California Highway Patrol responded to a fatal rollover traffic collision that occurred Monday December 20 at 1:30 am. When they arrived on scene, they located a black Toyota Matrix on it's roof, a Hyundai Sonata with damage to the front of the vehicle and a man laying unresponsive in the roadway.
Details surrounding the collision and information regarding the victim were made available later by officials. The driver of the rolled over Toyota was driving under the influence when the accident occurred. A man who was in another vehicle and who witnessed the rollover jumped out to help but was fatally hit by a Hyundai Sonata.
The man, Enrico Rojo, a 29 year old Marine stationed in 29 Palms, was heading to LAX to visit his family in Texas. The driver who hit Rojo wasn't arrested as it appears he didn't notice the Marine in the roadway near the overturned vehicle. The driver of the Toyota was arrested for DUI. Following is additional information and a report by Crystal Cruz, KCAL9 Inland Empire reporter.
LOMA LINDA (CBSLA.com) – A Marine stationed in 29 Palms was struck and killed while stopping to assist a suspected drunken driver following a rollover crash in Loma Linda early Monday morning.
The victim was identified to CBS2/KCAL9 by his parents as 29-year-old Enrico Rojo. He was on his way to Los Angeles International Airport with his fiancée when they came upon a crash at around 1:30 a.m. on Interstate 10, east of Mountain View Avenue.
According to California Highway Patrol, a Toyota Matrix traveling west on I-10 had struck a semi-truck while changing lanes. The Matrix rolled and came to rest in traffic. Rojo stopped to render aid to the driver of the Toyota, 22-year-old Crystal Adrianna Martinez.
Meanwhile, a 2017 Hyundai Sonata approached the crash scene, and, as it veered to avoid the Matrix, hit Rojo, CHP reports.
The driver of the Sonata, Alexander Petricevic, stopped and called 911. Firefighters responded to find Rojo being held by his fiancée. He was pronounced dead at scene, CHP said.
Rojo's parents told KCAL9's Crystal Cruz that their son served a tour in Afghanistan, during which he survived an IED explosion. Rojo and his fiancée were flying out to to Texas to visit them for the holidays.
Martinez was arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol. CHP did not report any other serious injuries.


Awareness talks sensitize the employee in health promotion strategies and help to prevent the common preventable disorder/disease. It also helps to seek medical advice at the earliest which can help to early intervention.
Health talk will be usually a one hour talk with power point presentation and discussion by an experienced physiotherapist on the corporate with the objective of sensitizing health belief and motivate the employees towards preventative health.
Ergonomic talk - Importance of ergonomics, desk exercise and work station modification.
Chair adjustment and work station wellness - Desk exercise and work station modification.
Fibromyalgia: Is it simple or Syndrome!
Constant posture over a period of time leads to muscular imbalances. The muscle which kept in shorten position goes for tightness and muscles kept in lengthen position goes for weakness. Work rest regimen is a best way to kick away the work-related pain. This exercise designed to keep employee pain free by simple exercise at workstation.
Group exercise programme will be one hour discussion and demonstration of exercise at workstation by experienced physiotherapist on the corporate with the objective of promoting employee health and prevent illness.
Comprehensive assessment and intervention always provide work satisfaction and increase the productivity of employees.
Assessing the employees muscle strength and length and prescription and demonstration of exercise to correct the same.
Assessing the individual and their work station in relation with his/her discomfort or pain and modify the work station and prescription of exercise to overcome pain.
Before the pain start, assessing the employee, work station, work nature and suggest exercise, work station modification and ergo support aids to enhance the health and performance.
Checking physical fitness and designing the exercise programme for fitness center.
Work related musculo-skeletal pain is a common and continuous complain in software and BPO industry where they sit for long time. Services on corporate premises can help to provide the holistic assessment of employee, work station and plan the best intervention strategies. Spectrum Physio can provide physio consultation on weekly basis or start our own clinic in corporate as per their need.
Few of the challenging issues in the corporate owned health setup are absenteeism management and quality management. Spectrum Physio can also run the existing clinics. We are happy to design the wellness programme based on the corporate need. We are open for any discussion from corporate and we tailor made the programme based on their need.
We can include more than one service and design the comprehensive health plan.
audit will give overall understating about the work station, how employees are happily using the same. Expert physiotherapist visits the work place and access the work station and also access the employee as per international standard.
Why to choose Spectrum Physio Pvt Ltd for your corporate wellness needs?
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text:
The Caterham-Renault Sports Vehicle
5 years ago Renault and Caterham chiefs discussed sports cars in the United Kingdom. The two parts wanted to cooperate on the C120 concept.
However, 2 years ago the project stopped. Renault had to acquire full rights to the Alpine name and Caterham's variant of the C120 would never happen.
Initially, the concept was in a form of a sketch made by Drive Design in Britain. Engineering was developed by Renault and Caterham. The point was not to resemble the manufacturers.
Drive Design stated that it was difficult to establish the aesthetic of the new brand. The considered model was supposed to be a fully new pack with a mid-mounted motor. By the way, Caterham has never used the last one before.
The design team did not take any Caterham vehicles as the reference. The "holistic approach" was accepted for the design, so there were arch lines, but every angler had its purpose.
Drive Design assured that maximum performance whilst with the Caterham styling philosophy of the 21st century will be delivered.
The styling will still exist to certain extend on the coming-soon Alpine. Caterham is said to be moving forward to this project.
Caterham news
Caterham pictures 66
BMW 8-Series Gran Coupe
Ford Bronco Raptor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to our 24X7 Dwell Tamil Music Station. A Non-Cease stream of all of your favourite tracks.
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text:
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Exclusive Breastfeeding Intervention-03

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		<text value="Exclusive Breastfeeding" />
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		<reference value="Library/library-exclusive-breastfeeding-cds-logic" />
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			value="Mother should be administered a breastfeeding readiness assessment." />
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Problem with new record button on the tabs? I'm a newbie on this. So after pressing the new record button and create a new record on the Company tab, the job# on Company tab increases by one but the problem is the job# of Private tab would increase as well. The job# Private tab should stay zero unless I press the add new record button. I used the same single step script for both of them (new record/request).

A: If both fields are from same table and if you have used Auto Enter Serial number, it will increment both.
Uncheck the auto enter serial and increase the numbers using script by calculating the maximum + 1.

A: You could create a separate Sequence table for job numbers, public and private being stored in separate records.
Sequence Fields:

*

*type (TEXT)

*lastAssignedNumber (NUMBER)

Then create a script called Next Sequence ( $type )
Set Variable [ $type = Get(ScriptParameter) ]
Go to layout [ Sequence ]
Set Error Capture [ On ]
Perform Find [ type ==$type ]
If [GetLastError]
  Show Custom Dialog [ "Invalid sequence " & Quote( $sequence ) ]
  Halt Script
End If

Loop
  Open Record/Request
  Exit Loop If [ not Get(LastError) ]
  # Error opening record, someone else has a lock on this sequence record
  # Wait a bit and try again
  Pause/Resume Script [ 0.1 ]
End Loop
Set Field [ Sequence::lastAssignedNumber ; Sequence::lastAssignedNumber + 1 ]
Set Variable [ $result = Sequence::lastAssignedNumber ]
Commit Records/Requests
Go to Layout [ original ]
Exit Script [ $result ]

This takes a parameter "type" and exits with a newly assigned sequence number for that type. You'll need to create two records in the Sequence table, giving them type values of "PublicJob" and "PrivateJob", e.g.
Then write two scripts for creating jobs
Create Public Job
New Record/Request
Perform Script [ "Next Sequence ( $type )" ; Parameter: "PublicJob" ]
Set Field [ Job#; Get(ScriptResult) ]

Create Private Job
New Record/Request
Perform Script [ "Next Sequence ( $type )" ; Parameter: "PrivateJob" ]
Set Field [ Job#; Get(ScriptResult) ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Teams, Defunct Teams, Secret Identity Teams,
Peter David/Creator
Larry Stroman/Creator
X-Factor (Government) (Earth-616)
X-Factor HQ, Washington DC
Team Leader(s)
Formerly Val Cooper, Forge, Havok, Polaris
Archer, Val Cooper, Fixx, Forge, Greystone, Havok, Multiple Man, Mystique, Polaris, Quicksilver, Random, Sabretooth, Shard, Strong Guy, Wild Child, Wolfsbane
Aurora, Beast, Cannonball, Doc Samson, Edmond Atkinson, Excalibur, Lockjaw, Moira MacTaggert, Nick Fury, Northstar, Pantheon, Puck, Pyro, Shard, X-Force, X-Men, X-Patriots, Yukio
Dark Descendants, Farnoq Dahn, Hell's Belles, Mister Sinister, Mutant Liberation Front, Nasty Boys, Shadowforce Alpha
Peter David, Larry Stroman
X-Factor #71
(October, 1991)
X-Factor #149
(September, 1998)
After events on Muir Island, the original members of X-Factor, who were also the original members of the X-Men, rejoined the X-Men. Feeling a need to continue a separate, but government affiliated mutant team, Professor Charles Xavier and Cyclops traveled to Genosha, where Cyclops' brother, Alex Summers (Havok), was rebuilding to atone for his time as a Magistrate. Havok was recruited to lead the team and X-Factor was restarted as new government-sponsored incarnation, with Val Cooper acting as government liaison. Wolfsbane, Polaris, Strong Guy, Multiple Man, and Quicksilver filled out the original roster.[1]
One of the first villains the team faced was Mister Sinister and his lackeys, the 'Nasty Boys'. Sinister hoped to discredit mutant kind and used X-Factor to do so. One of Sinister's behind-the-scenes allies was a power-hungry Senator with the power to cause bad luck. Strong Guy was manipulated into destroying the Washington Monument while fighting Slab, one of the Nasty Boys. The Senator, who was after the entirety of the X-Factor team, was later slain by Mr. Sinister himself.[2]
Quicksilver left X-Factor and returned to the Avengers.
During mission to the island nation of Genosha, one of Madrox's duplicates contracted the deadly Legacy Virus. When reabsorbed, it was believed Madrox himself was infected. The mutant prophetess Haven offered to cure Madrox of the Virus, but the attempt failed and he seemingly died.
While in the South Seas island nation of Madripoor, the team became trapped in a confrontation between Lila Cheney and the alien race, the K'Lanti. Lila had stolen an object of great value, called the Harmonium, during the midst of political chaos. The aliens, after destroying a city block, disperse diamond shaped bombs throughout the city. Despite the neutralization of the bombs and the return of their object, the aliens left behind one last explosive. Strong Guy absorbed the energy of its explosion. Despite releasing it with powerful punches, he suffered a powerful heart attack. He was forced to go into suspended animation.
Wolfsbane left the team, choosing to move back to her home, Muir Island. She joined Excalibur.
Havok was captured by the Dark Beast. After Havok's disappearance Forge assumed leadership of the team. The additions of Mystique and Sabretooth to the team as well as their investigation into the Hound Program caused them to question their role. Sabretooth escaped and attacked the team. They soon moved underground.
X-Factor was sent on a mission to apprehend a mysterious figure who was revealed to be Madrox, alive and well. Madrox unconsciously stayed split into separate bodies, ensuring that the Legacy Virus would be contained in one body and not duplicate into the others. When the infected body died, the shock of its death had caused Madrox to lose his memory. Madrox had been recruited by elements of the U.S. government who wanted to turn him into the ultimate secret agent, training him to become a one-man army. With his memory restored Madrox rejoined X-Factor.
Madrox, Not fully understanding the situation, freed Guido, who continued to suffer. Forge created a device to heal Guido. Afterwards, Guido chose to accompany Lila Cheney and her band in their travels instead of rejoining the increasingly fractious X-Factor.
Havok returned, seeking to combine the team with his Brotherhood allies. Three XUE mutants, Archer, Fixx, and Greystone, came to the past trapped in the bodies of other individuals. They were unable to return to their own time and briefly joined the team. Greystone slowly developed temporal insanity. In an attempt to return to his own time, Greystone built a flying time machine, but due to shoddy craftsmanship and unsound theories, the craft exploded, seemingly killing Greystone and Havok, who was attempting to stop him. However, Havok was actually sent to Earth-1298. The team finally disbanded.
Jamie Madrox later created an investigation group called X-Factor Investigations, later also called simply X-Factor, including old friends Strong Guy and Wolfsbane, original X-Factor's former trainee Rictor and new recruits as Siryn, M and others.
Transportation: X-Factor Plane
Legion was originally going to be a founding member of this team. However, then-incoming writer Peter David felt it was impossible to work him into the group in a way that didn't feel was contrieved.[3]
16 X-Factor (Government) (Earth-616) Members
153 Appearances of X-Factor (Government) (Earth-616)
6 Minor Appearances of X-Factor (Government) (Earth-616)
16 Media X-Factor (Government) (Earth-616) was Mentioned in
41 Images that include X-Factor (Government) (Earth-616)
Team Gallery: X-Factor (Government) (Earth-616)
↑ X-Factor #71-72
↑ Cronin, Brian (17 February 2017). Comic Legends: Was Legion Going to be a Member of X-Factor?. CBR. Retrieved on 3 March 2017.
Retrieved from "https://marvel.fandom.com/wiki/X-Factor_(Government)_(Earth-616)?oldid=5634217"
Secret Identity Teams


text:
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The Forgotten Isles: Exploring Ireland's Inishmore
Matt Thompson, October 2, 2017
Matt Thompson is a digital marketing professional with over eight years' experience working for prominent brands in the travel, retail and hospitality industries. For him, travel is a true passion; particularly exploring and experiencing foreign cultures—from their history to their local cuisine. His travels have taken him to many destinations, domestic and international, and his favorites (so far) are Greece, Spain, Scotland, and Sayulita, Mexico. Follow his travels on Instagram.
Beautiful morning on Inishmore
Off the western coast of Ireland are the mysterious and legendary Aran Islands, which have been inhabited since the Stone Age, around 3,000 B.C. Inishmore, the largest of the three islands, looks as if it were pulled straight out of a storybook with its lush green rolling hills and fields of limestone, which lie in stark contrast to the crystal blue waters that surround it. Whitewashed cottages are sprinkled throughout the island, often next to church ruins or ancient burial grounds, creating an ever-present link between the island's storied past and the present.
Now primarily a tourist destination for day-trippers and history buffs, Inishmore has held on to its old-world charm and natural beauty throughout the ages and is worth adding to your itinerary when exploring Galway and the west side of Ireland.
1. Dún Aonghasa
Epic views on Dún Aonghasa
Inishmore's main attraction is Dún Aonghasa, the largest and most impressive of several prehistoric stone forts dating back to 1,100 B.C. The fort consists of six-foot-high rock walls that provided protection from invaders and the elements, but the real attractions here are the views. On top of a bluff overlooking 300-foot sheer cliffs resembling a miniature Cliffs of Moher, you can walk up all the way up to the cliffs's edge to get incredible views of the island's coastline and the crashing waves below.
The cliffs at Dún Aonghasa
To get to Dún Aonghasa, it's a 45-minute bike ride (or ten-minute drive) from the port village of Kilronan to the main entrance and museum, and then a 20-minute hike from there to the top of the bluff. The rocks are slick and wet from the near-constant rain, so be sure to watch your step while exploring the grounds.
2. Poll na bPeist the aka "Worm Hole"
Perhaps the most intriguing and unbelievable naturally occurring attraction on Inishmore is the Worm Hole. Carved naturally from the sea over thousands of years, the Worm Hole is a near-perfect rectangle- shaped pool that ebbs and flows with the tide. The pool's shape and location within the limestone cliffs have made it a popular sight for travelers, but it became world-famous in 2014 when Red Bull held a cliff diving competition here.
Trail markers for the Worm Hole
Getting to the Worm Hole can be a challenge. You must follow the signs from the main road for "Poll na bPeist," which are small and not well-marked. We asked for directions from the staff at Dún Aonghasa, who told us which road to take and which house to look for (I recommend doing this). Eventually you'll come across a trailhead and begin to see a series of red-painted arrows leading you across a field of limestone. Follow these for about fifteen minutes and you'll find it. The hike is treacherous with sharp ridges, unstable rocks and a rising tide inching closer with each pounding wave. Be sure to get there before 2pm before the tide really starts to come in and the path begins to shrink. The Worm Hole is difficult to get to, but worth the trek!
3. St. Enda's Monastery
St. Enda's Monastery, built in the 5th century
A short hike from our B&B and about 20 minutes from Kilronan is what the locals called "the smallest church in Europe." Whether or not that claim is true, St. Enda's Monastery is a beautiful place of worship built entirely from stone sometime during the 5th century. It sits on top of the highest vantage point on the island, providing 360-degree views of Inishmore, the surrounding islands, and on a clear day, the coast of Galway.
4. Joe Watty's Bar
Galway oysters from Joe Watty's Bar
After a long day of bike riding, hiking and exploring the sights, what better way is there to unwind and relax than with a pint of Guinness, fresh-caught seafood and live music? That's exactly what you'll find at Joe Watty's Bar, in my opinion the best pub on the island. We came here for dinner and enjoyed our favorite fish & chips of the trip, steamed mussels and fresh Galway oysters while a local legend performed classic Irish folk songs. The crowd was an even mix of travelers and locals gathering over a pint, creating a vibrant and fun atmosphere. If you spend the night on the island, you have to make a stop here.
Coming in for landing on Inishmore
You can get to Inishmore by air or sea. Either is a good option, depending on your budget and how much time you have. The ferry leaves from the village of Rossaveel, about 30 minutes from the Galway city center. If you don't have a rental car, there's a shuttle you can take from Galway that will get you there in time. Check the ferry's website for details. The ferry takes about 40 minutes to get to Inishmore.
We chose to get there by plane using Aer Arann Islands, which I would recommend. The cost was about $100 per person roundtrip. For me, it was well-worth trading a 40-minute boat ride across the wild Atlantic for an eight-minute flight—and getting to enjoy amazing views of the islands on the plane's approach. The planes are small and take six passengers max, so if you're afraid of heights or small planes, this might not be the best choice for you.
Tigh Fitz B&B on Inishmore
There are a number of B&Bs on the island along with glamping and camping options. We stayed at Tigh Fitz, a quaint B&B with clean and comfortable rooms, cheerful staff and excellent breakfast. We particularly liked it because of its location outside the main port village of Kilronan, away from the tourists and noise. Within walking distance of both the airport and town, we found it to be the perfect option for our needs.
Bikes are the best way to get around on Inishmore
When you arrive on the island, you'll be greeted by cabs, tour vans and horse-drawn carriages (called "pony & traps"), all eager to show you the island for a fee. But the best way to see the island is on a bike to see the island's sights at your own pace and appreciate the surrounding landscapes. Inishmore is only 12 square miles and the coastal road is relatively flat, making it easy for even novice riders to get around fairly quickly. We got our bikes at 11am and were able to see almost the entire island by 4pm. Bike rental shops can be found near the ferry terminal in the main town of Kilronan. At night, once you've had a few pints and don't feel like wandering the windy streets back to your B&B, just let the bartender or waitstaff know and they'll call you a cab.
Like most of Ireland, the weather on Inishmore is unpredictable and ranges from sunny and mild to raining and freezing in a matter of minutes. We brought ponchos in an effort to keep us dry, but that didn't work well while riding a bike, so I recommend wearing layers with a light waterproof jacket, jeans or athletic clothing with tennis shoes and some kind of hat for your island adventure.
Oct 2, 2017 Matt Thompson
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1 Comment	On "The Forgotten Isles: Exploring Ireland's Inishmore"
JP|
Ireland is one of my favourite places in the world…right up there with Scotland
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TOEtv
(#Qanon #SpaceForce #SecretSpaceProgram) 3w ago
TUESDAY, DEC 22, 2020 - 23:45 - There is potential for conspiracy gold in a 2018 patent filed by aerospace engineer Dr. Salvatore Cezar Pais, who works for the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, a research organization within the Navy that specializes in electromagnetic drives and superconductors. The patent (US10144532B2) describes "a craft using an inertial mass reduction device comprises of an inner resonant cavity wall, an outer resonant cavity, and microwave emitters. The electrically charged outer resonant cavity wall and the electrically insulated inner resonant cavity wall form a resonant cavity. The microwave emitters create high-frequency electromagnetic waves throughout the resonant cavity causing the resonant cavity to vibrate in an accelerated mode and create a local polarized vacuum outside the outer resonant cavity wall." The shape of this plane is one that resembles a flying triangle. In August of 2019, The Drive filed Freedom of Information Act requests with the Navy to shed more light on the patent. While it's still unknown if those requests have been answered, further investigation through the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's (USPTO) Public Patent Application Information Retrieval database revealed that superconductors and the electromagnetic field generator, may in fact, already be in operation in some manner. If the technologies described in the patent are already operational, does this mean the Navy is building UFOs?
US Navy Patent Describes EM Drive For "Flying Triangle" Craft
"conspiracy gold"
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Trump Kicks COVID Bill Back To Congress; Demands $2,000 Stimulus, Shreds Lawmakers Over Mountain Of Pork
...and the market is not happy...
TUESDAY, DEC 22, 2020 - 19:46 - President Trump appeared to threaten to veto the COVID-19 stimulus package that Congress passed almost 24 hours earlier, telling lawmakers to boost checks for Americans to $2,000 as well as "get rid of wasteful and unnecessary items" in the spending bill Trump said "throughout the summer, Democrats cruelly blocked COVID relief legislation in an effort to advance their extreme left wing agenda and influence the election..." "it's taken forever" to get a package and the bill passed "is much different than anticipated." "It really is a disgrace," he added. Then reeled off a list of disgusting 'pork' (read the details here) that has been piled into this record-breaking 5,593 page bill. As Axios notes, many of the items Trump listed, such as foreign aid, which were not related to COVID-19 are not part of the coronavirus relief package. These form part of the government funding bill, which was passed alongside the coronavirus relief package. Then he took a shot at Biden and the election "Send me a suitable bill or else the next administration will have to deliver a COVID relief package and maybe that administration will be me and we will get it done."
544 views · Dec 23rd, 2020
Red Pill Your Friends: The Human Farmers
Red Pill Your Friends Vol 1 is about the manipulation of the air we breathe, the food we eat, the remedies we take when we're feeling ill, and our current status as the human guinea pigs of the world. (If you're reading this, I'm on maternity leave but I'll be back soon!) Please consider supportin...
reallygraceful / 347K subscribers 67K views / 1 week ago Red Pill Your Friends Vol 1 is about the manipulation of the air we breathe, the food we eat, the remedies we take when we're feeling ill, and our current status as the human guinea pigs of the world.
549 views · Dec 22nd, 2020
Pentagon Threatens Iran As Region Braces For 1-Year Anniversary Of Soleimani Killing
CENTCOM chief makes surprise Mideast visit: "We'll be prepared for anything the Iranians or their proxies acting for them might choose to do."
MONDAY, DEC 21, 2020 - 22:00 - On the same day the US embassy in Baghdad's Green Zone came under attack by a hail of eight rockets fired by unknown militants, the United States threatened Iran with military action should it decide to pursue any future retaliation for the US killing of IRGC Gen. Qassem Soleimani last January. Sunday's attack, widely believed the have been the work of Iran-backed Shia militia or an allied group, triggered the embassy's counter-rocket defense system and resulted in at least one Iraqi civilian death and limited damage to the embassy complex. General Kenneth McKenzie, who heads the US Central Command (CENTCOM), is currently touring the region ahead of the anniversary of the Jan.3 killing of Soleimani. The trip was unannounced and is being widely interpreted as sending a strong "message" to leaders in Tehran. "We are prepared to defend ourselves, our friends and partners in the region, and we're prepared to react if necessary," Gen. McKenzie told journalists. "My assessment is we are in a very good position and we'll be prepared for anything the Iranians or their proxies acting for them might choose to do," the four-star Marine general said further at an undisclosed location in the region. McKenzie further explained that even amid the continuing White House ordered troop draw downs from Afghanistan and Iran - at 2,500 each country - the Pentagon is making preparations toward greater readiness ahead of Jan. 3. It's now emerging that Sunday's attack included a direct hit on the embassy compound, resulting in damage.


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HS2.3.2
Data-driven analysis of water quality to understand solute and particulate export mechanisms in catchments
Surface water quality is typically assessed and managed at the catchment scale. Management decisions needs a sound process knowledge and understanding of underlying cause-effect relationships to be effective. However, the dynamics of solute and particulate concentrations integrate a multitude of hydrological and biogeochemical processes interacting at different temporal and spatial scales, which are difficult to assess using local field experiments. Hence, time series of water quality observed at the outlet of catchments can be highly beneficial to understand these processes. Long-term, high-frequency as well as multiple-site datasets can be used to inform experimental and modelling studies and formulate hypotheses on dominant ecohydrological and geochemical processes moving "from pattern to process". Recent advances in this field have used concentration-discharge relationships to infer the interplay between hydrological and biogeochemical controls, both in the terrestrial part of catchments and in the river network. Long-term time series of nutrient input-output relationships help understand nutrients legacy effects and catchments response times. High-frequency observations allow understanding the fine structure of concentration dynamics, including flowpaths and their age distribution during runoff events and ecological controls on diel cycles. When multiple catchments are monitored, it is possible to relate water quality metrics to catchment properties to conclude on dominant processes.
This session aims to bring together studies using data-driven analysis of river concentration time series to infer solute and particulate mobilization, retention and export mechanisms. We strongly encourage studies that use findings from data-driven analysis to build conceptual and process-based models. Presentations of the following topics are invited:
-	Interpretation of C-Q relationships from storm events to long-term shifts
-	Utilization of high-frequency observations of water quality
-	Long-term changes of nutrient inputs, outputs and nutrient stoichiometry
-	Role of hydrological extremes such as the recent mid-European droughts in long-term trajectories of nutrient exports
-	Instream, network and lake effects on nutrient load and concentration dynamics
-	Utilizing time series of compound-specific isotopic fingerprints
-	Linkage of water travel time distribution and water quality dynamics
Share: https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU21/session/39653
Convener: Andreas Musolff | Co-conveners: Benjamin Abbott, Rémi DupasECSECS, Stefanie LutzECSECS, Camille MinaudoECSECS
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Wed, 28 Apr, 13:30–15:00 (CEST)
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vPICO presentations: Wed, 28 Apr
Chairpersons: Andreas Musolff, Rémi Dupas, Camille Minaudo
5-minute convener introduction
EGU21-595
Estimating river water-quality trends under different flow conditions
Qian Zhang, James Webber, Douglas Moyer, and Jeffrey Chanat
A number of statistical approaches have been developed to quantify the overall trend in river water quality, but most approaches are not intended for reporting separate trends for different flow conditions. We propose an approach called FN2Q, which is an extension of the flow-normalization (FN) procedure of the well-established WRTDS ("Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season") method. The FN2Q approach provides a daily time series of low-flow and high-flow FN flux estimates that represent the lower and upper half of daily riverflow observations that occurred on each calendar day across the period of record. These daily estimates can be summarized into any time period of interest (e.g., monthly, seasonal, or annual) for quantifying trends. The proposed approach is illustrated with an application to a record of total nitrogen concentration (632 samples) collected between 1985 and 2018 from the South Fork Shenandoah River at Front Royal, Virginia (USA). Results show that the overall FN flux of total nitrogen has declined in the period of 1985–2018, which is mainly attributable to FN flux decline in the low-flow class. Furthermore, the decline in the low-flow class was highly correlated with wastewater effluent loads, indicating that the upgrades of treatment technology at wastewater treatment facilities have likely led to water-quality improvement under low-flow conditions. The high-flow FN flux showed a spike around 2007, which was likely caused by increased delivery of particulate nitrogen associated with sediment transport. The case study demonstrates the utility of the FN2Q approach toward not only characterizing the changes in river water quality but also guiding the direction of additional analysis for capturing the underlying drivers. The FN2Q approach (and the published code) can easily be applied to widely available river monitoring records to quantify water-quality trends under different flow conditions to enhance understanding of river water-quality dynamics. (Journal article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143562; R code and data release: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LBJEY1).
How to cite: Zhang, Q., Webber, J., Moyer, D., and Chanat, J.: Estimating river water-quality trends under different flow conditions, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-595, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-595, 2021.
Effects of streamflow regime on the concentration-flow (CQ) relationships across climate zones: a study across the Australian continent
Clément Duvert, Danlu Guo, Camille Minaudo, Rémi Dupas, Anna Lintern, Shuci Liu, and Kefeng Zhang
Understanding the spatial and temporal variation of concentration-flow (CQ) relationships is valuable to enhance understanding of the key processes that drive changes in catchment water quality. This study used a data-driven approach to understand how the CQ relationship is influenced by catchment flow regimes (baseflow versus runoff dominated) throughout the Australian continent. To summarize the CQ relationship, we focus on the b exponent in a power-law relationship (C=aQb). We considered six commonly monitored constituents, namely, electrical conductivity (EC), total phosphorus (TP), filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate–nitrite (NOx) and total nitrogen (TN), at a total of 251 catchments in Australia. A novel Bayesian hierarchical model was developed to assess a) the impacts of flow regime on CQ relationships, both across catchments (spatial variation) and within individual catchments (temporal variation); and b) how these impacts vary across five typical Australian climate zones – arid, Mediterranean, temperate, sub-tropical and tropical.
We found that for individual constituents: 1) spatial variations in CQ relationships are clearly influenced by the catchment-level baseflow contribution, and these influences differ with climate regions; 2) across climate zones, runoff-dominated catchments (i.e. with low baseflow contribution) have relatively stable CQ relationships, while groundwater-dominated catchments (i.e. with high baseflow contribution) have highly variable CQ patterns across climate zones; 3) within individual catchments, the variations in instantaneous baseflow contribution have no systematic and consistent effect on the CQ relationships. The influence of catchment baseflow contribution on CQ relationships has potential to be used to predict catchment water quality across Australia, with over half the total variability in concentration of sediment, salt and phosphorus species explained by variations in catchment-level baseflow contribution.
How to cite: Duvert, C., Guo, D., Minaudo, C., Dupas, R., Lintern, A., Liu, S., and Zhang, K.: Effects of streamflow regime on the concentration-flow (CQ) relationships across climate zones: a study across the Australian continent, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-4394, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-4394, 2021.
Coupling C-Q and Lorenz Inequality Analyses to Create a Temporal Targeting Framework for Watershed-Scale Decision-Making
Heather Preisendanz, Tamie Veith, Qian Zhang, Julia Biertempfel, and James Shortle
Degradation of aquatic ecosystem health due to the presence of excess nutrients and sediments is a long-standing, leading global environmental concern. Concentration-discharge (C-Q) relationships have been used to disentangle the hydrologic and biogeochemical drivers affecting the transport dynamics of nutrients, sediments, and other constituents of interest. However, C-Q relationships alone are insufficient to provide actionable information to watershed managers and decision-makers. Rather, a comprehensive understanding of the degree of inequality of pollutant transport over time and space is necessary so that appropriate best management practices can be implemented in the "right place" that is effective at reducing targeted pollutants at the "right time". Such spatial and temporal targeting requires a uniform metric for identifying "hot spots" and "hot moments". Nutrient and sediment transport are known to exhibit strong spatial and temporal inequality, with a small percentage of locations and events contributing to the vast majority of total annual loads. The processes for determining how to reduce total annual loads at a watershed scale often target spatial, but not temporal, components of inequality, such that "hot moments" are far less understood than "hot spots". Here, we introduce a framework using Lorenz Inequality and the corresponding Gini Coefficient to quantify the temporal inequality of nutrient and sediment transport across the Chesapeake Bay watershed and couple the inequality analysis with C-Q analysis to disentangle the relative role of hydrologic versus biogeochemical controls on nutrient cycling and transport and categorize nutrient transport across a response gradient. This framework allows for interpretation of the physical factors that influence the extent to which hydrologic and biogeochemical drivers are attenuated or exacerbated, such that a catchment's ability or lack thereof to buffer highly variable hydrologic and biogeochemical signals can be quantified and understood through the proposed framework.
Data were obtained for 108 sites in the Chesapeake Bay's Non-Tidal Network from 2010 through 2018. The Lorenz Inequality and Gini Coefficient analyses were conducted using daily-scale data for flow and loads of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended sediment (TSS) at each gauging station. We leverage these results to create a "temporal targeting framework" that identifies periods of time and corresponding flow conditions that must be targeted to achieve desired or mandated load reduction goals across the watershed. Among the 108 sites, the degree of temporal inequality for TP and TSS (0.37 – 0.98) was much greater than for flow and TN (0.29 – 0.77), likely due to the importance of overland versus baseflow in the transport pathways of the respective constituents. These findings stress the importance of informed design and implementation of best management practices effective in "hot moments," and not just "hot spots," across impaired watersheds to achieve and maintain water quality restoration goals. The "temporal targeting framework" provides a useful and convenient method for watershed planners to create low- and high-flow load targeting tables specific to a watershed and constituent.
How to cite: Preisendanz, H., Veith, T., Zhang, Q., Biertempfel, J., and Shortle, J.: Coupling C-Q and Lorenz Inequality Analyses to Create a Temporal Targeting Framework for Watershed-Scale Decision-Making, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-7867, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7867, 2021.
High-frequency river chemistry unveils the inner workings of concentration-discharge relationships during flood events
Paul Floury, Julien Bouchez, Jérôme Gaillardet, Arnaud Blanchouin, and Patrick Ansart
Shifts in water fluxes through the Critical Zone exert a major control on stream solute export, but the exact nature of this control is still obscure, especially at the scale of relatively short flood events. To address this question, here we take advantage of a new high-frequency, flood event stream concentration–discharge (C-Q) dataset. Stream dissolved concentration of major species were recorded every 40 minutes over five major flood events in 2015/2016 recorded in a French agricultural watershed using device called the "River Lab". We focus our attention on the flood recession periods to highlight how C-Q relationships are controlled by hydrological processes within the catchment rather than by the dynamics of the rain event.
We show that for C-Q relationships resulting from data acquisition over multi-year time scales and including several flood events, lumping all trends together potentially result in biases in characteristic parameters (such as exponents of a power-law fit), that are strongly dictated by data from the recession periods of the most intense floods alone.
In order to evaluate the role of mixing of pre-existing water and solute pools in the catchment, we apply to solute fluxes an approach previously developed in catchment hydrology linking water storage and stream flow. This approach, which considers that hydrological processes prevail over chemical interactions during the short time spans of flood events, allows us to reproduce at first order a large diversity of shapes of recession C-Q relationships.
How to cite: Floury, P., Bouchez, J., Gaillardet, J., Blanchouin, A., and Ansart, P.: High-frequency river chemistry unveils the inner workings of concentration-discharge relationships during flood events, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-1348, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-1348, 2021.
EGU21-14832
Combining concentration-discharge hysteresis and reach-scale lateral flow modelling to characterize flood water origin and processes: application to karst catchments
Martin Le Mesnil, Jean-Baptiste Charlier, Roger Moussa, and Yvan Caballero
We propose a data-driven approach of concentration-discharge (C-Q) relationship analysis, including a new classification of C-Q hysteresis loop at the catchment scale, combined to a simulation of lateral Q and C at the reach scale. We analyse high-frequency, multiple-site records of Q and electrical conductivity (EC) in karst catchment outlets, in which EC informs on water residence time. At the catchment scale, contributions of pre-event water (PEW) and event water (EW) during storm events are investigated through hysteresis loops analysis, which allows inferring hydrological processes. Our new classification of hysteresis loops is based on loop mean slope and hysteresis index. At the reach scale, lateral Q and EC are simulated using a diffusive wave equation model, providing a more spatialized picture of PEW and EW contributions to streamflow during storm events. The methodology is applied to two catchments (Loue river and Cèze river) in France, including 8 gauging stations with hourly Q and EC time series covering 66 storm events.
For both catchments, a conceptual model of water origin and hydrological-processes seasonal and spatial variability is drawn. Regarding Loue catchment, summer and fall storm-events are characterized by contribution of PEW through piston-type flows, whereas decreasing EC values in winter and spring storm-events indicate the major contribution of EW through surface runoff and following fast infiltration in karst. EW contribution is increasing towards downstream. Regarding Cèze catchment, higher contributions of EW are observed, indicating that fast infiltration and surface runoff are the dominant processes, associated to a PEW signature in summer and fall. PEW contribution also increases in karstified areas. Intra-site water origin seasonality is mostly related to karst aquifer saturation state, whereas inter-site variability is linked to karst areas extension. These results are encouraging to extend this approach to a variety of sites, notably influenced by important surface water/groundwater interactions, and groundwater flooding.
How to cite: Le Mesnil, M., Charlier, J.-B., Moussa, R., and Caballero, Y.: Combining concentration-discharge hysteresis and reach-scale lateral flow modelling to characterize flood water origin and processes: application to karst catchments, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-14832, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14832, 2021.
How do concentration-discharge relations vary among rainfall-runoff events? An analysis for the Ressi experimental catchment (Italian pre-Alps)
Giulia Zuecco, Chiara Marchina, Ylenia Gelmini, Anam Amin, Ilja van Meerveld, Daniele Penna, and Marco Borga
Understanding discharge and solute responses is pivotal for water resources management and pollution mitigation measures. The few studies that have analysed concentration-discharge relations using high temporal resolution tracer data collected during rainfall-runoff events have shown that these relations may vary for different events and depend on season, event characteristics or antecedent wetness conditions.
In this study, we used hydrometric and tracer data (stable isotopes, major ions and electrical conductivity (EC)) to i) compare the concentration-discharge relations for different tracers, ii) characterize the hysteretic relations between discharge and tracer concentrations at the event timescale, and iii) determine whether the changes in hysteresis can be explained by event characteristics.
Data collection was carried out in the Ressi catchment, a 2-ha forested watershed in the Italian pre-Alps. The catchment is characterized by high seasonality in runoff response, due to the seasonality in rainfall (high in fall) and evapotranspiration (high in summer). Discharge and rainfall have been measured continuously since August 2012. Stream water, precipitation, shallow groundwater and soil water samples were collected for tracer analyses during 20 rainfall-runoff events between September 2015 and August 2018. All samples were analyzed for EC, isotopic composition (2H and 18O) and major ion concentrations. To investigate the possible controls on concentration-discharge relations, we determined the main characteristics (e.g., total event rainfall, rainfall intensities, antecedent soil moisture and depth to water table, runoff coefficient) for each selected rainfall-runoff event.
The EC, calcium, magnesium, sodium and sulfate concentrations in stream water decreased during rainfall events, due to the dilution by rain water. The concentration-discharge relations for these tracers with a dilution behavior were stronger and more significant than for the tracers that were mobilized during the event. Interestingly, nitrate, potassium and chloride, concentrations sometimes increased at the onset of events, likely due to a rapid flushing of solutes from the dry parts of the stream channel and the riparian area, and then decreased during the event. These temporal dynamics in solute concentrations resulted in different hysteretic relations with discharge. Clockwise loops (i.e., discharge peaked later than the tracer concentrations) were common for the isotopes, chloride and potassium, whereas anti-clockwise hysteresis loops were more typical for EC, magnesium, calcium, sulfate, sodium and nitrate. A preliminary correlation analysis suggests that event characteristics alone cannot explain the changes in hysteresis, except for the hysteresis area for the relations between discharge and calcium concentration that depends on the magnitude of the rainfall event (i.e., the larger the rainfall amount and the runoff coefficient, the smaller the hysteresis loop).
These results highlight the importance of the first flush and indicate that runoff processes and solute sources can change when the catchment becomes wetter and connectivity of the hillslopes to the stream increases.
Keywords: concentration-discharge relation; major ions; electrical conductivity; stable isotopes; hysteresis; forested catchment.
How to cite: Zuecco, G., Marchina, C., Gelmini, Y., Amin, A., van Meerveld, I., Penna, D., and Borga, M.: How do concentration-discharge relations vary among rainfall-runoff events? An analysis for the Ressi experimental catchment (Italian pre-Alps), EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-15045, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15045, 2021.
Using hillslope-scale groundwater model to bridge the gap between basin inputs and river concentrations. The case of nitrates in Brittany (France).
Luca Guillaumot, Luc Aquilina, Jean-Raynald de Dreuzy, Jean Marçais, and Patrick Durand
Over the past decades, intensive agriculture has altered surface water and groundwater resources quality. Nutrient surplus increased nitrate concentrations in groundwater and rivers resulting in eutrophication or drinking water risk having ecosystem, sanitary and economic repercussions. Legislations led to a reduction of agricultural inputs of nitrogen since 1990's followed by a decrease of nitrate concentrations in rivers, but still difficult to predict and evaluate. Indeed, the incomplete knowledge of the spatial variability of climate and nitrogen inputs, cumulated to the unknown groundwater heterogeneity, leads to hydrological and biogeochemical processes difficult to model. This study deals with the long-term variations (~decades) of nitrate concentrations in three rivers (~30 km² catchment) located in Brittany. Thus, we focus on groundwater modelling because they constitute the bigger hydrological reservoir. We developed a parsimonious equivalent hillslope-scale groundwater model. The model parameterization, which controls hydrological functioning such as mean groundwater residence times, young water contribution to the river or denitrification, relies on long-term monitored streamflow and nitrate river concentrations. In addition, dissolved CFC were sampled in the catchments. Finally, we found that uncertainty on simulated nitrate river concentrations is low. The physically-based model also brings information on temporal and spatial variability of groundwater residence times highlighting the relative importance of young (1-5 yr) and old waters (~decades) for nitrate river concentrations. Moreover, calibrated models show similar trends looking at two fictive input scenarios from 2015 to 2050.
How to cite: Guillaumot, L., Aquilina, L., de Dreuzy, J.-R., Marçais, J., and Durand, P.: Using hillslope-scale groundwater model to bridge the gap between basin inputs and river concentrations. The case of nitrates in Brittany (France)., EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-10962, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10962, 2021.
Improving the estimates of nitrate concentrations at subsurface drained agricultural catchment scale using a new conceptual water quality model
Julien Tournebize, Samy Chelil, Hocine Henine, and Cedric Chaumont
The agricultural source pollution, such as nutrient and pesticides, affect the quality of surface water and groundwater. The agricultural nonpoint source pollution due to the excessive land fertilization is considered by researchers and governments as a concerning and sensitive issue. At the scale of agricultural catchments, the modeling of nitrate-leaching losses has been widely addressed in several studies. However, most of developed models require a large number of input data and parameters. Some of them include a complex process of biogeochemical nitrogen process or a full agronomic module and could be computationally time-consuming. Moreover, the quality of the input data makes the model calibration less efficient.
The objective of this study is to present a new conceptual and reservoir model (SIDRA-N), developed to better access the time-variation of nitrate concentrations [NO3-] at the outlet of subsurface drainage network. The model represent a simplified scheme of subsurface flow and nitrate transfer processes in the soil profile, between the drain and the mid-drain. The soil profile is decomposed into three interconnected compartments: the first compartment represents the rapid transfer of water and nitrate through the soil macroporosity; the two other compartments describe the progressive contribution of the horizontal transfer.
The input data to the nitrate module consists on the Remaining pools of Nitrate at the Beginning of Winter season (RNBW), introduced before the winter of each hydrological year. This value should represent all biogeochemical transformations of nitrogen and agricultural practices from previous crop. This variable can explain until 80% of the total nitrate flux exported yearly. Hence, SIDRA-N model requires only two input variables: the drainage discharge and the RNBW. A set of parameters was introduced to regulate nitrate fluxes and discharge transiting through compartments to the drain outlet.
Calibration and validation (C/V) procedures are fundamental to the assessment of the performance and the robustness of water quality models. In this study, the split sample test for the model calibration and validation (C/V) was carried out using data set from Rampillon study site (355 ha, data for 6 years), located East of Paris, in France. The C/V step was performed using high frequency observations (hourly time-step) of nitrate concentrations and drainage discharge. The results showed performance criteria of KGE greater than 0.5 and RMSE less than 5 mgN/l. These results confirm the very good quality of simulations. Finally, a seasonal model calibration was implemented to observe the yearly parameter variability and ensure the model stability and consistency.
How to cite: Tournebize, J., Chelil, S., Henine, H., and Chaumont, C.: Improving the estimates of nitrate concentrations at subsurface drained agricultural catchment scale using a new conceptual water quality model, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-14540, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14540, 2021.
A scalable hybrid model to predict riverine nitrous oxide emissions from the reach to the global scale
Alessandra Marzadri, Giuseppe Amatulli, Daniele Tonina, Alberto Bellin, Longzhu Q. Shen, George H. Allen, and Peter A. Raymond
Nitrous oxide, N2O, is the leading cause for stratospheric ozone depletion and one of the most potent greenhouse gases. Its emissions from riverine systems have been poorly constrained. Thus, we present a novel conceptual framework that leverages the strength of a data driven machine learning technique and physically based model to predict global nitrous oxide emissions (N2O) from streams and rivers worldwide at the reach-scale resolution (about 1-km length). The model accounts for reactant loads, mainly dissolved inorganic nitrogen, biochemical transformation rates, and riverine hydro-morphology. Its high resolution and ability to account for hyporheic, benthic and water column N2O contributions identify small streams (those with widths less than 10 m) as a primary source of riverine N2O emissions to the atmosphere. These streams contribute nearly 36 GgN2O−N/yr, almost 50% of the entire N2O emissions from riverine systems, although they account for only 13% of the total riverine surface area worldwide. Large rivers (widths wider than 100 m), such as the main stems of the Mississippi (∼2 GgN2O−N/yr) and Amazon River (∼7 GgN2O−N/yr), only contribute 30% of global N2O emissions, which primarily originate from their water column. Our approach introduces a dimensionless Emission Factor that varies spatially and temporally and can be quantified from standard hydromorphological and water quality data routinely measured in streams and rivers or can be predicted with good accuracy from interpolation methods such as machine learning. This approach can improve the accuracy of climate change models which can account for a better prediction of N2O spatial and temporal distribution.
How to cite: Marzadri, A., Amatulli, G., Tonina, D., Bellin, A., Shen, L. Q., Allen, G. H., and Raymond, P. A.: A scalable hybrid model to predict riverine nitrous oxide emissions from the reach to the global scale, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-9220, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9220, 2021.
Metabolic regime shifts and ecosystem state changes are decoupled in a large river
Jacob Diamond, Florentina Moatar, Matthew Cohen, Alain Poirel, Cécile Martinet, Anthony Maire, and Gilles Pinay
Aquatic ecosystem recovery from anthropogenic degradation can be hampered by internal feedbacks that stabilize undesirable states. The challenges of managing and predicting alternative states in lakes are well known, but state shifts in rivers and their attendant effects on ecosystem function remain understudied despite strong recent evidence that such shifts can and do occur. Using three decades of measurements of key state variables such as turbidity, nutrient concentrations, Corbicula fluminea clam densities, and chlorophyll a, including hourly dissolved oxygen, we investigated a sudden shift from phytoplankton to macrophyte dominance in the middle Loire River (France), and its associated effects on the rivers metabolic regime. We show, instead, that despite large and synchronous shifts across all state variables, changes in gross primary production and ecosystem respiration were modest (25% and 14% declines, respectively) and that these shifts lagged the ecosystem state changes by a decade or more. The shift to a macrophyte-dominated state reduced the sensitivity of primary production to abiotic drivers, altered element cycling efficiency, flipped the net carbon balance from positive to negative, and, crucially, weakened the temporal coupling between production and respiration. This weakened coupling, detected using Granger causality, increased the temporal autocorrelation of net ecosystem production, yielding a robust early warning indicator of both state- and metabolic-shifts that may provide valuable guidance for river restoration.
How to cite: Diamond, J., Moatar, F., Cohen, M., Poirel, A., Martinet, C., Maire, A., and Pinay, G.: Metabolic regime shifts and ecosystem state changes are decoupled in a large river, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-10666, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10666, 2021.
Oligotrophication of boreal headwater rivers: persistent and widespread decline of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus.
Virginia Mosquera, Eliza Hasselquist, Ryan Sponseller, and Hjalmar Laudon
Export of nutrients from watersheds is largely regulated by the capacity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to use resources in the face of processes that promote hydrologic export and release to the atmosphere. For nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) soil and plant uptake systems can be particularly strong sinks, taking up useable forms of N and P. Despite this efficient use, over long time scales ecosystems may be subject to substantial N and P losses that varies across time and space. Understanding the trends and seasonality of these nutrient losses on different ecosystems becomes important for the long-term maintenance of terrestrial nutrient limitation as well as for patterns of resource export to recipient aquatic ecosystems. To improve the understanding of nutrient losses from different land covers in natural boreal catchments we used long-term data (2008-2020) from the interdisciplinary, multi-scale Krycklan Catchment Study (KCS) in northern Sweden. We focused on 13 intensively monitored catchments with areas ranging from 12 ha to over 6780 ha and with different percentage of land cover characteristics; primarily forest (almost 100%), wetlands (nearly 50%) and lakes. For both P and N the main focus was on the dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). We evaluated the trends in stream nutrient concentration using Mann-Kendall tests to determine the Theil-Sen estimate slopes and a Seasonal Mann Kendall to evaluate the seasonality of the trends. Our results show a steady decline of DIP in all catchments and a decline in most catchments for DIN (11 out of 13). Although all catchments have a negative DIP trend we could not relate the magnitude of the slope to specific land cover or catchment size. Contrary to what we expected, negative trends of DIN during summer were inversely related to forest coverage, meaning that catchments with higher coverage of forest displayed a slower DIN decrease. While negative trends were evident at annual scales for both inorganic nutrients, more detailed assessment revealed time windows when most of this long‐term change occurred. Here, seasonal Mann Kendall tests revealed almost opposite seasonality for both inorganic nutrients, with significant DIP decline during the autumn, winter and spring and strong DIN declines during summer. We suspect these seasonal differences are linked to different processes that are being affected differently by changing seasonal characteristics, including warmer and shorter snow cover periods during winters and warmer and longer summers, respectively. Finally, in light of ongoing increasing trends of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), DIP:DOC and DIN:DOC molar ratios are also steadily increasing over time in most catchments. As a result nutrient balances in the river waters are becoming even more carbon rich and N-P poor, offsetting the balance mainly in growing season for DOC:DIN ratio and in spring and autumn for DOC:DIP ratio.
How to cite: Mosquera, V., Hasselquist, E., Sponseller, R., and Laudon, H.: Oligotrophication of boreal headwater rivers: persistent and widespread decline of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. , EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-9646, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9646, 2021.
The 'Dominant Source Layer' approach to infer long- and short-term water and solute mobilization in a subhumid Mediterranean catchment
José L. J. Ledesma, Anna Lupon, Guiomar Ruiz-Pérez, Sílvia Poblador, Martyn N. Futter, Eugènia Martí, and Susana Bernal
The 'Dominant Source Layer' (DSL) is defined as the riparian zone (RZ) depth stratum that contributes the most to water and solute fluxes to streams. For any given period of time, the DSL position is inferred from the relationship between RZ groundwater table and stream runoff by assuming that lateral fluxes at any given RZ soil depth are proportional to the groundwater table – stream runoff curve. In forest headwaters, the DSL approach can be used to explain timing and amount of water and solute transferred from RZs to streams.
Here, we used the DSL conceptual framework to investigate the potential impact of future climate changes on the long-term mobilization of water and solutes in a subhumid Mediterranean headwater catchment. We used the rainfall-runoff model PERSiST and synthetic temperature, precipitation, and inter-event length scenarios to simulate reference (1981–2000) and future (2081–2100) stream runoff in the catchment. Simulated stream runoff was then used to estimate RZ groundwater tables, and thus, the DSL position, based on the characteristic RZ groundwater table – stream runoff relationship previously established for this catchment. Our simulations indicate that future changes in temperature and precipitation will lead to reductions in stream runoff and water exports, and that the DSL will move down by as much as ca. 30 cm. As a result, shallow organic-rich layers in the RZ may only be hydrologically activated during sporadic large rainfall events predicted for the most extreme inter-event length scenarios. To better understand the transfer of solutes during these large rainfall events, we examined the RZ groundwater table – stream runoff relationship during five large storms for which we had empirical data. We found that this relationship varied among individual storm events depending on antecedent hydroclimatic conditions. Specifically, antecedent drier conditions led to steeper slopes in the RZ groundwater table – stream runoff relationship, which resulted in relatively larger concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate (NO3-) in the stream. A steeper slope of the relationship implies that more RZ layers will be hydrologically connected to the stream, increasing the 'thickness' of the DSL and thus the chances for relatively more DOC and NO3- to be mobilized.
Overall, we highlight the importance of identifying the layers in the RZ vertical profile that are hydrologically active (i.e., DSLs) and the factors contributing to their temporal dynamics both at long- and short-term scales, to better predict the transfer of water and solutes from catchment soils to forest headwater streams
How to cite: Ledesma, J. L. J., Lupon, A., Ruiz-Pérez, G., Poblador, S., Futter, M. N., Martí, E., and Bernal, S.: The 'Dominant Source Layer' approach to infer long- and short-term water and solute mobilization in a subhumid Mediterranean catchment, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-2762, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2762, 2021.
Hydrological controls of DOC export from Nordic headwater catchments.
Jacqueline Knutson, François Clayer, Magnus Norling, Ahti Lepistö, Hannu Marttila, Martyn N. Futter, Karin Eklöf, and Heleen de Wit
Nordic surface waters are currently much browner than during the 1980s due to drivers related to decreased acid deposition, and increased precipitation. While upward trends in concentration of DOC have been well documented, positive trends in the annual export of DOC are not as widespread. The variation in seasonality of DOC export may mask long-term trends in annual export. A large dataset of 30 natural headwater catchments from Finland, Norway, and Sweden contains more than 20 years of discharge and DOC records. We will use these data to better quantify the trends of DOC export and their relationships to seasonality and the effects of climatic changes seen over the last few decades, such as diminished snowpack, less distinct snowmelt events and increases in autumn precipitation. We will investigate both the seasonal and annual relationships between DOC concentration and discharge (C-Q) and test if they relate to time and catchment characteristics such as size, latitude, and landcover.
We explore 3 hypotheses in this data set. First, spring DOC export is decreased due to less distinct snowmelt and runoff events while autumn export of DOC is increased as a consequence of more autumn runoff. Second, we propose that catchments with a longer or more distinct snow cover period are more sensitive than catchments at lower elevation or latitude due to the length of inactivity caused by low temperatures and a more defined snowmelt runoff event. Third, we hypothesize the negative C-Q relationship in winter and spring is likely due to source limitation and dilution while hydrologic controls in summer and autumn are associated with positive C-Q relationships.
Climate change is promoting enhanced export of DOC from soils towards surface waters, leading to more carbon processed and transported along the aquatic continuum from headwaters to coast. This data set gives us an opportunity to look at a diverse set of headwater catchments in the Nordic region, an area disproportionally affected by climate change, to clarify the hydrologic components and how this will affect overall carbon transport.
How to cite: Knutson, J., Clayer, F., Norling, M., Lepistö, A., Marttila, H., Futter, M. N., Eklöf, K., and de Wit, H.: Hydrological controls of DOC export from Nordic headwater catchments. , EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-15119, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15119, 2021.
Elucidating sources and pathways of dissolved organic carbon in a small, forested catchment – A qualitative assessment of stream, soil and shallow groundwater
Katharina Blaurock, Phil Garthen, Benjamin S. Gilfedder, Jan H. Fleckenstein, Stefan Peiffer, and Luisa Hopp
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes the biggest portion of carbon that is exported from soils. During the last decades, widespread increases in DOC concentrations of surface waters have been observed, affecting ecosystem functioning and drinking water treatment. However, the hydrological controls on DOC mobilization are still not completely understood.
We sampled two different topographical positions within a headwater catchment in the Bavarian Forest National Park: at a steep hillslope (880 m.a.s.l.) and in a flat and wide riparian zone (770 m.a.s.l.). By using piezometers, pore water samplers (peepers) and in-stream spectrometric devices we measured DOC concentrations as well as DOC absorbance (A254/A365 and SUVA254) and fluorescence characteristics (fluorescence and freshness indices) in soil water, shallow ground water and stream water in order to gain insights into the DOC source areas during base-flow and during precipitation events.
High DOC concentrations (up to 80 mg L-1) were found in soil water from cascading sequences of small ponds in the flat downstream part of the catchment that fill up temporarily. The increase of in-stream DOC concentrations during events was accompanied by changing DOC characteristics at both locations, for example increasing freshness index values. As the freshness index values were approaching the values found in the DOC-rich ponds in the riparian zone, these ponds seem to be important DOC sources during events. Our preliminary results point to a change of flow pathways during events.
How to cite: Blaurock, K., Garthen, P., Gilfedder, B. S., Fleckenstein, J. H., Peiffer, S., and Hopp, L.: Elucidating sources and pathways of dissolved organic carbon in a small, forested catchment – A qualitative assessment of stream, soil and shallow groundwater, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-15785, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15785, 2021.
Assessment of lead, cadmium, copper and mercury concentration in water of lower Volga-river
Larisa Burtseva, Boris Pastukhov, and Elizaveta Konkova
The Volga-river is the main waterway of the European territory of Russia. Its waters flow through densely populated urbanized region included in to the river watershed of 1360 thousand km2, which experience a high level of anthropogenic load. Toxic substances of anthropogenic origin, including heavy metals, wasted out in the environment and enter to the river waters.
Additionally to national monitoring measurements, systematic observations are made by the Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology in the lower Volga River (south of Astrakhan). In this work, we evaluate the level of surface water pollution by lead, cadmium, copper, and mercury for the period 2015-2019.
Surface water sampling was carried out simultaneously at four selected points of significantly remote water bodies of the river Volga catchment area - river Bystraya, river Koklyuy and two branch of the river Buzan (Obzhorov site and Lotus kultuk).The sampling were in the hydrological phases - winter low-water season, high water peak, high water fall, summer low-water season, autumn low-water season. Water samples were preserved with nitric acid and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal.
An analysis of the data obtained over a five-year period showed that the average concentrations and standard deviations calculated from the full data set were 1.1 μg/l and 72% for Pb, 3.4 μg/l and 32% for Cu, 5.4 μg /l and 100% for Cd, 1.5 μg / l and 140% for Hg. Variability of concentration is decreases according to the order: Hg> Cd> Pb> Cu, the content of copper and lead in the waters of the lower Volga is most stable in space and time during the period under consideration. The maximum average concentration are characteristic for the river Bystraya - 3.8 μg/l Pb in the winter low-water seasons and 5.7 μg/l Cu in the autumn low-water seasons.
Water pollution of the Volga by Hg and Cd is unstable across the delta region and time. The highest concentration of these trace elements was found in the waters of the river Bystraya. The maximum concentration of cadmium was observed during the winter low-water season, to be around 55 μg/l and mercury - around 28 μg/l , during the high water fall period.
This study was carried out in the framework of the Research Project АААА-А20-120020490070-3 « Development and improvement of methods and technologies for integrated background monitoring and comprehensive assessment of the environmental state and pollution in the Russian Federation including their dynamics (based on the joint results of RosHydroMet's monitoring networks)».
How to cite: Burtseva, L., Pastukhov, B., and Konkova, E.: Assessment of lead, cadmium, copper and mercury concentration in water of lower Volga-river, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-11767, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11767, 2021.
Employing Legacy Road Salt and Soil Electrical Conductivity as Tracers to Unlock Glyphosate Transport Processes in a Variable Source Area
Emma Payne, Steven Pacenka, Brian Richards, Naaran Brindt, Anna Schatz, and Tammo Steenhuis
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide active ingredient in the world, with 1.35 Tg used globally in 2017. Despite a strong affinity for binding to soil and rapid microbial degradation, in recent studies glyphosate has been detected in agricultural runoff at significant concentrations. This unexplained phenomenon necessitates further study into the mechanism of glyphosate transport from agricultural fields. This study was an investigation into the internal hydrology at a 4.9 ha agricultural catchment and the hydrological processes driving glyphosate transport at this site. Chloride is introduced to this standalone watershed via a point source of sodium chloride road de-icer salt at the top edge of the catchment. The goal of this project was to employ chloride as a tracer to unlock how water moves in the catchment. Since 2015, we have been undertaking annual extensive field sampling campaigns to monitor runoff for glyphosate at an outlet weir. In this project, we used archived samples from the 2018, 2019 and 2020 field campaigns and analyzed over 700 samples for electrical conductivity, over 400 samples for chloride and over 500 samples for glyphosate. During storms, chloride concentration and electrical conductivity decreased as the baseflow component carrying dissolved ions was diluted by the fast response overland flow. During the peak flow of a storm, chloride makes up a consistent fraction of electrical conductivity as the entire catchment contributes to flow at the outlet. We also found that the ratio of glyphosate concentration to electrical conductivity increased linearly with flow rate. The rate of increase (ie., the slope of glyphosate to conductivity ratio versus flow rate) decreases between sequential storms as glyphosate adsorbs and microbially degrades, and from this we extrapolated an empirical degradation half-life of less than 10 days. Cumulatively, the observations of chloride and electrical conductivity suggest that the catchment behaves as a series of connected reservoirs, each with a slow-moving subsurface component and a fast-response overland component. By exploiting the existence of a road salt chloride tracer and soil electrical conductivity in a variable source area, we were able to unlock the hydrological processes at play in areas where surface runoff is generated.
How to cite: Payne, E., Pacenka, S., Richards, B., Brindt, N., Schatz, A., and Steenhuis, T.: Employing Legacy Road Salt and Soil Electrical Conductivity as Tracers to Unlock Glyphosate Transport Processes in a Variable Source Area, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-5587, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-5587, 2021.
Assessing Human Imprints on Trace Element Fluxes in the Great Lakes
F. Jacob Pinter, Colton Bentley, and Bas Vriens
The extraction and use of rare earth elements, platinum group elements and other trace metals is growing exponentially around the world. The occurrence of these trace elements in anthropogenic waste streams is increasing correspondingly. Yet, conclusive data on trace element concentrations in urban runoff and wastewater is scarce as these elements are typically not part of governmental surveillance programs and barely environmentally regulated. The human imprints on natural trace element fluxes and their potential environmental impacts therefore remain poorly quantified. We are working to quantify natural and anthropogenic trace element fluxes in the Great Lakes basin. The Great Lakes basin provides a globally unique setting to investigate human imprints on large-scale elemental cycling because it houses >60 million people, contains >20% of the world's freshwater, and is divided into serially connected sub-basins that facilitate environmental system analyses at various scales.
First, we established baseline estimates of current (natural) trace element fluxes in the Great Lakes by aggregating hydrometric and water quality data in simplified black-box mass-balances and dynamic reactor models. These models were informed by >100,000 hydrometric and >50,000 water quality measurements collected across the Great Lakes between 1980-2020 and were calibrated to existing long-term water level and water chemistry records. The bulk of the incorporated data stems from Canadian and US federal and provincial and state monitoring programs, including publicly available datasets from NOAA, EPA, ECCC, Ontario and Michigan state, municipalities, and local conservation authorities. Mass-balance could be achieved up to 94% for conservative elements (Cl, Na), while our dynamic models reveal significantly different source/sink behavior across the upper and lower lakes for more reactive elements. We are currently expanding our models with new ultra-trace level analyses of recent freshwater samples from cruise expeditions, major tributary rivers, and precipitation, as well as sediment records.
Second, we considered municipal and industrial wastewater as a proxy for human activity. We collected and analyzed wastewater effluent and digested sludge samples from >40 US and Canadian wastewater treatment facilities (WWTF) and estimated, for >20 trace elements, average discharge rates into the Great Lakes basin. We compared average wastewater-effluent loads with large-scale natural biogeochemical fluxes in the Great Lakes, allowing us to rank the analyzed trace elements as well as individual lakes and tributaries by their apparent human imprint. Our results show anomalously high loading rates for select rare earth elements and precious metals in several tributary systems. Geospatial attributes of the sampled sewersheds (demographics, land use, industrial activity) serve as independent variables in our ongoing effort to source-track these anomalous loads and establish human imprints on catchment tributaries further upstream.
How to cite: Pinter, F. J., Bentley, C., and Vriens, B.: Assessing Human Imprints on Trace Element Fluxes in the Great Lakes, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-6472, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-6472, 2021.
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Sector-led Review of the 'care crisis' launches today
Communities and social cohesionFamilies and family dynamicsLooked after children and children in need
The Nuffield-funded Review confirms there is a crisis in Children's Social Care and Family Justice Sector and sets out 20 options for change.
The Care Crisis Review published today considers how to address the 'care crisis', and explores the factors which have contributed to the number of children in care reaching the highest level since the Children Act 1989 was enacted with care order applications reaching record levels in 2017. The Review has brought together a 'coalition of the willing' from across the child welfare and family justice sectors in England and Wales. It was a response to the President of the Family Division of the High Court, Sir James Munby's call to action in 2016: "We are facing a crisis and, truth be told, we have no very clear strategy for meeting the crisis. What is to be done?"
Funded by the Nuffield Foundation and facilitated by Family Rights Group, the Review comprised an inclusive listening exercise with over 2,000 people across England and Wales. This was complemented by a rapid academic review of evidence about the contributing factors to the crisis. It found:
There is a sense of crisis felt by many young people, families and those working within the system.
Professionals are frustrated at working in a sector that is overstretched and overwhelmed and in which, too often, children and families do not get the direct help they need early enough to prevent difficulties escalating.
There was a palpable sense of unease about how lack of resources, poverty and deprivation are making it harder for families and the system to cope.
Contributors expressed a strong sense of concern that a culture of blame, shame and fear has permeated the system, affecting those working in it as well as the children and families reliant upon it. It was suggested that this had led to an environment that is increasingly mistrusting and risk averse and prompts individuals to seek refuge in procedural responses.
Despite these concerns, the Review found that the child welfare legislative framework is basically sound and there are some local authorities that are bucking the national trend. The system works well sometimes: children and families described individual practitioners who had transformed their lives and professionals described innovations, approaches and leaders who enable them to practice in a way that is respectful, humane and rewarding. The Review also found common agreement about the way forward, with a consensus that relationship building has been and is at the heart of good practice.
Options for Change
The Review sets out 20 Options for Change, including:
Immediate steps that could be taken to move away from an undue focus on processes and performance indicators, to one where practitioners are able to stay focused on securing the right outcomes for each child.
Approaches, including family group conferences, in which families are supported to make safe plans for their child.
Suggestions of ways in which statutory guidance, such as Working Together to Safeguard Children, can be changed in order to promote relationship-based practice.
Opportunities for revitalising local and national family justice forums and other mechanisms, so that all can become places where challenges within the system are discussed and solutions developed.
Proposals for the Department for Work and Pensions and the Department for Education,in consultation with the devolved administrations, to examine the impact of benefit rules and policies, and the projected effect of planned benefit reforms, on the numbers of children entering or remaining in care.
A call for the Ministry of Justice to undertake an impact assessment of the present lack of accessible, early, free, independent advice and information for parents and wider family members on the number of children subject to care proceedings or entering or remaining in the care system, and the net cost to the public purse.
That the National Family Justice Board revises the approach to measuring timescales, including the 26 week timescale for care proceedings.
That there are improvements in exploring and assessing potential carers from within the family, when a child cannot live at home, and better support is provided to such carers and children so they do not face severe financial hardship.
That Ofsted and Social Care Wales in their inspections and research should take into account the duties on local authorities to support families and to promote children's upbringing within their family.
£2 billion shortfall in children's social care service
The Review also supports the ADCS and LGA's call for Government to make up the £2 billion shortfall in children's social care service. Money and resources matter for families and for services. It also highlights the need for an additional ring fenced fund which can act as a catalyst for local authorities and their partner agencies to achieve changes needed in their local context to address the crisis.
Dealing with the crisis is complex – inevitably so, because children and families live increasingly complex lives. But making the difference cannot be just about constant re-structures, or ever changing systems – the fundamental basis of our child welfare approach is encouragingly sound. The way forward has to be about working with complexity to offer hope. Offering an inclusive approach to family decision making so that families are helped to better understand the concerns about a child's welfare and then helped to coordinate and propose a safe response to those concerns from within their own, usually extensive, family and friends network. It's about moving away from an over reliance on the language of assessment and intervention and more towards understanding and helping. It's about being less adversarial, risk averse and harsh and much more collaborative and kind." Nigel Richardson, Chair of the Review
Bringing people together from across the sector in this way has been invaluable in beginning to understand and address the 'care crisis'. This type of coordinated response across England and Wales allows us to understand how the increase in care order applications differs from region to region, and the localised responses deployed to address it. The proposals outlined in the report are a result of a collaborative process and offer some initial changes that could be made to improve outcomes for children and their families." Tim Gardam, Chief Executive of the Nuffield Foundation
Participants in the Review included the Local Government Association, Ofsted, Cafcass and Cafcass Cymru, the Association of Directors of Children's Services, the All Wales Heads of Children's Services, third sector organisations and alliances, the Offices of the English and Welsh Children's Commissioners, members of the judiciary, lawyers, social care practitioners, young people and families.
The Review assumes that for some children, care is absolutely the right thing; offering them safety and security and the opportunity to flourish. This Review is not about avoiding care at all costs; it is about safely averting the need for some children to enter or remain in care.
Care Crisis Review: Analysis of focus group responses from care-experienced young people
Analysis-of-focus-group-responses-from-care-experienced-young-people-FINAL.pdf
Care Crisis Review: Children's Principal Social Network survey findings
PSW-Survey-Findings-FINAL.pdf
Care Crisis Review: Professionals survey results
Professionals-Survey-Results-FINAL.pdf
Care Crisis Review: Family survey results
Family-Survey-Results-FINAL.pdf
Care Crisis Review: Care-experienced young people and adults survey results
Care-Experienced-Young-People-and-Adults-Survey-Results-FINAL.pdf
Care Crisis Review: Factors contributing to national increases in numbers of looked after children and applications for care orders
Care-Crisis-Review-Factors-report-FINAL.pdf
Care Crisis Review: Summary of the options for change
Summary-of-the-Options-for-Change-FINAL.pdf
Care Crisis Review: Options for change
CCR-FINAL.pdf
Communities and social cohesionFamilies and family dynamicsLooked after children and children in needWelfare