and coconut extract for sensitive skin. For dogs, cats, puppies and kittens 12 weeks and older.
Davis Protein, Aloe & Lanolin Shampoo is formulated with rich conditioning ingredients to product abundantly beautiful and healthy coats. The pH balanced shampoo penetrates deeply, revitalizing hair and skin. Strengthening protein builds the coat body and revives damaged hair. Lanolin moisturizes the skin and coat, leaving a natural, unsurpassed shine. Aloe soothes itchy or irritated skin. Fresh herbal scent. May be diluted 10 to 1. For dogs, cats, puppies and kittens.
Davis Black Coat Shampoo is specially formulated to enhance and intensify black, charcoal, blue and other dark colored coats in dogs, cats, puppies and kittens. Brighteners add extra depth and sparkling accents while premium moisturizers condition the coat, add body and enhance manageablity. Davis Black Coat Shampoo is high-sudsing, pH balanced, tearless and rinses residue free. May be diluted 10:1.
Davis Triclosan Deodorizing Shampoo helps eliminate "doggie odor", skunk odor and other unpleasant odors on dogs, cats and horses. Leaves a long-lasting fresh fragrance. Deep cleansing, luxurious formula with natural coat conditioners.
Davis Premium Color Enhancing Shampoo is formulated with optical brighteners to intensify the natural color of all coats, and effectively removes dulling dirt and grime. White coats particularly benefit from its whitening properties, reviving dingy, yellow coats without using bleach. Dilutes 10 to 1.
VetOne Aloe & Oatmeal Shampoo provides relief from itchy, scaling and sensitive skin. Contains emollients to restore the skin's natural moisture. This is a one-stop shampoo for detangling, preventing dryness and softening skin. Aloe & Oatmeal Shampoo is a detergent and soap-free formulation. It can be used as often as necessary and will not strip the coat. It is know for its pleasant scent. Aloe & Oatmeal Shampoo lathers well and rinses easily for daily use. Almond oil helps restore natural moisture.
MalAcetic Shampoo aids in the topical treatment of seborrhea complex and other conditions where a medicated shampoo may be beneficial. Clear, all natural, soapless shampoo. Pouch size as a carry-on is perfect for airline travel.
Davis De-Shed Pet Rinse promotes healthy shedding where hair can be easily collected following each shampoo with this rinse. De-Shed loosens the undercoat and helps break down mats and tangles. Hair easily slides off the coat during shampooing and brushing. Fortified with conditioners, De-Shed is formulated with Panthenol, Vitamin E and Lanolin that also help achieve a smooth, silky finish. May be diluted 7:1. For dogs, cats, puppies and kittens.
Davis Creme Rinse & Conditioner is specifically formulated with enriched collagen to create a protective coating on each cuticle of the pet's hair along with restoring essential amino acids and moisture to the skin. Conditioner adds body and sheen, leaving the coat looking healthy and radiant. Regular use will soothe dry coats and simplify combing, brushing and overall manageability.
Davis Dry Shampoo for pets conveniently gives the coat a clean feel and fresh scent without the use of water. Dry Shampoo soaks up excess oils, offers volume to lifeless coats and extends the time between baths. Designed for all fur types. Davis Dry Shampoo is ideal for instantly freshening pets, or adding texture and volume to a finished coat. Works great for cats who are dingy or for those oily spots at the base of their tail. For dogs, cats, puppies, kittens and horses.
Davis Melaleuca Shampoo offers soothing relief for dry, itchy and irritated skin. Formulated with a blend of natural oils, penetrants and emollients in combination with the soothing properties of Melaleuca Alternifolia Oil. This natural oil, derived from the Australian Tea Tree, provides rapid action and deep skin penetration to help revive the skin and coat. For dogs, cats, puppies and kittens.
Davis Detangling Shampoo with superior conditioning properties produces a coat that is tangle-resistant and volumized leaving it feeling light, silky and natural. This is an all-in-one formula for loosening tangles while shampooing and helping to prevent tangles and mats from forming on dry coats later. Dilutes 10 to 1.
Henry Schein PhytoVet EFA Shampoo is a gentle, hypoallergenic, soap-free formulation with optimal pH balance, and may be used on dogs, cats and horses. Contains emollients for moisturizing and protein for conditioning.
NaturVet Herbal Flea Shampoo is a natural flea and tick shampoo for dogs and cats. The unique natural combination of Rosemary, Cedarwood, Geranium, and Thyme repels fleas and ticks.
BioCalm Shampoo is a soothing soap-free shampoo for relief of itching in dogs, cats and horses. Formulated with 1% Pramoxine, MicroSilver BG and Ceramide III. 1% Pramoxine Hydrochloride acts as an effective topical agent to aid in alleviating itching and discomfort. Colloidal Oatmeal moisturizes and soothes itchy skin and helps to relieve symptoms of allergies, dry skin, hot spots, and flea dermatitis. Colloidal oatmeal shampoo also helps clean and soften the hair coat.
Davis Hypoallergenic Shampoo is an extra-mild, emollient-rich and tear-less shampoo designed for pets with persistently sensitive, dry and irritated skin. Shampoo also provides excellent relief from itching due to allergies and other skin irritants. Formulated without fragrances, dyes, soaps or other ingredients known to produce allergic reactions. Hypoallergenic Shampoo helps to repair dry, brittle coats while leaving pets thoroughly clean and fresh. For use on dogs, cats, puppies and kittens.
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Dispenser pump is designed to fit the Douxo brand 3-Liter size bottles of shampoos and conditioners.


Not ready to let the winters go already? Can't seem to let go of the cozy checks and plaids you've been sporting all fall? We don't particularly enjoy being the bearers of sad news but it's time for some serious summer wardrobe upgrade and we have just the thing you need.
Nothing spells summer styles like soft fabrics and flowy silhouettes. But if you still want keep the winter-y vibe thriving then read along to find out exactly how you can do so.
If the International Fashion Weeks are any testament, checks and plaid are here to stay (check out trend reports from London and Paris.) Let us explore ways to make this trend to get working for us.
Who run the world? - Girls (who wear pants)! We love us some fancy pants and checks/plaids is the chicest way to get it right. Be it the checkered shirt pant suit by Two Point Two, or the baggy pants by Deme by Gabriella or the German checkered breeches by Munkee See Munkee Doo, we have to admit these pants are jazzy yet subtle and can get your style quotient peaking in no time.
Layer it Up - For the days when you cannot decide weather the climate Gods are confused or just having a practical joke at your expense, layering is sure to bring some cool summer vibes to your look while keeping you cozy in case it gets nippy. Don't you just love the peplum jacket and checkered dress combination by Payal Pratap or the more vibrant option with a long cardigan style jacket by Saman Nathwani or the super summer-y look by Eka. Grab your pick and shoo the woes away.
Drape diaries - This humble Indian outfit could not get any more versatile. Overall checks and plaids like Padmaja and Anavila or checkered pleats like Latha Puttana, you can bestow trendiness with utmost ease into this garment. Add on a piece of statement jewelry or a swanky bag and you are good to go.
Not just for the Girls - Men don't have to sit this one out because you can totally spruce up your style with this trend. A nouveau gingham plaid with strategic embroidery Kurta by Pranay Baidya for the ethnic event or a checkered suit by SS Homme - perfect for the summer outdoors or the uber voguish shirt and pant set by Son of a Noble Snob - pick your choose and get ready to groove.
You'll Love This Indian Festive Collection With An Oriental Twist!
Alia's style sense is just as cool as her!


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Boy Who Was "Priest for a Day" Gets to See the Pope
Zelda Caldwell - published on 09/25/15
Diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor, his wish to "be a priest" was granted.
The boy who was a "Priest for Day" is now going to see Pope Francis in Philadelphia.
Diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor in 2014 , 11-year old Brett Haubrich of Lemay, Missouri, didn't want to go to Disney World, meet a famous athlete or go to the Caribbean. In fact, he said he didn't have any wishes at all.
When the Make-A-Wish Foundation pressed him, and asked him what he wanted to be when he grows up, he answered, "I really want to be a priest," he told the St. Louis Review.
The young man became "Priest For A Day" at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, and served two Masses at the altar alongside Archbishop Robert J. Carlson.
Brett's story spread to the Vatican, and soon after an emailed invitation from Philadelphia Archbishop Charles Chaput arrived in his parents in-box.
The St. Louis Review reported that his parents, Eileen and Conrad Haubrich, had no idea an invitation was in the works:
"At first, I thought it was junk mail," Eileen said, with a laugh. She opened it anyway. "It was very official looking — 'Oh, my gosh!'" Three reserved seats for Pope Francis' Mass. "I can't believe it," Conrad said, adding the invitation arrived "completely unexpected. We were totally unprepared for it. I don't know how it happened, but it's great."
After receiving his diagnosis of a grade three anaplastic astrocytoma brain tumor fifteen months ago, his mother Eileen told USA Today what it was like when they first got the news, "Your whole world falls apart because you never thought that would happen," she said.
Following a course of chemotherapy and radiation, Brett's latest MRI shows no evidence of a tumor.
The family credits prayer, and prayers to St. Padre Pio in particular. Known for the stigmata, Padre Pio was a Capuchin Franciscan canonized in 2002 by St. John Paul II. Miracle cures have been attributed to his intercession.
Eileen told the St. Louis Review:
"Brett prays every night to Padre Pio; he's a favorite of ours," Eileen said, adding that they anoint Brett with oil blessed in honor of Padre Pio and have a relic as well. They also ask for the intercessions of St. Anthony, St. John Paul, Blessed Teresa and Venerable Father Michael J. McGivney, among others. "He's getting his energy back; he's able to do more things without being tired," Eileen said. "Just the fact the tumor is not lighting up on the scan … it's just incredible."
Padre PioPope Francis USA


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Information about Partnership Committee
The Partnership Committee is one of several Joint Committees between Town Councils and the local authority in Central Bedfordshire. It comprises five Town Councillors and five Central Bedfordshire Councillors. Its Terms of Reference are agreed by both Councils.


New Ulm is located in Brown County, Minnesota. Some of the must visit historical sites in the city include The Turner Hall, Brown County Historical Society, Defenders Monument and Hermann Monument. The Society in particular is spread out over 3 floors with one of the most extensive archives in the State. New Ulm is often called the City of Charm and Tradition because of its cultural offerings. This is borne out by the exhibits at the famed Minnesota Music Hall of Fame. Apart from these, there is also a mini golf course and the Concordia Lanes bowling alley.


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You are at:Home»Stories»Evaluations bullets you don't want
Evaluations bullets you don't want
By Jeff Bacon on	 October 15, 2010 Stories
I have seen versions of these before, but I always get a chuckle out of them. Here are some bullets you can use on your next evaluations:
(1) "Since my last report, this employee has reached rock bottom…..and has started to dig."
(2) "His men would follow him anywhere, ……. but only out of morbid curiosity."
(3) "I would not allow this employee to breed."
(4) "This employee is really not so much of a 'has-been', but more of a definite 'won't be'."
(5) "Works well when under constant supervision and cornered like a rat in a trap."
(6) "When she opens her mouth, it seems that it is only to change feet."
(7) "He would be out of his depth in a parking lot puddle."
(8) "This young lady has delusions of adequacy."
(9) "He sets low personal standards and then consistently fails to achieve them."
(10) "This employee is depriving a village somewhere of an idiot."
(11) "This employee should go far, ….. and the sooner he starts, the better."
(12) "Got a full 6-pack, but lacks the plastic thing to hold it all together."
(13) "A gross ignoramus – 144 times worse than an ordinary ignoramus."
(14) "He certainly takes a long time to make his pointless."
(15) "He doesn't have ulcers, but he's a carrier."
(16) "I would like to go hunting with him sometime."
(17) "He's been working with glue too much."
(Sent in by Donn, an Air Force veteran)
Update on the cartoon mystery


At Lee-Lynns Farm & Ranch, we constantly strive to practice the most current methods of homestead farming to provide you, our valued customers, with the most nutritious and wholesome pasture raised eggs and poultry.
Presently, we are trying to raise additional working capital to build a movable chicken house and to purchase four electric poultry fences to increase productivity and our flocks. Based on the demand for our products, we need additional working capital.
If you are in a position to help fund the above project wonderful, if not that's ok too.


50 km south of Savonlinna, lake Saajuu 25 m (length 7 km, width 400 m), shallow, hard sand bottom, own boat. Log cottage 2002, kitchen, living room convertible bed, bedroom with doublebed, bedroom with 2 beds, washing room, dressing room, sauna, open porch. Baby cot on request. Spacious holiday cottage on a sunny plot. El. barbecue. Plot partly with lawn, shore faces west.


With very little time left before Verizon releases some really great phones a picture of an employee document was released to the web. In this photo you can see that it is Verizon telling its sales staff to agree that the HTC Thunderbolt can preform voice and data at the same time, but do not pitch it as a positive because it is still in the works and could be glitchy. Pretty cool news, this doesn't really excite me too much. I never find myself in a situation where I want to get on the web while talking but apparently AT&T thinks it's the best thing since sliced bread with all their commercials about it.
One thing that I don't understand is why or how this phone can do this. The reason why Verizon phones couldn't do this in the past was due to their network, which is cdma. If I'm not mistaken I think that this phone is no different than any other… So I wonder why? Also the Iphone which is coming out a few days before the HTC Thunderbolt will not have this capability. Still pretty cool I guess!