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SDG #8: The challenges of Decent Work and Economic Growth in Nigeria
HomePublicationsSDG #8: The challenges of Decent Work and Economic Growth in Nigeria
A major thrust of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by world leaders during the 70th General Assembly of the United Nations in New York in September 2015 was the need to do more to empower individuals through decent work.
Indeed, the importance of 'Decent Work and Economic Growth' was underscored by its inclusion in the SDGs. Occupying number 8, it targets the build-up of decent work and economic growth in society through the promotion of development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation.
There is no doubt that SDG-8 – which is geared towards promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable employment and decent work for all is meant to set a new path to economic growth and development for a country like Nigeria which has 112.519 million people living in poverty and over 20 million people without jobs.
As one of the world leaders who endorsed SDG-8, President Muhammadu Buhari has expressed the commitment of his administration to job creation and the provision of decent employment opportunities for Nigerians within the productive age range. The Nigerian leader realises that decent work is central to poverty reduction and is a means of achieving equitable, inclusive and sustainable development. He has therefore promised that Nigeria will strive to attain the targets of SDG8.
SDG-8 targets
In essence, the targets for SDG-8 are as follows:
• To sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 percent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries.
• Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors.
• Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services.
• Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead.
• By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value.
• By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training.
• Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms.
• Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment.
• By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products.
• Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all.
• Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries.
• By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization.
Pillars of decent work
The concept of decent work is generally accepted as covering a wide range of issues which can be organised under four 'pillars', namely:
Employment creation and enterprise development
Standards and rights at work
Governance and social dialogue
Decent work deficits in Nigeria
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), the concept of "decent work" involves opportunities for work that is productive and delivers a fair income, security in the workplace and social protection for families, better prospects for personal development and social integration, coupled with active participation in decisions that affect their lives and equality of opportunity and treatment for all women and men.
Decent work, a tool for poverty reduction and equitable globalization, is achieved through the four strategic pillars earlier outlined – employment creation, rights at work, social protection and social dialogue, with gender equality as a crosscutting objective. Decent work is central to peoples' welfare as it provides income, paves the way for broader social and economic advancement and strengthens individuals, their families and communities. Decent work is linked to the concept of human development – a process of enabling choices, freedom to live one's value and manage one's affairs – the key indicators of which are long and healthy life, education and a decent standard of living. These indicators are usually measured by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Index.
However, over the years, despite the fact that Nigeria has ratified ILO conventions that deal with the rights of the worker in the workplace – indeed, has enshrined some of its provisions into the 1999 Constitution – the observance of some of the rights have been weak. Workers in the country have been subjected to all manner of indecent treatment. According to Dung Pam Sha, a professor of Political Economy and Development Studies at the University of Jos, the government, transnational corporations, global financial institutions, global trading institutions as well as local private employers who are supposed to respect these rights, are the key violators.
Consequently, Nigeria has continued to record decent work deficits which include employment and labour market deficits, labour standards deficits, deficits in social protection, labour administration deficits, and social dialogue deficits.
Employment and labour market deficits
Nigeria has had a decade of jobless growth in which years of economic growth have not translated to more employment opportunities or poverty alleviation. With regard to employment, the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), Nigeria's core strategy to fight poverty and improve incomes, noted that the economy had experienced growth without any commensurate increase in job opportunities.
The labour force in Nigeria has not reflected the impressive level of economic growth experienced from 2005 to 2013.While the economy recorded an average of 9.8 percent growth in its GDP per annum between 2008 and 2010, the official unemployment rate for the working population ranged from 12 to 15 percent between 2002 and 2007. This trend of "jobless growth" was captured in the 2009 World Bank report on Employment and Growth in Nigeria. Today, half of the country's 170 million people live in urban areas with high rates of unemployment. The high level of unemployment was demonstrated when about 18 job seekers died and many were injured during a nationwide recruitment test conducted by the Nigeria Immigration Service in March 2014.
Poverty has been exacerbated by the persistently high unemployment levels. With a female unemployment rate of 12-14 percent, women experience more joblessness than their male counterparts whose rate of unemployment falls within the range of 10-12 percent. At 45.6 percent, youth unemployment rates are twice as high as the national average of 24 percent.
According to a recent report by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), in 2016 the country's unemployment rate rose from 13.3 percent in the second quarter, to 13.9 percent in the third quarter of that year – an increase of 555,311 persons. According to the report, the under-employment rate rose from 19.3 percent in second quarter to 19.7 percent in the third quarter. The report said that unemployment covered persons (aged 15–64) who were available for work, actively seeking for work but were without workduring the reference period. It defined 'under-employment' as when, on average, a person works more than 20 hours a week, but less than 40 hours, which is full time employment. It explained that underemployment could also happen if a person works full time but is engaged in an activity that underutilises her skills, time or educational qualifications.
However, the report stated that the economically active population or working age population (persons aged 15-64) increased from 106.69 million in second quarter to 108.03 million in the third quarter. "This represents a 1.26 percent increase over the previous quarter and a 3.57 percent increase when compared to the third quarter of 2015."In the third quarter of 2016, the labour force increased to 80.67 million from 79.9 million in second quarter. This represents an increase of 0.98 percent. Within the reference period, the total number of persons in full time employment (who did any form of work for at least 40 hours) decreased by 272,499 or 0.51 percent. The report stated that with an economically active or working age population (108.03 million) and labour force population (80.67 million), 27.36million persons within the economically active or working age population decided not to work for one reason or the other in the third quarter, hence they were not part of the labour force and could not be considered unemployed. According to the report, there have been eight consecutive rises in the unemployment rate since the fourth quarter of 2014.
The increase in the unemployment rate is attributed to a number of factors, chief among which are the increased number of school graduates with no matching job opportunities, a freeze in employment by institutions, the crash in the capital market and continued job losses in the manufacturing and oil sectors.
Another contributing factor to the unemployment situation is the limited employability of the workforce. This is due to the fact that graduates and young people lack training opportunities, and to the level of skill required in the world of work. Apart from this, the training available and the curricula of technical vocational institutions are obsolete and do not reflect current market requirements.
Employment and human resource planning functions are also inadequately developed to equip the nation to face the challenges of the present labour market. According to Sola Fajana, a Professor of Labour and Human Resource Management, and Vice Chancellor, Joseph Ayo of Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji in Osun State, the decent work deficits in the area of unemployment centres largely on how to eliminate the large scale underemployment that leads to poverty, especially among youths and women. "The ineffectiveness of previous policy measures to make any significant impact on this serious socio-economic and psychological malaise suggests new policy directions and strategies underpinned by effective policy implementation," Fajana said.
Fajana added that other unemployment-related work deficit issues which require attention are: managing the imbalance between the demand and supply of labour of all ages; addressing the low quality of work and pay which underemployment accentuates; redressing the structural imbalance in the access to jobs among older and young job seekers; and improving the employability of graduates who lack market-ready skills and competences.
To close the gaps in skills between the programmes of educational institutions and the requirements of the workplace, Remi Dairo, President of the Institute of Productivity and Business Innovation Management said that the government needs to restructure the educational system to meet the present and future needs of the labour market in the country.
Labour standards deficits
Nigeria has ratified a total of 40 ILO conventions, of which 35 are currently in force, including all eight core conventions. However, the country is yet to ratify a number of conventions that are crucial to addressing decent work deficits in the labour market and the critical challenge of poverty and social exclusion, particularly within the context of prevailing economic difficulties. These include ILO conventions C122, C129, C150, C187 and C188 that relate to labour market governance, C102 on social security, C181 on Private Employment Agencies and C189 on Domestic Workers. Even though Nigeria ratified the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 in 2013, it has not been domesticated. The implementation of ratified conventions has not always been effective owing to capacity challenges in ensuring compliance with such commitments, and lack of adequate awareness of the provisions of such conventions. According to Fajana, "Nigeria has continually been carpeted by ILO for flagrant violation of trade union rights."
Besides, some labour laws that were reviewed more than a decade ago are still pending at the National Assembly.
Experts in labour and industrial relations believe that it is necessary to review the list of ILO instruments ratified by Nigeria. It has also become imperative to enhance the effective implementation of ratified instruments if the country is to plug the labour standards deficits since they are of the view that some of the deficits of decent work and pay can be minimised through effective labour laws.
Deficits in social protection
The social protection model adopted by Nigeria in 2005 declares that the goal of social protection in the country "is to reduce poverty and protect vulnerable groups through effective and sustainable management mechanism."
The specific objectives are to:
Assist the population who are poor to get out of poverty;
Protect the vulnerable against poverty;
Provide income support to the poorest, especially the sick, disabled and retirees;
Increase the enrolment and attendance rates of poor students in school;
Address short-term employment needs by developing skills and competences.
However, several components of the social protection model are yet to be fully deployed in Nigeria. The country has not lived up to expectation when it comes to enacting and implementing policies which provide a safety net that will reduce the level of risk to workers' lives, health and well-being, as well as offer social security and address HIV/AIDS.
The plight of people aged 60 and above who have retired from formal salary or wage employment, self-employment or other forms of work such as small scale farmers and artisans, is pitiable. This is due to historical neglect revealed by the absence of any meaningful policy or practice of social security for this group of Nigerians. Indirectly, this puts the welfare of several other dependants who rely on the fortune of these retirees to eke out a living for themselves in jeopardy. Since Nigeria slipped into economic recession in the second quarter of 2016, pensioners in many states of the federation are being owed arrears of their pension payments, but it is not only the pensioners who suffer as a result, but their immediate families and dependants.
The situation is the same for informal sector workers who account for about 70 percent of the workforce in Nigeria. The future and retirement life of most of these workers who have no organised pension plan remains a cause for concern.
In terms of protection for the vulnerable, the country has not fared better. For example, there are no unemployment benefits for persons with disabilities.
Nigeria's HIV epidemic is described as generalised (above one percent prevalence among those attending antenatal care facilities) with a wide variation of prevalence within the country. The figure given for Nigerians living with HIV/AIDS – 3,459,363 – out of an estimated total population of 170 million Nigerians, means that Nigeria has the second highest HIV burden in the world and the largest in the West African sub-region. The 2012 estimate showed an adult prevalence of 4.1 per cent. However, the 2015 report by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and the National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA) showed that HIV among adults in the country was 3.1 or 3.2 million people.
In 2013, the ILO supported the Nigerian government and its social partners to revise its out-dated National Workplace Policy on HIV and AIDS and its implementation guidelines to meet the International Labour Standard concerning HIV and AIDS. Although a national workplace policy on HIV and AIDS exists, there is no comprehensive programme on HIV and AIDS which covers all elements of the world of work.
Deficits identified include the continued stigma and discrimination against those infected and affected by HIV as well as lack of HIV and AIDS interventions that are tailored for the workplace and focused on vulnerable sectors.
Other identified decent work deficits in the area of social protection include: a limited social security system that caters only for workers in the formal sector; an inadequate pension system; lack of any social welfare system for senior citizens, the younger generation or people living with HIV; the neglect of persons with disabilities and lack of unemployment benefits for them; and the rudimentary nature of child social protection schemes.
Besides, Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. Within Nigeria, women and girls are trafficked for domestic servitude and commercial sexual exploitation. Women and girls are also trafficked from Nigeria to Europe through Libya, Morocco, and Algeria, primarily for the purpose of sexual exploitation. While Italy is the primary European destination country for Nigerian victims, other destinations include Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium and Norway. A 2010 survey of the National Agency for Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) showed that over 10,000 Nigerians were engaged in prostitution in Italy, constituting 60 percent of all prostitutes in the Italian sex market.
Child labour is most predominant in Nigeria among African nations, with an average of 28.8 percent of the under-15 years population engaged in child labour. In many parts of the country, boys are trafficked for forced labour in street vending, agriculture, mining, stone quarries and as domestic servants. In Northern Nigeria, religious teachers traffic boys, called almajiri, for forced begging.
Labour administration deficits
Labour is within the purview of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment. The objective of labour administration is to strengthen labour standards and practice in all sectors, especially in the weak sectors, to ensure minimum levels of protection for vulnerable groups. Thus all aspects of the ministry's mandate are covered in labour administration.
However, there are major gaps in achieving the goals that labour administration espouses. Decent work deficits in labour administration include capacity gaps in training for factory and labour inspection, and in funding of monitoring services. Until recently, factory and labour inspection continued to attract very low budgetary allocations in spite of Nigeria's ratification of Convention 81 on labour inspection.
Infringement of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining has become more rampant. Often, victimised groups do not seek state intervention, because – especially in the informal economy – they fear further victimization by the employer. The Ministry of Labour and Employment appears to lack the capacity to sanction offending employers, and indeed, its structure and processes suggest that the ministry has neither the mandate nor the capacity to sanction factory owners with substandard labour practices.
Professor Fajana, a scholar of labour and human resource management, suggests that "more than ever before, labour administration today needs appropriate re-engineering to assist in the optimization of decent work services to its stakeholders."
Social dialogue deficits
The social dialogue pillar in Nigeria consists of a network of actors and the institutions they have established for the promotion of joint discussion, negotiation or determination of issues that confront the social partners either within the place of work, or even outside it when the object of is the resolutions of identified conflicts.
In terms of workers' organizations, there are two main umbrella bodies in Nigeria – the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) and the Trade Union Congress of Nigeria (TUC).
Forms of social dialogue in Nigeria include collective bargaining, which is bipartite, and cooperation among government, employers' organizations and workers' organizations in formulating or implementing labour, social or economic policy, which is tripartite. Tripartite-plus dialogue involves all stakeholders such as the host community, non-governmental agencies, civil society and the three arms of government (executive, legislative and the judiciary) as well as workers' organizations and employers' organizations.
Other efforts at social dialogue involve the Nigeria Employers' Consultative Association (NECA) which has been conducting seminars and training programmes on business development and growth as well as labour market dialogues. Collective bargaining is quite effective in Nigeria, especially in the private sector where trade unions and employers or employers' associations have shown a visible commitment to the sanctity of collective agreements.
However, the system of collective bargaining in the public sector does not encourage appointed bargaining agents to secure firm commitment from their government counterparts by signing draft agreements. This often leads to delay in the ratification process, with resulting social dialogue deficits.
The Labour movement and the demand for decent work
International Labour Organisation (ILO) statistics indicate that worldwide, one worker dies every 15 seconds, 6,000 workers die every day, and more than two million workers die annually as a result of work-related accidents and diseases.
These grim and unacceptable statistics are unlikely to improve, as technological and social changes are aggravating existing health hazards and creating new risks.
The situation is not different in Nigeria. Many employers of labour in the country violate the Factories Act Cap F1 LFN 2004 on Occupational Safety and Health at work places. Analysts are of the view that the work environment has become more precarious for workers in different sectors of the Nigerian economy. In recent years, there have been several cases where workers complain of being subjected to precarious work conditions by their employers. In May, 2014, bottling operations at the Benin plant of the Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) were abruptly halted by casual workers, following the death of one of their colleagues, Jerry Ayo, after a work related accident. The angry workers completely shut the plant, barricading the company's gates and lighting bonfires.
In September 2015, there were gory reports of death in a Chinese-owned firm, Hongxing Steel Company Limited, in the Amuwo Odofin area of Lagos State. While Emeka Umoh died when liquefied iron spilled on his body while he was on duty on September 23, 2015, another worker, Adebayo Ajiboye, died after being crushed by a compressor in February 2015. Against a background of complaints of being forced to work under conditions akin to slavery, the management's decision to take his body to a morgue with a tipper led to a confrontation with the workers who alleged that Umoh and Ajiboye were just two of many Nigerian workers in the firm who had died or sustained permanent disability due to accidents on duty. They complained that such accidents were regular occurrences due to faulty machines and the absence of safety standards.
In addition to job insecurity and unfair labour practices by employers, the lack of decent and safe working environment has been a major concern for the labour movement in Nigeria. Indeed, it was the main focus of the NLC and the TUC during the annual World Day for Decent Work held on October 7 globally. For the 2015 event, the NLC President, Comrade Ayuba Wabba, left Abuja for Lagos to campaign against anti-labour practices. He picketed some companies accused of not providing a decent work environment, including the Egbin Power Station Plc., Vik Limited, Jagal Limited, Lee Group, Dura Pack Limited and Coates Limited. Later, speaking at a rally to mark Decent Work Day, Wabba said that the companies were picketed so that they could be put on their toes on the need to respect labour laws. He said that the level of precariousness in the work environment in some organisations was intolerable and that efforts were being made to address the problem, noting that Nigerian workers, as the creators of the nation's wealth, deserve the best in terms of decent work and welfare.
Comrade Issa Aremu, General Secretary of the National Union of Garment and Textile Workers of Nigeria (NUTGTWN), who is also the Vice President of the Geneva-based Industrial Global Union, deplored the growing level of casualization, outsourcing and other practices, which he said, are calculated to debase Nigerian workers.
During the 2016 'World Decent Work Day' held in Abuja, NLC President Wabba reiterated the determination of the labour movement to collectively end corporate greed, so that there would be shared posterity. "We therefore affirm that no matter what, decent work must be at centre of government actions to bring back economic growth to our country."
Wabba further described the national minimum wage of N18,000 per month, as "paltry", saying that it had further impoverished the Nigerian worker. As a result, the NLC had submitted a request for an upward review of the National Minimum Wage which was signed into law by former President Goodluck Jonathan in 2011. The labour unions are demanding for a minimum wage of N56,000 per month. Wabba said that since the minimum wage was due for renegotiation after five years, the Buhari administration should undertake the necessary upward review of Nigerian workers' emoluments, which had been seriously diminished by the prevailing economic recession in the country.
Buhari administration's decent work and economic growth agenda
In accordance with President Buhari's pledge that his administration would be committed to job creation and the provision of decent employment opportunities for Nigerians of productive age, the Ministry of Labour and Employment has been working to ensure an inclusive national employment policy.
The Minister of Labour and Employment, Dr. Chris Ngige, said that the ILO's Decent Work Agenda (DWA) has received widespread endorsement, and that based on this, the Nigerian government has been collaborating with the ILO through the Decent Work Country Programme Declaration (DWCP II) to produce a fair framework and globalized plan of action.
The Declaration expresses the universality of the DWA: all members of the ILO must pursue policies based on the four strategic objectives – employment, social protection, social dialogue and rights at work. The Declaration urges a holistic and integrated approach by observing that these objectives are "inseparable, interrelated and mutually supportive," stressing that upholding international labour standards is a significant means of achieving all of the strategic objectives.
Dr. Ngige commented on the Declaration saying that "DWCP II contains a range of strategic interventions that will support national initiatives aimed at reducing decent work deficits and strengthening national capacities for effective programme delivery"
Deploring the high rate of unemployment and the adverse effect on development when a nation's productive human capacity was excluded, the Minister said that a review of the National Employment Policy (NEP) was necessary.
The collaboration between the Federal Government and ILO on the DWA resulted in Nigeria's validation of the NEP on October 27, 2016.
The Permanent Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment, Dr Clement Iloh, said that the reviewed NEP is an off-shoot of the first National Policy on Employment which had been approved by the Federal Executive Council in 2002 with the objectives of promoting job creation as a priority in national, economic and social policy; safeguarding the basic rights and interest of workers; stimulating economic growth and development; as well as eradicating poverty and improving the living standards of citizens.
Mr Dennis Zulu, the Director of the ILO Country Office for Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone and ECOWAS Liaison Office expressed confidence that the reviewed employment policy would enhance a coherent, integrated and sustainable multi-sectoral response to combat the challenges of unemployment, noting that under the DWA, the focus is not only on creating jobs, but on creating quality jobs.
Zulu appealed to the Nigerian government to ratify the ILO Convention 122 since the reviewed NEP was already in line with the objectives of the Convention. He advised that a possible first step towards implementing the policy would be to integrate employment goals and targets in national development frameworks. This would need to be supported by multi-component and coordinated employment approach, negotiated by tripartite constituents and integrated in the Decent Work Country Programme (DWCP) and United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF). He emphasized the need for institutional coordination, an effective accountability system, and pro-employment budgeting that put employment at the core of national budgetary policy.
In its 2015 Child Labour Report, the United States Department of Labour commented on the progress made by Nigeria in strengthening the framework to stem the scourge of Child Labour and Human Trafficking. Presenting the report to Dr. Ngige in October 2016, the Department's Representative, Marlin Hardinger, explained that the report's review of child labour developments in 142 countries had found "moderate advancement" in Nigeria's efforts to tackle the problem.
Receiving the report, Ngige challenged the accuracy of some of its conclusions. The Minister emphatically rejected the aspect of the report that blacklisted Nigeria as engaging in "child soldiering," attributing this scourge to the desperate activities of the Boko Haram insurgents whom he described as terrorists whose activities cannot in any way be ascribed to the government of Nigeria.
Acknowledging the report's criticism of child labour in other sectors such as agriculture, gold mining and construction, as well as the social malaise of begging and scavenging, the Minister restated that the involvement of children in these occupations arose partly from cultural practices, but was mostly the consequence of poverty and poor education, problems with which many African countries are grappling.
In an effort to effectively implement its decent work and economic growth agenda, on the 5th of April, 2017 the Buhari administration launched its economic blueprint, which – by leveraging on the ingenuity and resilience of its citizens – was designed to bequeath a more diversified and inclusive economy to Nigeria by 2020. The economic blueprint "Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP)", entails the creation of new jobs and projects an increase from 1.5 million new jobs in 2017 to 3.8 million, 4.3 million and 5.1 million jobs in 2018, 2019 and 2020 respectively.
The Nigerian government intends to build upon the achievements that it expects to record in the creation of decent jobs through its new economic blueprint, in working towards meeting the target s of SDG8 by 2030.
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There are several myths about kids' eye health that have been passed down over the years and are often believed by parents. These myths can sometimes prevent parents from recognizing real problems or can delay proper treatment methods. It is important for parents to research and separate the fact from fiction when it comes to kids' eye health.
Some of the most common myths about kids' eye health are that kids can develop eye problems from sitting too close to the television, wearing contacts is dangerous for kids, and that eating a lot of carrots will help to improve eyesight. These myths have been disproven by scientific research, but still continue to surface.
Many children sit close to the television screen because children's eyes are often able to focus on close objects more easily than adults. However, sitting very close may be a warning sign that a child is nearsighted and is having problems seeing the television screen. The myth that sitting too close could damage eyesight began in the 1960s, when televisions emitted harmful rays. Televisions have since been modified and no longer emit rays that may damage eyesight. Staring at a screen for long periods of time may cause eye strain and blurred vision, though, so kids should take frequent breaks from the television to reduce the likelihood of these issues.
Contact lenses can be helpful in situations where the child has very different prescriptions for each eye, has undergone surgery, or has suffered from certain diseases. If a child under the age of ten will be using contact lenses, a parent should be assisting with inserting, removing, and cleaning the lenses. This myth may have been started because children can damage their eyes if contacts are removed or inserted without assistance. Contact lenses for kids should only be obtained with a prescription, and should only be used after talking to a doctor.
Carrots contain vitamin A, which is a vitamin that is necessary to good health. However, eating carrots has not seemed to improve the eyesight in studies, nor does research support this claim. A deficiency of vitamin A may cause nighttime blindness, so eating carrots may help to prevent or treat this condition. This may be the truth behind the myth that frequently eating carrots will improve eyesight.
It is important for parents to understand practices that will promote healthy vision in children, and ignore the myths. Sunlight can damage eyesight, so children should wear sunglasses, especially at times of the day and year when the sun is strongest. Children should also wear protective goggles or glasses when participating in activities that may damage the eyes. Last but not least, children should be taken in for regular check-ups with an eye doctor to monitor eye and vision development and spot potential problems.


Want to know the secret to making light and fluffy quinoa? We're ready to spill the beans! Metaphorically, of course, because no one wants to clean up that pantry mess. Making perfect quinoa is really much easier than you think – it all comes down to technique. That's great news because it means you don't have to buy any fancy equipment or spend any money at all. We can teach you all the techniques you need to learn!
So say goodbye to soggy, clumpy quinoa grains and hello to light and fluffy quinoa. Read on to find out how!
The first secret to making light and fluffy quinoa is so simple and easy. All you need is the right ratio of liquid to quinoa grains. Too much moisture and you'll end up with soggy grains. Too little moisture and you'll have super crunchy quinoa. Follow the ratio and it'll be light, fluffy, and perfect every time.
The perfect ratio is 1 cup of quinoa to 1 1/4 cups water (or, to add extra flavor, swap the water for chicken or vegetable broth). I always make extra quinoa because it makes perfect leftovers, so I usually make 2 cups of quinoa using 2 1/2 cups vegetable broth. This makes me 6 cups of cooked quinoa, which is just enough to get me through a week of packed lunches and throw-together dinners.
Now take that perfect ratio of quinoa and make our favorite Quinoa Salad recipe.
This might seem like an annoying extra step, but trust us: it makes fluffier quinoa. It also significantly improves the flavor of the quinoa, too! Unrinsed quinoa can be a little bit bitter and overly earthy tasting. Rinsed quinoa is nuttier and lighter.
When you rinse the grains, you'll remove the saponin (the quinoa's natural coating). Similar to the process of rinsing rice to remove the excess starch, this step is a secret to making light and fluffy quinoa. Once that coating is removed, the grains have the ability to plump up so much more easily.
Rinsed quinoa really has the best flavor, too, so it's perfect for this Butternut Squash and Cranberry Salad recipe.
Unlike rice, you don't want to start the quinoa in cold broth. That causes the quinoa to absorb some of that liquid as it comes up to a boil, throwing off that golden ratio and causing the quinoa to become waterlogged. That means soggy quinoa, not fluffy quinoa.
Start it off right by bringing your water (or broth) to a simmer first. Then, when the bubbles are moving, add the quinoa and stir to combine. The hot water will kick-start the quinoa's blooming and unraveling phase, which is what makes it so much fluffier than other grains.
Then, let it come back to a simmer, cover it with a lid, and reduce the heat to low. 20 minutes later your quinoa will be fully cooked.
Fully bloomed and unraveled quinoa is exactly the way you want it for this Tex-Mex Quinoa Bowl recipe.
I'm kind of an impatient cook, so I always want to peek in at cooking rice and quinoa to make sure it's not burning. Resist the urge! Don't do it! Taking off that lid can totally ruin the bubbling process and let out all of that precious steam.
Set yourself a timer and stick to it. If you turned the pot down to low and you followed the golden ratio of quinoa to water, there's no reason to be anxious. Let it go the full 20 minutes before turning off the heat, covered the entire time.
If you peek, your quinoa won't be light and fluffy enough for this amazing Sweet Potato Quinoa Salad with Walnuts and Raisins recipe.
This is another annoying step, but a crucial secret to making light and fluffy quinoa. Once the quinoa has simmered on low for 20 minutes, take it off the heat and allow it to sit (covered) for 20 additional minutes. I know, the waiting is the hardest part! But trust us: we wouldn't ask you to do this step if it wasn't totally and completely necessary.
Letting it sit gives the quinoa some extra time to steam, letting it give off any excess liquid. By the time you get in there and fluff it up with a fork, it will have absorbed all the liquid and steamed a little bit of it away. It makes the perfect condition for light and fluffy quinoa.
Waiting for the perfect quinoa is totally worth it once you take a bit of this Slow Cooker and Spring Vegetable Quinoa recipe.
This is important: don't use a spoon. Don't use the wide, plastic implement that came with your rice cooker. Use a normal, everyday dinner fork. The tongs on that fork will fluff up the individual quinoa grains without mashing and mushing them together.
If you don't have a fork (who doesn't have forks?), you can use a really wide spatula. But really, you should get some forks and use them to fluff up your perfect quinoa.
You'll really appreciate that perfectly fluffy quinoa with this Roasted Vegetable Quinoa Buddha Bowl recipe.
So there you have it. My favorite Secrets to Making Light and Fluffy Quinoa. But shhhh, it's a secret.
Looking for more quinoa recipes, tips, and tricks? All you need to do is follow us on Facebook. If you're not into Facebook, don't worry. We're also on Pinterest, Instagram, and we have an email newsletter, too!


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As Holocaust Memorial day returns, a survey of Canadian Jews explores "Jewishness" and its relationship to the State of Israel
Holocaust Memorial ceremony in Ottawa on April 21st. Canadian Jews remain traumatized by the memory of the 6 million Jews who were deliberately murdered by Nazis. A recent survey of Canadian Jews by the Environics Institute shows the memory of the horrors of the Holocaust looms large in their attachment to the State of Israel. But it also showed some surprising differences between Canadian Jews and their American counterparts. Read more…
There are about 400,000 people in Canada who identify as Jews, or about 1.2% of the total Canadian population. 82% of them are concentrated in 4 Canadian cities: Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg and Vancouver. Canadian Jews tend to be well off (though not all), well educated and well connected. Jews make a considerable contribution to Canada in many fields including arts, culture and education.
The strong attachment of the majority of Canadian Jews to the idea of a Jewish State, and their political and economic importance in Canadian society make the "Israel lobby" an important factor in Canadian foreign policy – particularly with respect to the middle east. Those who would like to change Canadian policy toward a more "balanced" approach can benefit from a deeper understanding of the "Jewish experience" in Canada.
A landmark study of Canadian Jewry carried out by the Environics Institute for Survey Research, published in March last year, has 84 pages of interesting information about Jewish identity, religious practice, experience with discrimination, intermarriage and feelings toward Israel, among other topics.
80% of Canadian Jews have a bachelors degree, three times the Canadian average. (Statistics Canada)
It paints a portrait of a community that is educated, cohesive and urban. It has markedly lower rates of intermarriage and assimilation than in the United States. But it remains fearful of anti-Semitism and retains strong emotional connection to Israel.
At a recent public meeting at the Jewish Community Centre in Ottawa, Dr. Keith Neuman, Executive Director of the Environics Research Institute reviewed some of the key findings. Some of the findings were particularly interesting for those interested in understanding (and influencing) the attitudes of Canadian Jews with respect to the Israel/Palestine issue.
Please find below a listing of a few of the interesting findings (the report lists more than 25 in all) complete with excellent graphs. A good deal of the text below is taken directly from the clear explanations in the report itself with a minimal editing by CTIP
Finding 1:
Canadian Jews are more religiously conservative than American Jews
There are several different Jewish denominations of which the largest are called "Conservative", "Orthodox", "Reform" and "Reconstructionist". For a discussion of the history and differences, better refer to Wikipedia or your favorite source.
In Canada, the Conservative Jewish denomination is the strongest. This is in marked contrast to the US, where Reform is considerably stronger.
Canadian Jews tend to have mostly Jewish friends
Canadian Jews have a high tendency to form friendship with other Jews. "Jewishness" appears to be more important to Canadian Jews than "Catholicism" is to Catholics or "Anglicanism" is Anglicans.
Apart from formal membership and affiliations, being Jewish is felt to be about social connections with family and friends.
More than half report that either all or most of their current friends are Jewish, compared with those who say only some, hardly any or none of them are Jewish.
As with many other aspects of Jewish life covered in this survey, American Jews are much more open to forming friendships non-Jews; only one-third of American Jews say that all or most of their friends are Jewish.
90% of Canadian Jews are raised with "Jewish" upbringing and worry about assimilation
The vast majority of Canadian Jews have two Jewish parents and were brought up in the Jewish religion. This is in contrast to the experience of American Jews, who are much more likely to have "mixed" parents.
Membership in the Jewish religious community is based primarily on parentage (usually the mother) — unlike other world religions, in which membership is unrelated to ethnicity.
On March 4th, Dr. Keith Neuman of the Environics Institute outlined the results of a new study into the "Jewish experience in Canada" to a predominantly Jewish audience in Ottawa
Like many other ethnic groups, Canadian Jews continue to worry about being assimilated. When shown statistics on the frequency with which American Jews "marry out" (i.e. marry a non-Jew), ("I have hundreds of assimilated cousins in the USA", noted Newman), the audience of Ottawa Jews showed some concern. There was discussion about whether this trend would eventually come to Canada, and how to stop it
In a follow up discussion with one of the panelists, I asked whether she thought Jews would also feel concern if told that young Muslim Canadians were to start assimilating into the mainstream. "Probably not," she said, explaining that "the post-holocaust Jewish fear of extermination (among Canadian Jews) motivates a strong desire to keep the group intact."
Being Jewish in Canada often means participating in "Jewish education". This can include attendance at an overnight summer camp, or Hebrew school or Sunday school. Close to one-half of Canadian Jews have attended a Jewish day school or yeshiva and have done so for an average of nine years.
Just over four in ten adult Canadian Jews report having attended one of these types of schools. This is almost twice the proportion of American Jews with a similar experience.
A panelist at the Ottawa event noted that Jews who do 7 years of Hebrew school are far less likely to "marry out". By a show of hands, at least 2/3 had either attended Hebrew school or a Jewish overnight summer camp. Several remarked that it had been a formative part of their youth.
Canadian Jews are particularly aware of and sensitive to discrimination against all minorities in Canada
Most Canadian Jews claim to be "liberal" in their political values.
Canadian Jews are much more likely to recognize discrimination experienced by Indigenous Peoples (60%), Muslims (51%) and Black people (49%), and to a lesser extent gays and lesbians (38%) than is the general Canadian population.
The survey examined perceptions of the frequency of discrimination experienced by Jews, as well as that of five other marginalized groups in Canada as a basis of comparison. These results can be compared with the views of the population at large through other Environics Institute research.
Many Ottawa Jews have been involved in a range of human rights/anti-discrimination activities, including being active in welcoming (mostly Muslim) Syrian refugees, for example.
But on the other hand, at the Ottawa meeting there was also a recognition that being Jewish in Canada today is a considerable advantage. "My Judaism confers a white privilege on me", noted one of the panelists.
Most Canadian Jews believe that Jews in Canada experience discrimination. One-third say they believe Jews "often" experience discrimination in this country, while another 50 percent say this happens "sometimes". Only a few indicating it takes place rarely (11%) or never (2%). Newman noted that survey data shows that most Canadians don't believe that discrimination against Jews is very widespread.
Some of Jewish perception of discrimination against Jews may relate to the Israel/Palestine situation. In recent years, the actions and policies of Israel have attracted criticism from outside the community (and have even divided Canadian Jews). This situation has put many Jews in an uncomfortable position when these issues become a topic of conversation or debate. A significant proportion of Canadian Jews say they have been criticized for defending actions of the State of Israel in the past 12 months. (Of course, the reverse can also be true. Jews who are seen to criticize Israel too strongly can be accused of being "self-hating" by other Jews.)
Compared to American Jews, Canadian Jews are more emotionally attached to Israel, travel there more often and spend more time there
Almost half of Jews in Canada say they are very emotionally attached to Israel, with another three in ten somewhat attached, and only one in five feeling not very attached at all.
Most have visited the country at least once, with many having made multiple trips.(This identification with Israel was evident at the meeting itself held in the Solway Jewish Community Centre (JCC) decorated with equal numbers of Israeli and Canadian flags.)
By comparison, only 30 percent of American Jews say they are very attached to Israel, with an equal proportion who feel not very or not at all attached.
For many Jews, attachment to Israel is reflected in time spent in the country.
Eight in ten Canadian Jews say they have visited Israel at least once. Many have been to Israel three or more times.
By comparison, only four in ten American Jews have ever been to Israel.
Among those who have visited the country at least once, one in five lived in Israel for a period of six months.
Another seven per cent of Canadian Jews report being born in Israel, although their reasons for leaving and moving to Canada were not recorded.
Many Canadian Jews distrust the Israeli government's peace efforts but they distrust the Palestinian leadership even more
How do Canadian Jews view the Israeli and Palestinian governments? Regarding the Israeli side only 35 percent believing the current Israeli leadership is making a sincere effort to bring about a settlement, compared with 44 percent who disagree, and another 21 percent who have no clear opinion.
There is considerably more agreement among Canadian Jews about the current Palestinian leadership, with only seven percent saying it is making a sincere effort for peace, compared with 76 percent who disagree and another 18 percent who do not express a clear opinion.
Nearly half of Canadian Jews really think "God gave the land of Israel to the Jewish people". The other half don't agree or aren't sure.
One of the central obstacles to any resolution of the Israel/Palestine conflict is the belief that God gave the land of Israel to the Jewish people. Canadian Jews are evenly divided on this. Forty two percent say "yes", and forty one percent don't believe this is literally true. The remaining 17% do not express a clear opinion either way.
Not surprisingly, belief in the land being granted by God is most widely held among Jews who are Orthodox/Modern Orthodox (75%)
The relatively self-referential nature of the Jewish community in Canada is reflected in its education and friendship patterns, its post traumatic fears about the Holocaust (and a possible resurgence of anti-Semitism), and its consensus around the necessity of having a Jewish State. That near consensus among 400,000 Canadian Jews explains in large measure the effectiveness of the so-called Israel lobby in shaping Canadian public opinion and public policy towards a pro-Israel position. (There is nothing comparable in Canada on the Palestinian side of the equation.)
Not all Canadian Jews agree with Zionism of course. But the Environics survey seems to support the notion that the overwhelming majority of Jews feel very attached to the idea of a "Jewish State" – even if they might have strong criticisms to make of some of the actions of the Israeli government.
A deeper appreciation of the "Jewish Experience" will help non Jews understand what Canadian Jews think and why they think it. Those who would like to change Canadian policy toward a more "balanced" approach on the Israel/Palestine issue should check out the "2018 Survey of Jews in Canada", by Environics Research.
Canada Talks Israel Palestine (CTIP) is the weekly newsletter of Peter Larson, Chair of the Ottawa Forum on Israel/Palestine (OFIP). It aims to promote a serious discussion in Canada about the complicated and emotional Israel/Palestine issue.
Want to learn more about what we do? Go to http://www.ottawaforumip.org.
Contact us at: ofip.chair@gmail.com.
Posted in Antisemitism, Boycott Divestment Sanctions, Canadian Politics, Israel, Occupation, Palestinians, Trudeau, Uncategorized, Zionism on April 21, 2020 by Peter Larson. 18 Comments
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In Israel, as in Canada, reconciliation can only come if it's based on truth →
Robert M. says:
Thank you Peter for bringing this study to our attention. It is as you say making a significant contribution in understanding the Canadian Jewish community and its relationship to Israel.
What is less obvious (at least to me) is understanding how we might be able to pursue the holy grail of Israel/Palestine activists i.e. "changing Canadian policy toward a more "balanced" approach on the Israel/Palestine issue" with or without the "2018 Survey of Jews in Canada", by Environics Research." Share some specific ideas or thoughts might be very helpful.
Hey Robert, thank you.
Your question is well posed and certainly too large to be dealt with here.
Here is one point I would start with.
I think the survey data points to the fact that most of the 400,000 or so Canadian Jews are haunted by fears. (Whether you and I believe those fears to be exaggerated or even "cultivated" is not really relevant.) The fear is real enough.
Those fears push them to embrace Zionism, which is today the overwhelming consensus in the Canadian Jewish community.
My observation from my university courses and church lectures, is that most Canadians think those fears about threats to Jews have some legitimacy. That leads them to support – at least passively – the idea of a Jewish State even if they have some strong criticisms of it. In other words, even though they wouldn't describe themselves as "pro Zionist", that is their political position.
Others may disagree with me. Perhaps we need a separate discussion about this.
Dr. David Lorge Parnas says:
You wrote, "Whether you and I believe those fears to be exaggerated or even "cultivated" is not really relevant." It is relevant because it determines what we should do to make things better. If the fear is of something real and not exaggerated, we need to work to remove the cause of that fear. If the fear is exaggerated, we need to find ways to make that apparent to the fearful. If the fear is deliberately cultivated, we need to make that clear to all involved.
In my view, fear of persecution is real but the belief that persecution is unique to Jews is cultivated. When people understand the persecution suffered by other people in other times and at other places, they will realize that the way to protect Jews is to fight persecution against all groups and not to try to protect Jews at the expense of other groups.
good points. (as usual)
IMHO the fear has a small but legitimate basis in Canada, is often exaggerated, and also cultivated by those with an agenda.
Thank you Peter, very well written piece, I suspect that most of the differences that the survey 'revealed' between US and Canadian Jews can be attributed to a single reason : the surveyed Canadian group that identified itself as Jewish was the core element of the Jewish community while in the US it included a wider more inclusive group with some of the periphery of the Jewish community
(Think about the John Goodman character in the Coen's brothers movie "Big Lebowski")
There are clear differences between Canadians and Americans so nobody should be surprised that there are differences between American Jews and Canadian Jews. The higher cohesiveness of the Canadian Jewish community is in part attributable to the government's policy about subcultures. While Canada touts multiculturalism, the US stresses that it is a "melting pot" – a policy that encourages assimilation.
On the other hand, this post does not address the question that bothers me the most. How can so many people who, lime myself went to Hebrew School can support a policy that violates so much of what I was taught therel. The principles that I learned in those classes (and in services )would not permit me to do what Israel does. It is as if Israel has added an exception to each commandment, e.g., "You shall not steal except from Palestinians". The Settlers, who appear to be very orthodox and religious, seem the most likely to do this. They can recite the Torah and then walk outside to destroy Palestinian trees and buildings. It is hard to understand and I wish someone could explain it to me.
droytenberg says:
Hello David Lorge Parnas: You wrote:
"How can so many people who, lime myself went to Hebrew School can support a policy that violates so much of what I was taught therel. The principles that I learned in those classes (and in services )would not permit me to do what Israel does. It is as if Israel has added an exception to each commandment, e.g., "You shall not steal except from Palestinians". The Settlers, who appear to be very orthodox and religious, seem the most likely to do this. They can recite the Torah and then walk outside to destroy Palestinian trees and buildings. It is hard to understand and I wish someone could explain it to me."
Orrthodox Jews make up an important component of the settler movement, but many settlers are not orthodox. The people who you refer to who "destroy Palestinian trees and buildings" represent a tiny fringe of extremists. Such criminal behaviour is deplorable and there are Israelis who work actively to thwart it. But to talk about settlers in general as people who destroy Palestinian trees and buildings is very much to misunderstand them.
I am taking "settler" here to mean any Israeli who is living in the territories that were captured in 1967. This is the broadest possible definition which even includes my sister who lives in a Jewish neighbourhood in what used to be no man's land in Jerusalem. If that is what is meant by settler, I know many settlers and none of them have ever damaged Palestinian trees or buildings, nor would they support such activity.
The majority of settlers live where they do for non-ideological reasons and try their best to get along with their Palestinian neighbours. A smaller group are there because they believe that they are doing holy work by settling in territory which is part of the land of Israel. I know some of these people and they too mostly want to live on good terms with their Palestinian neighbours. They expect to be protected by the Israeli military from violence, but they are not themselves looking for conflict.
A small group of extremists have racist or ultra-nationalist views and favour finding a way to expell the Palestinian population. There are elements in this group that regard the present Israeli government as insufficiently zealous and have little respect for Israeli law.
For a very good exposition of the history and the different currents within the settler movement (as well as that of the Israeli peace movement which arose during the same era), I recommend Yossi Klein Halevi's book "Like Dreamers."
Dear Mr. Roytenberg,
We all know that no large group such as the Israelis who are living in the territories that Israel occupied in 1967 is homogeneous.
Obviously, they are not all as hate-filled, super-nationalistic, and bigoted as the extremists who seem to act as their spokespeople or those who go out of their way to interfere with the Palestinian Arabs who are trying to eke out a living on the ever-shrinking areas remaining for them.
Not all celebrate triumphantly as the settlements and roads reserved for them grow inexorably. Not all claim to be doing "holy work" by settling in territory that they claim as part of the land of Israel. Surely, some are not motivated by a desire to do a Mitzvah (a good deed done from religious duty) but simply find that they can have more space at a better price than they could get if they remained in the area that Israel claimed to accept in the 1940s.
We know that many would be willing to live on good terms with their Palestinian neighbours as long as those neighbours do not try to claim land that they were forced to leave or rights that they have lost.
However, all of them are part of a system that keeps taking houses and land from people who have no place to go and giving it to other people (many of whom have left safe comfortable homes to come to a place where they believe they can make a myth come true).
All of them seem to me to be violating the precepts that I was taught in my childhood synegogue and I do not understand how people who claim to identify as Jewish can support that. I wish that the survey had asked respondents how they reconcile their support for Israeli policy with what we were taught as children.
This is a fair and accurate portrait of the relationship of Canadian Jews to Israel. Thanks for explaining the situation so well.
bj1943 says:
Thanks for this very informative summary.
Bill Janzen
daina green says:
Thanks for this, Peter. Very interesting. A few of the questions were a bit biased but the picture painted is helpful and probably fairly accurate. Daina
Stephen Chappell says:
Thanks for summarizing the report, which shed light on things I was not aware of before. In addition, the comments have also been very interesting to read.
Despite the many differences pointed out in the report between American and Canadian Jews, the Israel lobbies in both countries seem to exert considerable influence on government policy, generally favorable to Israel.
This thread touches on three fundamental aspects which must be dealt with if anything positive is ever to develop in Israel-Palestine:
1/ "fear" real or imagined or anticipated etc. cannot be a carte blanche or "get out of jail" card. There are ways to deal with fear besides Israel's record of actions and policies. There has been zero pushback from west on this excuse.
2/ related to above, Jews throughout the world must open their eyes and stop ignoring the core dissonance between their religious/cultural credo and their political agenda/actions. Start to live your universal beliefs vs tribal interests.
3/ stop absolving members and groups profiting from a settler-colonial enterprise whether is ideological, religious, economic or plain ignorance. Motivation does not matter – the action of creating victims does.
Clearly all 3 above observations have to do with Israelis, Zionists and Jews. However much the western mainstream narrative try to place the burden of "peace" or "quiet" on Palestinians or Arabs or Muslims, they are not the issue or cause. This is not to say they are non-actors or incidental but they are not the "drivers" of the conflict. If Israel-Palestine was truly resolved in a fair and just manner by abandoning Zionism and working towards the last remaining "solution" – One Democratic State for all citizens with equitable compensation and affirmative action to not leave Palestinians 80+years in the political-economic hole we would have more peace in the region than at any other time in last 120 years. It may not be perfect but it would not be any worse than most regions in the world today.
Lou Cassivi says:
One simple question: to what or to whom are you referring when you use the term "Jew"?
Hey Lou, The Environics report answers how they defined who is a Jew for the purposes of the survey.
For me, in Canada, I is a matter of self definition – a "Jew" is anyone who says they are Jewish, just like I would accept anyone saying they are "Catholic" or "Quebecois".
In Israel, however, being a Jew is different. It is a legal category that confers rights to Jews but not to others.
Peter, It is not that simple. Lou's question is a good one. There are many Jews, including many Rabbis, who would not agree with your definition. Recall that after the attack on a Pittsburgh Synagogue, a Rabbi in Israel opined that the building was not a Synagogue. The opinions about people with some non-Jewish ancestors and about converts are especially varied. It is easy to find Rabbis who will not accept converts by certain broadly respected Rabbis as Jewish. I have seen Zionists refer to organizations like IJV as "so-called" Jewish organizations. The best that writers or speakers can do is to begin by stating the definition that they are using.
thank you David. I am not attempting to define who is/is not a Jew. I know that even Jews debate this.
I am happy to accept however people identify themselves.
To Peter's response, we have to accept an individual's self-identification just as we would Catholic or Quebecois. To do anything else opens up a can of worms and puts us into twilight zone of irresolveable question with multiple claims to authority and exclusive jurisdiction.
Should we get caught up with the question you pose, however much interesting, it would tie us up into paralysis or silence about the question at hand which has to do with settler-colonialism and justice. I know this is not your intention, but we need to be cautious not to fall in such logical, rhetorical traps. The question can be legitimately posed on its own (academic, cultural or religious etc) but without having it become a stumbling point or red herring taking away from the larger discussion such as the one we are having in this thread.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
"I Don't Want to Change. I'm Who I Am"
How do you keep the old customers while also courting the new? Ask 73-year-old restaurateur Frank Guido.
By Jen Doll
Photo by Chris Mottalini
Welcome to Red Sauce America, our coast-to-coast celebration of old-school Italian-American restaurants.
I'm digging through my wallet for change to feed the parking meter, plunking in coins one at a time, when Frank Guido emerges from his classic red sauce joint, Frank Guido's Little Italy, in Midtown Kingston, New York, about two hours north of New York City. There's a bright-orange paper sign in his hand about the size of an envelope. It takes me a second to realize (1) It says FUNERAL on it, and (2) He wants to give it to me to put on my dashboard so I don't have to pay for parking.
The meters are new, he says, shaking his head as I assure him that it's fine, it was only $3, and, wait a second, there's a funeral happening in the restaurant right now? Not a funeral itself, he explains—it's an after-funeral gathering; Frank Guido's Little Italy gets about 90 percent of them in the area, he estimates. "We wish they were birthday parties, anniversary parties. But it's part of our business…. At my age, I know all these people dying. Unfortunately, a lot of them are our customers."
There's a kind of poetry to it, though. When your restaurant becomes a place to return to again and again, the line between family and customer starts to blur. In a morbid sort of way, having your funeral gathering at a restaurant might be the greatest compliment there is.
The photo wall includes various images of Frank's large extended family... plus famous guests like Robert De Niro.
Frank, who turns 73 in April, opened his first business—a pizza place and bar called BG's in Cottekill, New York—in 1968. The Guido family has owned 26 Hudson Valley restaurants since then. Right now there are three: Mariner's Harbor nearby, run by Cousin Sal; Frank Guido's Port of Call, in Catskill; and Little Italy, which opened in 2007 and which Mark Guido, Frank's 44-year-old son, has recently taken over. There's a new venture in the works, Frank tells me. He won't say more, but he admits "the excitement is opening up and trying something new rather than doing the same thing."
Still, there's something to be said for giving the people what they want, chugging along with the tried-and-true. In the case of Little Italy, that's its best-selling chicken parm; the fried calamari, the "Traditional NY Style" pizza with mozzarella and Mama's tomato sauce (Frank's favorite), and the meatballs and gravy his grandmother used to make. People are always asking to take the sauce home. They won't reveal the exact ingredients, Frank says, but they might pack you a 16-ounce container for later.
Sure, there have been a few small changes, like a new pizza with goat cheese, pear, and arugula. But why fix what's not broken?
As we head to a quiet table in the back of the restaurant to talk, we pass framed photos of notable Italians like Tony Bennett, Yogi Berra, George Pataki, Luciano Pavarotti, and Frank Sinatra on the walls. "There's a picture of Robert De Niro, Joe Pesci, and myself, and I sent it down to Robert De Niro," Frank tells me. "I said, 'Sign this, Robert. And see if you can get Joe Pesci to sign it.'" He laughs at his audacity. "Can you imagine asking Robert De Niro to go get Joe's autograph?" He said, 'Frank, nice seeing you again, but you are on your own with Pesci.'"
There are also pictures of Frank's grandparents, who came to America from Calabria and Naples, his mom and dad, and his large extended family (he grew up with close to 100 first cousins), as well as his "paesanos"—the group who grew up together in the Italian community of East Kingston in the '40s and '50s. "I've been friends with these guys for 65, 70 years," he says. They're customers too.
Frank's love for the restaurant business started when he was an eight-year-old hanging out in his Uncle Chucky's bar, where they sold drinks for a dime and hamburgers for 35 cents. When he graduated from high school, he went to Marist College, where he got a Master's in accounting and joined the IRS. Three months later, he left to open a bar. "It was in my blood," he tells me.
Mark Guido joins us. It's in his blood too: He has that restaurant energy—one eye on the conversation, another to whether everything is running smoothly. He updates his dad on the funeral gathering; they've been served, and are eating. I ask if he knows all of Frank's stories. "Most of them," he confesses. "I know enough to carry it on to my daughter."
Across from the family wall there are more pictures, bigger and more stylistic; they look professionally shot. "Are those family too?" I ask. "Those are stock images," Frank says. "They are just very Italian looking." These are new additions from Mark. "I just wanted a little different look," he explains.
Mark came into the family business after trying out a string of colleges and landing at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, known for its restaurant and hospitality programs. That's where things started to click. Then his dad got prostate cancer. When Mark graduated, he decided to come home. Frank got better, and Mark stayed in Kingston. "I can't imagine working for anybody else, really," he says. "This is where my heart is."
This is a place, after all, where his best friends still live; their parents were friends, too, and so were their grandparents, who came over from Italy in 1911. "That's how the families in East Kingston were intertwined," Frank explains. "A hundred and eight years later, there is still a relationship."
"What's it like to work together?" I ask them.
"Well, I'm very tough," Frank says. "But, I've been really deferring more to Mark. You know, I ask him, do you want me here, or do you not want me here? I've learned more from him than he has from me."
"We don't see eye-to-eye on everything, of course," Mark says. "Our manner or styles might be different, but it's not an issue. Money doesn't come between us or anything like that. We have never not talked."
"I defer to him, though," Frank says.
One thing that probably won't change as Frank steps back from the restaurant: the sign.
Mark has to get back to work, and Frank has an appointment with the bank. But first I have to eat. Frank convinces me to order the "filet and tail"—sliced steak with lobster tail, which is "on special," and pasta on the side, "so I can try the Mama's Tomato Sauce." I do not fight this. The dish is better than it has to be, but it's also what I expected—it's something very close to what my own Italian mom makes.
What should a restaurant be, I wonder as I eat. It can give you new experiences and flavors, force you out of a rut. Or it can provide a sense of continuity in time and space and place. You walk in and know immediately where you are: the dark wood hues, the bottles of red table wine labeled with an image of an Italian grandma, the white linen tablecloth. It comes off as seamless, but there's a constant balancing act at work, a striving-forward that also recognizes the connections to the past.
This is what grounds a restaurant, what makes it a place people return to over and over, to commemorate births and anniversaries and even deaths. "I've dealt with the same bank for over 50 years, the same food vendor for 50 years, the same wine vendor," Frank told me earlier. "I've been going to the same barber—probably looks like it—for 35 years. I'm an old guy. I don't want to change, I'm who I am. My son, he's always saying, adapt to what people want, and we gotta do this. But I said no, this is who we are. If you come, you know what to expect. I'm gonna give you pizza or I'm gonna give you chicken Parmesan, there's gonna be enough food to take home. And Mark realizes that too. We are who we are."
Mark had agreed, nodding along. "He loves where he is from. And now, so do I. I could have gone anywhere. I stayed home."
Jen Doll is a freelance journalist and the author of the young adult novel Unclaimed Baggage as well as the memoir Save the Date: The Occasional Mortifications of a Serial Wedding Guest.
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Home » London Bridges (Alex Cross #10) (Mass Market)
London Bridges (Alex Cross #10) (Mass Market)
This is book number 10 in the Alex Cross series.
#1: Along Came a Spider (Alex Cross #1) (Mass Market): $9.99
#2: Kiss the Girls (Alex Cross #2) (Mass Market): $9.99
#3: Jack & Jill (Alex Cross #3) (Mass Market): $8.00
#4: Cat & Mouse (Alex Cross #4) (Mass Market): $7.99
#5: Pop Goes the Weasel (Alex Cross #5) (Mass Market): $8.00
#6: Roses Are Red (Alex Cross #6) (Mass Market): $8.00
#7: Violets Are Blue (Alex Cross #7) (Mass Market): $8.00
#8: Four Blind Mice (Alex Cross #8) (Mass Market): $7.99
#9: The Big Bad Wolf (Alex Cross #9) (Mass Market): $8.00
#11: Mary, Mary (Alex Cross #11) (Mass Market): $10.00
#12: Cross: Also published as ALEX CROSS (Mass Market): $10.00
#13: Double Cross (Alex Cross #13) (Mass Market): $10.00
#14: Cross Country (Alex Cross #14) (Mass Market): $10.00
#15: Alex Cross's TRIAL (Mass Market): $10.00
#16: Cross Fire (Alex Cross #16) (Mass Market): $10.00
#17: Kill Alex Cross (Mass Market): $10.00
#18: Alex Cross, Run (Mass Market): $10.00
#19: Merry Christmas, Alex Cross (Mass Market): $7.99
#20: Hope to Die (Alex Cross #20) (Mass Market): $9.99
#21: Cross Justice (Alex Cross #21) (Mass Market): $9.99
#22: Cross the Line (Alex Cross #22) (Mass Market): $9.99
#23: The People vs. Alex Cross (Paperback): $15.99
#24: Target: Alex Cross (Mass Market): $9.99
#25: The People vs. Alex Cross (Mass Market): $9.99
Alex Cross must face the world's most dangerous agents, criminals, and assassins. The fate of the world rests in his hands.
In broad desert daylight, a mysterious platoon of soldiers evacuates the entire population of Sunrise Valley, Nevada. Minutes later, a huge bomb detonates a hundred feet above the ground and lays waste to homes, cars, and playgrounds: a town annihilated in an instant. The Russian supercriminal known as the Wolf claims responsibility for the blast.
Alex Cross is on vacation in San Francisco with his girlfriend, Jamilla Hughes, when he gets the call. World leaders have just four days to prevent an unimaginable cataclysm. Racing down the hairpin turns of the Riviera in the most unforgettable finale James Patterson has ever written, he confronts the truth of the Wolf's identity, a revelation that even Cross himself may be unable to survive.
James Patterson has had more New York Times bestsellers than any other writer, ever, according to Guinness World Records. Since his first novel won the Edgar Award in 1977 James Patterson's books have sold more than 375 million copies. He is the author of the Alex Cross novels, the most popular detective series of the past twenty-five years, including Kiss the Girls and Along Came a Spider. He writes full-time and lives in Florida with his family.
Publisher: Vision
Publication Date: October 1st, 2005
Series: Alex Cross
Fiction / Thrillers / Psychological
Fiction / Thrillers / Crime
Hardcover, Large Print (November 8th, 2004): $30.00
Mass Market (July 1st, 2005): $7.99
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Popularity - 23,236 views, 15.4 views per day, 1,509 days on eBay. Super high amount of views. 917 sold, 228 available.
23,236 views, 15.4 views per day, 1,509 days on eBay. Super high amount of views. 917 sold, 228 available.
Seller - 37,403+ items sold. 0.7% negative feedback. Top-Rated Plus! Top-Rated Seller, 30-day return policy, ships in 1 business day with tracking.
37,403+ items sold. 0.7% negative feedback. Top-Rated Plus! Top-Rated Seller, 30-day return policy, ships in 1 business day with tracking.


We are a BUSY Phoenix based fuel transport, trucking company seeking – qualified professional individuals, ready to make a contribution!
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I was with a friend sifting around a high-end bookshop in a fancy mall at the heart of a busy shopping district. She picked up a nice piece of glassware. It had a cork grip around its mid and a gently colored lid with a little snap top sippy-cup feature. "These are marketed towards people that are looking to have a re-usable cup for going to Starbucks on the reg and feel wasteful getting a disposable cup each time." The price: $35. A $35 cup and it didn't even have a tacky gold feature.
I've grown up thinking about the uncomfortable reality that green and sustainable technologies are as much a mode of marketing for an "educated" (and statistically speaking wealthier) demographic. It's about figuring out ways to take your average everyday item and marking it up a few hundred percent to people who genuinely believe their choice is a good service.
The problem is choice is easy. It's a given. To choose is but a determining factor in the greater fabric of who you are and what sort of impact you have on the world around you. Choice sways with convenience, sloth, avarice, frustration, confusion and ignorance. So as a consumer, choosing's not enough.
Everybody has principles: Values that steer an individual's choice to act as a reflection of what that person respects and desires. For me, sustainability is a principle. Principles are outstanding and require practice and reflection over time. Principles require willpower.
Exercising willpower is not easy. Nobody really likes it. Creating a positive habit of something reinforces it but doesn't strip it of it's bitter flavor. Nor is it usually propped up by convenience: Oftentimes an exercise of willpower strips expectation of immediate gratitude, casting aside a choice that would have provided an instant reward.
To live sustainably in the modern world is difficult. The myriad of products and services at our fingertips is insane and growing fast. They're often convenient and cheaper. Sometimes they're just plain cool as hell. To actively defer choosing to buy these products or utilize these services is difficult but arguably more sustainable.
Take for instance, Adidas' new recycled plastic shoes. Sounds pretty terrific right? More terrific yet would be cutting all single-use plastics from your every day life. Give it a shot and you'll be amazed at how much plastic garbage you make. The easy choice: buying another pair of shoes. But a single choice doesn't carry the same outstanding benefit of willpower exercised over time and underwrites the real problem: plastics are laying waste to ecosystems around the world.
I'm not trying to advocate for a granola-filled harmonious lifestyle, just general responsibility. As a consumer it's an oft-overlooked duty you serve to yourself and others to know how to wield your choice as an individual. It's knowing when to withhold despite your desires; Of regularly choosing "not" for the generally more fulfilling "lets get it!" Sustainability should hold the holy ground of a personal principal and willpower as a way of exercising reverence, homage to a respect you cast outward on the people and world around you.
TL;DR. Waste less water and energy. Throw away less plastics. Eat more vegetables. Practice doing these things every day until you die even if it's difficult.


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Discover Invisible Hate
Invisible Hate
Author: Rifelion Media & Immigrantly
Subscribed: 12,812Played: 5,696
© Rifelion LLC & Immigrantly LLC
All across America, thousands of hate crimes are committed every year, but only a small number of them get reported. An even smaller fraction are ever prosecuted. We're here to figure out why.
Invisible Hate is a podcast that sheds light on the worst true crimes that are motivated by things like race, religion, or sexual orientation and are usually perpetrated against minorities. In each episode, we examine one crime in depth and then discuss whether or not it should be classified as a hate crime.
Trust us, Invisible Hate is a podcast you'll hate to love.
Hosted by Saadia Khan and Asad Butt.
www.invisiblehatepodcast.com
info@invisiblehatepodcast.com
For advertising opportunities please email PodcastPartnerships@Studio71us.com
We wanna make the podcast even better, help us learn how we can: https://bit.ly/2EcYbu4
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A Kidnapping in Kansas City
2023-01-2632:37 1
A 22-year-old African American woman knocks on the door a house in a small town outside of Kansas, Missouri. She is wearing a tight metal collar with a padlock around her neck and appears severely malnourished. She says she had just escaped the basement dungeon of a neighbor named Timothy Haslett, Jr. and is pleading for help. Find out if you are "Press Worthy." One way to help: Support the Missouri Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence. STORY UPDATE: A preliminary hearing for Haslett, Jr. that was originally scheduled for January 10, 2023 was rescheduled to February 24, 2023. Hosted by Saadia Khan and Asad Butt. Produced by Immigrantly & Rifelion Media. Contact us: info@invisiblehatepodcast.com For advertising opportunities, please email PodcastPartnerships@Studio71us.com Don't forget to subscribe to the podcast for free wherever you're listening or by using this link: https://bit.ly/InvisibleHatePod If you like the show, telling a friend about it would be amazing! You can text, email, Tweet, or send this link to a friend: https://bit.ly/InvisibleHatePod Follow us on Instagram and Twitter Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices
Rais Bhuiyan and the Power of Forgiveness
In the days after 9/11, Rais Bhuiyan was working at a convenience store in Dallas, Texas when someone walked in and asked him "Where are you from?" Before Rais could answer, he was shot in the face. Against all odds, Rais survives and is now trying to create a world without hate. Listen now to his remarkable story of recovery and forgiveness. Learn more about Rais's non-profit aimed to breaking the cycle of hate and violence: World Without Hate. Hosted by Saadia Khan and Asad Butt. Produced by Immigrantly & Rifelion Media. Contact us: info@invisiblehatepodcast.com For advertising opportunities, please email PodcastPartnerships@Studio71us.com Don't forget to subscribe to the podcast for free wherever you're listening or by using this link: https://bit.ly/InvisibleHatePod If you like the show, telling a friend about it would be amazing! You can text, email, Tweet, or send this link to a friend: https://bit.ly/InvisibleHatePod Follow us on Instagram and Twitter Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices
The Chapel Hill Murders
Three Muslim college students were killed in their apartment building in Chapel Hill, North Carolina in 2015. The police said it was because of a parking dispute. Family and friends said the victims were targeted because they were Muslim. Saadia and Asad break down the case to figure out if it was a hate crime. Learn more about the foundation honoring the legacy of the victims: Our Three Winners Foundation. Hosted by Saadia Khan and Asad Butt. Produced by Immigrantly & Rifelion Media. Contact us: info@invisiblehatepodcast.com For advertising opportunities, please email PodcastPartnerships@Studio71us.com Don't forget to subscribe to the podcast for free wherever you're listening or by using this link: https://bit.ly/InvisibleHatePod If you like the show, telling a friend about it would be amazing! You can text, email, Tweet, or send this link to a friend: https://bit.ly/InvisibleHatePod Follow us on Instagram and Twitter Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices
Introducing Invisible Hate
All across America, thousands of hate crimes are committed every year, but only a small number of them get reported. An even smaller fraction are ever prosecuted. We're here to figure out why. Invisible Hate is a podcast that sheds light on the worst true crimes that are motivated by things like race, religion, or sexual orientation and are usually perpetrated against minorities. In each episode, we examine one crime in depth and then discuss whether or not it should be classified as a hate crime. Trust us, Invisible Hate is a podcast you'll hate to love. Subscribe now so you don't miss a single episode! Hosted by Saadia Khan and Asad Butt. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices
Parakeets Birds
Can parakeets eat bananas https://parakeetseat.com/ in case so many people have no any idea.
Asad Butt
Amazing new podcast


text:
Spree Subscriptions
==================

This extension allows for administrators to mark certain products as
'susbscribable'. Products marked as such will allow shoppers to decide to
create a subscription to automatically have those items re-shipped to
them at the interval of their choosing.

Features
=======

Installation
========

Run the generator and the included migrations:

    rails g spree_subscriptions:install

Testing
-------

Be sure to bundle your dependencies and then create a dummy test app for the specs to run against.

    $ bundle
    $ bundle exec rake test_app
    $ bundle exec rspec spec

Copyright (c) 2013 [Dynamo], released under the New BSD License

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Courtesy of Chappell & Co.
Q: Why wouldn't the knight's tale in the Franciscan friar's journal reveal the precise location of the Grail?
Q: How does young Indy get out of the box on the train?
When the two greatest filmmakers in the world teamed up to create the best action movie of all time - Raiders of the Lost Ark, it seemed unlikely that they could duplicate their divinely-inspired work. After a miss with the entertaining yet forgettable Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade comes pretty close to doing just that.
Film history's most profitable star Harrison Ford returns to his signature role in a performance that speaks for itself, and benefits greatly from a gallery of memorable supporting characters. That includes Sean Connery, the grandest of all modern action day movie heroes (and appropriately cast, as the spiritual father of the character is James Bond). Connery plays against that, in a performance that is different than anything he has ever done, and it works. Even so, Denholm Elliott can't seem to help stealing every scene he's in as Marcus Brody, a lifelong friend of the Jones family.
This movie stands by itself in the way it deals with spirituality, and is thick with religious themes throughout, without preaching to you. This is a very difficult balance to achieve in any film, and that alone makes the film stand out as brilliant. It is more abundant with humor than the previous two films, without the characters falling into irritating self-parody. Being a sequel, this is a difficult balance to achieve as well. (Look at action sequels such as Lethal Weapon 4).
This film stands among the greatest action adventures of all time. I don't know anyone who hasn't seen it, but if you haven't, don't walk to see it. Run.
66 of 83 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?


text:
Childhood and Youth Studies (3)
Film Studies (4)
Regional Studies (1)
From 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 — To 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992
https://www.berghahnjournals.com/search?level=all&pageSize=10&q=%22foreskin%22&sort=relevance
"foreskin" x
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The Penis-Care Information Gap
Preventing Improper Care of Intact Boys
Dan Bollinger
A penis-care information gap exists in North America where most physicians and parents do not know how to care for an intact boy's penis, especially his foreskin. They lack basic knowledge and personal experience, which would allow them to advise or provide proper care for boys. Unless this gap is filled with reliable information, many boys are at risk for penile problems and perhaps even circumcision—something that the parents and the boy would like to avoid. The causes and problems resulting from this clear case of remediable medical ignorance are discussed, and solutions offered.
In Boyhood Studies
Published (Print):
205–219 (14 total)
An Estimate of U.S. Circumcision-Related Infant Deaths
Baby boys can and do succumb as a result of having their foreskin removed. Circumcision-related mortality rates are not known with certainty; this study estimates the scale of this problem. This study finds that approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths (9.01/100,000) occur annually in the United States, about 1.3% of male neonatal deaths from all causes. Because infant circumcision is elective, all of these deaths are avoidable. This study also identifies reasons why accurate data on these deaths are not available, some of the obstacles to preventing these deaths, and some solutions to overcome them.
78–90 (12 total)
The Experiences of First Ejaculation among Taiwanese Men
An Exploratory Study
Herng-Dar Bih
't even notice. I felt pleasantly surprised. So, this is what ejaculation is. Patrick (straight, 35) reported that his foreskin was relatively long, so his father admonished him that he had to pull the foreskin often to loosen it, and then the glans
In Journal of Bodies, Sexualities, and Masculinities
Masculinity, Sex, and Dicks
New Understandings of the Phallus
Andrea Waling and Jennifer Power
caring commitments and increased precarity concerning academic employment. We are very grateful for those who were able to contribute their work to this issue. References Allan , Jonathan A . 2020 . " The Foreskin Aesthetic or Ugliness
1–4 (4 total)
Selin Çağatay, Olesya Khromeychuk, Stanimir Panayotov, Zlatina Bogdanova, Margarita Karamihova, and Angelina Vacheva
foreskin of nonunity away. After the non-philosophical section, one can theorize both the Real and gender without having to subscribe to the defoundational defeatism of an impossible Outside. 2 Finally, I consider it fair to clarify, for reasons historical
In Aspasia
Showing the Penis, Hiding the Phallus, a Cinematic Rupture with the Mythic Representation of Male Nudity
Hanieh Bakhtiari
from allusions to a strange custom or symptom of a disorder, the allegedly "ugly" and "gross" foreskin became an anomaly, and only circumcised men were those who could represent male genitalia onscreen ( Allan 2018: 558 ) if the intentional lighting and
Everyday Madness
On Anger, Loss and Psychoanalysis
Lisa Appignanesi
ultimately telling matter of a missing foreskin. As my father had good reason to know, appearances, the very sign of his masculine embodiment, marked him out as vulnerable. His body itself made him fearful. And from that the only escape was the death he was
In European Judaism
Reconsidering Voltaire on Jews and Judaism in Le Dictionnaire philosophique
Arthur Scherr
Bohèmes [gypsies] and steal the chickens in the chicken coop, and tell fortunes. But whether these people of Israel without foreskins who sell old clothes to savages [in North America and the West Indies?], claim that they are from the tribes of Naphtali
In Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques
The Cum Shot (Re)Interpreted in Terms of Contamination and Control
James K. Beggan
. 2005 . A Surgical Temptation: The Demonization of the Foreskin and the Rise of Circumcision in Britain . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 10.7208/chicago/9780226109787.001.0001 Dines , Gail . 2010 . Pornland: How Porn Has Hijacked Our
Resisting the Demand to Stand
Boys, Bathrooms, Hypospadias, and Interphobic Violence
Celeste E. Orr
distress: The construction had been such that the urethra and foreskin were very thin. In the groin and crotch area there were a number of sacks underneath where the urine would sit, which would cause the infections, which would then travel back up into
89–113 (25 total)