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Archive for the 'Ancient Near Eastern History' Category
The Amorite Kingdoms (2)
Posted: November 17, 2017 in Ancient Near Eastern History, History
Tags: Amorite Kingdoms
If we now return to the year two thousand and look at what was happening in the eastern arm of the fertile crescent between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. By 1950 BCE two city-states had carved out Empires in the south, Isin and Larsa. In North, the land was controlled by the cities of Kish, Babylon, Kazallu and Sippar. Within the hundred years that followed Babylon had conquered Kish; Kazzullu had conquered Sippar and both states began to encroach on the territory held by Isin. In the south, both Larsa and a newly emerged kingdom based on the city of Uruk had also taken land from Isin. Finally, by 1790 BCE, two kingdoms had emerged – Babylon in the North and Larsa in the south. The stage was set for the emergence of one of the great kingdoms of the ancient Near East.
The origins of the first Babylonian Dynasty are vague. It is known that they were not native Akkadians, but were of Amorite descent. It may be that they too were either mercenaries or an exiled family which found itself in control of the then relatively unimportant city of Babylon. Beyond the dates they reigned we know very little of the early kings of this dynasty. Indeed even the dates, are somewhat speculative as there are in fact four competing chronologies for this period spanning a time difference of hundred and 50 years. Using the most commonly accepted chronology we know that the first ruler Samu-Abum (Sometimes referred to as Su-Abu) seems to have come to power in Babylon around 1830 BCE. The first king who we have any detail on is Sin-Mubillat, the fifth ruler of the dynasty, who succeeded his father in 1748 BCE. Up until this point, it seems that the rulers were content to hold onto the land they held immediately around Babylon, but Sin-Mubillat began an expansion of Babylonians territory which was to be continued by his son Hammurabi.
Hammurabi (standing), depicted as receiving his royal insignia from Shamash (or possibly Marduk). Hammurabi holds his hands over his mouth as a sign of prayer (relief on the upper part of the stele of Hammurabi's code of laws).
Head of Hammurabi (Louvre Paris)
Hammurabi, his name means "the kinsman is healer ", came to the throne of the city of Babylon in 1792 BCE, probably on the death of his father, although some sources say that his father abdicated due to bad health. He spent the next 40 years consolidating and expanding the territory held by the Babylonians. During this time Babylon emerges as the predominant city in the southern -eastern area of Mesopotamia. When Hammurabi came to the throne in Babylon, the areas we have come to know, as Babylonia and Assyria was predominantly controlled by two rival Kings, Rim-Sin, King of Larsa in the South and Shamshi-Adad in the north. There have been some suggestions that initially Hammurabi may have came to power as a client king of the latter. In these extremely volatile times, no ruler could avoid being quickly drawn into regional conflicts. Records of Hammurabi's early years mentioned a number of campaigns against his powerful neighbours, although the records are rather ambiguous about the outcomes. Nevertheless, these years honed his military, political and diplomatic skills. It seems that he also spent these early years consolidating his rule in Babylon and paying great attention to internal developments such as the digging of canals and the fortification of his cities, he undertook a series of public works strengthening the defences with a new city wall. He also built a number of new municipal buildings including temples. It was during this period that the city began to expand. Then in a period of just five years from 1776 to 1771 BCE, he established control over southern Mesopotamia, Elam and Larsa forming them into the first or Proto-Babylonian Empire. In addition, he forged alliances with lands further afield such as with Zimri-Lim in Mari, Yamkhad and the Levant and there is evidence that troops from these states aided the Babylonian army's campaigns in the south. However, having gained control of southern Mesopotamia, Hammurabi's gaze turned to the north. He took control of Mari, although the sources differ on whether this was a conquest, a surrender or whether the people of Mali believed that being part of this new empire was in their best interests and therefore submitted as willing partners. The lands of Yamkhad in the West do not seem to have been attacked. It has been suggested that this because Hammurabi realised that the larger his empire got the more difficult it was to control and thus he called an end to his westward expansion with the submission of Mari. He also appears to have defeated an army from the Assyrian lands to the north, which is recorded as paying him tribute, although he never incorporated their territory into the empire and they were allowed to continue as a self-governing kingdom, perhaps for the same reason mentioned previously. Following these campaigns, he added a new title 'the King who made the four quarters of the Earth obedient'.
Hammurabi enacted significant military reforms based on a standing army, backed up by a reserve. He is of course probably most famous for his law code. The code comprised of 282 laws, based on a pre-existing Sumerian law code, thought to have originated around 2000 BCE and the law code of Lipith-Ishtar, King of Isen from around 1900 BCE. I propose to return to the law-codes in another post.
Stele containing law code of Hammurabi (Louvre Paris)
Clay tablet containing part of law code of Hammurabi (Louvre Paris & Istanbul)
This political structure of the empire was disrupted around the year 1750 BCE with the arrival of the Mittani, an Indo-Ayrian people into the region. The settled in the North Central area of the Crescent, which at that time was occupied by a people known as the Hurrians. Like the Hurrians their place of origin is unknown. Unlike the Hurrians, the Mittani were a warrior elite and have been credited with the introduction of the newly evolved, 3-man light chariot into the area. These chariots had a complement of three warriors each; an archer, a spearman and the charioteer. Study of their religion reveals a divine pantheon not dissimilar to that of early Hinduism, which may suggest that they have a similar origin as the civilisations which settled in the Indus Valley. The Mittani incorporated themselves into the Hurrian kingdom. Best guess estimates are that they made up only about 5% of the population, but because of their military prowess, they took over as the ruling elite of the kingdom. They abandoned the accommodating, non-militaristic, stance that had been followed by the Hurrians and began expanding into the Mediterranean coastlands, Northern Syria and to the Southeast into Assyria.
The death of Hammurabi in 1686 BCE, saw an immediate downturn in the fortunes of the Babylonian Empire. The Assyrians asserted their independence and a new native Akkadian kingdom arose in the area of Sumer. Hammurabi's son, Samsu-iluna seems to have been unable to prevent these successions. The first Babylonian Empire was to struggle on for another hundred and 50 years, but this time saw the gradual reduction in the land that it held until under the last ruler of the dynasty, Samsu-Ditana it is suggested that the empire was no bigger than it had been when Samu-abum had first taken the throne 300 years before.
The 1530's BCE saw the height of the Hittite Empire. The wonderfully named Mursilas the first, led an ambitious raid South West through Hurrian-Mittani territory, Assyria and onto Babylon, where he proceeded to sack the city. However, trouble at home forced him to withdraw from the areas he had subdued and returned to the Hittite homeland. Here he was promptly murdered, apparently by nobles angry at the effects at home of the absence of their king and of his foreign campaigns. Whilst Mursilas' campaign did him little good, it was also very bad news for the remnant of the line of Hammurabi, who were still ruling in Babylon. They never recovered control of their kingdom and as the Hittites withdrew, the Kassites invaded from the East and much as had happened in the Hurrian kingdom, a Kassite warrior elite replaced the dynasty of Hammurabi as the rulers of the Babylonian kingdom. There is some evidence that the Kassites may have been allied with the Hittites in the taking of Babylon and that control was their reward once the Hittites retreated. It is interesting to note that the Kassites had also by this time acquired the knowledge of the use of the 3 man light chariot, possibly as a result of their alliance with the Hittites, whilst there is no evidence from the records that this had yet become part of the Babylonian military armoury. Whilst the Kassites took control of core Babylonian territory, they seemed to have had little or no interest in the lands to the north and north-east and consequently, we see at this time the rise of an Assyrian kingdom, and beyond them, the re-expansion of MIttani territory.
In the west, the Amorites continued to control Yamhad. They were under pressure from the Hittites and later the resurgent Assyrian Empire. Around 1200 BCE they finally are replaced by, or absorbed into, a new wave of Semitic speaking immigrants, part of the Ahlamu peoples whom we know as the Arameans and from whom the ancient name for Syria, Aram and the dialect of the Semitic language, Aramaic are taken. Like the Amar, they seem to be a people from the mountains of Northern Syria and seem to have lived a lifestyle very similar to the Amorites.
The Fertile Crescent looked very different from what it had during the four or five previous centuries. A system of flourishing states whose centres of power were in close contact with one another, spreading from the Mediterranean coast to the Persian Gulf had disappeared. Some centres still existed, but on the whole, they were a poor reflection of the past illustrious and famous predecessors. Urbanism was at an all-time low. Many cities such as Mari had been destroyed and others had been abandoned. There was a distinct lack of centralised power, discontinuation of administrative and scribal practices and the levels of economic and cultural activities decreased. It is a time about which we know very little as texts were sparingly written. New groups began to assert themselves, the Kassites in Babylon and the Hurrian/Mittani in the north but these groups had returned to a much more tribal organisation.
But before we finish – one final note about Hammurabi. In 1949 CE when the chamber of the US Congress was remodelled, 23 marble portraits were installed over the gallery doors depicting figures from history noted for their work in establishing the principles of American law. Among these are Suleiman, Sultan of the Ottoman empire, Simon de Montfort and Napoleon. The most ancient figure of all is that of Hammurabi cited as 'author of one of the earliest legal codes'
Commemoration of Hammurabi in US Congress building
The Amorite Kingdoms
My last offering on the history of the Fertile Crescent brought us to around 2100BCE with the fall of the Akkadian Empire and the house of Sargon the Great. Over the following years in the east there followed a succession of localised regional kingdoms and little is known of their culture and history. This was a period of great political and social uncertainty. States and kingdoms came and went, many rose and fell in a short time, waging war for the control of the prime fertile agricultural land of the area. The rulers were mostly military men who vied for power and joined in ever-changing alliances amid much betrayal. But gradually there was an order established.
One of the major groups involved in this period were the Martu or Amar but better known today as the Amorites. These are first mentioned in the writings of the Akkadian kingdoms dating from around 2200 BCE when there are references to the land of the Martu or the Mountains of the Martu. It is believed that these were the mountainous regions in the NW of modern-day Syria. At least 2 campaigns were fought by the Akkadians against the Martu.
It is clear the Akkadians did not hold the Martu in high regard, as these comments from Akkadian documents show:
The MAR.TU who know no grain…. The MAR.TU who know no house nor town, the boors of the mountains…. The MAR.TU who digs up truffles… who does not bend his knees (to cultivate the land), who eats raw meat, who has no house during his lifetime, who is not buried after death[.]
prepared wheat and gú-nunuz (grain) as a confection, but an Amorite will eat it without even recognizing what it contains!
They also give us an insight into the way the Martu lived and the scant evidence that is available suggests they were wandering nomadic tribes who occupied the Syrian and coastal plains moving from place to place with their herds.
Despite these disparaging references, there are others which tell of Martu or Amar troops fighting as mercenaries for other emerging city-states. So their military prowess was recognised and valued by their neighbours as mercenary forces and it is likely that this lead to the widespread expansion of Amorite influence across the Fertile Crescent in the years that followed.
In the north and the west of the fertile crescent, two kingdoms arose to take the lead, Mari and Yamkhad.
Little is known about the kingdom of Yamkhad, which probably occupied what today is Syria and Lebanon. There have been no internal written records found and what we do know comes from the records of surrounding countries. This was the Amorite homeland. It is very possible that Yamkhad was never a kingdom as such, but more an area controlled by a loose confederation of tribes who banded together only in the face of external danger.
taken from http://knowsyria.blogspot.com/
Mari, however, was a classical city-state. Previously powerful it had gone through a decline and may have even been abandoned. However, it entered a new phase when a new ruling dynasty, a group of Amorites took control of the area establishing Mari as their capital. The first recorded leader, Yahdun-Lim is an interesting character. Despite his presumed "Western Levantine" origins, he re-introduced the Akkadian language and writing style as standard and also the Akkadian practice of using year names. I find it very interesting that he did this and I wonder if he was in fact already used to these having served as a mercenary in one of the post-Akkadian states where he had first encountered this language and customs. These reforms and his subsequent actions do not seem to represent the actions of a someone from a nomadic, non-writing culture. Alternatively, it may be that he came from a remnant of an Assyrian ruling family which had stayed on the western part of the Empire following its fall and that his conquest took a west to east direction. There is some evidence that some old Akkadian colonies in Asia Minor, had continued to flourish beyond the empire's demise under the continuing leadership of a ruling Akkadian elite.
Yahdun-Lim embarked on a massive rebuilding programme and the Royal Palace of Mari became renowned throughout the region for its size and opulence. He quickly established Mari the dominant state in the area, with territory reaching from the Lebanese mountains in the west to the Tigris in the East. His impact was not only military as he seems to have worked on the irrigation systems to increase agricultural output of the area. However, such success, as we have previously seen was no guarantee of survival. As Yahdun-Lim's forces pressed east they encountered the newly emergent kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia, led by their king Shamshi-Adad.
The remains of the Royal palace at Mari
Shamshi-Adad is also something of a mystery character. In some sources, he's also referred to as an Amorite, but in others, we are told that he is of Assyrian descent. It has been suggested that he was the son of the ruler of the city of Ekallatum, which although it has never been located, was thought to be in the vicinity of Assur. This hypothesis suggests that he ruled there for about 10 years in the 1830s BCE, but was forced to leave when the city was conquered by forces from Eshnunna. He spent seven years in exile before returning to reclaim the throne, thereafter rapidly expanding the borders of his empire.
It was inevitable therefore that these two rapidly expanding kingdoms should come into conflict. This conflict seems to have produced a stalemate for some time, but around 1798 BCE Yahdun-Lim was assassinated and replaced on the throne of Mari by his son, about whom the records tell us very little. What we do know is that two or three years later the kingdom of Mari fell to the forces of Shamshi-Adad and he placed his youngest son Yasmah-Addu on the throne as ruler. There followed a period of remarkable stability in the area which would last some 20 years. However, in 1776 BCE, Shamshi-Adad died and Yasmah-Addu disappears from the historical record. It is uncertain exactly what happened but it seems likely that with the old King's death, his empire just fell apart. Once again the area fragmented and new city-states rose up including one at Mari. The new King at Mari, Zimri-Lim quickly established control over the old Empire and much of Shamshi-Adad's western kingdom. He appears to have been a remarkable diplomat establishing strong ties with the kingdoms to his East, especially newly emergent Babylon and with the Amorites in the West.
One of the Mari Letters (taken from http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread806116/pg1)
It would be remiss of us to pass on from Mari of this period, without reference to the Mari letters sometimes known as the Mari archive, which dates from this period. First discovered approximately 85 years ago during an excavation city of a royal palace dating from the 18th-century BCE, some 20,000 inscription tablets were found. Many of these were letters written between the palace and its court representatives, both domestic and foreign. Because of the strategic location of Mari, situated between the Syrian powers in the West and the Mesopotamian powers in the East, these letters are the prime source for understanding the history and politics of this period in the fertile crescent. These letters are carefully crafted documents and one almost unique feature of them is that the scribes often repeat or summarise the original request at the beginning of the document before going on to provide the answer. So often when looking at such correspondence, we only see one end of the conversation and must imagine the contents of the correspondence going in the other direction. Here in the Mari letters, we are fortunate to see both sides of the conversation. The economic, administrative and judicial texts provide information for assessing how goods and services were exchanged and of the legal traditions regulating such exchanges. The archive at Mari was not unique and similar collections have been found that other places in the Near East, though yielding a much smaller number of documents
The Akkadian Empire (2)
Tags: Akkadians
By 2300 BCE, Sargon's Empire stretched from the Eastern Mediterranean (modern day Lebanon, Syria and south-east Turkey) through the fertile crescent to Sumer and the Persian Gulf. We know little about the reigns of Rimush, who reigned for 8 years and his brother Manishtushu whose reign lasted 14 years. It is recorded that the difficulties of the later years of Sargon continued after his death. Rimush was assassinated by one of his courtiers and there is one record that Manishtushu fought a sea battle against the fleets of 32 Kings. It is thought this naval encounter may have been in the Persian Gulf against Arab Kings. Like his brother he was assassinated in a palace coup. Naram-Sin, the son of Manishtushu, succeded to the throne in 2254. His name means ' the beloved of Sin', the Akkadian Moon God. Like his grandfather, he also collected titles including King of Kings; King of the four quarters or corners of the universe and he who will be deified to join the gods. Unlike his predecessors who had been regarded as agents of the Gods, Naram-Sim was actually addressed as ' the God of Agade'. During his reign he invaded Elam, on the eastern side of the Persian Gulf, central Turkey and pushed South into the Levant. But this was not just a period of conquest, it was also a period of growing administration. From this time we have the first records of tax, mostly levied against conquered people, to pay for the bureaucracy and the Army. We also have a number of ambitious building projects in both the Akkadian cities and in those of their subject peoples. The great Ziggurat at Ur probably dates from this period. This newfound Akkadian wealth may have been based upon benign climatic conditions, huge agricultural surpluses and the confiscation of the wealth of other peoples.The economy was highly planned which in turn produced the huge agricultural surpluses. Rations of grain and oil were distributed in standardised vessels made by the city's potters. Taxes were paid in produce and labour on public projects, including city walls, temples, irrigation canals and waterways
The chief threat to the empire seemed to be from the peoples of the northern Zagros Mountains, the Lulubis and the Gutians. A campaign against the Lullabi led to the carving of the "Victory Stele of Naram-Sin". The Victory Stele depicts him as a god-king climbing a mountain above his soldiers, and his enemies, the defeated Lullabi. Although the stele was broken off at the top when it was stolen and carried off by the Elamites, it still reveals the pride, glory, and divinity of Naram-Sin. The stele was found at Susa, and is now in the LOuvre Museum.
Hittite sources claim Naram-Sin of Akkad ventured into Anatolia, battling the Hittite and Hurrian kings.
Naram-Sin reigned for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Shar-kali-Sharri who in turn reigned for 24 years. On his death there are two years unaccounted for before his son Dudu is recorded as King. Dudu reigned for 20 years and was succeeded by his son Shu-durul. Little is known about this period. The empires control on its territories does seem to have weakened with a number of reports of rebellion.
The Sumerian King List, describing the Akkadian Empire after the death of Shar-kali-shari, states:
Who was king? Who was not king? Irgigi the king; Nanum, the king; Imi the king; Ilulu, the king—the four of them were kings but reigned only three years. Dudu reigned 21 years; Shu-Turul, the son of Dudu, reigned 15 years. … Agade was defeated and its kingship carried off to Uruk.
The line of Sargon the Great came to an end with the invasion, in 2154, of the Gutians from the Zagros Mountains. We know they captured and sacked the Akkadian capital although after this they almost vanish from our history. They may have stayed in the Akkadian regions as they are mentioned again in the reign of the Sumerian King Ur-Nammamu, who reigned from 2112-2095 who is recorded as droving them from Mesopotamian lands, but this may also relate to another invasion from the Zagros.
The Curse of Akkad
One Mesopotamian myth, a historiographic poem entitled "The curse of Akkad: the Ekur avenged", explains how the empire created by Sargon of Akkad fell and the city of Akkad was destroyed. The myth was written hundreds of years after the fall of Akkad and is the poet's attempt to explain how the Gutians succeeded in conquering Sumer. After an opening passage describing the glory of Akkad before its destruction, the poem tells of how Naram-Sin angered the chief god Enlil by plundering the Ekur (Enlil's temple in Nippur.) In his rage, Enlil summoned the Gutians down from the hills east of the Tigris, bringing plague, famine and death throughout Mesopotamia. Food prices became vastly inflated, with the poem stating that 1 lamb would buy only half a sila (about 425ml) of grain, half a sila of oil, or half a mina (about 250g) of wool. To prevent this destruction, eight of the gods decreed that the city of Akkad should be destroyed in order to spare the rest of Sumer and cursed it. This is exactly what happens, and the story ends with the poet writing of Akkad's fate, mirroring the words of the gods' curse earlier on:
For the first time since cities were built and founded,
The great agricultural tracts produced no grain,
The inundated tracts produced no ostriches,
The irrigated orchards produced neither wine nor syrup,
The gathered clouds did not rain, the masgurum did not grow.
At that time, one shekel's worth of oil was only one-half quart,
One shekel's worth of grain was only one-half quart. . . .
These sold at such prices in the markets of all the cities!
He who slept on the roof, died on the roof,
He who slept in the house, had no burial,
People were flailing at themselves from hunger
And later it concludes:
"Its canal boat towpaths grew nothing but weeds,
Its chariot roads grew nothing but the 'wailing plant,'
Moreover, on its canal boat towpaths and landings,
No human being walks because of the wild goats, vermin, snakes, and mountain scorpions,
The plains where grew the heart-soothing plants, grew nothing but the 'reed of tears,'
Akkad, instead of its sweet-flowing water, there flowed bitter water,
Who said "I would dwell in that city" found not a good dwelling place,
Who said "I would lie down in Akkad" found not a good sleeping place."
There is of course one major problem with this account as it misses out the 24 year reign of Shar-kali-Sharri, the 2 year gap, the 20year reign of Dudu and the 15 years of Shu-Turul by setting the destruction in the reign of Naram-Sin.
Sargon was regarded as a model ruler by Mesopotamian kings for some two millennia after his death. The Assyrian and Babylonian kings who based their later empires in Mesopotamia saw themselves as the heirs of Sargon's empire. Sargon may indeed have introduced the notion of "empire" as understood in the later Assyrian period; the Neo-Assyrian Sargon Text, written in the first person, has Sargon challenging later rulers to "govern the black-haired people" (i.e. the population of Mesopotamia) as he did. SArgon I was a king of the Assyrian period presumably named after Sargon of Akkad. An important source for "Sargonic heroes" in oral tradition in the later Bronze Age is a Hittite (15th century BC) record of a Hurro-Hittite song, which calls upon Sargon and his immediate successors as "deified kings" . Sargon IIwas a Neo-Assyrian king also named after Sargon of Akkad. Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidas, in the 6th century, showed great interest in the history of the Sargonid dynasty, and even conducted excavations of Sargon's palaces and those of his successors.
Sargon of Akkad is sometimes identified as the first person in recorded history to rule over an empire (in the sense of the central government of a multi-ethnic territory). His rule also heralds the history of Semetic empires in the Ancient Near East, which, following the Neo-Sumarian interruption in 20th centuries BCE, lasted for close to fifteen centuries, including the history of Assyria and Babylonia up to the Achaemenid conquest in 539BCE
The Akkadian empire despite being the first empire in the ANE and despite any problems it may have had with holding in check the desperate national groupings and factions contained within it was ultimately a stable and successful one. Of its 6 Kings, the shortest reign was 9 years, 4 reigned for over 20 years and two reigned for over 50 years. It I many ways set up what was to follow in the ANE. Its amalgamation of single-city states into a large corporate empire changed history.
Tags: Akkadians, Sargon the Great
Over the preceding years the fortunes of individual cities had waxed and waned. As one and then another gained a dominance over the others. However one mark of this era seems to have been that even if beaten in battle, the city states remained independent and although tribute and concessions may have been the price of defeat it seems that rarely was the independence of a city forfeited. They had the concept of over-king or King of Kings but each city-state remained an independent viable entity, but all of that was about to change.
The situation in the eastern fertile crescent started to change around the year 2340 BCE when the Akkadian Empire began to take shape and grow. It takes its name from the region and city of Akkad, both of which were localised in the general confluence area of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Its policy showed a marked change from the preceding era as the Akkadians under their leader Sargon began to take direct control over a number of the city states in the Sumerian region. We know little about Sargon's background. He is referenced in the Sumerian King List and in much later Assyrian documents which were discovered in the Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh. In fact his name in Akkadian was Sarru-ukin or Sarru-ken. The name Sargon comes from the Hebrew or Aramaic version of the name of a much later Assyrian King, Sargon the second, who was named after his predecessor. The Akkadian name means 'the established King' or 'the king who has established stability' and is unlikely to have been his real name. As with many ancient regal names they seem to be more descriptions of kingly roles or titles than actual personal names. But for the purpose of this paper I will continue to use the name we are familiar with.
Sargon, according to the available sources, was born the son of a gardener, La'ibum and according to one 7th century Assyrian document, his mother was a priestess. He became the cupbearer to Ur-Zababa, the King of Kish, one of the Sumerian city states. Details of his early story are rather sparse – One Sumerian source records that after he had grown he went to Kish and Ur-Zababa appointed Sargon as his cup-bearer. One night Ur-Zababa invited Sargon to his chambers to discuss a dream of Sargon's, involving the favour of the goddess Inanna and a vision of the drowning of Ur-Zababa by the goddess. Deeply frightened by the portents of this dream, Ur-Zababa orders Sargon murdered, but the Goddess Inanna prevented it. When Sargon returned to Ur-Zababa, the king became even more frightened and decided to send Sargon to the king of Uruk with a message on a clay tablet asking him to slay Sargon. Unfortunately, the next section of the story which describes how Sargon came to be the ruler of Kish is missing, but from other sources it seems at some point he assassinated his master, recruited an army of Akkadians and proceeded to start to conquer the other cities of Sumer. He also had a liking for collecting titles: some were fairly straightforward – King of Kish; King of Sumer; King of Akkad, but others represented his connection to the gods: Ensi of Enlil, the God of winds or appointed of Auo, God of the heavens or Lord of the Universe.
At some date during his reign of around 55 years he moved the capital of his empire from Kish to the city of Akkad. There has been much discussion about where this city actually was and whether or not it pre-dated the arrival of Sargon or whether it was a new city built by Sargon. If it was a pre-existing city was it originally called Akkad or was it renamed. These are all questions to which there is no definite answer. The only clues are inscriptions that have been found claim that Sargon 'built Babylon in front of Akkad' or that Sargon 'dug up the soil in the pit of Babylon and made a counterpart next to Agade' but these were written much later in the time of the Neo-Assyrian empire. Although the location of the city of Akkad has not yet been identified, it is known from various textual sources. Among these is at least one text predating the reign of Sargon. This together with the fact that the name Akkad is of non-Akkadian origin, may suggest that the city of Akkad was already occupied in pre-Sargonic times.
Contemporary sources are rare. Two inscriptions can be seen in the Louve in Paris which are considered contemporary. In these, he is referred to as ' King of Akkad, overseer of Innana, King of Kish, anointed of Anu, King of the land, Governor of Enlil'. This description is also found on an inscription found at Nippur which celebrates the conquest of Uruk and the defeat of King Lugal-zagesi, whom Sargon, it informs us brought in a collar to the gate of Enlil. This is believed to have been one of the earliest victories as Sargon's forces enlarged the boundaries of his new empire.
Sargon's forces went on to conquer the city states of Ur, Ninmar, Umma, Mari and Elam. Ancient records claim he conquered more than 34 cities. A group of four Babylonian texts, known as the "Sargon Epos" show Sargon as a military commander asking the advice of a number of subordinates before going on campaign. The narrative of Sargon, the Conquering Hero is set at Sargon's court, in a situation of crisis. Sargon addresses his warriors, praising the virtue of heroism, and a lecture by a courtier on the glory achieved by a champion of the army, a narrative relating a campaign of Sargon and a concluding oration by Sargon listing his conquests.
The narrative of King of Battle relates Sargon's campaign, or perhaps a raid, against the Anatolian city of Purushanda in order to protect the rights of Akkadian merchants. Interestingly versions of this narrative have been found in both Hittite and Akkadian script. The narrative is anachronistic however, portraying Sargon in a 19th-century setting. The same text mentions that Sargon crossed the Sea of the West (most likely the Mediterranian) and ended up in Kuppara, which some authors have interpreted as the Akkadian word for Keftiu, an ancient locale usually associated with Crete or Cyprus.
The Chronicle of Early Kings, which dates from around 1500 BCE tells us that:
He had neither rival nor equal. His splendour, over the lands it diffused. He crossed the sea in the east. In the eleventh year he conquered the western land to its farthest point. He brought it under one authority. He set up his statues there and ferried the west's body across on barges. He stationed his court officials at intervals of five double hours and ruled in unity the tribes of the lands. He marched to Kazallu and turned Kazallu into a ruin heap, so that there was not even a perch for a bird left.
We know that his queen was called Tashlultum and he had a number of children including his son's Rimush and Manishtushu, who would in turn inherit his throne and his daughter, Enheduannaa who became an important priestess
However, there was a flip side to the hero-myths of Sargon's conquest, it also seems that this was not an easy empire to control. The Chronicle of Early Kings tells us 'Afterward in his old age all the lands revolted against him, and they besieged him in Akkad; and Sargon went onward to battle and defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their wide spreading host he destroyed. Afterward he attacked the land of Subartu in his might, and they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled that revolt, and defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their wide spreading host he destroyed, and he brought their possessions into Akkad. The soil from the trenches of Babylon he removed, and the boundaries of Akkad he made like those of Babylon. But because of the evil which he had committed, the great lord Marduk was angry, and he destroyed his people by famine. From the rising of the sun unto the setting of the sun they opposed him and gave him no rest.
A brief history of the Fertile Crescent 3000BCE – 570BCE (11)
Posted: April 5, 2016 in Ancient Near Eastern History, History
Tags: History of the Fertile Crescent
Fertile Crescent (By 92bari (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)%5D, via Wikimedia Commons)
When Nebuchadrezzar died in 562 he was followed by his son Evil-Merodach but his reign was short. According to one source 'he managed affairs in a lawless and outrageous fashion'. Another says he paid little heed to his counsellors or the temples. He was certainly deposed and probably murdered within the year at the behest of his Sisters Husband Neriglissar, who took the throne. He died a few years later following a military campaign and was succeeded by his son, who in turn was killed by Nabonidas who came to the throne in 556. His claim to the throne is not clear as his heritage was Assyrian, having been born in the city of Harran, once briefly the capital of the Assyrian Empire. Inscriptions imply that he came from a lowly background. The records do however, suggest that he might have been married to a daughter of Nebuchadrezzar and so although he had no claim to the throne, his son did as a grandson of the great King. This could be borne out by the fact that Nabonidas reigned in a power-sharing arrangement with his son Belshazzar (of the feast and writing on the wall fame). Belshazzar was noted as being a good soldier, but a poor politician who had a knack of upsetting people by his actions. Amongst these were the religious and military elites of the kingdom. The reason for the former is clear as he and his father suppressed the worship of Marduk, the traditional god of Babylon in favour of the moon god. The most likely reason for this is that Nabonidas' mother was the high priestess of the Moon God Temple in Harran.
Relief of Cyrus at the gate of Pasargadae. "Olympic Park Cyrus-3" by Siamax. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_Park_Cyrus-3.jpg#/media/File:Olympic_Park_Cyrus-3.jpg
The Persians King Cyrus was becoming very popular in Babylon. In contrast to Nabonidus and Balthasar, Cyrus portrayed himself as the saviour of the true Babylonian religion, chosen by Marduk to restore order and justice and the worship of Marduk to the people of Babylon.
Cyrus invaded Babylon in 539 and within a few years the whole Neo-Babylonian empire was under Persian rule.
Posted: March 29, 2016 in Ancient Near Eastern History, History
Nebuchadrezzar was not just a mighty warrior, he was also a patron of cities and a spectacular builder. He rebuilt all of Babylonia's major cities on a lavish scale. The city of Babylon during his reign covered more than three square miles, surrounded by moats and ringed by a double circuit of walls. The Euphrates flowed through the centre of the city, spanned by a beautiful stone bridge. At the centre of the city rose the giant ziggurat called Etemenanki, "House of the Frontier Between Heaven and Earth," next to the Temple of Marduk. He is also credited with building the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon. According to one legend, he built the Gardens for his Median wife, Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. He also built a grand palace that came to be known as 'The Marvel of the Mankind'.
"Die schwebenden Gärten von Babylon 1726" by Unknown – http://www.bassenge.com/. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons –
In 601 BC, Nebuchadrezzar was involved in a major, but inconclusive battle, against the Egyptians, probably somewhere in the southern Levant. In 599 BC, he invaded Arabia and routed the Arabs at Qedar. In 597 BC, he invaded Judah and captured Jerusalem and deposed its king Jehoiachin. Egypt and Babylon continued to vie with each other for control of the southern Levant throughout much of Nebuchadrezzar's reign. Egypt's policy was usually to do this by proxy, by encouraging the Levantine states to rebel and promising them aid. It is not always clear from the accounts whether these promises were actually fulfilled. It was probably these promises, and a civil war in Babylon, which encouraged king Zedekiah of Judah to revolt. It took the Babylonians two years to sort out their problems at home but in 586 the might of the Babylonian army descended into Judah culminating in the siege of Jerusalem. This time the Egyptians did mobilise an army to support the Judaean revolt, but Nebuchadrezzar merely broke off the siege , gave battle, defeated the Egyptian army and then returned to the besieging Jerusalem. After an 18-month siege, Jerusalem was captured, and thousands of Jews were deported to Babylon, and the city, including Solomon's Temple and Palace was razed to the ground.
By 572 Nebuchadrezzar was in full control of Babylonia, Assyria, Phoenicia, Judah, Israel, Philistia, northern Arabia, and parts of Asia Minor. In 568 BC during the reign of Pharaoh Amasis, he invaded Egypt. A clay tablet, now in the British Museum, states: "In the 37th year of Nebuchaddrezzar, king of the country of Babylon, he went to Mitzraim (Egypt) to wage war. Amasis, king of Mitzraim, collected his army, and marched and spread abroad." Unfortunately there appears to be no record of the aims or outcome of this campaign, but it does not seem as though the Babylonians were able to establish any territory in Egypt.
A brief history of the Fertile Crescent 3000BCE – 570BCE (9)
Once the capital Nineveh had fallen the Assyrians began to withdraw west and moved their capital west to Harran. When Harran was captured by the Babylonians in 610 BC the capital was once again moved, this time to Carchemish, on the Euphrates river. Egypt had by this time realised that the rising Neo-Babylonian empire was ever expanding in their direction and therefore at sometime around 610 they entered into an alliance with the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit II, and in 609 BC sent an army north to aid the Assyrians against the Babylonians. It is interesting to consider how late they left this decision. Carchemish was the Assyrians last stand, their last hope of survival and even if they had won there was little left of the Assyrian empire. To my mind the most likely scenario would be that by this time the end was inevitable even if they escaped it in 609.
The Egyptian army of Pharaoh Necho II marching north to aid the Assyrians was delayed at Megiddo by the forces of King Josiah of Judah. During the battle Josiah was killed and his army was defeated. But why did Josiah attack the much larger army of the Egyptians? Did he think that if the Assyrians were defeated then Judah would be freed from subjugation? Was this attack a deliberate delaying tactic to slow the Egyptian reinforcements down?
If so it partially worked as by the time the Egyptians arrived the Babylonians had forced the Assyrian army to withdraw across the Euphrates. The Egyptians and Assyrians came together on the west side of the river, crossed it and laid siege to Harran, which they failed to retake. They then retreated back towards Carchemish and the river Euphrates.
The Egyptian / Assyrian army met the might of the Babylonian army led by Nebuchadrezzar II, the son of Neblopolassor, near Carchemish where the combined Egyptian and Assyrian forces were soundly defeated. Assyria ceased to exist as an independent power, and Egypt retreated and would never again be a significant force in the Fertile Crescent.
Carved walls from the Palace of Carchemish (c1910) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
The Nebuchadrezzar Chronicle, now housed in the British Museum, claims that Nebuchadrezzar "crossed the river to go against the Egyptian army which lay in Karchemiš. They fought with each other and the Egyptian army withdrew before him. He accomplished their defeat and beat them to non-existence. As for the rest of the Egyptian army which had escaped from the defeat so quickly that no weapon had reached them, in the district of Hamath the Babylonian troops overtook and defeated them so that not a single man escaped to his own country. At that time Nebuchadrezzar conquered the whole area of Hamath."
Carved panels from the Palace of Carchemish (c1910) [Public
Sennacherib's son, Esarhaddan , who reigned from 681 to 669 is noted for two events. In 680, he commenced the rebuilding of the city of Babylon and re-established it as a client kingdom. From 675 to 671 he launched a campaign into Egypt, which resulted in the Assyrians occupying Memphis, the Nile Delta and the lower valley. [map4]. However, these gains were to be short lived as in 669 the Egyptians rebelled and Ashurbanipal II, who had succeeded his father, fought a six-year campaign before the Assyrians were forced to admit defeat and withdraw back to their border at the southern end of the Levant.
Ashurbanipal on Horseback
"Nineveh Ashurbanipal on horseback" by Anonymous (Nineveh) – Own work (BurgererSF). Licensed under CC0 via Wikimedia Commons –
His reign was also marked by continued rebellion in Babylonia. Ashurbanipal is best remembered for the building of the great library at Nineveh from the contents of which much of our knowledge of the ancient near East comes.
Tablet from the library of Ashurbanipal.
"1911 Britannica – Babylonia-Tablet" by Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 – Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Vol. 3, Plate II. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons –
Following his death, his sons waged Civil War for the throne of Assyria. Nablopolassar, the client King of Babylon took advantage of this situation and declared himself King of an independent Babylonian kingdom in 620. It seems that the weakened Assyrians were unable to respond. In 615 Nablopolassar made an Alliance with the Medes, and their clients, the Persians, and declared war on Assyria. A 5 year campaign followed as the Allies gradually gained territory from the Assyrians. Nineveh finally fell in 612 following a three-year siege and the Babylonian forces completely destroyed the city to ground level. It seems likely that this was payback for the destruction of Babylon by Sennacherib in 689.
Posted: March 8, 2016 in Ancient Near Eastern History, History
In 853 BCE Shalmaneser III was defeated by a Levantine Alliance, led by Aram and Israel. However, the campaigns of Tiglath-Pilessar III from 745 expanded the Assyrian empire further west with the inclusion of the Phoenician port cities as client kingdoms. This gave the Empire access to the trade routes of the Mediterranean. Sargon the second (721 to 705) continued the expansion taking into the Empire parts of the old Hittite kingdom; This brought under Assyrian control parts of the Hittite kingdom; Phoenicia and Israel and established client kingdoms in Judah, Philistia and Babylonia. The reign of Sennacherib is one of mixed fortunes for the Empire. Perhaps best remembered for his campaign in Judah, notably the siege and sack of Lachish and the siege of Jerusalem.
Battle scene from Lachish reliefs Nineveh. Now in British Museum
He also faced major rebellions in Babylonia and in 689, Babylon was sacked and razed to the ground and the province of Babylonia was annexed into the Assyrian Empire. In the North of the Empire, a great deal of effort was needed to contain the raids of peoples from the Caucuses down the land corridor between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. In the North West the Assyrians encountered, with less than successful results, the Phrygian Kingdom, who had by this time annexed the western part of the old Hittite Empire.
Sennacherib
"Sanherib-tr-4271" by Timo Roller – Own work. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons –
If you ever thought spin was a modern invention then here are two accounts of Sennacherib's campaign in Judea. The Hebrew account says little if anything about the campaign leading up to the siege of Jerusalem but focuses on the outcome and the successful breaking of the siege 'Then it happened that night that the angel of the Lord went out, and struck 185,000 in the camp of the Assyrians; and when men rose early in the morning, behold, all of them were dead. So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed and returned home, and lived at Nineveh.'
However if we look at Sennacherib's version as seen on the Taylor Prism it reads very differently "As for Hezekiah, the Jew, who did not submit to my yoke, 46 of his strong walled cities, as well as the small cities in their neighborhood, which were without number, by escalade and bringing up siege engines (did I destroy)… Himself, like a caged bird, I shut up in Jerusalem, his royal city. ' He then goes on to tell that he extracted a huge tribute from him which when paid he took back to Nineveh, which was why he lifted the siege. What we do know is that Sennacherib made far more of his campaign against Lachish than he did of the siege of Jerusalem as witness the wall murals from his palace at Nineveh, which are in the British Museum.
The King receives tribute from Lachish reliefs Nineveh. Now in British Museum
Sennacherib died in 681. What is clear is that he was assassinated. What is less clear is the why and the how. There is a story that this happened whilst he was praying in the temple. Some sources in the later Babylonian Chronicles name his son as the guilty party although other sources give different identities to the killer.
Between 1206 and 1150 BC, the cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and northern Syria and the New Kingdom of Egypt in southern Syria and Canaan interrupted trade routes and severely reduced literacy. In the first phase of this period, there is evidence that many cities were violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied thereafter: examples include Hattusa, Mycenae, and Ugarit. The civilisations of the eastern fertile crescent fared only a little better. The Assyrian Empire came under attack from the Mushki, a people who had moved into Anatolia following the collapse of the Hittite Empire. It is thought that they were probably from the area of modern-day Georgia or Armenia. However, the Assyrians were able to defeat and repel these attacks. Thus, the Assyrian Empire survived, if in a somewhat reduced state, throughout much of this period. Assyria retained a stable monarchy, the best army in the world and an efficient civil administration, thus enabling it to survive the Late Bronze Age Collapse relatively intact and this put them in the prime position to rebound from this dark age. From the late 10th Century BC onwards, it began to assert itself internationally once again.
By scan by ru:user:Кучумов Андрей [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Around the year 910, the kingdom of Ashur or Assyria once again began to expand south-east into Babylonia and West to the Mediterranean coast. This would eventually become known as the neo-Assyrian Empire. They encountered very little resistance. In Babylon, the Kassites had been replaced by a Chaldean or Aramaean ruling class. These were people had come east out of the desert and taken control of the kingdom possibly sometime between 1100-1000 BC. Records show that there was a constant tension between the native Babylonians and their Chaldean rulers. It has been suggested that this made the ruling class inward looking, concentrating on the prevention of internal rebellion and so not reacting till it was too late to the advances of Assyria. In the lands to the West, the population now consisted of Aramean tribesman who had moved into the grasslands of Syria. There is no evidence of any pan-tribal organisation and it is probable that the Assyrian army were able to pick them off individually. In Egypt, the Libyan rulers of the 22nd to 24th dynasties had little interest in what was happening in the Levant and Mesopotamia, regarding Egypt as merely as a buffer state to their own homelands in north Africa. In addition to these political reasons, there was also one overriding practical reason, which may explain the speed at which the neo-Assyrian Empire was able to expand. Babylon, Egypt and the tribes of the Syrian grasslands all lacked access to the new wonder material of weapon making – iron. In contrast, Assyria had access to rich deposits, both in the Armenian highlands to the North and in the Zagros mountains to the East. Their relationship to these lands is unknown, but there clearly was some relationship, both in the supply of resource materials and from the fact that it is recorded that tribesman from these areas formed part of the Assyrian military force from an early stage. Relatively quickly, we also find records of Aramean forces fighting for the Assyrian Empire. This may be reminiscent of the Roman use of foreign troops or perhaps the Gurkhas in the British army. What was the advantage to these troops? – well certainly employment and the prospect of loot, but it may have gone farther than that. It has been speculated that, unlike in other kingdoms of the fertile crescent, the definition of being Assyrian was a political designation rather than an ethnic one. Thus, if you spoke Akkadian, were loyal to the Assyrian king and fought in the army or were loyal and diligent in royal service then you were defined as an Assyrian citizen with the benefits that may have brought.


text:
The Camero Scope Top 10 Top 10 Hottest Actresses within the World 2022 – New Blog Put up
Top 10 Hottest Actresses within the World 2022 – New Blog Put up
Do you want to know who are the topmost sexiest actresses in 2022? If positive, check out this tick list of the best 10 most up to date actresses on the planet.
Should you glance around the globe, you most likely can merely remark a huge number of actresses. As at the present time each and every country generating beautiful and bold actresses, so making an inventory of the sexiest actresses used to be a difficult activity. Nonetheless, as all of us the time do at Top10About, now now we have compiled a standard tick list of the best ten most up to date actresses on the planet of 2022. Following scorching actresses are ranked on the thought in their bold personality, repute, and luck around the globe.
Let's have a look on the tick list and tell us your opinion within the statement section.
Top 10 Hottest Actresses within the World 2022
10. Mehwish Hayat
9. Shruti Haasan
7. Kate Upton
6. Anna Chipovskaya
5. Liza Soberano
4. Michelle Keegan
1. Gemma Arterton
Probably the most beautiful Pakistani women Mehwish Hayat is a film and television actress. She used to be born on 6th January 1988 in Pakistan. Her mother Rukhsar Hayat used to be moreover a most well-liked television actress. This Pakistani actress is understood for her paintings in movement footage and serials like Actor in Regulation, Punjab Nahi Jaungi, Load Wedding rite, and lots of others. She won many awards like Lux Type Award. She is commemorated by means of the Pakistan Authorities with Tamgha-e-Imtiaz. Her blockbuster drama assortment Meray Qayil Meray Dildar make her nominated for the Lux Type Award. On the age of 13, her face used to be selected for the number one time biggest hoarding in Karachi.
See moreover– Top 10 Hottest Bollywood Actresses
Shruti Haasan is an actress and singer, belongs to a Hindu Iyengar Brahmin family. She used to be born on twenty 8th January 1986 in Chennai, India. Her parents each and every father and mother entitled among Indian legend actors and actresses.
Shruti started her career as a singer at her age of 6. She is referred to as amongst the many most beautiful and sexiest South Indian actresses. Her appearing in Bollywood, Tamil, and Telugu cinema has inspired each and every elderly folks. Her appearing career began as a child artist in a bilingual Hindi and Tamil film Hey Ram. She used to be selected for the duvet internet web page magazine Frappe and Verve. Her glance in movement footage like Ramaiya Vastavaiya, Gabbar is Again and Welcome 2 made her neatly-identified all through the country.
Megan Fox is one different scorching actress and model who used to be born on 16 Could 1986 in America. She is legendary amongst the many high most up to date actresses of Hollywood. This neatly-identified model started her career as a model on the age of 13. After that, she used to be Launched to the appearing business in 2001. She has carried out many jobs in television and flicks.
As a modern female sex symbol, she seemed in numerous magazines like Maxim, Rolling stone, and FHM. She used to be moreover commemorated with Teen Alternative Award, Scream award for the Greatest Sci-fi actress, and lots of others. Her engaging eyes and fully shaped decide make her one of the most up to date actresses on the planet.
Kate Upton, surely one of the most up to date actresses around the globe as of now 2022. This neatly-identified American model & actress used to be born on 10th June 1992. She brings to a sports activities actions family. Her father and mother each and every are athletic. Her first glance within the sports activities actions illustrated suit matter 2011 had drawn many people's attention. Now she is no doubt one in every of the best-paid female models on the planet.
Research reveals that Kate is no doubt one in every of the maximum searched names in Google. Her existence like place in movement footage made her usual in no time. She won Individuals Journal Award for being the sexiest woman in 2014. Additionally, in Mercedes-Benz trend week, she used to be commemorated as a result of the model of the one year. The stunning hazel green eye with blonde hair is little query impresses any one in the beginning sight.
Anna Chipovskaya is a neatly-identified Russian actress and singer who used to be born on 16th June 1987. She is 5 feet. 6 in. tall with a ravishing face and bold decide measurement of 33-25-34. This flexible actress has seemed in theatre, television, and flicks. She studied up to 9 and shortly she used to be enrolled in a drama school. She graduated from Moscow Artwork Theatre College in 2009.
Her career within the film business started at her age of 16. The TV assortment named "The Thaw" has made her so usual. Her existence like place in this TV assortment nominated her for the 'Golden Eagle's award. However unfortunately, this award is going to her rival Viktoriya Isakova.
Liza Soberano is a neatly-identified Filipino-American actress is biggest identified for the TV assortment 'Forevermore'. She used to be born on 4th January 1998 in the us. After her parents divorced, she grew up in conjunction with her grandparents in Visalia, California.
Her place within the films 'Simply the way in which you might be' and 'Every single day, I like you' has drawn attention and offered her in limelight. Her curvy decide measurement with a 5 feet 6 most sensible makes her glance engaging. She started her modeling career on the age of 12 and had to be a neatly-identified model since her adolescence. She won the German Moreno Youth Achievement Award in 2020.
The neatly-identified British actress Michelle Keegan is one different most up to date actress on the planet as of 2022. She is biggest neatly-identified for her paintings within the lengthy-working ITV cleansing cleaning soap opera, Coronation Avenue from 2008 to 2014. The neatly-identified actress used to be born on 3rd June 1987. She used to paintings in a departmental store previous than starting her appearing career. She used to be nominated previous than for the sexiest female award from the 5th instantly British Cleaning cleaning soap Awards and won it in 2013 and 2015. Moreover, she used to be one of the high voted FHM's Sexiest Girl.
The most well-liked Hollywood actress Scarlett Johansson is completely one of the most up to date actresses in 2022. She used to be born on 22 November 1984 in New York Metropolis. She used to be moreover named amongst the many high 10 women with most probably the most fascinating decide on the planet.
Scarlett has acted in some international-well-known movement footage named The Avengers film assortment, Vicky Cristina Barcelona, The Status, Captain America, and The Iron Man. She has got many awards in conjunction with the British Academy Movie Awards and Tony Award. She moreover got a celeb on the Hollywood walk of the frame. In addition to that, she gained a nomination for the Golden Globe award 4 events. This scorching actress has a huge fan base all the international over.
One of many most up to date American women Alexandra Daddario holds the second spot in this tick list. She used to be born on 16 March 1986 in New York Metropolis, USA. She started her career in modeling in America. Her horny class in conjunction with excellent large eyes draws tens of tens of millions of people at merely first sight.
At th age of eleven, she made up our minds to be an actress. Her primary place as Annabeth Chase has made her so usual. She took the first step of her career as a former model. A variety of the movement footage acted by means of Alexandra Daddario are do usual. These movement footage are The Layoner, When We First Meet, Baywatch, and lots of others.
The first position for the hottest actresses on the planet is going to the talented English actress Gemma Arterton. She could be a neatly-identified activist and picture manufacturer. She used to be born on 2 February 1986 within the Gravesend.
Arterton grew to become usual for her place Bond Woman Strawberry Fields within the film Quantum of Solace opposite James Bond. And, she won an Empire Award for Greatest Newcomer for this film. A couple of of her biggest movement footage are Conflict of the Titans, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, and Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
function printUsage
{
   echo ""
   echo "Usage: $0 [host] [pythonVersion]"
   echo ""
   echo "Example: $0 sdlc0000.labs.teradata.com python3.4"
   echo ""
   exit 1
}

# Asserts that the previous command succeeded.
function assert {
  # Gets the return code from the previous command.
  local returnCode=$?

  # Checks if the return code is not zero, signaling a failure.
  if [ $returnCode -ne 0 ] ;
  then
    error "$1 failed (Error Code: $returnCode)."
    exit 1
  else
    echo "$1 successful."
  fi
}

# Writes error information to the console.
# Param 1 - The error message.
function error {
    echo "ERROR: $1"
}

if [ -z "$1" ]; then
   error "Missing host argument."
   printUsage
   exit 1
fi

if [ -z "$2" ]; then
  error "Missing python version argument."
  printUsage
  exit 1
fi

ENV_NAME=pytd_$2
TEST_DIR="~/$ENV_NAME/pytd"
SSH_COMMAND="ssh -i testidentity -oBatchMode=yes -oStrictHostKeyChecking=no pytd@$1"

chmod 600 testidentity
assert "Setup test identity"

echo "Checking login to $1..."
$SSH_COMMAND "echo \"Connected to $1\""
assert "Login check to $1"

$SSH_COMMAND "rm -rf ~/$ENV_NAME"
assert "Cleanup of previous virtual environment"

$SSH_COMMAND "virtualenv -p $2 $ENV_NAME"
assert "Creation of test virtual environment"

$SSH_COMMAND "~/$ENV_NAME/bin/pip install teamcity-messages"
assert "Install teamcity integration module"

$SSH_COMMAND "mkdir $TEST_DIR"
assert "Creation of test directory"

scp -i testidentity -r * pytd@$1:$TEST_DIR/
assert "Copy of source files to test machine"

$SSH_COMMAND "cd $TEST_DIR;../bin/$2 -m teamcity.unittestpy discover -s test"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Dr Mark Haber
Dr Mark Haber is a specialist shoulder orthopaedic surgeon who works exclusively on advanced shoulder arthroscopy and open techniques.
Dr Haber has presented in over 20 major international orthopaedic conferences, winning best paper awards including the ISAKOS Caspari award and "best posters category". He has earned international recognition.
He is a world leader in Computer Navigated Shoulder Replacements. His ongoing research evaluating radiological and clinical outcomes has been presented internationally.
Dr Haber also has extensive experience in shoulder arthroscopic procedures and has pioneered modified techniques for arthroscopic rotator cuff and labral repairs. The techniques are now recognized in Europe, Asia, England and in the US.
His ongoing research includes both biomechanical and clinical studies following rotator cuff repair surgery. With rigorous postoperative evaluations, he is looking at ways to optimise the procedure and rehabilitation.
He is also on a design team developing new instruments and implants for shoulder arthroscopy.
Dr Haber provides a convenient "one-stop"' shoulder clinic with an on-site ultrasound machine and is able to perform diagnostic shoulder ultrasounds as well as guided cortisone injections at the time of the initial consultation.
He is a member of The Shoulder and Elbow Society of Australia, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, The European Society of Sports Injuries and Knee Arthroscopy, the Asia Pacific Orthopaedic Association, the Australian Orthopaedic Association and Sports Medicine Australia.
• Fellowship of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
(Ortho) 1995
• Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery,
University of New South Wales, 1982
M.B. B.S. (U.N.S.W.) 1982 and F.R.A.C.S. (Ortho) 1995
www.so.com.au
Dr Anthony Cadden
Dr David Cossetto
Dr Meghan Dares
Dr Anil Goudar
Dr Yiu-Key Ho
Dr John Ireland
Dr Paul Jarman
Dr Agus Kadir
Dr Paul Thornton-Bott
Dr Chad Todhunter


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I have my two grandsons with me, and we are going to an art crawl in Newton today. We have had breakfast and filled the birdfeeder, and now we must get ready! Take care & blessings.
Aunt Etta Lee Pruitt in front of her twirly gigs in her yard on Saturday, November 3rd, 2007. She had not slept well the night before and was in low spirits, but looks quite stunning in her black outfit despite the poor sleep the night before. (She is in her seventies.) She joined us for the art crawl and lunch right after this was taken. My grandsons (Erik & Tyler) and I enjoyed our time with her on that day.
The photos made the walk down memory lane that much nicer SongofJoy.
Hope you have a great time at the art crawl. You are making great memories for your grandsons.
Lovely photos with your lovely story. I thoroughly enjoyed it.
Your aunt is beautiful, sleep or no sleep. To me real beauty comes with age, an your aunt shows hers very very well.
umm what is an art crawl, its sounds like fun, altho i don't know if i would want to be on hands an knees all day. I know it has to do with art, an I love art of all kinds,, wish i could experience this crawl.
Here it is sort of like a festival with food and art vendors all around the town square. All the shops and restaurants are open, and there are good sales going on. Each segment of the sidewalk around the square is numbered with chalk, and any one who wants to can sign up for a square free! They are given a new bucket of sidewalk chalk, and THEY get down and crawl around on their block of sidewalk creating anything they want . . . flowers, designs, whatever they desire to draw. Then it is judged at the end of the day, and prizes are awarded. We did not stay long as Tyler, my youngest grand was very cranky, and Aunt Etta Lee was not her old perky self. Thank you for the compliment. I will tell her . . . she is a very spirited woman, and I love her dearly. I took the picture of her, and made prints to put in cards to her children, grandchildren, sisters and brothers.


text:
Title: The Scarlet Worm
Director: Michael Fredianelli
Writer: David Lambert
An assassin with artistic merit is getting too old for his job when he is hired to do his biggest hit yet - taking down the owner of a brothel. But first he has to train a youngling who might be a good shooter, but who needs to learn control, planning and... poetry.
I haven't really looked into the recent releases from Unearthed Films for different reasons. I don't have anything against the company per se, but they have had some unappealing releases. One I never planned to watch was "The Scarlet Worm", mostly because I'm not a big western fan and usually only watch them when someone sends them to me ("Damn Your Eyes" and "Pólvora Negra"). And this was the case with "The Scarlet Worm" - it was sent to me, so I gave it an honest shot! And you know what? It's not that bad.
We follow an aged gunslinger, Print, on his latest big hit when he is hired to kill the owner of a brothel who is abusing his whores. But Print is no ordinary assassin. He's classy and wants everything done with style. In one case he kills a man who was disturbing his cattle, and he ends up sowing him into the cow carcass. On the latest assassination Print is also given a rookie to help him, but first he needs to train him. And that mostly means giving him some manners and style. We also meet the town's barber, an ex-assassin who is trying to get away from all of that. Personally I think this guy was the most interesting character and wouldn't mind a prequel about him specifically - pre-barber life, of course.
It's a pretty classic western film in most ways. The characters, the macho attitude, storyline, style/looks, location, shootouts - it's all there. In a good way. It's easy for independent period pieces to come off as ridiculous and stupid but this one is solid in its execution. That's ultimately what makes it an appealing watch as the story itself managed to lose me after a while. I actually think it was entertaining up until they went to assassinate the man. Before that it was mostly preparation and getting to know the characters - which was oddly enough entertaining me more.
If you expect it to be a really gory movie just because it's released by Unearthed Films then you might be disappointed. There are plenty of shootout scenes, and the hits are rather gory but not enough to classify it as "gory". I think the effects are pulled off pretty well as it's not over-the-top, and what CGI is used is only to make a few things work (although I can't say I was impressed by the gunfires). Overall a pleasing watch in that matter.
The characters are really the highlight of the film. From our lead man Print, to the kid and the barber, they're just fun and interesting for the most part. Maybe not so much in terms of character depth, but there's definitely some acting chops there, and you can sense a backstory to them. Which I think is important if you're gonna sell your characters as elite assassins who have killed the likes of Billy the Kid.
"The Scarlet Worm" works. I think that's the main focus here. It does what it set out to do and it succeeds. I can't say it's a fantastic film or one I will watch again, but as a modern independent western I had a lot of fun with it. The story is alright even though I got bored when they actually set out to do the deed, and the characters are very western-like. I suppose that goes for the entire movie as it doesn't take a bunch of strange turns. And then there's some blood splatter and nude prostitutes.
- A solid production.
- I enjoyed all the important characters.
- Good shootouts.
- Not sure why, but the story got less exciting once they went out to do the assassination they were hired to do. The preparation was more entertaining.
- Some of the gunfire CGI.
- A film to watch mostly if you want to see a modern independent western - it's not up there with the classics.
Gore: 2.5/5
Nudity: 2.5/5
We got this movie from:
MVDb2b.com
It can be bought from:


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text:
Jean-Baptiste Babin est un conseiller du roi, trésorier de France et général des finances à Nantes, en Bretagne.

Il est l'auteur d'un sonnet et de stances sous forme de dialogue entre le poète et les cloches de Saint-Pierre de Nantes, deux œuvres publiées dans le recueil Poésies rares et nouvelles d'auteurs extraordinaires (Paris, Michel Landron, 1662).

Les vers de Babin sont qualifiés par Stéphane Halgan de . Le sonnet est particulièrement loué,  pour Halgan, est  pour René Kerviler.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
Jean-Baptiste Babin in Olivier de Gourcuff, René Kerviler, Stéphane Halgan, Adine Riom Anthologie des poètes bretons du XVIIe siècle  Collection XIX, 2016, 306 pages.
 Alain Croix, La Bretagne d'après l"Itinéraire" de monsieur Dubuisson-Aubenay. Suivi du Profil de la Bretagne par Jean-Baptiste Babin (1663), Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de Bretagne, 2006, 1118 p.

Liens externes

Poète français du XVIIe siècle
Trésorier de France

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tags: Coronavirus, Virginia
Virginia sees 645 new coronavirus cases, now reporting 127,571 statewide
There are now 2,684 deaths from the coronavirus in Virginia
RICHMOND, Va. – As of September 7, Virginia is now reporting 127,571 cases of the coronavirus across the commonwealth since March.
[Where are Virginia's coronavirus cases? The latest from the health department]
Monday's total of 127,571 marks an increase from Sunday's total of 126,926 cases.
Here is a breakdown of the 645 new cases in Virginia:
72 new cases in Fairfax County
58 new cases in Harrisonburg
49 new cases in Norfolk
38 new cases in Roanoke City
36 new cases in Prince William County
25 new cases in Loudoun County
18 new cases in Richmond City and Smyth County
15 new cases in Montgomery County
14 new cases in Chesapeake
13 new cases in Hanover County
12 new cases in Rockingham County
11 new cases in Henrico County, Alexandria, Lynchburg, Grayson County and Roanoke County
10 new cases in Washington County, Bristol and Stafford County
9 new cases in Newport News
8 new cases in Arlington County and Fauquier County
7 new cases in Radford, Danville, Spotsylvania County and Albemarle County
6 new cases in Salem, Botetourt County ad Franklin County
5 new cases in Suffolk, Chesterfield County, Wise County and Franklin City
4 new cases in Bedford County, James City County, Carroll County, Manassas, Southampton County and Charlotte County
3 new cases in Virginia Beach, Isle of Wight County, Frederick County, Portsmouth and Amelia County
2 new cases in Charlottesville, Petersburg, Henry County, Manassas Park, Lee County, Campbell County, York County, Winchester, Greensville County, Culpeper County, Amherst County, Wythe County, Waynesboro, Surry County, Covington, Clarke County and Shenandoah County
1 new case in Pittsylvania County, Hampton, Mecklenburg County, Martinsville, Fluvanna County, Halifax County, Fredericksburg, Richmond County, Tazewell County, Essex County, Sussex County, King and Queen County, Orange County, Giles County, Emporia, Appomattox County, King William County, Pulaski County, Russell County, Nelson County, Galax, Gloucester County, Warren County, King George County, Prince Edward County, Buckingham County, Cumberland County, Rappahannock County, Craig County and Buchanan County
Caroline County and Augusta County have decreased by one case
[Interactive map from Johns Hopkins shows how coronavirus is spreading in real-time]
As of Monday, the Virginia Dept. of Health reports there have been 1,809,545 total testing encounters.
The term "testing encounters" includes individuals who have been tested more than once due to their profession, high-risk status or need for a negative result to return to work. The health department started using this metric on May 1. To learn more, click here.


Port Stephens Love this place.
Hello Beautiful People been fishing out of Port Stephens for a month, and having a ball, Great fishing to say the least, The Black and striped marlin have been in good numbers and some quality fish amongst them, also the odd nice blues are being encountered.
The common 15kg tackle being used makes for allot of entertainment and these fish are real quality on this tackle.
We have finished one tournament and ended on the podium, and half way through the interclub tournament The Largest tournament in the southern Hemisphere and in the hunt.
If you have not fished Port Stephens you owe it to yourselve to give it a go, I love the place and the fishing is right up there.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Add new tag, Port Stephens marlin fishing on March 2, 2011 by Bill B.
Hello to all my fishing friends.
After a very sucessfull heavy tackle marlin season, including winning the Lizard Island Black Marlin Classic for the 5th time catching 14 marlin over 800lb and 4 over 1000lb. I am back at work after a nice break seeing my children.
I will be going to Port Stephens in a week, and will be chartering out of this great Port for 3 months, this is a great fishery with Black, Blue, and Striped Marlin abundant at times, and double figure days not uncommon. I have some great packages availabl,e Jump on my Website under destination and have a look. If you havn't fished Port Stephens it is a magical place, when it fires can be the best medium fish destinations in Australia.
My regular Cairns Clients and clients wishing to experience fishing on Viking 11 are starting to take spots in the Giant Marlin Season, Unfortunately My regular Client for the Lizard Island Black Marlin Classic, last years Champion Team, has to miss this year, so the tournament is available. As well as some good time in peak season if you get in quick.
My new partner and I have decided to throw some more money at our Beautiful boat, Tow cam, high definition fix mount cameras, and hard drives to record all action, will now be available. A face lift in the cabins and saloon, a new entertainment system, larger led digital TV, will greet the clients this year.
Also my ever popular workshops are available again out of Port Stephens, These are excellent for the novice as well as some great tips for seasoned campaigners. With over 230 Highly satisfied Students, They have set precedence In the training of all aspects of Sport fishing.
So get aboard and experience, what 25 years as captain of Viking and Viking 11 has to offer. With tournament results and captures, second to no one in the industry.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Add new tag, Black marlin Blog, cairns marlin fishing, Port Stephens marlin fishing on March 2, 2011 by Bill B.
12th October Been slow but improving.
Been out of action for a while with comunication issues, But the fishing has been slow, the current has been slow to the north or non existent, and no run no fun has certainly been what has been happening, But the last couple of days thinks are picking up with a couple of bites a day and catching 2 One medium fish and one small, will be more onto the blog in the Future with comunicaion issues resolved.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Add new tag, Billy Billson's black marliin fishing blog on October 12, 2010 by Bill B.
Tim Lonesdale finised his 5 days with us yesterday, He caught 4 for his trip 2 big girls a 500lber and a small one, He also Had bites out of 2 other Big fish but they jumped us off. The 500lber was a beauty came in all lite up like a christmas tree, and when it finally ate and got hooked, it was off like a young boy on steroids, Not a huge fish but gave us all a lot of fun, Got some shots this time and will post them soon.
Paul kelly the original owner of my first Boat Viking is on board now, Paul, Doug and Rodney are my longest serving Clients, 23 seasons Now, They love there reef fishing so I went to one of my red spots for a drop before we got into the Marlin Programe, It was a hot bite and the boys had a ball with Red emperor, Large mouth Nannegai, Mangrove Jack, Coral trout. There fish box is full to take home, and dinner was a delight.
No luck with the marlin though, in the last few hours.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Add new tag, Billy Billson's black marliin fishing blog on September 23, 2010 by Bill B.
A mixed bag of Quality from the GBR.
Well the wind has finally given us a little break and my clients gave me the go ahead to venture outside the reef after lunch for a crack at a Marlin. The morning had already been sucessfull with some quality Red Emperor and large spanish Mackerel, the day before the reef fin closure. Well what a great mixed bag for the day. Pictures tell a thousand words. As well as show a thousnd pounder on the leader.
This entry was posted in Fishing Report and tagged Add new tag, Australian Marlin Fishing, Cairns Black marlin Charters, Game fishing charters on October 23, 2008 by Bill B.
This entry was posted in Whats happening and tagged Add new tag, bluewater flyfishing, Cummins engines, Game, Gamefishing charters, Marlin fishing charters sydney, Port stephens Cairns on June 1, 2008 by Bill B.


text:
Q: Error paginando resultados de MySQL en PHP PDO Estoy paginando resultados de una consulta hecha a MySQL desde PHP con PDO. El caso es que me devuelve los resultados paginas, pero no siempre.
function listar(){
        if (isset($_GET["criterio"])){
                $txt_criterio = $_GET["criterio"];
                $criterio = "WHERE acronimo_ins LIKE '%$txt_criterio%'";

                //Limito la busqueda
                $TAMANO_PAGINA = 2;

                //examino la página a mostrar y el inicio del registro a mostrar
                $pagina = 1;
                $inicio = 0;
                if(isset($_GET["pagina"])){
                    (int)$pagina = $_GET["pagina"];
                    $inicio = ($pagina - 1) * $TAMANO_PAGINA;
                }
        $ssql = "SELECT * FROM sedes ".$criterio;
                try{
                    $rs = $pdo->prepare($ssql);
                    $rs->execute();
                    $num_total_registros = $rs->rowCount();

                    //calculo el total de páginas
                    $total_paginas = ceil($num_total_registros / $TAMANO_PAGINA);
                    //pongo el número de registros total, el tamaño de página y la página que se muestra
                    $formod .= "
Número de registros encontrados: " . $num_total_registros . "
";
                    $formod .= "
Se muestran páginas de " . $TAMANO_PAGINA . " registros cada una
";
                    $formod .= "
Mostrando la página " . $pagina . " de " . $total_paginas . "
";
    if ($total_paginas > 1){
                    for ($i=1;$i<=$total_paginas;$i++){
                        if ($pagina == $i){
                          //si muestro el índice de la página actual, no coloco enlace
                          $formod .= ''.$pagina . "";
                        }else {
                          //si el índice no corresponde con la página mostrada actualmente, coloco el enlace para ir a esa página
                          $formod .= '' . $i . ' ';
                        }
                    }
                }
     }catch(PDOException $error){
                $formod = 'Error de conexión: ' . $error;
                $formod .= "Se ha producido un error y no se han podido bajar los datos de la BD.";
            }
     try{
                //construyo la sentencia SQL
                $ssqsl = "SELECT * FROM sedes " . $criterio." limit " .$inicio."," .$TAMANO_PAGINA;
                $rs = $pdo->prepare($ssqsl);

                $rs->execute();
    $formod.='
';
    while ($fila = $rs->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)){
                    foreach($fila as $row){
                        $formod .= '

'.$row['id_ins'].'/'.$row['id_sede'].'

                        '.$row['id_ins'].'
                        '.$row['acronimo_ins'].'
                        '.$row['id_sede'].'
                        '.$row['nombre_corto'].'
                        '.$row['provincia'].'
                        '.$row['localidad'].'
                        '.$row['direccion']." ".$row['cpzip'].'
                        '.$row['estado_sede'].'
                        '.$row['fecha_est_sede'].'
';
                    }
                }

            }catch(PDOException $error){
                $formods = 'Error de conexión: ' . $error;
                $formods .= "Se ha producido un error y no se han podido bajar los datos de la BD.";
                return $formods;
            }

        }
        $formod .= '
';
        return $formod;
}

El problema que me surge es que, haciendo todo bien, hay páginas que me funcionan y otras que no.
Cuando la variable  $TAMANO_PAGINA = 2; está en dos y hay solo 10 resultados en la base de datos, las páginas 4 y 5 cargan, pero no muestran nada.
Lo mismo pasa con otros tamaños, por ejemplo: $TAMANO_PAGINA = 3; la página 3 no carga, pero la 4 si muestra 1 resultado.
EDITO
Me he dado cuenta de que la consulta funciona bien, pero solo contienen resultados y cargan la tabla la primera mitad de las páginas, la segunda mitad carga sin errores, pero no muestra la tabla. Como ejemplo, si tengo 4 páginas con resultados la 1 y la 2 muestran los resultados correctamente, pero la 3 y la 4 no muestran resultado alguno, ni tabla ni enlaces, sin lanzar un error de ningún tipo, la web carga, no muestra error pero no hay resultados. Siempre me pasa con la mitad de las páginas. Si tengo 5 las 3 primeras cargan y las 2 últimas no, así con todos.
¿Alguna idea de por qué pasa esto?.

A: Después de mucho pelearme con el código saqué los registros de uno en uno y fui viendo en cuales me daba el error y en cuales no. Mas tarde comparé estos registros para ver que tenían en común.
Lo único que tenían en común era que la codificación no estaba bien. En la base de datos aparecía una ñ pero en la página web no aparecía nada porque Drupal lo bloqueaba, dado que era un carácter extraño.
La solución fue añadir charset=utf8 al dsn de PDO.
$dsn = "mysql:dbname=$dbnames;host=$host;charset=utf8";
$pdo = new PDO($dsn, $user, $pass);

Y ahora sube los caracteres correctamente y los recupera igual. Lo dejo aquí como dato, por si alguien esta haciendo algo similar y le sirve.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Difference between 'enumType' and 'TEnum' Guy new to C# here. I was looking around MSDN skimming through enum methods, but I could not tell the difference between TEnum and enumType.
public static bool TryParse<TEnum>(
string value,
out TEnum result)

public static string[] GetNames(
Type enumType)

What is the difference here? For the first method, wouldn't it possibly be better to return enumType result instead?

A: TEnum is the Generic type of enumeration. You can pass any of your enumeration to that method.
The second method is a non-generic one, where you would use a typeof keyword to identify the enums and return the enum names as a string collection

A: In TryParse<TEnum>() is a generic method and TEnum is the generic type parameter.  Any time you see a method, class, or interface declaration followed by a name in angle brackets you have a generic type.  Generics are used to provide compile time type checks and improve performance by specifying the type the method is to use.
GetNames takes a Type object.  A particular Type object represents particular class, interface, or enum.  It's probably better to compare to Enum.Parse:
public static Object Parse(
    Type enumType,
    string value
);

Notice that Enum.Parse returns an object, which will require a cast to TEnum.
Generics where not added until .Net 2.0 so you will see a number of methods that have a generic version and a generic version that takes a Type object.  The non-generic versions are also useful when working with reflection.

A: The first example is a generic declaration. Typically, you usually only see it as T, but the author of that code wanted to denote that it should be an enum.
In your second example, enumType is just a variable name. The two methods do completely different things, and the two pieces you're looking at serve completely different purposes.


text:
#ifndef WorkerScriptDebugServer_h
#define WorkerScriptDebugServer_h

#if ENABLE(JAVASCRIPT_DEBUGGER) && ENABLE(WORKERS)

#include "ScriptDebugServer.h"

namespace WebCore {

class WorkerContext;

class WorkerScriptDebugServer : public ScriptDebugServer {
    WTF_MAKE_NONCOPYABLE(WorkerScriptDebugServer);
public:
    explicit WorkerScriptDebugServer(WorkerContext*);
    ~WorkerScriptDebugServer() { }

    void addListener(ScriptDebugListener*);
    void removeListener(ScriptDebugListener*);

    static const char* debuggerTaskMode;

    void interruptAndRunTask(PassOwnPtr<ScriptDebugServer::Task>);

    void recompileAllJSFunctions(Timer<ScriptDebugServer>*);

private:
    virtual ListenerSet* getListenersForGlobalObject(JSC::JSGlobalObject*) { return &m_listeners; }
    virtual void didPause(JSC::JSGlobalObject*) { }
    virtual void didContinue(JSC::JSGlobalObject*) { }

    virtual bool isContentScript(JSC::ExecState*) { return false; }

    virtual void willExecuteProgram(const JSC::DebuggerCallFrame&, intptr_t sourceID, int lineno, int columnNumber);

    virtual void runEventLoopWhilePaused();

    WorkerContext* m_workerContext;
    ListenerSet m_listeners;
};

} // namespace WebCore

#endif // ENABLE(JAVASCRIPT_DEBUGGER) && ENABLE(WORKERS)

#endif // WorkerScriptDebugServer_h


text:
Today's EPL Game Prediction: Chelsea vs. Tottenham Hotspur – Soccer Pick for February, 22, 2020
Chelsea vs. Tottenham Hotspur Pick for 02/22/2020
in Soccer
The English Premier League brings more action on the weekend. And our pick for Saturday is the London derby between Chelsea and Tottenham.
The Blues are heading into this game after a disappointing home defeat in the game against their rivals Man. Utd with a score of 0-2. And on the other side, Spurs managed to sneak a late 3-2 win in the away game against Aston Villa.
The Blues are playing with a lot of young and upcoming players this season. Moreover, the team is in a tight race for the 4th spot that will secure a Champions League spot. However, the Londoners suffered a blow as they lost a home game against Man. Utd. Yet, Lampard team showed some character and resilience. And without the VAR controversy, Chelsea could have got something out of this game.
The Blues scored 43 goals so far this season. Also, the team conceded 36 goals in the Premier League so far. Therefore, their goal difference stands at 7 at this point of the season.
Tottenham Hotspur Form
The Spurs are going through an injury crisis. Moreover, the team is will miss their two talisman players Harry Kane and Son. And that seems to be a big problem for Jose Mourinho's team as they could not score in their defeat in the Champions League against RB Leipzig. Therefore, the experienced Portuguese tactician will need to find another way in order to improve the offensive side of the game. Also, the 57 years old coach will be extra motivated to beat his old team as he lost the first encounter against them this season.
Tottenham scored 43 goals so far this season. Also, the Spurs conceded 34 goals this season. Therefore, their goal difference stands at 9 at this point of the season.
Both sides chase a Champions League spot. Tottenham lost their last game in the CL against the RB Leipzig at home. And on the other side, the Blues suffered a bad defeat at home. Therefore, they will aim to get back to winning ways in front of their home fans at Stamford Bridge. Also, they will have an extra edge as Tammy Abraham and Loftus-Cheek will return for this game. On the other side, the Spurs lack firepower at front. That is why I expect a Chelsea win in this game.
My Free Pick & Prediction for Chelsea vs. Tottenham Hotspur 02/22/2020 is: take Chelsea (Moneyline).
Today's NHL Game Prediction: Winnipeg Jets vs. Philadelphia Flyers - Hockey Pick for February, 22, 2020


Malayan tiger stalking in the bushes.
The Malayan Tiger subspecies inhabits the southern and central parts of the Malay Peninsula.
Malayan Tigers are the smallest of all the existing tiger subspecies.
Adult Malayan Tigers weigh about 265 to 300 pounds.
The Malayan Tiger is a rare subspecies of tiger.
Malayan Tigers eat deer, wild boar, birds, reptiles and many other animals.


Brazil's São Paulo metro line 6 project is running behind schedule and now expected to be ready in 2017, state governor Geraldo Alckmin was reported as saying by local paper Folha do São Paulo.
El Salvador's government is very close to launching a concession tender for La Unión port, according to presidential technical executive secretary Alexander Segovia.
Argentine state-owned rail operator Ferrobaires is increasing safety measures on its services until an investigation determines the causes of a railway accident that took place on February 16, a company spokesperson told BNamericas.
Panamanian construction firm Constructora Urbana (Cusa) is carrying out improvement works on the David-Boquete highway in western Chiriquí province in four phases, a public works ministry (MOP) communications official told BNamericas.
Panama's public works ministry (MOP) has kicked off work on a paving program for David, capital of the Caribbean province Chiriquí, according to provincial MOP director Roberto Lezcano.
The Singapore Cooperation Enterprise (SCE) has inked an MOU with Honduras' public works, transport and housing ministry to help finance the planning and construction of a military airport terminal in Palmerola, 70m north of capital Tegucigalpa.
Three bidders are competing in a tender launched by Brazil's national transport infrastructure department (DNIT) to build a 606mn-real (US$366mn) bridge in Santa Catarina state's Laguna city, a DNIT spokesperson told BNamericas, confirming press reports.
Infrastructure projects in Peru are not coming to fruition fast enough to satisfy the investment needs of the country's private sector pension fund managers (AFPs), the Asociación de AFP's institutional consultant Fernando Muñoz Nájar told BNamericas.