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Keywords: Soviet Union (955 Results)
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Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia
Jeffrey Kahn
10.1093/0199246998.001.0001
Political Science, Russian Politics
This book examines the development of Russia's current federal system of government from its Soviet origins, through Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, to the presidencies of Boris Yeltsin and the early ... More
This book examines the development of Russia's current federal system of government from its Soviet origins, through Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, to the presidencies of Boris Yeltsin and the early years of Vladimir Putin. The theoretical relationship between democracy, law, and federalism is examined with a focus on its application to the study of post‐authoritarian state systems. Federal institutions shape political agendas in the constituent units of a federation just as much as those units influence the shape of the federal whole. Case studies focus on Russia's 21 ethnic 'republics' (out of 89 units in a complicated multi‐level federal hierarchy) using previously unpublished primary source materials, including official documents and interviews with key participants on a variety of institutional levels.Less
This book examines the development of Russia's current federal system of government from its Soviet origins, through Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, to the presidencies of Boris Yeltsin and the early years of Vladimir Putin. The theoretical relationship between democracy, law, and federalism is examined with a focus on its application to the study of post‐authoritarian state systems. Federal institutions shape political agendas in the constituent units of a federation just as much as those units influence the shape of the federal whole. Case studies focus on Russia's 21 ethnic 'republics' (out of 89 units in a complicated multi‐level federal hierarchy) using previously unpublished primary source materials, including official documents and interviews with key participants on a variety of institutional levels.
Keywords: constitution, democracy, democratization, federalism, Mikhail Gorbachev, Vladimir Putin, rule of law, Russia, Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin
Gorbachev and Foreign Policy
Archie Brown
in The Gorbachev Factor
Gorbachev was able to have a decisive impact on the development of ideas concerning the Soviet Union's relationship with the outside world and on the actual conduct of Soviet foreign policy by virtue ... More
Gorbachev was able to have a decisive impact on the development of ideas concerning the Soviet Union's relationship with the outside world and on the actual conduct of Soviet foreign policy by virtue of half a dozen key appointments. These were the elevation of Eduard Shevardnadze to the post of Foreign Minister, in succession to Andrey Gromyko, in the summer of 1985; the replacement of Boris Ponomarev as head of the International Department of the Central Committee by Anatoly Dobrynin in 1986; the promotion of Alexander Yakovlev to Politburo and Secretariat membership (with oversight of international affairs from the autumn of 1988); the replacement of Konstantin Rusakov by Vadim Medvedev as head of the Socialist Countries Department of the Central Committee in 1986; the appointment of Anatoly Chernyaev as Gorbachev's principal foreign policy aide in 1986; and the appointment of Georgy Shakhnazarov as another close aide two years later. These appointments both reflected and facilitated Gorbachev's adoption of new thinking in the foreign policy sphere with, for example, a concern for mutual security and an emphasis on interdependence taking the place of an antagonistic 'class approach' to international relations; a novel emphasis on universal interests and values that undercut the traditional 'two camps' approach; and 'reasonable sufficiency' becoming the criterion for justifying Soviet military expenditure. The sources of the new thinking are discussed, and in the conduct of state‐to‐state relations, particular attention is paid to the Soviet‐United States relationship and to relations with Europe, both West and East. The changes Gorbachev introduced in Soviet foreign policy made possible the transformation of the East European political landscape and it is especially notable that he refused to attempt to stem the democratic tide that flowed across the Eastern part of the continent even when it threatened to overwhelm him.Less
Gorbachev was able to have a decisive impact on the development of ideas concerning the Soviet Union's relationship with the outside world and on the actual conduct of Soviet foreign policy by virtue of half a dozen key appointments. These were the elevation of Eduard Shevardnadze to the post of Foreign Minister, in succession to Andrey Gromyko, in the summer of 1985; the replacement of Boris Ponomarev as head of the International Department of the Central Committee by Anatoly Dobrynin in 1986; the promotion of Alexander Yakovlev to Politburo and Secretariat membership (with oversight of international affairs from the autumn of 1988); the replacement of Konstantin Rusakov by Vadim Medvedev as head of the Socialist Countries Department of the Central Committee in 1986; the appointment of Anatoly Chernyaev as Gorbachev's principal foreign policy aide in 1986; and the appointment of Georgy Shakhnazarov as another close aide two years later. These appointments both reflected and facilitated Gorbachev's adoption of new thinking in the foreign policy sphere with, for example, a concern for mutual security and an emphasis on interdependence taking the place of an antagonistic 'class approach' to international relations; a novel emphasis on universal interests and values that undercut the traditional 'two camps' approach; and 'reasonable sufficiency' becoming the criterion for justifying Soviet military expenditure. The sources of the new thinking are discussed, and in the conduct of state‐to‐state relations, particular attention is paid to the Soviet‐United States relationship and to relations with Europe, both West and East. The changes Gorbachev introduced in Soviet foreign policy made possible the transformation of the East European political landscape and it is especially notable that he refused to attempt to stem the democratic tide that flowed across the Eastern part of the continent even when it threatened to overwhelm him.
Keywords: appointments, democracy, Europe, foreign policy, Mikhail Gorbachev, international relations, military expenditure, mutual security, Soviet Union, USA
The Nuclear Education of Nikita Khrushchev
Vladislav M. Zubok and Hope M. Harrison
in Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945
Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Khrushchev was the first Soviet leader to realize that nuclear bipolarity dictated permanent 'peaceful coexistence' between two antagonistic social systems. Although he never abandoned the idea of ... More
Khrushchev was the first Soviet leader to realize that nuclear bipolarity dictated permanent 'peaceful coexistence' between two antagonistic social systems. Although he never abandoned the idea of the usability of nuclear weapons, he regarded them primarily as a positive force and was eager to use them in his gamble for peace – an attempt to negotiate a permanent truce with the US, which would have liberated Soviet resources for the construction of communism and the assistance of 'progressive' movements and regimes around the world. Khrushchev had little doubt that behind the nuclear shield, the Soviet Union would win a peaceful economic competition with the capitalist camp.Less
Vladislav M. ZubokHope M. Harrison
Khrushchev was the first Soviet leader to realize that nuclear bipolarity dictated permanent 'peaceful coexistence' between two antagonistic social systems. Although he never abandoned the idea of the usability of nuclear weapons, he regarded them primarily as a positive force and was eager to use them in his gamble for peace – an attempt to negotiate a permanent truce with the US, which would have liberated Soviet resources for the construction of communism and the assistance of 'progressive' movements and regimes around the world. Khrushchev had little doubt that behind the nuclear shield, the Soviet Union would win a peaceful economic competition with the capitalist camp.
Keywords: capitalism, communism, Nikita Khrushchev, nuclear weapons, peaceful coexistence, social systems, Soviet Union, USA
The Thaw Abroad, 1953–58
Ted Hopf
in Reconstructing the Cold War: The Early Years, 1945-1958
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199858484.003.0005
This chapter assesses how much the societal discourse of Soviet identity informed Soviet foreign relations with China, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Eastern Europe, the developing world, and the West. ... More
This chapter assesses how much the societal discourse of Soviet identity informed Soviet foreign relations with China, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Eastern Europe, the developing world, and the West. There was a revolution in Soviet foreign policy after Stalin's death. It was made possible by the empowerment of a new Soviet identity, the central feature of which was an understanding of socialism that permitted variety and did not demand the strictest adherence to the Soviet model. This alternative discourse of difference had been maintained in society during the postwar Stalin years, often in official Soviet institutions. This change in Soviet identity had profound effects in Eastern Europe, where Stalinist regimes had been in power for years and had adopted Stalinist policies and practices, most often at the behest of Moscow.Less
This chapter assesses how much the societal discourse of Soviet identity informed Soviet foreign relations with China, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Eastern Europe, the developing world, and the West. There was a revolution in Soviet foreign policy after Stalin's death. It was made possible by the empowerment of a new Soviet identity, the central feature of which was an understanding of socialism that permitted variety and did not demand the strictest adherence to the Soviet model. This alternative discourse of difference had been maintained in society during the postwar Stalin years, often in official Soviet institutions. This change in Soviet identity had profound effects in Eastern Europe, where Stalinist regimes had been in power for years and had adopted Stalinist policies and practices, most often at the behest of Moscow.
Keywords: Soviet Union, foreign policy, discourse of danger, discourse of difference, Soviet identity, foreign relations, socialism
An Annotated Bibliography of Published Work by Archie Brown
Julie Newton
in Leading Russia: Putin in Perspective: Essays in Honour of Archie Brown
A bibliography of the complete works of Archie Brown is presented from the mid-1960s to the present. These provide valuable insights on the nature of the Soviet Union, its transition from Communism, ... More
A bibliography of the complete works of Archie Brown is presented from the mid-1960s to the present. These provide valuable insights on the nature of the Soviet Union, its transition from Communism, and on post-Soviet Russia's ambiguous process of democratisation. Annotations are divided into nine thematic categories: links between Scottish and Russian enlightenments; Czechoslovakia, 1963-1968, and Eastern Europe under Soviet power; Soviet politics pre-1985; the Gorbachev Era; Russian politics and transition, 1992-2004; works spanning the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, 1917-2004; British Politics; other writings; and examples of substantial reviews and review articles.Less
A bibliography of the complete works of Archie Brown is presented from the mid-1960s to the present. These provide valuable insights on the nature of the Soviet Union, its transition from Communism, and on post-Soviet Russia's ambiguous process of democratisation. Annotations are divided into nine thematic categories: links between Scottish and Russian enlightenments; Czechoslovakia, 1963-1968, and Eastern Europe under Soviet power; Soviet politics pre-1985; the Gorbachev Era; Russian politics and transition, 1992-2004; works spanning the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, 1917-2004; British Politics; other writings; and examples of substantial reviews and review articles.
Keywords: Archie Brown, Russia, Soviet Union, history, politics, bibliography
Stalin and the Nuclear Age
Vladislav M. Zubok
Stalin understood the military and political significance of atomic weapons and directed all available Soviet resources to obtaining this weapon. However, he remained largely a statesman operating on ... More
Stalin understood the military and political significance of atomic weapons and directed all available Soviet resources to obtaining this weapon. However, he remained largely a statesman operating on the premises and experience of the pre‐nuclear age. For him, the emergence of atomic weapons made the prospect of a future war more terrifying, but no less likely. America's atomic monopoly in the first phase of the Cold War did not play a substantial role in deterring Stalin. He was determined to defend his spheres of influence and to dispel any sign of possible Soviet weakness in the face of America's atomic saber rattling. Stalin, a genius of state terror, power broking, and war diplomacy, was different from statesmen in the democratic countries, but his outlook on world politics was consistent with the realpolitik of the pre‐nuclear age. He had as much inclination as some of his 'liberal' Western counterparts to regard nuclear power as a means of augmenting military power and, in larger terms, the power of the state.Less
Stalin understood the military and political significance of atomic weapons and directed all available Soviet resources to obtaining this weapon. However, he remained largely a statesman operating on the premises and experience of the pre‐nuclear age. For him, the emergence of atomic weapons made the prospect of a future war more terrifying, but no less likely. America's atomic monopoly in the first phase of the Cold War did not play a substantial role in deterring Stalin. He was determined to defend his spheres of influence and to dispel any sign of possible Soviet weakness in the face of America's atomic saber rattling. Stalin, a genius of state terror, power broking, and war diplomacy, was different from statesmen in the democratic countries, but his outlook on world politics was consistent with the realpolitik of the pre‐nuclear age. He had as much inclination as some of his 'liberal' Western counterparts to regard nuclear power as a means of augmenting military power and, in larger terms, the power of the state.
Keywords: Cold War, deterrence, diplomacy, nuclear parity, nuclear weapons, Soviet Union, spheres of influence, Josef Stalin, state power, USA
Why did the Communist Party Reform in China, but not in the Soviet Union?
Johan F. M. Swinnen
in From Marx and Mao to the Market: The Economics and Politics of Agricultural Transition
Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explains why reforms were possible during the 1970s in China under the Communist regime, but not in the Soviet Union. It argues that the reasons are a combination of a change in ... More
This chapter explains why reforms were possible during the 1970s in China under the Communist regime, but not in the Soviet Union. It argues that the reasons are a combination of a change in leadership and grassroots pressure. Different choices were made in China than in the Soviet Union because the countries had different initial conditions in the countryside, particularly in terms of technology, incomes and wealth, and the structure of the economy; all affected the choices of the Communist leadership and the actions of citizens.Less
This chapter explains why reforms were possible during the 1970s in China under the Communist regime, but not in the Soviet Union. It argues that the reasons are a combination of a change in leadership and grassroots pressure. Different choices were made in China than in the Soviet Union because the countries had different initial conditions in the countryside, particularly in terms of technology, incomes and wealth, and the structure of the economy; all affected the choices of the Communist leadership and the actions of citizens.
Keywords: reforms, Communist Party, grassroots pressure, China, Soviet Union
US Decision Makers' Perceptions of Soviet Intentions: The End of the Cold War
Keren Yarhi-Milo
in Knowing the Adversary: Leaders, Intelligence, and Assessment of Intentions in International Relations
10.23943/princeton/9780691159157.003.0010
This chapter examines the indicators used by U.S. President Jimmy Carter and two key decision makers in his administration, National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus ... More
This chapter examines the indicators used by U.S. President Jimmy Carter and two key decision makers in his administration, National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, to assess the intentions of the Soviet Union during the period 1977–1980. Using evidence from U.S. archives and interviews with former U.S. decision makers, it compares the predictions of the selective attention thesis, capabilities thesis, strategic military doctrine thesis, and behavior thesis. After discussing the U.S. decision makers' stated beliefs about Soviet intentions, the chapter considers the reasoning they employed to justify their intentions assessments. It then describes the policies that individual decision makers advocated and those that the administration collectively adopted. It also explores whether decision makers advocated policies that were congruent with their stated beliefs about intentions and evaluate sthe impact of beliefs about intentions on U.S. foreign policy at the time.Less
US Decision Makers' Perceptions of Soviet Intentions : The End of the Cold War
This chapter examines the indicators used by U.S. President Jimmy Carter and two key decision makers in his administration, National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, to assess the intentions of the Soviet Union during the period 1977–1980. Using evidence from U.S. archives and interviews with former U.S. decision makers, it compares the predictions of the selective attention thesis, capabilities thesis, strategic military doctrine thesis, and behavior thesis. After discussing the U.S. decision makers' stated beliefs about Soviet intentions, the chapter considers the reasoning they employed to justify their intentions assessments. It then describes the policies that individual decision makers advocated and those that the administration collectively adopted. It also explores whether decision makers advocated policies that were congruent with their stated beliefs about intentions and evaluate sthe impact of beliefs about intentions on U.S. foreign policy at the time.
Keywords: intentions assessment, Jimmy Carter, decision makers, Cyrus Vance, Soviet Union, selective attention, capabilities, strategic military doctrine, behavior, U.S. foreign policy
Reconstructing the Cold War: The Early Years, 1945-1958
General answers are hard to imagine for the puzzling questions that are raised by Soviet relations with the world in the early years of the Cold War. Why was Moscow more frightened by the Marshall ... More
General answers are hard to imagine for the puzzling questions that are raised by Soviet relations with the world in the early years of the Cold War. Why was Moscow more frightened by the Marshall Plan than the Truman Doctrine? Why would the Soviet Union abandon its ally, Yugoslavia, just when the Cold War was starting? How could Khrushchev's de-Stalinized domestic and foreign policies at first cause a warming of relations with China, and then lead to loss? What can explain Stalin's failure to ally with the leaders of the decolonizing world against imperialism and Khrushchev's enthusiastic embrace of these leaders as anti-imperialist at a time of the first detente of the Cold War? It would seem that only idiosyncratic explanations could be offered for these seemingly incoherent policy outcomes. Or, at best, they could be explained by the personalities of Stalin and Khrushchev as leaders. In fact, the most Stalinist of Soviet leaders, the secret police chief and sociopath, Lavrentii Beria, was the most enthusiastic proponent of de-Stalinized foreign and domestic policies after Stalin's death in March 1953. This book argues, instead, that it was Soviet identity that explains these anomalies. During Stalin's rule, a discourse of danger prevailed in Soviet society, where any deviations from the idealized version of the New Soviet Man, were understood as threatening the very survival of the Soviet project itself. But the discourse of danger did not go unchallenged. Even under the rule of Stalin, Soviet society understood a socialist Soviet Union as a more secure, diverse, and socially democratic place. This discourse of difference, with its broader conception of what the socialist project meant, and who could contribute to it, was empowered after Stalin's death, first by Beria, then by Malenkov, and then by Khrushchev, and the rest of the post-Stalin Soviet leadership. This discourse of difference allowed for the de-Stalinization of Eastern Europe, with the consequent revolts in Poland and Hungary, a rapprochement with Tito's Yugoslavia, and an initial warming of relations with China. But it also sowed the seeds of the split with China, as the latter moved in the very Stalinist direction at home just rejected by Moscow. And, contrary to conventional wisdom, a moderation of authoritarianism at home, a product of the discourse of difference, did not lead to a moderation of Soviet foreign policy abroad. Instead, it led to the opening of an entirely new, and bloody, front in the decolonizing world.Less
Reconstructing the Cold War : The Early Years, 1945-1958
General answers are hard to imagine for the puzzling questions that are raised by Soviet relations with the world in the early years of the Cold War. Why was Moscow more frightened by the Marshall Plan than the Truman Doctrine? Why would the Soviet Union abandon its ally, Yugoslavia, just when the Cold War was starting? How could Khrushchev's de-Stalinized domestic and foreign policies at first cause a warming of relations with China, and then lead to loss? What can explain Stalin's failure to ally with the leaders of the decolonizing world against imperialism and Khrushchev's enthusiastic embrace of these leaders as anti-imperialist at a time of the first detente of the Cold War? It would seem that only idiosyncratic explanations could be offered for these seemingly incoherent policy outcomes. Or, at best, they could be explained by the personalities of Stalin and Khrushchev as leaders. In fact, the most Stalinist of Soviet leaders, the secret police chief and sociopath, Lavrentii Beria, was the most enthusiastic proponent of de-Stalinized foreign and domestic policies after Stalin's death in March 1953. This book argues, instead, that it was Soviet identity that explains these anomalies. During Stalin's rule, a discourse of danger prevailed in Soviet society, where any deviations from the idealized version of the New Soviet Man, were understood as threatening the very survival of the Soviet project itself. But the discourse of danger did not go unchallenged. Even under the rule of Stalin, Soviet society understood a socialist Soviet Union as a more secure, diverse, and socially democratic place. This discourse of difference, with its broader conception of what the socialist project meant, and who could contribute to it, was empowered after Stalin's death, first by Beria, then by Malenkov, and then by Khrushchev, and the rest of the post-Stalin Soviet leadership. This discourse of difference allowed for the de-Stalinization of Eastern Europe, with the consequent revolts in Poland and Hungary, a rapprochement with Tito's Yugoslavia, and an initial warming of relations with China. But it also sowed the seeds of the split with China, as the latter moved in the very Stalinist direction at home just rejected by Moscow. And, contrary to conventional wisdom, a moderation of authoritarianism at home, a product of the discourse of difference, did not lead to a moderation of Soviet foreign policy abroad. Instead, it led to the opening of an entirely new, and bloody, front in the decolonizing world.
Keywords: Soviet Union, Cold War, Khrushchev, Stalin, Lavrentii Beria, Malenkov, Eastern Europe, Tito, Yugoslavia
Of the four transformations outlined in Ch. 6, two of the four had, by the end of the 1980s, been successful beyond the dreams of Soviet dissidents and of the most optimistic Western observers at the ... More
Of the four transformations outlined in Ch. 6, two of the four had, by the end of the 1980s, been successful beyond the dreams of Soviet dissidents and of the most optimistic Western observers at the time Gorbachev came to power. That is to say, the political system had become substantially pluralist and partially democratized and international relations had been still more comprehensively transformed. Economic reform and nationalities policy – along with some bad (as well as good) appointments – were, in contrast, areas of relative failure for Gorbachev. A decisively important achievement, however, was the dismantling of Communism (defined in the chapter) that occurred remarkably peacefully in a country that had been under Communist rule for seven decades. There was nothing inevitable either about the timing of the end of the Soviet state or about the way in which, under Gorbachev's leadership, the system was transformed. Taking all his mistakes and some undoubted failures into account – along, however, with the almost insuperable obstacles he had to overcome – Gorbachev has strong claims to be regarded as one of the greatest reformers in Russian history and as the individual who made the most profound impact on world history in the second half of the 20th century.Less
Of the four transformations outlined in Ch. 6, two of the four had, by the end of the 1980s, been successful beyond the dreams of Soviet dissidents and of the most optimistic Western observers at the time Gorbachev came to power. That is to say, the political system had become substantially pluralist and partially democratized and international relations had been still more comprehensively transformed. Economic reform and nationalities policy – along with some bad (as well as good) appointments – were, in contrast, areas of relative failure for Gorbachev. A decisively important achievement, however, was the dismantling of Communism (defined in the chapter) that occurred remarkably peacefully in a country that had been under Communist rule for seven decades. There was nothing inevitable either about the timing of the end of the Soviet state or about the way in which, under Gorbachev's leadership, the system was transformed. Taking all his mistakes and some undoubted failures into account – along, however, with the almost insuperable obstacles he had to overcome – Gorbachev has strong claims to be regarded as one of the greatest reformers in Russian history and as the individual who made the most profound impact on world history in the second half of the 20th century.
Keywords: communism, dissidents, economic reform, Mikhail Gorbachev, international relations, leadership, pluralism, reform, Russia, Soviet Union
State and Class the Russian Revolution
David Armstrong
in Revolution and World Order: The Revolutionary State in International Society
International society in the nineteenth century witnessed the assertion of special rights for great powers and some strengthening of the Westphalian bases of international order in the Concert of ... More
International society in the nineteenth century witnessed the assertion of special rights for great powers and some strengthening of the Westphalian bases of international order in the Concert of Europe. The system collapsed with the First World War and faced its strongest challenge to date from the Russian Revolution. The ideological challenge of Marxism and the Russian Revolution stemmed from its claim that class was the motive force of history and that the Communist Party possessed a unique insight into the laws of history. However, revolutionary internationalism in Soviet foreign policy was soon accompanied by more cautious policies, amounting to a partial socialization. This process reached a peak under Mikhail Gorbachev who brought to a crisis point the central paradox of the Soviet state: that its legitimacy rested upon its claim to be the 'socialist fatherland' but it could not avoid an identity as an orthodox state.Less
International society in the nineteenth century witnessed the assertion of special rights for great powers and some strengthening of the Westphalian bases of international order in the Concert of Europe. The system collapsed with the First World War and faced its strongest challenge to date from the Russian Revolution. The ideological challenge of Marxism and the Russian Revolution stemmed from its claim that class was the motive force of history and that the Communist Party possessed a unique insight into the laws of history. However, revolutionary internationalism in Soviet foreign policy was soon accompanied by more cautious policies, amounting to a partial socialization. This process reached a peak under Mikhail Gorbachev who brought to a crisis point the central paradox of the Soviet state: that its legitimacy rested upon its claim to be the 'socialist fatherland' but it could not avoid an identity as an orthodox state.
Keywords: Communism, Concert of Europe, First World War, foreign policy, Mikhail Gorbachev, internationalism, Marxism, Russian Revolution, socialization, Soviet Union
'War No Longer Has Any Logic Whatever': Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Thermonuclear Revolution
Andrew P. N. Eardmann
For Eisenhower, it was nuclear weapons' destructive potential, not the image of a protracted conventional war, that destroyed the 'logic' of war. He believed that thermonuclear weapons made any ... More
For Eisenhower, it was nuclear weapons' destructive potential, not the image of a protracted conventional war, that destroyed the 'logic' of war. He believed that thermonuclear weapons made any notion of victory incoherent. Meaningful defence could then only be deterrence. Facing this new setting, Eisenhower reassessed the dynamics of international relations and altered his behaviour accordingly. During his first three years as president, he relied on the 'Detroit Deterrent', the belief that the US industrial capacity would enable it to triumph in any such war of attrition. By 1956, however, the combination of thermonuclear weapons and growing Soviet intercontinental delivery capabilities made Detroit Deterrent obsolete in his mind. By the end of his presidency, therefore, superpower relations had begun to operate according to this new logic, the logic of 'thermonuclear revolution'.Less
For Eisenhower, it was nuclear weapons' destructive potential, not the image of a protracted conventional war, that destroyed the 'logic' of war. He believed that thermonuclear weapons made any notion of victory incoherent. Meaningful defence could then only be deterrence. Facing this new setting, Eisenhower reassessed the dynamics of international relations and altered his behaviour accordingly. During his first three years as president, he relied on the 'Detroit Deterrent', the belief that the US industrial capacity would enable it to triumph in any such war of attrition. By 1956, however, the combination of thermonuclear weapons and growing Soviet intercontinental delivery capabilities made Detroit Deterrent obsolete in his mind. By the end of his presidency, therefore, superpower relations had begun to operate according to this new logic, the logic of 'thermonuclear revolution'.
Keywords: deterrence, Detroit Deterrent, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Indo‐China crisis, industrial capacity, international relations, Korean War, nuclear weapons, Soviet Union, superpowers
Armageddon and the Gulag, 1939–1945
Steven A. Barnes
in Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society
History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter focuses on the Gulag during the Armageddon of the Great Patriotic War. It shows how the institutions, practices, and identities of the Gulag shifted in accord with the demands of total ... More
This chapter focuses on the Gulag during the Armageddon of the Great Patriotic War. It shows how the institutions, practices, and identities of the Gulag shifted in accord with the demands of total war. The war was an era of mass release on an unprecedented scale side by side with the highest mortality rates in the history of the Gulag system. After four years of brutal, exhausting warfare and a disastrous initial stage, the Soviet Union emerged from its Armageddon victorious. The early postwar period offered no indication that the Gulag would cease to be a mass social phenomenon within fifteen years. Rather, the Gulag remained a pillar in the reestablishment of the Soviet system, following the Red Army into liberated territories, so that every liberated district received its own corrective labor colony. By 1944, the camp and colony population began to grow again.Less
This chapter focuses on the Gulag during the Armageddon of the Great Patriotic War. It shows how the institutions, practices, and identities of the Gulag shifted in accord with the demands of total war. The war was an era of mass release on an unprecedented scale side by side with the highest mortality rates in the history of the Gulag system. After four years of brutal, exhausting warfare and a disastrous initial stage, the Soviet Union emerged from its Armageddon victorious. The early postwar period offered no indication that the Gulag would cease to be a mass social phenomenon within fifteen years. Rather, the Gulag remained a pillar in the reestablishment of the Soviet system, following the Red Army into liberated territories, so that every liberated district received its own corrective labor colony. By 1944, the camp and colony population began to grow again.
Keywords: Great Patriotic War, Gulag, Soviet Union, prisons, mass release, corrective labor colony
Territorial Autonomy as a Minority Rights Regime in Post‐Communist Societies
Pål Kolstø
in Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported?: Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe
10.1093/019924815X.003.0010
Political Science, Political Theory
Political leaders in post-Communist Eastern European states have rejected ethnic minority leaders' calls for territorial autonomy (TA). Two reasons are given for this rejection: TA is viewed as a ... More
Political leaders in post-Communist Eastern European states have rejected ethnic minority leaders' calls for territorial autonomy (TA). Two reasons are given for this rejection: TA is viewed as a stepping stone to secession, and that the putative minority homeland is no more culturally homogeneous than is the state as a whole. The validity of these two objections to TA is discussed within the context of the history of TA in the Soviet Union, and actual experiences of TA in successor states.Less
Political leaders in post-Communist Eastern European states have rejected ethnic minority leaders' calls for territorial autonomy (TA). Two reasons are given for this rejection: TA is viewed as a stepping stone to secession, and that the putative minority homeland is no more culturally homogeneous than is the state as a whole. The validity of these two objections to TA is discussed within the context of the history of TA in the Soviet Union, and actual experiences of TA in successor states.
Keywords: territorial autonomy, post-Communist, Eastern Europe, Soviet Union, minority rights
US Decision Makers' Perceptions of Soviet Intentions: The Collapse of Détente
This chapter examines the indicators used by U.S. President Jimmy Carter and two key decision makers in his administration, National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, to assess the intentions of the Soviet Union during the period 1977–1980. Using evidence from U.S. archives and interviews with former U.S. decision makers, it compares the predictions of the selective attention thesis, capabilities thesis, strategic military doctrine thesis, and behavior thesis. After discussing the U.S. decision makers' stated beliefs about Soviet intentions, the chapter considers the reasoning they employed to justify their intentions assessments. It then describes the policies that individual decision makers advocated and those that the administration collectively adopted. It also explores whether decision makers advocated policies that were congruent with their stated beliefs about intentions and evaluate sthe impact of beliefs about intentions on U.S. foreign policy at the time.Less
US Decision Makers' Perceptions of Soviet Intentions : The Collapse of Détente
This chapter examines the indicators used by U.S. President Jimmy Carter and two key decision makers in his administration, National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, to assess the intentions of the Soviet Union during the period 1977–1980. Using evidence from U.S. archives and interviews with former U.S. decision makers, it compares the predictions of the selective attention thesis, capabilities thesis, strategic military doctrine thesis, and behavior thesis. After discussing the U.S. decision makers' stated beliefs about Soviet intentions, the chapter considers the reasoning they employed to justify their intentions assessments. It then describes the policies that individual decision makers advocated and those that the administration collectively adopted. It also explores whether decision makers advocated policies that were congruent with their stated beliefs about intentions and evaluate sthe impact of beliefs about intentions on U.S. foreign policy at the time.
Plans Gone Awry, 1935–1938
Simon Morrison
in The People's Artist: Prokofiev's Soviet Years
Music, History, Western
This chapter chronicles Prokofiev's relocation to Moscow in the spring of 1936, his reaction to the denunciation of Shostakovich in Pravda; the composition of the ballet Romeo and Juliet and the ... More
This chapter chronicles Prokofiev's relocation to Moscow in the spring of 1936, his reaction to the denunciation of Shostakovich in Pravda; the composition of the ballet Romeo and Juliet and the Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of October; the censorship of those two works, and Prokofiev's service as a cultural representative for the Soviet regime during his last two trips abroad. The chapter addresses his collaborations with the director Sergey Radlov (who conceived a happy ending for Romeo and Juliet) and Nataliya Sats (who commissioned Peter and the Wolf for the Moscow Children's Theater), his fraught relationship with the Chairman of the Committee on Arts Affairs Platon Kerzhentsev, and his speeches at the Union of Soviet Composers. The description of his last trip to the United States corrects inaccuracies in the historical record concerning his interest in Hollywood film composition. Prokofiev was monitored throughout the trip by Soviet officials working for the VOKS organization and the Embassies in London and Washington.Less
This chapter chronicles Prokofiev's relocation to Moscow in the spring of 1936, his reaction to the denunciation of Shostakovich in Pravda; the composition of the ballet Romeo and Juliet and the Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of October; the censorship of those two works, and Prokofiev's service as a cultural representative for the Soviet regime during his last two trips abroad. The chapter addresses his collaborations with the director Sergey Radlov (who conceived a happy ending for Romeo and Juliet) and Nataliya Sats (who commissioned Peter and the Wolf for the Moscow Children's Theater), his fraught relationship with the Chairman of the Committee on Arts Affairs Platon Kerzhentsev, and his speeches at the Union of Soviet Composers. The description of his last trip to the United States corrects inaccuracies in the historical record concerning his interest in Hollywood film composition. Prokofiev was monitored throughout the trip by Soviet officials working for the VOKS organization and the Embassies in London and Washington.
Keywords: censorship, denunciation, Shostakovich, October Cantata, happy ending, Peter and the Wolf, Moscow Children's Theater, Union of Soviet Composers, Hollywood, VOKS
Soviet 'Federalism'
in Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia
Although most scholars were quick to puncture the Soviet Union's sham claims to democracy, too many accepted at face value its claim to be a federal state. The shifting debates about federalism in ... More
Although most scholars were quick to puncture the Soviet Union's sham claims to democracy, too many accepted at face value its claim to be a federal state. The shifting debates about federalism in Bolshevik doctrine and communist theory are explored. The formation, systematization, and stagnation of the so‐called 'Soviet federalism' is examined and debunked through analysis of the constitutions and political realities that existed under Lenin, Stalin, and Brezhnev.Less
Although most scholars were quick to puncture the Soviet Union's sham claims to democracy, too many accepted at face value its claim to be a federal state. The shifting debates about federalism in Bolshevik doctrine and communist theory are explored. The formation, systematization, and stagnation of the so‐called 'Soviet federalism' is examined and debunked through analysis of the constitutions and political realities that existed under Lenin, Stalin, and Brezhnev.
Keywords: Bolshevism, Leonid Brezhnev, Communist Party, communist theory, constitution, democracy, V.I. Lenin, Soviet federalism, Soviet Union, J.V. Stalin
Alex Pravda
This chapter begins with descriptions of the life and accomplishments of Archie Brown, Britain's foremost expert on Russian politics. In the last 40 years, Brown has gained international recognition ... More
This chapter begins with descriptions of the life and accomplishments of Archie Brown, Britain's foremost expert on Russian politics. In the last 40 years, Brown has gained international recognition for his scholarly work on leadership and political change in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. Brown's insights into the sources of within-system reform, the role of Gorbachev in transforming Soviet Communism, and leadership and democratisation in post-Communist Russia are discussed.Less
This chapter begins with descriptions of the life and accomplishments of Archie Brown, Britain's foremost expert on Russian politics. In the last 40 years, Brown has gained international recognition for his scholarly work on leadership and political change in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. Brown's insights into the sources of within-system reform, the role of Gorbachev in transforming Soviet Communism, and leadership and democratisation in post-Communist Russia are discussed.
Keywords: Archie Brown, Soviet Union, politics, post-Communist Russia, democratisation, Communism, political reform, post-Soviet
The Politics of Communist Economic Reform: Soviet Union and China
John F. Padgett
in The Emergence of Organizations and Markets
Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter compares the political, economic, and social-network dynamics of major economic reform campaigns within communism itself by Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, ... More
This chapter compares the political, economic, and social-network dynamics of major economic reform campaigns within communism itself by Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Mikhail Gorbachev. Over their histories, Soviet, Chinese, and East European communisms frequently had tried to reform themselves economically in a wide variety of ways. The dynamics of economic reform in the climactic 1980s were not as different from what had preceded it as is commonly assumed. It was the outcome more than the process that differed. Hence, the chapter analyzes the transition from communism to "capitalism" not from the outside perspective of capitalism but from the internal perspective of communism.Less
The Politics of Communist Economic Reform : Soviet Union and China
This chapter compares the political, economic, and social-network dynamics of major economic reform campaigns within communism itself by Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Mikhail Gorbachev. Over their histories, Soviet, Chinese, and East European communisms frequently had tried to reform themselves economically in a wide variety of ways. The dynamics of economic reform in the climactic 1980s were not as different from what had preceded it as is commonly assumed. It was the outcome more than the process that differed. Hence, the chapter analyzes the transition from communism to "capitalism" not from the outside perspective of capitalism but from the internal perspective of communism.
Keywords: economic reform campaigns, communism, capitalism, economic reform, communist economic reform, Soviet Union, China, Eastern Europe
In Search of Identity: The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the Recreation of Russia
Nanci Adler
in The Politics of Memory and Democratization
Political Science, Democratization
This chapter explores Russia's attempts to come to terms with its Stalinist past in an endeavour to build a civil society based on the rule of law. It begins by examining the nature of Stalinist ... More
This chapter explores Russia's attempts to come to terms with its Stalinist past in an endeavour to build a civil society based on the rule of law. It begins by examining the nature of Stalinist repression and the legacy of Soviet terror. It goes on to focus on halted official efforts at truth telling, and persistent unofficial efforts, led by the organization Memorial, at remembering and commemorating; this provides insight into the issues that daunted the quest for moral recovery. The chapter then looks at post-Soviet efforts to come to terms with the Stalinist past, and finally it assesses the impact of the discussion of past injustices, or the politics of memory, on Russia's subsequent process of democratization. The information presented and the conclusions drawn are necessarily based on a number of scattered sources, including memoirs, interviews and official archives; Russia's experience is unique, and difficult to compare with other post-authoritarian political systems, especially as democracy has not taken substantial hold, and, since the transition is so new, questions of accountability are only beginning to be addressed.Less
This chapter explores Russia's attempts to come to terms with its Stalinist past in an endeavour to build a civil society based on the rule of law. It begins by examining the nature of Stalinist repression and the legacy of Soviet terror. It goes on to focus on halted official efforts at truth telling, and persistent unofficial efforts, led by the organization Memorial, at remembering and commemorating; this provides insight into the issues that daunted the quest for moral recovery. The chapter then looks at post-Soviet efforts to come to terms with the Stalinist past, and finally it assesses the impact of the discussion of past injustices, or the politics of memory, on Russia's subsequent process of democratization. The information presented and the conclusions drawn are necessarily based on a number of scattered sources, including memoirs, interviews and official archives; Russia's experience is unique, and difficult to compare with other post-authoritarian political systems, especially as democracy has not taken substantial hold, and, since the transition is so new, questions of accountability are only beginning to be addressed.
Keywords: accountability, civil society, commemoration, democratization, injustice, Memorial, moral recovery, politics of memory, remembrance, repression, Russia, Soviet Union, Stalinism, terror, }{transitional democracy, truth telling


text:
Q: iTerm2 – scroll less output with mouse I just switched from OSX Terminal to iTerm2, and I seem to have lost one piece of functionality.
In Terminal, I could scroll through output of the less command with my mouse, because I had installed MouseTerm.
However, when I try scrolling less output in iTerm2, the window's scrollbar moves instead.
Strangely, scrolling works as expected with vim.
How can I scroll less output with my mouse in iTerm2?

A: Now it is implemented in iTerm2 and can be activated by
Settings -> Advanced -> Scroll wheel sends arrow keys when in alternate screen mode and change it to  Yes

(defaults write com.googlecode.iterm2 AlternateMouseScroll -bool true still works but it just changes the same setting)

A: The iTerm2 issue is now marked as "fixed" -
but the fix is to add a hidden option, so it is not immediately obvious
how to enable the new AlternateMouseScroll option.
As Filippo Valsorda (author of the patch) writes,
once you install a nightly build (still not present in 1.0.0.20140629) of iTerm2,
just run this command:
$ defaults write com.googlecode.iterm2 AlternateMouseScroll -bool true

restart iTerm2, and all your windows will report scroll events as up/down arrow-key escapes
when the terminal is in the "alternate screen" (direct addressing) mode
used by programs like less, vim, emacs, etcetera.
For applications like vim and emacs that provide additional mouse support,
you will still want to enable mouse reporting mode,
as this automatic mode switch only enables scrolling.

A: Finally did it, I've been spending a lot of time on this looking here and there with no luck, the simplest steps are:

*

*Install the 2.9 beta version

*Done

A: This isn't implemented as of now.
There is an open issue in the iTerm 2 issue tracker about implementing it.

A: Not the OP's question, but for anyone here trying to get this to work in tmux, with credit to choco via this github comment here's a snippet to add to your tmux.conf to get it to handle alternate screens (e.g. less, vim) correctly:
# Check if copy-mode or any mouse flags, then send mouse events
# or check if we're in alternate screen end send navigation keys (up, down)

bind -n WheelUpPane if-shell -Ft='#{?pane_in_mode,1,#{mouse_any_flag}}' \
        'send -Mt=' 'if-shell -Ft= "#{alternate_on}" \
        "send -t= Up" "copy-mode -et= ; send -Mt="'
bind -n WheelDownPane if-shell -Ft= '#{?pane_in_mode,1,#{mouse_any_flag}}' \
        'send -Mt=' 'if-shell -Ft= "#{alternate_on}" \
        "send -t= Down" "send -Mt="'

Note, this doesn't require the Iterm preference change mentioned in other answers, but it also isn't hurt by it.

A: The latest version of less supports the --mouse and related flags so there's no need send arrow keys to alternate screens.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The human muscles, seen from the front. 19th century illustration.
Systema musculare
The muscular system is an skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular system in vertebrates is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous. Together with the skeletal system it forms the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for movement of the human body.
Aerobic and anaerobic muscle activity 1.1
Cardiac muscle 1.2
Smooth muscle 1.3
Skeletal muscle 1.4
Control of muscle contraction 2
Additional images 3
There are three distinct types of muscles: skeletal muscles, cardiac or heart muscles, and smooth (non-striated) muscles. Muscles provide strength, balance, posture, movement and heat for the body to keep warm.
Upon stimulation by an action potential, skeletal muscles perform a coordinated contraction by shortening each sarcomere. The best proposed model for understanding contraction is the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. Actin and myosin fibers overlap in a contractile motion towards each other. Myosin filaments have club-shaped heads that project toward the actin filaments.
Larger structures along the myosin filament called myosin heads are used to provide attachment points on binding sites for the actin filaments. The myosin heads move in a coordinated style, they swivel toward the center of the sarcomere, detach and then reattach to the nearest active site of the actin filament. This is called a rachet type drive system. This process consumes large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Energy for this comes from ATP, the energy source of the cell. ATP binds to the cross bridges between myosin heads and actin filaments. The release of energy powers the swiveling of the myosin head. Muscles store little ATP and so must continuously recycle the discharged adenosine diphosphate molecule (ADP) into ATP rapidly. Muscle tissue also contains a stored supply of a fast acting recharge chemical, creatine phosphate which can assist initially producing the rapid regeneration of ADP into ATP.
Calcium ions are required for each cycle of the sarcomere. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcomere when a muscle is stimulated to contract. This calcium uncovers the actin binding sites. When the muscle no longer needs to contract, the calcium ions are pumped from the sarcomere and back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Aerobic and anaerobic muscle activity
At rest, the body produces the majority of its ATP aerobically in the mitochondria[1] without producing lactic acid or other fatiguing byproducts.[2] During exercise, the method of ATP production varies depending on the fitness of the individual as well as the duration, and intensity of exercise. At lower activity levels, when exercise continues for a long duration (several minutes or longer), energy is produced aerobically by combining oxygen with carbohydrates and fats stored in the body. Activity that is higher in intensity, with possible duration decreasing as intensity increases, ATP production can switch to anaerobic pathways, such as the use of the creatine phosphate and the phosphagen system or anaerobic glycolysis. Aerobic ATP production is biochemically much slower and can only be used for long-duration, low intensity exercise, but produces no fatiguing waste products that can not be removed immediately from sarcomere and body and results in a much greater number of ATP molecules per fat or carbohydrate molecule. Aerobic training allows the oxygen delivery system to be more efficient, allowing aerobic metabolism to begin quicker.[2] Anaerobic ATP production produces ATP much faster and allows near-maximal intensity exercise, but also produces significant amounts of lactic acid which render high intensity exercise unsustainable for greater than several minutes.[2] The phosphagen system is also anaerobic, allows for the highest levels of exercise intensity, but intramuscular stores of phosphocreatine are very limited and can only provide energy for exercises lasting up to ten seconds. Recovery is very quick, with full creatine stores regenerated within five minutes.[2]
Heart muscles are distinct from skeletal muscles because the muscle fibers are laterally connected to each other. Furthermore, just as with smooth muscles, they are not controlling themselves. Heart muscles are controlled by the sinus node influenced by the autonomic nervous system.
Smooth muscles are controlled directly by the autonomic nervous system and are involuntary, meaning that they are incapable of being moved by conscious thought. Functions such as heart beat and lungs (which are capable of being willingly controlled, be it to a limited extent) are involuntary muscles but are not smooth muscles.
There are approximately 639 skeletal muscles in the human body.
Control of muscle contraction
Neuromuscular junctions are the focal point where a motor neuron attaches to a muscle. Acetylcholine, (a neurotransmitter used in skeletal muscle contraction) is released from the axon terminal of the nerve cell when an action potential reaches the microscopic junction, called a synapse. A group of chemical messengers cross the synapse and stimulate the formation of electrical changes, which are produced in the muscle cell when the acetylcholine binds to receptors on its surface. Calcium is released from its storage area in the cell's sarcoplasmic reticulum. An impulse from a nerve cell causes calcium release and brings about a single, short muscle contraction called a muscle twitch. If there is a problem at the neuromuscular junction, a very prolonged contraction may occur, tetanus. Also, a loss of function at the junction can produce paralysis.
Skeletal muscles are organized into hundreds of motor units, each of which involves a motor neuron, attached by a series of thin finger-like structures called axon terminals. These attach to and control discrete bundles of muscle fibers. A coordinated and fine tuned response to a specific circumstance will involve controlling the precise number of motor units used. While individual muscle units contract as a unit, the entire muscle can contract on a predetermined basis due to the structure of the motor unit. Motor unit coordination, balance, and control frequently come under the direction of the cerebellum of the brain. This allows for complex muscular coordination with little conscious effort, such as when one drives a car without thinking about the process.
Muscles anterior labeled
Muscle posterior labeled
Human muscles seen from the back
Major systems of the human body
^ ABERCROMBIE M; HICKMAN C.J; JOHNSON M.L, 1973, A Dictionary of Biology, Page 179, Middlesex (England), Baltimore (U.S.A), Ringwood (Australia): Penguin Books
^ a b c d "St Paul's College Stage 2 EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Energy Systems Part 5". Archived from the original (ppt) on 2011-04-11. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
Online Muscle Tutorial
GetBody Smart Muscle system tutorials and quizzes
MedBio.info Use and formation of ATP in muscle
Library resources about
Resources in your library
Carpus
Collar bone (clavicle)
Thigh bone (femur)
Metacarpus
Metatarsus
Ossicles
Phalanges
Skull (cranium)
Ulna
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint
Lymphatic vessel
CNS equivalent
Glymphatic system
Subcutaneous tissue
Myeloid
Myeloid immune system
Lymphoid
Lymphoid immune system
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Biliary tract
Urinary system
Scrotum
Pineal
Islets of Langerhans
General anatomy: , , , ,
Muscle tissue
Fascial compartment
Tendon/Aponeurosis
Fusiform
Pennate muscle
Unipennate
Bipennate
Anatomical terms of muscle
List of muscles of the human body
Composite muscle
Index of muscle
Denmark/Selected biography/Archive
Denmark, Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixen, New York City
Denmark/Selected biography
Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark/Selected biography/Archive, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixen
Nervous system, Systems science, Spinal cord, Circulatory system, Muscular system

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Learn about the options and strategies that can secure your financial future. Then secure it for you and your family.
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We would be delighted to have the opportunity to discuss with you how these issues affect you. For further information or to make a time to discuss your requirements contact one of the team at Saward Dawson.
How does your financial future look? Are you confident of where you want to be and how you are going to get there?
No matter what stage of life you are at, there is more that we can do to help you. If you are starting out in studies and career, planning a lifestyle change, starting a family, or looking to retirement and possibly aged care, we can help guide you through the financial options and strategies .
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We all want financial security in what are often uncertain times. You need to know that your finances and assets are doing what you need them to do and that they are available when you or your family need them. Saward Dawson's Safeguarding Futures is all about you and maximising outcomes and insights you receive from our professional team.
Don't keep putting this off - Act now!


Wanna know how to style your curly hair? Do you think that curly short hairstyles are really hard to style? We will answer these questions in this post.
We all admit that curly hair is a little bit hard to maintain and care. Women with curly hair should be careful about their hair treatment routine and your haircut. You should avoid heavy layering, instead of that, light layering will work on you really well. This way you can prevent frizz and hair breakages much more easily. On the other hand, you should apply moisturizing hair mask and natural oils like coconut or shea butter. There are many different short hairstyles that you can sport with curly hair.
There are many different short hairstyles that you can sport with curly hair. In this gallery, you will find the best bob haircuts and pixie styles that will flatter your curly locks. These are inspiring ideas for ladies with curly hair and also for black women.


These AmeriCorps programs are funded through Serve Idaho by the Corporation for National and Community Service.
Members serve in elementary schools throughout the Boise School District providing reading tutoring to students in need.
Palouse-Clearwater Environmental Institute AmeriCorps members are placed on projects addressing environmental conservation, sustainable living and rural community needs in Idaho.
In this residential program, AmeriCorps members participate in certification courses relating to large-scale land management, required by the U.S. Forest Service. From May through October, they complete restoration projects throughout the Salmon-Challis National Forest.
AmeriCorps members provide outreach to families and individuals in the Head Start/Early Head Start programs statewide. They provide health screens and education to assist with advocacy needs, and serve as a link between Head Start and the health care community.
AmeriCorps members serve as tutors and mentors in schools, faith-based and community organizations throughout North Idaho.
AmeriCorps VISTA provides full-time members to community organizations and public agencies to create and expand programs and bring low-income individuals and communities out of poverty.
Senior Corps connects people 55 and older with the people and organizations that need them most.
The AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps is a full-time residential program for men and women ages 18-24 that strengthens communities while developing leaders through direct, team-based national and community service.


Ohrstrom Blog » Blog Archive » Curious About Kindles?
Come on down to Ohrstrom Library to check out our Kindle 2. Click HERE to access the online catalog entry, and then click on the "Catalog Record" link to see a complete list of current titles available on the Kindle.
If it is already checked out, log onto My Account and place a hold on it.
If you are interested in the Kindle and would like to recommend that a specific title be added to its contents, you can place an online acquisitions request by clicking HERE and select Other for Item Type and specify that it is for the Kindle. If approved, the title will be added to our Kindle.
The Kindle can be checked out for one week and renewed if there are no holds on it. See the Circulation Desk for more detailed information and policies.


text:
Format: Research Guides
Series Guide: Bank Governors & Senior Personnel
Series Guide: London Letters
Research Guide: Sir Denison Samuel King Miller KCMG
Research Guide: Hugh Traill Armitage CMG
Research Guide: Construction of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia Head Office
Research Guide: The Role of the Bank's Branches in Australian Life
Bound (102)
Files & Documents
Files & Documents (60)
Research Guides (5)
Series Guides
Related topics (3)
Research Guide: James Kell
James Kell was the Commonwealth Bank's first Deputy Governor. The Commonwealth Bank opened for business on 15 July 1912, under the Bank's new Governor, Denison Miller. In September 1912, Miller wrote to the Prime Minister, Andrew Fisher, requesting that he consider the appointment of a Deputy Governor to assist him in his duties. Out of nine applicants, Miller himself chose Kell. With his recommendation approved by the Prime Minister, James Kell was appointed Deputy Governor on 2 December 1912.
Kell's appointment was for an initial period of 7 years on an annual salary of £1,500; less than half Miller's. It was also less than Charles Campion's, the manager of the Bank's London Office, whose salary was £2,000 per year – in part due to the importance given to the London Office and its role at the centre of international banking, but also indicating that the role of Deputy Governor was seen, at this time, as a support role to the Governor rather than a role of influence or authority.
Miller delegated little to the Deputy Governor, with all decisions and oversight kept very much under his management and control. In letters he wrote and addresses he gave as Deputy Governor, Kell was always effusive in his praise of Miller and supportive of all he did, but on at least one occasion was compelled to request an opinion from the Commonwealth Solicitor-General regarding his duties and responsibilities.
After Miller's sudden death in June 1923, Kell took on the responsibilities of the Governor. As there was no provision under the Commonwealth Bank Act for an Acting Governor, he remained in this role until being formally appointed to the position of Governor in 1924.
James Kell was Governor of the Bank until October 1926, after which he took leave due to ill health, with his official retirement taking effect on the 31 May 1927. He died in 1933 after a short illness.
James Kell was born at Mittagong, in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, on 25 July 1864. He was the son of Edward Kell and Martha Parkinson Gilbert, both Scottish immigrants, and one of eight children. James Kell's youngest sister Lily married James Menzies in 1906. Their daughter Jessie Menzies would later marry the cricketer Donald Bradman.
Kell's first banking role was with the English, Scottish and Australian Bank Ltd. In April 1886 he joined the Bank of Australasia. After three years of service in Sydney, he was transferred to the bank's Townsville branch for three years. In 1892 he returned to Sydney and in 1894 was appointed accountant. After a period as manager of the Narrabri branch of the bank, he was transferred to the Superintendent's office in Melbourne. While there, he acted as assistant to the Superintendent. In 1908 he was appointed Sub-Inspector for NSW and Queensland. He left the bank in December 1912 to become the Deputy Governor of the Commonwealth Bank.
Deputy Governor of the Commonwealth Bank
During the Bank's early years, Kell worked closely with Miller to establish the Bank, but Miller's independent style, coupled with the Commonwealth Bank Act 1911 placing the Bank solely under the control of the Governor, meant that Kell mostly handled non-policy matters and always on behalf of Miller, whose approval was required before any decision was made. When Miller visited North America and the United Kingdom in 1918, Kell kept him fully informed of everything that was happening at the Bank, including any decisions to be made. After Miller's return to Australia, Kell was re-appointed as Deputy Governor for a second seven-year term on 2 December 1919.
Kell visited North America and the UK in 1920, taking 12 months to travel and study post-war banking markets. Part of his time in the UK coincided with the London Manager, Charles Campion, being in Australia and Kell took over the running of the London Office, while also making useful connections in the City of London and continuing his studies.
Because his role as Deputy Governor was not as well-defined as that of Governor, and as the first incumbent of that role, Kell was largely left to find his own way and create a role for himself. In 1922 Kell, possibly frustrated by Miller's tight control of the Bank, was informed by the Commonwealth Solicitor-General that the Deputy Governor, while responsible for advising the Governor on a range of topics, was not responsible for any decisions or actions taken. This lay solely with the Governor, who had ultimate control and management of the Bank. Despite these difficulties, Kell's support for the Governor and loyalty to the Bank could never be questioned.
When Miller died suddenly while in office on 6 June 1923, Kell exercised the powers and functions of the Governor until he was officially appointed to the role in 1924. EW Hulle, the Manager of Sydney Office, took over the role of Deputy Governor.
Reform of the Commonwealth Bank and role of Governor
While reform of the Commonwealth Bank had been discussed as far back as 1921, it had never been seriously contemplated during Miller's tenure. With the death of Miller in 1923 reform could now be considered. Kell was in favour of reform and favoured a system of controls that limited some of the Governor's powers. He did not advocate any increase in government or political control; rather Kell felt that a Board appointed from within the Bank to review the decisions made by the Governor and provide effective restraint, if needed, was the most favourable model.
The government agreed that Kell's proposals had merit but did not agree with an internal review process, instead opting for a Board of Directors consisting of the Governor and Secretary to the Treasury, both ex officio, with six other members external to the Bank and representing agriculture, commerce, finance and industry. Under the Commonwealth Bank Act 1924 the management of the Bank was taken out of the Governor's hands and entrusted to the Board. The Board held its inaugural meeting on 10 October 1924. On the same day, Kell was appointed Governor for a one-year term and JS Scott, Manager of the Bank's Melbourne Office, was appointed Deputy Governor, also for a term of one year.
In 1925, Scott's appointment as Deputy Governor was not renewed and EC Riddle, who had succeeded Scott as Manager, Melbourne, was appointed Deputy Governor on 10 October 1925 for a three-year term. Kell was also re-appointed as Governor, but for a one year term only due to his ill health and frequent absences from the Bank. In August 1926, Kell informed the Prime Minister, Stanley Bruce, that on the expiration of his contract in October 1926 he did not wish to be re-appointed to the role of Governor. The Government accepted the Board's recommendation that in recognition of his long service with the Bank, Kell be re-appointed Governor until 31 May 1927, but that he be granted leave of absence during that period. James Kell left the Bank on 9 October 1926 with his official retirement taking effect on 31 May 1927.
Post Commonwealth Bank, death and legacy
In June 1927, Kell became a director of the Australian Bank of Commerce Ltd and remained a director of that bank until it was taken over by the Bank of New South Wales (BNSW) in 1931. He consulted the Commonwealth Bank Board on the propriety of his appointment, but no objection was raised. He also became a director of the Mutual Life and Citizens' Assurance Company Ltd and the Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company (Australia) Ltd, as well as a local adviser to the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company.
James Kell died on 4 April 1933 after a short illness. He was survived by his wife and their two sons and two daughters.
Kell was largely overshadowed by Denison Miller during his period as Deputy Governor. During his own term as Governor, much of the authority attached to the position of Governor was removed and vested in the new Board of Directors. Despite these difficulties, Kell was a highly regarded and competent banker. His speeches showed a man who was loyal and dedicated to the Bank, its staff and to the Australian people.
This information is drawn from records held by the Reserve Bank of Australia and the following external sources:
Gollan R (1968), The Commonwealth Bank of Australia: Origins and Early History, Australian National University Press (1st edition).
Mallet A (2002) In Bradman's Band, University of Queensland Press.
Reserve Bank of Australia Museum, 'A Family Affair', From Bank to Battlefield, Exhibition (accessed 31 July 2021).
Relevant materials
The few personal records relating to James Kell are contained in the Bank Governors & Senior Personnel series of records (GJK prefix).
In addition, correspondence between James Kell and Denison Miller can also be viewed within Miller's personal files (GDM prefix).
Other records that relate to James Kell, including when Denison Miller was overseas in 1918, and when Kell was managing the Bank's London Office in 1920, can be found within the London Letters series (To and From London). In particular see:
S-L-7 – S-L-126 (From London)
S-La-1 – S-La-39 (To London)
The following materials are not currently available on this site, but are available on request. To request to view these materials please contact the Archives.
Secretary's Department:
SA-65-79 Secretary's Department - Archives - Biographies and Reminiscences - Staff - Kell, James
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) September - October 1915
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) May - August 1915
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) February - May 1915
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) November 1914 - January 1915
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) July - October 1914
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) March - June 1914
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) October 1913 - February 1914
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) January - May 1918
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) October - December 1917
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) August - October 1917
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) July - August 1917
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) April - September 1913
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) April - June 1917
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) March - April 1917
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) January - February 1917
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) October - November 1916
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) August - September 1916
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) May - July 1916
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) March - May 1916
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) November - December 1915
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) July 1912 - March 1913
SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT - Governor & Deputy Governor - Appointments - 1925-1963
GOVERNORS & SENIOR PERSONNEL - James Kell - Correspondence with Treasurer
GOVERNORS & SENIOR PERSONNEL - James Kell - Correspondence with Solicitor - General - Duties and Responsibilities of Deputy Governor
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) November 1921 - June 1922
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) October 1927 - August 1928
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) January - October 1927
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) June 1926 - January 1927
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) October 1925- June 1926
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) October 1924 - September 1925
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) February - October 1923
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) July 1922 - January 1923
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) May - November 1921
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) October 1920 - April 1921
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) April - October 1920
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) November 1919 - April 1920
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) June - October 1919
Secretary's Department - London Letters - To London (Indexed) June - December 1918
Secretary's Department - London Letters - From London (Indexed) - March - May 1920
Secretary's Department - London Letters - From London (Indexed) - September 1919 - March 1920
Secretary's Department - London Letters - From London (Indexed) - April - August 1919
Secretary's Department - London Letters - From London (Indexed) - October 1917 - April 1919
Melbourne - Premises, 367 Collins St. - Deputy Governor placing leaden casket in cavity beneath foundation stone - 25 July 1922
Staff - Groups - Commonwealth Bank - Head Office - Farewell afternoon tea and presentation of a travelling trunk and rug to Deputy Governor James Kell prior to his departure overseas - August 1920
Staff - Groups - Head Office - Commonwealth Bank - Senior Officers of the Bank assemble in Sir Denison Miller's office to congratulate him on the announcement of his Knighthood - 4 June 1920
Staff - Smith, OA - Prior to his departure for England with Mr Kell (at the time undertaking the duties of Governor), Mr Hulle and other friends - January 1924
Staff - Commonwealth Bank Head Office - L to R: Mark Baker Young (Commonwealth Bank's first Manager (Melbourne) and first Chief Inspector), James Kell (Deputy Governor) and Denison Miller (Governor) - Photograph taken in Governor Miller's office - c.1916
Staff - Kell, James - Shortly before his death in April 1933
Staff - Kell, James - In his office while undertaking the duties of Governor - circa July 1923
Staff - Kell, James - Soon after arrival in Sydney, August 1921
Staff - Kell, James - circa 1925
Staff - Kell, James - 1919
Staff - Kell, James - circa 1912-1913
Commonwealth Bank - Staff - Head Office cnr Pitt Street & Martin Place - James Kell - 8 September 1916 (plate 728)
Commonwealth Bank of Australia - Head Office cnr Pitt Street & Martin Place - Opening Day - Senior Officers & Branch Managers - 23 August 1916 (Plate 688)
Commonwealth Bank - Staff - James Kell - 15 September 1916 (plate 340)
Sixth War Loan Campaign Activities - Lord Mayor of Sydney purchasing first War Bond on opening day - 18 February 1918 (plate 135)
Series Guide: Secretary's Department
James Kell shortly before his death in April 1933, RBA Archives, PN-001179
TitleJames KellDate1864–1933Research guide typePersonSuggested keyword searchesKellDeputy Governor / GovernorWorld War I /WWI / First World WarCommonwealth BankLondon / London Letters
Related guidesSeries Guide: Bank Governors & Senior PersonnelSeries Guide: London LettersResearch Guide: First World WarResearch Guide: Sir Denison Samuel King Miller KCMGResearch Guide: Hugh Traill Armitage CMGResearch Guide: Construction of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia Head OfficeResearch Guide: The Role of the Bank's Branches in Australian Life
Research Guide: James Kell (1864–1933). Reserve Bank of Australia Unreserved, accessed 02/02/2023, https://unreserved.rba.gov.au/nodes/view/84421


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Q: csv to bean , excluding the values not included in csv header java I'm trying  to write a code where a csv content is converted to a bean. This is how my code looks like
final String TEMPLATE_FILE="addresses.csv";

    CSVReader template = new CSVReader(new FileReader(TEMPLATE_FILE));
    String [] header = template.readNext();
    ColumnPositionMappingStrategy strat = new ColumnPositionMappingStrategy();
    strat.setType(PersonEx.class);
    strat.setColumnMapping(header);
    CsvToBean csv = new CsvToBean();
    List list = csv.parse(strat, template);

In here if a particular attribute of PersonEx.class is missing in the csvHeader that attribute is ascribed as null. Is there a way, I can ignore this and only create a bean of values present in the header?


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<Package>
    <DisplayName>Dialogue</DisplayName>
    <Description>Install Dialogue.</Description>
    <Version>0.1</Version>
    <ReleaseDate>2016-11-07</ReleaseDate>
    <Licenses>
        <License name="BSD-3 License" file="LICENSE" />
    </Licenses>
    <Default>true</Default>
</Package>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Collins joins Aspen Economic Strategy Group
February 2, 2021 Associated Press News
Susan M. Collins
The Aspen Economic Strategy Group (AESG) announced seven new members [including Susan M. Collins, Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs] to the sixty-five member, invitation-only group made up of distinguished leaders and thinkers who share the goal of promoting evidence-based solutions to the greatest challenges confronting the American economy.
Read the full press release by the Aspen Institute in the AP here.
Edward M. Gramlich Collegiate Professor of Public Policy; Professor of Economics
Collins is on extended leave to serve as the president and CEO of the Boston Federal Reserve Bank. At U-M, she served as provost from 2020-22. At the Ford School, she is the Edward M. Gramlich Collegiate Professor of Public Policy, professor of economics, and former dean of the Ford School (2007-17). She is an international economist whose research interests center on understanding and fostering economic growth in industrial, emerging market, and developing countries.
Aspen Economic Strategy Group
Economy of the United States
Research centers give U-M students hands-on, practical policy experiences
Read more about "Research centers give U-M students hands-on, practical policy experiences "
Bohnett Fellows create impact in the City of Detroit
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Ali addresses impact of top FBI official's arrest
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Home » Things to do » Shopping » Skopje City Mall
Skopje City Mall
Friday, January 29th by Suzana Ristova
Located three kilometres west of Skopje city centre with convenient transport links, Skopje City Mall is the first shopping and entertainment centre of its size and quality in the Macedonian capital and in the country.
With a total area of 86,000 square metres, Skopje City Mall will comprise some 130 shop units on three levels anchored by a 4,600 square metre Carrefour hypermarket and a multi-storey and underground car park with around 1,200 parking spaces.
As well as Carrefour, Cineplexx and Inditex – which will operate stores under the Zara brand and several other of its labels – the mall will feature retailers such as German fashion chain New Yorker and electronics specialist Neptun.
In Skopje City Mall, where stores run by the Spanish fashion giant and the French hypermarket chain will be among some 130 shops. The mall will also include a multiscreen cinema operated by Austrian movie theatre company Cineplexx.
As well as attracting major international brands to the Macedonian market for the first time and creating some 2,000 jobs, Skopje City Mall is notable for its use of advanced energy efficient technologies that will limit its carbon footprint.
Last year, the EBRD provided a €18.9 million loan to help finance the development, construction and operation of the mall. It extended the loan to Balfin Finance B.V., a holding company jointly owned by Albanian commercial real estate developer Balfin and Macedonian fashion retailer Fashion Group. Balfin Finance B.V. owns the project developer, Balfin MK d.o.o.
"This is the EBRD's first investment in the emerging Macedonian property and retail sector," Claudia Pendred, EBRD Director for Property and Tourism, said at the opening ceremony. "We are pleased to have supported this important project for Skopje at a time when commercial debt financing remains limited and to have encouraged higher energy efficiency standards in the Macedonian retail sector."
By Suzana | February , 17th, 2016
The only formula for success Ramstore uses is the motto "The customer is always right". We exist for the customer, not the other way round. The customer is th...


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Lord Gore is a death metal/gridcore/goregrind band from Portland, Oregon. They will be making their first California Deathfest appearance in 2017, and will also be playing at Maryland Deathfest in 2018.
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If Putrid Pile is not one of the earliest one-man goregrind bands, it might be one of the best known. After seeing the one-man Insidious Discrepancy live in 2000, mastermind Shaun LaCanne was inspired to start his own one-man project. In true goregrind fashion, Putrid Pile is a disgusting blend of samples, guttural vocals, blasts, and catchy, heavy riffs all focused on sickness, gore, and sex. Putrid Pile is from Wisconsin, further suggesting that there's clearly something in the mid-western water. Putrid Pile played the first ever MDF and will be making their second appearance.
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Regurgitate is an influential goregrind band formed in 1990 in Stockholm, Sweden. Signed to Relapse Records, they have been quite prolific in their more than 20 year career, appearing on numerous compliations, and releasing over two dozen splits and full-length albums.
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Dead Infection is a goregrind band from Poland. Since forming in early 1990, they have released three full-length albums and several split albums and singles. Released in 1995, their second album, A Chapter of Accidents, is considered by many to be among the milestones of goregrind music.
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Seated at the intersection of "death metal, grind and porn," are Illinois natives, Waco Jesus. This self-described "shit-rock" band covers dark and sometimes gross themes, such as misogyny, shit, and sex. While founders Kevin Mensen and Crazy Jim set out to upset people and disrupt the peace with their extreme sound, Waco Jesus fits into a long line of Illinois depravity, including bands like Lividity and Impetigo and serial killers like the Railway Killer. Waco Jesus fits in perfectly with the guttural, perverse, slam-filled Thursday Soundstage line up.
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"Permanent Glue" kicks off the forthcoming album from Williams Shift, We Were Wonderers, due out March 24th. The song is based on a synth motif that Stephen Roessner wrote on a Kurzweil K2000S one day while bored with his Ph.D. studies at school. He continued to layer more synths, drums, bass, and guitars onto the song, but it didn't feel finished. Roessner then sent it to Matt Stone, who added even more guitars, lyrics, and a plethora of harmonies to the track, adding to the pulsing, building, and enveloping sound initially laid out by Roessner.
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