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Re/Visionist
An online publication from the Women's History Program at Sarah Lawrence College
Practical Applications of Historical Knowledge
Tag Archives: women's history
Iron-Jawed Angels: Circus Suffragists and the Fight for the Vote
Posted on January 20, 2020 by @slcwomenshistory
By Rebecca Hopman
On Sunday, March 31, 1912, a group of women gathered in the animal menagerie at Madison Square Garden to inaugurate a new group: Barnum & Bailey's Circus Women's Equal Rights Society. These circus suffragists – among them aerialists, equestriennes, strongwomen, and tightrope walkers – had joined the fight for the vote. At the meeting, well-known bareback rider Josephine DeMott Robinson reminded attendees, "You earn salaries. Some of you have property. You have a right to say what shall be done with it. You want to establish clearly in the mind of your husband that you are his equal. You are not above him, but his equal." [1]
She and her fellow performers – most of whom were white – were uniquely positioned to spread the message of suffrage as they traveled throughout the United States engaging with audiences. [2] They joined petition drives, handed out suffrage literature, and Robinson was even known to ride her horse at rallies.
Josephine DeMott Robinson at her riding school, showing some of her pupils how to vault a horse while in motion. Source: Narratively (Thomas Y. Crowell Company Publishers)
Suffragists celebrated women circus performers. Movement leader Inez Milholland stated that they "exemplify one phase of the ability of women to earn their own living." Elizabeth Cook agreed: "There is no class of women who show better that they have a right to vote than the circus women, who twice a day prove that they have the courage and endurance of men." [3] But when it came to supporting the new society, Milholland was a little more hesitant. She had promised to attend the event, but did not show up. Instead, Beatrice Jones from the Woman's Political Equality Union joined the group as they celebrated by christening a baby giraffe at the menagerie "Miss Suffrage."
The press got wind of the event and were gleefully condescending in their coverage. Jones, according to a New York Times reporter, was surrounded by "women and girls, modishly and sedately gowned, so that you would never dream it was their daily lot to bound about, blithe and bespangled." And Miss Suffrage? By the end of the evening, the giraffe – not "previously being consulted" about its new name – "couldn't abide even the sight of a suffragette." [4] The New York Tribune joked that the lions "moved uneasily about their cages" and the hyenas "grinned and grinned." [5] A writer for the Sacramento Union reported that "Alexander Sebert, husband of Lillian Sebert, a bareback rider, projected himself into the meeting, took his wife and her sister, Jennie Byram, and hustled them out of the menagerie room … Sebert shouted that he didn't intend to let his wife take part in such nonsense." [6]
Female acrobats on trapezes at circus, 1890. Source: Wikimedia Commons (Library of Congress [Public domain])
But women circus performers were not daunted by this commentary. They were used to it: their profession put them in a radical position, and they had to strike a delicate balance between their roles as showwomen and the public's demand for respectable entertainment. Although they wore leotards and demonstrated acts of strength and power in the ring, performers and promoters portrayed them as proper, domestic women, more concerned about cooking their husbands dinners than their acts. The fact that the majority of women circus performers were white (at least those under the big top) also helped to shape their image as respectable, middle-class citizens.
Rossa Matilda Richter, who performed as Zazel, the first human cannonball, was an expert at the tightrope, trapeze, and high dive. But off the stage, Richter spoke to reporters about her fellow showwomen and their commitment to traditional gender roles, "complete with tales of women commandeering the railroad dining car to bake a cake." [7] Richter stated, "The domestic instinct is very strong among circus women, for the reason that they are deprived of home life a great part of every year." [8] Circuses had strict rules for women performers and emphasized the presence of male family members, which helped assuage any suspicions of the public. However, writes historian Janet M. Davis, "they also unintentionally eclipsed the larger historical significance of the female big top performer as a durable champion of women's rights." [9] They hid their radical performances behind high-necked dresses and fresh-baked cookies.
Rossa Matilda Richter, also known as Zazel, the first human cannonball performer when she was 14, 1887. Source: Wikimedia Commons (London Stereoscopic Co. [Public domain])
While Richter put forward her domestic ideals, English acrobat Josephine Mathews advanced a different narrative. She performed as "Evetta, the Lady Clown" and embraced "all of the new woman's fads," including bicycling and swinging Indian clubs." Mathews boldly stated, "I believe that a woman can do anything for a living that a man can do, and I do it just as well as a man." [10] Both Richter and Mathews' public personas were likely shaped by circus press agents, showing the contradictory ways women in the circus were depicted.
The Strobridge Lithographing Company Barnum & Bailey: Evetta the Only Lady Clown, 1895. Source: Circus Now
Katherine Brumbach, a strongwoman who performed under the name Katie Sandwina, was at Madison Square Garden as an inaugural member of the Barnum & Bailey's Circus Women's Equal Rights Society. At five feet nine inches tall and 210 pounds with a muscular frame, she did not fit the physical standards for feminine beauty at the time. But doctors declared her the "perfect female specimen" and others described her as "beautiful and feminine." [11] She earned up to $1,500 a week, which amounts to roughly $40,000 in today's money. As part of her routine, she regularly lifted her husband, Max Heymann, above her head. Brumbach's appearance, abilities, and the fact that she earned a wage were at odds with the ideal woman.
Katie Sandwina, "The Lady Hercules". Source: Wikimedia Commons (Bain News Service [Public domain])
Reporter Marguerite Martyn emphasized Brumbach's divergent qualities in a 1911 article for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, writing, "At the moment she was twirling her husband about in dizzy circles above her head … Carelessly, laughingly, she tosses her husband about as though he were not flesh and bone, but merely an effigy of inflated rubber. And he is no insignificant husband, either." No "normal" woman would be able to lift and twirl her husband, especially with such ease. (Although some might like to, including the woman Martyn overheard exclaiming, "Gee! Wouldn't I love to be able to bat a man around like that!") [12]
In an accompanying illustration, Brumbach appears as large as a giant, holding the very properly-dressed and diminutive Martyn in one hand while preening for the crowd in a form-fitting leotard. In the next panel she has returned to more normal womanly activities, standing over a stove cooking dinner for her husband and son. "There are enough duties in her own home for any woman if she would make her family healthy and strong and wise," Brumbach told Martyn. "I think I should be content to devote all my strength to my household." [13]
Imaginative sketch by Marguerite Martyn of strongwoman Katie Sandwina, 1911. Source: Wikimedia Commons (Marguerite Martyn [Public domain])
Whatever her feelings about housework and home life (or those she expressed as a part of her public persona), Brumbach was an eager participant in the fight for the vote. She became the vice president of the Barnum & Bailey's Circus Women's Equal Rights Society, joining Robinson, equestrienne May Wirth, wire-walker Victoria Codona, bareback rider Victoria Davenport, and many others in committing herself to the cause.
While it is unclear how long the society lasted or how much of an impact their actions had on the suffrage movement, Robinson, Brumbach, and their fellow performers arguably made their most convincing case under the big top. Their costumes, skills, and ability to outearn many male circus performers proved to those who watched their shows that women were capable of being more than just angels at home; they were iron-jawed Amazons worthy of the vote.
Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene, Women of the American Circus, 1880-1940 Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., Publishers, 2012.
Janet M. Davis, "Ladies of the Ring," Circus Now, January 6, 2015.
Kat Vecchio, "Barnum & Bailey's Forgotten High-Flying Suffragists," Narratively, December 27, 2017.
Steve Ward, Sawdust Sisterhood: How Circus Empowered Women, [Stroud, England]: Fonthill, 2016.
[1] "Enlist Suffragists for a Circus Holiday," New York Times, April 1, 1912.
[2] Most women employed by circuses were white, with the exception of women in sideshow acts. This seems to extend to the membership of the Barnum & Bailey's Circus Women's Equal Rights Society, although there isn't a full list of members included in accounts. One reporter mentions several Japanese women in the group, but all the performers mentioned by name were white.
[3] Kat Vecchio, "Barnum & Bailey's Forgotten High-Flying Suffragists," Narratively, December 27, 2017.
[4] "Enlist Suffragists for a Circus Holiday."
[5] "Suffragettes in Circus," New-York Tribune. April 1, 1912.
[6] Afton Woodward, "Suffragette Circus," The Virtuoso, March 1, 2016.
[7] Janet M. Davis, "Ladies of the Ring," Circus Now, January 6, 2015.
[8] Janet M. Davis, "Bearded Ladies, Dainty Amazons, Hindoo Fakers, and Lady Savages: Circus Representations of Gender and Race in Victorian America," in Kristin Spangenberg and Deborah Walk, editors, The Amazing American Circus Poster: The Strobridge Lithographing Company (Cincinnati and Sarasota: Cincinnati Art Museum and the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, February 2011): 79.
[9] Davis, "Ladies of the Ring."
[11] Debbie Foulkes, "Katie Sandwina (1884 – 1952) Circus Strongwoman," Forgotten Newsmakers, December 14, 2010.
[12] Marguerite Martyn, "The 'Lady Hercules' Tells Marguerite Martyn," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 4, 1911.
Rebecca Hopman is a first-year student in the Women's History graduate program at Sarah Lawrence College. She is the Project Archivist at the Sarah Lawrence College Archives and works as an editor for the Re/Visionist. Her research interests include the history of itinerant performers, gender dynamics in artistic communities, women's life writing, and women's collegiate experiences.
Posted in Posts	| Tagged Amanda Seybold, Barnum & Bailey's Circus Women's Equal Rights Society, Beatrice Jones, circus, circus perfomers, Elizabeth Cook, Evetta, Inez Milholland, Josephine DeMott Robinson, Josephine Mathews, Katherine Brumbach, Katie Sandwina, May Wirth, Rebecca Hopman, Rossa Matilda Richter, suffrage, suffragists, Victoria Codona, Victoria Davenport, women performers, women's history, Zazel	| Leave a reply
"Articulating the Feeling is Hard": Women and the Emo Revival
Posted on January 6, 2020 by @slcwomenshistory
By Marian Phillips
During the 1980s, the first wave of emo music was born. An offshoot from Washington, D.C. hardcore bands, the musical genre introduced the world to traditional punk stylistic elements mixed with emotional vulnerability and poetic lyrics. Most notably, emo's roots can be traced to Rites of Spring, making them the fathers of emo. In the beginning of the 1990s, the Midwest became the nation's powerhouse for all things emo with bands such as Sunny Day Real Estate, Mineral, The Get Up Kids, and American Football. As the new millennium began, so did the third wave of the genre. At the same time, the lines of what qualified as emo blurred and gave way to elements of pop-punk, punk, and hip-hop to intertwine with it. Thus, Brand New, Taking Back Sunday, and Jimmy Eat World became the figureheads of the third wave. Then Myspace appeared.
The social media website opened the door for emo to go mainstream with bands like My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy, Panic! At the Disco, and Paramore. As a result, "mall emo" [1] formed and gave the genre more negative attention than it had before. The term emo was never truly accepted by anyone in the scene or outside of it, no one truly knows what the definition of emo is, and whether or not it's a fashion choice or a musical genre at all. Regardless of the complexities and confusion that comes with emo, 2008 witnessed the fourth wave, more commonly known as the "Emo Revival," and it's still going strong to this day. But this time there are critical differences. You may have noticed that almost every band listed above are fronted by men, that is not the case anymore. Today, we are seeing more women at the forefront of this revival than we have seen previously and the amount of people welcoming the word emo into their lives is increasing.
If you were to ask anyone about women in emo bands during the 2000s, more times than not, you'll either hear Hayley Williams (Paramore) or an "I don't know." Today, the answers are entirely different. You might hear Zoë Allaire Reynold (Kississippi), Brianna Collins (Tigers Jaw), Alex Menne (Great Grandpa), Julia Steiner (Ratboys) or Rachel Lightner (Nervous Dater). Growing up during the third wave of emo in the early 2000s, I constantly sought bands that were led by women or even included a woman in their line-up. Pre-teen me would find Paramore, Hey Monday, and Eisley, but that was pretty much it. The third wave is marked as the most sexist years of the genre, so the lack of women and LGBTQIA+ individuals does not come as a surprise.
For instance, lyrics of abusing women or adamently denying homosexuality swarmed the third wave. In 2005, Fall Out Boy wrote "Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner," which included Patrick Stump singing "so wear me like a locket around your throat/I'll weigh you down/I'll watch you choke." [2] The lyrics are caked in jealousy and anger towards an unknown woman that they are having an affair with. Furthermore, in 2017, Jesse Lacey – frontman for the popular third wave emo band Brand New – was accused of preying on underaged fans. Which comes as no surprise when you look at the lyrics Lacey wrote for the song "Me Vs. Maradona Vs. Elvis" from the 2003 album Deja Entendu: "I got desperate desires and unadmirable plans/My tongue will taste of gin and malicious intent/Bring you back to the bar/Get you out of the cold/My sober straight face gets you out of your clothes." He sings "I almost feel sorry for what I'm gonna do," [3] giving himself the image of predator and women as prey. [4]
As I reached the age of sixteen in 2012, bands like Pity Sex, Adventures, Bully, and Tigers Jaw entered my heavy rotation playlist. Today, we are witnessing such an impecable growth of women fronted punk, emo, pop-punk, and hardcore bands that make options almost endless. Considering that the image of emo historically looks very white, cisgender, heterosexual, and solely for men, we are also seeing more LGBTQIA+ individuals and women of color making space for themselves in the Emo Revival. For instance, the band She/Her/Hers calls out this image in their song "Kill the Boy Band," "So you started a band?/Well, let me guess who's in it/All-straight all-white able-bodied cis men/Say you don't know many female musicians/Why the fuck would they want to be part of a scene with people like you in it?" [5] The women, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and women of color that participate in the Emo Revival reject the expected norm of what emo has historically looked like.
Tigers Jaw (left to right: Brianna Collins, Ben Walsh, Teddy Roberts, and Logan Schwartz) at the Rex Theater in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania June 21, 2017. Photo courtesy of the author.
The importance of emo bands have always been their ability to articulate to a group of people that they are not alone in what they are experiencing or feeling. The lack of women in the genre up until this point, in my experience, felt isolating. These women of the Emo Revival are making space for more diverse demographic to participate in the genre. For instance, while living in Lawrence, Kansas from 2014-2018, I had the opportunity to watch the DIT (Do it Together) community nurture the growth of women and LGBTQIA+ individuals in every genre of music. I watched eyes light up, and felt my own do the same, when someone I could identify with walked on stage and melted away the isolation I felt in my teenage years. We weren't listening to a man whine about a girl not wanting him back or breaking his heart, we were hearing emotions such as frustration, anger, and resentment with an unjust system, patriarchy, and the mistreatment of women at large.
It was at this point, during the 2010s, that another wave of Riot Grrrl punk bands emerged and began to merge with emo. In fact, most of the bands I have listed that are women led are, more often than not, considered punk bands. The two genres tend to meld together when a mixture of emotional vulnerability, a fast tempo, and sharp vocals with contrasting melodies are performed. Lyrically, they can sound the same, depending on the band and musician (for example, the Canadian band PUP is considered both emo and punk). Yet, emo often uses more abstract language to articulate a point, while punk may just get to the point in a forthright manner. Regardless of the differing stylistic elements between the genres, the Emo Revival includes bands that we would probably consider more punk than emo, but are also listed under that moniker.
Cherry Glazerr's Clementine Crevy at the Bowery Ballroom in Brooklyn, New York February 16, 2019. Photo courtesy of the author.
I wrote this piece when I thought of all of the women fronted emo, punk, pop-punk, alternative, and indie bands that have gone under the radar in favor of the played out figurehead of a man who's whining about a girl. These bands are just as deserving of the scene's attention. Their presence in DIT bars and venues, clubs, concert halls, and basement shows impact communities in a larger way than we usually consider. Girls Rock Camps are popping up in almost every city, and women musicians are actively nurturing the growth of women and young girls in music, no matter the genre. In short, this piece isn't simply about where emo was or what it is now, this is about where the future of music is going, and the increasing presence of women, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and women of color in every genre of music and their capability of fostering a supportive and welcoming community.
2020 will see Paramore's Hayley Williams do a solo project, Halsey's Maniac on January 17th, Poppy's I Disagree on January 10th, a new album from Soccer Mommy, and rumors of Tigers Jaw's upcoming album coming in 2020 have recently surfaced.
[1] Tom Connick, "The Beginner's Guide to the Evolution of Emo: NME," NME Music News, Reviews, Videos, Galleries, Tickets and Blogs | NME.COM, April 30, 2018, www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/emo-wave-guide-evolution-2302802.
[2] Fall Out Boy, Patrick Stump, "Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner," From Under the Cork Tree, Island Records, 2005, track 5. Retrieved from https://open.spotify.com/album/5nkUSlIhtoJZMOUlB0sNCp?highlight=spotify:track:6HJzCcSMggn7Ultxs48dAe
[3] Brand New, Jesse Lacey, "Me Vs. Maradona Vs. Elvis," Deja Entendu, Triple Crown Records, 2003, track 8. Retrieved from https://open.spotify.com/album/6vDiMhyfSnTn18OY99BSQX
[4] Jenn Pelly, "Unraveling the Sexism of Emo's Third Wave," Pitchfork, Pitchfork, 17 Nov. 2017, pitchfork.com/thepitch/unraveling-the-sexism-of-emos-third-wave/.
[5] She/Her/Hers, Emma Grrrl, "Kill the Boy Band," Grrrl Angst, 2018. Retrieved from https://open.spotify.com/album/1joEVEBQ4YuxikhoClLGBP
Marian Phillips is a second year Master's Candidate at Sarah Lawrence College studying Women's and Gender History. Her research interests include LGBTQIA+ history, the history of punk movements/music, social movements, 1950s Cold War America, and Horror film studies. She will present "'Activists, Punks, Freaks, and Rebels': Queercore's Grassroots Activism from 1980 to the Present" at Sarah Lawrence College's 22nd Annual Women's History Conference on March 27-28, 2020.
Posted in Posts	| Tagged emo, emo movements, gender, gender history, Marian Phillips, music, punk, sexuality, wgss, women, women in emo, women's history	| Leave a reply
How The Feminine Mystique Dismantled 1950s Domestic Life
By Rebecca Rranza
The quote "no woman gets an orgasm from shining the kitchen floor" comes from Betty Friedan, author of The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963. The Feminine Mystique was a widely read and influential work for middle-class white women of this time and it helped contribute to the Second Wave Feminist movement of the late 1960s and 1970s. Second Wave Feminism drew attention to many issues regarding cis gender women such as domestic violence, abortion rights, and pay equality. At this time, feminism in America was multifaceted and fought for on many different platforms such as consciousness raising groups and the Miss America Pageant protests of 1969. Betty Friedan cofounded the National Organization of Women (NOW), along with Shirley Chisholm, Muriel Fox, and others. NOW, which has a liberal feminist agenda with goals such as promoting equal rights, is still running from its founding in 1966. Friedan's activism and writing were well known in the Second Wave Movement and her book was the culmination of research and testimonials of real women focusing on their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Friedan uses personal anecdote, social science, psychology, sexuality, etc. as different lenses that her work sees these women through.
While The Feminine Mystique had a profound influence on how women thought about feminism during the 1960s and 1970s, it is critical to acknowledge its shortcomings in terms of intersectional analysis. Much of Friedan's analysis focuses on elite white, cis, heterosexual women which excluded working class, trans and queer women of color. The limited scope of Friedan's feminist perspective meant that the women her work reached were predominantly privileged.
Prior to the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963, the 1950s ideal woman was a white, ablebodied, cisgender, heterosexual American housewife and mother. The "problem with no name," coined by Friedan, describes the need for more than society and their families is offering them. These housewives want to exist for more than a household and their desperation grew from silence into anger. From the 1950s image of an American mother and housewife to the social movements of the 1960s, the lives of women who had the socioeconomic agency to be feminists began to change. The book starts off with this iconic quote from the first page,
The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered in the middle of the twentieth century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night—she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question—"Is this all?" [1]
Women read that passage and realized it didn't have to be all. They realized they could be multifaceted people. The groups women had formed, like NOW or the more radical feminist groups, like the Redstockings, were spaces they could exist and speak freely. By examining Friedan's text from a contemporary lens, one finds that despite necessary criticism to the text and to the movement, it is clear this text had an impact on society at the time and on the minds of women. Once they were more informed, they were ready to use their knowledge to impact change in their lives and other's lives. It was significant to history even years later. Millions of women who read the book, or did not, heard its message of anger and discontent in many women's lives and lasted through the Women's Liberation Movement. The Feminine Mystique led to real change in the lives of people then and now.
[1] Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: Norton, 1963. 1.
Coontz, Stephanie. A Strange Stirring: "The Feminine Mystique" and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s. New York: Basic Books, 2012.
Fetters, Ashley. "4 Big Problems With 'The Feminine Mystique'." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, January 10, 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/4-big-problems-with-the-feminine-mystique/273069/.
Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: Norton, 1963.
Rebecca Rranza is a first-year student in the Women's History Program at Sarah Lawrence College.
Posted in Posts	| Tagged Betty Friedan, domesticity, National Organization of Women, NOW, Rebecca Rranza, Second Wave Feminism, The Feminine Mystique, women's history, women's liberation	| Leave a reply
Lydia's Diaries: Uncovering Women's History in the Archives
Posted on October 25, 2019 by @slcwomenshistory
"Topsy's Journal. Strictly private!"
So begins Lydia Olsson's diary. Olsson was an early female student at Augustana College in Rock Island, IL, and the five diaries now held by Augustana Special Collections document her life on campus. I encountered Olsson's diaries in the archives nearly a decade ago, and reading them changed my path in life.
Lydia Olsson's diaries. Source: Augustana Special Collections.
In the summer of 2010, I was a rising senior at Augustana College. Built near the banks of the Mississippi River, Augustana is a typical liberal arts college. And I was a typical liberal arts student. Majoring in history, English, and German, I planned to become an archivist, and was preparing to apply to library science graduate programs that fall. In the meantime, I worked in Augustana Special Collections, processing archives and exploring the stacks.
Over the summer I worked longer hours, and during my lunch breaks I liked to browse the collections for something interesting, like a cache of love letters or a salacious diary (being an archivist means you are basically a professional snoop, reading all those private documents people left behind). Augustana Special Collections is full of such things, given that it holds many of the personal and professional papers of students, faculty, and staff from throughout the school's 160 years of history.
One day I was looking through the finding aid for the Olof Olsson family papers and came across a listing for "Diaries, 1892-1896." Olsson was the third president of Augustana College, and these diaries were written by Lydia, his third child. Intrigued, I pulled the appropriate box out of the stacks and opened the first book.
Journal kept by Lydia Olsson of 18.
"Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, Old time is still a-flying, And this same flower that smiles to-day. To-morrow may be dying." [1]
"Keep true to the dreams of thy youth." [2]
Lydia Olsson and her siblings, c. 1890s. Seated, left to right: Mia Olsson, Anna Olsson, Hannes Olsson. Standing: Lydia Olsson. Source: Augustana Special Collections.
Topsy was Olsson's nickname for herself, and, as I found by examining the rest of the diaries, she liked to begin each book with a couple of mottoes or quotes. Reading on, I was immersed in the daily life of a young woman attending Augustana College, just as I was doing 118 years later. She took a variety of courses, had a robust social life, and was close to her family. She joked about the young men on campus who were vying for the attention of their fairer classmates, thought seriously about the role of religion in her life, and contemplated her future.
Was at Sarah's for supper and then we went to Chapel together. Mahnquist stared at us and smiled a long while, which made us nearly croak. I told Sarah I could see my picture in his greasy hair. Everybody has gone to bed and here I am sitting writing such nonsence. I am wicked! (January, 29, 1893) [3]
Mia and I were talking about marriages . . . Mia herself don't want to marry, and I well, I truly havn't made up my mind if I do or not. Some day when I get old and sensible I am going to think over every thing and see what conclusion I come to. The first question is: Do I? and will I ever regret it? The second: Who to? and do I love him with all my heart and soul, or is it a fancy. 3rd: Is this the one that Providence has picked out for me? 4: – Will we always love the same? (December 22, 1893)
The diaries resonated strongly with me, and I began to research what life was like for a young woman attending college in the 1890s. Looking deeper into the archives, I kept coming across letters and diaries written by the young women of Augustana. Their stories were a different kind of history, one that I hadn't encountered in class. Forget kings and wars and important dates, these were ordinary people living ordinary lives. National and international events appeared on occasion, but they weren't at the center of the narrative.
Mia was piling wood this morning, so Emil Lofgren went by and he helped her, so did I. Some went skating on the pond this morning. There don't seem much to thank for now as Harrison didn't become elected! (November 24, 1892) [4]
I consumed books and articles about life writing, learning that diaries, letters, and journals were often the only outlets for women's writing. I checked out piles of published journals and correspondence written by women, from Virginia Woolf and Mary Boykin Chesnut to more obscure writers. Why hadn't we read these sorts of sources in my history classes?
For the first time, I became interested in something I recognized as women's history. It sounds odd to say that now, but at the time I didn't know this was an area of study. Of course, I had learned about many fascinating women in class, but they were mostly queens or presidents' wives or other notable women. And I encountered them in history textbooks, newspaper articles, political cartoons, and government documents. In rare cases I read a speech or a letter, but never anything that dwelled deeply on their private lives or how they experienced the world around them.
Lydia Olsson and her sisters, Mia and Anna Olsson. Source: Augustana Special Collections.
Reading Lydia Olsson's diaries changed my idea of what history could be, and of who I could learn about. While earning my master's degree in library science and working as a librarian and archivist, I kept reading about women's lives, becoming more committed to the idea of studying them in an academic program. It's thanks to Olsson that I'm here at Sarah Lawrence College, fueling that spark her writing lit in me.
And hereby endeth this chapter. Hoping to sow better seed in the future I close and zeal my book. – Topsy – (January 16, 1893)
October is American Archives Month. Celebrate by exploring your local archives and special collections – you never know what you might find. Sarah Lawrence College students, faculty, and staff can learn more about the Sarah Lawrence College Archives on their website and Facebook page.
Boaden, Ann. Light and Leaven: Women Who Shaped Augustana's First Century. Rock Island, IL: Augustana Historical Society, 2011.
Bunkers, Suzanne L. In Search of Susanna. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1996.
Huff, Cynthia Anne. Women's Life Writing and Imagined Communities. London: Routledge, 2005.
Inscribing the Daily: Critical Essays on Women's Diaries. Edited by Suzanne L. Bunkers and Cynthia A. Huff. Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1996.
Sinor, Jennifer. The Extraordinary Work of Ordinary Writing: Annie Ray's Diary. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 2002.
More suggestions can be found on this webliography. Fair warning that it hasn't been updated since 2012.
[1] The opening stanza of Robert Herrick's "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time."
[2] A quote from the German dramatist and poet Friedrich von Schiller.
[3] Olsson's original spelling, grammar, and word choice are retained in these quotes.
[4] Olsson is referring to the 1892 United States presidential election between incumbent Benjamin Harrison and Grover Cleveland.
Posted in Posts	| Tagged American Archives Month, archives, diaries, history, life writing, Lydia Olsson, Rebecca Hopman, women's history	| Leave a reply
Hispanic Heritage and Making America Great
By Madison Filzer
Madison is a second year Master's Candidate in the Women's History program at Sarah Lawrence College. Her research interests include Civil Rights activism in Cleveland, Ohio and Black women's activism in the United States.
Let me take you back to 1942, only a few years after the Great Depression, in the midst of World War II. In many ways, the United States was struggling on the homefront. With no one to work the jobs that were too low paying to sustain the American dream, there was no way to meet the demands of consumers. In a quick fix to the lack of able-bodied laborers here in the states, millions of migrant workers from Mexico were welcomed with open arms to ensure that our agriculture industry continued despite feeling the effects of war. At that moment, the Bracero Program was born. Bracero in this context, which literally translates to "laborer" in Spanish, meant one who works with their hands.
On August 4, 1942, the United States entered into the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement in order to sustain the large farm industry in the United States. Over the course of twenty-two years, it's estimated that over two million Mexican immigrants signed contracts to work on American farms and railroads on a temporary basis for wages lower than Americans not fighting in the war were willing to work for. This program was later enacted into law as an amendment to the Migrant Labor Agreement of 1951. The extension of this agreement repeatedly brought Mexican workers back to the states to work in return for housing, low wages, and "humane treatment."
As one could imagine, the housing was poor, the job came with risks, and the workers were not treated humanely. But that isn't why I wrote this piece … I want to talk about the immigration rhetoric we currently hear from the most recent occupant of the White House. The fact of the matter is that at one point, we were welcoming Latinx immigrants to the United States because we were in need of help. Now, only four decades later, there are people advocating for a wall separating the U.S. from Mexico. By ignoring this history, we allow a false narrative of the "bad hombre" to be perpetuated.
Yes, this was a bilateral deal that was beneficial to both parties in some way, but the logic that follows this history is the notion that there are jobs in America that Americans simply won't do. We outsourced laborers to fill our needs and we still do. Imagine if every immigrant worker left right now … do we have enough people left to sustain the economy? I don't know but I don't think we want to find out.
In case you didn't know, September 15th through October 15th is National Hispanic Heritage Month, and I feel compelled to write this in honor of LatinX immigrant history. When I first heard of the Bracero Program a quick Google search returned few results. I feel like if more people knew about the program, they would have the same questions about immigration that I have. How can we turn our backs on people in search of opportunity when that's what brought European immigrants here? How would we sustain life as we know it in the United States without people willing to do the hard labor that others shy away from? I might not have the answers to any of the above questions, but as an aspiring historian who has ample access to historical resources, I felt obligated to share information that I believe has the power to change the way people look at immigration.
Posted in Posts	| Tagged history, latinx, latinx heritage, Madison Filzer, politics, United States, women's history	| Leave a reply
Liberation in Women's Healthcare
Posted on August 12, 2019 by @slcwomenshistory
By Alison Feese
Alison is a student working to become a Certified Nurse Midwife. She is a birth doula and advocate for women's health. She is from Columbia, Kentucky and provides services across Central Kentucky.
Liberation is the act of setting something free from imprisonment or oppression. Whether it is our mind, body, or soul, we are often not aware of the imprisonment we are trapped in. Modern women are in a system that teaches us to fear our body, to not trust it, and that it is broken. These messages are sent from a variety of places. In 2019, we expect movies, advertisements, and social media to make us feel less than perfect; but what about our healthcare providers and hospitals? What happens when the very people we trust with our health doubt the ability and strength of our body? That is why I have chosen to go into midwifery. It is an art that trusts the mind, body, and soul of a woman as it is.
Midwifery is arguably the oldest profession. It has been around since people started procreating. Nobody knows when midwives appeared in history, mainly because they were always there. Where there was a birthing woman, you can bet that there was a midwife next to her. The term midwife literally means with-woman. They are primary care providers in women's health specializing in the childbearing process. They care for women of all ages and even assist in newborn care. Midwifery is an art that blends science, tradition, and the trust of a woman's body.
As cheesy as it sounds, midwifery chose me. I couldn't escape this career path. Midwifery in the United States was born just a few miles away from me in Eastern, KY where nurse midwives would ride horseback into the rough mountains to deliver care to the nation's poorest and sickest. Appalachia was left medically isolated. These pioneers rode through snow and storm expecting to provide child birthing care, but ended up caring for the whole family. This care alone cut the infant and maternal mortality rate, and increased the quality of life for thousands without the expectation of payment. What an honor it is to place my hand in a profession that was built upon helping the poorest in my own backyard. Today, the United States is the only developed nation that has a RISING maternal mortality rate. We are also the only industrialized nation that does not use midwifery care as the standard practice. Don't get me wrong, I am not disrespecting the wonderful OB/GYNs I will work next to. I am so thankful we have technology and physicians to provide life-saving surgery. Modern medicine is a fantastic thing when it is used appropriately. But something has to change in the United States. If trusting the art of midwifery will reduce these mortality rates, why aren't we doing it?!
Midwifery core-competencies include things like assisting with breech deliveries, out of hospital births, and holistic treatments. However, these things are not commonly practiced in the United States. Midwives are taught to trust the female body, and allow it to work as designed. They use a hands-off approach. If something isn't broken, don't fix it. Problems happen when we use unnecessary interventions in healthcare and tell women that their bodies are not capable. This includes things like unnecessary cesarean sections, inductions, and augmentations of labor. These practices not only increase undesirable outcomes, but they make women question the ability of their bodies. Midwifery is the ultimate liberation from the body-shaming world we are surrounded by.
Midwives today play different roles in different states. Some provide childbirth care for women in and out of the hospital. Some work to provide abortion care. Some midwives assist with fertility within the LGBTQ communities. Many serve our amish communities in rural areas. They work with victims of sexual violence. Midwives fill different roles dependant upon their community's needs, but they all have the same goal. To provide patient-centered care to the populations they serve. They trust the female body, and reject the idea that women are not capable. They stress the importance of informed consent and make women the most important member in the healthcare team. Midwifery care is counter-culture to the world around us. For instance, midwives do not deliver babies. They catch babies, and mothers deliver them. This profession is selfless and places the honor on the patient. Women are more than capable of making choices for themselves and their family. We run into problems when we tell them they can't. Whatever a family chooses, midwives are there to support and educate them along the way.
Featured Photo: Frontier Nursing Service midwife makes postpartum visit, slide, c. 1930s. Nurse-Midwifery Program Records.
Posted in Posts	| Tagged Alison Feese, LGBT, midwifery, midwives, women, women's health, women's history	| Leave a reply
A Period Memory
Posted on May 3, 2019 by @slcwomenshistory
By Hannah McCandless
Hannah is a first year graduate student in the Women's History program at Sarah Lawrence College.
Sitting in Mrs. Carter's seventh grade Language Arts class during the fall of 2007, I slid down in my chair, legs spread out, relaxed – no care in the world. I always sat like that, not thinking about how much space I took up and loving how comfortable I felt. We learned about prepositions that day. Brandon Wilson, quite a bully throughout my time knowing him, sat directly across from me. I sometimes wonder if he ever saw it. I convinced myself he didn't a few years ago when he reached out on Facebook to ask me on a date (I still got it). So he must not have noticed it, or maybe he blocked out the memory. Either way, it's still pretty haunting.
Unlike the rest of my classes, Language Arts took two periods out of the seven I had. I didn't mind. I loved the subject and Mrs. Carter was a real spunky teacher, so the two class periods didn't bother me much. Her wit was quick, her accent thick – her class felt like the safest place to be. Though I can only imagine the 6 minutes in between periods would have been a great time to socialize with classmates, I never knew for sure. Thanks to a near disaster on a long bus ride years before, I always used the six minute break to run to the bathroom, whether I had to go or not (just in case).
Down the hall, past my peers, I walked into my usual stall (the middle one) and my favorite bathroom (the one on the second floor of the old wing of the school), ready to sit and be alone on the toilet for a moment before heading back to class. I pulled down my khaki bermuda shorts to find a large, red stain. It looked like a murder scene. It took me a brief moment before I realized what had happened and I was quickly filled with terror wondering what to do next. I didn't get a phone until I was in the eighth grade, so calling for help was out of the question. No one came into the bathroom during the entire 6 minute break, so there was no one I could ask for help. I didn't carry a purse then because I felt like I had thwarted the patriarchy by being unfeminine in my clothing choices, so I had no tampon on hand. I didn't know what to do.
School was important to me. I didn't want to miss class. I wadded a bunch of toilet paper together, shoved it down my pants, and hoped I would make it through class. I spent the next 52 minutes of my life sitting with my back straight as a pole and my legs pressed so hard together that I could feel a heartbeat in my knees. I even crossed my ankles to the side. I took up as little space as possible. Never had I sat like such a lady during this class, or any class for that matter. I'm sure my grandmother would have been proud of my posture. I felt so small. I sat like that until the bell rang, at which point I quickly, but precisely, collected my things and went to the front office. They gave me a ratty, old pair of sweatpants to wear. Now everyone would know.
This piece is the written form of a memory I had while listening to a speaker at a women's history conference. The speakers were talking about the social justice issues surrounding periods: access to menstrual products in prisons, sex education and learned period shaming in schools, and access to medical services to address issues surrounding menstruation. Periods are complicated. A lot of people experience them, yet most memories and encounters with the bodily function are negative. The issues of menstruation are vast and in order to address the medical and emotional needs of the masses. It is necessary that a great many steps are taken in restructuring our educational values, how we treat the incarcerated, and the funding systems which support reproductive medical needs. The number of policy changes, and the of social and cultural overhaul which would subsequently need to occur, could very well be the topic of multiple books (and likely already are). But a simple first step is a bit more visceral.
On top of policy changes, the action of speaking an experience into the ether can change lives. Despite the fact that billions of people menstruate, many feel isolated. The stigma of menstruation can be crushing and heavy. After years of understanding my body – how it functions and all the great things about being me – I still could not get out from under the weight of how small and dirty I felt in that classroom. That was ten years ago. I was socialized to take up less space, to be unseen, to be unnoticed and small. I thought that by dressing unfeminine, by taking up space, I could get out from under the pressure of that stigma. I didn't. The memory rushed back without permission, and consumed my thoughts for a significant portion of the day. I wonder what might be different if we socialized kids differently: how might the human experience change?
Like I said, policy changes are necessary. But I argue that those changes are useless without changing the way we socialize kids. These discussions must start extremely young – well before the already heavy stigmas of puberty sets in. I know that many of my peers have similar memories consuming their thoughts, uninvited, on a regular basis. So I hope we can find ways to lift the stigma by fully supporting the bodies of children as we work toward lifting this harmful weight. Period.
Posted in Posts, The Body Issue	| Tagged equity, gender, Hannah McCandless, Law, menstruation, period, periods, policy change, sexuality, women's history	| Leave a reply
Seeing the past & present through the lens of multiple feminisms
Roaring Lesbian Subcultures in New York City
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text:
Cervantes v. Midwest Environmental LLC
FERNANDO CERVANTES, ADRIAN CERVANTES, and FIDEL BLANDON, Plaintiffs,
MIDWEST ENVIRONMENTAL LLC and BONNY LOUISE REISKE,
ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT AS TO MIDWEST ENVIRONMENTAL AND BONNY LOUISE REISKE (DKT. NO. 12)
HON. PAMELA PEPPER United States District Judge.
On November 13, 2018, at the plaintiffs' request, the clerk of court entered default. A week later, the plaintiffs moved for default judgment. Dkt. No. 12. To date, neither defendant has appeared. The court will grant the motion for default judgment.
I. Entry of Default
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55 requires a two-step process before the entry of default judgment. A party first must seek an entry of default based on the opposing party's failure to plead. Fed.R.Civ.P. 55(a). This means the court must first assure itself that the defendant was aware of the suit, and still did not respond.
The plaintiffs filed the complaint on April 17, 2018. Dkt. No. 1. They filed their proofs of service on May 30 and June 1, 2018. Dkt. Nos. 4, 5. The proof of service indicates that Carlton Manske served Bonnie Louis Reiske individually and on behalf of Midwest Environmental, LLC, at 2905A S. Wentworth Ave., Milwaukee, Wisconsin on May 25, 2018. Dkt. No. 4. The Department of Financial Institutions website confirms that Bonny Louise Reiske is the registered agent for Midwest Environmental, LLC, and that the principal office is located at 2905A S. Wentworth Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53207-2511 (accessible at https://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch).
The summons indicated that within twenty-one days of the date the defendant received service, it must answer. Dkt. No. 1-2 at 1. This means that the defendants' deadline for answering or otherwise responding to the complaint was June 15, 2018. The defendants did not respond, and the clerk of courts asked the plaintiffs to file a status update. On July 5, 2018, the plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to file a first amended complaint. Dkt. No. 7. Magistrate Judge Joseph granted the motion, and the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on August 10, 2018. Dkt. No. 10. The defendants did not file an answer or otherwise respond. Three months later, the plaintiffs filed a motion for entry of default against both defendants, dkt. no. 11, and the clerk entered default the next day. The court is satisfied that the plaintiffs effectuated service, and that the entry of default was proper.
II. Plaintiff's Motion for Default Judgment
After the entry of default, a plaintiff may move for default judgment under Rule 55(b). Fed.R.Civ.P. 55(b). When the court determines a defendant is in default, the court accepts as true the well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint. eE360 Insight v. The Spamhaus Project, 500 F.3d 594, 602 (7th Cir. 2007). "A default judgment establishes, as a matter of law, that defendants are liable to plaintiff on each cause of action alleged in the complaint." Id. However, those portions of the default judgment motion relating to the amount of damages and fees must be proven. Yang v. Hardin, 37 F.3d 282, 286 (7th Cir. 1994). Rule 55(b)(2) provides that the district court may conduct hearings or make referrals, if necessary, to determine the amount of damages. Fed.R.Civ.P. 55(b)(2). Such proceedings are unnecessary if the "amount claimed is liquidated or capable of ascertainment from definite figures contained in the documentary evidence or in detailed affidavits." eE360 Insight, 500 F.3d at 602 (quoting Dundee Cement Co. v. Howard Pipe & Concrete Prods., Inc., 722 F.2d 1319, 1323 (7th Cir. 1983)).
The complaint alleges that the defendants violated the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201, et seq., when it required, or permitted, the plaintiffs to work more than forty hours a week but did not compensate them for those excess hours. Dkt. No. 1 at 1. The FLSA requires employers to pay their employees a federal minimum hourly wage. 29 U.S.C. §206(a)(1). In addition, the employer must pay an overtime rate of at least one and one-half times the employee's regular wage for any hours worked in excess of forty hours in one week. 29 U.S.C. §207(a). An employee bears the burden of proving that he performed overtime work for which he was not properly compensated. eE360 Insight, 500 F.3d at 602 (quoting Dundee Cement Co. v. Howard Pipe & Concrete Prods., Inc., 722 F.2d 1319, 1323 (7th Cir. 1983)).
With respect to damages, the FLSA provides that any employer who violates the overtime pay requirement shall be liable in the amount of the "unpaid wages, or their unpaid overtime compensation, as the case may be, and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages." 29 U.S.C. §216(b). In addition to any judgment awarded to the plaintiff, the court may allow a reasonable attorney's fees and costs. Id.
The allegations in the complaint establish a violation of FLSA's overtime provisions. From April 2016 to mid-May 2016, the plaintiffs-former employees of the defendants-worked as asbestos removers. Dkt. No. 10 at ¶15. The defendants "regularly suffered or permitted plaintiffs to work in excess of forty hours per week in many workweeks." Id. at ¶19. The defendants agreed to pay the plaintiffs a base hourly rate of $18 per hour, but the defendants failed to pay the plaintiffs for all hours worked. Id. at ¶¶21, 22. The plaintiffs allege that defendants' actions were willful. Id. at ¶38.
At all relevant times, Reiske owned and operated Midwest Environmental. Id. at ¶27. Plaintiff Adrian Cervantes worked approximately eighty hours at his regular rate of $18 per hour and sixteen hours at his overtime rate of $27 per hour for a total of $1, 872 in unpaid wages. Id. at ¶24. When the number is doubled for liquidated damages, the defendants owe Adrian Cervantes $3, 744. Plaintiff Fernando Cervantes worked approximately ninety hours at his regular rate of $18 per hour and sixteen hours at his overtime rate for a total of $2, 052 in unpaid wages. Id. at ¶25. When that amount is doubled for liquidated damages, the amount owed to Fernando Cervantes is $4, 104. Plaintiff Fidel Blandon worked approximately 160 hours at his regular rate of $18 per hour and sixty-eight hours at his overtime rate of $27 per hour. Id. at ¶26. Blandon was compensated $300 for hours worked, but has a total of $4, 416 in unpaid wages. Id. When that amount is doubled, the defendants owe Fidel Blandon $8, 832. The total amount owed the plaintiffs is $16, 680 in unpaid wages and damages.[1]
The FLSA also provides for an award of attorney's fees and costs. 29 U.S.C. §216(b). Attorney Larry Johnson filed a declaration and a verified statement of costs and fees. Dkt. Nos. 14, 14-1, 14-2. Johnson billed 7.1 hours at $350, and his associate, Claire Roehre, billed 7.2 hours at $200, for a total amount of $3, 925. Costs totaled $668.70 (filing fee, service fee and postage). The court finds that the plaintiffs have supported their request for fees and costs in the amount of $4, 593.70.
         III. ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Students may visit the Library Media Center before school, during lunch and after school each day. During class hours, students must have a pass from a teacher to be admitted.
Students must have a pass in order to go to the library during class time.
Books are checked out at the circulation desk only with an I.D. card.
Observe the due dates stamped in the books you select. Books are checked out for two weeks.
Students with overdue books will be charged a fine of 5 cents per day for regular books circulating two weeks.
Drinks, gum and food are not allowed.
Be considerate. No loud talking or disruptive behavior. Other people have the right to silence when they are working.
Safari Montage - Collection of streaming videos, K-12 for students and teachers. Collection district-produced units of study, etc.
CultureGrams - Country and state information including geography and climate, customs, daily life videos, recipes, statistics, flag, national anthem.
Hispanica Saber - Spanish-language encyclopedia that includes over 100,000 articles, more than 9,000 images and maps, and nearly 1,000 videos, animations, sounds, and interactive media.
SIRS Discoverer - Contains newspaper and magazines articles, nonfiction ebooks, and a pro-con issues collection.
Teaching Books. net - Information about authors including meet the author videos, pronunciation audio, author book readings, book guides and lesson plans.
Teen Health and Wellness - Provides middle school and high school students with nonjudgmental, straightforward, standards-aligned, curricular and self-help support. Topics include diseases, drugs, alcohol, nutrition, mental health, suicide, bullying, green living, financial literacy, digital literacy, et al.
World Book Discover - Encyclopedia with easy-to-read articles on topics of interest to middle and high school students that include reading comprehension questions to help students focus on key concepts. Excellent citation creator.
World Book Hallazgos - Spanish Encyclopedia contains videos, images, a Spanish visual dictionary, animal comparison tool. Bilingual feature allows students to switch between Spanish and English content.
World Book Student - Encyclopedia for elementary and middle school use. Includes videos, images, a biography center, and web site links.
Gareth Story was a well-loved, dynamic teacher who passed at a young age. The Story Corner, where classes can gather in an informal setting to study and read, is named in his honor. Challenger students are reading to Hickman students on Dr. Seuss' birthday for Read Across America (right).
On Monday, December 5, 2011, Challenger staff, friends, and family held a dedication ceremony honor Kathy McLaughlin. As Challenger's second library media teacher from 1999-2008, she devoted herself to making the library the hub of the school. She had been an elementary teacher at three different elementaries, librarian for several public branch libraries, and the Young Adult Librarian for the City of San Diego, but her favorite place was Challenger Middle School.
Kathy's educational background included two masters degrees and seven teaching credentials and was a tremendous resource to the school. Her experience in the classroom was also an asset to teachers when they needed help finding curriculum resources. She constantly networked with colleagues across the district and state to promote reading and libraries. One of her talents (and joys) was matching just the right book with the student.
Her goal was to make Challenger's library the best in the district. In her quest for books, she would review books in her free time just get them at no cost to the school. All the local booksellers (new and used) knew her by name and would arrange special deals for her. In the nine years she was Challenger's librarian, she increased the size of the collection by thousands of books in a time when library book budgets were slashed to bare minimums. She was a master of creative solutions and making connections in order to receive donations for the school.
She passed away in February 2011 from complications of scleroderma. Her former office will now be known as Kathy's Place. Donations honoring her will help expand the collection.


text:
Women Teaching Women to Weld
Olivia McCleery leads a women-only welding class at Lincoln Electric. She got hooked on welding the first time she picked up a torch. (Credit: Courtesy of Lincoln Electric)
Learn About Becoming a Welder
Find Welder Training Programs
Find Welder Jobs
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How to Find the Best Trade School Program For You
How do you know which trade school program is the right fit for you? Follow these steps for the best investment of time, money and focus.
Training For Veterans: The GI Bill Isn't Just For College
The GI Bill covers many short-term training options. Trade schools and community college programs are covered as well as certifications and apprenticeships.
Diesel Mechanic
How to Become a Diesel Mechanic: Training, Timing and More
Here's what you need to know about diesel mechanic training, including how much it costs, how long it takes and the salary you can earn.
Meet the CNA: 'It Brings Me a Sense of Joy to Lend a Helping Hand'
Johndarius Akins is a 31-year-old certified nursing assistant (CNA) who graduated from Woodruff Medical Training & Testing in Atlanta. Why did you get into this line of work? And did you always want to do
By Jodi Helmer
Olivia McCleery took a job in ad sales after graduating from college but didn't love it. On a whim, she went to work for a demolition company while she figured out her next move — and fell in love with the trades.
'It was the job I never knew I wanted,' says Olivia McCleery of becoming a welding instructor. (Credit: Courtesy Lincoln Electric)
"It was the job I never knew I wanted," she recalls. "I was operating heavy machinery and breaking things; I got to do a little bit of welding and wanted to learn more."
In 2013, McCleery signed up for the six-week welding program at Lincoln Electric Welding Technology and Training Center in Cleveland, Ohio. She was one of two women in the class. From the moment she fired up the torch and started learning how to use heat and electrical currents to bond metals together, she was hooked.
"There is something addictive about welding," she explains. "You start to get the hang of it and want to do it again and again to try to make a better and better weld."
After completing the program she worked in the field before returning to the training center as a welding instructor. She is the first and only female instructor in company history and teaches several classes, including the popular (and often sold-out) Women in Welding weekend classes.
Ariana Fonoti talks in the video about how learning to weld has changed her perspective: 'It's given me this drive to accomplish anything and everything I could possibly want to do in my life.' (Credit: Snapshot from video)
Check out this video from Lincoln Electric in which female welders explain why they love their careers.
Although there are 592,000 welders in the United States, just 5.3% are women, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. That number might grow, thanks to an increasing number of "women in welding" programs offered through organizations such as Lincoln Electric, Women Who Weld and Chicago Women in Trades.
Welders earn a median wage of $20.43 per hour working in industries ranging from auto racing, shipbuilding and aerospace to custom furniture manufacturing.
Lauren Svedman, a welding instructor at Chicago Women in Trades, a nonprofit workforce development organization, believes women are drawn to welding because of the diversity of job opportunities, stable employment and high wages.
"The opportunities in welding are so vast," Svedman says. "It's so much more than working in a steel mill."
Despite a growing demand for skills-based workers, women are rarely encouraged to pursue careers in welding. "I didn't even know welding was a thing until I was in my 20s," said McCleery. "No one talked to me about going to trade school or all of the opportunities in the trades."
Welding classes for women provide a safe place for them to explore their interests and decide if a career in the trades is the right fit — and their first experience with a welding torch is almost never their last, according to McCleery. Many of the women who attend the weekend programs go on to register for comprehensive classes in trade schools or community colleges, earning certifications and pursuing careers in welding.
"Welding makes me feel powerful. There is so much satisfaction that comes from being able to see a physical creation that I made," says Svedman.
Like McCleery, Svedman stumbled into a career in welding. The single mom, who holds a degree in psychology and previously worked with troubled youth, loved making things and wanted to learn how to weld in order to make sculptures and other artwork as a hobby. She signed up for a free welding class offered through the Jane Addams Resource Corporation in Chicago and it sparked a passion that led her to change careers.
"Welding makes me feel powerful. There is so much satisfaction that comes from being able to see a physical creation that I made," she says. "There is so much stability in manufacturing and I was able to leave my work at work and spend evenings with my daughter."
Lauren Svedman (left) at Chicago Women in Trades with a welding student. (Credit: Katie Devries from Welding Industrial Supply Company)
In addition to teaching women the basics of reading blueprints, shop safety and MIG, TIG and stick welding, Svedman talks to students about the realities of being a woman in a historically male field. "It takes a lot of courage to step outside of traditional gender roles and explore opportunities in a male-dominated industry."
For McCleery, stepping outside of her comfort zone has led to incredible opportunities, and no small amount of pride.
"There is a huge sense of accomplishment that comes with welding," McCleery says. "You feel so proud to have something you can point to and say, 'I did this.'"
Jodi Helmer has covered education and vocational training for Civil Eats, NPR, Fresh Cup and Garden Center Magazine among others.
Reskill


"My father is German, right? Was German. And born in a very wonderful place in Germany, so I have a great feeling for Germany," Trump said during a meeting with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, who is from Norway.
It's pretty common knowledge that Fred Trump (Donnie-two-scoops' father) was born in the Bronx.
Seeking to distance himself from his German heritage, Trump's father, Fred, a prominent builder in New York, went on to claim Swedish heritage, probably for business reasons.
So this self-proclaimed "Great American President" goes to great lengths to insinuate he's the child of immigrants because he's too ashamed to admit his father is Bronx-by-Birth?
It's the other aspects of his ancestors that tRump should be trying to hide. His grandfather Frederich came to the U.S. at the age of 16 to avoid being in the military, so draft-dodging appears to run in the family. Frederich ran a brothel in Washington state before opening a barber shop and then dabbled in more real estate in Queens. tRump's father Fred was arrested for marching in a KKK parade in NYC, and was investigated for racketeering.
Is it any surprise that tRumpy is a scumbag? It seems to run in the family (but mainly on his father's side).


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Asbestos — two to three times more deadly than known
"Clouds of dust were falling on us at every blow of the truncheon, but at that time we knew nothing about asbestos," recalled Jesús Ropero Calcerrada, a 73-year-old man who was tasked with scraping asbestos from railway carriages during his working life in Beasáin, in the Basque country in Spain. He and others were not offered any protection from the asbestos they were removing, according to the workers' committee.
Workers like Jesús, interviewed by Grupo Merca2, represent the most well-known group of victims of exposure to asbestos — older working men. Around 35 years ago, he and others removed the deadly mineral from wagons, armed with a truncheon and a crowbar. A year ago, he was diagnosed with mesothelioma and has to live connected up to an oxygen cylinder and receive morphine for pain.
"I have a wife, look how beautiful she is, and seven grandchildren for whom I'll put up with whatever I can. At least I hope that they get something with the compensation," he said a few weeks ago, referring to an attempt to get a settlement with his former employer.
Jesús Ropero Calcerrada died on 5 November 2022, a fortnight after he was interviewed for this investigation.
That bleak picture, of working men, drawn from heavy industries such as construction, the railways and the shipyards, is starting to change. A growing number of women have also been exposed to asbestos without knowing, and form an increasing percentage of the grim statistics.
Helen Bone, a 40-year-old former nurse in Middlesbrough, England, is one of them. Last year she was diagnosed with the aggressive cancer, mesothelioma — tumours forming in the protective tissues that surround organs including the lungs, stomach and pelvis. The cancer is overwhelmingly linked to exposure to asbestos. Bone was exposed to asbestos in both the education and healthcare sectors, as a pupil, patient and nurse — but has never directly worked with the substance.
"I was guilty of the thinking, that this was an old man's disease. But the more you go onto the support groups, the more you notice how many women have it now," she tells EUobserver.
Helen Bone's case is not an isolated example. Many women like her have spent years working or studying in contaminated buildings — or even visiting them as members of the public. The presence of damaged asbestos in buildings — including shops, hospitals, schools and public buildings — is upending the traditional picture of asbestos victims.
[Article continues at original source]
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WinthropEaglesWIN
15-8, 7-3 Conf
WIN 33 43 76
CHSO 35 37 72
Charleston SouthernBuccaneersCHSO
10-12, 4-5 Conf
Winthrop holds off Charleston Southern 76-72
CHARLESTON, S.C. -- Charles Falden and Josh Ferguson scored 17 points apiece and Winthrop held off Charleston Southern 76-72 on Thursday night.
Falden made 7 of 11 shots, including 3 of 5 from 3-point range, and grabbed nine rebounds for the Eagles (15-8, 7-3 Big South Conference), who snapped a two-game skid and moved into second place, two games behind Radford.
Ferguson sank 7 of 12 shots, also making 3 of 5 from distance, as the Eagles shot 48 percent from the floor and 45 percent behind the arc (13 of 29). Adam Pickett pitched in with 14 points, six rebounds and four assists.
Winthrop trailed 35-33 at halftime and the two teams traded leads early in the second half, but Falden nailed a 3-pointer with 15:22 left to play for a 46-45 lead and built the lead to 16 points before a late run by the Bucs.
Dontrell Shuler topped the Buccaneers (10-12, 4-5) with 16 points and five steals, while Phlandrous Fleming Jr. added 14 points and six assists.
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SOUTH AFRICA: Apartheid not crime against humanity – F.W. de Klerk
Staff Reporter | February 18, 2020
Former South African President FW de Klerk arrives for the State of the Nation Address at parliament in Cape Town, Feb. 13, 2020.
Rage in S. Africa Over Former President's Claim that Apartheid 'Not a Crime Against Humanity'
JOHANNESBURG (VOA News) – South Africa's final apartheid president, F.W. de Klerk, has found himself in the crosshairs of the powerful African National Congress — and many others — since he said he didn't believe the racist system was a crime against humanity.
While his comments – made earlier this month – have provoked outrage, African scholars have noted a sense of continental amnesia about the past, and say this misplaced nostalgia is not an exclusively South African phenomenon.
De Klerk was instrumental in ending apartheid, releasing Nelson Mandela from prison and ushering in democracy in 1994. De Klerk shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize with Mandela for their role in ending the apartheid regime that treated the nation's non-white majority as second-class citizens.
'I don't fully agree with that'
Forty-five percent of today's South Africans had yet to be born when that happened. But the wounds of apartheid still run deep, as seen by de Klerk's heated exchange with state broadcaster SABC.
Reporter Manelisi Dubase pressed the former president to agree with the United Nations' classification of the system as a crime against humanity:
"I don't fully agree with that," de Klerk responded, adding, "I profusely apologize for [apartheid]. But there's a difference between calling something a crime, like genocide is a crime. Apartheid cannot be, that's why I'm saying this, cannot be, for instance compared with genocide. There was never genocide."
As Dubase then noted, thousands of people — most of them black — were killed in internecine violence during apartheid. Additionally, countless protesters were killed in police detention or by police action, and millions of South Africans were subjected to daily indignities, restrictions and unfair treatment solely on the basis of their race.
De Klerk's comments have provoked widespread anger, including from the foundation of fellow Nobel Peace laureate Desmond Tutu. Last week, parliamentarians from the youth-oriented Economic Freedom Fighters party protested De Klerk's presence during the president's annual speech.
And the African National Congress said the former president's comments were "a clear and deliberate attempt to incite race hatred."
"Apartheid was a brutal system of oppression and underdevelopment, and the United Nations in 1973 correctly declared it a crime against humanity," said ANC spokesman Pule Mabe. "The nation is therefore indeed shocked, and we are all asking: Mr. de Klerk, was apartheid anything else than this definition by the entire world?"
Hate speech is not legally protected in South Africa, although the ANC did not explicitly call for punishment. The EFF, however, is calling for a case to be opened against De Klerk.
'It is my own fish; leave him to me'
Independent political analyst Ralph Mathekga said he is worried about what he sees as a continent-wide attempt to revise what is often painful history. He pointed to the nostalgia over recently deceased Zimbabwean strongman Robert Mugabe, longtime Kenyan ruler Daniel Arap Moi, and others.
"When I look at how we reflect on Mugabe, we reflect on some former dictators, it's almost like we're saying — and this has actually been a Nigerian saying, 'It is my own fish; leave him to me,'" he told VOA. "It's like cutting off your nose to spite your face. Because if you look at the performance of those dictators, what have they achieved locally? There is no material benefit that justify this attempt to whitewash history."
Mathekga was a high school student when apartheid ended. When asked if he thought apartheid was a crime against humanity, his reply was swift.
"Of course, there was no doubt about it…Forget about the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The killing, mass killing, of black people, in Thembisa, in Katlehong, in Sebokeng — I've seen those with my eyes, so I cannot imagine any system that has been as atrocious as apartheid."
De Klerk's foundation, which had initially supported his comments, on Monday withdrew them, saying apartheid was a crime against humanity.
—— AUTO – GENERATED; Published (Halifax Canada Time AST) on: February 18, 2020 at 01:05PM
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Cocktail Tables are a must for any event where you want your guests to mingle and "visit". They are available in 30″ Round, 36″ Round or 30″ Square.
Our designer has invested in a fabric topper for a cocktail table that changes its look based on the fabric colors beneath.


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2015 NSK Neustadt Laureate - Meshack Asare
Meshack Asare
"Meshack Asare is more than a son of Ghana; having retold tales from other African countries, such as Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa, he is a storyteller of the continent. His oeuvre has provided generations of children on the continent with intelligent, resonant stories that have entertained and enriched in equal measure." – Nii Ayikwei Parkes, in his nominating statement
Meshack Asare is a gifted Ghanaian author-illustrator who has won international acclaim for a rare combination of literary and artistic talent, as revealed in his storybooks. He is not only a creative writer of considerable distinction but also an artist of international repute whose illustrations capture the mood of the verbal text as well as vividly evoke the desired response.
Asare has won many prestigious national and international awards as a writer and illustrator of books for children and young adults and is widely acclaimed for his skillful weaving of cultural traditions and realities of daily life into picture storybooks for children. He has been applauded for striving to celebrate both diversity and universality in his books, which have been translated into many languages: Danish, Dutch, German, Swedish, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, French, Russian, and other European languages in addition to being read around Africa.
He was born September 18, 1945, the second of six children to Joseph K. Asare, an accountant, and Agatha Adoma Afram, a trader, at Nyankumasi in Ghana. He studied art at the University of Science & Technology in Kumasi and became a teacher, specializing in multicultural education. While teaching, he took an extension course in educational psychology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Asare published his first children's book, Tawia Goes to Sea (1970), in Ghana. The book won him the Ghana National Book Award, a UNESCO Best Picture Book from Africa citation, and was the first book from an African publisher to be translated into Japanese. His second book, Kwajo and the Brassman's Secret (1981), won the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa and the 1986 IBBY Award.
After moving to England in 1983, he studied for an MA in social anthropology at the University of London's School of Oriental & African Studies and worked in the fields of art, education, culture, and administration. During this period he published a number of books, including Katze sucht sich einen Freund (Cat in search of a friend), which won the Austrian National Book Prize (1985) and BIB Golden Plaque (1986), and Sosu's Call, which won the UNESCO First Prize for Books for Children and Young Persons in the Service of Tolerance. Since retiring, he has lived with his family in southern Germany. He is active in helping train young illustrators and writers by leading workshops and serving on juries.
Jury & Finalists for the 2015 NSK Prize
Kathleen T. Horning Peter Sís The Wall
Eric Kimmel Leonard Everett Fisher The Jetty Chronicles
Elizabeth Laird Jamila Gavin Blackberry Blue
Kathryn Otoshi David Small The Gardener
Nii Ayikwei Parkes Meshack Asare The Brassman's Secret
J. L. Powers Benjamin Alire Sáenz Sammy and Juliana in Hollywood
Richard Van Camp Julie Flett Owls See Clearly at Night (Lii Yiiboo Nayaapiwak lii Swer): A Michif Alphabet (L'alfabet di Michif)
NSK Neustadt Prize Laureates
The NSK Neustadt Prize for Children's Literature is awarded every other year to a living writer or author-illustrator with significant achievement in children's or young-adult literature.
2017 Marilyn Nelson
2015 Meshack Asare
2013 Naomi Shihab Nye
2011 Virginia Euwer Wolff
2009 Vera B. Williams
2007 Katherine Paterson
2005 Brian Doyle
2003 Mildred D. Taylor
Neustadt Prize Laureates
2020 Ismail Kadare
2018 Edwidge Danticat
2016 Dubravka Ugrešić
2014 Mia Couto (Mozambique)
2012 Rohinton Mistry (India/Canada)
2010 Duo Duo (China)
2008 Patricia Grace (New Zealand)
2006 Claribel Alegría (Nicaragua, El Salvador)
2004 Adam Zagajewski (Poland)
2002 Álvaro Mutis (Colombia)
2000 David Malouf (Australia)
1998 Nuruddin Farah (Somalia)
1996 Assia Djebar (Algeria)
1994 Kamau Brathwaite (Barbados)
1992 João Cabral de Melo Neto (Brazil)
1990 Tomas Tranströmer (Sweden)
1988 Raja Rao (India)
1986 Max Frisch (Switzerland)
1984 Paavo Haavikko (Finland)
1982 Octavio Paz (Mexico)
1980 Josef Škvorecký (Czechoslovakia, Canada)
1978 Czesław Miłosz (Poland)
1976 Elizabeth Bishop (USA)
1974 Francis Ponge (France)
1972 Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
1970 Giuseppe Ungaretti (Italy)


In this episode of Move Forward Radio, physical therapists discuss their work with addiction treatment centers to help medically stabilized patients learn more about pain and learn how to use physical therapy to manage it.
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What is a combat athlete and what does it take to be one? In today's episode of Move Forward Radio, former amateur and professional combat athlete and current instructor Kirstin Schmidt discusses the injuries endured during her career, and how physical therapy kept her fighting, and how it became one of her tools to staying healthy. Together she and her physical therapist Jessica Probst, who participates in combat sports and treats combat athletes discuss combat sports, describe the joys and dangers of participation.
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Taylor Fang: Making AI Accessible
Taylor Fang's Allgirlithm democratizes access to resources and opportunities for girls to learn about computer science and artificial intelligence.
Link to https://www.ashoka.org/en-bd/story/taylor-changemaker-journey copied.
Two hours north of Salt Lake City, nestled among the mountains in the Cache Valley, is the city of Logan, Utah, where Taylor Fang grew up. She spent her childhood immersed in reading. When she felt isolated, it was her "portal" to discover new ideas about history, society, and the endless possibilities of science.
She loved reading and learning, and Logan's natural beauty, but couldn't help feeling isolated.
"Growing up, I saw a lot of the students around me didn't really feel like they had the power to really do anything about the issues that were affecting them… so they created their own ecosystems, but they didn't feel like they really had a lot of power to shape what was happening to them."
Taylor's parents invested a lot in her learning, making sure to provide her with rich experiences that would expand her worldview and encourage her to figure out how she wanted to show up and make an impact in the world. The summer after her Freshman year of high school, Taylor attended a camp at Stanford University's Artificial Intelligence lab that would open her eyes to new possibilities.
The first thing Taylor noticed at camp was the huge gap in the opportunities she and her peers had growing up, compared to the new girls she met. They already knew what their passions were, and they'd grown up believing they could shape their own reality by pursuing those passions. At camp, Taylor felt challenged to step out of her comfort zone like never before, and empowered by her new knowledge in an emerging field. Along with two friends, Anne and Joanna, she was inspired to share what she'd learned.
The three girls found lots of online communities, magazines and blogs about fashion targeted to girls, but not much else. Knowledge on advanced technologies like AI just wasn't accessible to all girls, despite its enormous presence in society and its implications for the future. They created Allgirlithm to change that: by showing female role models in tech, showing the intersections of tech and other areas of interest, and building a like-minded, supportive community.
Allgirlithm started as a blog featuring women in tech, with occasional interviews, resources to share, and a forum. One day on the forum, the team asked what city and state in the US everyone was from. To their surprise, someone replied from outside of the country! In that moment, they realized just how many people they had the power to reach.
The team continued expanding, building partnerships with other female-focused tech organizations, like Pixelhacks in the Bay Area and the Developer Society in the Philippines. Allgirlithm's growth was exciting, but not without its challenges. As the network grew, coordinating schedules with each other and balancing schoolwork became difficult. At one point, Taylor even doubted they were reaching anyone and thought about quitting. But when she received an email from a group of middle school girls telling her that they had learned about computer science through Allgirlithm, and another from girls who wanted to add links to their Resources page, she was reminded how strong their community had become.
In addition to the blog, news and resource links, Allgirlithm now offers an open-source curriculum so tech clubs can meet or hold workshops anywhere in the world. Clubs present and work through the lessons, sometimes with guest speakers or professors, and build community around understanding AI technology and its implications on society.
The community is the most powerful part. Taylor recalls an experience she had in a workshop, where a young girl nervously confessed that she didn't know anything, didn't feel smart, and was worried about what others would think of her. Throughout the workshop, Taylor noticed a change in her attitude: "You could just see the difference in how she felt more confident after just being able to be in this space with other girls, where no one was really judging her and she had a lot of chances to explore and learn."
Taylor believes that everyone is a changemaker and recognizes that often, the only barriers are access to opportunities and feeling empowered. She envisions a future where that access is equal and the opportunities are unlimited; where technology is present in every aspect of life, but everyone has the tools and mindset to understand it and use it for good.
Story written by Julia Tessler
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Our kitchen only has one light. So it's either pitch dark or flooded with light. And what's worse is with only one light source, shadows are pretty much a permenate feature. That's why I'd like to install some track lighting in the house to give it a warm glow, lighten up those dark areas, and give light were it is needed most. And all this while lowering electricity usage! It's a Good Thing (TM)!


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