text:
Afternoon Coffee: Puerto Rico to Feel Toll of Hurricane Maria for Months, HPE Slashes Workforce in Pursuit of Agility
- September 22, 2017 12:00 PM |
Hoda Bogdan/Adobe Stock
Hurricane Maria slammed into Puerto Rico two days ago but its effects could be felt for quite some time, CBS News reports. The death toll has risen to 13, and the island's governor said it could be without electricity for months.
Harvey and Oil
Meanwhile, the effects of Hurricane Harvey, which struck Houston nearly a month ago, are still playing out in oil markets. As the Wall Street Journal reports, U.S. oil is trading far below the global price. Nymex crude, for example, "sank to as much as $6.30 a barrel below its European counterpart, Brent—the widest gap since August 2015."
Hewlett Layoffs
Hewlett Packard Enterprise is planning to cut 5,000 jobs, or about 10% of its workforce, to reduce expenses and refocus its strategy, Bloomberg reports. The company is targeting $1.5 billion in savings over a five-year period.
"With fewer lines of business and clear strategic priorities, we have the opportunity to create an internal structure and operating model that is simpler, nimbler and faster," CEO Meg Whitman said on a call with analysts earlier in September.
Eurozone Growth
And finally, an economic update: The IHS Markit purchasing managers' index (PMI) rose this month to 56.7 from 55.7 in August, according to the BBC, pointing to strong growth heading into the final quarter of the year.


text:
Q: Next.js Image component props onLoadingComplete not working? I'm trying to get the naturalWidth and naturalHeight from onLoadingComplete props: https://nextjs.org/docs/api-reference/next/image#onloadingcomplete but its not working? Perhaps I'm doing it wrong?
I have this function:
const handleImageLoad = (e) => {
  console.log("load", e);
};

then I have this  component from next.js
<Image
  onLoadingComplete={(e) => handleImageLoad(e)}
  className=""
  src={image["data_url"]}
  alt=""
  layout="fill"
  objectFit="contain"
/>

When the image is loaded, it doesn't do anything, if I try to console log, it works, but I don't know why its not working when I'm passing the handleImageLoad
onLoadingComplete={() => handleImageLoad()}

A: Edit: Fixed in v11.1.3-canary.33

It appears that the next/image component is not invoking onLoadingComplete handler in case provided src is a data URI. (And I can see you've opened an issue here for the same.)
For now a workaround can be to use Object URLs. If you wish, you can implement this quite directly. Refer this thread or the linked questions.
If you want to keep using react-images-uploading, you can use the methods mentioned in this thread and others, to convert the provided data URI to Object URL then pass it as src to next/image. Obviously, this will be more performance heavy operation that handling the uploaded file yourself.
Here is a working example: https://codesandbox.io/s/jolly-ellis-4htdl?file=/pages/index.js
Just adding an alternative for the sake of completeness:
import { useState } from "react";
import Image from "next/image";

const IndexPage = () => {
  const [src, setSrc] = useState("");

  const handleChange = (e) => {
    setSrc(URL.createObjectURL(e.target.files[0]));
    return true;
  };

  const handleImageLoad = (e) => {
    console.log("load", e);
  };

  return (
    <>
      <input
        type="file"
        id="foo"
        name="foo"
        accept="image/png, image/jpeg"
        onChange={handleChange}
      />
      <div
        style={{
          marginTop: "1rem",
          width: 600,
          height: 600,
          backgroundColor: "blue",
          position: "relative"
        }}
      >
        {src?.length > 0 && (
          <Image
            onLoadingComplete={(e) => {
              handleImageLoad(e);
            }}
            src={src}
            alt=""
            layout="fill"
            objectFit="contain"
          />
        )}
      </div>
    </>
  );
};

export default IndexPage;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A crown is a dental restoration that completely covers the outside of a severely decayed tooth. Dental crowns can be completed in two visits. During the first visit, the tooth is prepped (shaved down) and an impression is taken. A temporary crown is placed while the permanent crown is being made. During the second visit, the permanent crown is carefully fitted and then cemented into place for a permanent restoration.
A bridge replaces missing teeth without the use of a denture or dental implant. A false tooth is held in place by being attached to a neighboring tooth. In order to fabricate a bridge, crowns are made for the teeth on either side of the space and a false tooth is placed in between the crowns, which act as supports.
Dental implants are the replacement of tooth roots in the mouth. Implants provide a strong foundation for fixed or removable replacement teeth. Dental implants, which are placed in the jawbone, are small anchors made of a biocompatible metal called titanium. The anchors begin to fuse with the bone over the course of a few months. After the fusing process, known as osseointegration, abutment posts are inserted into the anchors to allow custom made restorations such as crowns, bridges and dentures to be placed on the dental implants to complete your new smile.
In-Office Bleaching usually requires only one office visit. A protective gel or a rubber shield is placed over the gums to protect the soft tissue. A bleaching agent containing carbamide peroxide is applied to the teeth, and a laser light is then used to enhance the action of the whitening agent .
Porcelain veneers are thin pieces of porcelain used to recreate the natural look of teeth. To place a veneer, a very small amount of the original tooth enamel must be removed. Afterwards, an adhesive layer is placed between the slightly prepped tooth and the veneer. The veneer is then hardened with a curing light.
A tooth that can not be saved with restorative materials may need to be removed. Before removing your tooth, the area will be numbed with anesthesia. The tooth is then loosened using a special dental instrument known as an elevator. After it is loosened from the socket, it is gently removed by forceps, a dental instrument commonly used in dental extractions. Stitches may be necessary after the removal of a tooth.
To treat TMJ disorders, first the cause has to be identified. In less severe cases TMJ disorders can be treated with self-managed care (eating soft foods, using ice packs, avoiding extreme jaw movement) or nonsurgical treatments (anti-inflammatory medications, Botox injections, stabilization splints).


D&I offers its clients wide ranging legal services in all areas of corporate, commercial and property law as well as civil litigation, arbitration and other forms of dispute resolution. D&I's mission is to provide its clients with sound, practical legal advices, expeditiously and cost effectively. D&I is one of the larger law practices in Kenya comprising more than 30 lawyers and paralegals. It is also one of the few legal practices in Kenya which has a substantial Mombasa Office in addition to its Head Office in Nairobi. D&I Partners are some of the most experienced lawyers in their fields in Kenya and have handled many complex, ground breaking and noteworthy transactions. Over the years they have been highly rated by various legal ranking organizations and publications such as The Legal 500: Europe, Middle East and Africa, the IFLR 1000 Guide to the World's Leading Financial Law Firms and the Chambers Global Guide to Leading Lawyers.
Hamish is the Senior and Managing Partner of the Firm and is the head of the Corporate & Commercial Department. Born and raised in Kenya, he qualified as an English Solicitor and Kenyan Advocate and is one of the leading commercial lawyers in Kenya. He is also a practicing Certified Public Secretary. His legal practice in Kenya spans over 40 years and the invaluable experience gained over the years provides clients with a breadth of information and thorough advice, not only on the legal, but also commercial aspects of any transaction. Hamish's primary area of practice is commercial and corporate law. He has substantial experience of banking and commercial transactions including large business projects and major financings and privatization. He has worked on a variety of international and Kenyan projects including projects in the telecommunications, electricity, and the mining and oil sectors and has experience of concession agreements and related regulatory work.


As darkness descends the milky way appears over Stroud and Sulphur Peaks from our tent site on Peak Lake, high in the Wind River Range. This extraordinary backcountry location marks the headwaters of the Green River, the main stem of the Colorado. From here, the Green River will wind 700 miles to its confluence with the Colorado in Canyonlands National Park, UT. Night skies like this are increasingly rare - revel in the darkness. . Photo © copyright by Dave Showalter.


Stand Up 7/8 will take place the week of October 15-19! Our seventh graders will once again use a block period on either Wednesday or Thursday of that week to work with the LCHS 9-12 Bridge (peer mentoring) students. On Friday, October 19 the nationally recognized anti-bullying education team from The Ovation Company will be returning to LCHS. The seventh graders will have an assembly with keynote speaker Geoff McLachlan while the eighth grade students will participate in a new full day asset building program with The Ovation Company CEO and Founder, Stu Cabe.
There will be a parent education evening at 6:30 on October 18, 2018 in the LCHS auditorium. All adults in the district are welcome and encouraged to join us as we hear from Dr. Gold, Dr. Melissa Johnson from the Institute for Girls Development, and Geoff McLachlan from The Ovation Company. Our counselors, Allison Dalbeck and Shannon Brascia will join our school resource officer, Deputy Matejka , to answer questions from parents.
Click HERE to watch Geoff McLachlan of The Ovation Company on stage at LCHS.
LCHS 7/8 PTA, in concert with the California State PTA position on character education, supports students, teachers and staff with a week long focus on responsibility, respect, integrity, compassion, understanding, honesty, justice, empathy, perseverance and courage called "Stand Up 7/8." Stand Up 7/8 includes motivational speakers, daily activities and ongoing discussion to facilitate character education at our school.


text:
The Sergei Rachmaninoff Archive is comprised of material that documents the life and career of Russian émigré composer, pianist and conductor Sergei Rachmaninoff. While much of this Archive's primary source material dates from after his departure from Russia in 1917, and continues until his death in 1943, the Archive also contains vast documentation compiled by Rachmaninoff's sister-in-law and biographer, Sophie Satin (née Sofiia Aleksandrovna Satina), who had known the composer since his youth, and which reflects the entire span of the composer's professional and personal life. Nearly every document held within this Archive bears traces of Satin's attention, either by its arrangement – she was the first to organize it according to a coherent format – or by the copious annotations that she made to the Archive's contents.
Box 1, in the Archive, contains a copy of the fuller version of this finding aid. It provides more description of and further details about many of the materials in the Archive. It is also available to researchers in the Library of Congress Performing Arts Reading Room, and may be made available electronically by request.
Of particular significance are Rachmaninoff's own holograph music manuscript scores and sketches, representing his compositional process and creative thought during the last half of his life. These scores, listed in the Musical Scores series, include not only manuscript and published scores of Rachmaninoff's works, but those of other composers as well, reflecting the musical interests of the composer and his family members (in whose possession several of these musical scores apparently originated).
The substantial correspondence in the Archive was, according to Sophie Satin's original organizational format, divided into items written by Rachmaninoff (Correspondence by SR subseries) and items sent to him or to his wife (Correspondence to SR subseries). This arrangement has been retained in the present organization of the Archive.
Biographical documentation follows within the Writings, Official Documents, Awards, Honors, and Tributes, Programs of SR's Performances, Articles and Clippings, and Financial Papers series. Much of the material held within these series has been compiled, collected and/or arranged by Sophie Satin.
The Iconography series primarily includes original photographs and reproductions of original photographs. Reproductions of paintings, sculptures and renderings portraying Rachmaninoff, generally from published sources, are also held within this series. Its contents are arranged in chronological order (or, in the case of undated material, in approximate chronological order), and where appropriate, grouped by family relationship, place or event. Please note that additional photographs are attached to correspondence housed throughout this Archive's Correspondence to SR subseries; these may be identified by a keyword search of that subseries for the word "photograph."
The Books and Publications series consists of published textual material –books, journals and magazines, monographs and offprints, and commemorative volumes – held within the private libraries of SR, NR, Sophie Satin, the composer's daughters Irina Wolkonsky and Tatiana Conus, Irina's daughter Sophie Wolkonsky, and other family members. The contents of this series are arranged alphabetically by author's name or by publication title.
The contents of Boxes 70 through 76 represent publications that are either annotated or not otherwise held within the Library of Congress collections. The contents of Boxes 77 through 81 represent material that is unannotated and/or duplicated within the Library's collections.
The Realia series includes two small enamel pins, held within Box 4, as well as SR's desk and chair, presently on display in the Library of Congress Performing Arts Reading Room (PARR).
The Papers of Sophie Satin series consists of a discrete collection of material that was donated to the Library of Congress in 1976 by the estate of Sophie Satin (née Sofiia Aleksandrovna Satina; 1879-1975), SR's first cousin and later his sister-in-law (she was the sister of SR's wife, Natalie). Satin emigrated to the United States in 1921, and because of her professional training in botany, was, in 1942, invited to become a research associate of noted American botanist Alfred Blakeslee (1874-1954) at the Smith College Genetics Experiment Station (Northampton, Massachusetts). By 1945, Satin had been named visiting professor of botany at Smith, a position that she was to occupy for the next ten years.
Throughout her life, Satin remained devoted to preserving Rachmaninoff's legacy, pursuing an avocation as his biographer and amassing a tremendous amount of information on his life and career. Satin's decades-long research endeavors have resulted in the substantial volume of documentation held within the Rachmaninoff Archive which was created and assembled by Satin herself. The Archive's present organization is based largely on Satin's original plan.
While much of the original material found in today's Sergei Rachmaninoff Archive (largely donated to the Library of Congress by Natalie Rachmaninoff just prior to her death in 1951) is comprised of material that had been created by Sophie Satin, an additional cache of material that had been in Satin's possession was donated by her estate to the Library in 1976 after her death. Although a significant portion of this additional donation has been interfiled within the larger Archive in the years since its acquisition by the Library, other material has remained separate and distinct; it is this latter material that forms the Archive's present Papers of Sophie Satin series.
The Satin Papers consist primarily of research notes and published material relating to Rachmaninoff which was compiled by Satin over the course of her lifetime. Also included are various notes, drafts and other materials documenting the book Sergei Rachmaninoff: A Lifetime in Music (1956), a biography by Sergei Bertensson and Jay Leyda (with Satin's assistance prominently credited; drafts of this biography are in two distinct versions, designated "Draft A" and "Draft B"); copies (in English and Russian) of Satin's own autobiography; drafts of articles and lectures about Rachmaninoff; as well as biographical material collected by Satin after the death of both her sister and brother-in-law.
In addition to the fuller version of the finding aid in Box 1, Boxes 1-3 contain draft and final versions of the Archive's original organizational plan as devised by Sophie Satin; two boxes of card records, prepared by Sophie Satin, of individual items and documents held within the Archive; and a list of the contents of the Sergei Rachmaninoff Archive at the Glinka Museum, Moscow.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dreamland is a hidden object adventure game released by Big Fish Games last year. In their Daily Deal today, they're giving you the chance to pick it up again, but this time for only $2.99 if you weren't one of those many who already grabbed it when it was first released. Now, let me first say, I didn't enjoy Dreamland and, in fact, deleted it from my hard drive after only getting half way through.
It is a wonderful game with an interesting storyline but, what ruined it for me were the dark hidden object scenes with lots of teeny, tiny grainy objects to find and, of course, hidden object scenes you were expected to come back to again and again. That being said, and to give this game its due, thousands of people loved it calling it "one of the best hidden object games ever", so you just may love it too.
Dreamland is set in a deserted fun fair, populated by an evil dwarf that just wants you to venture in to the fairground where he will then steal your soul. Your little brother did just that, and now he's disappeared Your job is to get in there, figure out what's going on, find your brother and defeat the dwarf.
The game is very long, so gives you a lot of gameplay for your money and, other than the hidden object scenes, the graphics are lovely.
The puzzles too are interesting and the storyline is one of the more unusual ones around. If you enjoy a challenging hidden object game, Dreamland could be just the ticket for you and, let's face it, at only $2.99 it's worth giving it a try.
Rush to Big Fish Games, though, as the Daily Deal only runs through the end of the day on Friday.


text:
Mods for ETS 2 simulator / All trucks / World trucks / Page 7
World trucks for Euro Truck Simulator 2
Have you played enough in Euro Truck Simulator 2 and are tired of the lack of variety? Well, in this case, trucks of world manufacturers can correct this deplorable situation. If you are not up to date, then new mods are constantly being released for this game project. And this is one of the main advantages of the simulator. Thanks to modifications, ETS 2 can not get bored. If you have already made hundreds of flights on all existing vehicles by default, then it's time to add a new tractor and test it. In our category you will find more than enough trucks for Euro Truck Simulator 2 from well-known and existing manufacturers from around the world. Evaluate the capabilities of the auto industry?
Simulator ETS 2
Tow truck Scania Streamline
The Scania Streamline tow truck is implemented using a truck included in the standard vehicle fleet of the simulator. A special platform was installed on the heavy chassis, which allows transporting faulty freight vehicles. The authors adorned all this miracle of technical thought with a bright skin. In addition to the car itself, transport companies will have new tasks for towing domestic trucks and even the K-701 tractor.
All trucks / World trucks
SlawkA, МОРОЗОВ
Volvo FM13
A series of heavy trucks Volvo FM is presented in Euro Truck Simulator 2 on the tractor chassis, if desired, the player can choose the most suitable wheel formula for the intended tasks, as well as the engine or gearbox. As for accessories for external tuning, it does not sparkle with an abundance of the number of objects, however, in it you can find everything you need to give individuality and brightness to your steel horse.
AU44, Mjtemdark
Because of: Added version 6.4 for ETS2 1.35 - 1.36
The powerful American truck tractor Peterbilt 387 greatly diversifies the game world of the ETS 2 simulator, because in addition to a high-quality model, high-resolution textures were used to create it. The mod is equipped with seven engines and eight gearboxes, as well as a small set of branded spare parts for tuning. In addition, the archive contains a template for creating your own cabin coloring skin.
Ch_Vitalik, Kirilloid22, Dmitry68, Kriechbaum
Because of: Added new version for ETS2 1.35 - 1.36
Galvatron TF4
The Galvatron TF4 futuristic tractor can now be seen not only on the frames of a fantastic movie: Transformers 4, but also on the roads of virtual Europe. The truck has a brutal appearance, is designed on a chassis with a 6x4 wheel arrangement, is equipped with a large number of options for powerful engines with its own set of sound effects, several types of gearboxes and sets of original wheels.
Fabio Contier
The prototype of the Tesla Semi electric truck is still under development and testing, however, thanks to the authors of the mod, fans of Euro Truck Simulator 2 have already been given the opportunity to experience this miracle of engineering. The developers of the modification implemented the interior of the cabin with maximum detail and well-written animation, two cab options, a couple of types of tractor chassis and the same number of gearboxes.
SCS, Franck Peru, Yekko Yek, Argarwen, Andis Kreps, OveRTRucK
Volkswagen Constellation Trucks Racing
The sports version of the serial tractor under the original name Volkswagen Constellation Trucks Racing was created specifically for the Brazilian Truck Racing Championship. Based on the purpose of the truck, the authors have implemented several powerful engines from 320 to 1160 horsepower and gearboxes at 6, 12 and 16 speeds, and five colorful original skins will add brightness to the car.
Reiza Studios, FrankBrasil
The virtual representative of classic automotive technology, the Western Star 4800 truck on the tractor chassis, is made with reliable accuracy. The developers of the mod have implemented thirty-five powerful proprietary engines and six gearboxes. Carefully recreated the original interior of the driver's cabin, a set of characteristic spare parts for external tuning and a selection of unique sound effects will not leave anyone indifferent.
RTA Team, Virat, SS, Smith, Oleg Verhovodov (Fire-Blade), Mihail Verhovodov, kriechbaum, Driver Geo, Mick Brown, Tracy N Nathan Anderson, Peerke145
LIAZ 300
A Czech-made LIAZ 300 truck in the modification of the tractor starts its working life on the roads of the ETS 2 simulator. The virtual version of the truck has two types of chassis, several gearboxes and engines of different power. Of particular note is the original cabin interior with prescribed animation, an assortment of characteristic tuning accessories, a pair of signature wheels and a set of your own sounds.
Tatra T815
Czech Tatra 815 trucks are probably familiar to the older Soviet generation, since most of them were produced for the countries of the Socialist camp, including the Soviet Union. The car is implemented on the chassis of the tractor, there are many options for engines of different power and gearboxes with different gear ratios. The mod includes a classic interior with animations and additional slots for accessories.
C&C U520
Chinese trucks continue to conquer the virtual roads of the game Euro Truck Simulator 2. This time, the authors of the Celestial Empire presented a modern mainline tractor C&C U520, designed on a chassis with a 6x4 wheel formula. A pair of gearboxes, an original engine and a set of additional lighting are available. In the cabin with a characteristic interior, animation of instruments and the ability to adjust the steering wheel are registered.
作者:六顺团队_梓宁
1 ... 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ... 20


text:
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, August 1978–December 1980, Second, Revised Edition
Document 28
28. Draft Summary of Meetings1
September 5, 1978—Tuesday
President Carter President Sadat
Subject: Welcomes Sadat at helipad. No substantive conversation. Secretary Vance accompanied Sadat from Andrews to Camp David.
President Carter Prime Minister Begin
Subject: Welcomes Begin at helipad. No substantive conversation. Secretary Vance accompanied Sadat from Andrews to Camp David.
[Page 85]
Subject: General discussion of proposed Camp David scenario. President emphasized importance of the conference to all the parties. At Begin's request, the President agreed to send a personal message to Assad about the Lebanese situation.5
Memcon-Tab
Secretary Vance Defense Minister Weizman
Subject: General tour d'horizon of proposed Camp David scenario and discussion of principal issues.
September 6, 1978—Wednesday
Subject: Preliminary exchange of views on Egyptian position and how President Carter proposed to proceed during Camp David talks. Sadat told President Carter he would present a proposal for a peace framework.8
Secretary Vance Foreign Minister Kamel
Dr. Brzezinski Minister of State
U.S. Delegation Boutros Ghali
Egyptian Delegation
Subject: Preliminary exchange of views with Egyptian Delegation on Egyptian position with respect to the peace negotiations, Somalia, Libya, Chad, etc.
Memcon-Tab 3
Subject: President Carter informed Mr. Begin that President Sadat would be submitting a new Egyptian paper.
President Carter President Sadat Prime Minister Begin
Subject: First trilateral meeting. General exchange of views; Sadat presented to Begin a new Egyptian paper.
September 7, 1978—Thursday
Secretary Vance Foreign Minister Dayan
Dr. Brzezinski Defense Minister Weizman
Subject: Second trilateral meeting.
Vice President Mondale Foreign Minister Dayan
Secretary Vance Defense Min. Weizman
Dr. Brzezinski Professor Barak
U.S. Delegation Israeli Delegation
Subject: Lebanese situation; Israelis put forward a suggestion that Sinai issues remain unresolved; withdrawal problems on West Bank, etc.
1515–1600;
Secretary Brown General Tamir
Subject: Resume discussion of Israeli ideas for West Bank/Gaza settlement. Explore Israeli positions on refugee return, security/withdrawal on West Bank, settlements, Sinai air bases and authority for interim regime.
Vice President Mondale Foreign Minister Kamel
Secretary Vance Ahmed Maher
Ambassador Eilts
Subject: Discussion of Egyptian proposal.
Memcon-Tab 10
Subject: Resumption of earlier trilateral meeting.
Secretary Brown Professor Barak
U.S. Delegation General Tamir
Subject: Resumption of earlier meeting. Exploration of Israeli positions on refugee return, security/withdrawal on the West Bank, settlements, Sinai airbase, etc.
Marine Tattoo.
Vice President Mondale Dep. Pr. Min. Touhamy
Secretary Vance Hassan Kamel
Subject: Discussion of Egyptian ideas on West Bank/Gaza issues, Jerusalem and Sinai.
September 8, 1978—Friday
Secretary Brown Defense Min. Weizman
Amb. Atherton General Tamir
Asst. Sec. Saunders Mr. Rubinstein
Subject: Continuation of previous meeting. Sovereignty/ withdrawal on West Bank, settlements, devolution of authority for self-governed and related issues.
Defense Min. Weizman
U.S. Delegation Egyptian Delegation
Subject: Lengthy discussion of Egyptian concern over West Bank sovereignty issue, Israeli settlements, and Jerusalem.
President Carter attends Prime Minister Begin's Seder.24
September 9, 1978—Saturday
Sadat/Weizman meeting.
Subject: Primarily topics were Weizman's worries about Begin's rigidity, concerns about tripartite meeting among leaders having exacerbated the situation, Secretary Vance's providing some hints of the nature of the U.S. paper then in its final stages of preparation.
Ambassador Lewis Israeli Delegation
Subject: General discussion topics which had been addressed in earlier meeting with Weizman.
September 10, 1978—Sunday
Trip to Gettysburg.
Subject: New U.S. draft Framework proposal29 given to Israelis and discussed on a preliminary basis.
Memcon Tab
2130–0300 (Sept. 11)31
President Carter Foreign Minister Dayan
Vice President Mondale Defense Min. Weizman
Secretary Vance Professor Barak
Dr. Brzezinski
Subject: Detailed discussion of new U.S. Framework paper. Israelis present their objections and some redrafting based on Israeli views.
September 11, 1978—Monday
Subject: The President asked Dayan to walk from Holly to Aspen with him.
Subject: The President went over orally with Sadat the revised U.S. Framework paper.34
Asst. Sec. Saunders
Amb. Lewis
Subject: Luncheon conversation. Israeli suggestion that Sinai agreement be made more precise. Israeli suggestion that Sinai talks be pursued in parallel with broad Framework talks.
Amb. Lewis Defense Min. Weizman
General Tamir
Israeli Delegation
Subject: Possible joint Jordanian-Israeli and/or Egyptian-Israeli border patrols, nature of Israeli security requirements in West Bank, Gaza and Sinai (with briefings from Tamir's maps), potential cost of refugee resettlement in Gaza. Secretary went over quickly latest version of U.S. Framework proposal, indicating which Israeli suggestions had been accepted and which rejected.
President Carter Defense Minister Weizman
Subject: Sinai and Israeli security requirements.
Amb. Eilts Amb. Ghorbal
Ahmed Maher
Subject: Preliminary Egyptian comments on revised U.S. Framework paper. Egyptian concerns with it. They view it as retreat from previous U.S. positions. It makes no clear reference to withdrawal from Sinai and Palestinians and refugee problems inadequately treated.
Memcon—Tab 26.
Professor Barak
Subject: Sinai and handling settlements problem.
Memcon—Tab .
September 12, 1978—Tuesday
President Carter Foreign Minister Kamel
Subject: The President met Kamel and his associates while bicycling. Brief general discussion in which President Carter said he did not want Sadat to have to bear burden of West Bank. King Hussein should be absorbed into peace talks. President Carter thought Israelis will be willing to look at Egyptian suggestions.
Memcon—Tab_______.
Dr. Brzezinski Prime Minister Begin
Subject: Settlements.
Subject: Luncheon conversation. Dayan urged that as a fall-back position to avoid a breakdown, the West Bank/Gaza agreement should be separated from Sinai since the latter seemed at that point insoluble. Secretary said this would not work.
Subject: Lengthy discussion of revised U.S. Framework paper and Egyptian concerns about it. Egyptians presented written comments and suggestions on U.S. Framework paper.
Subject: Discussion of new Sinai principles based on President Carter's handwritten memo.46
Subject: Impromptu meeting at dinner. Brief exchange about Begin's insistence that he meet alone with President Carter later in the evening.
Subject: Begin discussed at length his objection to the "inadmissibility" language and to removing the Israeli settlements from the West Bank and Sinai.
Secretary Vance Prime Minister Begin
Subject: Resumed discussion of U.S. Framework paper and separate Sinai Framework concept.51
September 13, 1978—Wednesday
President Carter Prof. Barak Osama el-Baz
Subject: Lengthy drafting session on revising the overall Framework paper.53
Subject: Continuation of redrafting session on a new overall Framework paper.
Subject: President Carter called on the Prime Minister in order to express appreciation for the constructive Israeli approach during the protracted drafting session earlier in the day.
Subject: Focus on U.S. paper on Sinai.
September 14, 1978—Thursday
Subject: Obtain Sadat's reaction to the work of the joint drafting committee done on the previous day.
Ambassador Eilts Foreign Minister Kamel
Subject: Deliver U.S. draft Sinai Framework document.
President Carter Professor Barak
Subject: Discussion of new Sinai Framework paper.
Secretary Vance Prof. Barak Osama el-Baz
Subject: Further revision of overall Framework paper developed during the previous day's drafting session.
Subject: Secretary stopped by to explain the revised Framework paper to Kamel.
Subject: Continuation of tripartite drafting session; indepth discussion of revised Framework paper.
September 15, 1978—Friday
Vice President Mondale
Secretary Vance
[Page 100]
Secretary Vance President Sadat
Secretary Brown (later) Foreign Minister Kamel
Ambassador Ghorbal
Subject: Sadat explains difficulty of signing an agreement with President Carter if Begin does not also sign. Such an agreement would become the basis for further compromises in any future negotiations.
Subject: Sadat agrees to President Carter's request that the Egyptian delegation not leave that day and wait until Sunday. This will allow another effort to be made with the Israelis to obtain their agreement to the revised overall and Sinai Framework texts.
Vice President Mondale (part) Foreign Minister Dayan
[Page 101]Subject: Settlements, airfields and withdrawal from Sinai. Reiterated commitment to Israeli security and readiness to provide needed equipment.
Memcon—Tab _______.
Vice President Mondale President Sadat
Subject: Conveyed copy of handwritten letter67 of President Carter.
Vice President Mondale Prime Minister Begin
Subject: Conveyed copy of handwritten letter69 of President Carter. General discussion of status of summit and Sinai settlements issue.
Secretary Vance Nabil el-Araby
Subject: Egyptian paper71 on proposed textual changes presented.
Ambassador Lewis Ambassador Dinitz
Eli Rubinstein
Def. Min. Weizman (later)
General Tamir (later)
Subject: Discussion of Israeli proposed textual changes for overall Framework paper.
Subject: Watched Muhammed Ali/Spinks fight.
September 16, 1978—Saturday
Subject: During early morning walk, the two Presidents discussed
[Page 103]Harold Saunders Ambassador Dinitz
Amb. Sam Lewis
William Quandt
Subject: Discussion of Israeli proposed textual changes to overall Framework document.
President Carter Foreign Minister Weizman
Subject: Sinai Framework
Secretary Vance Osama el-Baz
[Page 104]Subject: Drafting framework and Sinai papers.
U.S. Delegation82 Professor Barak
Subject: Discussion of para 1(c), settlements,83 etc.
U.S. Delegation Meir Rosenne
Simcha Dinitz
Subject: Brief discussion of para 1(c) prior to Israeli side undertaking redraft of that para.
U.S. Delegation Professor Barak
Subject: Language on para 1 (c) Jerusalem exchange of ideas and minor drafting questions.
Subject: Jerusalem
Hamilton Jordan Simcha Dinitz
Subject: Jerusalem several points of Sinai agreement
Subject: Finalization of drafting changes on framework documents
Prime Minister Begin calls on President Sadat.
President Sadat calls on Prime Minister Begin.
Egyptian party helicopters from Camp David to Washington.
Israeli party helicopters from Camp David to Washington.
President Carter, President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin helicopter from Camp David to the White House.
Signing ceremony at White House of the two "framework" documents.
Source: Department of State, U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv, Principal Officer Program Files, Lot 85F104, Personal for Ambassador Lewis—Sensitive Notes 1978. Secret. Unless noted otherwise, no memoranda of conversation for the meetings listed in the summary have been found.↩
In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "Sadat, on arrival at Aspen [Lodge], emphasized that he was eager to reach agreements, total if possible, not just to establish procedures for future negotiations. He stated that Begin did not want an agreement and would try to delay as much as possible. Sadat said he would back me in all things and has a comprehensive proposal 'here in my pocket' that would include establishment of diplomatic relations and end the boycott against Israel." Carter responded: "I told him I would delay any U.S. proposals until after he and Begin explored all the differences. He said he would try to protect me by putting forward good proposals and make it unnecessary for U.S. proposals. I told him he needed to understand Begin's problems and attitudes. He seemed to be somewhat impatient of Begin, distrustful of him, determined to succeed, perhaps overly bold and inclined to acquire my partnership against Begin." (Carter, White House Diary, pp. 216–217) For Carter's memoir account of this meeting, see Keeping Faith, pp. 327–329.↩
In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "The next conversation was with Begin after his arrival—quite a different attitude. Begin was immediately interested in the techniques of Camp David discussion: times, places, how many aides at the meetings, and so forth. He pointed out that this meeting was historically unprecedented, that there had not been an agreement between a Jewish nation and Egypt for more than two thousand years." Carter responded: "I told him we three principals could not expect others to settle major issues if we couldn't, that all issues should be discussed at Camp David, and that Sadat had a concern about Begin's preoccupation with details instead of the major issues. Begin said, 'I can handle both.'" (Carter, White House Diary, p. 217) Carter also discussed this meeting, in which he described both Begin and himself as "somewhat ill at ease," in Keeping Faith, pp. 329–330. Following this meeting, Carter met with Brzezinski and Vance at the Presidential lodge. (Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 255) No memorandum of conversation of this meeting has been found.↩
For Carter's accounts of this meeting, see White House Diary, pp. 217–219, and his more fulsome account in Keeping Faith, pp. 332–338.↩
See Document 29.↩
No other record of this meeting has been found.↩
For Carter's accounts of this meeting, see White House Diary, pp. 219–220, and Keeping Faith, pp. 338–342. Following the meeting, Carter met with Mondale, Vance, and Brzezinski to discuss this meeting: "We were all concerned about Sadat's harsh opening proposal and Begin's inflexibility on all the issues. However, we were not overly discouraged, because Cy and Zbig reported a much more forthcoming attitude among the other Israelis, and I was counting on Sadat's promised concessions. (Keeping Faith, p. 342)↩
Sadat presented his proposed "Framework for the Comprehensive Peace Settlement of the Middle East Problem" to Carter at the meeting and the text is printed in Quandt, Camp David, pp. 356–360. Carter's annotated copy of this proposal is in the Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Country File, Box 53, Middle East: Camp David President's Working Papers, undated. According to Quandt, Sadat also presented three typewritten pages outlining a series of concessions he would be prepared to make in the negotiations. (Quandt, Camp David, pp. 222–223) A copy of this document is in the Carter Library, Plains File, Subject File, Box 28, Mid-East: Camp David Summit, President's Working Papers, undated. Annotated copies of the successive drafts of the Framework documents negotiated at the summit were collected by Lewis and are in the Department of State, U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv, Principal Officer Program Files, Lot 85F104, Box 1, A Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David—September 1978. Multiple, undated, annotated versions of the Sinai Framework are also in the Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Country File, Box 53, Middle East: Camp David President's Working Papers, undated.↩
See Document 30. For Brzezinski's account of the meeting, see Power and Principle, p. 255. Brzezinski noted that following this meeting, "we [Brzezinski, Vance, Mondale] then had a rather useful discussion with the Israelis. I was struck by how relatively open-minded Dayan and Weizman were." Brzezinski continued: "Dayan discussed in some detail his conversations with moderate Palestinians, and both he and Weizman indicated a willingness to discuss seriously the question of terminating additional settlements and of finding some formula that would give the Palestinians genuine self-government." (Brzezinski, Power and Principle, pp. 255–256) Although no memorandum of conversation of a September 6 meeting among Mondale, Vance, Brzezinski, and the Israelis has been found, Brzezinski may possibly be referring to the September 7 meeting printed as Document 33.↩
Reference is presumably to a brief private exchange between Carter and Begin before Sadat arrived for the afternoon meeting. (See footnote 11 below) In his personal diary, Carter wrote: "I met earlier with Begin to tell him two things: I had sent Assad a personal message calling for peace in Lebanon; and for Begin to expect a very tough proposal from Sadat and not to overreact to it. (Carter, White House Diary, pp. 220–221) Carter added that "Sadat was not yet ready for a three-three-three meeting, but that we would try to schedule one for the next morning." (Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 342)↩
According to the President's Daily Diary, Carter met with Sadat and Begin on the patio of Aspen Lodge from 2:55 p.m. to 4:37 p.m. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) For Carter's accounts of this meeting, see White House Diary, pp. 220–222, and Keeping Faith, pp. 343–345. According to the President's Daily Diary, the President met with Mrs. Carter, Vance, Atherton, Saunders, Eilts, Lewis, Brzezinski, and Quandt, at Holly Cabin from 10:14 p.m. to 11:59 p.m. on September 6. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) Of the meeting, Carter wrote: "I brought the entire American group together in my cottage to discuss the apparent damage Sadat's proposal had done. Begin was treating it as an insurmountable obstacle, and the other members of the Israeli delegation were also deeply troubled. We knew that Sadat was ready to make immediate modifications, but it seemed advisable for me to meet with all the Israelis before Begin and Sadat met again with each other, so that I could ease their concern. I asked Cy to arrange such a session." (Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 346)↩
According to the President's Daily Diary, this meeting took place in Holly Cabin from 8:30 a.m. to 10:25 a.m. on September 7. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "I made the following points: Sadat's proposal is more rigid than I anticipated; the U.S. has not been active in the preparation of either [the] Israeli or Egyptian proposal." Continuing the account, Carter quoted Begin as saying: "The document smacks of a victorious state dictating peace to the defeated. Sadat was ill-advised to submit the document—not the basis for negotiations." Carter responded: "Sadat was reiterating established Arab position." Summarizing further in an annotation to the diary, Carter wrote: "Begin then insisted on going through Sadat's paper in detail, refuting dozens of points. I tried to convince the Israelis that the Egyptian proposal included its maximum demands and to trust me and let me know what they actually needed for security and to comply with international agreements they had already been accepted. Sadat had proposed minor adjustments in the pre-1967 borders. What did Israel propose? Expansion of settlements was the crucial issue." Carter quoted Begin as stating, "I will ask Sadat to withdraw the paper," to which Carter responded: "Everyone should be free to submit anything they want. You can be equally effective by saying it is unacceptable." Begin replied, "Okay. We will not ask for withdrawal. We'll simply say it is unacceptable." (Carter, White House Diary, pp. 222–223) On this meeting, see also Carter, Keeping Faith, pp. 346–350.↩
According to the President's Daily Diary, Carter met with Begin on September 7 from 10:30 a.m. to 1:45 p.m., with Sadat joining the meeting at 10:45 a.m. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) For Carter's accounts of the "very, very bitter" discussions, which covered the Egyptian proposal, questions over the return of Sinai to Egyptian sovereignty, Israeli settlements, Palestinian self-determination in the West Bank and Gaza, the situation in Lebanon, and the status of Jerusalem, see White House Diary, pp. 223–225, and Keeping Faith, pp. 350–357.↩
See Document 33. Lewis's handwritten notes of the meeting, which bear a handwritten date of September 6, are in the Department of State, U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv, Principal Officer Program Files, Lot 85F104, Personal for Ambassador Lewis—Sensitive Notes 1978.↩
For Carter's accounts of this meeting, which again covered Sinai, including the future of the Israeli settlements and airfields there, as well as the Straits of Tiran, see White House Diary, pp. 225–226, and Keeping Faith, pp. 357–359. Carter noted that the meeting "began very stilted" and later "deteriorated," prompting Sadat to state that a "stalemate had been reached, and he saw no further reason for discussions to continue." In his personal diary, Carter wrote that he then "made an analysis of all areas of agreement and pointed out that the United States had a strong security interest in Mideast peace that could, if violated, cause a worldwide conflict." He continued: "If they were willing to reject the entire peace agreement because of some minor difference, I don't believe their people would accept it." Carter concluded by encouraging Begin and Sadat "not to break off their talks, to give me a chance to use my influence, to have confidence in me. Sadat reluctantly agreed; Begin agreed easily. We adjourned." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 226)↩
For Carter's personal diary account of this meeting, in which he quotes at length the two leaders' discussion of the course of the day's trilateral meetings as well as Sadat's desire to seek a resolution of sovereignty issues in the West Bank and Gaza, in addition to those in Sinai, see White House Diary, pp. 226–227. According to Carter's account in his memoirs, Mondale, Brown, and Vance on the U.S. side and Tuhamy, Kamel, and Boutros-Ghali on the Egyptian side also attended the meeting. (See Carter, Keeping Faith, pp. 360–363) For Brzezinski's account of the meeting, see Power and Principle, pp. 257–258.↩
According to the President's Daily Diary, the meeting took place in Aspen Lodge from 2:30 p.m. to 4:04 p.m. on September 8. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) On the origins of the meeting, Carter wrote the previous day in his personal diary: "Later [after the evening meeting with the Egyptians] I met Zbig on the path, and he pointed out that both Israelis and Egyptians were frustrated about whether any progress could possibly be made. The Egyptians are contemplating leaving because of the intransigence of the Israelis, primarily on the settlements issue. I asked them both [Begin and Sadat] if I could come to their cabin. Begin, because of protocol, said he must come to call on me. Sadat said OK." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 227) For Carter's accounts of the meeting with Begin, which covered the subject of the Israeli settlements, see White House Diary, pp. 227–228, and Keeping Faith, pp. 365–367. At the meeting, Carter informed Begin that the U.S. delegation would present a comprehensive proposal for agreement to both the Israeli and Egyptian delegations.↩
According to the President's Daily Diary, the meeting took place in Dogwood Cabin from 4:08 p.m. to 4:52 p.m. on September 8. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) At the meeting, Carter informed Sadat that the U.S. delegation intended to work out the text of a proposed draft agreement the following day. For Carter's accounts of the meeting, see White House Diary, pp. 228–229, and Keeping Faith, pp. 368–369.↩
Reference is to the attendance of President and Mrs. Carter at a Jewish Sabbath evening meal with the Israeli delegation at Hickory Cabin from 7:07 p.m. to 8:50 p.m. on September 8. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials, President's Daily Diary) In his personal diary, the President noted that Begin had invited the Carters to attend the meal at the end of their September 8 afternoon meeting. (Carter, White House Diary, p. 228) In his memoirs, Carter reflected on the event: "That evening Rosalynn and I had a delightful time with the entire Israeli delegation, enjoying a delicious kosher meal and trying to join in the robust singing. The Israelis seemed carefree and lighthearted, in a completely different mood from the attitude during our discouraging negotiations. Although no concessions had been made and there was no tangible basis for any optimism, I was much more encouraged as we returned to our cabin." (Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 369)↩
No memorandum of conversation of this meeting has been found.↩
Ibid.↩
For Carter's accounts of this meeting, which included a "heated discussion" between the two leaders about the language in United Nations Resolution 242, see White House Diary, p. 230, and Keeping Faith, pp. 372–374.↩
This meeting was scheduled, but not held. Following his meeting with Begin, Carter reported its substance to Sadat and the two decided to reschedule their meeting to discuss the U.S. Framework draft for the following morning. (Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 374) See footnote 33 below.↩
For Carter's account of this meeting, which covered the applicability of United Nations Resolution 242, navigation in the Straits of Tiran, the definition of "Palestinian," political and military control over the West Bank, Palestinian self-government, the right of return of Palestinian refugees, and the status of Jerusalem, see Keeping Faith, pp. 375–378, and White House Diary, p. 230. For Brzezinski's version of the "heated and prolonged discussion," see Power and Principle, pp. 260–261. At the meeting a new version of the U.S. Framework paper was presented to the Israelis for their comments. A copy of this September 10 version, bearing comments presented by the Israeli delegation at 8 a.m. the following morning, is in the Department of State, Office of the Secretariat Staff, Cyrus R. Vance, Secretary of State—1977–1980, Lot 84D241, Box 5, Middle East Talks—Pre May 1979. Vance also kept a "master" copy of this version, upon which decisions to accept or reject Israeli decisions on the draft were recorded. A copy of this version is ibid.↩
On this meeting, Carter wrote in his personal diary: "At 3:00 in the morning, I asked Dayan to walk with me. I described the problem: that Begin was unreasonable and the obstacle to peace; that I had doubts about his commitment to an agreement. I asked Dayan to help me with these phrases when the Israelis meet again. Dayan told me that the question of Sinai settlements was the most serious. I told him I would bring this up with Sadat, but I didn't think there was any chance for success." Carter further commented: "Dayan is a levelheaded, competent person, and if he or Weizman were prime minister, we could long ago have reached a resolution. It's becoming clearer that the rationality of Begin is in doubt." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 231) See also Carter, Keeping Faith, pp. 378–379, and Dayan Breakthrough, p. 156.↩
For Carter's accounts of this meeting, see White House Diary, p. 231, and Keeping Faith, pp. 379–380.↩
A revised version of the Framework document, dated September 11 and produced based on the Israeli proposals of September 10, was presented to Sadat at this meeting. A copy of this revised version is in the Department of State, Office of the Secretariat Staff, Cyrus R. Vance, Secretary of State—1977–1980, Lot 84D241, Box 5, Middle East Talks—Pre May 1979.↩
For Carter's accounts of this meeting, see White House Diary, p. 232, and Keeping Faith, p. 381. In his personal diary, Carter noted that during the meeting Vance telephoned "to say that the Egyptians requested a twelve-hour delay so Sadat could spend more time with his advisors. This is a bad sign." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 232)↩
In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "I found Dayan to be a little more optimistic but willing to accept failure rather than yield completely on the Sinai settlements because of political considerations in Israel. This also would set a precedent for full withdrawal on the Golan Heights. This is what we've long suspected, but the Israelis have never admitted any of these things. I guess it is a sign that they now are more trustful of us.
"I outlined to them the consequences of failure. They informed me that Begin was not going to reject the paper out of hand but would have several levels of action: acquiescence in an issue; approve it, but get cabinet and Knesset confirmation; disapprove it, but let the Knesset make the ultimate decision. Dayan suggested I proceed with a proposal Sadat might accept. At least it would clarify the issue." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 232) See also, Keeping Faith, pp. 382–383.
According to the President's Daily Diary, Carter met members of the Egyptian delegation enroute while bicycling. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) No specific time for these encounters is given.↩
For Carter's accounts of this meeting, which covered regional security, as well as the draft Framework document, see White House Diary, pp. 232–234, and Keeping Faith, pp. 383–385. During their exchange, Carter informed Sadat that the United States would formally propose that Israeli settlements in the West Bank "should not be expanded or the number increased." Moreover, he informed him, "we had to delay some questions: permanent borders in the West Bank; permanent status of the Palestinian Arabs; permanent status of Jerusalem. Palestinian Arabs might after five years—if there was a genuine self-government and genuine autonomy—prefer, with Israeli and Jordanian withdrawal, to keep the interim government intact. He [Sadat] said he would keep an open mind about it and accept that possibility in the language to be drafted." (Carter, White House Diary, pp. 233–234) Following this meeting, Carter reported on these discussions in a meeting with members of the U.S. delegation. (Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 263) Carter then returned to his cabin and "looked again at the detailed maps of the Middle East I had been studying for the last few months. All of a sudden, I felt fairly confident that I could get both leaders to agree to a general proposal that could resolve all the long-term differences concerning the Sinai, and also provide the basis for a future treaty between the two nations. The only exception was the Israeli settlements, which remained a crucial problem. Within about a half hour, I had jotted down my thoughts on a yellow pad." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 234)↩
No memorandum of conversation of this meeting has been found. For Brzezinski's account of this meeting, during which Begin stated that his "right eye will fall out, my right hand will fall off before I ever agree to the dismantling of a single Jewish settlement," see Power and Principle, p. 263.↩
In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "I went over and met with Sadat. I only had a rough scratch copy of my concept. [See footnote 40 above] He read it over carefully and made only two suggestions for changes, involving the width of the demilitarized zone and the delay in implementation of the agreement after it was concluded. I agreed to have it typed up, make one copy, and let him look it over before it was submitted to the Israelis. The meeting lasted fifteen minutes." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 234)↩
No record of the substance of this meeting has been found.↩
In his personal diary, Carter noted Begin's suggestion to meet that evening: "I tried to induce him to wait until tomorrow after the drafting session, but he insisted." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 234)↩
For Carter's accounts of this meeting, see White House Diary, pp. 234–235, and Keeping Faith, pp. 385–387.↩
For Carter's accounts of the lengthy Framework re-drafting sessions, September 13, see White House Diary, pp. 235–236, and Keeping Faith, pp. 387–388.↩
An annotated copy of the September 11 version of the Framework, prepared for the September 13 re-drafting sessions is in the Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Country File, Box 53, Middle East: Camp David President's Working Papers, undated. A September 12 "early master draft" version, annotated to indicate Israeli and Egyptian redrafting is ibid.↩
For Carter's accounts of this meeting, see White House Diary, p. 236 and Keeping Faith, p. 388.↩
In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "I walked for an hour with Sadat. I complained about the adamant attitude the Egyptians had taken yesterday, and asked Sadat to be more flexible on the West Bank and Gaza. We discussed the questions of Jerusalem and self-determination. I reminded him that we had worked this out together at Aswan, and he said it could be in the implementing section of the agreement. He was interested in having an international highway connect the Sinai and Jordan near Eilat and was willing to have the Etzion air base used for the supply of Eilat so long as it was operated by the Egyptians and not the Israelis." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 236) On this meeting, see also, Keeping Faith, pp. 389–390.↩
In his memoirs, Carter wrote of this meeting: "When I returned from the walk [with Sadat], Barak was waiting for me. He was still encouraged about the positive attitude prevailing among Begin and the other Israelis. He suggested that I discuss the Sinai questions with Dayan, who was more knowledgeable than he about the subject." (Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 390)↩
In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "Later, Dayan and Weizman came by. We discussed the entire Sinai question. It ultimately resolved into the same subject—the settlements near Gaza. I told them I would draft language letting this be a matter open for negotiation, to be resolved during the three-month period." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 236)↩
During this meeting, Carter presented Sadat with a new draft of the Sinai Framework document. Sadat "immediately responded that there were preconditions: the airfields not being used for military purposes, and the settlements. He would negotiate when—not if—the settlements should be withdrawn." Carter "discussed with him the procedure to be followed if the Israelis won't agree on the settlements issue in the Sinai, and he said he would like to sign the document anyway, because it described his proposal. (Carter, White House Diary, p. 236) Also see Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 390. For the text of this revised version of the Sinai Framework, see footnote 55 above.↩
No other record of this tripartite drafting session, or of the two drafting sessions involving Vance which followed, havebeen found. The same afternoon, according to the President's Daily Diary, Carter met with Dayan from 2:46 p.m. to 3:01 p.m. in Aspen Lodge. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) Of this meeting, Carter wrote: "I went to ask Dayan how we could best end the deadlocked talks, and he said he preferred a paper that would list each paragraph, with the differences delineated side by side." (Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 390)↩
According to the President's Daily Diary, this meeting took place in Aspen Lodge from 10:30 a.m. to 11:21 a.m. on September 15. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) No other record of this meeting has been found. In his memoirs, Carter wrote that Dayan reported "that he and Sadat had just concluded an unsatisfactory meeting. It had been arranged by Weizman in hopes that the two men might find some basis for continuing the talks." (Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 391)↩
No memorandum of conversation of this meeting has been found. In his memoirs, Vance wrote of this meeting: "Friday, September 15, was a fateful day. That morning I received word from Sadat that he wanted me to come and see him in his lodge. When I saw him, his face was clouded and his mood somber. He was clearly deeply troubled, and not his warm and empathetic self. He asked me to sit down and then told me he had decided he must go home, as there was no hope that we could achieve an agreement. I struggled to persuade him to stay, stressing the importance of our task and our responsibility to our peoples and to world peace. I asked him to remember that it was his courageous initiative that in large part had made it possible for us to be here at all, and that history would treat us harshly if we failed. I urged Sadat to think about what I had said while I went at once to inform President Carter." (Vance, Hard Choices, p. 224) Following the meeting, Vance walked to Aspen Lodge, where he informed Carter of the discussion. Carter noted in an annotation to his personal diary, "This was one of the worst moments of my life." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 237)↩
According to the President's Daily Diary, this meeting took place in Dogwood Cabin from 12:07 p.m. to 12:36 p.m. on September 15. For Carter's accounts of this meeting, in which the President persuaded Sadat to remain at Camp David and continue the negotiations, see White House Diary, pp. 237–238, and Keeping Faith, pp. 392–393. Despite Sadat's agreement, Carter noted that the U.S. delegation continued to prepare "failure plans" should the talks fail to produce an agreement by Sunday. He added: "But I did not want to give up. That afternoon and evening I went over the proposals—the Framework and the Sinai document—with Vance and Mondale. (Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 393) Quandt wrote that Carter had tasked him with preparing a speech announcing the failure of the talks. (Quandt, Camp David, p. 240) Brzezinski's handwritten note to Quandt, outlining the points to include in the speech, including the U.S. role and interest in securing Middle East peace and areas of agreement achieved is in the Papers of William B. Quandt, Private Collection.↩
No memorandum of conversation of this meeting has been found. The exact time of the meeting, here rendered incorrectly as "1975," has also not been found.↩
Reference is possibly to an undated Egyptian paper titled "Amendments on the U.S. Proposal for A Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David," in the Department of State, Office of the Secretariat Staff, Cyrus R. Vance, Secretary of State—1977–1980, Lot 84D241, Box 5, Middle East Talks—Pre May 1979.↩
For Lewis's handwritten notes of the meeting, see Document 52.↩
For Weizman's account of this meeting, in which he "made one more effort to soften" Sadat with regard to the Israeli settlements in Sinai, see The Battle for Peace, pp. 369–370.↩
Carter discussed this meeting in White House Diary, p. 238, and Keeping Faith, pp. 393–394. Before the start of the boxing match, Carter and Mondale discussed the negotiations with Sadat: "I [Carter] recapitulated the situation in Fritz's [Mondale's] presence, to make sure that all of us had the same understanding of the terms under which we would work for the last few crucial hours.
"I said, 'Sadat has been the linchpin in the negotiations. Provided the rights of the Palestinians are protected, I have maximum flexibility on the West Bank and Gaza. In Sinai, we must preserve the integrity of sovereignty and land. We are determined to put together a document that we can both sign, and we're still hopeful that Prime Minister Begin will be willing to sign it too. If not, then my hope is that the only remaining issue will be the Israeli settlements on Egyptian territory.'" "Sadat agreed, which reconfirmed his promise to me earlier that day." (Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 393)
In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "I got up early and listed all the things that the Israelis could possibly use as arguments on the Sinai document, and then went for a walk with Sadat. I told him that I needed him to give me some flexibility on the Sinai settlements. He said he would be willing to accept UN forces in the settlements area, agree not to dismantle the settlements, be flexible on the time of withdrawal of Israeli settlers—but he could not be flexible on the principle of their withdrawal." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 238) See also Keeping Faith, p. 394.↩
For Lewis's handwritten notes of the meeting, see Document 53. In his memoirs, Dayan described the meeting as focused on the "contentious Article which dealt with the Palestinian issue." "After comparing our proposed formula with theirs," he wrote, "I explained that in our view there should be a clear distinction between the principles which should serve as a negotiating basis for autonomy for the Arabs of the territories, and the basis for any future negotiations with Jordan which should have as its objective a peace treaty with that country." Dayan continued, "Vance said the Americans held a different position, but it seemed to have been arrived at for practical considerations rather than for reasons of principle. It was impossible, he said, to reach agreement with the Egyptians over autonomy if it applied only to people and not to boundaries." He noted: "Each side kept explaining its position, and then we pulled a rabbit out of the hat—the working paper which had been produced and agreed to by the Americans and ourselves in talks that had preceded Sadat's visit to Jerusalem. In that memorandum, there was a clear distinction between the peace treaties, which were to be concluded between us and the Arab States, and the issues that were to be discussed with the Arabs in the administered territories. Vance admitted that was indeed true, but that was in the context of the proposed Geneva Conference, and since then things had changed." (Dayan, Breakthrough, p. 175)↩
Carter met with Dayan, not Weizman. In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "I decided to discuss the settlements issue with Dayan, and other matters concerning the general framework. The negotiations are primarily about whether UN 242 applies to all aspects of the discussions in the West Bank. On the West Bank settlements, he thought we could handle it with no new settlements, but that's something I would have to work out with Begin. He said that Begin felt somewhat excluded, and this evening I should meet with just Begin and Barak, since Weizman had met with Sadat this morning." (Carter, White House Diary, p. 238) See also Keeping Faith, p. 394.↩
According to the President's Daily Diary, this meeting took place on September 16 from 1:07 p.m. to 1:30 p.m. in Aspen Lodge, though it adds question marks next to the recorded times. (Carter Library, Presidential Material) In his memoirs, Carter wrote of this meeting, which followed his meeting with Dayan: "I then went to see Weizman, to find out about his meeting with Sadat. As he walked to Aspen with me, he reported that Sadat would be willing to say in the Sinai document that future negotiations would settle the issue of the Israeli settlements. I was startled, because this was not at all what Sadat had just told me. I knew that in general Ezer was an optimist, and that at Camp David, unfortunately, this attitude had rarely been justified. Weizman said he had also predicted to Sadat that the Knesset would vote to remove the settlements; Dayan had also told me the opposite." (Carter, Keeping Faith, pp. 394–395)↩
According to the President's Daily Diary, Carter and Vance met with Sadat and el-Baz at Aspen Lodge on September 16 from 4:40 p.m. to 7 p.m. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials) In his personal diary, Carter wrote of this meeting: "The meeting was constructive. I went over my draft on Sinai with him, and also the general framework. I outlined all the advantages he would derive from a success at Camp David; everything that he would lose if we failed."Carter continued: "On the Sinai, we are substantially in agreement. Sadat was willing to say 'international waterway' relating to the Strait of Tiran. He insisted that full diplomatic relations and open borders would apply only when the interim withdrawal was complete. He accepted the question of settlers by expressing the Egyptian and Israeli positions and then to let the Israelis decide—to go ahead or to fail. Sadat was in a sober and constructive mood." (Carter, White House Diary, pp. 239–240)↩
Lewis drew brackets around the words "U.S. Delegation" and drew a line through them.↩
Lewis inserted the handwritten words "freeze proposal" after this word.↩
For a brief account of this meeting, see Weizman, The Battle for Peace, pp. 373–374.↩
See footnote 3, Document 54.↩
See Document 56. See also, footnote 3, Document 54.↩
See Document 57. The President's Daily Diary records that Carter and Vance met with Sadat at Aspen Lodge on September 17 from 3:40 p.m. to 6:10 p.m.↩
See Document 57. The President's Daily Diary does not record any meeting between Carter and Begin or Barak during this time period or at any point until 8:12 p.m., when it records a one-minute telephone conversation between the President and Prime Minister. After that, the next meeting recorded between Carter and Begin is when the two men, along with Sadat, traveled to the Camp David helipad to return to Washington, at 9:34p.m. Therefore, this entry refers presumably to Carter's conversations with Barak, in person, and Begin, over the telephone, in which they discussed Begin's draft of the West Bank and Sinai settlements language, prior to Begin's meeting with Sadat.↩
See Document 57. This entry, and the entry which follows, presumably refers to the face-to-face meeting between Begin and Sadat, during which Sadat agreed to Begin's language on the Knesset vote.↩
The President's Daily Diary records that Carter, Begin, and Sadat, along with the rest of the Presidential party, departed Camp David on Marine One at 9:37 p.m. and arrived at the White House at 10:14 p.m. (Carter Library, Presidential Materials)↩
Arab-Israeli Dispute, August 1978–December 1980, Second, Revised Edition
Arab-Israeli Dispute, August 1978–December 1980 (Documents 1-413)
Constructing Frameworks for Peace: The Camp David Summit, August 8–September 17, 1978 (Documents 1-57)
Atherton, Alfred L. (Roy), Jr.Barak, AharonBegin, MenachemBoutros, Fu'adBoutros-Ghali, BoutrosBrown, HaroldBrzezinski, Zbigniew K.Carter, James Earl, (Jimmy)Dayan, MosheDinitz, SimchaEilts, Hermann F.Ghorbal, AshrafHussein I (Husayn)Jordan, HamiltonKamel (Kamil), Muhammad IbrahimLewis, Samuel W.Maher, AhmedMondale, WalterQuandt, William B.Rosenne, MeirRubinstein, Elyakim (Elie)Saunders, Harold H. (Hal)Tamir, AvrahamVance, Cyrus R.Weizman, Ezeral-Asad (Assad), Hafezal-Sadat, Anwarel-Baz, Osama
CyMemconPr.U.S.UNpara


text:
Enterprise Holdings Celebrates 25 years in Canada
Photo courtesy of WestportWiki via Wikimedia.
Enterprise Holdings, which currently operates the largest rental fleet in Canada, is celebrating its 25th anniversary in the country, the company announced.
Through a network of over 750 airports and neighborhood locations, Enterprise Holdings contributed $2.8 billion to the Canadian economy last year. The rental giant also purchased 4.3% of all new vehicles sold in Canada at a total cost of $2.3 billion.
"When we started out in Canada we faced some challenges, but our employees never compromised," StevenTudela, corporate VP of Canadian Operations, said in a press release. "That's why we've seen success in Canada for the past 25 years, and why we will continue to be leaders in the transportation industry, especially as new mobility technologies evolve."
Employing 5,400 Canadians, Enterprise was named as one of The Best Places to Work in Canada by job-finding website Indeed, and was named as one of the best employers in the Greater Toronto Area by Mediacorp Canada.
Related: Enterprise Named No. 1 Entry-Level Employer
Read more about Canada Anniversaries Enterprise Holdings


THE NATIONAL ALLIANCE Love Your Race campaign has the anti-White left on the run in Iowa and Illinois. Thousands of our simple and effective Love Your Race fliers have been distributed in Davenport, Bettendorf, Moline, and Rock Island over the last few months.
According to the WHBF news piece, the SPLC's Brooks also urged Monmouth students to "join as many social justice movements as possible, including Black Lives Matter, women's rights, LGBT, the Dreamers, and the Muslim Band." Join "the Muslim Band," whatever that is? "Join" the "Dreamers"? Really? We don't know if it's Miss Cordova, or Brooks, who's been smoking the magic mushrooms, but they must be pretty powerful.
Heck yea! What an awesome example the Alliance members in the Quad Cities are setting. Very inspiring. Get out there and get active.
Leading by example is what those in the Alliance teach then practice. Will Williams is well known for this, and naturally others have stepped up to raise consciousness of the Creator's purpose in various communities where there are Whites.
The Alliance isn't for those who sit on their thumbs!
The SPLC's Lecia Brooks galvanizes yet another crowd.


text:
Timeline: The Criminalisation of Asylum
Updated Tuesday, 16th February 2016
This timeline looks at the illegalisation of asylum seeking and the consequences it can have on people seeking sanctuary.
Daily Herald Archive / SSPL / Getty Images.
The Criminalisation of Asylum
Are more people illegally entering Britain, or have more laws made it difficult to enter legally? This timeline looks at the illegalisation of asylum seeking and the consequences it can have on people seeking sanctuary.
Aliens Act Established
Aliens Act established as first piece of immigration legislation in Britain. Control at borders becomes the responsibility of the Home Secretary. Details (such as names and nationality) are collected by the captain and given to the state. The act includes powers to detain and deport, and immigrants must prove they are self-sufficient. It was, in some senses, a way to deter and control poor immigrants and Jews fleeing pogroms.
Aliens Restriction Act
Aliens Restriction Act 1914 is developed at beginning of First World War and allowed the Secretary of State emerge powers to deny entry and control foreign residents (rather than just those entering at the border). Followed just after the War with Aliens Restriction Amendment Act 1919 to increase police powers and introduce a form of ID card to monitor migrants.
Published by Century Co, NY, 1921 - The Russian Bolshevik Revolution (free pdf from Archive.org)
Leon Trotsky refused asylum in Britain
The Russian Marxist revolutionary Leon Trotsky, the founder of the Red Army, is refused asylum in Britain. A form of 'discretionary control' continues into the 1930s (meaning the Home Office decides case by case rather than responding to persecuted groups) and further restrictions are placed on primary immigration.
© Miller / Stringer / Hulton Archive / Getty images
Home Secretary Sir John Gilmour opens the Metropolitan Police laboratory
Immigration anxieties rising
As persecution against Jews in Germany increases, more leave in search of refuge. On 5th April, Home Secretary John Gilmour raises the question of refugees to the Cabinet for the first time, particularly concerns about destitute refugees arriving in Britain. Anxieties that it would set a precedent for allowing entry to other refugees lead to the United Kingdom delaying the 1933 League Convention concerning the International Status of Refugees.
With kind permission of U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
The demonization of Jewish refugees
The Daily Mail prints a heading stating 'German Jews pouring into this country' after a magistrate judge declares, 'The way stateless Jews are pouring in from every port in this country is becoming an outrage. I intend to enforce the law to its fullest'. The Second World War, and consequently the Jewish Holocaust, would unfold the following year.
Allan/London Express/Getty Images
August 1939: Polish refugees come ashore in Britain at the outbreak of World War Two
Jewish refugees flee to Britain
By 1939 more than 3000 Jewish refugees had fled to Britain. Echoing earlier fears of an employment crisis and with growing anxieties around impending war, the British government continue attempts to repatriate them to Germany.
Popperfoto / Getty Images.
22nd June 1948, Some of the first Immigrants from the Caribbean island of Jamaica arrive at Tilbury, London, on board the ' Empire Windrush'
Empire Windrush arrives
The loss of life in the aftermath of the Second World War (1939-1945) left significant gaps in the British workforce. To ensure post-war reconstruction, Caribbean workers from British colonies were encouraged to move to England as a form of managed economic migration. The first ship, Empire Windrush, arrives with 492 workers.
Unknown - Franklin D Roosevelt Library website
Eleanor Roosevelt and United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Spanish.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is developed by the United Nations and includes the right for everyone to seek and enjoy asylum from persecution. The declaration is supported by Britain.
By USHMM, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, PD-US, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17639341
Jewish refugees aboard the SS St. Louis attempt to communicate with friends and relatives in Cuba.
1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
In recognition of international failures in responding to the genocide of Jews prior to and during the Second World War, the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was established. This stated that those in 'fear of persecution for reasons relating to race, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion' had the right to seek asylum. The Convention (and its 1967 Protocol) was ratified by Britain, who also helped draft it.
Nigerian immigrants, London Airport, 1 July 1962. Passengers pass into the immigration interview room as the Commonwealth immigration act comes into force at London Airport.
Commonwealth Immigrants Act
Commonwealth Immigrants Act is passed to restrict the number of Commonwealth migrants travelling or relocating to Britain. Aimed mostly at people from Caribbean colonies, the Act facilitated immigration controls by introducing a limited number of employment vouchers and the deportation of immigrant people with criminal convictions. Amended with further controls in 1968.
Thumbnail image By Allan Warren - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13721986
Enoch Powell - Rivers Of Blood Speech
Race Relations Act
The Race Relations Act comes into force under the Labour government. It makes it illegal to refuse housing, public services or employment to people based on their ethnic background or heritage. In response, Enoch Powell delivers his now famous 'River of Blood' speech. Act amended in 1968.
© ADRIAN DENNIS / AFP / Getty Images.
Harmondsworth Detention Centre
First detention centre built
Harmondsworth Detention Unit, Greater London, opens and is the first detention centre in the United Kingdom to be built with the purpose of detaining Commonwealth citizens who are denied entry to Britain. By 2015 it would become the biggest detention centre in Europe, holding 615 men at any given time.
Commonwealth realms
Immigration Act 1971 took away the automatic rights of Commonwealth citizens to stay in the UK, meaning citizens of British Colonies would face the same restrictions as any other country. Introduced 'right of abode' so those with family connections in Britain faced fewer restrictions in light of the changes.
(c) David Bagnall/REX Shutterstock
Immigration Carrier's Liability Act
The Immigration (Carrier's' Liability) Act is introduced in Britain. First legislation to fine airlines and shipping companies for each passenger brought in to the UK without necessary documents (£1000). By 1998, sanctions are extended to Eurostar and haulage companies moving through Calais in France are targeted by border control officials checking for illegalised migrants. By 2001, this includes the Eurotunnel.
By derivative work: Danlaycock (File:Schengen Area participation.svg) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
States included in Dublin Regulation
Dublin Regulation Established
This is an agreement amongst a number of European states, including the UK, which holds the first country that a refugee arrives in responsible for their asylum application. For example, if a person in France is found to have been first identified in Italy then Italy is responsible for their claim. This can mean Southern states which are closer to conflict areas (Italy, Greece) process a disproportionate number of applications to richer Northern states. Later superseded by Dublin II Regulation (2003) and then Dublin III Regulation (2013).
Jane Mingay/REX Shutterstock
Asylum and Immigration Act 1996
Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 makes it a criminal offence to employ anyone without permission to live and work in the UK.
Linda Stewart - iStock
Increasing criminalisation of asylum seekers
By now, the impact of criminalising asylum seekers becomes evident in some courts. In Uxbridge magistrates court for example (which is close to Heathrow airport) more than half of all criminal cases heard this year related to entry to Britain with false documentation.
© PHILIPPE HUGUEN / AFP / Getty Images.
Sangatte Opens
The Red Cross opens 'Sangatte', a refugee camp near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel. The camp aimed to provide shelter for thousands of refugees, but also acted as a buffer between Britain and France, preventing people crossing the channel to apply for asylum in the UK. It is shut down in 2002.
© Scott Barbour / Getty
Lunar House, London
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 creates 35 new immigration related offences. It also removes choice from accommodation provision for asylum seekers in Britain (dispersal), swaps cash provision to vouchers, and increases the number of airline liaison officers based abroad to reduce the number of immigrants travelling to Britain on forged papers.
© ODD ANDERSEN / AFP / Getty Images
Fire in Yarl's Wood, 2002
IRC Yarl's Wood
IRC Yarl's Wood opens to house women, children and families who are awaiting deportation. Controversy about detaining women and children unfolds. By 2002, a fire is started by residents in response to a detainee being physically restrained. 5 people are injured when staff adhere to the order of keeping them locked up. Further controversies follow, including multiple hunger strikes and numerous deaths in custody.
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 increases the number of immigration related offences even further. Offences now include assisting unlawful immigration by non-EU citizens; knowingly helping an asylum seekers to enter the UK; and assisting entry to the UK after an exclusion or deportation order has been placed on the individual.
© SAKIS MITROLIDIS / AFP / Getty Images.
Frontex Guards
Frontex established
Frontex is established to manage border control securitisation in Europe. It is a European Union agency which aims to stop illegal migration.
© Vicky Canning
Global Passports
The Asylum and Immigration Act 2004
This Act introduces measures to criminalise individuals entering the UK without a valid travel document and without a reasonable excuse for not having one. By March 2005, 230 applicants had been arrested and 134 convicted of passport related offences (mostly Chinese and Iranian nationals). Asylum lawyers and refugee advocates point out that many states remove political activists' passports or documentation so they cannot travel, and some people fleeing conflict may not be able to obtain documentation due to loss of infrastructure.
The price of poverty
The Joint Committee on Human Rights claims that the level of destitution amongst asylum seekers means Britain's 'government's treatment of asylum seekers breaches the Article 3 European Convention on Human Rights threshold of inhuman and degrading treatment'. Asylum seekers typically receive £5 per day for all food, travel, sanitary products and phone use.
MJ Fine
Picture drawn by child depicting life in detention
Britain promises to end the detention of children in IRCs
After many years of controversy, the newly elected Coalition government in Britain promise to end the detention of children in IRCs. Between 2010 and 2015, around 660 children were still entered into immigration detention.
© Matthew Lloyd / Getty Images.
Jimmy Mubenga dies
Jimmy Mubenga, an Angolan national who had lived in Britain since 1994, suffocates on a British Airways flight whilst being deported to his Country of Origin. His death is ruled an unlawful killing, and the 3 G4S guards who had forcefully held him down whilst he died are later found not guilty of manslaughter. The case fuels debate on the practice of deportation and the inclusion of G4S – the third largest private security company in the world – in British border control.
By ukhomeoffice (Flickr: The entrance) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Increased immigration detention
By 2013, around 30,000 people per year entered into asylum detention in Britain. By now there are 10 Immigration Removal Centres (IRCs) in the United Kingdom, most of which are in England. Between 2000-3,500 people are held in detention under Immigration Act powers at any given time.
© Tullio M. Puglia / Getty Images.
Coffins awaiting burial in Lampedusa
360 people drown near coast of Lampedusa
Approximately 360 people drown near the coast of the Lampedusa near Italy, all attempting to migrate to Europe from North Africa. The boat was mainly carrying refugees fleeing areas such as Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia. In another shipwreck later in the month, 34 people die and around 250 are rescued near the original site.
Darren Johnson - IDJ Photography, Flickr - CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Protesters at Yarl's Wood
Rashida Manjoo denied access to Yarl's Wood
Rashida Manjoo, the UN's rapporteur on violence against women, is denied access to Yarl's Wood. This raised questions about the wellbeing of women detainees. Just months earlier, in 2013, reports of sexual violence and abuse in Yarl's Wood had made headlines in British press and around the world.
© Denis Charlet / AFP / Getty Images.
Asylum Seekers in Calais, 2015
Poor conditions in Calais
Conditions for people seeking asylum around Calais and near the Channel Tunnel deteriorate. Tens of thousands of people fleeing conflict and poverty in areas such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Eritrea and Somalia live in squalid conditions, most attempting to cross the border to England. Despite ongoing conflict in many areas, The British Home Secretary signs an agreement to pay 7 million pounds toward the deportation of migrants at the camp.
(c) PHILIPPE HUGUEN/AFP/Getty Images
71 people are found dead in the back of a lorry
71 people are found dead in the back of a lorry. All were Syrian and had suffocated in cramped conditions trying to cross from Hungary to Austria on their way to Europe. Visa restrictions make it very difficult for people fleeing conflict to legally enter many European countries or cross national borders. As such, clandestine entry can seem the only option for people to cross borders in Europe, often in cramped and dangerous conditions.
© AAMIR QURESHI / AFP / Getty Images.
12 people die trying to cross from Calais into Britain
Between January and September, 12 people die trying to cross from Calais into Britain. Lack of passport or visa documentation, alongside the Dublin Regulations, mean most people seeking asylum are prevented from entering legally.
With kind permission of Rafat Alkhateeb, www.cartoonmovement.com
Alan Kurdi is found washed up on a beach
The body of 3 year old Alan Kurdî is found washed up on a beach in Turkey and images reported globally. The Syrian boy had drowned alongside 12 other refugees fleeing conflict and attempting to enter mainland Europe by boat, en route to Canada. His mother Rehanna and 5 year old brother Ghalib also drowned. His father Abdullah later returns to Syria. Governments across the world urge the European Union to consider a collective remodelling of the illegalisation of refugee entry.
First reading of Immigration Bill 2015 is presented to parliament
First reading of Immigration Bill 2015 is presented to parliament. Legislation would allow up to 6 months imprisonment for working illegally and for any wages earned to be seized by immigration officers as 'proceeds of crime'. Landlords are expected to undertake visa checks and could face prison if their tenant is in the country illegally. Those opposing the Bill argue that it may lead to racial profiling of job applicants and tenants, and increased criminalisation of mostly poor migrants.
© ELVIS BARUKCIC / AFP / Getty Images.
Croatian - Hungarian Border with military and police
Hungary closes its southern border with Croatia
Hungary closes its southern border with Croatia in an attempt to stop migrants crossing the country, adding further barriers for refugees attempting to enter Central, Western and Northern Europe.
By Mstyslav Chernov (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Islamic State (IS) terrorists attack Paris
Islamic State (IS) terrorists attack seven locations in Paris, France, killing 130 people and injuring 360 more. It later emerges that 2 of the 9 attackers had travelled to France via Greece, entering Europe on 3rd October. Although media reported that some were Syrian refugees, all 9 were European nationals.
Taken from http://www.caef.org.uk/d63front.html
EU governments call for further tightening across European borders
EU governments call for further tightening across European borders, and increasing restrictions for entry from Syria and the Middle East. Within a space of 48 hours, Macedonia, Serbia and Croatia block their borders to migrants.
By Irish Defence Forces - https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfmagazine/18898637736/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41045858
Irish Naval Service personnel from the LÉ Eithne rescuing migrants as part of Operation Triton, June 2015.
Death at the border
More than 700,000 people had entered Greece since the start of the year, most fleeing conflict in Syria and Afghanistan. Thousands more flee Ethiopia, Eritrea, Nigeria and Somalia. By 1st December, 3,551 people had drowned trying to enter Europe, or were missing and presumed drowned.
How do I use this timeline?
The easiest way to explore this timeline is to click the arrow on the right hand side (or swipe right on a tablet - best viewed landscape), which will take you through all of the entries.
You can also drag and explore via the grey timeline section at the bottom, although this is in beta at the moment and may have a few hiccups!
Takver under CC-BY-SA licence under Creative-Commons license
What's the difference between a refugee, an asylum seeker and an economic migrant?
They're all people on the move, but their motivations for travel can differ. Jan Semmelroggen explains the differences.
Read nowWhat's the difference between a refugee, an asylum seeker and an economic migrant?
James Gordon under Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license
Gendering refugee experiences
More than one million people sought safety in Europe in 2015. This is no small number: Amnesty International have called this 'the worst refugee crisis of our era', paralleled only by the mass movements of people in the Second World War. But what makes a refugee, where do refugees come from, and where do they go to?
Read nowGendering refugee experiences
Copyright: Artwork by Catherine Pain © The Open University
Immigration detention: what's the problem with privatisation?
Who's profitting from the misery of the detainees? This article questions the issue of privatisation in Immigration Removal Centres.
Read nowImmigration detention: what's the problem with privatisation?
Copyright free: Public domain
Migration goes both ways: How Brits changed the world
It's easy to forget that the British Isles have proved as fertile a ground for migrants heading elsewhere as it has a pull to migrants from overseas.
Read nowMigration goes both ways: How Brits changed the world
Gary Edwards under Creative-Commons license
What is this political space we call 'immigration'?
Four frames white people in the UK use to understand immigration.
Read nowWhat is this political space we call 'immigration'?
Who counts as a refugee?
The words 'refugee' and 'asylum seeker' have a wide variety of connotations in Britain, many of them negative. This free course, Who counts as a refugee?, explores how changing social policy and terminology help to shape, and are shaped by, the experiences of people seeking asylum in the UK.
Learn moreWho counts as a refugee?
Level: 3 Advanced
Copyright: Toniflap | Dreamstime.com
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Goodbye Nelson Mandela
As the world prepares to say goodbye to this revolutionary man, we take a look at an extraordinary life: from playing football in prison to shaping policies of the new South Africa.
Copyright: Lucidwaters | Dreamstime.com
After eight years under siege, Hamas is fighting to stave off a slow death
Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics Fawaz Gerges shares his view on the Israel-Palestine conflict.
edwicklicensedfor reuse under CC BY 2.0 under Creative-Commons license
When soldiering gets sexy
We explore the militarization of gender equality and sexual difference
What missing lander means for Europe's quest to find life on Mars
Loss of the Mars lander from its recent probe is diappointing, but the search for life on Mars goes on.
Originally published: Tuesday, 16th February 2016
Image 'Nigerian immigrants, London Airport, 1 July 1962. Passengers from BOAC flight 264 from Lagos pass from the arrivals lounge into the immigration interview room as the Commonwealth immigration act comes into force at London Airport.' - Copyright: Daily Herald Archive / SSPL / Getty Images.
Image 'A person holds a welcome sign at the Refugee Action protest, 27 July 2013 Melbourne' - Takver under CC-BY-SA licence under Creative-Commons license
Image 'Three refugees are charge their phones at a communal charging point' - Copyright: iStock
Image 'Iraqi Refugees, Damascus, Syria - One older lady, two young girls and a baby in arms all standing at a window. ' - James Gordon under Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license
Image 'Misery as business cartoon, society matters' - Copyright: Artwork by Catherine Pain © The Open University
Image 'The Sons of England War Memorial, Toronto' - Copyright free: Public domain
Image 'Immigration, Society Matters cartoon' - Gary Edwards under Creative-Commons license
Image 'Who counts as a refugee?' - Copyright: Used with permission
Image 'Tribute to Nelson Mandela in Barcelona, Spain.' - Copyright: Toniflap | Dreamstime.com
Image 'Aerial bombing explosion in Gaza Strip during Cast Lead operation on January 14 2009. It was a three-week armed conflict that took place in the Gaza Strip during the winter of 2008–2009.' - Copyright: Lucidwaters | Dreamstime.com
Image 'Army doll ' - edwicklicensedfor reuse under CC BY 2.0 under Creative-Commons license
Image 'Martians cartoon, Mars, Society Matters' - Copyright: Artwork by Catherine Pain © The Open University
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