text:
Q: Multi-string data-set without z layer, applying ordinal values as a workaround I'm new to GIS and have been learning a lot over the last few weeks, however, I've finally come to a point where I could use some help.
I'm working with the pdx_streets data-set from http://www.civicapps.com, which doesn't include a z-layer or elevation relating to the rendering order for ramps, overpasses, tunnels, bridges, etc.
This data-set does include F and T ordinal values(-2 to 5), which can be applied as a work-around; but what is the best way to apply this?
Currently, I have all of the street styles entered, one solution would be list each value and apply using the render order, however, this would create a lot of duplication for each style.
QGIS 2.10
Metadata: http://www.portlandmaps.com/metadata/index.cfm?&action=DisplayLayer&LayerID=52058
OS: Ubuntu 14.04

A: If I've understood the problem correctly, you can use symbol levels to achieve this.
I'm attaching a simple example where I want to colour points based on an integer attribute. By selecting symbol levels, the points are styled according to the value and the order of drawing also depends on the same value. The smaller the number the "lower" it appears in the rendered image:

You can use a similar approach to draw road segements in their z-order. You could use either the F or T attribute or take the average of the two and create a new pseudo-z attribute for styling.


This is the official website of Peccati di Gola Italian Restaurant Pizzeria in Albufeira (Portugal). We offer a great variety of italian typical food and a special selection of wine, qualified staff and a relaxing atmosphere, to enjoy a little corner of Italy in Portugal.
Peccati di Gola is located in Albufeira old town, in Avenida 25 de Abril 3/a, next to Jardim Pùblico de Albufeira, less than 5 minutes walking from Praça dos Pescadores.
Peccati di Gola is open again after a short winter break!
From the 16th of February you can find us in Albufeira old town, ready to share a little corner of Italy with you!
It is possible to book a table for the 31st! I just ask you to send us by mail a name and a telephone number for the reservation.


Authors Pereira D. R., Tapeinos C., Oliveira J. M., Reis R. L., and Pandit A.
Intervertebral disc cell apoptosis has been reported as the major factor responsible in promoting disc degeneration. In this study we hypothesize that collagen fibres with manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) can increase oxygen levels by scavenging ROS species and converting it into byproducts. The specific objective of this study is to fabricate collagen fibres incorporating NPs (Fig. 1), with controlled degradability that are able to scavenge ROS species and generate O2 while inhibiting annulus fibrosus (AF) cell apoptosis under inflamed conditions.


When Coyne Powersports decided to expand and build its second facility, they chose American Buildings Company. Their newest facility is a single slope structure with tapered columns, and features stucco finished walls.
Added curb appeal was designed into the parapet which varies from 25' to 28' in height. This project has a sales showroom, parts department, and service/repair shop.


Creating Sanctuary in the Garden was written in the height of the economic recession. My intention was to call the mind back to the simple pleasures in life that are found in the garden and in nature, and to the things that really matter.
FORM& FUNCTION's landscape design and photo made the cover of Virginia Gardener for February 2012 in addition to a seven page spread.


KSE Testing Equipment (KSE), a Kessler Soils Engineering Products, Inc. company, is located in Northern Virginia near Dulles International Airport. In 2014. We manufacture and distribute testing equipment for highway and airfield construction.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING US AT TRB AT BOOTH #710!
COME SEE US AT TRB, WE WILL BE AT BOOTH #710!
Oil field Road. - visit https://www.kesslerdcp.com/ - KSE Testing Equipment (KSE), a Kessler Soils Engineering Products, Inc. company, is located in Northern Virginia near Dulles International Airport.
KSE is a unique organization that not only manufactures and distributes testing equipment for highway and airfield construction but also provides services to our customers that includes on-site technical support and training by our Engineering staff.
KSE's 3 Part Automated DCP (SAPPER) Video Series is now available on-line.
Be the first to know and let us send you an email when Kessler Testing Equipment posts news and promotions. Your email address will not be used for any other purpose, and you can unsubscribe at any time.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Facepunch.Steamworks
{
    internal static class Utility
    {
        static internal uint SwapBytes( uint x )
        {
            return ( ( x & 0x000000ff ) << 24 ) +
                   ( ( x & 0x0000ff00 ) << 8 ) +
                   ( ( x & 0x00ff0000 ) >> 8 ) +
                   ( ( x & 0xff000000 ) >> 24 );
        }

        static internal class Epoch
        {
            private static readonly DateTime epoch = new DateTime( 1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc );

            /// <summary>
            /// Returns the current Unix Epoch
            /// </summary>
            public static int Current
            {
                get
                {
                    return (int)( DateTime.UtcNow.Subtract( epoch ).TotalSeconds );
                }
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Convert an epoch to a datetime
            /// </summary>
            public static DateTime ToDateTime( decimal unixTime )
            {
                return epoch.AddSeconds( (long)unixTime );
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Convert a DateTime to a unix time
            /// </summary>
            public static uint FromDateTime( DateTime dt )
            {
                return (uint)( dt.Subtract( epoch ).TotalSeconds );
            }

        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/sdueko/2014_007.html
Contraception and Development: A Unified Growth Theory
Strulik, Holger
() (Department of Business and Economics)
Holger Strulik
This study investigates the interaction of the use of modern contraceptives, fertility, education, and long-run growth. It develops an economic model that takes into account that sexual intercourse is utility enhancing and that birth control by modern contraceptives is more efficient and more costly than traditional methods. The study shows how a traditional economy, in which modern contraceptives are not used and fertility is high, gradually converges towards a high growth regime, in which couples use modern contraceptives. Innovations in contraceptive technology at later points in time speed up the fertility transition and the convergence to steady growth. Utility enhancing sexual intercourse provides a "natural" explanation for why net fertility decreases with income. Lower prices or higher efficacy of contraceptives are conducive to an earlier onset of the fertility transition and a quicker convergence but do not effect economic performance (nor sexual intercourse) at the steady state.
Strulik, Holger, 2014. "Contraception and Development: A Unified Growth Theory," Discussion Papers of Business and Economics 7/2014, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Business and Economics.
Handle: RePEc:hhs:sdueko:2014_007
File URL: https://www.sdu.dk/-/media/files/om_sdu/institutter/ivoe/disc_papers/disc_2014/dpbe7_2014.pdf
Holger Strulik, 2017. "Contraception And Development: A Unified Growth Theory," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 58, pages 561-584, May.
Oded Galor & Omer Moav, 2002. "Natural Selection and the Origin of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 117(4), pages 1133-1191.
Galor, Oded & Moav, Omer, 2000. "Natural Selection and the Origin of Economic Growth," Arbetsrapport 2000:5, Institute for Futures Studies.
Galor, Oded & Moav, Omer, 2001. "Natural Selection and the Origin of Economic Growth," CEPR Discussion Papers 2727, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Oded Galor & Omer Moav, 2000. "Natural Selection and the Origin of economic Growth," Working Papers 2000-18, Brown University, Department of Economics.
Holger Strulik & Klaus Prettner & Alexia Prskawetz, 2013. "The past and future of knowledge-based growth," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 411-437, December.
Strulik, Holger & Prettner, Klaus & Prskawetz, Alexia, 2012. "The past and future of knowledge-based growth," Center for European, Governance and Economic Development Research Discussion Papers 140, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
Pritchett, Lant H. & DEC, 1994. "Desired fertility and the impact of population policies," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1273, The World Bank.
Matthias Doepke, 2004. "Accounting for Fertility Decline During the Transition to Growth," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 9(3), pages 347-383, September.
Matthias Doepke, 2001. "Accounting for Fertility Decline During the Transition to Growth," UCLA Economics Working Papers 804, UCLA Department of Economics.
Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem, 2002. "Does the Mortality Decline Promote Economic Growth?," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 7(4), pages 411-439, December.
Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan, 2000. "Does The Mortality Decline Promote Economic Growth?," Working Papers 2000-05, Brown University, Department of Economics.
Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan, 2002. "Does the Mortality Decline Promote Economic Growth?," Macroeconomics 0212008, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Matteo Cervellati & Uwe Sunde, 2005. "Human Capital Formation, Life Expectancy, and the Process of Development," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 95(5), pages 1653-1672, December.
Cervellati, Matteo & Sunde, Uwe, 2005. "Human capital formation, life expectancy, and the process of development," Munich Reprints in Economics 20083, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
Larry E. Jones & Alice Schoonbroodt & Michèle Tertilt, 2010. "Fertility Theories: Can They Explain the Negative Fertility-Income Relationship?," NBER Chapters,in: Demography and the Economy, pages 43-100 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Larry E. Jones & Alice Schoonbroodt & Michèle Tertilt, 2008. "Fertility Theories: Can They Explain the Negative Fertility-Income Relationship?," NBER Working Papers 14266, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Munshi, Kaivan & Myaux, Jacques, 2006. "Social norms and the fertility transition," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(1), pages 1-38, June.
Jesús Fernández-Villaverde & Jeremy Greenwood & Nezih Guner, 2014. "From Shame To Game In One Hundred Years: An Economic Model Of The Rise In Premarital Sex And Its De-Stigmatization," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 12(1), pages 25-61, February.
Jesús Fernández-Villaverde, 2009. "From Shame to Game in One Hundred Years: An Economic Model of the Rise in Premarital Sex and its De-Stigmatization," 2009 Meeting Papers 155, Society for Economic Dynamics.
Fernández-Villaverde, Jesús & Greenwood, Jeremy & Guner, Nezih, 2010. "From Shame to Game in One Hundred Years: An Economic Model of the Rise in Premarital Sex and its De-Stigmatization," IZA Discussion Papers 4708, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Jesús Fernández-Villaverde & Jeremy Greenwood & Nezih Guner, 2010. "From Shame to Game in One Hundred Years: An Economic Model of the Rise in Premarital Sex and its De-Stigmatization," NBER Working Papers 15677, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde & Jeremy Greenwood & Nezih Guner, 2010. "From Shame to Game in One Hundred Years: An Economic Model of the Rise in Premarital Sex and its De-Stigmatization," Economie d'Avant Garde Research Reports 16, Economie d'Avant Garde.
Galor, Oded, 2005. "From Stagnation to Growth: Unified Growth Theory," Handbook of Economic Growth,in: Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 4, pages 171-293 Elsevier.
Oded Galor, 2004. "From Stagnation to Growth: Unified Growth Theory," GE, Growth, Math methods 0409003, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Oded_Galor, 2004. "From Stagnation to Growth:Unified Growth Theory," Working Papers 2004-15, Brown University, Department of Economics.
Galor, Oded, 2004. "From Stagnation to Growth: Unified Growth Theory," CEPR Discussion Papers 4581, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
David de la Croix & Marie Vander Donckt, 2010. "Would Empowering Women Initiate the Demographic Transition in Least Developed Countries?," Journal of Human Capital, University of Chicago Press, vol. 4(2), pages 85-129.
de la CROIX, David & VANDER DONCKT, Marie, 2008. "Would empowering women initiate the demographic transition in least-developed countries?," CORE Discussion Papers 2008043, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
de la CROIX, David & VANDER DONCKT, Marie, 2010. "Would empowering women initiate the demographic transition in least developed countries?," CORE Discussion Papers RP 2290, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
Claudia Goldin & Lawrence F. Katz, 2002. "The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 110(4), pages 730-770, August.
Claudia Goldin & Lawrence F. Katz, 2000. "The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions," NBER Working Papers 7527, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Katz, Lawrence & Goldin, Claudia, 2002. "The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions," Scholarly Articles 2624453, Harvard University Department of Economics.
Timothy W. Guinnane, 2011. "The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 49(3), pages 589-614, September.
Guinnane, Timothy W., 2010. "The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists," Working Papers 84, Yale University, Department of Economics.
Timothy W. Guinnane, 2010. "The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists," Working Papers 990, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
Guinnane, Timothy W., 2010. "The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists," Center Discussion Papers 95271, Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
Kogel, Tomas & Prskawetz, Alexia, 2001. "Agricultural Productivity Growth and Escape from the Malthusian Trap," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 6(4), pages 337-357, December.
Tomas Kögel & Alexia Prskawetz, 2000. "Agricultural productivity growth and escape from the Malthusian trap," MPIDR Working Papers WP-2000-002, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
Fürnkranz-Prskawetz, Alexia & Kögel, Tomas, 2000. "Agricultural Productivity Growth and Escape from the Malthusian Trap," CEPR Discussion Papers 2485, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
David, DE LA CROIX & Marie, VANDER DONCKT, 2008. "Would empowering women initiate the demographic transition in least-developing countries ?," Discussion Papers (ECON - Département des Sciences Economiques) 2008026, Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Economiques.
Oded Galor & Omer Moav, 2006. "Das Human-Kapital: A Theory of the Demise of the Class Structure," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 73(1), pages 85-117.
Oded Galor & Omer Moav, 2004. "Das Human Kapital: A Theory of the Demise of the Class Structure," GE, Growth, Math methods 0410003, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Oded Galor & Omer Moav, 2005. "Das Human-Kapital: A Theory of the Demise of the Class Structure," Working Papers 2005-14, Brown University, Department of Economics.
Jeremy Greenwood & Nezih Guner, 2010. "Social Change: The Sexual Revolution," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 51(4), pages 893-923, November.
Jeremy Greenwood & Nezih Guner, 2005. "Social Change: The Sexual Revolution," Economie d'Avant Garde Research Reports 9, Economie d'Avant Garde, revised Apr 2009.
Jeremy Greenwood & Nezih Guner, 2009. "Social Change: The Sexual Revolution," RCER Working Papers 550, University of Rochester - Center for Economic Research (RCER).
Isabel Günther & Kenneth Harttgen, 2013. "Desired Fertility and Children Born across Time and Space," Courant Research Centre: Poverty, Equity and Growth - Discussion Papers 144, Courant Research Centre PEG.
Ainsworth, Martha & Beegle, Kathleen & Nyamete, Andrew, 1996. "The Impact of Women's Schooling on Fertility and Contraceptive Use: A Study of Fourteen Sub-Saharan African Countries," World Bank Economic Review, World Bank Group, vol. 10(1), pages 85-122, January.
Matthias Doepke, 2005. "Child mortality and fertility decline: Does the Barro-Becker model fit the facts?," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 18(2), pages 337-366, June.
Matthias Doepke, 2002. "Child Mortality and Fertility Decline: Does the Barro-Becker Model Fit the Facts?," UCLA Economics Working Papers 824, UCLA Department of Economics.
Martha J. Bailey, 2013. "Fifty Years of Family Planning: New Evidence on the Long-Run Effects of Increasing Access to Contraception," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 44(1 (Spring), pages 341-409.
Martha J. Bailey, 2013. "Fifty Years of Family Planning: New Evidence on the Long-Run Effects of Increasing Access to Contraception," NBER Working Papers 19493, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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Daniel Kahneman & Alan B. Krueger & David Schkade & Norbert Schwarz & Arthur Stone, 2004. "Toward National Well-Being Accounts," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(2), pages 429-434, May.
David G. Blanchflower & Andrew J. Oswald, 2004. "Money, Sex and Happiness: An Empirical Study," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 106(3), pages 393-415, October.
David G. Blanchflower & Andrew J. Oswald, 2004. "Money, Sex, and Happiness: An Empirical Study," NBER Working Papers 10499, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Palivos, Theodore, 1995. "Endogenous fertility, multiple growth paths, and economic convergence," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 19(8), pages 1489-1510, November.
Bhattacharya, Joydeep & Chakraborty, Shankha, 2014. "Contraception and the Fertility Transition," Staff General Research Papers Archive 38182, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
Bhattacharya, Joydeep & Chakraborty, Shankha, 2014. "Contraception and the Fertility Transition," MPRA Paper 53129, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Rachel Margolis & Mikko Myrskylä, 2011. "A Global Perspective on Happiness and Fertility," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 37(1), pages 29-56, March.
Oded Galor & Andrew Mountford, 2008. "Trading Population for Productivity: Theory and Evidence," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 75(4), pages 1143-1179.
Oded Galor & Andrew Mountford, 2008. "Trading Population for Productivity: Theory and Evidence," Working Papers 2008-2, Brown University, Department of Economics.
Galor, Oded & Mountford, Andrew, 2008. "Trading Population for Productivity: Theory and Evidence," CEPR Discussion Papers 6678, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Sriya Iyer, 2003. "Religion, Reproduction and Development in Contemporary India," Development, Palgrave Macmillan;Society for International Deveopment, vol. 46(4), pages 50-56, December.
Hippolyte D'Albis & Angela Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2015. "AVOIR UN ENFANT PLUS TARD Enjeux sociodémographiques du report des naissances," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-01298929, HAL.
Hippolyte d'Albis & Angela Luci Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2015. "Avoir un enfant plus tard: Enjeux sociodémographiques du report des naissances," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-01245523, HAL.
d'Albis, Hippolyte & Greulich, Angela & Ponthiere, Gregory, 2018. "Development, fertility and childbearing age: A Unified Growth Theory," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 461-494.
Hippolyte d'Albis & Angela Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2017. "Development, fertility and childbearing age: A unified growth theory," PSE Working Papers halshs-01452846, HAL.
Hippolyte d'Albis & Angela Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2018. "Development, fertility and childbearing age: A Unified Growth Theory," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-01883583, HAL.
repec:hal:journl:hal-01298929 is not listed on IDEAS
Fertility; sex; contraceptive use; education; economic development;
I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development
J10 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - General
O40 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - General
NEP-GRO-2014-05-04 (Economic Growth)
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text:
Pregnancy » Celebrity Baby and Pregnancy
Princess Madeleine Gives Birth in NYC
In true fairytale style, the beautiful young princess fled her kingdom when married to her intended prince took a turn for the worse. On foreign shores, the princess met the man of her dreams, they fell in love, they married, and now they have a beautiful baby daughter with whom to share their love. Most fairy tales come with a shadowed side, however, and in the case of our beautiful princess, the people of her homeland wished she'd come home to birth her baby on royal soil.
The beautiful princess of this tale, royally known as Madeleine Therese Amelie Josephine, Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Halsingland and Gastrikland, daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia, but more commonly referred to as Princess Madeleine, is the third and youngest child, second daughter, to the King and Queen of Sweden. At birth, she was #3 in line for the Swedish throne, after her older sister, Victoria, first in line, and her brother, Carl Philip, second.
Princess Madeleine, 31, once nicknamed the "Party Princess," became officially engaged in 2009 to a Swedish attorney named Jonas Bergstrom. Their engagement could not be announced until Bergstrom acquired official approval from the Swedish Cabinet and its approval then relayed to the King. The wedding day was set for 2010.
Somewhere along the way, however, the road to romance took a wrong turn and the marriage was called off. It is said the intended prince had eyes for other fair maidens.
The heart-broken princess landed a job at the World Childhood Foundation, a philanthropic organization co-founded by the Queen. The job was in New York City.
Christopher O'Neill was also in New York City.
O'Neill, 39, is a London-born American financier who befriended the princess as she established a life for herself in her new American home. Friendship soon blossomed into love and the princess has been described as "always happy when she is with him."
The couple announced their engagement in October 2012 and were married in Stockholm in the Royal Palace chapel in June 2013. The couple continued to live in New York City.
Their daughter, Her Royal Highness, the Princess Leonore Lilian Maria, Duchess of Gotland, now fifth in line to the Swedish throne, was born in New York City on February 20, 2014. A 21-gun salute in her honor was sounded at the Royal Palace in Stockholm to announce her birth.
Princess Madeleine is said to have had a difficult pregnancy and wanted her child to be born in care of the medical staff at New York Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center who supported her throughout her pregnancy rather than travel to Sweden during its last stages. The decision to remain in the US for the royal birth has not been met with enthusiasm in her home country although Princess Leonore will be christened in the Royal Palace church in the summer of 2014.
Little Princess Leonore will retain her position in line to the Swedish throne only if she grows up in Sweden, is not raised as a Catholic, and does not claim US citizenship. Her father is Catholic and kept his US citizenship when he married into the Swedish royal family. He also turned down the royal title offered to him.
Source: Varin, Andra. "Name of Princess Madeleine's baby revealed." CBS News. CBS Interactive Inc. Feb 26, 2014. Web. Mar 1, 2014.
Celebrity Baby Bumps!
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CARES Act Charity Donation Deduction: Ongoing or Only 2020?
November 12, 2020 by Harry Sit in Taxes 5 Comments
Keywords: charity, tax deduction
While trying to solve one mystery in CARES Act Charity Donation Deduction: $300 or $600 for Married? I accidentally introduced another mystery. Is the deduction ongoing until the law changes again or is it a one-off for only 2020?
The text of the CARES Act said (bold added by me):
(22) CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS.—In the case of taxable years beginning in 2020, the amount (not to exceed $300) of qualified charitable contributions made by an eligible individual during the taxable year.
CARES Act (page 65)
Because it said "years" (plural) and it gave no end-date, I thought this was an ongoing deduction. Tax attorneys at White & Case LLP wrote in April on Bloomberg Tax (bold added by me):
For individual taxpayers who do not itemize deductions, the CARES Act creates a new and seemingly permanent above the line deduction of up to $300 (additional to the standard deduction) for cash contributions made to qualifying charities.
Historic CARES Act Will Have Significant Impact on Companies, Individuals, Bloomberg Tax
However, reader MDM pointed out in a comment that the "taxable years" refer to fiscal years that can start on different dates in a year, and all those fiscal years must begin "in" 2020. MDM said if Congress wanted this to be an ongoing deduction they would've said "taxable years beginning after December 31, 2019."
So what is it? An ongoing deduction or a one-off for only 2020?
The IRS Form 1040 draft instructions that solved our previous mystery doesn't help. That document is specifically for 2020. It doesn't say anything about 2021 and beyond. I turned to my trusted source Wolters Kluwer. Wolters Kluwer publishes guides for tax professionals. They wrote in August (bold added by me):
To encourage individuals to give more during the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress provided an incentive to non-itemizers to make charitable contributions. For 2020 only, an individual may claim an "above-the-line" deduction for up to $300 in charitable donations. The legislation is unclear, but most observers assume that the dollar limitation is $600 for married individuals filing jointly.
Charitable Contributions Continue to Rise; Expansion of Above-the-Line Deduction Proposed by John Buchanan at Wolters Kluwer
While it wasn't clear at that time whether the deduction is $300 or $600 for married filing jointly, it was clear the deduction is a one-off for only 2020.
The Joint Committee on Taxation is a nonpartisan committee of Congress staffed by experienced economists, attorneys, and accountants, who assist Congress on tax legislation. They wrote in their detailed description of the CARES Act (bold added by me):
The provision permits an eligible individual to claim an above-the-line deduction in an amount not to exceed $300 for qualified charitable contributions made during a taxable year that begins in 2020. The above-the-line deduction is not available for contributions made during a taxable year that begins after 2020.
Description of the Tax Provisions of Public Law 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act, The Joint Committee on Taxation
Oh well. I should learn how to read. Thank you, MDM, for pointing out the error.
Frugal Professor says
Glad I'm not the only one who has MDM contacting me for errors on my blog! This happens to me more often that I'd like to admit!
Thanks for clarifying!!!!!
I think MDM came to me after seeing it mentioned on your site.
Sorry to have brought the wrath (and blessing) of MDM to your site!
MDM says
No wrath at all. 🙂
You're both great people in my book.
MDM – Thanks again for straightening it out! Please stop by more often.


OMG HS Junior Year !
I just signed up for NCEA (previously NCAA equestrian) and I'm starting my adventures toward attending college. I'm looking at Texas A&M, Georgia , Baylor, and a few others. I hope to get on an Equestrian team and ride during my college career.
I'm excited to tour the colleges and start putting my video's together. It's time to work hard and show what I can do.
This entry was posted in Briar and tagged APHA, College, Equine, Study, Teams.


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The Z-Bra is an incredible sports bra, providing the support you need and the breathable fabric keeps you cool and dry – clever little thing.
The Z-Bra is designed with a t-back and a front closure zipper for fitting ease and a felt lining for added comfort. Manufactured with CoolMax® for optimum comfort and breathability, the Z-Bra post-operative compression bra will provide you with the support and comfort you need.
Secures in the front for patient convenience during their recovery period, where movement may be limited.


Our prayers for revival are spiritual in nature, that God would revive men and women's hearts, renew His churches, and awaken the world to Jesus. Still, let us see what we can learn when Jesus physically revived Lazarus in John 11.
First, just as Christ called Lazarus from the grave, so God calls us from our spiritual death. Jesus called, and Lazarus came forth. There was no hesitation on Lazarus' part, he did not ponder. Jesus was not waiting outside of the tomb, hoping for a response. We should focus our prayers on Christ who can and does bring the dead to life. He has the power to make our dead words live for revival, renewal, and awakening.
Another lesson is that God allowed suffering and death to continue. Jesus did not respond by immediately departing for Bethany. Thus, Lazarus died. Likewise, we should persevere in our prayers and not lose heart when God does not respond as quickly as we would like. Suffering and waiting on the Lord's timing are normal parts of the life of faith.
Next, notice that the wailers, for all of their good intentions, missed seeing Jesus. We too can be caught up in our religiousness or in ourselves and miss Christ. But when we pray for revival, our focus is continually on Jesus, Who alone can make all things new.
Lastly, let us not be surprised if our efforts at praying for and seeking revival receive the same envy and condemnation that Christ received from the Pharisees, who, rather than embracing Lazarus and learning from him, (how often do you get to talk to someone who has come back from the dead?), contemplated killing him instead. Not everyone – not even every believer – will be pleased to know you have made a commitment to pray for revival, much less to join you in the effort. But we must pray on anyway.
Therefore, let us not lose heart, but lift up prayers to God, Who fills us with compassion, and Who can, and has, and will, raise people from the dead.
Watch the brief video, "Men at Prayer," and take the next steps to become a man who stands in the gap for your church (click here).


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The parts may be simple deepdrawn parts, but also complex deepdrawn parts requiring finishing, e.g. welding, machining, annealing or surface treatment.
Our product range includes pump housings, valve bodies, actuators, cylinders, diaphragms, oil pans and protective caps.


text:
Q: A quick question on Expectation and Variance Question:

*

*For a particular flight, there are 100 seats available and 103 tickets have been sold

*the probability that a passenger may not show up, is $p$. (where $0 < p < 1$ )

  What is the variance of the number of people who show up for the
  flight?

From my understanding,
$Var(x) = E[x^2] - (E[x])^2$

$ x$ ~ $Binomial(n, 1-p)$,
=> $E[x] = n*p = 103(1-p)$
But for $E[x^2]$,
for $x^2$ is that also a binomial distribution like $x$? (I get stucked here)
How could we calculate $E[x^2]$ in this case?

Many thanks!

A: First of all $$\mathrm{Var} X = \mathbb{E}\left[X^2\right] - \mathbb{E}[X]^2.$$
As you noted correctly,
$$
\mathbb{E}[X] = np = 103(1-p)
$$
Now, for each of the passengers $x_i$ you get a Bernoulli distribution with 1 as success as 0 as a failure, and
$$
\mathbb{E}[x_i^2] = 1^2p + 0^2(1-p)=p
$$
so
$$
\mathrm{Var} x_i
 = \mathbb{E}\left[x_i^2\right] - \mathbb{E}[x]^2
 = p - p^2 = p(1-p).
$$
In our case, we have $X = \sum_{i=1}^n x_i$ which are independent and identically distributed random variables, so
$$
\mathrm{Var} X = \sum_{i=1}^n \mathrm{Var\ } x_i
 = \sum_{i=1}^n p(1-p) = np(1-p).
$$
The alternative way is to remember that your random variable $X$ can take on values $0, 1, \ldots, n =103$ with probability $$p_k = \binom{n}{k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k},$$ so just like
$$
\mathbb{E}[X]
 = \sum_{k=0}^n k \cdot p_k
 = \sum_{k=0}^n k \cdot \binom{n}{k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k}
$$
we also have (using the Law of the Unconscious Statistician)
$$
\mathbb{E}\left[X^2\right]
 = \sum_{k=0}^n k^2 \cdot p_k
 = \sum_{k=0}^n k^2 \cdot \binom{n}{k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k}
$$
To compute something like that analytically you note that
$$
\sum_{k=0}^n k^2 \cdot \binom{n}{k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k}
= (1-p)^n \sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k} k^2 \left(\frac{p}{1-p}\right)^k
$$
which can be obtained by manipulating the second derivative of
$$
\sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k} z^k
$$
and let $z = p/(1-p)$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to get a vertical range element (slider) for Firefox by createElement? I can successfully create a vertical range (slider) for Firefox by directly coding HTML tags:
<input type="range" id="s1" orient="vertical" style=""></input> <!-- this creates a vertical slider -->

But when I try to do the same by createElement the slider is horizontal regardless of any css styles:
    var x = document.createElement("INPUT");
    x.type = "range";
    x.id = "s2";
    x.orient = "vertical";
    document.getElementById("div1").appendChild(x); // this creates a horizontal slider

The reason I want to do it by script is that I need an array of sliders.

A: x.setAttribute('orient','vertical');

see demo


text:
Current Offers - Galaxy Cruises In The Galapagos
Please send me more info and current offers for your Galaxy Cruises In The Galapagos.
Quito / Guayaquil
Quito (UIO)
Guayaquil (GYE)
Join us on a Galapagos Islands cruise aboard the Galaxy yacht. Each cruise itinerary is handcrafted to be enriching and adventurous, informative and personal.
Enjoy a journey through one of the world's greatest wildlife havens aboard one of the finest yachts in the region, the Galaxy, and experience up-close wildlife encounters with blue-footed boobies, Galapagos penguins, giant Galapagos tortoises, sea lions, marine iguanas and more. Our cruise ship allows access to more remote inlets and beaches, where you can venture ashore to explore volcanic landscapes, wild swathes of cacti forests and secluded mangrove-lined lagoons where sea turtles and reef sharks enjoy the placid waters.
Cruising on the Galaxy, each moment of your Galapagos Islands trip is special, from the moment you wake up to panoramic ocean views from your private balcony to the moment you relax aboard a sun-washed deck, sipping on a cocktail while dolphins play in the ship's wake.
Day 4 Day Cruise
4 Day Cruise Overview
Get a taste of the Galapagos Islands' unique wildlife and volcanic landscapes on this introductory 4-day itinerary from Baltra island. Photograph the playful sea lions of Mosquera Islet, witness the impressive volcanic formations of Sullivan Bay and Bartolome Island, then go snorkeling in the marine species-rich waters of Darwin Bay.
Day 1 - Baltra Island – Mosquera Islet
Fly into Baltra Island airport where you will be welcomed by one of our representatives and transferred to the Galaxy. Enjoy a welcome drink on board and lunch before embarking on your first excursion to Mosquera Islet that nestles between Baltra and North Seymour Islands. Get up close to its large colony of playful sea lions, together with several species of seabirds that can be seen nesting on the rocky shores.
Day 2 - Santiago Island & Bartolome Island
Begin the day with a wet landing at Sullivan Bay, which is renowned for its spectacular lava landscapes. Wander amidst the pahoehoe flows where colonizing plants have established themselves before returning to the Galaxy for lunch on board.
In the afternoon, we'll sail towards Bartolome Island and make a wet landing on the beach. Admire the impressive lava cones and pipes on a hike to the summit of the island where you can soak up the magnificent views across the archipelago before continuing to Pinnacle Rock.
Day 3 - Genovesa Island: Barranco & Darwin Bay
Begin the day with a visit to El Barranco, or Prince Phillip's Steps on Genovesa, a small island in the northeast of the archipelago. Follow the steep walking trail to the top of the cliffs to spot tropicbirds, red-footed boobies, Nazca boobies, doves, finches and frigatebirds.
In the afternoon, we'll make a wet landing at Darwin Bay and follow a walking trail that leads through mangrove swamp to spot frigatebirds, marine iguanas, red-footed and masked boobies. Also keep your eyes peeled for herons and cactus finch before diving into the waters to cool off while snorkeling.
Day 4 - San Cristobal Island
Begin your final day in the Galapagos Islands with a dry landing at the port of San Cristobal to visit the state-of-the-art Puerto Baquerizo Interpretation Center. Learn about the volcanic formation of the archipelago and the evolution of its species, as well as the human settlements that have left their mark on the Galapagos Islands.
It's then time to transfer to the San Cristobal Airport for your return flight to mainland Ecuador.
Gain a fascinating introduction to the wildlife, landscapes and human history of the Galapagos Islands on this 5-day itinerary. Go snorkeling in the marine species-rich waters of Devil's Crown, encounter the distinctive land iguanas of South Plaza and Santa Fe, then send letters to loved ones back home from the famous barrel at Post Office Bay.
Fly into San Cristobal where you will be met by one of our representatives at the airport and transferred to the Galaxy. Enjoy lunch on board and settle in before embarking on a panga ride around the volcanic rocks of Isla Lobos to observe its playful sea lions. We'll then continue to the famous rock formation of Leon Dormido, which is named after its resemblance to a sleeping lion.
Day 2 - Española Island
Begin the day with an excursion to Española Island's Gardner Bay where you can see a large colony of sea lions basking in the sun. Snorkel and swim alongside these playful animals while keeping your eyes peeled for sea turtles, marine iguanas and a variety of tropical fish.
In the afternoon, we'll make a dry landing at Punta Suarez, which is renowned for its population of charismatic blue-footed boobies, together with marine iguanas, finches and masked boobies. Keep your fingers crossed to see their ritualistic parading and observe the magnificent waved albatross, together with large colonies of marine iguanas, finches and masked boobies.
Day 3 - Floreana Island
Begin the day with a landing at Post Office Bay, which is named after a wooden barrel that was left for whaling fleets to act as a makeshift post office. Send postcards to your friends and family back home or check the letters already waiting in case they can be delivered in your home country.
We'll then continue to Punta Cormorant on the west coast of Floreana Island, which is famed for its dark green beach that's composed of olivine crystals. See a variety of marine invertebrates in the tidal pools and get up close to sea lions, marine iguanas, frigatebirds and pelicans.
Our final stop for the day is the submerged crater of Devil's Crown, which is considered one of the best snorkeling locations in the Galapagos Islands. With outstanding visibility, take the opportunity to spot a variety of tropical fish species and other marine life while exploring its underwater landscapes.
Day 4 - Santa Fe Island & the South Plazas
After breakfast on board, we'll make a wet landing on Santa Fe Island to go hiking, swimming and snorkeling in its beautiful turquoise bay. Photograph its colony of sea lions that bask in the sun surrounded by a natural barrier of rocks and watch as Galapagos hawks fly overhead. Santa Fe is also home to marine iguanas and one of two species of land iguanas found in the Galapagos Islands, with the Santa Fe species feeding on cactus fruit.
In the afternoon, we'll continue to the South Plazas - two small islands that are home to a variety of nesting seabirds. A highlight of visiting the islands is seeing their unique species of land iguana, which is slightly smaller than those found on Santa Fe.
Day 5 - Santa Cruz Island
Your final morning begins with a visit to the Charles Darwin Station where native animals in danger of extinction are bred in captivity. Get up close to giant Galapagos tortoises and learn about the vital conservation work being conducted to ensure their survival.
It's then time to transfer to the airport for your return flight to mainland Ecuador.
Day 6 Day Cruise A
6 Day Cruise A Overview
Discover the fascinating natural and human history of the Galapagos Islands during this 6-day from Baltra. Get up close to giant tortoises in their natural habitat in the highlands of Santa Cruz Highlands, glimpse white-tipped reef sharks in the waters of Tintoreras and learn about the pirates and whalers that once frequented the archipelago at Tagus Cove.
Day 1 - Baltra Island – Santa Cruz: Highlands
Fly into Baltra Island airport where you will be met by one of our representatives and transferred to the Galaxy. Enjoy lunch on board and settle into your cabin before embarking on your first excursion into the highlands of Santa Cruz to witness giant tortoises in their natural habitat. Then return to the Galaxy for a welcome cocktail and dinner with your fellow travelers.
Day 2 - Isabela Island
Begin the day with an excursion to Tintoreras in the bay of Puerto Villamil, with this small island surrounded by calm, turquoise waters. The island is named after the white-tipped reef sharks ("tintoreras") that can often be seen in the channels, together with rays and a variety of tropical fish. Embark on a short walk to see marine iguanas basking in the sun, together with lava lizards, sea lions and sea turtles swimming in the coves.
After lunch on board, we'll disembark at Punta Moreno, which lies near Elizabeth Bay on the west coast of Isabela Island. Enjoy a dinghy ride along the rocky shores to witness the plethora of birds that nest here or opt to explore the tidal lava pools and mangroves with a walk along the shores.
Begin the day with an excursion to Elizabeth Bay, which lies on the west coast of Isabela Island and is frequented by spotted eagle rays, golden rays and sea lions. It's one of the archipelago's most important penguin breeding sites, with red mangroves fringing the shores that are home to brown pelicans and flightless cormorants.
In the afternoon, we'll cruise to Urbina Bay, which nestles at the base of Alcedo Volcano between Elizabeth Bay and Tagus Cove. Follow the short walking trail to spot land iguanas and Galapagos hawks, while also keeping an eye out for red and blue lobsters along the rocky shores.
Day 4 - Isabela Island & Fernandina
After breakfast on board, we'll land at Tagus Cove on the west coast of Isabela Island and visit a cave where the names of pirates and whalers' boats can still be seen inscribed on the walls. Follow the trail that leads through lava fields to admire Darwin Lake while keeping your eyes peeled for a variety of bird species en route.
After lunch on board, we'll arrive at Punta Espinoza, a narrow ledge of lava that extends into the sea and is famed for its boisterous colony of sea lions. Get up close to marine iguanas and flightless cormorants, together with Galapagos penguins and hawks as we explore its shores.
Day 5 - Santiago Island
After breakfast on board, embark on an excursion to the black sand beach of Egas Point whose coloration is due to volcanic deposits from the Pan de Azucar volcano. Enjoy a short walk to its crater lake, which functioned unsuccessfully as a salt mine during the early 20th century and offers a fascinating insight into the human history of the Galapagos Islands.
In the afternoon, we'll continue to Espumilla Beach for a short walk through its palo santo vegetation. The beach is renowned for its nesting sea turtles, with pigs once being the main predator of tortoise eggs before being eradicated during the Isabela Project.
Day 6 - Daphne Mayor or Dragon Hill - Transfer Out
Begin your final day in the Galapagos with a visit to Dragon Hill on the northwest of Santa Cruz Island to go hiking through its diverse ecosystems. Alternatively, we may navigate the volcanic tuff cone of Daphne Major, which was formed by successive explosions.
Day 6 Day Cruise B
6 Day Cruise B
Experience the natural wonders and incredible wildlife of the Galapagos Islands on this 6-day itinerary from Baltra Island. Witness otherworldly volcanic formations on a hike to the summit of Bartolome Island, get up close to playful sea lions at Mosquera Islet and go snorkeling in the marine species-rich waters of Darwin Bay.
Day 1 - Baltra Island - Santa Cruz Island - Black Turtle Cove
Fly into Baltra Island airport where you will be welcomed by one of our representatives and transferred to the Galaxy. Enjoy a welcome drink on board and lunch before embarking on your first excursion to Black Turtle Cove, which is situated in the north of Santa Cruz Island. Enjoy a dinghy ride to explore its mangrove forest that provides a safe refuge for sea turtles, black-tip reef sharks and a variety of rays.
Day 2 - Rabida Island - Chinese Hat
After breakfast on board, embark on an excursion to Rabida Island to explore its red sand beach, coastal lagoon and arid vegetation on a short loop trail. Photograph sea lions basking on the red-tinged rocks and spot brown pelicans, blue-footed and masked boobies.
In the afternoon, we'll make a wet landing at the small islet of Chinese Hat on the southeastern coast of Santiago. It offers a fascinating insight into the geological forces that combined to create the Galapagos Islands, with pillow lava formations and coral heads both visible, as well as being home to Galapagos penguins, eagle rays, sea lions and marine iguanas.
Day 3 - North Seymour Island - Mosquera Islet
We'll begin the day with an excursion to North Seymour Island, which is home to a healthy population of land iguanas that were brought from Baltra Island. The island was formed by the uplift of volcanic marine lava and is home to fossils dating to the Pleistocene era.
In the afternoon, we'll continue to Mosquera Islet that nestles between Baltra and North Seymour Islands. Get up close to its large colony of playful sea lions, together with several species of seabirds that can be seen nesting on the rocky shores.
After breakfast on board, begin the day with a wet landing at Sullivan Bay, which is renowned for its spectacular lava landscapes. Wander amidst the pahoehoe flows where colonizing plants have established themselves before returning to the Galaxy for lunch on board.
In the afternoon, we'll sail towards Bartolome Island and make a wet landing on the beach. Admire the impressive lava cones and pipes on a hike to the summit of the island where you can soak up the magnificent views across the archipelago before continuing to Pinnacle Rock in search of penguins.
After breakfast on board, begin the day with a visit to El Barranco, or Prince Phillip's Steps on Genovesa, a small island in the northeast of the archipelago. Follow the steep walking trail to the top of the cliffs to spot tropicbirds, red-footed boobies, Nazca boobies, doves, finches and frigatebirds.
Delve deep into the highlights of the Galapagos Islands on this exhilarating 8-day itinerary from Baltra Island. Get up close to giant tortoises in the wild in the highlands of Santa Cruz, go snorkeling in the marine-rich waters of Elizabeth Bay and photography the boisterous colony of sea lions on Rabida Island.
Day 6 - Daphne Mayor or Dragon Hill - Black Turtle Cove
After lunch, we'll embark on a dinghy excursion to the mangrove-surrounded waters of Black Turtle Cove in the north of Santa Cruz Island. It provides a safe refuge for an abundance of marine life, including sea turtles, rays and black-tip reef sharks.
It's then time to transfer to the airport for your return flight to the Ecuadorian mainland.
Main Deck: $2157
Lower Deck: $2049
*Inquire about 6 day cruise departures
*Children discount (under 12 years old): 10% from the net rate
*Single Supplement 50% from net rate
* Ask for charter departures
Transfers in Galapagos
All meals during the cruise
Professional Bilingual Guide level II
Visits & Excursions according itinerary
Snorkel Gear (mask, tube and fins)
Purify water, coffee and tea available during the cruise
Local flight to/from Galapagos
Galapagos National Park Entrance Fee
Galapagos Transit card:
Isabela Island dock Tax applies in itinerary B or D
Soft & alcoholic Drinks
Services not indicated
Type: First class steel – hulled motor yacht
Construction: Guayaquil 2006 – 2007
Beam: 7.60 m
Capacity: 16 passengers
Crew: 8 members + 1 bilingual guide
Engines: 2 Caterpilar Motors 440 HP
Water capacity: 4.000 gallons
Diesel capacity: 6.000 gallons
Electric power: 110V and 220V
Each cabin has private facilities: private bathroom, cold/hot water, air conditioned, hair dryer, telephone for internal communication on boar, safe box and high speaker.
Select ratingGive Galaxy Cruises In The Galapagos 1/5Give Galaxy Cruises In The Galapagos 2/5Give Galaxy Cruises In The Galapagos 3/5Give Galaxy Cruises In The Galapagos 4/5Give Galaxy Cruises In The Galapagos 5/5
Is snorkeling gear included?
Yes. On this trip, all of the equipment is on board. If you get cold easily you may want to bring or rent a wetsuit.


text:
Q: Difficulty using LUDecomposition I'm having trouble using LUDecomposition with pivoting. I read the Mathematica help on this particular command, but I'm still lost. Take a matrix like:
a = {{1, 2, 3}, {2, 4, 1}, {2, 5, 7}}

I evaluated
{lu, p, c} = LUDecomposition[{{1, 2, 3}, {2, 4, 1}, {2, 5, 7}}]

and got

{{{1, 2, 3}, {2, 1, 1}, {2, 0, -5}}, {1, 3, 2}, 0}

I don't really understand how to interpret this result, assuming that it's correct.

A: Alternative Implementation
Hidden deep in the documentation code is supplied for explicit LU-factorization.
Documentation`HelpLookup@"Compatibility/tutorial/LinearAlgebra/MatrixManipulation"

LUmatrices[mm_?MatrixQ] := Module[
                                  {m},
                                  m=First@LUDecomposition[mm];
                                  {m - # + IdentityMatrix[Length@m], #} &[m*Array[Boole[# <= #2] &, Dimensions@m]]
                          ];

A = {{1, 2, 3}, {2, 4, 1}, {2, 5, 7}};
MatrixForm /@ LUmatrices[a]

Here is the output for your matrix.

I do not know how efficient or general this implementation is.

A: I don't know why people are complicating this more than it should be.
You did the LUDecomposition function and got this:
 {{{1, 2, 3}, {2, 1, 1}, {2, 0, -5}}, {1, 3, 2}, 1}

All you need to do is grab the first part of this answer, so the matrix:
{{1, 2, 3}, {2, 1, 1}, {2, 0, -5}}

To make it easier input it as an actual matrix form

From here it is super easy to see the answer once you know how to interpret it
For the Lower triangular matrix all you do is:

*

*Keep the values in red in the lower part of the matrix

*Erase the diagonal entries and everything above

*Replace the diagonal entries by 1's

*Everything else above by 0's

*Voila your L matrix

Like so:

As you can guess the Upper triangular matrix is similar to this:

*

*You grab the same matrix with all the entries

*This time you erase everything below the diagonal and replace it by 0's

*Voila your U matrix

Like so:

That is literally all you need to do, it seems long when I explain but this is such a quick way to do this.
This works everytime with all matrices.

A: m = {{1, 2, 3}, {2, 4, 1}, {2, 5, 7}};
{lu, p, c} = LUDecomposition[m];
l = lu SparseArray[{i_, j_} /; j < i -> 1, {3, 3}] + IdentityMatrix[3];
u = lu SparseArray[{i_, j_} /; j >= i -> 1, {3, 3}];
l.u == m[[p]]
(* True *)

l.u is equal to a permutation of the rows of m

MatrixForm /@ {l, u}

A: As noted in the docs for LUDecomposition[], the two triangles are by default returned together as a single array; this is customary for LU decomposition routines, as in the original LINPACK and MATLAB's lu(). In fact, exactly this same format is stored internally by the LinearSolveFunction[] returned by LinearSolve[]:
a = {{1, 2, 3}, {2, 4, 1}, {2, 5, 7}};
{lu, piv, cond} = LUDecomposition[{{1, 2, 3}, {2, 4, 1}, {2, 5, 7}}]
   {{{1, 2, 3}, {2, 1, 1}, {2, 0, -5}}, {1, 3, 2}, 1}

ls = LinearSolve[{{1, 2, 3}, {2, 4, 1}, {2, 5, 7}}];
ls[[2, 3]]
   {{{1, 2, 3}, {2, 1, 1}, {2, 0, -5}}, {1, 3, 2}, 1}

You will need the first two results to reconstitute your original matrix. (The third result is a valuable diagnostic quantity called the matrix condition number; I should hope that this will eventually be introduced to you in your classes.)
In MATLAB, one could use the utility functions tril() and triu() to extract the triangular factors from the compressed array representing the LU decomposition. In Mathematica, on the other hand, belisarius has shown the way it used to be done. However, since version 7, Mathematica has been able to catch up to MATLAB in this regard, since the functions LowerTriangularize[] and UpperTriangularize[] became built-in:
l = LowerTriangularize[lu, -1] + IdentityMatrix[Length[lu]]
   {{1, 0, 0}, {2, 1, 0}, {2, 0, 1}}

u = UpperTriangularize[lu]
   {{1, 2, 3}, {0, 1, 1}, {0, 0, -5}}

To reconstitute the permutation matrix, do this:
p = IdentityMatrix[Length[lu]][[piv]]
   {{1, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, {0, 1, 0}}

Now, we can easily check the decomposition:
p.a - l.u
   {{0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0}}

As an aside, here is how one computes Det[a] using the results of LUDecomposition[a]:
{Signature[piv] Tr[lu, Times], Det[a]}
   {5, 5}


text:
#ifndef _WRAPIMPL_H
#define _WRAPIMPL_H

#include <stdint.h>
#include "wrap.h"
#include "WrapLogger.h"
#include "WrapLogManager.h"

class WrapImpl
{
public:
	//MemCheck, NoSCM, NoGuarantee, NoAtomicity, UndoLog, RedoLog, Wrap_Software, Wrap_Hardware, Wrap_Memory
	virtual int wrapImplOpen();
	virtual int wrapImplClose(int wrapToken);

	virtual void wrapImplWrite(void *ptr, void *src, int size, WRAPTOKEN w);
	virtual size_t wrapImplRead(void *ptr, const void *src, size_t size, WRAPTOKEN w);
	virtual void wrapImplStore64(void *ptr, uint64_t value, WRAPTOKEN w);
	virtual void wrapImplStore32(void *ptr, uint32_t value, WRAPTOKEN w);
	virtual void wrapImplStore16(void *ptr, uint16_t value, WRAPTOKEN w);
	virtual void wrapImplStoreByte(void *ptr, uint8_t value, WRAPTOKEN w);
	virtual uint64_t wrapImplLoad64(void *ptr, WRAPTOKEN w);
	virtual uint32_t wrapImplLoad32(void *ptr, WRAPTOKEN w);
	virtual uint16_t wrapImplLoad16(void *ptr, WRAPTOKEN w);
	virtual uint8_t wrapImplLoadByte(void *ptr, WRAPTOKEN w);

	//virtual void wrapStore(void *ptr, uint64_t value, int size, WRAPTOKEN w);
	//virtual uint64_t wrapLoad(void *ptr, WRAPTOKEN w);

	virtual void getOptionString(char *c);

	//  Statistics for now are non-virtual.
	void startStatistics();
	void getStatistics(char *c);

	static WrapImpl *getWrapImpl(WrapImplType t);
	static inline WrapImplType getWrapImplType() { return m_wrapImplType; }

	virtual const char *getAliasDetails();

	virtual void flush() {};

	//void restoreLogs();

	static inline void setOptions(int options)
	{
		m_options = options;
	}

	static inline int getOptions()
	{
		return m_options;
	}

	//  Stat routines.
	static inline void wrapStatOpen()
	{
		totWrapOpen++;
		if ((totWrapOpen - totWrapClose) > maxWrapDepth)
			maxWrapDepth = totWrapOpen - totWrapClose;
		if ((totWrapOpen - totWrapClose) == 1)
			totUniqueWraps++;
	}

	static inline void wrapStatClose()
	{
		totWrapClose++;
	}

	//  Stat routines.
	static inline void wrapStatStream()
	{
		totWrapStreams++;
	}

	static inline void wrapStatStreamWrite(int nbytes)
	{
		totBytesStreamed+=nbytes;
	}

	static inline void wrapStatRead(int nbytes)
	{
		totWrapRead++;
		totBytesRead+=nbytes;
		if (nbytes > maxBytesRead)
			maxBytesRead = nbytes;
	}

	static inline void wrapStatWrite(int nbytes)
	{
		totWrapWrite++;
		totBytesWrite+=nbytes;
		if (nbytes > maxBytesWrite)
			maxBytesWrite = nbytes;
	}

	/*
	static inline void wrapStatLoad()
	{
		totWrapLoad++;
	}

	static inline void wrapStatStore()
	{
		totWrapStore++;
	}
	*/

	/*
	static inline void setMaxLogSize(int bytes)
	{
		m_maxLogSize = bytes;
	}
	*/

	virtual ~WrapImpl();
	long elapsedTime();

	//  stats
	static int totWrapStreams;
	static long totBytesStreamed;

protected:
	static WrapImplType m_wrapImplType;
	static int m_options;
	WrapImpl();

	//  TLS Stats object??  TODO
	//  Statistics
	static int totWrapOpen;
	static int totWrapClose;
	static int totWrapRead;
	static int totWrapWrite;
	static int totWrapLoad;
	static int totWrapStore;
	static int maxWrapDepth;
	static int totUniqueWraps;
	static long totBytesWrite;
	static long totBytesRead;
	static int maxBytesRead;
	static int maxBytesWrite;

	//  Log
	//static int m_maxLogSize;
	//WrapLogManager *m_logManager;
	//WrapLogger *getWrapLog(WRAPTOKEN w);
	WrapLogManager *_logManager;

	//  Time calcs.
	static long totalWrapTime;
};

#endif


text:
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Home>Community Spotlight>Ontario's Sunnybrook Research Institute is leading the world in focused ultrasound clinical trials
Ontario's Sunnybrook Research Institute is leading the world in focused ultrasound clinical trials
Focused Ultrasound (FUS) is a breakthrough technology that is well on its way to changing medicine forever. Using ultrasonic waves to target tissue deep in the body without any incisions or radiation, FUS offers the opportunity to enhance the quality of life for people living with a wide range of conditions, from uterine fibroids to brain cancer.
FUS was pioneered here in Ontario at Sunnybrook Research Institute, part of the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, which conducts more FUS clinical trials than any other site in the world. One such trial has led to a new, non-invasive, cost-effective standard of care for Ontario patients living with medication-resistant essential tremor.
Pioneering the use of FUS technology for essential tremor
Essential tremor is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary and rhythmic shaking, most often in the hands, which can impair a person's ability to eat, write, perform household activities and function in the workplace.
In 2012, the first Canadian clinical trial evaluating the use of FUS to treat essential tremor was conducted at Sunnybrook. The trial was led by neurosurgeons Drs. Michael Schwartz and Nir Lipsman, who used MRI technology to guide high intensity ultrasound waves to ablate the precise region of the brain responsible for the tremor. Their success led to an international, multicentre randomized controlled trial that showed that MRI-guided FUS can safely and effectively improve the symptoms and the quality of life of patients with moderate to severe essential tremor for whom medications were ineffective. The trial was published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in 2016.
Patients have a new, non-invasive treatment option
Following Sunnybrook's clinical trial success, Health Canada and the USDA granted regulatory approval to FUS as a treatment option for patients living with medication-resistant essential tremor, like Noreen Smith, an artist from Ontario.
Noreen recalls receiving a diagnosis of essential tremor at age 33. "I was devastated. I thought I had no hope of getting better," said Noreen in a video interview with Sunnybrook. More than thirty years later, Noreen participated in the FUS clinical trial at Sunnybrook in 2016. Following treatment, she was able to drink a glass of water and embrace her love of sketching for the first time since her diagnosis.
Reducing costs for the healthcare system
A win for patients and for the healthcare system, this non-invasive technology results in minimal discomfort, fewer complications, faster recovery and shorter hospital stays which ultimately results in cost savings for the healthcare system. The use of FUS to treat essential tremor saves the healthcare system roughly $134,000 per patient when compared with the invasive standard of care, deep brain stimulation.
Proven impact combined with patient advocacy paved the way for an additional $1.4 million investment from the Government of Ontario in the use of MRI guided FUS to treat essential tremor, which will allow 72 more patients to receive the treatment in Ontario.
Becoming the global leader in focused ultrasound clinical trials
Sunnybrook's work in FUS began in 2006 when Dr. Kullervo Hynynen, the lead investigator of the Centre for Research in Image-Guided Therapeutics, was recruited from Brigham and Women's Hospital and the faculty of Harvard Medical School in Boston. Dr. Hynynen pioneered the technology for FUS in non-invasive surgery, paving the way for breakthroughs in the use of FUS to treat neurological disorders at Sunnybrook Research Institute. In January 2020, Dr. Hynynen will become Sunnybrook's newest Vice President of Research and Innovation.
In addition to essential tremor, Sunnybrook has a long list of world-firsts with FUS technology. In 2015, researchers at Sunnybrook were the first to use FUS to open the blood-brain barrier and noninvasively deliver chemotherapy directly into the brain of a woman living with brain cancer. The blood-brain barrier blocks toxins (and most drugs) from entering the brain. With the use of FUS, the barrier can safely and temporarily be opened, enabling therapy delivery to a precise target inside. In 2016, Sunnybrook became the first centre in the world to obtain regulatory approval to use FUS to open the blood-brain barrier to treat Alzheimer's disease.
Currently, Sunnybrook has more than ten clinical trials studying the use of FUS to treat obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, ALS and more. Their excellence in FUS is attracting top talent to Ontario.
"Sunnybrook has become a beacon for the world when it comes to conducting high-quality FUS clinical trials," says Dr. Lipsman. "No other centre has as much experience and we're seeing that our success breeds more success. Anyone who is interested in advancing focused ultrasound is coming here."
Going global with FUS clinical trials expertise
Sunnybrook is helping other countries to conduct FUS clinical trials in a range of disease areas by sharing their expertise and knowledge.
"We work with teams around the world to share our clinical trials protocols, best practices, experiences and training," says Dr. Lipsman. "We've done so much with FUS that we know where the pitfalls are and how to overcome them, and that can be really useful for other teams when they're starting out."
Researchers in Sunnybrook's Centre for Excellence in Focused Ultrasound, the only Canadian site with the designation, have provided training to clinical trials sites in Spain, South Korea, the US (West Virginia, Boston, Stanford, Miami and Maryland), and Canada (Calgary and Montreal).
Driving the future of focused ultrasound
Clinical trials play an essential role in further unlocking the potential of FUS, explains Dr. Lipsman. "In neurosurgery in general, the field is heading toward less invasive treatment, whether its spine surgery, vascular surgery, brain tumors – it's all about doing more with less opening of the body. I cannot overstate the role of clinical trials in moving these new treatments forward for patients like Noreen. They are the engine of everything we do and enable us to discover if something is safe, if it works, who it will benefit and who it won't benefit."
The leadership team at Sunnybrook has made FUS a strategic focus for the hospital, and momentum has been added by patient advocacy, philanthropic donation and government investment. Sunnybrook researchers are also supported by INSIGHTEC, a global medical technology innovator of incisionless brain surgery as well by the Focused Ultrasound Foundation, a major funder of FUS clinical trials.
Learn more about focused ultrasound clinical trials at Sunnybrook here. Interested in conducting your next clinical trial in Ontario? Visit www.ctontario.ca.
Opportunities ANNUAL REPORT Contact Us
Clinical Trials Ontario
MaRS Centre, West Tower
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Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1
info@ctontario.ca
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text:
Melbourne Gay Pride Historic Places
The Gay Pride movement is a positive stance against discrimination and violence toward lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and others to promote their self-affirmation, dignity, equality rights, increase their visibility, build community, and celebrate sexual diversity and gender variance.
Val Eastwood at Val's Cafe, Swanston Street, 1950s
The Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives (ALGA) is based in Melbourne. They aim to actively collect and preserves lesbian and gay material from across the country, and makes it readily accessible.
Self guided walks of the Melbourne CBD can be found in the ALGA history book 'Secret History of Queer Melbourne' by Willot, Murdoch, Marshall, ALGA, 2011. AGLA occasionally runs walks for the public – contact mail@alga.org.au
Historic sites in Melbourne include:
Manchester Unity Building – former Tate's tea house meeting venue.
Redmond Barry statue, State Library. He hung Ned Kelly whose gang was rumoured to be gay. Sidney Nolan painted Steve Hart in a floral dress on his horse.
Old City Square. Victoria Building. The first female gymnasium set up by 'The New Women' Harriet Elphingstone Dick and Alice Moon in the 1880s.
Chapter House. First meeting of CAMP (later Society Five) – Campaign against moral persecution.
Tasty Club, 311 Flinders Lane. Site of the notorious drug raid by police in 1994.
Woolshed Bar, Australia House 262 Collins Street. Site of the first Kiss-In, 1970s`.
Tivoli Theatre, Bourke Street. Gladys Moncrieff, Elsie Wilson and the Gallery Girls.
Vienna Café, Collins Street, 1908. Arrest
Val's Café, Swanston Street. Legendary bohemian venue by the extraordinary Val Eastwood in the 19050s.
Royal Arcade Hotel, The famous Boilers commenced here in 1959.
Koko Black, Royal Arcade. Home of the former Turkish baths back to the 1870s.
Centreway Arcade's basement, gay male only sauna from the 1970s. SQs [sauna queens] attended Bucci's Sauna (formerly Californian Health Studio).
Tatler Newsreels Theatrette opened in May 1939 and the Australia Feature Cinema in October, a month after World War II was declared. In their foyer was the Coffee Lounge. In 1961, the Tatler changed its name to the Curzon, and from August 1968, when the Australia Cinema became Australia I, it became Australia II, until it closed in October 1989.19 The Tatler was a pick-up place for camp men. On 17 February 1951 Truth reported an 'Offensive Act At Newsreel'. Despite looking 'the manly goods', Edward Meyer, 27, of Fitzroy Street, St Kilda was apprehended grabbing the thigh of a policeman, then 'moved his hand here and there' and said: 'I haven't much time today. We'll have to hurry. I've done enough for one day and time is short'.
Myers, Bourke Street. Freddies Boys, the reign of Freddie Asmussen, head of the Display Department. and chief window dresser.
Alcaston House, 1 Collins Street. Home of birth control advocate and sex educator Dr Storer.
Queensland Travel Agency, collins Street opp Hotel Australia, site of gay led protests when the despotic Joh Bjelke-Petersen ruled Queensland.
Corner of Swanson and Lonsdale Streets. Society Five operated at a nearby building.
Manchester Unity building on the corner of Swanston and Collins Streets, nude ground floor murals.
Café Gunsler's (to the left of the Block Arcade, Collins Street) was bought by Austrians who renamed it the Vienna Café (1890-1915). On 22 September 1908, Alan McKail (aged 20), Douglas Ogilvie (22) and Tom Page (25) were charged with behaving indecently in a public place dressed as women in the Vienna Café.
Sargents café, Elizabeth Street (east side) near Flinders Lane and Lt Collins St. Womens Parliament 1910, Mary Fullerton and Mabel Singleton.
And lets not forget St Kilda, home of The Annual Gay Pride March