While evolution is unpredictable, science aims to quantify it and the latest surveys of marine life have shown a new pattern, the size of marine animals are increasing. The marine animal has gone up by a factor of 150, this has happened in the past 542 million years (since the Cambrian period).
There is a vast magnitude of variables that scientists are trying to understand and the concept of "drift" is not part of them and does not explain this pattern. The process of natural selection is not new. It was first proposed in Cope's rule after Edward Drinker Cope, an American fossil specialist.
Some scientists think that this trend is not solid enough to influence the assumption that every animal in the planet will evolve to grow bigger. Diversity and expansion were one of the main reasons why the marine life has grown larger.
It could be a matter of chance or an evolutionary advantage; scientists are currently trying to work out to answer this question. The marine animals have become faster and better predators, scientists have used computer models and have ran simulations to understand the evolutionary process, the size advantage has matched the fossil history making the "size advantage" theory a plausible theory.
Researchers are trying to find out what the benefits of "extra size" could be, according to them it could be to eat a larger prey or burrow.


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Aside from starting the PBA Governors' Cup on the right foot by beating the GlobalPort Batang Pier last Tuesday, this news about the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel's top player will surely add up to their loyal fans' happiness.
BGSM skipper Mark 'The Spark' Caguioa moved up in the PBA's all time scoring Player Rankings as of as of May 22, 2014. He is now in the 20th place behind the team's new coach "The Jet" Jeffrey Cariaso and ahead of former Sta. Lucia big man Dennis Espino.
Mark continues to make his game count when BGSM takes on the Meralco Bolts this coming weekend May 24 (Saturday) at the MOA ARENA.


text:
import { RpgCommonMap, Utils, RpgShape, RpgCommonGame, AbstractObject } from '@rpgjs/common'
import { TiledParserFile } from '@rpgjs/tiled'
import { EventOptions } from '../decorators/event'
import { RpgPlayer, EventMode, RpgEvent } from '../Player/Player'
import { Move } from '../Player/MoveManager'
import { RpgServerEngine } from '../server'
import { Observable } from 'rxjs'
import { constructor, HitBox, MovingHitbox, Position, Tick } from '@rpgjs/types'

export type EventPosOption = {
    x: number,
    y: number,
    z?: number,
    event: EventOptions
}
export type EventOption = EventPosOption | EventOptions

export type PlayersList = {
    [eventId: string]: RpgEvent
}

export type EventsList = {
    [playerId: string]: RpgPlayer
}

class AutoEvent extends RpgEvent {
    static mode: EventMode
    static hitbox: any = {}

    onInit() {
        const { graphic, direction, speed, frequency, move } = this.properties
        if (graphic) {
            this.setGraphic(graphic)
        }
        if (direction) {
            this.changeDirection(direction)
        }
        if (speed) {
            this.speed = speed
        }
        if (frequency) {
            this.frequency = frequency
        }
        if (move == 'random') {
            this.infiniteMoveRoute([Move.tileRandom()])
        }
    }

    async onAction(player: RpgPlayer) {
        const { text } = this.properties
        if (text) {
            await player.showText(text, {
                talkWith: this
            })
        }
    }
}

export class RpgMap extends RpgCommonMap {

    public _events: EventOption[]
    public file: any

    /**
    * @title event list
    * @prop { { [eventId: string]: RpgEvent } } [events]
    * @memberof Map
    * */
    public events: EventsList = {}

    constructor(private _server: RpgServerEngine) {
        super()
    }

    // alias of users property in simple-room package
    get players(): PlayersList {
        return this['users']
    }

    get nbPlayers(): number {
        return Object.keys(this.players).length
    }

    async load() {
        if (RpgCommonMap.buffer.has(this.id)) {
            return
        }
        const parser = new TiledParserFile(
            this.file,
            this._server.inputOptions.basePath + '/' + this._server.assetsPath
        )
        const data = await parser.parseFilePromise({
            getOnlyBasename: true
        })
        super.load(data)
        this.getAllObjects().forEach(this.createShape.bind(this))
        this.loadProperties((data as any).properties)
        this._server.workers?.call('loadMap', {
            id: this.id,
            data
        })
        RpgCommonMap.buffer.set(this.id, this)
        this.createDynamicEvent(this._events as EventPosOption[])
        if (this.onLoad) this.onLoad()
    }

    private loadProperties(properties: {
        [key: string]: any
    }) {
        for (let key in properties) {
            this[key] = properties[key]
        }
    }

    get game(): RpgCommonGame {
        return this._server.gameEngine
    }

    private removeObject(object: RpgPlayer | RpgEvent) {
        this.getShapes().forEach(shape => shape.out(object))
        const events: RpgPlayer[] = Object.values(this.game.world.getObjectsOfGroup(this.id, object))
        for (let event of events) {
            object.getShapes().forEach(shape => shape.out(event))
            event.getShapes().forEach(shape => shape.out(object))
        }
        object.stopMoveTo()
        this.grid.clearObjectInCells(object.id)
        for (let playerId in this.players) {
            if (object.id == playerId) continue
            const otherPlayer = this.players[playerId]
            if (otherPlayer.following?.id == object.id) {
                otherPlayer.cameraFollow(otherPlayer)
            }
        }
        // last player before removed of this map
        if (this.nbPlayers === 1) {
            // clear cache for this map
            this._server.sceneMap.removeMap(this.id)
        }
    }

    // Hook: called by simple-room package
    onLeave(player: RpgPlayer) {
        this.removeObject(player)
    }

    // TODO
    autoLoadEvent() {
        this.getShapes().forEach(shape => {
            const { properties } = shape
            const { x, y, pos, w, h } = shape.hitbox
            if (shape.isEvent() && !this.events[shape.name]) {
                const mode = properties.mode || EventMode.Shared
                AutoEvent.prototype['_name'] = shape.name
                AutoEvent.mode = mode
                AutoEvent.hitbox = {
                    width: 32,
                    height: 16
                }
                const event = this.createEvent({
                    x,
                    y,
                    event: AutoEvent
                }, mode, shape)
                if (event) this.events[shape.name] = event
            }
        })
    }

    /**
     * Edit a tile on the map. All players on the map will see the modified tile
     *
     *
     * @title Change Tile in map
     * @since 3.0.0-beta.4
     * @method map.setTile(x,y,layer,tileInfo)
     * @param {number} x Position X
     * @param {number} y Position Y
     * @param {string | ((layer: any) => boolean)} layer Name of the layer where you want to put a tile. OYou can also put a function that will act as a filter. The first parameter is the layer and you return a boolean to indicate if you modify the tile of this layer or not
     * @param {object} tileInfo Object with the following properties:
     *  - {number} gid: The tile number in tileset (from 1)
     *  - {object} properties Property of the tile. You own object. To set a collision, set the `collision:true` property
     * @example
     * ```ts
     * map.setTile(15, 18, 'mylayer', { gid: 2 })
     * ```
     * @returns {void}
     * @memberof Map
     */
    setTile(x: number, y: number, layerFilter: string | ((layer: any) => boolean), tileInfo: {
        gid: number,
        properties?: object
    }): any {
        const tiles = super.setTile(x, y, layerFilter, tileInfo)
        const players: RpgPlayer[] = Object.values(this['users'])
        for (let player of players) {
            player.emit('changeTile', tiles)
        }
        return tiles
    }

    getEventShape(eventName: string): RpgShape | undefined {
        return this.getShapes().find(shape => shape.name == eventName)
    }

    /**
     * Dynamically create an event in Shared mode
     *
     * ```ts
     * @EventData({
     *  name: 'EV-1'
     * })
     * class MyEvent extends RpgEvent {
     *  onAction() {
     *      console.log('ok')
     *  }
     * }
     *
     * map.createDynamicEvent({
     *      x: 100,
     *      y: 100,
     *      event: MyEvent
     * })
     * ```
     *
     * You can also put an array of objects to create several events at once
     *
     * @title Create Dynamic Event
     * @since 3.0.0-beta.4
     * @method map.createDynamicEvent(eventObj|eventObj[])
     * @param { { x: number, y: number, z?: number, event: eventClass } } eventsList
     * @returns { { [eventId: string]: RpgEvent } }
     * @memberof Map
     */
    createDynamicEvent(eventsList: EventPosOption | EventPosOption[]): {
        [eventId: string]: RpgEvent
    } {
        if (!eventsList) return {}
        if (!Utils.isArray(eventsList)) {
            eventsList = [eventsList as EventPosOption]
        }
        const events = this.createEvents(eventsList as EventPosOption[], EventMode.Shared)
        let ret = {}
        for (let key in events) {
            this.events[key] = events[key]
            this.events[key].updateInVirtualGrid()
            this.events[key].execMethod('onInit')
            // force to get Proxy object to sync with client
            ret = { ...ret, [key]: this.events[key] }
        }
        return ret
    }

    /**
     * Get Event in current map
     * @title Get Event
     * @since 3.0.0-beta.7
     * @method map.getEvent(eventId)
     * @param {string} eventId Event Id
     * @returns {RpgEvent | undefined}
     * @memberof Map
     */
    getEvent<T extends RpgEvent>(eventId: string): T | undefined {
        return this.events[eventId] as T
    }

    /**
     * Removes an event from the map. Returns false if the event is not found
     * @title Remove Event
     * @since 3.0.0-beta.4
     * @method map.removeEvent(eventId)
     * @param {string} eventId Event Name
     * @returns {boolean}
     * @memberof Map
     */
    removeEvent(eventId: string): boolean {
        if (!this.events[eventId]) return false
        this.removeObject(this.events[eventId])
        delete this.events[eventId]
        return true
    }

    createEvent(obj: EventPosOption, mode: EventMode, shape?: RpgShape): RpgEvent | null {
        let event: any, position: Position | undefined

        // We retrieve the information of the event ([Event] or [{event: Event, x: number, y: number}])
        if (obj.x === undefined) {
            event = obj
        }
        else {
            event = obj.event
            position = { x: obj.x, y: obj.y, z: 0 }
        }

        // The event is ignored if the mode is different.
        if (event.mode != mode) {
            return null
        }

        // Create an instance of RpgEvent and assign its options
        const ev = this.game.addEvent<RpgEvent>(event)
        const _shape = shape || this.getEventShape(ev.name)
        ev.map = this.id
        ev.server = this._server
        ev.width = event.width || this.tileWidth
        ev.height = event.height || this.tileHeight
        if (_shape && _shape.properties) ev.properties = _shape.properties
        if (event.hitbox) ev.setHitbox(event.hitbox.width, event.hitbox.height)
        ev.teleport(position || ev.name)
        return ev
    }

    createEvents(eventsList: EventOption[], mode: EventMode): EventsList {
        const events = {}

        if (!eventsList) return events

        for (let obj of eventsList) {
            const ev = this.createEvent(obj as EventPosOption, mode)
            if (ev) {
                events[ev.id] = ev
            }
        }

        return events
    }

    /**
     * Allows to create a temporary hitbox on the map that can have a movement
For example, you can use it to explode a bomb and find all the affected players, or during a sword strike, you can create a moving hitbox and find the affected players again
     * @title Create a temporary and moving hitbox
     * @since 3.2.0
     * @method map.createMovingHitbox(hitboxes,options)
     * @param {Array<{ width: number, height: number, x: number, y: number }>} hitboxes Create several hitboxes that will give an effect of movement
     * @param {object} [options]
     * @param {speed} [options.speed=1] speed of movement (in frames)
     * @returns {Observable<AbstractObject>} You find the methods of position and movement of an event
     * @memberof Map
     * @example
     *
     * ```ts
     * // Two hitboxes that will be done very quickly
     * map.createMovingHitbox(
     *   [
     *      { x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100 },
     *      { x: 20, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100 }
     *   ]
     * ).subscribe({
     *      next(hitbox) {
     *          console.log(hitbox.otherPlayersCollision)
     *      },
     *      complete() {
     *          console.log('finish')
     *      }
     * })
     * ```
     */
    createMovingHitbox(
        hitboxes: Pick<HitBox, 'width' | 'height' | 'x' | 'y'>[],
        options: MovingHitbox = {}): Observable<AbstractObject> {
        return this._createMovingHitbox<RpgCommonGame>(
            this.game,
            this._server.tick as any,
            this.id,
            hitboxes,
            options) as any
    }

    setSync(schema: any) {
        return this.$setSchema(schema)
    }
}

export interface RpgMap {
    sounds: string[]
    $schema: any
    $setSchema: (schema: any) => void
    $patchSchema: (schema: any) => void
    $snapshotUser: (userId: string) => any
    onLoad()
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
London City Airport: First class support for employee well-being
Published by: LifeWorks, 15th July 2021
London City Airport is the fifth busiest airport serving the UK's capital city. Over 4.5 million passengers pass though the terminal every year, supported by over 2,000 direct and associated employees. An airport is a unique work environment, where the safety and well-being of passengers and crew is paramount. With demand for air travel predicted to double over the next 20 years, a recent paper from the British Psychological Society encouraged the aviation industry to invest in the infrastructure and wellbeing of its workforce to meet this demand and ensure safety is not compromised.
In line with this prediction, London City Airport is in the midst of a £480m airport development programme, which will see eight new aircraft stands, equivalent to the size of 11 football pitches, being built alongside the creation of the UK's first Digital Air Traffic Control Tower. There will also be a full-length parallel taxiway constructed and extensions of the terminal, quadrupling its size. This will grow the airport's workforce significantly and London City has stepped up its plans to develop the culture of its workforce and support employee well-being in tandem with the expansion.
"We are undertaking the largest development ever in the history of the airport and we want our staff to enjoy work and enjoy their lives out of work," said Robert Sinclair, CEO of London City Airport.
"Life is too short not to enjoy what you do when you're at work and it's incredibly important that our staff are strong mentally and physically," Sinclair added.
London City is using the LifeWorks total unified well-being solution to communicate with all of its staff, to get key messages out and to talk about the development and the future of the business. The Newsfeed allows a company communication to be delivered to all staff, wherever they are, even if they are not in front of a computer.
Combined with Recognition, the Newsfeed is also promoting a sense of community by allowing staff to engage with each other 24/7.
"LifeWorks lets people know what a great job they did. You may not be able to speak to them face to face but you can catch them online and they then get a notification saying they've been given a recognition," said Mohammed Zaman, Security Operations Manager at the airport.
This support for social well-being also connects to an employee's mental, physical and financial wellness when combined with the Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) and clinical counselling.
"Just to get a 'thank you' or a 'well done' at the end of the day, it motivates you to do better," said Stephanie Powell, Reward Manager at the airport. "And If you give people the functionality to be able to get some help, speak to someone, and relieve their stress then they'll be more focused on their work and therefore their productivity will increase," Powell added.
Being able to offer 24/7 support to the workforce is crucial when you have lots of shift workers and rostered staff. As CEO Robert Sinclair points out, in that environment it's not always easy for people to be able to communicate with each other.
"So, whether it's mental well-being, whether it the Employee Assistance Programme, whether its deals for local gyms or communication with other employees, everything we do means we want to see a healthy, happy, engaged workforce," Sinclair said.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Household / Furniture / Carpet
Chocolates / Confectionery / Ice Cream
Vox Cinemas
Electronics / Home Appliances / Computers
Opening Hours Getting Here Feedback Leasing
Majid Al Futtaim's City...
Majid Al Futtaim's City Centre Malls in the Northern Emirates Got Interactive with Games and Prizes in October
City Centre Ajman, City Centre Fujairah and City Centre Sharjah from Majid Al Futtaim—the leading shopping mall, retail and leisure pioneer across the Middle East and North Africa—supported this year's technology season through an interactive electronics campaign.
City Centre Ajman, City Centre Fujairah and City Centre Sharjah from Majid Al Futtaim—the leading shopping mall, retail and leisure pioneer across the Middle East and North Africa—supported this year's technology season through an interactive electronics campaign. Coinciding with the city-wide electronics festivities, City Centre malls in the Northern Emirates hosted a range of nostalgic and contemporary games suitable for all ages and gave away the latest gadgets last month.
Throughout October, loyal shoppers at City Centres Ajman, Sharjah and Fujairah received a chance to win the latest Apple I-watch daily upon spending up to AED 300 from any store within either of the malls; and purchases made at any electronics shop gave the customers double chances of winning.
In addition to the in-mall spend and win promotion, shoppers who spent over AED 300 in any electronics store in the Northern Emirates malls were able to take part in 'Gaming Through the Ages,' a retro games festival that featured the best-selling video games from the last two decades. Popular games such as Cowboys, Street Fighter, Final Fight (Hagar) and Table Football were amongst the nostalgic games that were available for shoppers to enjoy. Pac Man, an archaic but classic game, is no longer available to the public but made a comeback during the week-long gaming sessions in each of the malls.
"Our City Centres' electronics campaigns combined the most popular, classic games with the most innovative releases of the year. Visitors got a sense of how gaming technology has evolved in the last two decades, while enjoying the 'great moments' our malls deliver. Electronics purchases are a popular reason for visiting Majid Al Futtaim's malls in the UAE and we celebrated that trend last month by engaging and rewarding our shoppers," said Fuad Mansoor Sharaf, Senior Director – Property Management at Majid Al Futtaim Properties.
Adding to the fun, City Centre Fujairah launched 'Happy Hours.' Complimentary Magic Planet cards were rewarded to customers, who spent a minimum of AED 50 in food and beverage outlets during the weekday afternoons (Sunday to Wednesday from 5pm – 9pm).
Online fans can keep up with the latest news about City Centre malls' through social media platforms.
The month of October offered chances for all visitors to get involved and join in with the festivities of the celebration of the brand to create great moments for everyone, everyday.
< Back To The Press Release Listing


3. Description this book Paperback. Pub Date :2005-07-18 Pages: 592 Language: English Publisher: Simon Schuster Books for Young Readers The Brethren is the first detailed behind-the- scenes account of the Supreme Court in action. Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong have pierced its secrecy to give us an unprecedented view of the Chief and Associate Justices - maneuvering. arguing. politicking. compromising and making decisions that affect every major area of ??American life.
These presentations are classified and categorized, so you will always find everything clearly laid out and in context. You are watching FREE DOWNLOAD THE Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court Audiobook Streaming| THE Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court presentation right now. We are staying up to date!


The socks arrive in four different colors; white, black, gray and pink. We liked the pink ones the best as they were the prettiest. However, basic colors are always good to have for you sock-wearing folks. These are yoga socks and have slightly raised white (or orange on the white socks) patterns on them to assist in your grip. This is a good thing when you are sweating like there's no tomorrow.
The socks are comfortable. They also have a ribbed fabric in the middle for added comfort. Finally, they are unique in shape, towards the toe which provides an extra lip to avoid uncomfortable rubbing.
These are excellent for the sweaty amongst us.


text:
Archive | Columbus Circle
Hearst Tower is First LEED-NC Gold Building in NYC to Earn LEED-EB: OM Platinum
By Stephen Del Percio on March 7, 2012 in Columbus Circle, Hearst Tower, LEED-EB, Manhattan, New York City
Norman Foster's Hearst Tower is the first LEED for New Construction Gold-certified commercial office building in New York City to subsequently earn Platinum under the LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance rating system.
Publisher Quadruples Space at Malkin's REIT-Bound 250 West 57th Street
By Stephen Del Percio on March 1, 2012 in Columbus Circle, Historic Preservation, Leases, Manhattan, New York City, Transactions
Although the tower doesn't sport a LEED or an Energy Star label – yet – a recent deal at Malkin Properties' historic 250 West 57th Street is notable for a number of important reasons.


Is it possible to connect the BNC outer to ground when using a P8000?
A question was recently posed regarding the grounding conditions of a BNC type input. The shield or outer of a BNC cable or connector is not connected to the chassis or ground. What would happen if it was connected to ground?
Continue reading Is it possible to connect the BNC outer to ground when using a P8000?
When should I use the ground connection on my P8000 data acquisition system?
The ground connection should be used if an issue has been observed in measured data, such as significant electricity supply (50Hz or 60Hz) distortion or significant noise.
It should be noted that sometimes connecting the ground cable to earth can actually make matters worse. It depends on the situation.


Interested in climbing Kilimanjaro with some of our Daktari's and support the ongoing training? TrainForward by training to climb Kilimanjaro in 2017. Read about one of our volunteer's climb here.
If you are interested contact tamara@madaktari.org. More information to come soon.
Our Executive Director will be kayaking to Zanzibar in an inflatable raft again in 2017. Read more about his experience this year here. Interested in joining him? Contact info@madaktari.org. More information to come soon.
Not feeling adventurous, but still wanting to show your support? Buy one of these stylish t-shirts and share our #TrainForward message with friends and family!


text:
Vallejo: New Experience for the Visitors
New website launched for Visit Vallejo, CA
Visit Vallejo is a Destination Marketing Organization (DDS) that has been in business for over 30 years, providing area information and planning assistance for tourists, events, meetings, and other groups. Located 35 km northeast of San Francisco and 25 km south of Napa Valley, Vallejo offers affordable accommodations and easy access to many of Northern California's favorite activities.
Visit Vallejo announces the launch of its new website VisitVallejo.com.
DMO successfully launched its current brand in 2019. The new website is a reflection of this brand revolution and the recognition that potential visitors are emerging from the pandemic in search of wonderful new experiences and adventures. VisitVallejo.com is designed for today's visitors.
The site now offers an improved user experience, formatted for mobile devices, and offers new functionality for finding information. We offer it all by highlighting capabilities as one of the most diverse cities in the United States. The new site includes a blog, a large events section, improved readability, faster load times, and overall quality of life for visitors and the local community.
The development of the website is entrusted to its own company and not to third parties, which allows for faster maintenance and control of the website. Visit Manuel Angel, Its head of digital marketing, and his partner Julio Angel have developed a site with easier navigation and more control, greater freedom, faster response times for users, and an improved content management system for the team. All of this, of course, while maintaining talent and atmosphere that reflects the spirit, enhanced by the fact that the designers were born and raised in the people of Vallejo who know more about Vallejo than any other outside organization.
"A new website hasn't been needed for a long time," said Mike Browne, president, and CEO. "This is fun and full of extras, gives users new and old and an improved platform to experience our small town here in North Bay."
Visit invites visitors to explore the new site by browsing newly developed content on their computer, tablet, or significantly improved mobile version.
"We believe visitors and locals alike will love this new location," says Browne, "and appreciate the uniqueness and energy of Vallejo, Calif., Spirit of the Bay!
Gathr: The New All-In-One Data Pipeline Platform in 2021
Content Marketing Strategy: Need to Be More Data-Driven in 2021?


text:
Q: Session becomes null after browser is closed I use the following code to retrieve login user identity across pages
// login method of account model
public ActionResult Login(LoginModel model)
{
    Session["username"]=model.Username;
    //redirect to login controler
}

and in login controler
public ActionResult LoginLayout()
{
    if(IsAdmin(Session["username"]))
        return View();
    else
        return OtherView();
}

Everything is fine until I close the browser then reopen it, I am always then redirected to OtherView() even if I am still authenticated as login user.
Update
    [HttpPost]
    [AllowAnonymous]
    [ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
    public ActionResult Login(LoginModel model, string returnUrl)
    {
        if (ModelState.IsValid && WebSecurity.Login(model.UserName, model.Password, persistCookie: model.RememberMe))
        {
            Session["username"] = model.UserName;
            return RedirectToLocal(returnUrl);
        }

        // If we got this far, something failed, redisplay form
        ModelState.AddModelError("", "The user name or password provided is incorrect.");
        return View(model);
    }

A: You must always be prepared for session state to be cleared. For instance, if the web.config file is changed, the worker process will be recycled and all in-process session state will be lost. You can mitigate that by using out of process session state, but still, as a best practice, you should be prepared to lose your session at any time.

A: You just need to check whether you are logged in or not as your cookie is persisted . It has noting to do with the sessions because session will never exist after you close the browser unless you were storing session in DB or state

A: As the Previous replies state you cannot reply on sessionstate to still be valid after the browser has closed.
The following two articles should help
ASP.NET Session State Overview
ASP.NET State Management Recommendations
Tim

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Bias towards publishing positive results in orthopedic and general surgery: a patient safety issue?
Research articles reporting positive findings in the fields of orthopedic and general surgery appear to be represented at a considerably higher prevalence in the peer-reviewed literature, compared to published studies on negative or neutral data. This "publication bias" may alter the balance of the available evidence-based literature and may affect patient safety in surgery by depriving important information from unpublished negative studies.
A comprehensive review of all published articles in a defined 7-year period was performed in 12 representative journals in the fields of orthopedic and general surgery. Every article published in all volumes of these journals between January 2000 and December 2006 was reviewed and rated by three investigators. Rating of articles was performed according to a uniform, standardized algorithm. All original articles were stratified into "positive", "negative" or "neutral", depending on the reported results. All non-original papers were excluded from analysis.
A total of 30,197 publications were reviewed over a 7-year time-period. After excluding all non-original articles, a total of 16,397 original papers were included in the final analysis. Of these, 12,251 (74%) articles were found to report positive findings, 2,709 (17%) reported negative results, and 1,437 (9%) were neutral. A similar publication pattern was found among all years and all journals analyzed. Altogether, 91% of all original papers reported significant data (positive or negative), whereas only 9% were neutral studies that did not report any significant findings.
There is a disproportionately high number of articles reporting positive results published in the surgical literature. A bias towards publishing positive data will systematically overestimate the clinical relevance of treatment effects by disregarding important information derived from unpublished negative studies. This "publication bias" remains an area of concern and may affect the quality of care of patients undergoing surgical procedures.
Peer-reviewed biomedical journals are more likely to publish original papers reporting positive results than studies with negative data [1–4]. This "publication bias," also termed "positive-outcome-bias," has been recognized and described in the internal medicine literature [5–8]. In addition, commercial funding of clinical studies has been described as an independent variable associated with the frequency of publication of positive articles [9–11]. Evidence-based decision making processes on therapeutic modalities rely on the availability of unbiased, balanced, and objective data from published studies, independent of the reported outcome . Particularly, high-quality systematic meta-analyses are corrupted by the "positive-outcome-bias" of individual studies, rendering clinical recommendations flawed towards a positive effect of specific treatment strategies [13, 14]. In the era of evidence-based medicine, this prevalent, often unrecognized, publication bias poses a severe challenge to patient safety by promoting unjustified therapeutic concepts [13, 15–17]. This notion is particularly true in surgical disciplines, since specific surgical techniques are frequently adapted or abandoned depending on the current status of evidence-based recommendations in the scientific literature [18–20].
Despite its potentially devastating clinical impact, the prevalence of a "publication bias" remains largely unexplored in the field of surgery and surgical subspecialties [9, 21–23]. The present study was designed to analyze a potential "positive outcome bias" in 12 representative orthopedic and general surgery journals over a time-period of 7 years. We hypothesized that studies reporting positive outcomes are represented in the surgical literature at considerably higher prevalence than those which report negative or neutral findings.
A comprehensive review of 12 selected journals from the disciplines of orthopedic and general surgery was systematically performed in all published volumes between January 2000 and December 2006. The representative journals within these disciplines were selected by the senior author. Selection was based on the appraisal that these journals represent relevant sources of clinical knowledge in general and orthopedic surgery, with a wide distribution of official journal rankings and impact factors (Table 1). All co-authors concurred with the selection of these journals at the time when the study design was established.
Overview on the 12 selected peer-reviewed journals analyzed in this study. Journal ranking1 and journal impact factors2 are derived from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) database from 2006. Journal ranking was determined by the specific subject categories of Surgery* and Orthopedics§. The numbers of articles analyzed in this study are shown as the overall publications3 (including non-original articles) and as original articles exclusively4. Articles were assessed in all individual journals' volumes from 01/2000 to 12/2006.
The published volumes of these 12 journals from 01/2000 through 12/2006 were screened online at the individual journals' homepage. Screening and stratification of articles was performed by three investigators (EAH, IC, and JTN) according to a defined algorithm (Figure 1). Based on these criteria, each published item was counted individually and evaluated with regard to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All non-original articles were excluded from final analysis.
Algorithm for screening and stratification of published articles. All non-original articles were excluded from the final analysis. Original papers were classified as "positive", "negative", or "neutral" based on the outlined criteria.
A total of 30,197 manuscripts published in 12 journals between January 2000 and December 2006 were reviewed. Based on the screening algorithm, 13,800 articles were classified as non-original papers and thus excluded from further analysis. The remaining 16,397 original articles were classified according the definitions outlined in the methods section (Figure 1) into "positive" studies (n = 12,251; 74%), "negative" studies (n = 2,709; 17%), and "neutral" studies (n = 1,437; 9%; Figure 2A). A total of 14,960 papers (91%) reported significant findings (positive and negative combined), whereas only 9% of all studies were based on data without significant differences between the groups (Figure 2B).
Classification of 16,397 original articles published in 12 representative peer-reviewed orthopedic and general surgery journals. Panel A: Percentage of publications with "positive" (n = 12,251; 74%), "negative" (n = 2,709; 17%), and "neutral" data (n = 1,437; 9%). Panel B: Percentage of publications reporting "significant" (n = 14,960; 91%) versus "non-significant" results (n = 1,437; 9%).
There was no difference in this publication pattern over the years, from 2000 to 2006 (Figure 3). The subgroup analysis by individual journal revealed a similar publication pattern among all 12 journals, with a trend toward a higher prevalence of negative studies reported in trauma and orthopedic journals, compared to general surgery journals (Figure 4).
Classification of 16,397 original articles published in 12 representative peer-reviewed orthopedic and general surgery journals, stratified by publication year.
Subgroup analysis of 16,397 original articles published between 01/2000 to 12/2006, stratified by individual journal. JACS, Journal of the American College of Surgeons; JBJS, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (-A: American volume, -B: British volume).
This study demonstrates for the first time, to our knowledge, a high prevalence of "positive outcome-bias" in the preeminent orthopedic and surgical literature. The disproportion of published positive studies, compared to negative or neutral papers, remained relatively constant over the seven years (2000–2006) and among the twelve journals reviewed in this study. Even more striking was the discrepancy between published original papers with significant findings (positive or negative) compared to purely "neutral" studies which did not report any significant findings (91% vs. 9%).
Our results are consistent with prior investigations which revealed a high prevalence of a "positive-outcome" publication bias in medical journals [7, 15, 16]. Other groups have examined the likelihood of a subsequent publication of positive versus negative studies from submitted manuscripts, unpublished manuscripts, or manuscripts derived from abstracts presented at scientific meetings [6, 8, 23–25]. Easterbrook et al. retrospectively reviewed 487 projects submitted for publication and found a high odds-ratio in favor of publishing articles with a statistically significant outcome compared to those manuscripts which reported no difference between the study groups . Dickersin and Min performed an analysis of 198 NIH-funded trials . They reported that those trials with "significant" results were more likely to be published than studies with "non-significant" data, by an adjusted odds-ratio of 12.30 .
In the orthopedic literature, Harris and coworkers reviewed all abstracts presented at the annual meeting American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) meeting in 1999 . They found that articles with a positive outcome and significant results were more likely to be published within the following years . Callaham and colleagues studied the publication pattern of abstracts presented at a 1991 major annual US research meeting in the field of emergency medicine . The authors found that articles with a positive outcome were more likely to be published in peer-reviewed journals than negative studies .
Study funding patterns have furthermore been identified as independent factors that influence the publication bias. In particular, the presence of corporate/industrial funding was shown to be associated with a higher prevalence of published studies with positive findings. In the orthopedic literature, Leopold et al. found a significant association between commercially funded studies being more likely to have positive outcomes in publications, compared to unfunded studies . This industrial funding driven bias has been confirmed in other publications [5, 8, 10]. Lynch et al. recently challenged this hypothesis by examining articles submitted to the American edition of the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery and concluded that publications from commercially funded studies were not more likely to present positive data than non-funded studies . However, this study was limited in design in that analysis was restricted to articles related to hip and knee arthroplasty during a seventeen-month period .
Finally, there appears to be a significant bias against negative studies in newspaper reports of medical research . Thus, as for the scientist and clinician, the lay reader is also exposed to filtered information regarding the outcome of clinical studies.
The present study has a number of strengths and weaknesses. To our knowledge, it is the largest analysis of its kind in the medical literature. The 12 selected journals represent relevant sources of clinical knowledge, and are widely used as evidence-based decision-making tools in the fields of general, trauma, and orthopedic surgery. The algorithm used for stratifying articles is widely inclusive for all published original articles in the screened journals. The results were cross-checked and revisited in regular intervals by three different investigators and approved by the senior author. This allowed for a reliable, objective, and reproducible method of scoring.
Some drawbacks and limitations of this study must be addressed. Despite the uniform algorithm used for screening and classification of articles, there remains some degree of inherent inter-observer variability in the assessment of publications. The algorithm was developed by the authors for the present study and has not been externally validated by other groups. Furthermore, study analysis was limited to the last seven years in a limited number of journals in orthopedics and general surgery. Our results are neither representative for other surgical subspecialties and other fields of medicine, nor for papers published prior to the year 2,000.
A further drawback of this study is that we did not stratify between in vitro and experimental studies vs. clinical trials. A bias in the latter group is certainly associated with a higher risk for patients, since clinical treatment trials constitute the main basis for decision making in a clinical setting.
Another limitation is that published articles were assessed exclusively, without accounting for submitted and unpublished manuscripts. Thus, our study design does not determine whether the positive publication bias occurred at the level of manuscript submission or at the editorial decision-making level. The former notion would imply a bias towards a preferential submission of manuscripts with positive outcomes and statistically significant results; the latter would suggest a bias towards preferential publication of positive articles by peer-reviewers and editors. In this regard, Olson and colleagues revealed that the "positive-outcome-bias" does not occur at the editorial decision making stage, based on assessment of manuscripts submitted to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) between 1996 and 1999 .
Based on the large and encompassing analysis presented here, it is apparent that research reporting negative outcomes and/or statistically insignificant results is underrepresented in the surgical literature. The clinical implications of this trend are of concern due to the potential impact on patient care. The "positive-publication-bias" may alter the balance of the available evidence-based literature and may negatively affect recommendations and guidelines derived from systematic meta-analyses [13, 20]. Recently, a new open-access online journal was launched which is devoted exclusively to publishing negative results in biomedicine . In our opinion, it is imperative to promote the submission and publication of studies with negative outcomes and insignificant results, in order to ensure a balanced availability of evidence-based data for clinical decision-making regarding the best treatment modality for our patients.
PFS is a reviewer for Injury and J Trauma. WRS and BHZ are reviewers for JBJS-A, J Orthop Trauma, Injury, and J Trauma. The authors declare no other competing interests with regard to this manuscript.
WRS and PFS designed the study. EAH, IKC, JTN, and PFS wrote the manuscript. EAH, IKC, and JTN performed the screening and classification of published articles. PFS cross-checked the classifications. WRS and BHZ helped with final analysis of the data and editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.


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Advertising on Facebook: CPMs Rise by 171% In 2017
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It's nearly impossible to scroll through Facebook without seeing ads these days. But things may change in the next few years, as advertising methods continue to adapt and react to the influx of technology. In a study of CPMs on Facebook, Adstage has concluded that Facebook has seen a 171% raise in price in 2017.
Adstage broke their findings down into four basic points.
1. Advertisers are flooding to Facebook
There are a reported five million advertisers on Facebook (as of April 2017), but this isn't anywhere close to the 65 million active businesses. In fact, it's only 8% of the total businesses on Facebook right now that are even using ads. So more are coming, and they're coming quickly.
2. Ad budgets for Facebook are growing
Advertisers have begun to implement Facebook for ad campaigns, are now truly realizing the full potential that's available. They're allocating more towards Facebook into their budgets, but this means less ad spots and more competition.
3. Facebook is reaching it's cap for ad load
According to the study, the "company's Q2 2017 results showed its reaching max ad load with only a 19% paid ad impression growth compared to Q1'17's 32% and Q4'16's 49% growth."
4. The ad load slowdown for Facebook is real
e by Facebook's powerful and steadily improving targeting abilities — are motivating marketers to pay more for ad impressions and clicks. A growing mix of video ad sales might also be helping, given that video ads tend to carry relatively high prices."
What does this mean for advertisers on Facebook?
With so much changing, it's hard to know what to do. First of all, we've already seen a flatline, and sometimes even a decrease, in return on CTRs after investing on CPMs and CPCs. More than likely, smaller budgets won't be able to keep up with the rising prices and they won't be able to compete.
That's why it's more important than ever before to have a word-of-mouth organic reach strategy. Active social media employees are on the rise and strategically leveraging the people on your team as social proof to spread your brand message will not only increase your chances of being heard and trusted online, but it will also decrease money spent on Facebook advertising. To learn more about increasing your reach and growing your followers through social employees read our recent article on social advocacy.
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Feds fixate on LEED as project benchmark
May 6, 2013 Concrete News
Sources: U.S. Green Building Council, Washington, D.C.; CP staff
The General Services Administration's (GSA's) Green Building Advisory Committee has officially recommended that the agency use the LEED green building certification system for all of its projects. The committee cites the LEED system as GSA's best measure of building efficiency, energy and water use, and that the LEED standards are conducive to Energy Independence and Security Act compliance.
The Green Building Advisory Committee has evaluated more than 160 tools and systems since it began in 2011, and in February, GSA released a request for information (RFI) that publicly lauded the value of green building rating systems like LEED and asked for additional input into important issues that could help GSA accelerate and improve its green building work.
"Leaders in the public and private sectors continue to recommend LEED as the best choice for GSA to maintain its leadership status while improving sustainability, reducing energy and saving money for its buildings," states USGBC Senior Vice President of Global Policy & Law Roger Platt. "Consensus-based and market-driven, LEED has been and continues to be invaluable to thousands of building professionals and remains the best option for the GSA and any governmental agency looking to save taxpayer dollars and increase energy efficiency.
"Every single time green building and LEED have been evaluated by our most prestigious institutions, like the National Academy of Sciences, the National Research Council and the National Laboratories, the practice has been shown to save taxpayer dollars and increase energy efficiency. Lawmakers should see these repeated conclusions and continue supporting public sector use of LEED."
A study done by The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) found that GSA LEED-certified buildings used 25 percent less energy than the national average and cost 19 percent less to operate. GSA's application of LEED has helped in the agency's building efficiency efforts, and there are now more than 4,000 LEED certified government projects with another 8,000 in the pipeline as registered projects. A recent report from GSA shows the agency has successfully reduced its energy use by almost 20 percent since 2003 and water use by almost 15 percent since 2007.
Furthermore, in a letter to GSA in July 2012, 1,260 companies from the green building industry opposed deviating from LEED in federal facilities because such a change would add cost to the building and leasing process across the building industry.
Concrete CurrentsBeta users test streamlined LEED v4 certification process, Chemical insulation vinyl and wood interests confront dearth of consensus behind LEED, Feds fixate on LEED as project benchmark, LEED 2012 changes too sweeping for timely shift from 2009 version, USGBC channels Reagan in responding to LEED critics
FHWA, PCI release first joint document on precast pavements
Tilt-Up group calls for award entries


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Lollands Østerborg nördlich von Godsted auf der Insel Lolland in Dänemark gelegen, ist mit etwa 4,0 km² die größte eisenzeitliche Fornborg Dänemarks und die zweitgrößte dieser Gattung im Norden.

Lolland Østerborg ist neben "Lollands Vesterborg" und "Falsters Virke" eine von drei Burgen auf Lolland und Falster. Während Falsters Virke bereits seit einiger Zeit bekannt, war es G. U. Haugner, der Herausgeber des Nakskov Journal (auch lokaler Historiker und Politiker, der Initiator der Errichtung des Reventlow-Museum von Pederstrup), der im Jahre 1928 die Idee vorstellte, dass in der Mitte Lollands die Überreste einer Festung liegen und dass wahrscheinlich auch auf Westlolland eine solche Burg lag. Er identifizierte Teile einer Einhegung zwischen dem Hejrede-See, dem Maribo Søndersø und dem Røgbølle-See. Die Seen im Norden und Süden begrenzen zusammen mit Wällen im Osten und Westen eine große Fläche, die die Burganlage darstellt.

Der noch intakte östliche Teil befindet sich im Karup Vænge, einem Wald südlich des Hejrede Sees an der Grenze zwischen dem Musse und dem Fuglse Herred. Die Burg wurde bereits 1944 untersucht, aber allgemeine Bekanntheit erlangten die Wälle erst durch einen Artikel von Harald Andersen und Sven Thorsen in der populärwissenschaftlichen Zeitschrift Skalk in den Jahren 1992 und 1993. Im Jahr 1995 erfolgten neue Untersuchungen an Ort und Stelle, und es stellte sich heraus, dass G. U. Haugner Ansicht richtig war und die Anlage von etwa 550 n. Chr. stammt.

Nutzung
Über die ursprüngliche Funktion der Anlagen gibt es mehrere Theorien. Zwar lassen die Baulichkeiten eine Verteidigungsanlage vermuten, doch ist diese bei der Größe schwer zu sichern. Daher werden die Fornborgar mit slawischen Burgen verglichen, die ähnlich den späteren mittelalterlichen Städten geschützte Wohnstätte und religiöses Zentrum waren. Auch die Funktion als Fluchtburg kommt bei einigen in Betracht, allerdings sollte es sich um einen einheitlichen Nutzungsgrund handeln.

Das Ganggrab im Lars Jensens Skov liegt auf dem Gelände von Lollands Østerborg westlich des Røgbøllevej.

Literatur
 Kirsten Christensen: Hejrede og Søholt – et forsvarsanlæg. Under Storstrøms Himmel. Kulturlandskabet i Storstrøms Amt. 1996
 SKALK 2001 nr. 5
 Michael Olausson: Det inneslutna rummet – om kultiska hägnader, fornborgar och befästa gårdar i Uppland från 1300 f.Kr till Kristi födelse. Riksantikvarieämbetet Arkeologiska undersökningar Skrifter nr 9. Stockholm 1995

Siehe auch
 Burgen auf Öland

Kultbau
Erdwerk
Wallburg
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Dänemark
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Europa
Lolland

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FictionFridays are about finding inspiration. Today was my last day in the Czech Republic. It was an amazing vacation, but after two weeks I really want to go back home. To my own bed, my own shower, my own internet. Home is where the heart is. That's what everybody keeps telling me. I don't agree. Home is where you know how to use the shower. That's what I think. Home is where you know the Wi-Fi password. You know what I'm talking about. That place that is just yours.
It's not hard to guess where I found my inspiration this week.
The word sounds strange to me.
Can you have a home but no house?
Can you have a house but no home?
I had a home once, I think.
A place I felt safe.
Now, I just seem lost.
until you've already lost it.
Now, I just want it back!


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The sloshing bucket model of evolution is a theory in evolutionary biology that describes how environmental disturbances varying in magnitude will affect the species present. The theory emphasizes the causal relationship between environmental factors that impinge and affect genealogical systems, providing an overarching view that determines the relationship between the variety of biological systems.

This theory was developed by Niles Eldredge, a  U.S. biologist and paleontologist, and published in the journal 'Evolutionary Dynamics: Exploring the Interplay of Selection, Accident, Neutrality and Function ' where Eldredge introduces his sloshing bucket model in the article titled: 'The Sloshing Bucket: How the Physical Realm Controls Evolution'.

Summary
The sloshing bucket model uses the imagery of water representing species sloshing back and forth in the environment, represented by the bucket. Disturbances in the environment are represented by the movement of the bucket, creating the sloshes. Starting off, small sloshes/disturbances do not spill any water; stasis of the current species are dominant. However, as physical disturbances grow in magnitude and size, the sloshes will result in large amounts of water spilling out, representing the extinction and speciation of the organisms present.

An example Eldredge uses is the dinosaurs, which were the prevalent life form on earth for 150 million years, surviving smaller sloshes in the bucket without much evolutionary change. It was not until the Mesozoic asteroid impact that extinction occurred to the dinosaurs and after a lag of five to seven million year, did mammals begin to speciate and diversify.

The three patterns in life

Stasis
Built directly off his previous paper titled 'Punctuated equilibria', the stasis pattern of life represents periods of 'dynamic, non-regular oscillation' of intra-population variation. Stasis does not mean a species collective genome is stable, but instead still are in constant flux and variation, just in non-specific directions. This results similar phenotypes between organisms.

Fossil records further supports this idea, as with negligible or little disruptions, no evolution or adaptive change in detectable in the fossil records. It is not until larger scale and larger magnitude ecological disruptions does the fossil record drastically change.

Causes of this stasis comes from the fact that to cause genetic shifts in an entire species require a selection force that spans all members of a species. Environmental factors though wide-spread, are out-paced by the movement of species, who find recognisable habitats to resettle and remain unchanged. Called habitat tracking, this idea states that species are able to track habitats better than natural selection can follow the changing environment.

Even in exceptional circumstances such as drastic climate change, variation in many factors such as initial genomes, mutational history and selection pressures across the species means a whole species is unlikely to be headed down a specific evolutionary direction.

Overall, the stasis pattern of life is the dominant pattern in life and results generally in no net evolutionary changes.

Speciation and adaptive change
While stasis was the dominant pattern in life, adaptive change and the resultant creation of new species arises in short burst, 'punctuating' the equilibrium set by stasis. The discontinuity of species arises not purely from accumulating genetic changes, but in conjunction with reproductive isolation.

This form of allopatric speciation has many plausible models, for which Eldredge describes one. Optimal habitat location generally are the center of a species range, with outer limits of the location being marginally useful. Sections of the species at these peripheral zones may adapt to the differing ecosystem, thus changing the fringe habitat area into the now optimal area for the newly isolated population.

Synchronous speciation and extinction
Amalgamation of the pattern 1 (stasis) and pattern 2 (adaptive change) creates the final pattern signaled by large scale change in species caused by significant enough changes in the environment on a global scale. When the increasing environmental stress reaches a certain threshold, it causes widespread extinction and speciation, alongside migration. This pattern includes whole regions, encompassing all species-level taxa, affecting them all equally. However, each species responds differently. Some species survive unchanged while others become extinct or speciate.

There are multiple documented phenomena that collaborate with this pattern very well. Carlton E.E Brett showed a 'coordinated stasis' through fossil patterns, demonstrating both a period of stasis where 70%-85% of species remain throughout a period, and after a large scale regional event, only around 20% make it through to the next period of stasis.

This pattern has also been labelled by the term 'turnover pulse' by Elisabeth Vrba. She documented gradual drop in temperature in now South Africa during the Pliocene epoch which initially had little effect. Then suddenly after half a million years, it caused an abrupt environmental change: from damp woodlands to savannahs. The same pattern of stasis punctuated by speciation and change occurred here.

Eldredge suggests that these mass extinction events 'rather than driving speciation, simply increases the probability of survival of fledgling species'.

Genealogical and ecological dual hierarchy
The double-hierarchy of genealogy and ecology is needed due to the dual nature of organisms. All organisms do two main things; they exist by interacting with environment  to gain energy, and they reproduce. These two distinct actions then each exist within their own hierarchy, but are tied together at the organism level through natural selection and variation.

Genealogical hierarchy
The genealogical hierarchy exist as a consequence of the spatial distribution of reproduction in species. The levels within the hierarchy ascend with increasing size and geographic range, and are each subjected to corresponding factors in the ecological hierarchy.

The lowest level in the genealogical hierarchy is the organism, specially in its reproductive sense. These organism participate the reproduction of the overall species. The next level up in the hierarchy are 'deme' who are the interbreeding local population of a species. These can be thought of as specific regional variations of the species that interbreed. The next and second highest level in the hierarchy are species. The final and highest level in the genealogical hierarchy are monophyletic taxa, who all share and come from a common ancestor.

Ecological hierarchy
The ecological hierarchy similarly starts at the lowest level in organism, though in this case, focusing on their economic pursuit of survival. These organisms either compete, cooperate or are neutral towards each other in their survival. The next level are the 'avatars' which differ from demes. Avatars are local interacting conspecifics focused on survival, rather than reproduction. The combination and interactions between avatars then make up the next level: the local ecosystem. The topmost and final layer in the hierarchy involves the region ecosystems, which are collections of local ecosystems.

The sloshing bucket

By integrating the above dual hierarchy system along with the established three patterns of evolutionary life, the sloshing bucket model of evolution can be fully realised. The spatio-temporal scale of environmental or physical disturbances can be looked at through certain levels within the hierarchy, depending on their magnitude and effect.

First Level: Short term effects within the deme or avatar level. There is no net evolutionary change, resulting in stasis.

Second Level: Mid term effects, localised in specific regions. Stabilising selection occurs as adjacent demes or species fill in lost components, re-establishing the same previous hierarchy.

Third Level: Large scale environmental changes. Lasting from ten's of years to thousand or more years, these changes are slow enough to allow species to migrate to more optimal environments. Consequently due to habitat tracking, there are some changes in lower levels of hierarchy, but overall, species prevails and stasis is upheld.

Fourth Level: Regional disturbances. Where changes are too rapid for habitat tracking, the third pattern of life occurs. At this threshold, extinction and speciation is triggered on a large scale across unrelated species.

Fifth Level: Global disturbances. Essentially mass extinction events which completely overhaul the existing species. Extinction and speciation is common and widespread throughout the world. Examples include the End-Permian extinction event.

Reception and criticism
The sloshing bucket model of evolution has been well received by some evolutionary biologists. Fellow philosopher and biologist Telmo Pievani states that, 'hierarchy theory is able to cover all the levels that make the evolutionary game so complex, from genes to organisms to species and the largest ecological scenarios'. Palaeontologists Bruce Lieberman and Elisabeth Vrba have stated that the sloshing bucket model contained in hierarchy theory 'play(s) a prominent role in shaping the major features of diversity and biological organization'.

There have also been some criticisms of the model. One of the larger issues with the sloshing bucket model of evolution is the missing mechanism of ecological inheritance. As this form of inheritance does not implicate reproduction or economic survival, it does not fit neatly into either of the two hierarchies, leaving a conceptual rift in the theory. Similarly, different methods of inheritance such as epigenetic and symbolic that are present in other evolutionary biology theories disrupt the hierarchical structure of the sloshing bucket model. Additionally, the more externalist viewpoint adopted by the sloshing bucket model, though distinct from adaptationism, presents another difficult concept for some biologists to agree with.

Evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould further criticises the arbitrary and exclusively selective definition of an individual and the subsequent groups that then follow from these individuals. Biologist David Morrison also points out the confounding nature of network interactions upon strict hierarchies. Both ecological and genealogical systems are not strictly hierarchical, and questions 'to what extent the hierarchies dominate the network connections.'

Applications of the model
The sloshing bucket model of evolution has been applied by Daniel Brooks in explaining the evolutionary biology of emerging infectious diseases (EID). Published in 2007, it uses the sloshing bucket model to explain the driving causes of these EID, stating that there are 'evolutionary accidents waiting to happen, requiring only the catalyst of climate change. . .' As regional ecological disturbances grow in frequency, episodic bursts of newly mutated and potentially more infectious and deadly diseases will also become more frequent.

Furthermore, specifically the genealogical hierarchical has been observed to be a foundation for the field of evolutionary psychology. This is reasoned as social systems are a product of biology, which result within the genealogical hierarchy.

References

Evolutionary biology


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The NE service upholds and develops the necessary skills to oversee the construction, modernisation and development of scientific vessels and their onboard equipment.
it manages the project, undertakes definition studies, writes technical specifications, handles bids for tender, manages contracts, coordinates trials at sea and transfers the vessel and its equipment to GENAVIR.
The service helps to determine the policy for development of Fleet equipment by analysing, in liaison with GENAVIR, the requirements of the national scientific community. It helps General Management with patrimonial management of the fleet (vessels and submarine devices).
systems for transmitting data to land.
the policy for development of equipment.


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Upgrading your windows and doors can make a dramatic difference in the exterior design of your residence and can greatly boost your visual charm. Along with this, an update can also dramatically reduce your month-to-month energy expenses by enhancing the effectiveness of your home and also lowering warmth loss from your existing rickety and old sashes. There are many different designs of doors and windows in Milton to pick from; for that reason it deserves investigating a number of choices in order to choose which option is best for you and your residence.
Exterior front doors can be made from a selection of materials, including timber, steel as well as glass. Wood front doors offer a classy and also standard appearance to your house as well as are just one of the very best choices presently on the marketplace for power efficiency. The all-natural properties in wood doors both shield the house and cut down on the heat loss as well as air transfer that can occur along the joining seams of doors made from other products, including steel as well as glass.
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There are many different designs of windows and doors to select from; for that reason it is worth examining a number of options in order to decide which choice is best for you as well as your residence. Upgrading your windows and doors can make a significant difference in the outside design of your residence and can considerably enhance your aesthetic allure and energy efficiency.


text:
JSesh
Glyphs Library
JSesh Releases News Articles Glyphs Library Documentation Tutorials Bugs Forum About Varia Contact
About JSesh, Java and Security
Occasionally, people will express concerns about the use of Java in JSesh. I would like to dispel a few legitimate fears here.
At some point, the web was crawling with warnings about security concerns in Java. But why ?
Java is a programming language and environment. By itself, a Java software can do the same things as any other software on your computer. A Java software is not less secure than a C, C#, Python, etc. software (actually, it's a bit more secure than some of these).
On most computers, a software you run will have full access to your files - that's why you need to be careful you don't install stuff from doubtful sources (things are a bit more secure on mobile devices).
So, why do you occasionally find warnings about "java security" ? Well, for two reasons :
the foremost reason is that, in the past, when installing Java you also installed a web plugin that would allow you web browser to run Java softwares (a.k.a 'applets'). And that was risky. Basically, it meant that, by visiting a web page, you would run on your computer a software from an external source, sometimes even without a warning.
In theory, this "java plugin" was secure. That is, it was supposed to only allow "safe" operations, and did not have access to your own files. The mechanism for this was called a 'sandbox' - an safe environment for the applet to run it. What happened, and what caused many warnings about Java security, was that the sandbox was not perfect. And bugs in the sandbox could allow malignant applications to act.
Now, the current JSesh version has its own embedded Java runtime. It means it doesn't need the Java plugin to be installed - and it won't install it.
other warnings about Java might be about Java as a server platform. But it's a completely different story, and one of no concern for desktop users.
So, basically, JSesh being written in Java is not a security issue.
Serge Rosmorduc


text:
hello@rotaryclubofmanly.org
Let's have a chat about how you can help make lasting change in your community.
We're a friendly bunch of professionals and would welcome you to our meetings. Just send a request and all the details will be sent to you.
We'd be happy to have you.
We're also happy if you just want to get involved in a particular project, or suggest a project for us to look at.
"Hashtag denim affogato, kale chips art party chillwave gastropub you probably haven't heard of them messenger."
Pioneer Club House Refurbishment
Project Management and ensuring sufficient funds.
 NORTHERN BEACHES, NSW
The Pioneer Club House is a community based facility for adults living with or recovering from mental illness and offers and assists members to gain meaningful work, employment, services and support.
The original Pioneer Club House was built in 1951 and was in disrepair as well as not meeting present day building standards.
How Rotary Helped
Due to the relationship that had developed between the Rotary Club of Manly and the Pioneer Club House, we offered to manage the expansion of the Pioneer Club House including ensuring sufficient funds would be sourced to effect completion.
The NSW government, via the Community Building Partnership Programme, donated $60,000 to the project that was awarded for the sum of $175,000 to the successful contractor. With additional work to cover unknown costs and painting, the final amount was approximately $185,000.
The refurbishment followed a recently completed additional building supplied by the local Council that was to be joined to the existing building following its refurbishment. At this time the club had only approximately 20 members.
The work was completed in 2 months, allowing the club membership to quickly expanded to many hundreds!
Continued help...
Installation of flysreens and screen doors in their kitchen and dining area.
Our Club has a long association with Pioneer Clubhouse (Open Door) that is a facility for men and women who are recovering from some form of mental illness.
Apart from the major re-construction of the Clubhouse we recently were able to help again with the purchase of flyscreens and flyscreen doors, to ensure the best hygienic conditions for their kitchen.
Manly Rotary's donation for these flyscreens was $1,600.
 Help your community...
Get involved in helping the community with projects like this one.
By submitting the form you agree to our Terms.
Over 40 years of delivering Christmas hampers to those who need them the most.
ProjectsFeatured
Fence Project - Lighthouse for the Community
Here we have another wonderful example of how the Rotary Club of Manly is "making a difference" in our community.
RYLA
Rotary Youth Leadership Awards. A transformational 7-day program.
Wantaim PNG
The Rotary Club of Manly has a long standing relationship with one of PNG's most ambitions missions.
Umoja Orphanage
Funds for the Umoja Orphanage in Kenya to build and maintain a greenhouse
International Proposal Sept 2021
PNG Status: Testing rates are low and the numbers are understated.
Homeless Men and Women in Manly
Two major capital works projects for the homeless in Manly
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    
Fun and Rewarding!
"Finding local young people for Rotary sponsored scholarships is both fun and rewarding. It is an investment in the future of Manly. And doing it as a team makes it even better."
"Four years ago I felt the need to offer something to the community and people who needed support. I was so warmly welcomed by Manly Rotary Club members that I decided to join immediately. Since that time I have have been involved in numerous projects to help our community and travelled to Kenya as a volunteer at an Orphanage that had been founded by a lady school teacher Rotarian in Queensland. What a great experience it has been over the last four years! "
"The Rotary Manly Fun Run & Walk is a community event that I have enjoyed as a participant for a number of years. I wanted to give back and so I joined the Rotary Club to be part of the team making this great community event happen. (We have a fabulous vision for the future of this run!) I enjoy that as a Club we focus on raising funds for our local community but we also support excellent international projects as well.
Get involved - You'll be glad you did!"
Still Amazed!
"Although I have been a Rotarian for over 30 years I am still amazed by the commitment of my fellow Manly Rotarians to helping those in our community in need"
Community & Friendship
"I originally joined Rotary out of a sense of giving back to the community after volunteering for many years in my kids activities. Now I appreciate a degree of community and friendship with the friends I have made through an active involvement with Rotary."
Chat to us about how you want to help your community...
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Dr Ray Hodgson
Heartbreak in the Himalayas - not to be missed. In person at Balgowlah RSL. DATE TBC
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text:
Astronomy, Stargazing
Monthly Stargazing Calendar for March 2016
This month will have a lot of astronomical events starting on March 8, when Jupiter will be at opposition. The gas giant will be at its closest approach to Earth and its face will be fully illuminated by the Sun. This means that it will be brighter than any other time of the year and will be visible all night long.
Monthly Stargazing Calendar for December 2013
The ESA Just Released the Most Comprehensive Image of the Milky Way
NASA's Messenger Mission to Mercury [Infographic]
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Tech Support Guide
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Guide to Cutting Your Own Hair and Not Ruining It
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Stargazing Calendar for January 2023
Comet From the Depths of the Oort Cloud Will Be at Perihelion Tomorrow (December 19, 2022)
5 Reasons Why Explainer Videos Are Crucial for Your Business
Erma Bombeck on Life
When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit of talent left, and could say, "I used everything you gave me". Erma Bombeck
Daily Joke
A Texan Down Under
A Texan came Down Under for a holiday, and was being shown around one of the cattle stations in the Northern Territory. As they were driving along, the Texan pointed at a cow and asked what it was. The station owner said, "That's one of my prize Hereford heiffers." The Texan said, "Shoot! That one […]
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Over memorial day weekend I had the pleasure of photographing a wedding for two good friends of mine at Lingrow Farm in Leechburg, PA. This was my first time at the farm, and it might already be my favorite venue. The main building is a fully renovated barn that was built in the 1850's. The property is 40 acres, with a pond, gazebo, two horses, and separate buildings for the bride and groom to get ready in. So many great spots for photos of the bride and groom. The staff at Lingrow Farm were extremely pleasant and easy to work with.
The weather we had was absolutely perfect for wedding photos. There was mild cloud cover, and the temperature was in the mid 70s.
Being that I am friends with Nicole and Kevin they were nice enough to let me experiment with a few different types of photos. Specifically lighting a fire directly behind them. This was done by lighting steel wool on fire, and spinning it around while the shutter remains open. I also got to play around with the pixelstick which gave the visual effect of white ribbons behind the couple. You can see both photos below.
Overall it was a beautiful wedding, and I am glad Kevin and Nicole trusted me to capture their wedding day. To a happy and healthy future!


text:
People like myself
Our lovely Prime Minister recently said (while proposing a 'debt levy' for high income earners), that "Certainly it is my intention that people like myself, high-income earners, should bear a significant quantum of the burden when...
A nature walk on the banks of the Potomac River in Leesburg, Virginia. A refreshing (if muddy) escape from four days of listening to dry presentations about project management best practice in large rooms...
The 23rd country
Minus 15º at noon. Plumes of power station stacks on the horizon. Traffic ignores pedestrians in a desperate rush to somehow be somewhere not here. Such dry air. A stray dog licks a block...
Three things I learned today
Three things I learned today (but not from the Herald Sun) Australia is the worst performer out of 57 countries on climate change. The Coalition could not care less about the UN climate talks....
What is "the normal law of the sea"?
Tony Abbott told 2GB recently that "…the normal international law is that if you are rescued in a country's search-and-rescue zone that country has an obligation to take you. You can go to the nearest...
Australia / countries / Uncategorized
The end of the Woolwich Street deli
They knocked down the last of our corner shop the other day. In its former glory it was always a family business. There was a Chinese family – they sold the business when the...
Sorry, did you say _you_ stopped the boats?
In a joint doorstop interview at Whittlesea on the 2nd, Tony Abbott said: You have the government which started the boats. You've got the Coalition which stopped the boats. As an exemplar of a shallow...
It ain't heavy, it's my journal…
Got one of those cards from the Post Office saying we had a parcel to collect. It was marked "heavy (assisted lift required)". Couldn't work out what it might be. Wine? Airplane parts? 35lb...
The end of the Norian House
In a corner of a former boxing school in the grounds of the Taranaki Aviation Transport and Technology Museum, you will find the last few remnants of a most peculiar house. There are two...
Shot or no shot, that is the question…
Why don't people want to vaccinate? I travel a lot for work, and some of the places I go to have some scary diseases. Rationally I wouldn't travel to an area where cholera or...


text:
package com.tierep.notificationanalyser.models;

import android.content.Context;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;

import com.j256.ormlite.android.apptools.OrmLiteSqliteOpenHelper;
import com.j256.ormlite.support.ConnectionSource;
import com.j256.ormlite.table.TableUtils;

import java.sql.SQLException;

/**
 * Database helper class used to manage the creation and upgrading of your database. This class also provides
 * the DAOs used by the other classes.
 * <p/>
 * Created by pieter on 21/09/14.
 */
public class DatabaseHelper extends OrmLiteSqliteOpenHelper {
    private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "notifications.db";

    private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 2;

    private ApplicationDao applicationDao = null;
    private NotificationItemDao notificationDao = null;

    public DatabaseHelper(Context context) {
        super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
    }

    /**
     * This is called when the database is first created. This call createTable statements here to
     * create the tables that will store your data.
     */
    @Override
    public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase sqLiteDatabase, ConnectionSource connectionSource) {
        try {
            TableUtils.createTable(connectionSource, NotificationItem.class);
            TableUtils.createTable(connectionSource, Application.class);
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase sqLiteDatabase, ConnectionSource connectionSource, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
        if (oldVersion < 2) {
            // Do changes from version 1 to 2
            try {
                NotificationItemDao dao = getNotificationDao();
                dao.executeRawNoArgs("ALTER TABLE " + NotificationItem.FIELD_TABLE_NAME + " ADD COLUMN " + NotificationItem.FIELD_MESSAGE + " TEXT");
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }

        }

        if (oldVersion < 3) {
            // Do changes from version 2 to 3
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Database Access Object (DAO) for Application class. It will create it or
     * just give the cached value.
     */
    public ApplicationDao getApplicationDao() throws SQLException {
        if (applicationDao == null) {
            applicationDao = getDao(Application.class);
        }
        return applicationDao;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Database Access Object (DAO) for NotificationItem class. It will create it or
     * just give the cached value.
     */
    public NotificationItemDao getNotificationDao() throws SQLException {
        if (notificationDao == null) {
            notificationDao = getDao(NotificationItem.class);
        }
        return notificationDao;
    }

    /**
     * Close the database connections and clear any cached DAOs.
     */
    @Override
    public void close() {
        super.close();
        applicationDao = null;
        notificationDao = null;
    }
}


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