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Politics Of Lamentation In Ethiopia: Ethnic Elite's Politics For Resources And Land Through Power Grab – Analysis
By admin November 28, 2022 41
Overview of Ethiopian Politics
Africans have always complained that their resources are looted by colonial powers (in the past), neo-liberal businesses, and domestic embezzlers, among others. In Ethiopia, both history and current affairs inform us that political resentments and politics of lamentation have its root and causation in resource grabs and recourse embezzlement. Ethiopia still proclaims under its constitution that land and other natural resource belong to the state. (1) The state commands the biggest resources in the country and incumbent political elites are the riches of the society.
Both history and current affairs dictate that those who made it to state power live a comfortable life thereby making competition to assent to power the deadliest route. Before the 17th century, Ethiopia was a noticeable empire. (2) Ethiopia declined and eventually disintegrated after a wave of attacks from the Adal Muslims and shortly after from the Oromo expansionists. In the 17th century, the empire could not hold together the massive land (and attendant benefits) it once administered stretching from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean reaching the present-day Berbera in Hargeisa. (3) As the empire collapsed, a new force came from the southern part of present-day Ethiopia in the form of expansion, various indigenous people in the south of the empire were either annihilated or engulfed by the expanding Oromo forces. (4)
After the collapse of the empire, the era of the prince (5) ensued which stayed till the middle of the 19th century. The princes were keen on dominating the land, other resources, and the people, and on constant war for more. Later, in the middle of the 19th century, a self-assumed and self-nominated rebel took it upon himself to bring back the glory of the past empire known by the name Kasa, later crowned King of kings Tewdoros II. (6) He tried to change the situation and restore the empire albeit unsuccessful. But his spirit and embodiment of the empire were engraved in the heart and mind of the child he snatched from the Shewan nobility and brought him up. The child grew up to be later known as the famous king of kings Menelik II. (7) Deep in the cover of restoring the empire was resource grab and enjoying absolute command of it. South-center of Ethiopia is not only rich in land and other natural resource but also fragmented society to mount a resistance of meaningful scale.
Shewa was destined to restore the empire as it was well positioned in terms of location, resources, and people diversity to bring back the lost empire. All factions and groups purporting to self-administer from the north, south, west, and east fought hard not to be subjugated to the central power. Menelik II fought hard by conscripting soldiers mainly from the melting-pot Shewa including the Amharas, the Oromos, Garages, Hadiyas, etc. Indeed, Shewa (8) was beyond ethnic cleavage and a society that could aptly name the melting pot. Indeed, landless youth from the north flocked to Shewa to serve as a soldier and thereby have access to 'abundant' resources in the center-south of present-day Ethiopia. By then, the Oromos once a reckonable expanding force have taken major parts of the center-southern part of present-day Ethiopia and are by now native settlers adopting agriculture as the mainstay of life and Abrahamic faiths.
After the inception of Addis Ababa, Shewa became the center of attention and people flocked from all directions and walks of life to the city, mainly to be a soldier and entourage of the royalties. Business flourished in the city, the first modern African city founded by Africans. Women flocked to the city to do catering, and other services, as wives and to improve their life. The city started as a garrison city and soon transformed itself into the capital of the newly restored empire to its past glory by the king of kings Menelik II.
Warlords and traditional rulers from Gojam, Wello, Arsi, Welayita, Harara, and many more fought hard to stop the restoration of the empire (or nation-building) and attendant resource grab. However, the diverse, well-trained and logistically well-equipped soldiers of the emperor could not be stopped. Coupled with the wisest administration of the king, success was granted. (9) The expansion of Menelik II could only be checked at the peripheries by colonial British from the far south, French from the east, and Italian from the far north of Ethiopia. Menelik II complacent about his achievement and under the weight of old age as well, could not push further as he would have loved. His plan of inclusion was present-day Somalia, southern Sudan, etc.
Henceforth, the modern restoration of the old empire became quite contentious among the present-day elites. The politics of lamentation (10) is born largely with the inception and expansion of modern education in Ethiopia and the decolonization movement of Africa. At the core of Ethiopian politics is also resource decolonization, which takes the form of self-administration or federalism. Many African students in then Hailessilase University gave the idea of ethnic subjugation which their Ethiopian counterparts transplanted to the local context. (11) Some equated despotic and feudalistic internal administration, exploitations, and maladministration to the colonial level. Others claim, what else could have been expected from a feudal empire than land-based resource grab, subjugation, and administration based on an agriculture-based economy? How different was the administration of the warlords and customary rules of different parts of Ethiopia before Menelik II? Wasn't it the same?
As the empire went on, questions came to the forefront in the 1950/60s student movement. The question of class-based subjugation and land-based exploitation. And the question of ethnic subjugation, ethnic-based cultural domination, the claim of denial to use one's language, self-administration, and religion as well. The two interdependent questions were half-cooked and subjected the nation to extreme measures resulting in land ownership of the state and ethnic federalism respectively. But, the lamentation did not stop yet.
Be that as it may, constructing the internal issues of exploitation and cultural imperialism and equating them to colonial rule was far taken. The ethnolinguistic group lamentation is being used for political mobilization. In each corner of Ethiopia, the subjugation, exploitation, and domination by the north and Shewan's nobilities were not only exaggerated but equated to colonial rule comparable to the British and French. But, the empire defended Ethiopia and its people from colonial rule preserving the plurality of its culture and religion. The empire also preserved the dignity of the people from colonial degrading treatment and humiliation, at times ethnic extermination. (12)
Ethiopia did not suffer colonial rule. It still speaks its indigenous languages, enjoys its multiple cultures, enjoys its specific African percepts, and above all, it stood unique in Africa by not being colonized. Besides, Ethiopia is still an icon of black freedom (13) and the embryo of Africa's independent movement. These were all because of the empire and its ability to bring people together to fight and ward off colonial rules. Ironically, we are fighting today over our plurality and being unable to properly manage it. The politics of ethnic lamentation is self-denial which curses its past and takes its forefather who fought hard and preserved their language and culture for the enemy.
Ethiopia's history and its use of propaganda
Ethiopia is one nation where political conservativeness and elites divide are extreme. Ethiopians are also often called a 'divided society' (14) just judging by a plurality of cultures, religions, and languages. More particularly, a divided society is a society where a certain identity such as ethnicity, religion, or culture has political saliency. However, the divide is more on the side of the elite than the societal. Ethiopia's society is more integrated in terms of intermarriage, livelihood, religion, culture, language, and urban life than any society in Africa. Ethiopia is also the oldest nation in Africa and as such a long-lasting intermingled society. The politics of lamentation work on factors that are dividers than connectors. There are more connecting factors in Ethiopia than dividing factors.
The connecting factors can be analyzed from different arrays. For instance, connecting factors come from the cultural similarity (food, cloth, house construction, farming method, lingua franca, etc.) and similar physical features of most of the people in Ethiopia. Be that as it may, elites divide along with fictitious rhetoric, historic facts, myths, and ill-conceived and miss-calculated political benefits often forged into captivating propaganda. The elite divide is massive and unparallel to any other nation in Africa. The politics of lamentation is the arch-foe of Ethiopia. The divide is championed and spearheaded by elites from the far North and Center-south of Ethiopia. And, their theory of deconstructing Ethiopia and the other opposing side is a prisoner of counter narrations along with the theory of nation-building. (15)
Of all the areas and communities of Ethiopia, three localities are massive sources of hardliners, deconstructionists, (16) and liberation movement leaders. These are Eritrea, Tigray, and Welega. The communities in these regions are highly mobilized along with grievances against the central government of different eras and against the nation called Ethiopia. The narration of the grievances is not only taken for grant but built on historic events, facts, and myths fashioned into captivating propaganda. Poverty is singled out and blamed on central power resource grab. Every social vice is explained along with the political mobilization and used for the same end. The lamentation runs not only in literature but also in music and oral folklore. Accordingly, these three areas are also sources and embodiments of the most impactful liberation fronts: these are, EPLF, (17) TPLF, (18) and OLF (19) respectively.
Based on the lamentations which include historic facts and myths fashioned into captivating propaganda, liberation movements had been established and bitter wars were fought. Eritrea had already won the struggle for freedom and was ceded away in 1993. However, the remaining two are not that clear on their demands. TPLF is veering its eyes on dominating the entire nation and fashioning it after its desire. The Tigray elite's competition and preoccupation are focused on and are with the Amhara elites and the orthodox church. The Welega-led movement (claiming to include the entire Oromo people in the name of OLF) is more along the Eritrean route.
Indeed, TPLF after being ousted from power in 2018 is also back to guerrilla fighting and this time around fighting for independence, at least it is so claimed. OLF is currently way fragmented and a faction of it is engaged in an insurgency for independence. EPLF on the other hand is in an unholy marriage with the Ethiopian government. It has become one of the most formidable allies of the premier Abiy Ahmed Ali regime. It has also played a critical role in bringing the total ousting from the power of TPLF. But, the relationship is not based on agreed legal principles and overt political dialogue. The showdown is inevitable when serious talks about the future relationship begin. The signs of deteriorating relations are already visible. No liberation movement can settle for politics of compromise.
Therefore, the idea of this thesis is to figure out the sources and extent of politics of lamentation in Ethiopia and to suggest ways forward toward more inclusive politics. The question is why and what can be done to stop the age-old political mobilization along the line of victimhood. Or should it be stopped? Can autonomy of some kind solve the problem without disintegrating the nation?
Politics of Lamentation: facts and myths on resource grabs
Eretria: Colonial thesis
Eretria came with the colonial thesis claiming that colonial history has forged different societies and interests in Eretria. The reversal of its federal arrangement in 1952 (20) sparked a liberation movement and served as a massive source of lamentation. The UN-brokered federal arrangement had been reversed by Hailesillasie Regime which fueled the indignation and political mobilization depicting Ethiopia as a new colonizer worse than Italy. Itlay colonized that section of Ethiopia for more than six decades. EPLF formed a guerrilla group that fought hard for about three decades and managed to topple the regime in Addis Ababa in 1991. Eritrea was ceded from Ethiopia via the active facilitation of the then-incumbent TPLF-led government after a couple of years.
Eretria's hard-won independence didn't pay off. What did they ultimately benefit from the independence? One glaring triumph sarcastically is managing to install a dedicator comparable to North Korea. The second achievement was waging the fiercest war the region has ever witnessed with Ethiopia. Third, is the wave of migration, constant military conscription of the youth, and sheer poverty. Eretria was one of the most economically vibrant and modernized areas of Ethiopia before the war of independence at the time of the imperial regime and even colonial times. Eritreans used to dominate the business in Ethiopia and even the intelligentsia.
What could have been solved by restoring the federal arrangement, they went for separation. The ceding away as it was a curse for Ethiopia did not come as a blessing as forecasted and as per the propaganda. Ethiopia lost its sizable area, people, and worst of all access to the sea. Eritreans lost their bigger market, investment, and massive benefit from their ports not to say disbanding Ethiopia's big family. The situation was mutually debilitating. Both Eritrea and Ethiopia are languishing under poverty and recurring conflict.
Tigray: Restoring the lost hegemony
Tigray and the tegarus claim that they lost their political domination via the Amhara elites and want not only to avenge but also reclaim their rightful places. TPLF was the dominant force in the guerrilla struggle that built on Shabia's struggle for independence. The existing EPLF forces fighting the imperial regime (21) then joined forces with the newcomer in the field in 1975/76 and continued the resistance against the heirs of the imperial regime. This time a communist-oriented dead sure unionist government called Derg. And, the joint EPLF/TPLF front struggle took a little over 17 years to topple the military regime in Ethiopia with the help of the West. Once they won the war and made their way to the throne, the EPLF domination was not welcome by TPLF. TPLF came out to be the boss of all ethno-separatists groups and made them subservient.
The thesis of the TPLF liberation movement was that Tigray is marginalized not only by central power but also from its hard-earned history and was overshadowed by the Amhara elite who fashioned the state after their culture and interest. This according to the TPLF happened after the death of Yohanis IV and the enthronement of Menelik II. Their goal was to break the Amhara elite once and for all, and if this is unattainable to disintegrate the nation. Unfortunately, their death came at the hand of Premier Abiy who is primarily from the Oromo ethnic group thought to rather an ally.
Welega (Oromo): Cultural and religious domination
Welega on the other hand comes from the angle of cultural and religious domination via the protestant movement and builds its lamentation along with political and economic marginalization and speaks for the entire Oromo people. The claim rounds that Oromo is the marginalized highland and the invisible present. Again, the claim begins with the enthronement of Menelik II and its way of administration. The use of the Amharic language, Orthodox religion, and resource grabs have been mottled as proof of the Amhara culture's dominance and marginalization of the Oromo people.
Although dotted with historical facts, the narration and counter narration is quite aggressive. Some groups, often dubbed unionists, claim that Oromos played a central role in the unification and nation-building effort of King Menelik II. (22) While the secessionist camp (23) chose to believe that Menelik is nothing but a brute 'colonizer' of the Oromo people. Given the feudal character of the imperial regime and resource-focused administration, the secessionist camp capitalizes on exploitation and identity-based subjugation. The unionist camp also lists, in counter narration, names of Oromo giants in the history of the nation-building and formation of modern Ethiopia. The unionist camp capitalizes on the fact that in the nation-building and engulfing of the center-south of Ethiopia to the core north of Ethiopia, people in the center-south also played an active role in restoring lost empires of the golden age of the nation underlining common heritages and empire.
Yet again, the separatists claim that Ethiopians had no common history and heritage and go to the extent that Oromos and others southern people were independent nations. Some even claim that they had their kingdom and even empires. (24) There are many ethnic groups in Ethiopia enjoying distinct characteristics. However, there is also a glaring common thread suggesting common history and social fabrics.
Nation Building: how did Ethiopia come about?
How modern Ethiopia is put together is not only controversial but also affects the political scene of today. Ethiopia was unified via the barrel of guns and of course, most of the countries in the world were the result of war. One cannot name a nation that was created via negotiation and roundtable talks at least in the past. Great empires were born of war and died of war. The USA is a result of a fierce war between federalists and separatists. Germany, Italy, Spain, England, etc. were shaped and forged by war. Lamenting about past wars for inclusion or separation is vanity. Ethiopia was also born of fierce war.
In Ethiopia, given the colonial and domination theses, there is also an antithesis that has been serving as an elite divide over the future of the nation. On the camp of the unionist, it reiterated that the effort of nation-building cannot be given to a single ethnic group or any part of the nation. Although it might vary in intensity and level, all [ethnic] groups in Ethiopia had contributed and affixed their signature to the nation-building effort of Ethiopia. The role of the Tigray and Oromo (Shewa Oromo) cannot be underplayed or underrated.
Referring to the era of princes where Ethiopia was fragmented, the imperial regime's campaign (from Towdros II on) was about going back to the glory of the past. Eventually, Menelik's expansion culminated in the formation of present-day Ethiopia in terms of its size and shape. In the deconstructionist camp, the narration diverges from a colonial thesis to resorting to the past glory of their specific community. The divide of the elites began here and went to extreme views in the 1960/the 1970s in the form of ethnic-based movements and national unionist movements.
The lamentation of the ethnic-based movement and fixation on deconstructing Ethiopia is taken to the helm by groups like TPLF and OLF. EPLF on the other hand focused its struggle for independence on the account of a colonial thesis based on its previous history of the colony and UN-brokered federation. The federation was reversed by the last imperial regime which triggered a war of independence akin to the rest of Africa.
Politics of lamentation: Thesis, antithesis, and synthesis
Hegelian dialectic method of historical and philosophical progress that postulates (1) a beginning proposition called a thesis, (2) a negation of that thesis called the antithesis, and (3) a synthesis whereby the two conflicting ideas are reconciled to form a new proposition. The colonial and domination thesis on the one hand and, the joint national building antithesis on the other hand are at war in Ethiopia. Finding the synthesis is a battle up the hill. Perhaps the solution can come from the synthesis. The politics of compromise is the synthesis in Ethiopia.
Ethiopia needs to work hard on bringing to the table all these, anti-theses and find a workable and negotiated synthesis. It is agonizing that the dead are living on in the living politics and affecting our common destiny. We can learn from history but dwelling in it too much is robbing us [the living] of our present capabilities and future potentials. (25) We should pause, and reach negotiated solutions.
Political mobilization: taken too far and dogmatized
The political mobilization of people in Eretria, Tigray, and Welega (expanding to the rest of Oromia by the day) started almost at the beginning of the 20th century and got stronger in the mid of the 20th century. The Eritrean side was born of colonial dynamism. Why are we not defended while the rest of Ethiopia was protected? We must be different. We chose to be different.
In welega again the colonial forces using cultural and religious differences injected Protestantism along with the idea of the Oromo subjugation and marginalization rhetoric. Based on the feudal regime's general character and agriculture-based economy, finding the true causes of exploitation was not difficult. Yet again, the exploitation is singled out from the general context (in time and space) and was capitalized in the form of ethnolinguistic politics. The aliens used it to spread their religion to pave a way for colonial powers thereby also effectively tackling resistance from the dominant church by then.
In Tigray again, the agitation started upon the death of Yohanis IV and the ensuing power struggle. As power gravitated to the south, Tigray started lamenting and the lamination took at a later time ethnic dimension. TPLF took it to the climax blaming every misfortune of the Tigrayans on the Amhara elites by extension Amhara people. It also worked hard that other ethnic groups in Ethiopia should also advance the same reading and lamentation. (26) The center of attention and points of negative rallying was the Amharic language (lingua franca) and the orthodox church. Ironically, close to 100% of Tigrayan are followers of the orthodox church.
The result of the reading of history in the eyes of political goals and power struggles is damaging. In furtherance of their causes, the liberation movement stressed deconstructing Ethiopia. The political mobilization is so stiff, persistent, and tougher by generation, that it is almost taken the strength of religious dogma. Every narration and propaganda was taken for grant. Names and colors were identified to form Tigray or Oromo psychics. Counter narration to the rally points of the political mobilization has been tried, at times involving brute force but the result was not satisfactory.
Again, after the assumption of power by the deconstructionists, the true equality of ethnic groups is far from being realized. The counter move of the unionists is growing by the day and depicting anything ethnic as destructive and treachery.
More autonomy, self-rule, and property rights for the mass: the future road
Near-complete autonomy for the troubled areas and working on economic and cultural prosperity angle is a clear path. Slowly but steadily working on counter narration in curriculum targeting the new generation toward the importance of the nation and national feelings is key. Believing that nation-building is a work in progress matters. The past generation might bring us to a certain level but making a strong and prosperous and cohesive nation requires intergenerational effort. Less emphasis on history that divides and more emphasis on history that connects people should be given by the government of now and the future incumbent. One way to diffuse the politics of lamentation, identity-based agitation, and group mob mentality is a property rights regime. It is essential to make the individual the center of politics and the unit of resource ownership.
Ethiopia needs to redefine its system of land and natural resources (NRs) philosophy and administration. Land and other NRs are key factors for development and social cohesion. It is also key to defusing group agitation and mob. The resources of the nation need to be used to concertize human dignity and further can be used towards respect for and ensuring fundamental rights and freedoms. Rights without economic strength are just a paper tiger both for the individual and groups. As such the individual cannot be agitated by destructive mob politics for one simple reason, property owners require a rule of law and security.
Human dignity is inviolable. (27) And, the amendment endeavored in the FDRE constitution should capitalize on the inviolability of human dignity. Yet again, the inviolability of human dignity is also a vanity without instruments that enable it to fight poverty and other disempowerments. Freedom from want is the core aspect of the inviolability of human dignity. At the core of group-based mob and politics of lamentation is a resource grab. The individual would be enslaved where resources are grabbed by either the state or ethno-warlords.
In the context of Ethiopia, respect for, realization, and implementation of fundamental rights and liberties of individuals and groups depend to a larger degree on individuals' and groups' capability to fulfill these rights on their own. The effective and efficient use of land and other NRs in this respect is pivotal. Where individual and neatly defined groups (community) own property, they make sure that peace is lasting, and ensuring security is the ultimate purpose of the state.
Most fundamental rights and liberties depend on material resources for their implementation and realization. What is the practical meaning of rights to life, liberty, health, work, education, shelter, etc. without the means to fulfill these rights either on your own or with the help of a state system where for good cause as an individual, you fail? The track record of many nations in the world confirms that nations with strong propertyrights protection systems fare well in human rights projects and implementing MDGs and now SDGs.
Indeed, the foundation for broad-based property creation and protection depends on the effective and sustainable utilization of land and other natural resources. The land is basic in the realization of a host of fundamental rights and liberties. Access to land (28) and respect for property rights thereto enables individuals and groups to command resources and this fact is instrumental in taking their rights seriously. The individual is primally responsible for his or her protection and fulfillment of rights. The government is needed to create enabling conditions in terms of providing security, capacity building, property rights protection, etc.
The philosophy of a nation on property rights in land and other natural resources defines its human rights project and sustainable development goals. (29) In Ethiopia, property rights to land are not only shaky but also land is an instrument of domination, social division, political manipulation, and targeting. (30) The politics of lamentation and its fixation on subjugation is to switch places, the new elites do not essentially curse exploitation and corruption. The elites focus on the identity of the corrupt and the state. If the corrupt and the state machinery are on their side, it is alright.
Indeed, the administration of land rights in Ethiopia has recently become a factor for violence, massive conflict, and massive eviction throughout. The FDRE constitution not only declares that land belongs to the people and the government, but also stresses that the ownership belongs to the nation, nationalities, and peoples (NNPS) of Ethiopia. NNPs of Ethiopia are grouped with defined identities (31) based on which regional and sub-regional administrations are designed. (32) The ethnic elites are enjoying para-state and modern landlordism.
Regional governments have been granted the right to administer land (33) which means they define access often based on the identity of the people. Ethnic federalism is rooted in the land regimes of the nation. The 'native vs. settler' (34) dichotomy resulted in massive conflict and a massive number of IDPs in Ethiopia. Ethiopia needs to change its course. (35) The new landlords are creating a crisis and profiting from it. The solution comes from the property rights of people and the community.
Ethiopia requires a multi-tenure land regime and an effective land administration system. Land in Ethiopia needs to belong to the individual, indigenous society, (36) and the public. Indeed, the individual, society, and public must be distinctly identified, registered, and subject to rights and duties concerning owning or holding land and other NRs.
In clear parlance, land can be owned privately, communally, and publicly (via the government). However, in all three models of ownership, the land market needs to be active either in selling, renting, leasing, or other models of a transaction as appropriate. Private property in land can be designed where the land value is so high, and its economic contribution is huge, for example, in urban land and its surroundings, in cash crop areas, and even in irrigable lands.
Communal land (37) is where a 'distinct' community enjoys existing traditional land administration institutions and rules, and aspires to keep itself as such, wishes not to be disturbed by central state politics and power allocations. Yet again, the land rental market can easily be kindled here too. Communal land needs to be registered in the name of the community and be certified as such. The community must enjoy legal personality to transact with its land in rent or other systems of the land market. Besides, common land (38) in highland Ethiopia, in urban settings, and other areas needs to be registered and certified in the name of the community or their representatives.
Public land (39) is where the previous two fails to cover, the state can hold land on behalf of the people of Ethiopia but continually withdraws itself as the situation warrant the change of ownership either to private or community.
Alternatively, the high-land farming community can also continue with use rights but is limited by time and open to market principles. For example, an individual holding can be extended for 30 years of use rights which can be transferred in any way possible. However, the administration of property rights on the land needs to be supported with a proper land market system and taxation rules.
In Ethiopia, Land and other NRs need to be an instrument of development, and social cohesion, and a key factor in meeting SDGs. The Bottomline, poverty is the antithesis of both human rights and sustainable development. The FDRE constitution concerning land and other NRs provision needs to be amended in a way that enables human rights projects and adds to the capability of individuals and groups to fulfill their rights and define their destiny.
Conclusion and recommendation
The politics of lamentation in Ethiopia is rooted in resource grabs and past episodes. The current elites, from all indications, enjoy being the new landlords in the name of the state. Corruption and state grab are not essentially abhorred but the identity of the power wielder matters. Ethiopia is a divided society because the elites come from troubled sections of the country. Indeed, Ethiopia has synthesis in the middle part of it, especially in Shewa where most of the people reside. Land and other NRs governance in Ethiopia is a serious challenge. Politicizing land is the preoccupation of both governments and ethno-activists of the nation. Suitable land governance and property rights have never been sanctioned in Ethiopia towards forging robust tenures, functioning land administration systems, formalization, and property rights. It is high time for the nation to rethink its land and NR policy in the framework of multiple land tenure systems, robust property rights, and enabling a market system that aids the installation of a good resource governance system. The constitutional policy reconsideration must also consult environmental sustainability, the UN, and African Union Framework.
State impunity is emblematic of the Ethiopian government. Impunity is best described in the manner the government is constituted. The only real power is accumulated in the hands of the executive (few ethnic elites) who run it whimsically. This is leading the nation down the path of a slippery slope to chaos or disruption of peace and tranquility. People complain and resent corrupt practices and manifestations of such practices in their daily lives. The county's 60% of the 120 million people are under the age of 24 and are largely unemployed. Factors plaguing the nations are unemployment of youths, discriminatory job opportunities, absence of clear marks between political parties and the government, undermining the private economic sector, corruption, usurping government jobs for ethnic-party goals, and abuses & absence of rule of law. These are factors that are being exploited for political mobilization and politics of lamentation spiraling to conflict and war. The government is well advised to change and reform. The power circles must be able to see beyond factionalism, ethnicity, and short-lived political gains. The following needs to be taken seriously:
Ethiopia needs to encourage multiparty politics and allow different voices in the parliament so that the policies and laws will be deliberated upon well before it is enacted. The upper house (HF) needs to be given law-making power thereby bringing about a bicameral law-making process and abating the party influence in the lower house. The judiciary needs to be independent and must also be an independent body via its ruling which uphold rights than deny them the same. Besides, institutions of rule of law need to come out strong and be truly independent to ensure good governance and accountable government. The press must also be encouraged than being stifled to bring about good governance. Above all institutions of rule of law, property rights, and transparency must be strengthened and professionalized against politicization and manipulation.
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Brexit - Press releases
Immigration is about more than Brexit
Business leaders called for calm on today's migration figures, saying the subject was much broader than just the issue of whether Britain stays in the EU. Seamus Nevin, Head of Employment and Skills at the Institute of Directors, said:
"The public is being very poorly served by the current level of the debate on immigration in this country. Let's remember why people come here in the first place – because the UK is one of the best performing economies in Europe and businesses are creating lots of jobs. Employment is at a record high, and there are big skills gaps that employers cannot fill domestically. Despite the overblown rhetoric that today's figures have sparked, the actual numbers have not changed much in the last year.
"It is important to take a step back and remind ourselves immigration is a much broader question than just the EU referendum. If Britain voted for Brexit, there would still be a big skills gap, especially in areas which require science, maths or engineering degrees, where we just don't have enough UK graduates. Neither side of the referendum debate has adequately addressed the question of what the migration rules should look like after 23 June.
"It is clear we need a migration policy fit for the 21st Century. The IoD has called for a Comprehensive Immigration Review to allow for clear headed thinking on future migration policy and to examine this issue, in all its complexity, away from the separate issue that is the EU debate."
Tags Brexit Skills and employment

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Govt decides to recover money from Nawaz, Zardari in one month: Murad
by Web Desk January 29, 2020
ISLAMABAD: Federal Minister for Communications Murad Saeed has said the federal cabinet decided to recover money of undue expenditures from former prime minister Nawaz Sharif and president Asif Ali Zardari within a month.
"If they fail to submit the amount to the government, legal action will be taken against them," Murad Saeed said while briefing media on cabinet meeting in Islamabad. He was flanked by Special Assistant to Prime Minister on Information and Broadcasting Dr Firdous Ashiq Awan.
He said the previous governments burdened the country with huge debt as they plundered national wealth on their personal gains. He said a loan of 24,000 billion rupees was taken during the tenures of Nawaz Sharif and Asif Ali Zardari. He said national institutions were pledged to take loans.
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Murad Saeed said the Sharif Brothers had established five camp offices apart from CM Office while former president Zardari had set up three camp offices. The family installed barbed wire at a cost of 270 million rupees from national exchequer at their residence. He said 2,753 police personnel were dedicated for the security of the Sharif family.
Speaking on this occasion, Firdous said Prime Minister Imran Khan had vowed to tackle profiteers and hoarders with iron hands who were responsible for bringing inflation in the country.
She said at the outset of the meeting the prime minister vowed to take every step to provide relief to the people who were facing the brunt of inflation.
Imran Khan also directed Ministry of National Food Security and related organizations to take all out measures for supply of edible items to people. He said action would be taken against those responsible for recent flour crisis in the light of recommendations of investigative report.
The special assistant said the cabinet discussed the issue of appointment of new Sindh inspector general of police and it was decided to appoint a person for this top slot with consultation. Prime Minister Imran directed Sindh Governor Imran Ismail to hold consultation with provincial chief minister regarding names put forth for the appointment of IG Sindh.
Tags: govt money Murad Nawaz one month Zardari
Death toll in Afghanistan cold snap rises
The FIFA World Cup 2022 – All the money that went behind the most successful tournament
The FIFA World Cup 2022 – The details of all the money spent on the most successful sporting tournament of
PM House staff leaked audios for money: Rana Sanaullah
Federal Interior Minister Rana Sanaullah claimed that the audio leaks controversy, which compromised the cyber security of the Prime Minister
Man gives fiancée Dh350,000 for their wedding party, later discovers she's already married
An Arab woman tricked her fiancee and took Dh350,000 for the wedding preparations. Later the man found that his fiancee


The Kashmir dispute is the oldest unresolved international conflict in the world today. Pakistan considers Kashmir as its core political dispute with India. So does the international community, except India.
India's forcible occupation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 is the main cause of the dispute. India claims to have 'signed' a controversial document, the Instrument of Accession, on 26 October 1947 with the Maharaja of Kashmir, in which the Maharaja obtained India's military help against popular insurgency. The people of Kashmir and Pakistan do not accept the Indian claim. There are doubts about the very existence of the Instrument of Accession. The United Nations also does not consider Indian claim as legally valid: it recognizes Kashmir as a disputed territory. With the exception of India, the entire world community recognizes Kashmir as a disputed territory. The fact is that all the principles on the basis of which the Indian subcontinent was partitioned by the British in 1947 justify Kashmir becoming a part of Pakistan: the State had majority Muslim population, and it not only enjoyed geographical proximity with Pakistan but also had essential economic linkages with the territories constituting Pakistan.


text:
› Solutions › Pharmacy Compounding
Although compounding may occur in different settings, it is most commonly done in pharmacies. Compounding in general is a practice where a licensed pharmacist, a licensed physician, or in the case of an outsourcing facility, a person under the direct supervision of a licensed pharmacist, combines, mixes, or alters the ingredients of a drug to create a sterile or non-sterile preparation tailored to the needs of individual patients.
These are usually provided when an FDA-approved drug is not medically suitable for the treatment of a patient. Example of which can be when someone is allergic to a certain dye and needs a medication to be made without it. Another scenario would be of an elderly patient or a child who is unable to swallow a tablet or capsule, hence requiring a medicine in a liquid dosage form.
Compounded drugs serve an important medical need for patients, but at the same time may present certain risks as they do not have the same safety, quality, and efficacy validation as compared to approved drugs.
Drugs compounded in outsourcing facilities are subject to current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) requirements. While, drugs compounded by a licensed pharmacist in a state-licensed pharmacy, or federal facility, or by a physician, in accordance with the conditions of section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), are exempt from compliance with CGMP requirements; however, these facilities can still be subject to less stringent quality standards set per state.
Regardless of where compounding occurs (e.g., pharmacy, outsourcing facility, physician's office), these drugs must not be prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions. Poor compounding practices can cause serious drug quality problems, such as contamination or dispensing of medications that do not possess the strength, quality, and purity that the drugs are supposed to have; these factors can then lead to serious patient injury and death.
Esco Pharma provides specialist services, equipment packages, and process solutions from our core platform products. Together with its wide range of innovative and turnkey solutions, backed with its four (4) core technologies, Esco Pharma enables various industries such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals to comply with the internationally accredited GMP, as well as, industrial, environmental, and health and safety standards.
Morrow, T. & Felcone, L. (2004). Defining the difference: What Makes Biologics Unique. Biotechnology Healthcare, 1(4), 24-26, 28-29. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564302/
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER). Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/center-biologics-evaluation-and-research-cber
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018). What are "Biologics" Questions and Answers. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/FDAWhatAreBiologics
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Biological Product Definitions. Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Biological-Product-Definitions.pdf
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). CDER World: Biologics Review. Retrieved from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cderworld/index.cfm?action=newdrugs:main&unit=3&lesson=1&topic=1
» By Application
» Drug Segment
» Drug Dosage Form
» By Hazard
» By Packaging
» By Drug Development Process
» By Drug Preparations
Compounding Facilities
Pharmacy Compounding Categories
Levigation
Weighing and Dispensing


text:
package info.naiv.lab.java.jmt.infrastructure;

import info.naiv.lab.java.jmt.infrastructure.annotation.ServicePriority;
import java.util.Objects;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.contains;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsInAnyOrder;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.empty;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasItem;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.not;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.notNullValue;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.nullValue;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.sameInstance;
import org.junit.After;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order;

/**
 *
 * @author enlo
 */
public abstract class AbstractServiceContainerTest {

    /**
     *
     */
    @Before
    public void setUp() {
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    @After
    public void tearDown() {
    }

    /**
     * Test of id method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testId() {
        ServiceContainer first = createContainer();
        ServiceContainer second = createContainer();
        assertThat(first.id(), is(notNullValue()));
        assertThat(second.id(), is(notNullValue()));
        assertThat(first.id(), is(not(second.id())));
    }

    /**
     * Test of registerService method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testRegisterService_3args() {

        TestServiceImpl1 service = new TestServiceImpl1(1);
        AbstractServiceContainer container = createContainer();

        int size = container.connections.size();

        ServiceConnection first = container.registerService(2, service, Tag.of(1));
        assertThat(first, is(notNullValue()));
        assertThat(first.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(first.getTag(), is(new Tag(1)));
        assertThat("p1", first.getPriority(), is(2));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) first)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 1));

        ServiceConnection second = container.registerService(2, service);
        assertThat(second, is(not(sameInstance(first))));
        assertThat(second.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(second.getTag(), is(Tag.NONE));
        assertThat("p2", second.getPriority(), is(2));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) second)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 2));

        ServiceConnection third = container.registerService(4, service, Tag.of(2));
        assertThat(third, is(not(sameInstance(first))));
        assertThat(third.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(third.getTag(), is(new Tag(2)));
        assertThat("p3", third.getPriority(), is(4));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) third)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 3));

        ServiceConnection forth = container.registerService(service, Tag.of(1));
        assertThat(forth, is(sameInstance(first)));
        assertThat(forth.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(forth.getTag(), is(new Tag(1)));
        assertThat("p4", forth.getPriority(), is(1));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 3));

        first.close();
        assertThat(container.connections, is(not(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) first))));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) second)));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) third)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 2));
    }

    /**
     * Test of registerService method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testRegisterService_Object() {
        TestServiceImpl1 service = new TestServiceImpl1(1);
        AbstractServiceContainer container = createContainer();

        int size = container.connections.size();

        ServiceConnection first = container.registerService(service);
        assertThat(first, is(notNullValue()));
        assertThat(first.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(first.getTag(), is(Tag.NONE));
        assertThat(first.getPriority(), is(1));

        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) first)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 1));

        ServiceConnection second = container.registerService(service);
        assertThat(second, is(sameInstance(first)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 1));

        first.close();
        assertThat(container.connections, is(not(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) first))));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size));
    }

    /**
     * Test of registerService method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testRegisterService_Object_Tag() {

        TestServiceImpl1 service = new TestServiceImpl1(1);
        AbstractServiceContainer container = createContainer();

        int size = container.connections.size();

        ServiceConnection first = container.registerService(service, Tag.of(1));
        assertThat(first, is(notNullValue()));
        assertThat(first.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(first.getTag(), is(new Tag(1)));
        assertThat(first.getPriority(), is(1));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) first)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 1));

        ServiceConnection second = container.registerService(service);
        assertThat(second, is(not(sameInstance(first))));
        assertThat(second.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(second.getTag(), is(Tag.NONE));
        assertThat(second.getPriority(), is(1));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) second)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 2));

        ServiceConnection third = container.registerService(service, Tag.of(2));
        assertThat(third, is(not(sameInstance(first))));
        assertThat(third.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(third.getTag(), is(new Tag(2)));
        assertThat(third.getPriority(), is(1));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) third)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 3));

        ServiceConnection forth = container.registerService(service, Tag.of(1));
        assertThat(forth, is(sameInstance(first)));
        assertThat(forth.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(forth.getTag(), is(new Tag(1)));
        assertThat(forth.getPriority(), is(1));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 3));

        first.close();
        assertThat(container.connections, is(not(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) first))));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) second)));
        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) third)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 2));
    }

    /**
     * Test of registerService method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testRegisterService_int_Object() {
        TestServiceImpl1 service = new TestServiceImpl1(1);
        AbstractServiceContainer container = createContainer();

        int size = container.connections.size();

        ServiceConnection first = container.registerService(2, service);
        assertThat(first, is(notNullValue()));
        assertThat(first.getContainer(), is(sameInstance((ServiceContainer) container)));
        assertThat(first.getTag(), is(Tag.NONE));
        assertThat(first.getPriority(), is(2));

        assertThat(container.connections, is(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) first)));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 1));

        ServiceConnection second = container.registerService(3, service);
        assertThat(second, is(sameInstance(first)));
        assertThat(second.getPriority(), is(3));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size + 1));

        first.close();
        assertThat(container.connections, is(not(hasItem((AbstractServiceConnection) first))));
        assertThat(container.connections.size(), is(size));
    }

    /**
     * Test of resolveService method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testResolveService_Class() {
        TestServiceImpl1 s1 = new TestServiceImpl1(1);
        ServiceContainer container = createContainer();

        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class), is(nullValue()));

        container.registerService(s1);
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class), is(sameInstance((TestService) s1)));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class), is(sameInstance((TestService1) s1)));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class), is(nullValue()));

    }

    /**
     * Test of resolveService method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testResolveService_Class_Tag() {
        TestServiceImpl1 s1 = new TestServiceImpl1(1);
        ServiceContainer container = createContainer();

        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class, Tag.of(1)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class, Tag.of(1)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class, Tag.of(1)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class, Tag.of(2)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class, Tag.of(2)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class, Tag.of(2)), is(nullValue()));

        container.registerService(s1);
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class), is(sameInstance((TestService) s1)));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class), is(sameInstance((TestService1) s1)));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class, Tag.of(1)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class, Tag.of(1)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class, Tag.of(1)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class, Tag.of(2)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class, Tag.of(2)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class, Tag.of(2)), is(nullValue()));

        container.registerService(s1, Tag.of(1));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class), is(sameInstance((TestService) s1)));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class), is(sameInstance((TestService1) s1)));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class, Tag.of(1)), is(sameInstance((TestService) s1)));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class, Tag.of(1)), is(sameInstance((TestService1) s1)));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class, Tag.of(1)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class, Tag.of(2)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService1.class, Tag.of(2)), is(nullValue()));
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService2.class, Tag.of(2)), is(nullValue()));

    }

    /**
     * Test of resolveService method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testResolveService_Class_priority() {
        TestServiceImpl1 s1 = new TestServiceImpl1(1);
        TestServiceImpl1 s2 = new TestServiceImpl1(2);
        TestServiceImpl1 s3 = new TestServiceImpl1(3);

        {
            ServiceContainer container = createContainer();
            container.registerService(1, s1);
            container.registerService(2, s2);
            container.registerService(3, s3);
            assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class), is(sameInstance((TestService) s1)));
        }
        {
            ServiceContainer container = createContainer();
            container.registerService(2, s1);
            container.registerService(1, s2);
            container.registerService(3, s3);
            assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class), is(sameInstance((TestService) s2)));
        }
        {
            ServiceContainer container = createContainer();
            container.registerService(3, s1);
            container.registerService(2, s2);
            container.registerService(1, s3);
            assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class), is(sameInstance((TestService) s3)));
        }

    }

    /**
     * Test of resolveService method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testResolveService_Class_priority2() {
        TestService s1 = new TestAnnotatedServiceImpl1();
        TestService s2 = new TestAnnotatedServiceImpl2();

        ServiceContainer container = createContainer();
        container.registerService(s1);
        container.registerService(s2);
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class), is(sameInstance(s2)));

    }

    /**
     * Test of resolveService method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testResolveService_Class_priority3() {
        TestService s1 = new TestAnnotatedServiceImpl3();
        TestService s2 = new TestAnnotatedServiceImpl4();

        ServiceContainer container = createContainer();
        container.registerService(s1);
        container.registerService(s2);
        assertThat(container.resolveService(TestService.class), is(sameInstance(s2)));

    }

    /**
     * Test of resolveServices method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testResolveServices_Class() {
        TestServiceImpl1 s1 = new TestServiceImpl1(1);
        TestServiceImpl1 s2 = new TestServiceImpl1(2);
        TestServiceImpl2 s3 = new TestServiceImpl2(1);
        ServiceContainer container = createContainer();

        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class), is(empty()));

        container.registerService(s1);
        container.registerService(s2);
        container.registerService(s3);
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class), is(containsInAnyOrder((TestService) s1, s2, s3)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class), is(containsInAnyOrder((TestService1) s1, s2)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class), is(contains((TestService2) s3)));
    }

    /**
     * Test of resolveServices method, of class AbstractServiceContainer.
     */
    @Test
    public void testResolveServices_Class_Tag() {
        TestServiceImpl1 s1 = new TestServiceImpl1(1);
        TestServiceImpl1 s2 = new TestServiceImpl1(2);
        TestServiceImpl2 s3 = new TestServiceImpl2(1);
        ServiceContainer container = createContainer();

        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class, Tag.of(1)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class, Tag.of(1)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class, Tag.of(1)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class, Tag.of(2)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class, Tag.of(2)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class, Tag.of(2)), is(empty()));

        container.registerService(s1);
        container.registerService(s2);
        container.registerService(s3);
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class), is(containsInAnyOrder((TestService) s1, s2, s3)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class), is(containsInAnyOrder((TestService1) s1, s2)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class), is(contains((TestService2) s3)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class, Tag.of(1)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class, Tag.of(1)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class, Tag.of(1)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class, Tag.of(2)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class, Tag.of(2)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class, Tag.of(2)), is(empty()));

        container.registerService(s1, Tag.of(1));
        container.registerService(s2, Tag.of(1));
        container.registerService(s3, Tag.of(1));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class), is(containsInAnyOrder((TestService) s1, s2, s3)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class), is(containsInAnyOrder((TestService1) s1, s2)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class), is(contains((TestService2) s3)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class, Tag.of(1)), is(containsInAnyOrder((TestService) s1, s2, s3)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class, Tag.of(1)), is(containsInAnyOrder((TestService1) s1, s2)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class, Tag.of(1)), is(containsInAnyOrder((TestService2) s3)));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService.class, Tag.of(2)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService1.class, Tag.of(2)), is(empty()));
        assertThat(container.resolveServices(TestService2.class, Tag.of(2)), is(empty()));

    }

    /**
     *
     * @return
     */
    protected abstract AbstractServiceContainer createContainer();

    /**
     *
     */
    public static interface TestService {
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    public static interface TestService1 extends TestService {
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    public static interface TestService2 extends TestService {
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    public static class AbstractTestService {

        private final long id;

        /**
         *
         * @param x
         * @param y
         */
        public AbstractTestService(int x, int y) {
            id = x * 10 + y;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
            if (obj == null) {
                return false;
            }
            if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
                return false;
            }
            final AbstractTestService other = (AbstractTestService) obj;
            return Objects.equals(this.id, other.id);
        }

        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            int hash = 5;
            hash = 71 * hash + Objects.hashCode(this.id);
            return hash;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return Long.toString(id);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    @ServicePriority(2)
    public static class TestAnnotatedServiceImpl1 extends AbstractTestService implements TestService {

        /**
         *
         */
        public TestAnnotatedServiceImpl1() {
            super(1, 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    @ServicePriority(1)
    public static class TestAnnotatedServiceImpl2 extends AbstractTestService implements TestService {

        /**
         *
         */
        public TestAnnotatedServiceImpl2() {
            super(2, 2);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    @Order(2)
    public static class TestAnnotatedServiceImpl3 extends AbstractTestService implements TestService {

        /**
         *
         */
        public TestAnnotatedServiceImpl3() {
            super(1, 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    @Order(1)
    public static class TestAnnotatedServiceImpl4 extends AbstractTestService implements TestService {

        /**
         *
         */
        public TestAnnotatedServiceImpl4() {
            super(2, 2);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    public static class TestServiceImpl1 extends AbstractTestService implements TestService1 {

        /**
         *
         * @param i
         */
        public TestServiceImpl1(int i) {
            super(1, i);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
     */
    public static class TestServiceImpl2 extends AbstractTestService implements TestService2 {

        /**
         *
         * @param i
         */
        public TestServiceImpl2(int i) {
            super(2, i);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It is truly an honor to be able to capture a couple's BIG day! There will never be a day like their wedding day and I am truly humbled to be able to be a part of it! I took this gorgeous family's pics a couple of years ago…they booked me as their photog to shoot their wedding last year! Unfortunately, due to schedule conflicts it had to be postponed a few times! SO, happy it finally worked out! This wedding was PeRFECT and absolutely GORGEOUS! The groom was very emotional this day! I will admit I cried as I captured his reaction as he saw his gorgeous bride walk down the aisle! Truly heartwarming!
I shot this beautiful wedding in EP last month! It is always amazing to see a wedding day unfold! To witness the happy married couple throughout the day. Their reactions change from time to time. The emotional roller coaster they endure in a few hours. Feeling nervous, happy, excited, anxious, and being able to capture these moments is truly an honor! Being able to share this special day in their lives. The day they will love and cherish forever and being able to capture it for them is a blessing!


text:
Legislators find common ground in reform of sex assault statutes
January 23, 2017 By cmsadmin
State Sen. Diane Sands of Missoula is among the leaders of an effort to reform Montana's sexual assault statutes. (Freddy Monares/UM Legislative News Service)
By Michael Siebert/UM Legislative News Service
HELENA – Though the 2017 Montana Legislative session has seen more than its fair share of partisan disputes, one issue has united lawmakers — reforming state law on rape and sexual assault.
The Montana Senate advanced a package of bills last week that deal with everything from the parental rights of children conceived by rape to the very definition of "consent."
"It's been a long time coming, and I really appreciate that we've kept it out of all of the politics and whatever dynamics could be out there," said Sen. Diane Sands, D-Missoula, during a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing. "We're looking at this in terms of what's really good for the citizens of Montana, and preserves public safety, while dealing with modernizing the statute."
Sands sponsored Senate Bill 29, which revises the definition of the word "consent," and eliminates the requirement that an assault involve force in order for it to be defined as rape. The bill passed its final vote in the Senate unanimously last week, and received broad support during testimony while in committee. It now moves to the House.
Sands also sponsored Senate Bill 30, which increases the statute of limitations from 10 years to 20 for sex crimes against children. The bill also passed its final Senate vote, but at a margin of 35-14.
'Careful deliberation' of the issue
Those bills, and several others, were part of a collection of bills developed during the Interim Law and Justice Committee. The committee met over the course of 18 months, specifically examining sexual assault.
The committee had the support of Montana Attorney General Tim Fox, who has named sexual assault reform as a top priority in both of his terms.
The Senate Judiciary Committee is working to reform the state's rape and sexual assault laws. (Freddy Monares/UM Legislative News Service)
"The laws right now are antiquated and don't reflect the information that's available regarding sexual assault," said Eric Sell, communications director for the Montana Department of Justice.
Sell said Fox worked closely with the committee on SB 29, and has been an ardent supporter of many other reform measures.
The committee also heard from a range of experts in the field, from law enforcement to groups that work on all aspects of domestic and sexual violence.
"We didn't want to just focus on what happens with the victim, but what happens to the perpetrators as well," Sands said. "How do we deal with people who are convicted of sexual assault?"
One of the groups involved in the committee's work was the Montana Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence. Robin Turner, the group's public policy and legal director, said the goal was to change Montana's laws to reflect a more evidence-based approach regarding sexual assault.
"People who have worked in the violence against women movement, and advocates, have known for a long time that our criminal laws do not fully encompass what happens to survivors," Turner said.
Turner said the primary goals of the coalition, and other advocacy groups, were to educate the committee on the complexities of sexual assault narratives. They informed the committee that many victims do not report their assaults, while many others do not pursue criminal litigation. One of the biggest myths they sought to dispel was that rape victims are automatically inclined to fight back against their assailants — a notion that informed the requirement of force in cases of rape.
Lawmakers who worked both on and off the committee believe that it was this intensive exploration of the subject that lent legitimacy to the bills.
"The very careful deliberation and kind of deep dive that the interim committee did on these questions enabled both very conservative Republicans and very liberal Democrats to find common ground," said Sen. Margie MacDonald, D-Billings. MacDonald did not serve on the committee, but has carried legislation pertaining to sexual assault throughout her multiple sessions as a lawmaker.
The evolution of attitude
MacDonald said the bipartisan support is perhaps the result of how attitudes surrounding sexual assault have evolved over the last few decades.
"It's not a world now where one sex can sort of get away with treating the other one just because of their gender with disrespect," MacDonald said. "People have come to appreciate that there are consequences for those kinds of attitudes."
Sen. Nels Swandal, R-Wilsall, believes that public perceptions around sex crimes have shifted in part because of the national attention on the subject. He cited the University of Montana football team's sexual assault scandal and subsequent Department of Justice and Department of Education investigations as events that increased awareness.
"You frankly wonder what young men are being taught, or where are they coming up with this idea of women," Swandal said. "And how they almost seem like they have a right to assault women."
Swandal, a former judge, sponsored Senate Bill 17, which would eliminate the requirement that convicted juveniles register as sex offenders. It passed unanimously last week as well. He repeatedly spoke in favor of Sen. Sands' bills during last Wednesday's floor debate, and is the leading Republican involved in the bills.
"Protecting victims from obvious criminal offenses, that's just never a partisan issue as far as I know," Swandal said.
Legislators believe this opinion extends to Montana at large. Sen. Cynthia Wolken, D-Missoula, is carrying her own group of bills pertaining to victim advocacy. She cited the passage of Marsy's Law, a victim's rights citizens' initiative that was voted into law last November, as indicative of Montanans' desire for advocacy.
"Voters definitely want to support victims of crime," Wolken said. "They want us, as a government and every layer of the system, to be treating them with respect and making sure that their experiences are honored, and that there is accountability in the system for perpetrators."
Michael Siebert is a reporter with the UM Community News Service, a partnership of the University of Montana School of Journalism and the Montana Newspaper Association.
Filed Under: Legislature, Politics


text:
Тонфа (, , «ґуай», ) — зброя ближнього бою, особливо добре відома як збройова складова окінавських бойових мистецтв. Має вигляд палиці з перпендикулярним руків'ям, прикріпленим на відстані однієї третини загальної довжини, що становить 38-51 см. Традиційно виготовляється з деревини червоного або білого дуба й використовується в парі. Вважають, що цей вид зброї походить або з Китаю, або з Південно-Східної Азії, де застосовується в схожих єдиноборствах.

Історія
Незважаючи на те, що тонфа зазвичай пов'язується з окінавськими бойовими мистецтвами, щодо її походження тривають суперечки. Одним з найбільш ймовірних місць походження називається Китай, хоча не виключаються і Індонезія з Таїландом. Згідно з окінавською традицією, тонфа походить від руків'я для ручних жорен. Китайська і малайська назви зброї (відповідно «ґуай» і «топанґ») буквально означають «милиця, костур», що може вказувати на походження тонфи від цього предмета. У Камбоджі й Таїланді використовується аналогічна зброя, що складається з пари коротких київ, прив'язаних до передпліч, і відома в тайській мові як «май-сок», у кхмерській — як «бокґатау». Таїландський і малайзійський май-сок часто має схожу будову з тонфою: наявне перпендикулярне руків'я. Ця зброя може бути первісним варіантом тонфи.

Прийоми
У бойовому хваті тонфа виступає за лікоть приблизно на 3 см. Є три види хватів: «хонте-моті» (природний), «ґякуте-моті» (зворотний) і «токусю-моті» (особливий). У натуральному хваті рука береться за руків'я, а довша частина древка розташовується вздовж нижньої сторони передпліччя. Цей хват забезпечує захист чи жорсткість вздовж передпліч, а також забезпечує посилення для бекфісту, ударів ліктями і кулаками. У бою тонфа може повертаючись, відкидатися вперед у хват «ґякуте» для удару чи поштовху. Майстри бойових мистецтв можуть також випустити тонфу і схопити її за древко — цей хват називається «токусю-моті». Це уможливлює використати руків'я як гак, аналогічно серпу-камі. «Токусю-моті» не є звичайним хватом, але він використовується в ката Яраґува.

Примітки

Література
 Robert Paturel, Alain Formaggio, Tonfa sécurité, Chiron éditeur, 2001. . .
Ударна зброя
Палиці
Зброя Окінави

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Downer JV Wins $450m Newcastle Contract
by Ahn Jae Wook
December 14th, 2016 10,287 Total Views
A joint venture between engineering group Downer EDI and France's Keolis has secured a 10-year contract to operate the integrated public transport system in Newcastle city, worth $450 million.
The order is the first multi-modal transport system to be contracted to the private sector in Australia and will include network planning along with operation of the city's buses, ferries, light rail and interchanges.
Keolis Downer already operates Yarra Trams in Melbourne and G:Link on the Gold Coast, and is also one of the country's bigger bus operators with operations in WA, SA and Queensland.
Earlier this month, Downer won a $1.7 billion contract to supply new passenger trains for Sydney and maintain them for 25 years, which lifted the company's shares.
The company has looked to build capability in segments such as light rail design and construction and utilities services in order to offset the decline in its contract mining business.
In September, a consortium led by Downer won a $2 billion contract to build high-capacity metro trains in Victoria as part of a consortium including CRRC and the Plenary group.
But the company also recently missed out on NSW's $2.8 billion intercity fleet rail contract, and failed in another bid to build a new light rail system in Canberra, forcing it to write off $13 million in its 2015/16 accounts.
Ahn Jae Wook has developed a strong passion for the construction and property industries, spec.....
Architects and Engineers Must Develop Effective Fee Negotiating Strategies
Hard Numbers are Reshaping Australia's Building Code


text:
Seattle Home
Going to Portland?
✊🏿 Black History Month
Seattle > Events > Visual Art
Sarah Cain
Thu - Sun, from Apr 1 - Aug 27
Henry Art Gallery University District (Seattle)
Los Angeles-based artist Sarah Cain (b. 1979, Albany, NY) paints exuberant abstractions that often extend beyond the canvas into installations, site-specific painting, stained glass, and furniture that draw from sources as disparate as Abstract Expressionism, graffiti, and pop music, and incorporate materials as diverse as fabric, sand, feathers, jewelry, crystals, and ribbons.
Cain's muscular painting embraces a strategically intuitive power that both undermines and expands our expectations of what has been historically considered "serious" abstract painting. Her color-soaked palette mixes with a wide range of found objects added to her compositions which in turn compliment her titles, which shift in reference from the sweet and mystical, created out of magic from under a rock (2017) to the erotic, Peacocking (2019), to the political, Keep it Safe and Legal (2018). Cain redefines abstraction in feminist terms as an architecture for transformative, embodied, emotive experience. In this regard her work has an explicit politics that emphatically insists on the value of feminine, queer, and other "othered" aesthetics, intentionally dismantling male-dominated art historical traditions.
At the beginning of her career, Cain made dozens of site-specific paintings in abandoned buildings. By nature, these were ephemeral works. As her practice evolved, she has continued to create massive site-specific works and preserved this impulse to treat painting seriously, but not preciously. She cuts into her canvases and embellishes their surfaces with found objects as in Braids and Tassels (2018) and installs works on the floor for viewers to walk on, like Dark Matter (2016). More recently, her desire to create and reveal space has found an outlet in the creation of elaborate works in stained glass, most notably her permanent installation at the San Francisco International Airport Hyatt Hotel, We Will Walk Right Up To The Sun (2019). This radiant, joyful kaleidoscope of an installation uses several experimental techniques to render glass painterly and transform the viewer's experience of space.
For this exhibition, the Henry commissioned Cain to create a site-specific project responding to the museum's East Gallery, which will engage the double-height space through wall and floor paintings, as well as furniture and other architectural interventions.
" (Promo Copy)
Henry Art Gallery
15th Ave NE and NE 41st St Seattle, WA 98195 Venue website
Museum Show
Six Off-the-Beaten-Path Romantic Road Trip Destinations in Washington State
For Valentine's Day or Any Time of the Year
The Best Bang for Your Buck Events in Seattle This Weekend: Jan 27-29, 2023
Fremont Soupocalypse, Explore the Outdoors Family Fair, and More Cheap & Easy Events Under $15
Your Guide to February 2023 Events in Seattle
Field to Table, Bruce Springsteen, and More Events to Know About This Month
Ticket Alert: Coldplay, Kali Uchis, and More Seattle Events Going On Sale This Week
Plus, Beck & Phoenix and More Event Updates for January 27
Where to Eat for Valentine's Day 2023 in Seattle
Lark, The Whale Wins, and More
The Top 79 Events in Seattle This Week: Jan 23-29, 2023
Ain't Too Proud: The Life and Times of The Temptations, GZA, and More Top Picks
Stay in the loop about the best things to do in Seattle every week!


text:
package volume

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

	"github.com/docker/docker/cli"
	"github.com/docker/docker/cli/command"
)

// NewVolumeCommand returns a cobra command for `volume` subcommands
func NewVolumeCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli) *cobra.Command {
	cmd := &cobra.Command{
		Use:   "volume COMMAND",
		Short: "Manage Docker volumes",
		Long:  volumeDescription,
		Args:  cli.NoArgs,
		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "\n"+cmd.UsageString())
		},
	}
	cmd.AddCommand(
		newCreateCommand(dockerCli),
		newInspectCommand(dockerCli),
		newListCommand(dockerCli),
		newRemoveCommand(dockerCli),
	)
	return cmd
}

var volumeDescription = `
The **docker volume** command has subcommands for managing data volumes. A data
volume is a specially-designated directory that by-passes storage driver
management.

Data volumes persist data independent of a container's life cycle. When you
delete a container, the Engine daemon does not delete any data volumes. You can
share volumes across multiple containers. Moreover, you can share data volumes
with other computing resources in your system.

To see help for a subcommand, use:

    docker volume CMD help

For full details on using docker volume visit Docker's online documentation.

`


text:
Q: Grep variable expansion within "find -exec sh -c" I've written a script that loops through word documents to match words within them. Below is an example that works, and finds the number 43. Following that is a script that doesn't work. All I want to do is have the number 43 as a variable at the start of my script, but it doesn't seem to expand properly. Any ideas how I can have 43 as a variable in my script rather than hard coding it?
Script that works:
find . -type f -name '*.docx' -exec sh -c '
  for file do
docx2txt "$file" 2>/dev/null - | grep -i --color "43" && printf "\033[1;32mFound in ${file}\033[0m\n"
#readlink -f "$file"
  done
' sh {} +

Script that doesn't work:
scan_var=43
find . -type f -name '*.docx' -exec sh -c '
  for file do
docx2txt "$file" 2>/dev/null - | grep -i --color "$scan_var" && printf "\033[1;32mFound in ${file}\033[0m\n"
#readlink -f "$file"
  done
' sh {} +

A: From a security perspective, you should be using export to expose variables to subprocesses through the environment, not substituting those variables into strings parsed as code (which lends itself to shell injection attacks).
That is:
export scan_var=43  ## the **only** change is to this line!

# only modifications to code below are formatting with no functional impact
# ...well, and safer printf use (to not expand format strings in filenames)
find . -type f -name '*.docx' -exec sh -c '
  for file do
    docx2txt "$file" 2>/dev/null - \
    | grep -i --color "$scan_var" \
    && printf "\033[1;32mFound in %s\033[0m\n" "$file"
  done
' sh {} +

A: sh -c forks a subprocess, where the variable isn't visible, see Charles' answer for a fix.
Another technique to get a variable into -exec sh -c is to use it as a parameter. Consider
$ var=43
$ sh -c 'echo "$var"'         # Expands to nothing

$ sh -c 'echo "$1"' sh "$var"  # Gets variable value into sh -c
43

Notice that the first parameter for sh -c after the command is used as $0 within sh -c (the name of the process).
Applied to your command:
scan_var=43
find . -type f -name '*.docx' -exec sh -c '
    scan_var=$1
    shift
    for file do
        echo docx2txt "$file" 2>/dev/null - \
            | grep -i --color "$scan_var" \
            && printf "\033[1;32mFound in ${file}\033[0m\n"
        # readlink -f "$file"
    done
' sh "$scan_var" {} +

The value of the first parameter is read into scan_var and the parameter then discarded with shift.

A: You are atempting to use a variable inside single quotes.
Adjust the grep command line:
grep -i --color "'"$scan_var"'" && ...

This will close the single-quote from your find -exec before $scan_var and start a single-quote for the rest of the code.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Where's Gaga? – Why I Didn't Like the HBO Special
May 12, 2011 by Iddo Shai·0 Comment
I was anxious to watch the Lady Gaga HBO special. So anxious that I spent the bulk of my Saturday night searching for it online. I came across a clip in which Gaga is in her dressing room, just before she takes on a sold-out Madison Square Garden for the 5th time (!).
In those 237 seconds Gaga is captured going through an emotional rollercoaster: first, bursting into tears while talking about feeling like a "loser kid in high school", she goes on to say how she "will not be destroyed" and that it's all about "being a winner" for the fans. She then wipes her tears and starts praying for god "to give her courage". The scene got cut from the HBO original broadcast which is too bad because it encapsulates everything that Gaga is doing wrong these days and all that she has to offer: Gagaism, pop clichés and lame Madonna impressions.
The show itself wasn't bad. If all you were looking for was ridiculous clothes, fierce dancers and "glittery" pop music, it was pretty enjoyable. But that's what we have Rihanna for.
Gaga sees herself as a bigger icon that offers social commentary underneath her highly stylized wardrobe. She is clearly trying to use dance music, radical fashion and the exploding celebrity culture to tell her own personal story. She has been doing that since she got famous but instead of using her two-hour special to deepen her message, she only demonstrates how shallow it is. She talks endlessly about her childhood in New York, the struggle to become an artist, her dream to perform at the Garden, her mean teachers at NYU who told her there was no way she would ever succeed and her heroes (Liza Minnelli and Marisa Tomei) who came to see her shine. It's all Gaga – over and over and over again. She pretends to make it about the fans. She goes on and on about how they should "be brave", just like she is. For Madonna that would have been a 30 second intro to "Express Yourself", for Lady Gaga it's the whole show.
Finally there is the music. I had only heard three songs from Gaga's upcoming album and was mildly impressed. You and I sounds vaguely familiar (4 Non Blondes, maybe?), Born This Way sounds like a Madonna hit and Judas sounds like an old Lady Gaga track (with an exceptionally bad video).
For someone who speaks incessantly about self-empowerment and being yourself it sure feels like Gaga's unique voice has gotten lost in her own Monster Ball.
← Young Viewers and Cord Cutting – Where is the TV market headed? Can the Web Save the Radio Star? →


Fundraisers on the left and right are salivating now that Sen. Hillary Clinton is in the race.
On the left, feminists will hail her as the reincarnation of suffragette Susan B. Anthony. On the right, conservatives will portray her as a cross between Lady Macbeth and Bonnie Parker.
Conservatives should be careful. The nonstop attacks on Bill Clinton did not keep him from winning in 1992, nor did his personal scandals prevent his re-election. Using similar smear tactics on Hillary Clinton will only turn her into a victim and win her vote.
Men can"t run against a woman the way they run against other men. Former Republican Congressman Rick Lazio learned the double standard when he challenged her in 2000 for the Senate seat. During a debate, Lazio left his lectern and invaded her personal space to make a point. Many voters saw a man trying to physically intimidate a woman.
Some conservative Web sites are already claiming Sen. Clinton will unite the Republican base like no other Democratic candidate. Maybe, but that base is too small to counter what surely will be a surge in female voters. A recent USA Today/CNN/Gallup Poll found that six out of 10 women were likely to support Clinton.
A major advantage for Republicans is that Hillary is not her husband. She is aloof and calculating, while he can be warm and engaging. We have seen his temper but we have only heard about hers. Will the public accept this kind of behavior from a woman who wants to be president?
In her videotaped announcement, Sen. Clinton ticked off the issues about which she is ticked off, because she says the Bush administration has failed to deal with them. They include health care, Social Security, Medicare and Iraq. The Bush administration has attempted to address all of these, but Democrats have blocked any progress. It"s an old political trick. You work against success and then blame failure on the president.
The Clintons have a well-oiled political machine that neutralizes people who get in the way of their pursuit of wealth and power.
Media reports speak of this being the most "diverse" presidential race ever with a woman, (Clinton), an African-American (Barack Obama) and a Hispanic (New Mexico"s Bill Richardson). But this is not ideological diversity, as all are liberals.
This race shouldn"t be about race, gender, or ethnicity, but ideas.
There has never been a campaign like the one the country is about to experience. The focus should not be on gender or any other side issue, but on who is best qualified to defend the country against its many enemies, foreign and domestic.
Look for the dirtiest, meanest and most costly presidential campaign in history in pursuit of the answer.


Russian Blonde hair is one of the most unique and exotic hair extensions on the market today. This hair has a smooth texture and has a lot of body. Our Russian Blonde can be easily curled and styled as desired. This hair has a gentle sheen and the hair pattern can easily be worn bone straight or curled to suit any hairstyle. All of our hair is 100% Virgin Hair which means no matting or tangling. All of our hair offers a natural soft texture because each bundle is collected from only healthy donors. Because all our hair is exclusive virgin quality it can be dyed and worn curly or straight.


The Fingal #MapLesotho team left Ireland and Germany on Friday with Dave Corley and myself going through Dublin and Colin from Münster. We left amidst great good wishes from our friends in Action Ireland Trust, Fingal County Council and openstreetmap IRL. For a brief few moments our planes were racing for the coast of northern Africa as seen in Colin's flight tracking tweet.
We arrived in Maseru with a fond feeling of being welcomed. On the descent in the smallish Embraer RJ135 we had an opportunity to study the landscape for all the features that we regularly map, houses, buildings, rivers, roads, tracks etc. It is very interesting to see this from a different perspective, i.e. not the static satellite image - but the vantage point on a human scale and in real life, where we could see people driving around, animals in fields and the breeze waking up a beautiful and sunny Lesotho.
We soon made our way to the Pioneer Mall for some supplies, and then straight to the Avani Maseru Hotel where we checked in and recieved another warm welcome from our old friends in the hotel, including Moshoeshoe the barman who knew we needed something cold and thanked us for visiting Lesotho in doubtful times.


Psychedelics are illegal not because a loving government is concerned that you may jump out of a third story window. Psychedelics are illegal because they dissolve opinion structures and culturally laid down models of behavior and information processing.
They open you to the possibility that everything you know is wrong.


text:
Q: My view in mvc returns different value to post action I have an model as you can see here:
public partial class AssistanceJuror
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public System.DateTime Date { get; set; }
    public int UserId { get; set; }
    public int AssistanceId { get; set; }

    public virtual User User { get; set; }
    public virtual Assistance Assistance { get; set; }
}

I have an action in my controller that returns my edit view .
   @model DomainClass.AssistanceJuror

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "View1";
    Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_LayoutIdeaOtherPage.cshtml";
}

View1

@using (Html.BeginForm()) {
    @Html.ValidationSummary(true)

    <fieldset>
        <legend>AssistanceJuror</legend>

        @Html.HiddenFor(model => model.Id)

            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Date)

            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Date)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Date)

            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.UserId)

            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.UserId)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.UserId)

            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.AssistanceId)

            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.AssistanceId)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.AssistanceId)

            <input type="submit" value="Save" />

    </fieldset>
}

    @Html.ActionLink("Back to List", "Index")

@section Scripts {
    @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryval")
}

My edit action is like this :
  public ActionResult EditExpert(int id)
    {
        ViewBag.listAssistance = new SelectList(objAssistanceRepository.ReturnAssitanceWithoutExpert(), "Id",
                                                "AssistanceName");
        AssistanceJuror t = new AssistanceJuror();

        if (objAssistanceJurorRepository.FindBy(i => i.UserId == id).Count() == 1)
        {
            t = objAssistanceJurorRepository.FindBy(i => i.UserId == id).First();
        }
        return View(t);
    }

My post
    [HttpPost]
        [Authorize(Roles = "Admin,Expert")]
        public ActionResult EditExpert(AssistanceJuror assistanceJuror)
        {

        }

Let explain my problem in edit action i return an AssistanceJuror to my view with id=5 ,but as you can see i hold the AssistanceJuror.id in @Html.HiddenFor(model => model.Id) ,but after clicking on submit button the id that is returned by view is changed to 4 .

Best regards
I change this :
@Html.HiddenFor(model => model.Id)

to this :

        @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Id)

        @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Id)
        @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Id)

And the value that appears in the textbox is 4 i mean the userid.
After executing the edit get maction my html code input values is like this :
<form action="/Assistance/EditExpert/4" method="post">    <fieldset>
        <legend>AssistanceJuror</legend>

        <input data-val="true" data-val-number="The field Id must be a number." data-val-required="The Id field is required." id="Id" name="Id" type="hidden" value="4" />

            UserId

            <input class="text-box single-line" data-val="true" data-val-number="The field UserId must be a number." data-val-required="The UserId field is required." id="UserId" name="UserId" type="number" value="4" />

            Date

            <input class="text-box single-line" data-val="true" data-val-date="The field Date must be a date." data-val-required="The Date field is required." id="Date" name="Date" type="datetime" value="8/28/2014 12:38:01 PM" />

            AssistanceId

            <input class="text-box single-line" data-val="true" data-val-number="The field AssistanceId must be a number." data-val-required="The AssistanceId field is required." id="AssistanceId" name="AssistanceId" type="number" value="4" />

            <input type="submit" value="Save" />

    </fieldset>
</form>

A: I finally found the problem .the problem was the name of the parameters :
In get method i get an id as you can see here :
public ActionResult EditExpert(int id)
    {
        ViewBag.listAssistance = new SelectList(objAssistanceRepository.ReturnAssitanceWithoutExpert(), "Id",
                                                "AssistanceName");
        AssistanceJuror t = new AssistanceJuror();

        if (objAssistanceJurorRepository.FindBy(i => i.UserId == id).Count() == 1)
        {
            t = objAssistanceJurorRepository.FindBy(i => i.UserId == id).First();
        }
        return View(t);
    }

So when the id is passed to this action  the mvc tries to match these values to your model and here is the problem the mvc tries to put the id to your model's id but in fact this value that i get is user id after changing the name of the parameter to userid the problem solved :
public ActionResult EditExpert(int userid)
{
    ViewBag.listAssistance = new SelectList(objAssistanceRepository.ReturnAssitanceWithoutExpert(), "Id",
                                            "AssistanceName");
    AssistanceJuror t = new AssistanceJuror();

    if (objAssistanceJurorRepository.FindBy(i => i.UserId == userid).Count() == 1)
    {
        t = objAssistanceJurorRepository.FindBy(i => i.UserId == userid).First();
    }
    return View(t);
}