text:
Researchers use advanced technology to identify proteomes of Th17 and iTreg cells
T helper 17 (Th17) cells belong to a group of T cells with essential functions in autoimmune diseases and inflammation. Regulatory T cells (iTregs) are T cells with a suppressive function to maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmune responses. Researchers from Turku Centre for Biotechnology and Aalto University together utilized the advanced technology called label-free quantitative proteomics to identify the proteomes of Th17 and iTreg cells.
Proteins are one of the major biomolecules that form the functional and structural entity of a living cell. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics can be used to determine the set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time.
The immune system defends the body against harmful pathogens and tumours, and also provides self-tolerance. T helper cells are major components of the adaptive system, and they play critical roles in controlling immune reactions.
During her postdoctoral study at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA, Dr. Zhi Chen started working on Th17 cells, a subset of helper T cells with an important role in autoimmune inflammation.
The label-free quantitative proteomics technology has been established at the Turku Centre for Biotechnology. Using this technology, Chen's research team in collaboration with computational scientists from Aalto University and scientists from the University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and the University of Maryland generated a resource that was used to identify over 4000 proteins expressed in Th17 and iTreg cells.
- We also combined analysis of proteome and gene expression data and discovered protein expression changes that were not associated with changes at the transcriptional level, says Chen.
- These identified proteins can potentially be targeted in immunotherapy, especially in disease conditions like cancer and autoimmunity, believes Chen.
http://www.utu.fi/en/news/news/Pages/Finnish-Scientists-Analysed-the-Proteome-of-T-Helper-17-Cells.aspx
Posted in: Life Sciences News | Medical Condition News
Tags: Autoimmunity, B Cell, Biotechnology, Cancer, Cell, Gene, Gene Expression, Immune System, Immunotherapy, Inflammation, Mass Spectrometry, Protein, Protein Expression, Proteome, Proteomics, Research, Spectrometry, T-Cell, Technology, Transcription
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Convention Posts
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Yesterday Inside Xbox held a conference in which they showcased gameplay on the next-gen Xbox Series X. Now, there was a little misjudgement on their end with what gameplay was. But we did get some exciting announcements, and the graphics and capabilities of the Xbox series X look outstanding. The ray Tracing stood out to us both, and we fell […]
Yesterday Inside Xbox held a conference in which they showcased gameplay on the next-gen Xbox Series X. Now, there was a little misjudgement on their end with what gameplay was. But we did get some exciting announcements, and the graphics and capabilities of the Xbox series X look outstanding. The ray Tracing stood out to us both, and we fell in love with some of the announcements.
Xbox also talked a lot about their Smart Delivery service, which allows you to upgrade your Xbox One games to Xbox Series X quality. Provided you own the Xbox Series X*
Here are a few of our favourites from the first, of many, showcases during the next few months:
Bright Memory Infinite
Set to release on
One-person studio FYQD may have produced a beautiful masterpiece in Bright Memory Infinite. The trailer managed to show off significant parts of the stunning combat we are going to face in the game mixing first-person shooting, acrobatic swordplay and even a grappling hook, which looks too fun to be true. We're entirely unfamiliar with the previous title, but the feudal demonic samurais look like they're going to test our skills. It's unbelievable this is an indie title with this gorgeous environment and effects. We thought this was a great game to start the announcements off as it shows what we're in for when we get the next generation.
Lloyd: "There's not much to say here other than wow and what an opener. They couldn't have picked a better game to show off what the Series X can do."
Dale: "Possibly the biggest stand out from this showcase, mainly because its made by ONE PERSON! Also, the gunplay and combat look so fluid. I love fluidity in my games, nothing seemed stunted, but it was only a trailer, so I am reserving my hype a little."
Scorn is one of the many horrors/thrillers that appeared in this month's Inside Xbox. With an apparent influence from Scott Ridley's Alien, it looks like this horror will test your wits as you uncover the secrets of this gruesome looking world. The presentation only showed a cinematic trailer, which provides you with insight into the terrible looking creatures that you will encounter on your visit. It is worth noting that this will be a game released on Gamepass, so it may be worth checking out.
Lloyd: "I'm partial to a couple of horror games, but even this seems like it could be a step too far, it looks horrific. I love the design of the environment. It looks like something from an ancient civilisation, this makes me excited to expereince the story."
Dale: "Horrors are a big No-No from me. Scorn will have to be a game I experience through Lloyds retelling! But my only take from the game is, can you see any Phallic symbolism within the trailer? I know it's not just me."
Set in a Cyberpunk world, The Ascent is a solo and co-op RPG. The controlling corporation, The Ascent Group, has collapsed and the space station has locked down. You have to survive. It is developed and published by Neon Digital and Curve Digital.
Dale: "I've come to appreciate Dystopian and Cyberpunk novels recently, and it has translated into videogames. I'm just consuming anything within that genre. Although the gameplay is not something, I typically play. But with the cooperative side of the game, I'd give it a go with friends."
Lloyd: "I love the concept, we've seen so many Cyberpunk and Dystopian worlds where there has been an evil organisation at the top and in control but what happens after? So excited and I'm a huge fan of top-down RPGs as well."
Bandai Namco addition to next-gen releases is SCARLET NEXUS, where you play as the OST, a group of psychokinetic warrior who are tasked to save the Earth from The Other. A group of parasitic lifeforms that seem to be unable to be killed. Combat within this game looks geat and undoubtibaly the enemies will be interesting. But we can't get past the fact that the characters look a little out of place.
Lloyd: "I kept thinking this looked phenomenal, unique enemies with a floral parasitic look to them, beautiful artwork and then came along the OST, the group you'll be playing as and it just felt wrong. It was equivalent to Michael Jordan in Space Jam, I'm just hoping this as a good as Space Jam."
Dale "Its funny, Lloyd and I rarely agree when it comes to the negatives of a game, but I have to agree with him. The combat does look good, and the enemies are undoubtedly impressive, but the characters feel too out of place for me."
Second Extinction
Again showing the capabilities of the Series X, Second Extinction takes you to a beautiful unknown world where you face off against the local species. The game is a survival game which reminds us of Left For Dead except for you're fighting dinosaurs. The player's job is to stop the Dinosaurs, who are the reason for the second extinction. It seems like the Dinosaurs have used their previous experience with extinction and are looking to capitalise off it, 'Cleaver Girl'.
Dale: "Dinosaurs! Instant classic. We only got a look at maybe one or two different Dinosaurs within the trailer, so I hope there is going to be a variety. I want to see some herbivores, a Stegosaurus or Iguanadon charging towards you, not only the carnivores were deadly. I'm only hoping that the co-op gameplay is smooth and rewarding; it looks like a great game to play with friends.
Lloyd: "The alien species are like dinosaurs and who doesn't love dinosaurs, even if you got to blow them into a thousand pieces. This could be a lot of fun and looks great."
Overall, there are some awesome games announced, a full list with links to trailers are below but we were disappointed not to see any actual gameplay from the Series X. We f
Overall, there are some excellent games announced, all other games we missed with links to trailers are below. We did feel cheated by Xbox; there was an over hype for what the Inside Xbox showcase revealed. Throughout the showcase a message at the bottom kept appearing stating that you should stay tuned, Assassins Creed Valhalla Gameplay coming soon. But it wasn't there was no gameplay, just what we assume to be in-game cinematics. FOr two people who are sceptical about the game already, this was disappointing. But then again, what difference in gameplay could they show? This is Ubisoft and AC; it's going to be very similar to the last few titles.
It was, however, a high starting point to what we imagine is going to be a heated summer, in terms of Videogame reveals. Summer Game Fest, has taken the place of E3 this year, so we are hoping that the reveals, now spread out through the summer, will be jam-packed.
Other Games in the Showcase:
Chorus: Rise as One
Vampire The Masquerades Bloodlines 2
Posted on 8th May 2020 0 By UnCapt	Convention Update Posted in Convention Update, News
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.digitalpetri.enip.cip.services;

import com.digitalpetri.enip.cip.CipResponseException;
import com.digitalpetri.enip.cip.epath.EPath.PaddedEPath;
import com.digitalpetri.enip.cip.epath.LogicalSegment.ClassId;
import com.digitalpetri.enip.cip.epath.LogicalSegment.InstanceId;
import com.digitalpetri.enip.cip.structs.ForwardCloseRequest;
import com.digitalpetri.enip.cip.structs.ForwardCloseResponse;
import com.digitalpetri.enip.cip.structs.MessageRouterRequest;
import com.digitalpetri.enip.cip.structs.MessageRouterResponse;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.util.ReferenceCountUtil;

public class ForwardCloseService implements CipService<ForwardCloseResponse> {

    public static final int SERVICE_CODE = 0x4E;

    private static final PaddedEPath CONNECTION_MANAGER_PATH = new PaddedEPath(
        new ClassId(0x06),
        new InstanceId(0x01)
    );

    private final ForwardCloseRequest request;

    public ForwardCloseService(ForwardCloseRequest request) {
        this.request = request;
    }

    @Override
    public void encodeRequest(ByteBuf buffer) {
        MessageRouterRequest mrr = new MessageRouterRequest(
            SERVICE_CODE,
            CONNECTION_MANAGER_PATH,
            b -> ForwardCloseRequest.encode(request, b)
        );

        MessageRouterRequest.encode(mrr, buffer);
    }

    @Override
    public ForwardCloseResponse decodeResponse(ByteBuf buffer) throws CipResponseException, PartialResponseException {
        MessageRouterResponse mResponse = MessageRouterResponse.decode(buffer);

        int generalStatus = mResponse.getGeneralStatus();

        try {
            if (generalStatus == 0x00) {
                return ForwardCloseResponse.decode(mResponse.getData());
            } else {
                throw new CipResponseException(generalStatus, mResponse.getAdditionalStatus());
            }
        } finally {
            ReferenceCountUtil.release(mResponse.getData());
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A 2.1 equivalent degree (GPA 3.0) in a relevant subject.
Students with a 2.2 equivalent degree (GPA 2.7), but 2.1 equivalent marks in their maths and core theory subjects may be considered for entry.
The GPA listed above is the US System. Find out your country's equivalent GPA.
The Masters in Mechanical Engineering & Management offers you the opportunity to develop the knowledge and skills needed for modern engineering or technology management. The programme content includes design engineering and other mechanical engineering disciplines.
The University of Glasgow has been delivering world-class engineering education and research since 1840. Mechanical Engineering is a core engineering discipline that has a long history in the University dating back to the 1760s with academic contributors such as James Watt.
You will be taught jointly by staff from the School of Engineering and the Adam Smith Business School. You will benefit from their combined resources and expertise and from an industry-focused curriculum.
If you have a mechanical engineering background, but with little management experience and are wanting to develop your knowledge of management while also furthering your knowledge of mechanical engineering, this programme is designed for you.
You will learn to understand management principles and practices in an engineering environment, evaluate engineering information and apply business and management tools. You will combine engineering and management knowledge and skills in projects and problem solving.
The programme is split into two semesters and a summer session. One semester will be based in the Adam Smith Business School and is aimed at developing knowledge and skills of management principles and techniques. An applied approach is adopted, with an emphasis on an informed critical evaluation of information, and the subsequent application of concepts and tools to the core areas of business and management.
During the other semester there will be a combination of compulsory and optional courses that will combine to provide the required credits in Mechanical Engineering.
In the summer session, a project will be undertaken by MSc students. The topic of the project can be either in Management or Mechanical Engineering, in which case the topic will usually be closely allied with the research interests of the discipline.
This programme has a September and January intake*.
To understand management principles and practices in an engineering environment.
To evaluate engineering information, and subsequent application of business and management.
To combine engineering and management knowledge and skills in projects and problem solving.
This innovative Masters in Mechanical Engineering and Management offers you the opportunity to develop the knowledge and skills needed for modern engineering or technology management. The programme has content in common with the MSc in Mechanical Engineering, including design engineering and other mechanical engineering disciplines.


text:
About Refugee Congress
Committees & Caucuses
Meet Our Delegates
Connect with a Delegate
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Refugee Congress Condemns Proposed New Rule Blocking Asylum-Seekers
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: July 10, 2020
Refugee Congress condemns the Trump Administration's newest attack on asylum-seeking protections — a proposed rule that would redefine who is eligible for humanitarian protection and bar people with well-founded fears of persecution from seeking asylum.
The rule uses the pretext of public health to restrict asylum-seeking. It would bar people who work in healthcare fields, people who have become infected with COVID-19 while awaiting an asylum hearing in the U.S. and people who merely came from a country where COVID-19 is prevalent from seeking asylum, even if they demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution.
"Asylum-seekers are people — humans like you and me — and they aren't just at risk from the global pandemic, but they don't have anywhere to return to because they are at risk of losing their lives in their countries of origin," said Valdir Solera, Jr., Refugee Congress Delegate for Hawaii. "This rule and other restrictions on asylum could condemn them to death."
As an organization built and led by refugees, asylum-seekers and other vulnerable migrants, Refugee Congress knows the importance of asylum as a lifesaving protection. We are deeply concerned about this Administration's use of the COVID-19 pandemic as a pretext for blocking people fleeing persecution. This regulation puts asylum-seekers and their families at great personal danger.
"Immigrants and asylum-seekers leave countries where there is hunger, unemployment, oppression, violence and war," said Carmen Kcomt, Refugee Congress Board Member and Delegate for California. "They are exercising a natural and moral right that no legal norm or regulation should try to stifle — right to life, and right to survival."
Refugee Congress believes everyone has the right to protection from persecution, and we condemn the ongoing attacks on these protections. We believe it is vital that our nation embraces its long tradition of protecting refugees and asylum-seekers fleeing violence and persecution.
Refugee Congress Statement for Pride Month
Refugees Raise Voices to Push for Racial Justice
Employment and Volunteer Opportunities
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Motor Vehicle Tax
One Time Waiver of Penalty On Tax on Motor Vehicles Scheme
State Government in the Transport Department has decided to provide one time opportunity to the owners of such defaulting motor vehicles to pay the due amount of motor vehicle tax and/or additional tax/one-time tax without payment of penalty.
Exemption of Motor Vehicles Tax for Ram Krishna Mission
Motor vehicles of the Ram Krishna Mission incl. Sarada Pith, Belur Math and Mission, Sri Sarada Math and Ramakrishna Sarada Mission used for spreading social education.
Online Payment of Motor Vehicle Taxes and Fees – Conditions
Online application with e-payment of fees and taxes for registration of motor vehicles by the dealers – Applicable for Non-transport vehicles like cars and two wheelers only.
Online Payment of Motor Vehicle Taxes on GRIPS
Transport Department has made substantial progress in the rolling out of e-Vahan along with integration of the same with e-payment of Motor Vehicle Taxes, etc. on the GRIPS platform.
Exemption of Tax Payment for Motor Vehicles belonging to NIA
Motor vehicles (non-transport) registered in West Bengal belonging to the National Investigation Agency (NIA), an Agency constituted under Section 3 of the National Investigation Act, 2008.
Exemption of Tax for Motor Vehicles more than 50 years Old
Motor vehicles which are more than fifty years old and are only driven for taking part in a vintage car rally, are exempted from payment of motor vehicle tax /additional tax.
Taxing Officers i.r.o. West Bengal Motor Vehicles Tax Act/ Rules
Governor is hereby pleased to empower the following officers of Public Vehicles Department, Kolkata to act as Taxing Officers, for the region of Kolkata as described in terms of Rule 2(b) of the West Bengal Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, in addition to the existing ones.


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MyUCSC
Home / Faculty / Faculty
Regular Faculty
Graduate Vice Chair
Division Physical & Biological Sciences
boltje@ucsc.edu
boltje.math.ucsc.edu
McHenry Library, McHenry Building Room #4190
Mail Stop Mathematics Department
Santa Cruz CA 95064
Robert Boltje's research centers around the theory of finite groups, their representations, and applications to algebraic number theory. Within the theory of finite group representations he has been working on natural induction formulae for many years. A very useful tool in this theory is the language of Mackey functors. This structure occurs surprisingly often in different fields of mathematics when group actions on mathematical objects (sets, vector spaces, topological spaces, fibre bundles) are present. Also, the presence of a Mackey functor structure on the ideal class groups of number fields in a fixed Galois extension provides relations between these class groups. The ideal class group is an invariant which measures how close the ring of integers in a number field is to having unique factorization into primes.
Presently, Robert Boltje is interested in the conjectures of Alperin, Dade, and Broué in the representation theory of finite groups. These conjectures link blocks of representations of a finite group G to blocks of representations of various subgroups arising as normalizers of chains of p-subgroups of G. It seems that the topology of the simplicial complex of p-subgroups together with its G-action plays an important role, and that ideas from other fields of mathematics like geometry or algebraic topology are needed to prove the conjectures.
Biography, Education and Training
Professor of Mathematics
Dr. rer. nat. habil., University of Augsburg
Ph.D., University of Augsburg
R. Boltje: A general theory of canonical induction formulae, J. Algebra (1998), 293-343.
R. Boltje: Linear source modules and trivial source modules, Proc. Sympos. Pur Math. 63 (1998), 7-30.
R. Boltje: Class groups relations from Burnside ring idempotents, J. Number Theory (66)(1997),291-305
R. Boltje: Identities in representation theory via chain complexes, J. Algebra 167 (1994), 417-447.
R. Boltje: A canonical Brauer induction formula, Astérisque 181-182 (1990), 31-59.
Visting Scholars
Faculty Honors & Awards
4111 McHenry
Hours: 9am-12; 1-3:30pm
UCSC Links:
Division of Physical & Biological Sciences
UCSC Catalog
©2019 Regents of the University of California. All Rights Reserved.
Sexual Violence Prevention & Response
Last modified: January 18, 2019 128.114.113.74


text:
Лу́ций Скрибо́ний Либо́н (; родился, приблизительно, в 90 году до н. э. — умер после 21 года до н. э.) — римский военачальник и политический деятель из плебейского рода Скрибониев, консул 34 года до н. э. В эпоху гражданских войн занимал видное место в окружении Гнея Помпея «Великого» и его сына Секста.

Биография

Происхождение
Луций Скрибоний принадлежал к плебейскому роду, представители которого впервые упоминаются в источниках в связи с событиями Второй Пунической войны. Это было одно из тех аристократических семейств, которые в III веке до н. э. перебрались в Рим из других городов Италии. Отец Луция, носивший то же имя, предположительно был квестором на Сицилии; мать, Сентия, была близкой родственницей Гая Сентия Сатурнина (консула 19 года до н. э.) — возможно, сестрой его отца.

У Луция была сестра, ставшая второй женой Октавиана Августа.

Ранние годы и начало карьеры
Антиковеды датируют рождение Либона, приблизительно, 90 годом до н. э., исходя из того, что его дочь должна была родиться около 70 года до н. э. Карьера Луция могла начаться с должности монетария (по разным версиям, в 71 или 54 году до н. э.). В источниках упоминаются квестор Либон, выполнявший свои полномочия на Сицилии, и организатор игр в Риме, носивший то же имя и, предположительно, занимавший должность эдила (для этих игр было впервые построено полноценное здание). В обоих случаях речь может идти именно о Луции Скрибонии. Точных дат в источниках нет; исследователь Ф. Мюнцер предположил, что все должности до преторской включительно Либон занимал до гражданской войны, начавшейся в 49 году до н. э.

На ранних этапах своей карьеры Либон стал другом и политическим союзником Гнея Помпея Великого. Сын последнего, Секст, был женат на его дочери. В 56 году до н. э. Луций поддержал предложение кандидата в преторы Публия Плавтия Гипсея отправить Помпея в Египет для восстановления на престоле Птолемея Авлета, а годом позже Помпей в благодарность помог Либону парировать обвинения жителя Формий Гельвия Мансы. Суть обвинений неизвестна, но они могли быть связаны с большими долгами Луция.

Против Цезаря
Когда Гай Юлий Цезарь двинул свою армию на Рим (январь 49 года до н. э.), Либон должен был защищать от него Этрурию, но был вытеснен оттуда Марком Антонием. Позже он возглавил новобранцев, набранных для Помпея в Кампании. Имея связи в цезарианском лагере, Луций выступил посредником в переговорах между враждующими сторонами в Брундизии, но без какого-либо успеха. Позже помпеянская армия переправилась на Балканы; Либон же совместно с Марком Октавием возглавил одну из эскадр в составе большого помпеянского флота под командованием Марка Кальпурния Бибула, задачей которого было запереть вражескую армию в Италии. До конца 49 года до н. э. Луций вытеснил из Далмации цезарианца Публия Корнелия Долабеллу и взял в плен Гая Антония.

В начале 48 года до н. э. Цезарь всё-таки высадился в Эпире. Либон снова попытался стать организовать мирные переговоры и для этого даже встретился с Гаем Юлием в Орике; но Цезарь направил послов напрямую к Помпею, а Луций не смог гарантировать их безопасность, так что затея провалилась. Вскоре умер Бибул, и Либон получил независимое командование. Его главной задачей было заблокировать в Брундизии армию Марка Антония, чтобы лишить Цезаря подкреплений. Но и в этом Луций потерпел неудачу.

После того, как Помпей был разгромлен при Фарсале и погиб, Либон примирился с Цезарем. Последующие несколько лет он провёл в Италии и Риме вдали от политической жизни. Известно, что Луций поддерживал дружеские отношения с Марком Туллием Цицероном, Титом Помпонием Аттиком и Марком Теренцием Варроном; что он писал «Анналы», которые получили признание в узком кругу.

Вершина карьеры
Либон снова вернулся в политику весной 44 года до н. э., после убийства Цезаря. Он возобновил переписку со своим зятем Секстом Помпеем, контролировавшим часть Испании, начал посещать заседания сената. Возглавившие цезарианскую «партию» триумвиры, в числе которых был старый противник Либона Марк Антоний, осенью 43 года до н. э. включили имя Луция в проскрипционные списки. Тогда он бежал к Сексту, установившему контроль над Сицилией, и занял видное место в окружении зятя. В 40 году до н. э., по окончании Перузийской войны, поставившей Рим на грань большого открытого конфликта между Октавианом и Антонием, Либон сопровождал мать последнего Юлию в Грецию к сыну, имея целью заключение союза между Антонием и Помпеем. Октавиан сделал ответный шаг, попросив у Либона руку его сестры. Тот ответил согласием.

Предпринятая Помпеем морская блокада Италии и вызванный ею голод показали триумвирам необходимость мира. Либон предложил им встретиться и договориться о взаимных уступках. Трёхсторонняя встреча (Помпея, Антония и Октавиана) произошла в Дикеархии (39 год до н. э.). Там был заключён мир, среди условий которого было назначение Либона консулом. Там же состоялась помолвка внучки Либона, дочери Секста Помпея, с племянником Октавиана Марком Клавдием Марцеллом.

Но этот брак не состоялся. Вскоре началась новая война между Октавианом и Помпеем, последний понёс полное поражение и бежал в Азию. Либон последовал за ним. Когда Помпей попал в безвыходную ситуацию, Либон перешёл на сторону Антония (35 год до н. э.). В следующем году он разделил с Антонием консульство.

Остаётся неясным, когда и как закончилась жизнь Луция Скрибония. Именно он может упоминаться в одном из актов арвальских братьев, датированном 21 годом до н. э.

Семья
У Луция Скрибония было предположительно трое детей: сын того же имени, женатый на внучке Гнея Помпея, дочь, ставшая женой Секста Помпея, и ещё один сын, адоптированный Марком Ливием Друзом Клавдианом и получивший имя Марк Ливий Друз Либон.

Примечания

Источники и литература

Источники

Литература

Ссылки

Консулы Римской республики I века до н. э.
Скрибонии Либоны
Флотоводцы Древнего Рима

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A massive shooting took place in Las Vegas on Oct. 30. Stephen Paddock, a 64-year-old man, killed 58 people and injured hundreds of others. He had 23 firearms in his hotel room and twelve of the rifles were modified with a "bump stock," which allows it to fire faster. In Nevada, "bump stocks" can be bought without a permit. All the purchases Paddock made were legal.


text:
require_relative 'DataLoader'
require_relative 'Team'
require_relative 'Table'
require_relative 'FixtureSet'
require_relative 'TableOptimizer'

TABLE_SIZE = 20

leagueTable = Table.new(TABLE_SIZE)
readTable(leagueTable)
remainingFixtures = FixtureSet.new
getRemainingFixtures(remainingFixtures, leagueTable)

leagueTable.display

puts "\n\nGenerating optimal table\n\n"

bestTable = TableOptimizer.getOptimalTable(leagueTable, remainingFixtures, "Liverpool")

leagueTable.display


text:
The Media Tourist
A spin through the latest movies on the road of pop culture!
By Neil Pond Movie Reviews
Guy Meets Gigabyte
A surprisingly sweet, audaciously witty, somewhat weird and ultimately warmhearted 'what if' about love in the not-so-far future
Starring Joaquin Phoenix, Amy Adams and the voice of Scarlett Johansson
Directed by Spike Jonze
R, 126 min.
Can you love someone who isn't really anyone? That's one of the questions at the heart of Her, in which a lonely writer in the not-so-distant future develops a romantic relationship with the operating system of his computer.
Think of Siri, the speech-recognition software that comes with an iPhone, or the "voice" that narrates routes mapped out by your vehicle's GPS navigational device.
Only Samantha (voiced by Scarlett Johansson), the first of an advanced new operating system (OS) product line, is much more than just a voice. She has personality and a powerful "artificial intelligence," and she immediately begins to wow her new owner Theodore (Joaquin Phoenix) with attention to his every need. She proofreads his work, composes music for their moments together, helps him play his favorite holographic videogame and sends him dirty-minded doodles that make him laugh.
Samantha "gets" Theo—understands him, relates to him—like no flesh-and-blood woman ever got him before. Soon enough, he begins to develop feelings for "her."
Written and directed by Spike Jonze (Where The Wild Things Are, Being John Malcovich, Adaptation) Her takes an old-fashioned romantic convention—guy meets girl—and runs it through an innovative wavelength of sci-fi wi-fi that at the same time doesn't seem all that out of sync with today. We never know when it takes place—presumably, it's only a couple of decades from now—but its scenes of people walking around with ear buds, constantly speaking commands for their portable devices to check email or play songs, look oddly contemporary.
Jonze's movie—nominated for four upcoming Academy Awards, including Best Picture—raises issues about relationships, intimacy, isolation, jealousy, sensory experience, and our connections to the technologies on which our lives have increasingly come to rely. Phoenix gives his usual standout, immersive performance in a very tricky role, playing to a co-star who isn't really "there" in a physical sense.
As for Samantha, heard but never seen, Johansson is mesmerizing, a warm, sensual, palpable "presence" that moves from Theo's head into his heart, re-awakening him in every way
Amy Adams frumps down her recent firecracker role in American Hustle to play Theo's old college friend with love problems of her own, and Rooney Mara portrays his soon-to-be ex-wife, scoffing at his inability to find and date a "real woman." Theo's co-worker (Chris Pratt from TV's Parks and Recreation), however, doesn't bat an eye when he finds out his girlfriend is an OS. Olivia Wilde has one scene as a date with doubts about Theo's abilities to commit.
At one point, Theodore plays a ukulele and plunks out a song for Samantha. It's a charming little tune about being "a million miles away" with the one you love. The very idea of a guy head-over-heels with a female voice coming out of a device in his shirt pocket may seem, indeed, w-a-a-ay out there. But Spike Jonze's surprisingly sweet, audaciously witty, somewhat weird and ultimately warmhearted "what if" makes you wonder if it's not so far off, after all.
—Neil Pond, American Profile Magazine
Tagged Academy Awards, American Hustle, Amy Adams, Chris Pratt, Her, Joaquin Phoenix, neil pond, Olivia Wilde, Oscars, Scarlett Johansson, Spike Jonze
3 thoughts on "Guy Meets Gigabyte"
thycriticman says:
That is so true. Initially, I was turned off by the idea but the film manages to actually make you think, "Hey, this might actually be the norm someday". Well written review.
Neil Pond says:
Thanks much, thycriticman. I was very impressed by much more than I had room to go into detail about in this review.
Oh yes, "Her" is one of those films that students can write essays on and have enough content to score the highest of grades. Same applies to a review. It can span 2000 words or more with everything that could be mentioned. No problem!
The Entertainment Forecast
Neil Pond
Bot Life
Loud & Clear
Party On! 'Babylon' Movie Review


text:
What was The English Beat drummer Everett Morton's cause of death?
EVERETT Morton was famously known as a Kittitian-born British drummer and percussionist from Birmingham, England.
Morton had been the drummer for the English band The Beat from 1978 up until his death on October 9, 2021.
Everett Morton was known as a professional drummer
On October 9, 2021, the Birmingham, England band announced Morton's death on Twitter.
The band wrote: "It is with great sadness that we have to announce the passing of Everett Morton, a beautiful and talented man.
"His family are naturally grieving. Please respect their privacy. RIP Gaffah!"
Despite being confirmed, a cause has yet to be released.
Morton was 71 years old at the time of his passing.


text:
Home Biography MyAnna Buring Bio, Facts, Age, Height, Agent, Husband, Instagram, Reddit, Net Worth...
MyAnna Buring Bio, Facts, Age, Height, Agent, Husband, Instagram, Reddit, Net Worth | Myanna Buring Movies and TV Shows
MyAnna Buring Bio
MyAnna Buring Career
MyAnna Buring Movies
MyAnna Buring Net Worth
MyAnna Buring is a famous Swedish actress whose popularity increased when she was cast in the 2005 horror film The Descent. More fans will recognize him in the Twilight Saga. Edna Braithwaite in Downton Abbey, as well as Susan Hart's role in Ripper Street, contributed to her popularity. Recently, she became part of Netflix's sci-fi series, The Vulture, in 2019.
Also, Read About: CHARMAINE PULIA BIO, FACTS, AGE, HUSBAND, NET WORTH, INSTAGRAM
She first debuted on TV in the series Prevention of Murder, where she played the role of Michelle Wayne. She played a major role in TV and film. In 2006, she appeared on the BBC's famous series, Doctor Who, as Scotty Manista. MyAnna Buring born MyAnna Margaretha Buring Rantapaa; 22 September 1979) is a Swedish actress, best known for her roles in The Descent, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 and Part 2 and Ripper Street.
Buring On September 22, 1979, in the town of Sundsvall, Sweden, I was born as a Margaretha Buring rantapaa, but grew up in the Middle East. She attended secondary school at the American British Academy in Muscat, Oman, with his childhood friend, Stegath Dorr, a character actor and a great horror filmmaker.
When she was turned 16, she moved to the UK and graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2004. She is the Associate Director of the Mah Waff Theater Company.
In 2006, a Buring guest-starred in "Impossible Planet", the first episode of the two-episode Doctor Who story. Her character, Scooty, was killed in space. Scenes floating toward the black hole of her body were filmed in an underwater tank at Pinewood Studios to create an impact on weight. In addition, in 2006, Buring played Olivia in a production of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, with Sally Weymouth and David Gollum, by the North Coast Theater Company in Exeter, and one at London's Fibro Theater by Michael Kingsbury. The new drama, Seduced, appeared in. In 2008, Buring acted as Alice in the independent film Credo, also known as The Devil's Curse.
Buring also worked as Debbie on Nothing About Moach Endow (BBC One), Midsummer Murder (ITV), Casualty (BBC One) and Murder Prevention (Channel 5). For Mahwaff Theater Company, she starred in The Guardians, a gathering for a couple and an inspector calls. Buring played Inspector George Gentley's series three, CND peace activist and student Adriana Dole in episode two, which was shown in the UK in October 2010 on BBC One.
In 2012, Bevering's BBC drama serials Blackout and Reaper played a significant role in Street. She also joined the cast of Downton Abbey, starring Edna Brathwaite in the 2012 Christmas special and fourth season. In December 2012, Buring played the lead character Karen Clark, a woman who is upset with her past and has finally come to terms with it, part two on The Poison Tree broadcast on ITV One.
In her first film role, Buring starred in the horror film The Descent in 2005, directed by Neil Marshall. Her character, Sam, was one of the main characters in the women who tried to break into an unsafe cave system. Buring also appeared in the film's sequel, The Descent Part 2, in the form of a flashback. She also starred in Doomsday in 2008, reuniting with Neil Marshall. In 2009, the film opposite Buring James Corden and Matthew Horne appeared as the female lead characters in lesbian vampire killers, which was released in UK cinemas on March 20, 2009.
In May 2010, she appeared alongside Sarah Douglas as Joseph at Witchville for SyFy in the United States. Buring has played the role of Tanya of Denali Koons in the Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 1 and Part 2. In 2011, the Buring Horror movie appeared in the Total List, in which he played the lead character's wife. MyAnna Buring Bio, Facts, Age, Height, Agent, Husband, Movies, Instagram, Reddit | Myanna Buring Movies and TV Shows.
Birth Name: MyAnna Buring
Marital Status: Un-Married
Hair Colour: Blue
Eye Colour: Blonde
Ethnicity: American
MyAnna Buring Height: 1.57 m
Children: no
MyAnna Buring Net Worth: $1 Million
MyAnna Buring Husband: single
MyAnna Buring's Net Worth is estimated as $1 Million.
MyAnna Buring Height
MyAnna Buring Husband
Myanna Buring Movies and TV Shows
MyAnna Buring Wiki
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text:
Throughout her illustrious career, Bernadette Peters has dazzled audiences and critics with her performances on stage, film, and television, in concert, and on recordings.
Best known for her work on stage, Bernadette recently starred on Broadway as Dolly Gallagher Levi in the hit musical, Hello, Dolly! She also enjoys a career which boasts an impressive list of television credits, including Amazon Prime's highly popular Mozart in the Jungle, which won the 2016 Golden Globe for Best TV Comedy or Musical series. She also appears in the CBS All-Access series, The Good Fight, a spin-off of the network's popular series The Good Wife.
One of Broadway's most critically acclaimed performers, Bernadette has won numerous accolades, including three Tony Awards, a Golden Globe, three Emmy and four Grammy Award nominations (as well as performing on four Grammy Award-winning albums), and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Other recent theater credits include City Center's Encores! Production, A Bed and a Chair: A New York Love Affair, featuring the music of Stephen Sondheim and orchestrations by Wynton Marsalis, and on Broadway, Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music and Follies.
Peters received both the Tony Award and Drama Desk Award for her performance in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Song and Dance. She earned her second Tony Award for her performance in Annie Get Your Gun. She also received Tony nominations for her outstanding performances in Sam Mendes' critically acclaimed revival of Gypsy (as Mama Rose), in Neil Simon's The Goodbye Girl, Stephen Sondheim's Pulitzer Prize-winning musical Sunday in the Park with George, the Jerry Herman/Gower Champion ode to the movies, Mack and Mabel, and the Leonard Bernstein/Comden and Green musical On the Town. In addition to these honors, Peters earned a Drama Desk nomination for her unforgettable portrayal of the Witch in Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods.
Other television credits include NBC-TV's Smash, ABC-TV's Grey's Anatomy, and Ugly Betty, to name a few. In addition to starring in the Lifetime TV movie Living Proof, Peters has lit up the silver screen in 17 films throughout her distinguished career. She received a Golden Globe Award for her memorable performance in Pennies From Heaven. Other film credits include The Jerk, The Longest Yard, Silent Movie, Annie, Pink Cadillac, Slaves of New York, Woody Allen's Alice, Impromptu, It Runs in the Family, and Coming Up Roses.
Bernadette has recorded six solo albums, including the Grammy-nominated I'll Be Your Baby Tonight, Sondheim, Etc.: Bernadette Peters Live at Carnegie Hall, and Bernadette Peters Loves Rodgers & Hammerstein, in addition to numerous original Broadway cast recordings.
Peters devotes her time and talents to numerous events that benefit Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS. Her "pet project" Broadway Barks, co-founded with Mary Tyler Moore, is an annual, star-studded dog and cat adoption event that benefits shelter animals throughout the New York City area. She is a New York Times best-selling author who has penned three children's books: Broadway Barks, Stella Is a Star, and Stella and Charlie: Friends Forever. All of her proceeds from the sale of these books benefit Broadway Barks. Peters resides in New York with her rescue dogs, Charlie and Rosalia.


Includes both single or double storey terraces.
WELCOME TO ABSOLUTE ATTICS, THE SPACE MAKERS!
Proud Winners of the MBA NSW Excellence in Housing Awards – 2007, 2008, 2010 Winners /2009 Merit - State Award – Best House Alterations /Additions /Renovations $150,001.00 to $250,000.00 Design and Construct.
With over 40 years' experience in the building industry Absolute Attics and Absolute Drafting has grown to become Sydney's premier attic conversion company. This has been achieved through our sound knowledge of design, planning requirements, construction methods and our high ethical standards. Our reputation for quality and service has been earned over many years through our ability to successfully complete our projects on time and on budget.
Whilst we offer a complete package of 'concept to completion' we can be engaged at any stage of a project that a client requires assistance. As attic conversions are still considered a niche' in the building industry we are often contacted by those who have had their projects stall due to lack of expertise in the numerous areas of compliance.
Another potential advantage to our clients is our comprehensive knowledge of renovations and additions. This is often utilised as many clients choose to undertake additional work on their home as well as the attic conversion, for example – they update kitchens and bathrooms, alter the existing layout or want some extra room by extending their home downstairs as well.


text:
Leslie Ann Jones är en flerfaldig Grammyvinnare som producerat och mixat åt bland andra Dianne Reeves, Carmen McRae, Quincy Jones och Wayne Shorter. Hon har varit mix/sounddesigner på filmer som Apocalypse Now, Lost Highway och Requiem for a Dream, skrivit musiken till TV-spel som Star Wars: The Force Unleashed och Gears of War 2 och producerat ett flertal feministiska musiker och aktivister, bland andra Holly Near och Cris Williamson.

Karriär
ABC Studios, Los Angeles (1975–1978)
The Automatt, San Francisco (1978–1984)
Frilansande tekniker (1984–1987)
Capitol Records, Hollywood (1987–1997)
Skywalker Sound, Marin County (1997–nutid)

Producerade album, i urval
 (Con Funk Shun )
 (Angela Bofill)
  (Angela Bofill)
 (Meg Christian)
 (William Edward Childs)
 (David Benoit)
 (William Edward Childs)
 (Kim Carnes)
 (Miles Davis och Quincy Jones )
 (Alix Dobkin)
 (Margie Adam)
 (David Axelrod)
 (Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra )
 (Rosemary Clooney)
 (Rosemary Clooney)
 (Dee Dee Bridgewater)
 (Rosemary Clooney)
 (Rosemary Clooney)
 (Rosemary Clooney)
 (Rosemary Clooney)
 (Rosemary Clooney)
 (Rosemary Clooney)
 (Debby Boone)
 (Richard Barone)

Referenser

Amerikanska musikproducenter
Kvinnor
Levande personer
Födelseår saknas


"Waste not, want not!" is my motto, when it comes to about everything in my life. But you already knew that when I told you how to freeze extra produce to save money.
Lately I have been on a watermelon kick, and already told you about the benefits of eating the WHOLE watermelon, not just the delicious pink flesh. When I shared the Watermelon Rind Smoothie Recipe, I received a very curious email from…the National Watermelon Promotion Board. Who knew organizations like that existed? However, that was a good surprise. When I got the email, I checked out their web-site and was inspired to think outside the box to use watermelon rind in more than one way. I especially was intrigued by the Watermelon Rind, Carrot and Pineapple Slaw. I decided to make extra healthy and vegan friendly. I was anticipating the final results, as I was making it, and was not disappointed. I was greeted by a multi-layered, explosive taste experience of the final product.
Here is my watermelon creation for you to enjoy.
Nutrient packed salad that will help you use every part of watermelon.
I guarantee that you will love this unexpected creation. While it is filled with nutrients it is also packed with the most amazing flavors.
Make it, let me know what you thought about it and make sure to share it with everyone around the world wide web. Let's make this world a healthier place one delicious bite at a time.


text:
Stephan Schulz-Winge (born September 13, 1974) is a German former footballer who played as a midfielder. He spent four seasons in the Bundesliga with Borussia Mönchengladbach.

References

1974 births
Living people
German footballers
Association football midfielders
Borussia Mönchengladbach players
Borussia Mönchengladbach II players
FC 08 Homburg players
VfB Remscheid players
KFC Uerdingen 05 players
1. FC Kleve players
TuRU Düsseldorf players
Bundesliga players
Sportspeople from Neuss
Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia


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text:
1.5.1.Tense
This section discusses the binary tense system originally proposed by Te Winkel (1866) and briefly outlined above, which is based on three binary oppositions: present versus past, imperfect versus perfect, and non-future versus future. Te Winkel was not so much concerned with the properties ascribed to time in physics or in philosophy, which heavily influenced the currently dominant view that follows Reichenbach's (1947) seminal work, which is based on two ternary oppositions: (i) past—present—future and (ii) anterior-simultaneous-posterior. Instead, Te Winkel had a (surprisingly modern) mentalistic view on the study of language, and was mainly interested in the properties of time as encoded in the tense systems found in natural language. Verkuyl (2008:ch.1) compared the two systems and argued that Te Winkel's system is more successful in describing the universal properties of tense than the Reichenbachian systems for reasons that we will review after we have discussed the details of Te Winkel/Verkuyl's binary approach.
I. Binary tense theory: time from a linguistic perspective
A. The present-tense interval
B. The four present tenses defined by Binary Tense Theory
1. Simple present
2. Present perfect
3. Future
4. Future perfect
5. The need to distinguish i and j
C. The past-tense interval
D. The four past tenses defined by Binary Tense Theory
1. Simple past
2. Past perfect
3. Future in the past
4. Future perfect in the past
E. The choice between present and past: a matter of perspective
1. Supratemporality
2. Sequence of tense
3. Past-tense examples with the future adverbs like morgen'tomorrow'
4. Present-tense examples with past adverbs like gisteren'yesterday'
5. Non-rigid designators
II. A comparison with Reichenbach's approach
[+] I. Binary tense theory: time from a linguistic perspective
Verkuyl (2008) refers to Te Winkel's (1866) proposal as the binary tense system, given that the crucial distinctions proposed by Te Winkel can be expressed by means of the three binary features in (229).
Example 229
a. ±past: present versus past
b. ±posterior: future versus non-future
c. ±perfect: imperfect versus perfect
The three binary features in (229) define eight different tenses, which are illustrated in Table 9 by means of examples in the first person singular form.
Table 9: The Dutch tense system according to Verkuyl (2008)
present past
synchronous imperfect simple present
Ik wandel.
I walk simple past
Ik wandelde.
I walked
perfect present perfect
Ik heb gewandeld.
I have walked past perfect
Ik had gewandeld.
I had walked
posterior imperfect future
Ik zal wandelen.
I will walk future in the past
Ik zou wandelen.
I would walk
perfect future perfect
Ik zal hebben gewandeld.
I will have walked future perfect in the past
Ik zou hebben gewandeld.
I would have walked
The features in (229) are in need of some further explication, which will be given in the following subsections. For clarity of presentation, we will focus on the temporal interpretations cross-linguistically attributed to the tenses in Table 9 and postpone discussion of the more special temporal and the non-temporal aspects of their interpretations in Dutch to, respectively, Section 1.5.2 and Section 1.5.4.
[+] A. The present-tense interval
Binary Tense theory crucially differs from the Reichenbachian approaches in that it does not identify the notion of present with the notion of speech time. Keeping the notions of speech time and present strictly apart turns out to offer important advantages. For example, it allows us to treat tense as part of a developing discourse: shifting of the speech time does not necessarily lead to shifting of the present. In a binary system, the present tense can be seen as not referring to the speech time n but to some larger temporal domain i that includesn. The basic idea is that the use of the present-tense form signals that the speaker is speaking about eventualities as occurring in his or her present even though these eventualities need not occur at the point of speech itself. This can be illustrated by the fact that a speaker could utter an example such as (230a) on Tuesday to express that he is dedicating the whole week (that is, the stretch of time from Monday till Sunday) to writing the section on the tense system mentioned in (230a). It is also evident from the fact that this example can be followed in discourse by the utterances in (230b-d), which subdivide the present-tense interval evoked by the adverbial phrase deze week'this week' in (230a) into smaller subparts.
a. Ik werk deze week aan de paragraaf over het tempussysteem.
I work this week on the section about the tense system
'This week, I'm working on the section on the tense system.'
b. Gisteren heb ik de algemene opbouw vastgesteld.
yesterday have I the overall organization prt.-determined
'Yesterday, I determined the overall organization.'
c. Vandaag schrijf ik de inleiding.
simple present
today write I the introduction
'Today, I'm writing the introduction.'
d. Daarna zal ik de acht temporele vormen beschrijven.
after.that will I the eight tense forms describe
'After that, I will describe the eight tense forms.'
e. Ik zal het zaterdag wel voltooid hebben.
I will it Saturday prt. completed have
'I probably will have finished it on Saturday.'
The sequence of utterances in (230) thus shows that what counts as the present for the speaker/hearer constitutes a temporal domain that consists of several subdomains, each of them denoted by a temporal adverbial phrase that locates the four eventualities expressed by (230b-e) more precisely within the interval denoted by deze week'this week' in (230a). Following Verkuyl (2008) the global structure of a present domain is depicted in Figure 6, in which the dotted line represents the time line, n stands for the speech time, and i for the time interval that is construed as the present for the speaker/hearer. The role of the rightward shifting speech time n is to split the present-tense intervali into an actualized part ia (the present preceding n) and a non-actualized part i◊ (the present following n).
Figure 6: The present-tense interval i
It is important to realize that present-tense interval i is contextually determined. In the discourse chunk in (230), it may seem as if the present i is defined by the adverbial phrase deze week'this week', but (231) shows that the present-tense interval can readily be stretched by embedding (230a) in a larger story in the present tense.
We werken nu al jaren aan een grammatica van het Nederlands. De eerste delen zijn al afgerond en we beginnen nu aan het deel over het werkwoord. Deze week werk ik aan de paragraaf over het temporele systeem. [continue as in (230b-d)]
'We have been working for years on a grammar of Dutch. The first volumes are already finished and we are beginning now with the part on verbs. This week I am working on the section on the tense system. [....]'
Example (232) in fact shows that we can stretch the present-tense interval i indefinitely, given that this sentence involves an eternal or perhaps even everlasting present.
Sinds de oerknal breidt het heelal zich in alle richtingen uit en waarschijnlijk zal dat voortduren tot het einde der tijden.
since the Big Bang expands the universe refl in all directions prt. and probably will that continue until the end thegen times
'Since the Big Bang the universe is expanding in all directions and probably that will continue until the end of time.'
Ultimately, it is the shared extra-linguistic knowledge of the speaker and the hearer that determines what counts as the present-tense interval, and, consequently, which eventualities can be discussed by using present-tense forms. This was already pointed out by Janssen (1983) by means of examples such as (233); the extent of the presumed present-tense interval is determined (i) by the difference between the lifespan of, respectively, planets and human individuals, and (ii) by the fact that "being a stutterer" and "being ill" are normally construed as, respectively, an individual-level and a stage-level predicate.
a. De aarde is rond.
the earth is round
b. Jan is een stotteraar.
Jan is a stutterer
c. Jan is ziek.
Jan is ill
Following Verkuyl (2008), we can define Te Winkel's binary oppositions by means of the indices i and n, which were introduced previously, and the indices j and k, which pertain to the temporal location of the eventuality (state of affairs) denoted by the main verb, or, rather, the lexical projection of this verb. We have already mentioned that the defining property of the present domain is that it includes speech time n, which is expressed in (234a) by means of the connector "○". Verkuyl assumes that the present differs from the past in that past-tense interval i precedes speech time n, as indicated in (234b); we will see in Subsection C, however, that there are reasons not to follow this assumption.
The feature ±past (to be revised)
a. Present: i ○ n
i includes speech time n
b. Past: i < n
i precedes speech time n
The index j will be taken as the temporal domain in which eventuality k is located. In other words, every eventuality k has not only its running time, but it has also its own present j, which may vary depending on the way we talk about it. In the examples in (230), for instance, the location of the present j of k is indicated by means of adverbial phrases; in example (230d), for instance, the adverbial phrase daarna restricts j to the time interval following Tuesday, and the semantic representation of (230d) is therefore as schematically indicated in Figure 7, in which the line below k indicates the actual running time of the eventuality.
Figure 7: Eventuality k and its present j
It is important to note that, due to the use of the present-tense form in (230d), the notion of future is to be reduced to the relation of posteriority within the present domain. The difference between non-future and future is that in the former case the present j of eventuality k can synchronize with any subpart of i, whereas in the latter case it cannot synchronize with any subpart of the actualized part of the present, that is, it must be situated in the non-actualized part i◊ of what counts as the present for the speaker/hearer. This is expressed in (235) by means of the connectors "≈" and "<".
The feature ±posterior
a. Non-future: i ≈ j
i and j synchronize
b. Future: ia < j
ia precedes j
The difference between imperfect and perfect tense pertains to the relation between eventuality k and its present j. In the latter case k is presented as completed within j, whereas in the former case it is left indeterminate whether or not k is completed within j. Or, to say it somewhat differently, the perfect presents k as a discrete, bounded unit, whereas the imperfect does not. This is expressed in (236) by means of the connectors "≼" and "≺".
The feature ±perfect
a. imperfect: k ≼ j
k need not be completed within j
b. Perfect: k ≺ j
k is completed within j
[+] B. The four present tenses defined by Binary Tense Theory
The following subsections will show that the four present tenses in Table 9 in the introduction to this subsection differ with respect to (i) the location of eventuality k denoted by the lexical projection of the main verb within present-tense interval i, and (ii) whether or not it is presented as completed within its own present-tense interval j. Recall that we will focus on the temporal interpretations cross-linguistically attributed to the tenses in Table 9 and postpone the discussion of the more special temporal and the non-temporal aspects of their interpretations in Dutch to Section 1.5.4.
[+] 1. Simple present
The simple present expresses that eventuality k takes place during present-tense interval i. This can be represented by means of Figure 8, in which index j is taken to be synchronous to the present i of the speaker/hearer ( j = i) by default. The continuous part of the line below k indicates that the preferred reading of an example such as Ik wandel'I am walking' is that eventuality k overlaps with the moment of speech n.
Figure 8: Simple present ( Ik wandel'I am walking')
In many languages, including Dutch, the implication that k holds at the moment of speech n can readily be canceled by means of, e.g., adverbial modification: the simple present example (237) with the adverbial phrase morgen'tomorrow' can be used to refer to some future eventuality k.
Ik wandel morgen.
I walk tomorrow
'I'll walk tomorrow.'
This is, of course, to be expected on the basis of the definition of present in (234a), which states that the present-tense interval i must include speech time n, but does not impose any restrictions on j or k. Although we will briefly return to this issue in Subsection 5, we will postpone a more thorough discussion of this to Section 1.5.4, where we will show that this use of the simple present is a characteristic property of languages that do not express the future within the verbal tense system but by other means, such as adverbials.
[+] 2. Present perfect
The default reading of the present perfect is that eventuality k takes place before speech time n, that is, eventuality k is located in the actualized part of the present-tense interval ia ( j = ia). In addition, the present perfect presents eventuality k as a discrete, bounded unit that is completed within time interval j that therefore cannot be continued after n; this is represented in Figure 9 by means of the short vertical line after the continuous line below k.
Figure 9: Present perfect ( Ik heb gewandeld'I have walked')
A sentence like Ik heb gisteren gewandeld'I walked yesterday' can now be fully understood: since neither the definition of present in (234a) nor the definition of perfect in (236b) imposes any restriction on the location of j (or k) with respect to n, the adverb gisteren'yesterday' may be analyzed as an identifier of jon the assumption that yesterday is part of a larger present-tense interval i that includes speech time n. This explains the possibility of using the present-tense form heeft'has' together with an adverbial phrase referring to a time interval preceding n.
In many languages, including Dutch, the implication that k takes place before speech time n can readily be canceled by means of, e.g., adverbial modification: the present perfect example (238) with the adverb morgen'tomorrow' can be used to refer to some future eventuality k. Again, this is to be expected given that neither the definition of present in (234a) nor the definition of perfect in (236b) imposes any restriction on the location of j (or k) with respect to n; we will return to this issue in Section 1.5.4.
Ik heb je paper morgen zeker gelezen.
I have your paper tomorrow certainly read
'I'll certainly have read your paper by tomorrow.'
In the literature there is extensive discussion about whether perfect-tense constructions should be considered temporal or aspectual in nature. The position that individual linguists take often depends on the specific tense and aspectual theory they endorse. Since the characterization of the perfect tense in the binary (and the Reichenbachian) tense theory does not appeal to the internal temporal structure of the event, this allows us to adopt a non-aspectual view of the perfect tense. The non-aspectual view may also be supported by the fact that the use of the perfect tense does not affect the way in which the internal structuring of eventuality k is presented; it is rather the interaction of perfect tense and Aktionsart (inner aspect) that should be held responsible for that. This will become clear when we consider the contrast between the atelic (states and activities) and telic (accomplishments and achievements) eventualities in (239). We refer the reader to Section 1.2.3 for a discussion of the different kinds of Aktionsart.
a. Jan heeft zijn hele leven van Marie gehouden.
Jan has always of Marie loved
'Jan has loved Marie always.'
b. Jan heeft vanmorgen aan zijn dissertatie gewerkt.
Jan has this.morning on his dissertation worked
'Jan has worked on his PhD thesis all morning.'
c. Jan is vanmorgen uit Amsterdam vertrokken.
Jan is this.morning from Amsterdam left
'Jan left Amsterdam this morning.'
d. Jan heeft de brief vanmorgen geschreven.
Jan has the letter this.morning written
'Jan wrote the letter this morning.'
All examples in (239) present the eventualities as autonomous units that (under the default reading) are completed at or before speech time n. This does not imply, however, that eventualities cannot be continued or resumed after n. This is in fact quite natural in the case of atelic verbs: an example such as (239a) does not entail that Jan will not love Marie after speech time n as is clear from the fact that it can readily be followed by ... en hij zal dat wel altijd blijven doen'and he will probably continue to do so forever'. Likewise, example (239b) does not imply that Jan will not continue his work on his thesis after speech time n as is clear from the fact that (239b) can readily be followed by ... en hij zal daar vanmiddag mee doorgaan'... and he will continue doing that in the afternoon'. The telic events in (239c&d), on the other hand, do imply that the events have reached their implied endpoint and can therefore not be continued after speech time n. The examples in (239) thus show that the internal temporal structure of the eventualities is not affected by the perfect tense but determined by the Aktionsart of the verbs/verbal projections in question. From this we conclude that the perfect is not aspectual in nature but part of the tense system; see Verkuyl (2008:20-27) for a more detailed discussion.
[+] 3. Future
The future expresses that eventuality k takes place after speech time n, that is, eventuality k is located in the non-actualized part of the present-tense interval ( j = i◊).
Figure 10: Future ( Ik zal wandelen'I will walk')
The implication of Figure 10 is that eventuality k cannot take place during ia, but example (240) shows that this implication can be readily cancelled in languages like Dutch. In fact, this will be one of the reasons for denying that willen functions as a future auxiliary in Dutch. We will return to this in Sections 1.5.2 and 1.5.4.
Jan zal je paper lezen. Misschien heeft hij het al gedaan.
Jan will your paper read maybe has he it already done
'Jan will read your paper. Maybe he has already done it. '
[+] 4. Future perfect
The interpretation of the future perfect is similar to that of the future, but differs in two ways: (i) it is not necessary that the eventuality k has started after n and (ii) it is implied that the state of affairs is completed before the time span i◊has come to an end.
Figure 11: Future perfect (Ik zal hebben gewandeld 'I will have walked')
The implication of Figure 11 is again that eventuality k cannot take place during ia, but example (241) shows that this implication can be readily cancelled in languages like Dutch by means of, e.g., adverbial modification. We will put this non-future reading aside for the moment but return to it in Sections 1.5.2 and 1.5.4.
Jan zal je paper ondertussen waarschijnlijk wel gelezen hebben.
Jan will your paper by.now probably prt read have
'Jan will probably have read your paper by now.'
The main difference between the future and the future perfect is that in the former the focus is on the progression of the eventuality (without taking into account its completion), whereas in the latter the focus is on the completion of the eventuality k in j. This difference is often somewhat subtle in the case of states and activities but transparent in the case of telic events. Whereas the future tense in example (242a) expresses that the process of melting will start or take place after speech time n, the future perfect example in (242b) simply expresses that the completion of the melting process will take place in some j that is positioned in i◊; the future perfect leaves entirely open whether the melting process started before, after or at n.
a. Het ijs zal vanavond smelten.
the ice will tonight melt
'The ice will melt tonight.'
b. Het ijs zal vanavond gesmolten zijn.
the ice will tonight melted be
'The ice will have melted tonight.'
In (243), similar examples are given with the accomplishment die brief schrijven: (243a) places the entire eventuality after the time n, whereas (243b) does not seem to make any claim about the starting point of the eventuality but simply expresses that the eventuality will be completed after n (but within i◊).
a. Jan zal vanavond die brief schrijven.
Jan will tonight that letter write
'Jan will write that letter tonight.'
b. Jan zal vanavond die brief geschreven hebben.
Jan will tonight that letter written have
'Jan will have written that letter by tonight.'
For the moment, we will ignore the difference between future and future perfect with respect to the starting point of the state of affairs, but we will return to this in Section 1.5.2, where we will challenge the claim that zullen is a future auxiliary.
[+] 5. The need to distinguish i and j
In the tense representations given in the previous subsections, we made a distinction between the present i of the speaker/hearer, on the one hand, and the present j of eventuality k, on the other. Although the latter is always included in the former, it can readily be shown that the distinction need be made. This may not be so clear in examples such as (244a), in which j seems to synchronize with the entire present-tense interval i of the speaker/hearer. Adverbial phrases of time, however, may cause j to synchronize to a subpart of i: the adverb vandaag'today' in (244b) refers to a subpart of i that includes n, and morgen'tomorrow' in (244c) refers to a subpart of i situated ini◊.
a. We zijn thuis.
we are at.home
'We are at home.'
b. We zijn vandaag thuis.
we are today at.home
c. We zijn morgen thuis.
we are tomorrow at.home
That it is j and not the present-tense interval i that is affected by adverbial modification is also clear from the fact that it is possible to have present-tense examples such as (245), in which the two adverbial phrases refer to two subdomains within i.
We zijn vandaag thuis en morgen in Utrecht.
we are today at.home and tomorrow in Utrecht
Entailments are furthermore computed on the basis of j and not the present-tense interval i. Example (244b), in which j synchronizes with a subpart of i that includes n, does not say anything about the whereabouts of the speaker yesterday or tomorrow, even when these time intervals are construed as part of present-tense interval i. That entailments are computed on the basis of j and not i is even clearer in example (244c), in which j synchronizes with (a subpart of) i◊; this example does not say anything about the whereabouts of the speaker at speech time n, which clearly shows that the state of affairs does not have to hold during the complete present-tense interval i. It is only in cases such as (244a), without a temporal modifier, that we conclude (by default) that the state of affairs holds for the complete present-tense interval i.
[+] C. The past-tense interval
The examples in (246) show that, like the present tense, the past tense involves some larger time interval, which can be divided into smaller subdomains. A speaker can utter an example such as (246a) to report on Els' activities during the past-tense interval evoked by the adverbial phrase vorige week'last week'. This utterance can be followed in discourse by the utterances in (246b-d), which subdivide this past-tense interval into smaller subparts in a fashion completely parallel to the way in which the present-tense examples in (230b-d) subdivide the present-tense interval evoked by the adverbial phrase deze week'this week' in (230a).
a. Els werkte vorige week aan de paragraaf over het temporele systeem.
Els worked last week on the section about the tense system
'Last week, Els was working on the section on the tense system.'
b. Op maandag had ze de algemene opbouw vastgesteld.
on Monday had she the overall organization prt.-determined
'On Monday, she had determined the overall organization.'
c. Op dinsdag schreef ze de inleiding.
on Tuesday wrote she the introduction
'On Tuesday, she wrote the introduction.'
d. Daarna zou ze de acht temporele vormen beschrijven.
future in past
after.that would she the eight tense forms describe
'After that, she would describe the eight tense forms.'
e. Ze zou het zaterdag wel voltooid hebben.
future perfect in past
she would it Saturday prt completed have
'She probably would have finished it on Saturday.'
The striking parallelism between the four present-tense forms and the four past-tense forms makes it possible to assume that the mental representations of the past tenses are similar to the ones for the present tenses except for n. To account for the striking parallelism between the four present tenses and the four past tenses, we will assume that the past tenses are defined by means of a virtual "speech-time-in-the past", which we will refer to as n'. To make this a bit more concrete, assume that the speaker of the discourse chunk in (246) is telling about a conversation he has had with Els. We may then identify n' with the moment that the conversation took place; the speaker is repeating the information provided by Els from the perspective of that specific point in time. This leads to the representation in Figure 12, in which the dotted line represents the time line, index i stands for the time interval that is construed as the past (that is, the then-present) for the speaker/hearer, ia for the actualized part of the past at n', and i◊for the non-actualized part of the past at n'.
Figure 12: The past-tense interval i
In what follows we will show that the four past tenses in Table 9 differ with respect to the way in which they locate the eventuality k in past-tense interval i. Before we start doing this, we want to point out that the present proposal diverges in one crucial respect from the proposal in Verkuyl (2008). In Figure 12, we placed speech time n external to i and Verkuyl indeed claims that this is a defining property of the past-tense interval i, as is clear from his definition of present and past tense given in Subsection A, which is repeated here as (247).
The idea that the past-tense interval must precede speech time n does not seem to follow from anything in the system. There is, for example, no a priori reason for rejecting the idea that, like the present-tense interval, the past-tense interval can be stretched indefinitely, and is thus able to include speech time n. In the subsections below, we will in fact provide empirical evidence that inclusion of n is possible. For example, the future in the past and future perfect in the past examples in (248) show that eventuality k can readily be placed after speech time n.
a. Marie zou morgen vertrekken.
Marie would tomorrow leave
'Marie would leave tomorrow.'
b. Marie zou oma morgen bezocht hebben.
Marie would grandma tomorrow visited have
'Marie would have visited Grandma tomorrow.'
In order to formally account for the acceptability of examples such as (248), Broekhuis & Verkuyl (2014) adapted the definition in (247b) as in (249b). Note that the examples in (248) also have a modal meaning component; we will ignore this for the moment but return to it in Section 1.5.2.
The feature ±past (adapted version)
b. Past: i ○ n'
i includes virtual speech-time-in-the-past n'
The definitions in (249) leave the core of the binary tense system unaffected given that they maintain the asymmetry between the present and the past but now on the basis of an opposition between the now-present (characterized by the inclusion of n) and the then-present (characterized by the inclusion of n'). The now-present could be seen as the time interval that is immediately accessible to and directly relevant for the speaker/hearer-in-the-present, whereas the then-present should rather be seen as the time interval accessible to and relevant for some speaker/hearer-in-the-past; see Janssen (1983:324ff.) and Boogaart & Janssen (2007) for a review of a number of descriptions in cognitive terms of the distinction between past and present that may prove useful for sharpening the characterization of the now- and then-present proposed here. The definition of past in (249b) is also preferred to the one in (247b) for theoretical reasons: first, it formally accounts for the parallel architecture of the present and the past and, second, it solves the problem that n' did not play an explicit role in the definition of the three binary oppositions given in Subsection A, and was therefore left undefined.
[+] D. The four past tenses defined by Binary Tense Theory
The following subsections will show that the four past tenses in Table 9 in the introduction to this subsection differ with respect to (i) the location of eventuality k denoted by the lexical projection of the main verb within present-tense interval i, and (ii) whether or not it is presented as completed within its own past-tense interval j. Recall that we will focus on the temporal interpretations cross-linguistically attributed to the tenses in Table 9 and postpone the discussion of the more special temporal and the non-temporal aspects of their interpretations in Dutch to Section 1.5.4.
[+] 1. Simple past
The simple past expresses that eventuality k takes place during past-tense interval i. This can be expressed by means of Figure 13, in which the continuous line below k refers to the time interval during which the eventuality holds. The continuous line below k indicates that the default reading of an example such as Ik wandelde'I was walking' is that eventuality k takes place at n'.
Figure 13: Simple past ( Ik wandelde'I was walking')
By stating that j = i, Figure 13 also expresses that the simple past does not have any implications for the time preceding or following the relevant past-tense interval i: the eventuality k may or may not hold before/after i. Thus, an example such as (250) does not say anything about the speaker's feelings on the day before yesterday or today. This also implies that the simple past cannot shed any light on the issue of whether speech time n can be included in past-tense interval i.
Ik was gisteren erg gelukkig.
I was yesterday very happy
'I was very happy yesterday.'
[+] 2. Past perfect
The default reading of the past perfect is that eventuality k takes place before n', that is, k is located in the actualized past-tense interval ia ( j = ia). In addition, the past perfect presents the eventuality as a discrete, bounded unit that is completed within time interval j, that is, cannot be continued after n'; this is again represented by means of the short vertical line after the continuous line below k. Given that k precedes n' and n' precedes n, k also precedes n, which implies that examples of this type cannot shed any light on whether speech time n can be included in the past-tense interval i.
Figure 14: Past perfect ( Ik had gewandeld'I had walked')
[+] 3. Future in the past
The future in the past expresses that the eventuality k takes place after n', that is, k is located in the non-actualized part of the past-tense interval ( j = i◊).
Figure 15: Future in the past ( Ik zou wandelen'I would walk')
The future in the past examples in (251b&c) show that speech time n can be included in the past-tense interval. We have already seen above that this refutes the definition of past in (247b) and supports the revised definition in (249b).
a. Els zou gisteren wandelen.
Els would yesterday walk
b. Els zou vandaag wandelen.
Els would today walk
c. Els zou morgen wandelen.
Els would tomorrow walk
[+] 4. Future perfect in the past
The interpretation of the future perfect in the past is similar to that of the future in the past, but requires the state of affairs to be completed within time span i◊.
Figure 16: Future perfect in past (Ik zou hebben gewandeld'I would have walked')
The difference between the future in the past and the future perfect in the past is parallel to the difference between the future and the future perfect discussed in Subsection A: in future in the past examples such as (252a) the focus is on the progression of the eventuality, which is placed in its entirety after n', whereas in future perfect in the past examples such as (252b) the focus is on the completion of the eventuality and no particular claim is made concerning the starting point of the event.
a. Het ijs zou gisteren smelten.
the ice would yesterday melt
'The ice would melt yesterday.'
b. Het ijs zou gisteren gesmolten zijn.
the ice will yesterday melted be
'The ice would have melted yesterday.'
Similar examples with the achievement die brief schrijven are given in (253): the future in the past in (253a) locates the entire eventuality after n', whereas the future perfect in the past in (253b) does not seem to make any claim about the starting point of the eventuality but simply expresses that the eventuality will be completed after n' (but within i◊).
a. Jan zou gisteren die brief schrijven.
Jan would yesterday that letter write
'Jan would write that letter yesterday.'
b. Jan zou gisteren die brief geschreven hebben.
Jan would yesterday that letter written have
'Jan would have written that letter yesterday.'
The examples in (254) with the adverbial phrase morgen'tomorrow' show that the future perfect in the past provides evidence in favor of the claim that speech time n can be included in the past-tense interval. We have already seen that this refutes the definition of past in (247b) and supports the revised definition in (249b).
a. Het ijs zou morgen gesmolten zijn.
the ice will tomorrow melted be
'The ice would have melted tonight.'
b. Jan zou morgen die brief geschreven hebben.
Jan would tomorrow that letter written have
'Jan would have written a letter tomorrow.'
[+] E. The choice between present and past: a matter of perspective
So far, we have discussed the three binary features in (255) assumed within Te Winkel/Verkuyl's binary tense theory: these features define four present and four past tenses, which were exemplified in Table 9.
Subsections A and C discussed the default interpretations assigned to these present and past tenses by Verkuyl (2008). We also discussed Verkuyl's formalizations of the features in (255) and saw that there was reason to somewhat adapt the definition of +past. This resulted in the set of definitions in (256).
a'. Past: i ○ n'
b. Non-future: i ≈ j
b'. Future: ia < j
c. Imperfect: k ≼ j
c'. Perfect: k ≺ j
An important finding of the previous subsections is that in principle the present and past interval can be indefinite, with the result that the past-tense interval may include speech time n. This means that the present and the past do not refer to mutually exclusive temporal domains and, consequently, that it should be possible to discuss eventualities both as part of the past and as part of the present domain. This subsection provides evidence in favor of this position and will argue that the choice between the two options is a matter of perspective, that is, whether the eventuality is viewed from the perspective of speech time n or the virtual speech time in the past n'.
[+] 1. Supratemporality
The use of adverbial phrases of time in sentences with a past tense may introduce a so-called supratemporal ambiguity; cf. Verkuyl (2008:118-123). This ambiguity is especially visible when the adverbial phrase occupies the first position of the sentence, as in (257).
a. Om vijf uur ging Marie weg.
at 5 o'clock went Marie away
'Marie would leave at 5 o'clock.'
b. Een uur geleden had Marie nog zwart haar.
an hour ago had Marie still black hair
'An hour ago Marie still had black hair.'
The two sentences in (257) have a run-of-the-mill "real event" interpretation in the sense that the sentence is about Marie's departure or about Marie having black hair at the time indicated by the adverbial phrase; in such cases the adverbial phrase functions as a regular temporal modifier of the time interval j that includes eventuality k. There is, however, also a supratemporal interpretation in which the eventuality itself does not play any particular role apart from being the topic of discussion. On this interpretation, the speaker of (257a) expresses that his most recent information about Marie's departure goes back to five o'clock. This means that the adverbial phrase om vijf uur'at five o'clock' thus does not pertain to the location of the eventuality on the time axis but to the speaker: "according to my information at five oclock, the situation was such that Marie would be leaving". In a similar way, (257b) may be interpreted as a correction of a mistake signaled by the speaker in, e.g., a manuscript; the sentence is not about the character Marie but about information about the character Marie: "An hour ago, I read that Marie is black-haired (but now it is mentioned that Jan is fond of her auburn hair)".
Past-tense clauses are compatible with future eventualities on a supratemporal reading. Consider a situation in which the speaker is discussing Els' plans for some time interval after speech time n. He may then compare the information available at two different moments in time: sentence (258a), for example, compares the information that the speaker had yesterday with the information that he has just received. The first conjunct of (258a) also illustrates that past-tense clauses with a supratemporal reading are compatible with locating the eventuality k after speech time; the speaker's talk is located in the speaker's future. Example (258b) in fact shows that it is even possible to make the future location of k explicit by means of a second adverbial phrase like morgen'tomorrow', particularly when adding the particle nog right behind gisteren'yesterday'; see Boogaart & Janssen (2007) for similar examples.
a. Gisteren zou Els mijn lezing bijwonen, maar nu gaat ze op vakantie.
yesterday would Els my talk attend but now goes she on holiday
'As of yesterday, the plan was that Els would attend my lecture but now I have information that she'll be going on holiday.'
b. Gisteren (nog) zou Els morgen mijn lezing bijwonen, maar nu gaat ze op vakantie.
yesterday prt would Els tomorrow my lecture attend but now goes she on holiday
'As of yesterday, the plan was that Els would attend my talk tomorrow but now I have information that she'll be going on holiday.'
That the past tense in the first conjunct of the examples in (258) is compatible with locating the eventuality after speech time n and that the adverbs gisteren'yesterday' and morgen'tomorrow' can be used in a single clause is exceptional. However, that this is possible need not surprise us when we realize that speech time n can be included in the past-tense interval. As is illustrated in Figure 17 for example (258b), the first conjuncts in sentences such as (258) give rise to completely coherent interpretations. The notation used aims at expressing that the adverbial phrase gisteren is a supra-temporal modifier of the virtual speech-time-in-the past n', whereas the adverbial phrase morgen'tomorrow' functions as a regular temporal modifier of j.
Figure 17: Supratemporal interpretation of future in the past
[+] 2. Sequence of tense
The claim that speech time n may be included in the past-tense interval also has important consequences for the description of the so-called sequence of tense phenomenon, that is, the fact that the tense of a dependent clause can be adapted to concord with the past tense of the matrix clause. Sequence of tense is illustrated by means of the two examples in (259): example (259a) is unacceptable if we interpret the adverb morgen'tomorrow' as a temporal modifier of the eventuality k, whereas example (259b) is fully acceptable in that case.
a. $ Jan vertrok morgen.
Jan left tomorrow
'Jan was leaving tomorrow.'
b. Els zei [dat


text:
Man tasered in stand-off with police
Ng Jun Sen
A man was tasered during a confrontation with police in Woodlands on Sunday night.
A video clip, posted on Twitter on Monday, showed the man in a stand-off with two policemen.
He was shown in a second clip being pinned down and surrounded by several officers.
The Straits Times understands that a Taser, an electric stun gun, was used in a bid to apprehend the man, who is in his 40s. He was charged in court yesterday.
Twitter user Purgat0ry, who recorded the video, claimed the man was under the influence of drugs.
"The dude was high on drugs and was just looking for people to slash," he wrote in a post.
Last November, police officers used the Taser on a 30-year-old man who had turned aggressive when they approached him at Lavender MRT. He later kicked one of the officers.
Another incident in March last year involved a 31-year-old man who was found with an offensive weapon during a routine check at Yio Chu Kang MRT station.
This article was first published on Apr 12, 2017.
Get a copy of The Straits Times or go to straitstimes.com for more stories.


text:
Q: Coupling an electric charge to a gauge field. How is it done in this setup? In page 9 of Tachikawa's N=2 susy dynamics for pedestrians it says that an electric particle with charge $n$ in the first quantised setup (in what sense first quantised?), Wick rotated to Euclidean signature, couples to a gauge field via
$$ S = i n \int_L dx^{\mu} A_{\mu} = in \int_L A. $$
where $L$ is the worldline of the particle. Now, why is this true? Can some further justification be given.
Also, in the following step he uses Maxwell's action and the equation I just wrote above and adds them together, and uses the EOM for $A_{\mu}$ to derive the fact that $n$ must be an integer. Specifically he writes
$$ \int_{S^2} \frac{4\pi}{e^2} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{n} = \int_{S^2}\frac{4\pi}{e^2} \star F = 2\pi n $$
Where does the $S^2$ come from and where does more generally the above equation come from? I cannot understand how he gets it.

A: The "first-quantized setup" is the setup of quantum mechanics, where single particles are considered quantum objects, but fields like the electromagnetic field are still treated classically. However, the derivation of the action in the following is wholly classical (and the first-quantized setup arises when considering $x^\mu$ as quantum fields in the sense of QM as a 0+1 dimensional QFT).
A particle with charge $n$ couples to the gauge field by $n\int_L A$ along its worldline because gauge fields, as a general principle, couple minimally to their four-current $j^\mu$ by $\int j_\mu A^\mu$. The four-current is simply the charge of the particle flowing along the worldline $x^\mu(\tau)$ of the particle, i.e. $j^\mu(y) = n \frac{\partial x^\mu}{\partial \tau}\int \delta(x(\tau) - y)\mathrm{d}\tau$. Inserting this into $\int j^\mu A_\mu$ gives
$$ \int j^\mu(y)A_\mu(y)\mathrm{d}^4 y  = \int \left(n \frac{\partial x^\mu}{\partial \tau}\int \delta(x(\tau) - y)\mathrm{d}\tau\right)A_\mu(y)\mathrm{d}y$$
and carrying out the $y$-integration yields
$$ \int n \frac{\partial x^\mu}{\partial\tau}(\tau)A_\mu(x(\tau))\mathrm{d}\tau$$
and the chain rule yields the claimed expression
$$ \int n A_\mu \mathrm{d}x^\mu$$
For your second question, the "sphere at infinity" $S^2$ appears from considering Stokes' theorem
$$ \int_\Sigma \mathrm{d}\omega = \int_{\partial\Sigma}\omega$$
and formally writing $\partial\mathbb{R}^n = S^n$. A better consideration would be restricting the integral to a ball of radius R in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and then letting $R$ tend to infinity.

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