text:
/*
 * Do not modify this file. This file is generated from the apigateway-2015-07-09.normal.json service model.
 */
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using System.Text;
using System.Xml.Serialization;

using Amazon.APIGateway.Model;
using Amazon.Runtime;
using Amazon.Runtime.Internal;
using Amazon.Runtime.Internal.Transform;
using Amazon.Runtime.Internal.Util;
using ThirdParty.Json.LitJson;

namespace Amazon.APIGateway.Model.Internal.MarshallTransformations
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Response Unmarshaller for Resource Object
    /// </summary>
    public class ResourceUnmarshaller : IUnmarshaller<Resource, XmlUnmarshallerContext>, IUnmarshaller<Resource, JsonUnmarshallerContext>
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Unmarshaller the response from the service to the response class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="context"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        Resource IUnmarshaller<Resource, XmlUnmarshallerContext>.Unmarshall(XmlUnmarshallerContext context)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Unmarshaller the response from the service to the response class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="context"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public Resource Unmarshall(JsonUnmarshallerContext context)
        {
            context.Read();
            if (context.CurrentTokenType == JsonToken.Null)
                return null;

            Resource unmarshalledObject = new Resource();

            int targetDepth = context.CurrentDepth;
            while (context.ReadAtDepth(targetDepth))
            {
                if (context.TestExpression("id", targetDepth))
                {
                    var unmarshaller = StringUnmarshaller.Instance;
                    unmarshalledObject.Id = unmarshaller.Unmarshall(context);
                    continue;
                }
                if (context.TestExpression("parentId", targetDepth))
                {
                    var unmarshaller = StringUnmarshaller.Instance;
                    unmarshalledObject.ParentId = unmarshaller.Unmarshall(context);
                    continue;
                }
                if (context.TestExpression("path", targetDepth))
                {
                    var unmarshaller = StringUnmarshaller.Instance;
                    unmarshalledObject.Path = unmarshaller.Unmarshall(context);
                    continue;
                }
                if (context.TestExpression("pathPart", targetDepth))
                {
                    var unmarshaller = StringUnmarshaller.Instance;
                    unmarshalledObject.PathPart = unmarshaller.Unmarshall(context);
                    continue;
                }
                if (context.TestExpression("resourceMethods", targetDepth))
                {
                    var unmarshaller = new DictionaryUnmarshaller<string, Method, StringUnmarshaller, MethodUnmarshaller>(StringUnmarshaller.Instance, MethodUnmarshaller.Instance);
                    unmarshalledObject.ResourceMethods = unmarshaller.Unmarshall(context);
                    continue;
                }
            }

            return unmarshalledObject;
        }

        private static ResourceUnmarshaller _instance = new ResourceUnmarshaller();

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the singleton.
        /// </summary>
        public static ResourceUnmarshaller Instance
        {
            get
            {
                return _instance;
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
by Sandra Mizumoto Posey
Fugetsudo is a small and unassuming Japanese sweet shop located in downtown Los Angeles: Bags of rice crackers and imported candies are piled on a low shelf in front of an obviously antiquated soda fountain. A long glass counter displays freshly prepared confections of rice taffy, cake, and sweet bean paste. Along the ceiling, surrounding the perimeter of the store are old Japanese-style prints. Sunlight floods in through the front display windows, across hundred year old fortune cookie molds, silk screened posters for the Obon festivals at local Buddhist churches, and an array community service awards collecting dust. With its linoleum floor worn down through decades of use, upon first inspection the physical trappings of the First Street establishment could be perceived as rundown, homey, or both. Yet, as Brian Kito, its third generation proprietor explains, this environment is not a result of neglect:
"I thought at one point to remodel this entire place and, since the area became a historic district it changed my mind.... A lot of old customers are starting to come back and the first thing they say... 'It's exactly the way I remembered it.'"
Kito places great emphasis on the quality and craftsmanship of his products. He has a small corps of skilled workers who help him in the task, but during production Kito is usually right in the midst of all the action, stirring bean paste in a handmade copper kettle owned by his grandfather, kneading mochi (rice taffy) on the long wood table, deftly shaping the delicately colored confections with his fingers. Kito notes that training a worker to make the most basic of manju varieties takes approximately one year. In order to become a master, a Shokunin, one needs to train for about ten years. Kito has been practicing his craft for 21 years and he doesn't plan on on altering the way he has done things for decades:
"For something in this world that has not changed-- that they can come to Little Tokyo which is supposed to be over a hundred years old and there's something still here that generation that's still alive remembers when they were a kid."
Founded in 1903, Fugetsudo is, after all, the oldest business in Little Tokyo. Kito's grandfather Seichi is said to be the originator of the fortune cookie. The orginal molds still sit in the window collecting dust and memories. On festival days during the month of August, Kito sets up a snowcone stand outside, just as he did when he was a kid. Ondo dancers parade down the street in kimonos while old women and children sit on the sidewalk eating sweetened bean paste atop a bed of shaved ice. "Little Tokyo is a small little world," explains Kito, "but it's my world now. I live down here I work down here. Everyone in the street, I know. It's like living in a big city and having a small town mentality."
video supplement
more information on brian kito
including the history of the fortune cookie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
'Labour and Dáil Éireann, 1922-32', in Paul Daly, Ronan O'Brien & Paul Rouse (eds), Making the Difference? The Irish Labour Party, 1912-2012 (Cork: Collins Press, 2012).
Irish Times: 'the contributions provide a historical perspective as well as a timely opportunity to assess the present state and future prospects of the Labour Party' (here).
Politico.ie: On my chapter — 'Meehan charts how public confidence in Labour built up steadily, eventually seeing it become the official opposition'. On the book in general — 'a suitably stellar cast of contributors has been assembled to provide essays that carefully analyse key aspects of the Labour story … the book will be of great interest to students, historians and anyone with a passion for Irish politics' (here).
Labour in Northern Ireland: 'This is a useful collection of essays on the history of the Irish Labour Party' (here).
'"The Prose of Logic and of Scorn": Arthur Griffith and Sinn Féin, 1906-1914', in Kevin Rafter (ed.), Irish Journalism Before Independence: More a Disease than a Profession (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011).
Irish Times: On my chapter — 'Ciara Meehan examines in detail how Arthur Griffith placed his prodigious energies at the service of the Sinn Fein movement, but such was his professional standing that he headed a list of the best known journalists in the city'. On the book in general — 'It is remarkable that so little attention has been paid to the press as an institution and this valuable collection of essays on Irish journalism makes a major contribution to redressing that deficit'. (here)
Political Studies Review: 'the volume is an important, and useful, contribution to a burgeoning historiography of journalism' (here).
Journalism Studies: On my chapter — 'an excellent pair of essays here on Arthur Griffith (by Felix M. Larkin and Ciara Meehan) make it clear how a figure such as Griffith, a political theorist in his own right, used his journalism as part of the political process at a key moment in modern Irish history'. On the book in general — 'As an agenda-setting volume, Irish Journalism Before Independence is timely' (here).
LSE Blog: On my chapter — 'Ciara Meehan considers Griffith as 'most effective in his editorial chair' whose writings shaped a generation of young separatists while he often filled the roles of editor, columnist and typesetter. Griffith's journalism reflected public opinions but also shaped them and Meehan notes that while the events of Easter 1916 came as a surprise to many in both England and Ireland, the readers of Sinn Féin (amongst other publications) would have been somewhat familiar with the rumblings of discontent'. On the book in general: 'Consistently engaging and informative, this text remains true to the journalism that lies at its core and is truly a volume of stories for academics, students but perhaps most of all for those who have caught the journalistic bug' (here).
'Michael Sweetman and the Just Society', in Barbara Sweetman FitzGerald (ed.), The Widest Circle: Remembering Michael Sweetman (Dublin: A&A Farmar, 2011).
Irish Times: On my chapter — 'The historian Ciara Meehan quotes [Tom] O'Higgins himself as describing Sweetman as "liberal in outlook, with a burning zeal for social justice and an intellectual capacity to indicate achievable reforms" and she shows how he articulated his concern for a fairer society when he unsuccessfully contested the 1969 general and Seanad elections'. On the book in general — 'This is far from being a sad book; it is, rather, a fitting tribute to a multitalented man' (here).
Irish Independent: 'This book is a wonderful tribute to his memory' (here).


"I really enjoy the ease of the facilitation and thus allowing me to ask the silly questions and get the support required. Kathryn has the patience of a saint! Thanks."
"Our new website looks great and it gets lots of comments. It's simple to update and I have control over the look, feel and navigation.."
"Andy was very knowledgeable and practical with his approach towards eTap. He gave some realistic strategies that everyone can use. I now have a greater appreciation of the functions and abilities of eTap and how we can best use these for our school."
"Our staff feel more confident using eTAP now. Everyone is able to enter behaviour and guidance information. We are looking forward to viewing more in-depth reports as we continue to add markbooks and assessment data. The reports are great! eTAP is much more than we knew.
"I always find the time we spend with Eddie so useful, money well spent. He knows how to move us to the next level and supports the strategic approach we are taking. He is knowledgable about eTAP but also education and the information schools want to access. Thanks Eddie we really enjoy working with you.."
"Shirley was approachable and helpful, answering all questions and explaining things in a way that was easy to follow and implement."
"Eddie is extremely thorough with the training he provides. He ensures that it best suits our schools needs and offers ideas to support our development and use of ETap. HIs previous experience as Principal along with his current BOT Chair role were hugely beneficial when discussing BOT and MOE assessment and reporting.
"The entire process was very straight forward. Kathryn was able to interpret the type of website we were looking to develop and used the material provided to do this so well. Totally satisfied from our point of view."
"Always a pleasure to have Eddie at West End in New Plymouth. Effective, focused and relevant training is what we wanted with our new school report format and that is what we got.."
"Great two hour session which met out specific needs, regardless of your IT competency it was taken at a good pace.."
"We had a great staff meeting with Shirley and all of us got a lot out of it and were encouraged to tap into the great tools that etap can offer us. Each time we work with Shirley on etap training we get more and more out of it and are empowered to try new things to make our teaching, assessment, and school and class organisation more manageable.
"I found this unit extremely informative, practical and simple to understand.
"Shirley was a patient but knowledgeable tutor with regard the training she delivered. She asked for constant feedback to lead through the programme she was delivering, so that people were not lost in the process. Well delivered and received."
"I am impressed with the skill level of the instructors and their willingness to meet our needs."
"Learning how to navigate Etap has been such a life saver, made things so much easier. Also it has been fun learning easier ways to do everyday things. Thanks to the training that I have received I have managed to streamline a lot of things to free up my time for other important tasks."
"Shirley was great and knows her stuff. She was patient and made things easy for us to understand. She empowered us."
"Kathryn was very efficient with the professional development she offered in her session. She had looked at the way we were using eTAP before she came to us and made suggestions of how she could help. She targeted her coaching to our needs."
"Shirley was very knowledgeable and helpful. She took the time to listen and understand our school's needs. I would highly recommend Shirley as an eTAP PLD facilitator."
"Kathryn s a positive person, whose instructions are clear to follow. She could assist us with what we needed help with and empowered us to be able to do the changes ourselves. She is a lovely person to work with."
"Training is always tailored specifically to our needs and as a teacher Eddie is able to talk the talk and see what we need at a glance."
"Eddie was professional and direct on what I needed to learn. and gave me step by step instructions.


Gantt also supports a number of client-side events that helps you further customize the behavior of the control. Below you can find a list of the available ones that you can use.
OnClientRequestStart - Occurs when a request to the WebService is about to be sent.
OnClientTaskMoveStart - Occurs when the Task moving is started.
OnClientTaskMoving - Occurs when the Task is just about to be moved.
OnClientTaskMoveEnd - Occurs when the Task moving is ended.
OnClientTaskResizeStart - Occurs when the Task resizing is started.
OnClientTaskResizing - Occurs when the Task is just about to be resized.
OnClientTaskResizeEnd - Occurs when the Task resizing is ended.
OnClientNavigationCommand - Occurs when the current View is changed.


Nap Time The camper who Joe the firefly visits looks very familiar. He is definately a caricature of director Chuck Jones!
Binder Peaches Henry Binder is memorialized here on a can of peaches - "Binder Brand Peaches".
A Better Tortoise Shell? The new tortoise shell design has a few interesting notes on it. Near the bottom it has a airflow line labelled "passing wind". Under this is the name of the designer, Michael Sasanoff. This happens to be the name of a writer at the studio.
Shielded From View Daffy spins around a statue and for only a few frames you can see a message on the shield: "Buy Bonds". This cartoon was made during World War II - which was a time when the citizens were encouraged to buy war bonds.
Friz sighting! On the wall behind Sleepy Lagoon is a portrait of the director, Friz Freleng. If you look closely, it is signed "Love, from Uncle Friz".
Mike and Tedd There are two castaways in this cartoon which are modelled on the writers, Michael Maltese (the short one) and Tedd Pierce (the taller one). They even provided the voices for the characters.
Bunker artwork? On the wall of the German bunker is a poster which was most likely not put there for children - but which would be on the minds of the average soldier. It has the title "Kaiserhof" over an image of a woman in her birthday suit.


text:
White Student Union opposes Black Lives Matter at University of Illinois
Hannibal X November 20, 2015
Racial0 Comments142 views
A Facebook page ostensibly created for an audience at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign called "Illini White Students Union" has drawn fire after it characterized the national Black Lives Matter movement as "terrorism."
Hannibal: Terrorism? Really? Because last time I checked, the track record of the european placates them as the most devious villains on the face of the Earth.
Created Wednesday after a protest sympathetic to Black Lives Matter, the page declared itself "for white students of University of Illinois to be able to form a community and discuss our own issues as well as be able to organize against the terrorism we have been facing from Black Lives Matter activists on campus," as the Daily Illini reported.
Hannibal: I see no issue here (outside of the terrorism comment). If white students want to organize, let them organize. But what could they probably discuss? Black people? LMAO
The page did not last long in its original incarnation, but was taken down after three hours. It has since been revived here.
"We recognize the right to free speech, and we encourage you to exercise that right when you see examples of racism, discrimination or intimidation on our campus," Interim Chancellor Barbara Wilson, who called the page "extremely disturbing," wrote in a message Thursday to the student body.
Hannibal: Nice comment to cover your ass, Barbara. You don't want the Black Lives Matter wind blowing down your chimney. Smart move.
In an anonymous message to the News-Gazette, the page's administrator discussed Black Lives Matter.
"We feel they disrupt student daily life and activity far too much," the message read, saying that movement "marginalizes" white students. "… We are in the United States and not Africa and we don't desire to have an African flag on campus."
Hannibal: Marginalizes white students? Do these kids know that it's literally impossible to marginalize white people in America? Nearly every door that's closed to blacks is open to them. They're just scared of that black unity. God forbid blacks stand up for themselves.
The current page is bare bones — just a few links to news stories about the controversy with an image of a statue on campus. The "about" section dedicated the page to "White Pride and a safe place for White students," according to the News-Gazette, though that page appeared to have changed.
"It's a bunch of people grabbing any excuse they can find to go and loot a store, nothing more," Norton says. "… Lincoln freed the slaves what, like, 130 years ago. How long does it take you to get your act together?"
Hannibal: The Lincoln freed the slaves argument. Once again, people who don't know their history. Lincoln did not free any slaves, they freed themselves. Furthermore, slavery was never abolished, only transformed under the 13th amendment. The real reason they abolished slavery was because the south was getting rich off free labor while the north was paying people. Not to mention the south had white slaves and black slave owners. STAY INFORMED!
While this was certainly eyebrow-raising, the original page was even more provocative.
"Feel free to send in pictures you take of any black protestors on the quad so we know who anti-whites are," one message read, as FOX 55 reported.
Hannibal: Send in pictures? Sounds like they want to target blacks for future hate crimes. Black students need an investigative unit to get identities on these white students. They need Woteps (white hoteps) to go behind enemy lines and get some intel.
A student protest at the University of Illinois. (Charlotte Collins/The Daily Illini)
According to a student reporter, protesters were particularly concerned that they were being targeted.
Hannibal: Yes, you are being targeted. BEWARE!
"One of the parts on the page particularly concerning to students is that they were taking pictures from the rally of the main quad and identifying students in attendance to identify the 'anti-whites,'" Marijo Enderle, a 20-year-old senior at the university, said in a telephone interview. Enderle also pointed out that "there hasn't been any indication that it has been a university student" who created the page.
Hannibal: You don't know who created the page? You better find out.
Student or not, university administrators strongly denounced the effort. Not only was the page offensive — it used the university's trademark without permission.
Hannibal: GET EM!
"It is disturbing and cowardly that someone would create an anonymous and senseless social media page specifically designed to intimidate others, including and especially our students. When we became aware of the page, we immediately contacted Facebook and requested that it be removed," campus spokesman Robin Kaler wrote in an e-mail to the Daily Illini. "Facebook has been responsive to our requests, but the page continues to be reposted. We are continuing to work with Facebook to address this matter. We recognize that passions run deep on all sides of many issues, but actions like this are senseless and hurtful and do nothing to foster meaningful dialogue."
Hannibal: Facebook can track the IP. Don't give us any excuses, just give us the identities. We're not dumb. Fedbook knows EVERYTHING about EVERYONE!
In a Facebook message to The Washington Post, one man who posted a message in support of the white students union explained his thinking.
"What I do like about it is they are fighting for the rights of the white man which are dwindling faster than a rabbit on meth!" Alan Scroggins, a 37-year-old stay-at-home dad from Rantoul, Ill., wrote. "I'm not racist, but I'm proud of my heritage! You know!"
Hannibal: The rights of the white man are dwindling? Where? On Mars? Ha! Furthermore, the only people that do meth, are crazy white people. He probably mentioned meth, because he was on it when he made these comments.
Asked whether he was concerned the page might be considered racist, Scroggins said "not really."
"The second a white guy says anything about being proud he's labelled anyway!" he wrote. "Trust me I don't hide my pride!"
This is not the first time a white student union has been proposed at a U.S. university. A white student union, for example, cropped up at Towson University in Maryland in 2012.
"Every ethnic group has its own advocacy group but white students don't," senior Matthew Heimbach said at the time. He added: "Any time there's a group with conservative principles and white students standing up for themselves, it's a battle cry for radical leftists on campus. … There's nothing I could do or say … to try and get these people on the same page as us."
Hannibal: Advocacy groups exist because whites are colonizers and destroy everything they come in contact with. America and Europe is one big white advocacy group. You don't need another one. You're safe in these two places white people. Be easy. But this is more proof that white people only want something AFTER someone else has it. They haven't stated why they want a group, other than because other groups have one. Pathetic.
And in 1991, the New York Times discussed a similar group at the University of Minnesota.
"I have no desire to harm the non-white races," senior Thomas A. David, who founded the group, said at the time. "I simply think it would help everyone to separate." He added: "I don't want to be a mud race in this country, and I will fight to the death against that."
Hannibal: Separation is cool. Who really wants to share a space with hateful colonizers anyway? It's them who seek to always marginalize and come into our spaces with hateful rhetoric. Dry your white tears.
This story appeared on washingtonpost.com
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Google has purchased Clever Sense, the maker of the personal recommendation iPhone app Alfred, and this could be one of those small moves which creates a major impact on Android down the line.
The Alfred app was a location-based personal recommendation engine which helped to determine which bars and restaurants you would like. I found it to be quite good and it also had a beautiful user interface, which is also a bonus for Google. Ultimately, the deal makes a lot of sense because Google's Eric Schmidt always like to talk about how the future of mobile computing is all about serendipity – your phone helps you discover things you want without having to input search terms – and the Clever Sense team could make that happen.
Today, we are excited to join Google and start a new chapter in curating the world around us! Together with the Google team, we will accelerate our efforts toward this shared vision. Google helps local businesses connect with potential customers, and its worldwide presence can bring the value of Clever Sense to a much larger audience.


text:
J.Lo's Oscar Campaign, Cara Delevingne's Twitter, and 30 Years of Kardashian Kristmas Parties
Both the Golden Globe and the SAG Awards nominations were announced this week, so we check in on awards season, but mostly J.Lo's campaign for her Oscar
By Liz Kelly, Kate Halliwell, and Amelia Wedemeyer Dec 13, 2019, 8:45am EST
Share All sharing options for: J.Lo's Oscar Campaign, Cara Delevingne's Twitter, and 30 Years of Kardashian Kristmas Parties
Photo by Roy Rochlin/WireImage
Both the Golden Globe and the SAG Awards nominations were announced this week, so we check in on awards season, but mostly J.Lo's campaign for her Oscar (1:16). Chrissy Teigen did a Twitter Q&A and we learned a few things about life as a celebrity (9:57). We take a look back at 30 years of Kardashian Christmas parties (25:01), and congratulations to Joaquin Phoenix for being named PETA's person of the year (31:51).
Subscribe: Apple Podcasts / Art19
Next Up In Ringer Dish
Megan Fox and Machine Gun Kelly Engaged, Ina Garten on Instagram, and Who Should Host the Oscars?
Kanye West and Julia Fox, Jason Derulo Is Not Usher, and Introducing "Chanuary"
Reviewing 'Emily in Paris' S2 and '... And Just Like That.' Plus, Jeff Bezos on New Year's.
Best Celebrity Moments of 2021 and Predictions for 2022
Jam Session's 2021 Favorites of the Year
Taylor Swift's Birthday Party, Megan Thee Stallion Graduates, and Possibly the Worst Christmas Movie Ever


text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}

Macronovae are brightening phenomena associated with the ejecta from the mergers of neutron star binaries (NSBs), i.e., neutron star (NS)-NS binaries and black hole (BH)-NS binaries. In the original macronova model, the luminosity peaks at $\sim 1$ day after the mergers, with the opacity coefficient of ejecta $\kappa \sim 0.1$ cm$^2$ g$^{-1}$ \citep{Li1998ApJ507L59,Kulkarni2005astro-ph0510256,Metzger2010MNRAS406p2650}. Recent studies have shown that r-process nucleosynthesis occurs efficiently in neutron-rich ejecta \citep[low electron fraction $Y_e$, e.g.,][]{Goriely2011ApJ738L32,Korobkin2012MNRAS426p1940,Bauswein2013ApJ773p78}. The r-process elements, especially lanthanoids, provide large opacity for ejecta \citep[$\kappa \sim 10$ cm$^2$ g$^{-1}$;][]{Barnes2013ApJ775p18,Tanaka2013ApJ775p113,Tanaka2014ApJ780p31}, so that their luminosity peaks around $10$ days (called the r-process model). In both cases, radioactive decay heats the ejecta and powers emission. The r-process model successfully reproduces the near-infrared (NIR) macronova in the afterglow of short gamma-ray burst (GRB) 130603B \citep[$z = 0.356$;][]{Berger2013ApJ774L23,Tanvir2013Nature500p547,Hotokezaka2013ApJ778L16}. NSB mergers are the most promising sources of gravitational waves which are expected to be directly detected by the next generation interferometers, such as advanced LIGO \citep{Abadie2010NIMPhysResSectA624p223}, advanced VIRGO \citep{Accadia2011CQGra28p114002}, and KAGRA \citep{Kuroda2010CQGra27p084004}. The electromagnetic detection of macronovae improves the localization of gravitational wave sources; the localization accuracy by photons is much better than that by the interferometers, $\sim 10$ - $100$ deg$^2$ \citep[e.g.,][]{Aasi2013arXiv1304.0670}.

Recent numerical simulations have revealed that NSB mergers eject significant masses with $\sim 10^{-4} M_{\odot}$ -- $10^{-2} M_{\odot}$ dynamically \citep[e.g.,][]{Rosswog1999A&A341p499,Ruffert2001A&A380p544,Hotokezaka2013PRD87p024001,Bauswein2013ApJ773p78,Kyutoku2013PRD88p041503} and/or by neutrino-driven \citep[e.g.,][]{Ruffert1997A&A319p122,Rosswog2003MNRAS345p1077,Dessart2009ApJ690p1681,Metzger2014arXiv1402.4803} or magnetically driven winds \citep[e.g.,][]{Shibata2011ApJ734L36}, which can explain GRB 130603B in the r-process model. The ejecta also interact with circumstellar matter and radiate like supernova remnants at a later phase \citep{Nakar2011Nature478p82,Piran2013MNRAS430p2121,Takami2013arXiv1307.6805,Kyutoku2014MNRAS437L6}.

Different types of nucleosynthesis may take place in the ejecta, depending on $Y_e$. While r-process nucleosynthesis occurs in low $Y_e$ ejecta, relatively high $Y_e$ ($\sim 0.2$ -- $0.5$) can be also realized, which has been exclusively discussed for neutrino-driven winds \citep[e.g.,][see also \citet{Wanajo2014arXiv1402.7317} for locally low $Y_e$ dynamical ejecta]{Fernandez2013MNRAS435p502,Rosswog2013arXiv1307.2939,Surman2013arXiv1312.1199,Metzger2014arXiv1402.4803}. In such environments, r-process nucleosynthesis is inefficient, but heavy elements (up to $^{56}$Ni) may be synthesized from the constituent nucleons of NS matter, e.g., through a series of captures of $\alpha$ particles by $^{12}$C produced by the triple-$\alpha$ process \citep[e.g.,][]{Surman2013arXiv1312.1199}.

In this Letter, we investigate dust formation in the ejecta of NSB mergers for the first time. The formation of dust in macronovae is expected as in supernovae \citep[e.g.,][]{Nozawa2003ApJ598p785} because heavy elements may be synthesized and the ejecta temperature may be low enough for dust formation. We demonstrate that the newly formed dust can be responsible for the opacity of ejecta and its emission can potentially reproduce the NIR excess of GRB 130603B. Although the r-process model can explain this macronova, it is based on the limited observational data. Thus, it is worth considering the dust scenario \citep[e.g., see ][for another possibility]{Jin2013ApJ775L19}.

\section{Physical properties of the ejecta} \label{sec:model}

Dust formation depends on the time evolution of gas density and temperature. We assume uniform ejecta with temperature $T$ and density $\rho$ for simplicity. The NIR macronova of GRB 130603B gives only one observational point \citep{Tanvir2013Nature500p547}: the absolute AB {\it J}-band magnitude of $M(J)_{\rm AB} = -15.35$ at $t \sim 7$ days after GRB 130603B in the rest frame. Ejecta are likely in a free expansion phase with the radius of
\begin{equation}
R = 3.6 \times 10^{15} \left( \frac{\beta}{0.2} \right)
\left( \frac{t}{7~{\rm days}} \right)~~~{\rm cm},
\end{equation}
where $\beta$ is the ejecta speed divided by light speed $c$, and is basically determined by the escape velocity of NSs. Hereafter, $\beta = 0.2$ is adopted.

We can estimate the effective temperature of the ejecta at $t_0 = 7$ days as $T_0 \sim 2000$ K assuming a blackbody radiation, so that
\begin{equation}
T = T_0 \left( \frac{t}{7~{\rm days}} \right)^{-s},
\label{eq:temp}
\end{equation}
where $s = 1$ for adiabatic expansion, and $s = (\alpha + 2)/4$ for the case with the heating rate $\propto t^{-\alpha}$, which can be derived from the second law of thermodynamics, $T d(T^3 R^3)/dt \propto t^{-\alpha}$ \citep{Li1998ApJ507L59}. Recent detailed studies of r-process nucleosynthesis have suggested $\alpha = 1.2$ - $1.3$ \citep{Metzger2010MNRAS406p2650,Korobkin2012MNRAS426p1940,Rosswog2013arXiv1307.2939,Wanajo2014arXiv1402.7317}. Our results are not sensitive to $s$ because dust-formation temperature is not far from $T_0$.

The density of the ejecta $\rho_0$ at $t_0$ is estimated from the condition that the diffusion time of photons $\sim \rho_0 R^2 \kappa / c$ is comparable with the dynamical time $\sim R / c\beta$ for a given opacity coefficient $\kappa$, which is achieved at around the luminosity peak. The upper limit of the NIR flux at $\sim 20$ days in the rest frame suggests that the luminosity peaks at $\sim 10$ days \citep{Tanvir2013Nature500p547}. The density scales as $\rho = \rho_0 (t / t_0)^{-3}$ and therefore,
\begin{equation}
\rho \sim 1.4 \times 10^{-16} \left( \frac{\kappa}{10~{\rm cm}^2 {\rm g}^{-1}}
\right)^{-1} \left( \frac{\beta}{0.2} \right)^{-2}
\left( \frac{t}{7~{\rm days}} \right)^{-3} ~~~{\rm g~cm}^{-3}.
\label{eq:rho}
\end{equation}
We examine the two cases for ejecta density. One is low-density ejecta with $\kappa = 10$ cm$^2$ g$^{-1}$, which is the case that r-process elements are efficiently synthesized and are responsible for the opacity of the gas \citep{Kasen2013ApJ774p25,Tanaka2013ApJ775p113}. The other is high-density ejecta with $\kappa = 0.1$ cm$^2$ g$^{-1}$, which corresponds to the opacity coefficient of Fe-rich Type Ia supernovae \citep[e.g.,][]{Pinto2000ApJ530p757}, i.e., inefficient r-process nucleosynthesis.

The corresponding mass of the ejecta $M = \Delta \Omega R^3 \rho / 3$ is
\begin{equation}
M \sim 1.4 \times 10^{-2} M_{\odot}
\left( \frac{\Delta \Omega}{4 \pi} \right)
\left( \frac{\kappa}{10~{\rm cm}^2 {\rm g}^{-1}} \right)^{-1}
\left( \frac{\beta}{0.2} \right),
\label{eq:tmass}
\end{equation}
where $\Delta \Omega$ is the solid angle within which the ejecta are blown off. Regarding dynamical ejecta, general relativistic hydrodynamical simulations have indicated $\Delta \Omega / 4 \pi \sim 1$ for NS-NS mergers \citep{Hotokezaka2013PRD87p024001}, and $\Delta \Omega / 4 \pi \sim 0.1$ for BH-NS mergers \citep{Kyutoku2013PRD88p041503}.

\section{Dust Formation} \label{sec:dform}

\subsection{Dust formation in the ejecta}

Dust can form below the equilibrium temperature at which the partial pressure of an element $i$ equals to the vapor pressure of the condensate which depends only on temperature and atomic species. Partial gas pressure can be calculated from $T$ and $\rho_i = f_i \rho$ with the equation of state of ideal gas, where $f_i$ is the mass fraction of the element $i$. This study focuses on representative elements in Table \ref{tab:thermodata} individually instead of complicated composition to avoid complexity. Sr and Pt are elements in the first and third peaks of the r-process nucleosynthesis, respectively. Hf is taken as a substitution of lanthanoid elements\footnote{The data necessary for dust formation calculations are not available for lanthanoid elements. The second peak element of r-process is Xe, but the formation of Xe dust is difficult because it is a noble gas.}.

One of the conditions necessary for dust formation is that the timescale of collisions between atoms $\tau_{\rm coll} = [ \pi a_0^2 n_i \langle v \rangle ]^{-1}$ is much shorter than that of the expansion of the ejecta $\tau_{\rm exp} = | (1/\rho)(d\rho/dt) |^{-1}$. Here, $a_0 \sim 1~\mathring{\rm A}$, $n_i = \rho_i / m_i$, $m_i = A_i m_{\rm H}$, and $A_i$ are the radius, number density, mass, and molecular weight of the element $i$, respectively. $m_{\rm H}$ is the mass of a hydrogen atom. The mean thermal velocity is represented by $\langle v \rangle = (2 k_{\rm B} T / m_i)^{1/2}$ with the Boltzmann constant $k_{\rm B}$. Then, using equations (\ref{eq:temp}) and (\ref{eq:rho}), the ratio $\tau_{\rm coll}/\tau_{\rm exp}$is
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\tau_{\rm coll}}{\tau_{\rm exp}} &=&
\frac{3 A_i m_{\rm H}}{\pi a_0^2 f_i \rho_0 t_0}
\left( \frac{A_i m_{\rm H}}{2 k_{\rm B} T_0} \right)^{1/2}
\left( \frac{T}{T_0} \right)^{-\frac{2}{s} - \frac{1}{2}} \nonumber \\
&\simeq& 0.45 f_{\rm i}^{-1}
\left( \frac{A_i}{100} \right)^{\frac{3}{2}}
\left( \frac{\rho_0}{10^{-16}~{\rm g~cm}^{-3}} \right)^{-1} \nonumber \\
&& ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \times
\left( \frac{T}{2000~{\rm K}} \right)^{-\frac{2}{s} - \frac{1}{2}}.
\label{eq:ness}
\end{eqnarray}
This ratio is sensitive to the temperature ($\propto T^{-3.0}$ for $\alpha = 1.2$), and increases with time. A dust grain does not form if this ratio is above unity. For instance, the ratio is $\sim 1$ in the low density ejecta with $f_i \sim 0.5$ and $A_i \sim 200$, which indicates that dust grains of r-process elements are difficult to form.

\begin{deluxetable}{lccccc}
\tablewidth{0pt}
\tablecaption{Grain Species Considered in the Calculations}
\tablehead{
\colhead{Grain Species} & \colhead{$\gamma/10^4$K}
& \colhead{$\delta$} & \colhead{$a_0$ ($\mathring{A}$)}
& \colhead{$\sigma$ (erg cm$^{-2}$)}
& \colhead{$T_{\rm eq}$ (K)}
}
\startdata
\\
C   & ~8.640 & 18.974 & 1.281 & 1400 & 1800--2000 \\
Fe  & ~4.842 & 16.557 & 1.411 & 1800 & 1060--1180 \\
Sr  & ~1.456 & ~7.067 & 2.364 & ~165 & 430--500 \\
Hf  & ~7.390 & 16.220 & 1.745 & 1510 & 1630--1820 \\
Pt  & ~6.777 & 17.826 & 1.533 & 1770 & 1440--1600 \\
\enddata
\tablecomments{
The Gibbs free energy for the formation of the condensate is approximated by ${\it \Delta} \mathring{g} / k T = - \gamma/T + \delta$, where the numerical values $\gamma$ and $\delta$ are derived by least-squares fittings of the thermodynamics data \citep{Chase1985JPhysChemRefDataSupp14p1,Arblaster2005PlatinumMetalsRev49p141} in the temperature range of $T =$ 200--2500 K. The radius of the condensate per atom and the surface tension of the condensate are given as $a_0$ and $\sigma$, respectively \citep{Elliott1980book,Nozawa2003ApJ598p785}. The equilibrium temperatures $T_{\rm eq}$ are presented for the density range of $n_i = 10^6$--$10^8$ cm$^{-3}$. See \citet{Nozawa2013ApJ776p24} for the details of the dust formation calculations.}
\label{tab:thermodata}
\end{deluxetable}

We calculate dust formation by applying the formulation of non-steady-state dust formation in \citet{Nozawa2013ApJ776p24} with $s = 0.8$, i.e., $\alpha = 1.2$ under $T$ and $\rho$ given in Section \ref{sec:model}. The results are summarized in Figure \ref{fig:dfcon}. In the low-density ejecta Sr, Hf, and Pt never condense into dust grains even for $f_i = 1.0$. Here, dust grains are defined as clusters containing atoms more than a hundred. Fe grains also cannot be formed even if $f_i = 1.0$ because of its low condensation temperature ($\la 1000$ K). Note that condensation temperature is lower than the equilibrium temperature because supersaturation is required for dust formation. The formation of carbon grains is possible as a result of the high condensation temperature ($\ga$ 1800 K) and small molecular weight (see Equation \ref{eq:ness}), i.e., large number density, which achieves $f_{\rm con} = 0.08$ and $0.5$ for $f_i = 0.5$ and $1.0$, respectively. These carbon grains could be responsible for the opacity of ejecta if a significant amount of carbon exists. We conclude that the dust grains of heavy ($A_i \gtrsim 50$) elements are not expected to be formed in the low-density case. In particular, the condensation of r-process elements ($A_i \gtrsim 100$) is extremely difficult, unless the inhomogeneity of ejecta is taken into account.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{fig1.eps}
\caption{Condensation efficiency, defined as the mass fraction of atoms finally locked up in dust grains, of carbon, iron, strontium, hafnium, and platinum in the low-density ({\it upper}) and high-density ({\it lower}) cases. Note that the dust formation of Hf and Pt in the high-density case is unlikely because low $f_i$ ($\lesssim 10^{-2}$) is required for r-process elements in GRB 130603B.}
\label{fig:dfcon}
\end{figure}

In the high-density ejecta (see Equation \ref{eq:rho}), the necessary condition for dust formation is relaxed. Carbon grains form at $t \sim 7$ days with $f_{\rm con} = 1.0$ for $f_i = 0.5$. Despite the high density, the low condensation temperature permits Fe grains only below $f_{\rm con} = 2 \times 10^{-3}$ and no Sr grains even for $f_i = 1.0$. Dust grains of Hf and Pt could form if $f_i$ is high enough. However, for GRB 130603B, such a high $f_i$ is unlikely because a significant amount of r-process elements leads to $\kappa$ much larger than $0.1$ cm$^2$ g$^{-1}$, which is far from the definition of the high-density case ($\kappa \sim 0.1$ cm$^2$ g$^{-1}$) and therefore is inconsistent with the observation. Since Fe grains form much later than $t_0 = 7$ days\footnote{Fe grains could form at earlier time in non-uniform ejecta, e.g., at the head of the ejecta where gas is rapidly cooled.}, we exclusively focus on carbon grains for GRB 130603B in the next subsection.

\subsection{Dust model for macronovae}

Figure \ref{fig:cabun} shows the condensation efficiency and average radius of carbon grains in the high-density ejecta (see Equation \ref{eq:rho}) as a function of the isotropic equivalent mass of carbon $M_{\rm C} (4\pi / \Delta \Omega)$, where $M_{\rm C}$ is the mass of carbon available for dust formation. The density of ejecta is calculated as the isotropic equivalent mass divided by $4\pi R^3 / 3$. The condensation efficiency is unity above $M_{\rm C} (4\pi / \Delta \Omega) \sim 10^{-2}$, below which it decreases rapidly.

Once dust grains are formed in the ejecta, they absorb emission from the ejecta and emit photons with energies corresponding to their temperature. Assuming that dust emission is optically thin, we can choose the mass and temperature of dust so that its thermal emission explains the NIR emission of GRB 130603B. Figure \ref{fig:spec} demonstrates one of the examples of the dust emission spectrum. The required mass of carbon grains is $M_{\rm d,C} \sim 8 \times 10^{-6} M_{\odot}$ with the dust temperature of 1800 K. Since $M_{\rm d,C} = f_{\rm con} M_{\rm C}$, the condensation efficiency for achieving this dust mass is estimated as $f_{\rm con} = 2 \times 10^{-3}$ ($M_{\rm C} = 4 \times 10^{-3} M_{\odot}$; see Figure \ref{fig:cabun}) for isotropic ejecta, i.e., $\Delta \Omega = 4\pi$. For anisotropic ejecta ($\Delta \Omega < 4\pi$), a specific $M_{\rm C}$ leads to $f_{\rm con}$ larger in the cases of smaller $\Delta \Omega$ because of the higher ejecta density. Thus, a smaller amount of $M_{\rm C}$ is sufficient to obtain a fixed value of $M_{\rm d,C}$ for a smaller $\Delta \Omega$. We can estimate $f_{\rm con}$ and $M_{\rm C}$ to yield a given $M_{\rm d,C} = f_{\rm con} M_{\rm C}$ by using the red line in Figure \ref{fig:cabun}. For instance, in the case of $( 4\pi / \Delta \Omega ) = 10$, $f_{\rm con} \sim 2 \times 10^{-2}$, which is achieved when the mass of carbon gas is $M_{\rm C} \sim 5 \times 10^{-4} M_{\odot}$. Note that the required mass of carbon gas is consistent with the mass of ejecta which is shown in recent simulations. We also notice that carbon grains do not evaporate because the dust temperature is lower than its evaporation (equilibrium) temperature.

The opacity coefficient of the carbon grains is $\kappa_{\rm C} \sim 1.1 \times 10^4$ cm$^{2}$ g$^{-1}$ at the {\it J}-band ($1.2 \mu$m), which does not depend on their radius as long as the grain radius is much smaller than the wavelength. At 7 days in the rest frame, the absorption probability is above unity at wavelengths shorter than the {\it J}-band under the parameter choice : $( 3 M_{\rm d,C} / \Delta \Omega R^3) \kappa_{\rm C} R \beta \sim 0.7 (4\pi / \Delta \Omega) (\lambda / 1.2~\mu{\rm m})^{-1.2}$. The absorption (emission) coefficients are proportional to $\lambda^{-1.2}$ \citep{Zubko1996MNRAS282p1321}. Thus, the dust grains absorb macronova emission and re-emit radiation at NIR wavelengths.

Compared to the r-process model, which predicts a rather broad-line spectrum, the dust model provides an even more featureless spectrum. The spectrum of dust emission also deviates from a blackbody spectrum at wavelengths of $\gtrsim 5 \mu$m because of the $\lambda$-dependence of the emission coefficient. Thus, a spectrum of the dust model can be observationally distinguished from both the r-process model and a pure blackbody spectrum.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{fig2.eps}
\caption{Condensation efficiency and average radius of newly formed carbon grains as a function of the isotropic mass of carbon $M_{\rm C} (4\pi / \Delta \Omega)$ ($M_{\rm C}$ is the carbon mass available for dust formation). The radius of carbon grains with 100 atoms is also shown ({\it dotted}). The vertical dashed line marks the amount of carbon gas which is required to produce the dust emission spectrum ($M_{\rm d,C} = 8 \times 10^{-6} M_{\odot}$) in Figure \ref{fig:spec} for $\Delta \Omega = 4\pi$.}
\label{fig:cabun}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{fig3.eps}
\caption{Thermal emission spectrum of carbon grains with $1800$ K ({\it red}) in the observer frame. The black square is the observed NIR flux of GRB 130603B \citep{Tanvir2013Nature500p547}. For references, a spectrum of the r-process model \citep[{\it blue};][TH13]{Tanaka2013ApJ775p113} and a blackbody spectrum with $T = 2000$ K ({\it green}) are shown. The spectral shape of the dust emission is rather smooth than that of the r-process model. Note that the parameters of TH13 are not optimized for GRB 130603B.}
\label{fig:spec}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{fig4.eps}
\caption{Schematic light curves for the interpretation of GRB 130603B by the dust model. The data points and fits by a GRB afterglow model ({\it dashed lines}) are from \citet{Tanvir2013Nature500p547}.}
\label{fig:lc}
\end{figure}

Based on the discussion above, we can propose an alternative model for the NIR brightening of GRB 130603B, and generally macronovae, which is schematically drawn in Figure \ref{fig:lc}. First, a macronova that is not powered by r-process elements happens. The low line opacity coefficient, e.g., $\kappa \sim 0.1$ cm$^2$ s$^{-1}$, makes this event bright in a blue band on timescale of a few day, as in the original work \citep{Li1998ApJ507L59}. Then, when the temperature of ejecta decreases to $\sim 2000$ K, dust formation begins and the ejecta become opaque again by dust. The high opacity allows the macronova emission to heat dust grains, which emit absorbed photons at NIR wavelengths. In other words, the observed NIR macronova can be the dust emission. The dust model has a featureless spectrum and an early macronova in a blue band, compared to the r-process model with the broad-line spectrum and without early blue emission.

\section{Discussion and Summary} \label{sec:dissum}

We have investigated dust formation in macronovae based on the temperature and density estimated from GRB 130603B. We have shown that dust of r-process elements hardly form even if they are abundantly produced. On the other hand, dust of light elements such as carbon can be formed. We have also suggested that the NIR macronova of GRB 130603B can be explained by the emission of light-element dust such as carbon grains, as an alternative to the r-process model.

We inferred the temperature of ejecta from the observational result as $T_0 \sim 2000$ K. A heating source may be the radioactive decay products of r-process elements in the r-process model. In r-process nucleosynthesis inefficient ejecta one possibility is the radioactive decay of heavy, but not r-process, elements \citep{Barnes2013ApJ775p18}. Radioactive nuclei with the lifetime less than $\sim 10$ days release a significant fraction of radioactive energies and achieve $T \sim 2000$ K at $\sim 7$ days under a reasonable choice of ejecta mass. Shock heating may be also possible.

We should keep in mind that the discussions in this Letter are based on the observational result of GRB 130603B because this is the only existing sample. For instance, if ejecta temperature is lower and density is much higher in another macronova, dust grains of r-process elements could be formed.

Our results have shown that newly formed grains are relatively small, consisting of $\sim 100$ up to $\sim 10^5$ atoms. We adopted the theory of Mie scattering in calculating the absorption coefficients of dust. However, they might deviate from the prediction of the theory for the dust only containing order-of-hundreds atoms.

We have considered homogeneous ejecta for simplicity. In reality, ejecta may be inhomogeneous, and dust may be formed in dense clumps, as discussed in supernovae \citep[e.g.,][]{Kotak2009ApJ704p306,Indebetouw2014ApJ782L2}. Larger dust grains may be formed in higher density clumps, and then opacity by dust can be changed by reflecting the spatial distribution of dust. Moreover, the consideration of the radial profile of ejecta may modify a dust formation history. Such effects are interesting subjects to be studied in the future.

The dust model for NIR macronovae should be tested observationally. One is the confirmation of a featureless spectrum. As shown in Figure \ref{fig:spec}, a dust emission spectrum is even featureless compared to a broad spectrum in the r-process model. A spectrum in the dust model also deviates from a blackbody spectrum at long wavelengths. Another way is multi-wavelength observations of light curves from early epochs (see Figure \ref{fig:lc}). Without opacity of r-process elements, a macronova is bright and blue in an early phase. It becomes red later by the emission of newly formed dust. Early optical emission was explored for a few short GRBs \citep[e.g., GRB 050509B;][]{Hjorth2005ApJ630L117}. Although the flux limit is strong for these GRBs, continuous searches for early emission are important because the properties of ejecta in NSB mergers may not be universal, e.g., depending on progenitors (NS-NS / BH-NS). In both cases, quick follow-up observations are important to understand the origin of NIR macronovae as well as the nucleosynthesis in the mergers of compact stellar objects.

\acknowledgements
We thank J.~Hjorth and N.~R.~Tanvir for useful comments, M.~Tanaka for providing us with a macronova spectrum (Figure \ref{fig:spec}), and K. Hotokezaka, T. Nakamura, Y.~Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata for discussions. T. Nakamura had also investigated dust formation in macronova independently of us. This work is supported by KAKENHI $24 \cdot 9375$ (H.~T.), $22684004$, $23224004$, $26400223$ (T.~N.), $24000004$, $22244030$, $24103006$, and $26287051$ (K.~I.), and by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan.

\bibliographystyle{apj}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Disability, Society and Assistive Technology
By Bodil Ravneberg, Sylvia Söderström
The provision of assistive technology is an important individual and collective service of the welfare state. The state plays a significant role towards linking users and products, and the matching of devices and users is both a science and an art. However, many people feel it is stigmatising to use individually designed assistive technologies as they often, in a subtle way, convey discriminating barriers in society. The major challenges of assistive technology are thus to reduce social exclusion and marginalisation and, importantly, to reduce individual risks and societal costs related to non-use due to deficiencies in usability, aesthetics and design of the technologies.
This groundbreaking book discusses the relationships among society, disability and technology by using different empirical examples (e.g., school, everyday life) to show why the combination of disability studies and STS-studies (science, technology and society) is a fruitful approach to understanding and meeting these challenges. The book explores the significance of the technologies for users, society and the field; identifies challenges to designing, adopting and using assistive technologies; and points at theoretical challenges in research as well as professional challenges in assistive technology service provision. The book also scrutinises the role of assistive technology devices, as well as the organisational structure of the assistive technology market, in relation to disabled people's lives.
This book will be valuable reading for students, academics, teachers and social educators interested in Disability Studies, STS Studies, Product Design, Sociology, Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, as well as engineers working in the field of assistive technology.
1. Disability, Society and Assistive Technology: A Multidisciplinary Field
2. Assistive Technologies, Disability and Elderly People
3. Disabled Children's Participation in Sports and Physical Activities: Experiences and Perceptions of Assistive Activity Technologies
4. Inclusive Education and Effects of Assistive Technologies
5. Information and Communication Technology: The Social Envelope of Young People`s Everyday Lives
6. Usability and Aesthetics of Assistive Technologies
7. Integration of Assistive Technologies into Domestic Spheres and Work Life
8. Public Reforms, Innovation and Change of Service Orientations
9. Universal Design and Assistive Technologies: A Challenging Relationship
10. Concluding Thoughts for a Multi-Disciplinarian Approach
Bodil Ravneberg is a Professor at Bergen University College, Norway.
Sylvia Söderström is a Professor at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Science at The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
Interdisciplinary Disability Studies
Disability studies has made great strides in exploring power and the body. This series extends the interdisciplinary dialogue between disability studies and other fields by asking how disability studies can influence a particular field. It will show how a deep engagement with disability studies changes our understanding of the following fields: sociology, literary studies, gender studies, bioethics, social work, law, education, or history. This ground-breaking series identifies both the practical and theoretical implications of such an interdisciplinary dialogue and challenges people in disability studies as well as other disciplinary fields to critically reflect on their professional praxis in terms of theory, practice, and methods.
Series editor: Mark Sherry, The University of Toledo, USA
Sociology & Social Policy
Disability Studies - Sociology
Sociology of Science & Technology
SOC029000
SOCIAL SCIENCE / People with Disabilities


text:
By Mark Rozeman | August 13, 2013 | 8:14pm
One of the biggest (and, some would say, cruelest) ironies in the esteemed career of Pixar involves the continued, phenomenal success of Cars. For a company built on a foundation of technical innovation and rich storytelling, the fact that one of the company's weaker, more kid-friendly products has proved to be their most commercially viable is an expected, though still somewhat tragic notion.
A decent film that raked in a good chunk at the box office and billions more in merchandising, Cars resulted in not only the worst entry in Pixar's filmography (Cars 2) but also a subsequent mini-media empire onto itself, with toys, TV shorts and video games to boot.
Planes stands as a continuation of the Cars brand. This time around, however, the film was made under the auspices of the DisneyToon Studios rather than Pixar. The result is a technically proficient but ultimately soulless exercise in corporate marketing disguised as an inspirational animated sports movie.
As with the first two Cars films, Planes is set in a world populated exclusively by anthropomorphic transportation vehicles. The story centers on a crop-duster plane named—what else—Dusty Crophopper (voiced by Dane Cook) who dreams of escaping his monotonous lifestyle and becoming a professional racer. Though dissuaded by his friends and colleagues, Dusty decides to try out for the annual Wings Around the World race and, surprisingly, makes the cut. After receiving some intense training by grizzled former navy warplane named Skipper Riley (voiced by Stacy Keach), Dusty sets off on a race that will take him around the world. Ridiculed by his fellow racers and nursing a paralyzing fear of heights, Dusty nevertheless powers through, determined to prove his worth.
Originally conceived as a straight-to-DVD release, the final, theatrical version of Planes still retains elements of its origins. Saddled with a formulaic amateur-takes-on-the-big-times plotline, the film looks and feels like something produced on the cheap for a quick cash-in. Throw in the usual archetypal characters—the wide-eyed dreamer, the curmudgeon mentor with the shady past, the evil, one-note antagonist—and you have a film that feels like it was designed more to sell toys rather than tell an actual compelling story.
Aside from its generic nature, also bogging the film down is its reliance on cheap humor. Whereas a healthy dose of lowbrow jokes can be welcome spice in any film, Planes leans on its jokes like a crutch, including several instances of blatant scatological humor. Moreover, being that the film is structured as a race around the globe, it relishes in depicting every nationality as an absurd and (excuse the pun) cartoonish caricature. While a select few prove mildly entertaining (John Cleese as a pompous British plane is a fun, if not entirely creative, choice), many more lean a bit too much towards the "offensive" side. Chief among them is a Mexican plane named El Chupacabra (voiced by Reno 911's Carlos Alazraqui) who dresses in luchador attire and seems to be channeling the Antonio Banderas-voiced bee from the Nasonex commercials.
Despite its numerous flaws, however, Planes is not completely devoid of charm. Some of the flying sequences, though somewhat truncated, manage to inspire some actual thrills. Likewise, several of the voice performances, in particular Brad Garrett as Dusty's enthusiastic, if clueless sidekick Chug and Stacy Keach as the grumpy, yet haunted Skipper, are effective enough. This, however, makes it all the more frustrating when these characters are sidelined in the film's latter half.
Offering a final evaluation of the film, one is tempted to rely upon the familiar refrain of "it's a film for kids" or "kids will enjoy it." Yet, in a world where Pixar has raised the bar of what American animated films can achieve and other studios have stepped up their game with the likes of How to Train Your Dragon, the Kung Fu Panda series and last year's fantastic Disney production, Wreck It Ralph, making a mediocre, by-the-numbers film that panders to childish sensibilities just simply won't cut it anymore.
Director: Klay Hall
Writers Jeffrey M. Howard
Starring: Dane Cook, Stacy Keach, Priyanka Chopra, John Cleese, Carlos Alazraqui
Release Date: Aug. 9, 2013
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LINK & INK: DAY OF OSCAR EDITION
Have some notes shared with the Facebook art underground, items I tweeted, and random fine art readings.
On the Hollywood Walk of Fame, near the site for the award broadcast, Plastic Jesus installed another revised Oscar statuette and titled it "Back-up Plan." Later it was at on Melrose and Stanley. In part the artist's statement said: "So many women come to Hollywood chasing a dream to become an actor, dancer or singer and sadly due to the lack of opportunities, combined with the high cost of living they are faced with the reality of having to strip in bars and clubs." I Plastic Jesus
Bob Gale, screenwriter for "Back To The Future Part II, confirmed antagonist Biff Tannen was based on Donald Trump, posts AVClub. The story credits The Daily Beast for the observation, but there's been earlier speculation on The Donald was channelled. Witness this YouTube vid from James Montalbano from June 20105
ArtNews follows up on Linda Vallejo's visual commentary that "no person of color has been nominated for an Academy Award in the four acting categories. Expanding on a series she started in 2010 called "Make 'Em All Mexican." Writer Maximilíano Durón speaks to the artist, and Chon Noriega, director of the Chicano Studies Research Center at UCLA I ArtNews
LOCAL SOURCES
Review Journal with recap of ArtPrize presentation to public held February 11 at the Winchester Cultural Center, who were invited by the county's Public Art Committee.
Settlers + Nomads flashes back to December 1993 for Dike Blair '49 Cent Breakfast"
Las Vegas Weekly on The Barrick Museum Art Bar.
Small Space Fest uses Emergency Arts for building-wide arts immersion. I Las Vegas Weekly
Burning Man could pull in nearly $3 million more in revenue this year, based on projected ticket sales. "Some of the money — although it is unclear how much — will go toward art," reports Las Vegas Sun.
Austin's My Statesman tours The Cosmopolitan collection.
AROUND THE WEST
Courtesy Robbie Conal
Robbie Conal has a soft side? Well, why not? "I have this technique that is pretty much tooled for adversarial portraiture. It's for negative [subjects], to paint people I don't like," said Conal. As for this piece his mood changes. "They're heroes of mine. I was really nervous making those paintings." I KCET
Simon Beck tracks Utah snow to make temporary Land Art that can only be seen from above I Sputnik
'Contribution of Negro Women to American Life and Education' is a mural by Houston artist John Biggers and it is in danger of not being restored due to lack of funding I Glasstire
Mesa, Arizona, adopted British uke Jerram project that converts pianos into an interactive public-art project. They title their version "Play Me, I'm Yours." I AZ Central
Keith Sonnier "Gothic Portal," 2015. Courtesy of Maccarone Gallery (LA)
Christopher Knight reviews Keith Sonnier neon wall drawings as "Elegant and deceptively simple, they display a masterful hand. Humor is part of the reason why." LATimes
On Emma Sulkowicz at Coagula Curatorial: "If the name is unfamiliar, it's because she's better known as 'Mattress Girl,' the Columbia University student who in 2014 began carrying a mattress on campus to protest the university's refusal to expel the student she accused of rape." I LATimes
OUTSIDE THE WEST
In Spain, ten semi-trucks became mobile street art murals in "Truck Art Project." 100 artworks are planned, and considered a way to have rural areas along highways be part of a local art scene. I WebUrbanist
The Library of Congress acquired 96 high-profile courtroom sketches that cover four decades of trials.
Ryan Mendoza's "The White House" project combines appropriation and homes as found objects. I Hyperallergic
The Robert Rauschenberg Foundation "has decided to adopt a new policy of making images of Rauschenberg work much more widely available free. In doing so, it is urging other artists' estates and foundations to take a hard look at protections it believes — in the name of safeguarding works from piracy or misuse — have become too restrictive, especially in the digital era." I NY Times
Claude Monet La Pointe de la Hève, Sainte-Adresse 1864 Photo credit: The National Gallery, London
The UK launched Art UK to catalog the country's entire publicly-owned art collection online I ArtNet
Art in America long form read on what is means to be a "total service" artist.
Another round of favorite agency office murals at DIGIDAY. Zappos could have their own top ten list
UK is excited by David Hockney scheduled retrospective at The Tate I ArtNews + The Telegraph + The Guardian
The Metropolitan Museum of Art released a new text-based logo and it was a serif storm of hate. The Met then explained the new all red rebrand: "Throughout its 146-year history, The Metropolitan Museum of Art has evolved to meet the needs of its audience," said The Met.


We all need a little bit of magic in our lives, mamas, and, thanks to Pangdemonium, there's exactly the right sort in town right now in the form of Peter and the Starcatcher. In fact, it's an outing that the whole family will be enchanted by!
When Peter and the Starcatcher, the prequel to Peter Pan, first opened on Broadway it swept the floor, winning countless awards and accolades. Now in Singapore for its Asian Premiere, with some wonderful local colour and original touches from some of Singapore's best theatre makers, it's an absolute must-see!
Whether it was JM Barrie's original novel, the classic Disney film or the Robin Williams characterisation, the classic Peter Pan story needs little introduction. We all know about Hook and Tinkerbell, Wendy and the Lost boys. But what came before, how did they all get to Neverland?
As such, creating a prequel is a double-edged sword. Peter Pan's legendary status may entice audiences, those keen to know more about Hook's hand or why the crocodile really ticks. But we are all protective of special memories, too and the risk of them being destroyed or short changed is a real risk.
However, the creators of Peter and the Starcatcher have crafted something so sympathetic to the original and so simply wonderful, that it's hard to believe it wasn't always part of JM Barrie's original plan. The much loved story is enhanced and embellished, making it even more for the forever than it ever was before.
And then it began; from the get go we were, well, hooked. As the 12 actors shifted seamlessly around the stage, switching time, place and characters, the ingenious set became a ship, then a dock, a nursery, a tunnel. A rope is the sea, a mop is a cat, a man is a woman and simply everything makes you smile. The interplay of the whole ensemble is impeccable, the theatre stage craft is divine, the lighting is sublime, the live music is fantastic. And it's all woven together beautifully, a perfect balance between nostalgia and new; here, now and then.
Wherever we looked, there was always something happening. The lost boys dangle from ropes, silhouettes of ships make the oceans, pirates appear and ships' officers disappear. Mermaids shimmying and singing is a particularly memorable and amusing moment ,but according to Alex, the ship splitting was up there, too, as a 'best bit'!
The race through the jungle, Peter nearly drowning at sea, that special first kiss… there are so many things to love, but to list them all would risk giving too much of the magic away. And as we all learn, special magic must be protected 'above all else'!
You'll laugh at the fart jokes and slapstick banter, you'll gasp as Peter falls through the air, and you'll have a tear in your eye as Peter says goodbye. You'll remember what it was to be so lost in a moment of pure wonder and enchantment, you'll yearn for a time when days we're spent making camps and dens, exploring the world of make believe where imagination was king (or queen!).
"Actually, I think what was really good, Mummy, was how they managed to take a children's story and make it interesting for grownups, too." I smiled, knowing he was trying to sound wise, talking as a grownup, and was oblivious to the fact that I was loving how it had all made me feel like a child again.
I gave him a little squeeze and a nudge of a hug. One of those ones that is just about acceptable when you're 14 and in public. In that moment, the fact he'd eaten more sweets than he should have done, there was still homework to be done when we got home, and he would undoubtedly want to play on fortnight didn't matter. The warm glow that comes with a rush of mama love ruled above all else.
So, if you've ever had a discussion about exactly how Captain Hook lost his hand, how the Lost Boys ended up on Neverland and importantly how the crocodile got his tick….then Peter and the Starcatcher is a must, mamas.
It's a world where pirates play, boys explore and a girl leads. There's adventure at every turn and magic, in the form of "star stuff", is in the air. Turn off the screens, forget the everyday and take the whole family to enjoy this wonderful show. Although Peter says many times that "adults always lie" I promise that, right now, this one is very much telling the truth!
Peter and the Starcatcher is playing at Drama Centre Theatre, National Library Building through 20 October 2018. We'd recommend it for ages 6 or 7 and up.
How much: $20 to $90. Buy your tickets on Sistic!


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'Thrilled': Next generation climate modelling gets budget kickstart
November 24, 2020 Peter Hannam (The Sydney Morning Herald)
Federal funding for advanced climate modelling has cheered scientists who say the investment will help refine predictions for everything from fire-generated thunderstorms to worsening urban heat islands.
Buried in this year's budget was the provision of $7.6 million to upgrade the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator, known as ACCESS, to increase the nation's "capacity to respond to future climate disasters and emergencies".
While the funding is only for three years from 2020-21 – rather than as long as 10 years recommended in a scoping study – the initial outlay means Australia's modelling capability can keep up with international advances, said Andy Pitman, head of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes.
Current models developed over decades with millions of lines of code are being superseded by so-called exascale models capable of more precise prediction of extreme weather events as the climate warms.
Australia is the only country in the southern hemisphere developing climate models, and the ACCESS update "keeps us relevant, keeps us on the international agenda", said Professor Pitman, who is based at the University of NSW, and was part of the scoping study into the next generation of modelling.
The expected advances would allow planners to reduce resolutions down to as little as one-kilometre grids, allowing for predictions of heat-island effects in heatwaves to the speed of intensification of storms including so-called pyrocumulus clouds that develop in intense bushfires.
"It connects climate change to the level that people live at and make decisions at," Professor Pitman said.
Greg Ayres, a former senior CSIRO scientist and Bureau of Meteorology chief who headed the model scoping study, said the three-year funding was "good news" not only for scientists and software engineers who would be employed but also for a range of programs depending on the research.
ACCESS was "a pivotal component of what's a multifaceted research effort to understand … climate variability and climate change", Dr Ayres said, adding Australia needed good intelligence on everything from floods and bushfires to coastal erosion, all of which were likely to worsen as the planet heats up as greenhouse gas emissions rise.
Examples of dependent agencies include CSIRO, the Bureau of Meteorology, universities and several of the six research hubs established in the National Environmental Science Program.
"It would be hard to see that it couldn't continue [beyond the initial three years]," Dr Ayers said.
Christian Jakob, a climate modeller at Monash University, said he was "thrilled" by the injection of funds that would underpin Australia's ability to do independent science for the southern hemisphere.
"Even if we would have been happier with 10 years, three years is a pretty good start," Professor Jakob said. "It's a big relief to see it funded."
Scientists trying to study the complex interactions of clouds and the oceans down to the role played by ocean eddies "would need less time to worry about code". "It frees up a lot of time and energy," Professor Jakob said.
Improved models based on massively increased computing power will assist governments and the public to understand what awaits Australia in 2050 and beyond in a warming world, he said.
Originally published by The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 October 2020.
tagged with ACCESS, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Bureau of Meteorology, climate models, CSIRO, Featured


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'Extinct' Apple Varieties Are Actually Everywhere
10 were discovered over just the last few months.
by Matthew Taub April 17, 2020
'Extinct' Apple Varieties Are Actually Everywhere
TOC identified the Mihalyfi apple among those sent by the Lost Apple Project. Photo by Joanie Cooper / Courtesy of Temperate Orchard Conservancy
"I can see family resemblance in apples the same way you can in people," says Shaun Shepherd, a botanist at the Temperate Orchard Conservancy outside Portland, Oregon. It's that kind of familiarity with all of the fruit's varieties, earned over a lifetime of study, that's endowed Shepherd with the ability to bring apples back from the dead.
Figuratively speaking, of course. This week, the Temperate Orchard Conservancy (TOC), in partnership with the nonprofit Lost Apple Project, announced that 10 apple varieties previously thought extinct are, in fact, alive and crisp as ever. It was the richest season ever for the Lost Apple Project, which "seeks to identify and preserve heritage apple trees and orchards in the Inland Northwest," according to the project's Facebook page.*
To do that, a small number of volunteer apple foragers—a retired FBI agent among them—consult historical maps, records from 19th-century county fairs, newspapers, and sales ledgers to pinpoint former orchards dating back to the Homestead Act. If they're lucky, they'll arrive at these locations to find trees still producing fresh fruit—trees whose coordinates they carefully note before sending the apples off to TOC for analysis.
Once the apples arrive at TOC, Shepherd and his colleagues compare them against watercolor paintings commissioned by the United States Department of Agriculture in the 19th and early 20th centuries; they also rely on the descriptions in some canonical texts, such as The Apples of New York, published in 1905. Generally speaking, Shepherd says, the botanists at TOC don't rely on DNA analysis because correctly identified samples are needed for comparison, and those are not available in most cases.
The group also resuscitated the Gold Ridge. Photo by Joanie Cooper / Courtesy of Temperate Orchard Conservancy
Shepherd, TOC's Vice President and Pomologist, says some apples immediately stand out as different, while others are distinguished by far subtler features. They can range, on the one hand, from less than one inch to more than five inches across—a trait that can help the botanists quickly eliminate certain IDs and zero in on others. Other times, they're splitting hairs over the lengths of stems, the textures of the skins, or—hardest of all—the different tastes. Apple flavor varies, of course, but only so much: "We ran across one several years ago that was minty," says Shepherd, "which blew our minds."
Shepherd is careful to concede that his conclusions may never be 100 percent certain, but he's operating off much more than a cursory glance: This season, out of roughly 160 samples sent by the Lost Apple Project, he identified and thus revived the Gold Ridge apple by isolating "the depression around the calyx." In fact, some of the 10 varieties recently rediscovered had been sent over by the Lost Apple Project several years earlier—it just took years of research to confidently identify them.
Though TOC will "look at the odd plum," Shepherd says he focuses on apples for their variety, and the discoveries they invite. "There are old apple trees everywhere, and there are literally thousands of varieties that aren't known to exist anymore," he says. He believes that many of them still exist, and are just waiting to be found.
*Correction: This post previously stated that the Lost Apple Project is based in California's Inland Empire region. It is in the Pacific Northwest's Inland Northwest region, which is sometimes also referred to as the Inland Empire.
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One of the biggest environmental issues of the last few decades is global climate change. It's a big issue because much of what we do and how we live depends on the climate, and also because of the potential harm and suffering that a changing climate can bring to us and our environment.
How we respond to a changing climate is important because of the risks and potential harm that comes with it. Depending on where we live in the world, the effects of global warming can vary. For example, if you live in bushland, the risk may be bushfires. If you live near the beach, it may be flooding. This can mean loss of homes and businesses, loss of life, pressure on our hospital system, loss of income and increasing insurance costs. It also affects government, both internationally and locally as decisions need to be made about how to respond - like creating government policies, international agreements and investing in new technologies to reduce carbon emissions. One thing is clear - if scientists are telling us that the climate is changing because of increasing carbon emissions due to human activities, then reducing global greenhouse gases is essential.
There are several things we can all do to reduce our carbon emissions and help create a cleaner and healthier place in which we live. 'Sustainability' is a buzz word that we are hearing more and more often. It is used to describe preserving our environment, our economy and our social well-being. There is actually no universally accepted definition of sustainability, but it basically means conserving our resources so that future generations can maintain a quality of life. A big part of this means saving our precious resources such as water and fossil fuels and modifying the way we do things every day.
This website is full of information about how to live more sustainably by reducing our waste, recycling better and reducing our energy and water consumption. These things can also save us money. It's a win for us AND the environment! We can also do things everyday to reduce our carbon emissions. Here is a great way to start.
Be a smarter consumer - less packaging means less waste; only buy what you can consume; think about the end life of the product.
Install energy-efficient appliances and lighting.
Energy savings is a very important topic at the moment, as our energy consumption increases the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, it can increase 'peak energy demand', and as energy prices increase, so do our energy bills.
There are many things that can be done to reduce energy consumption at home or in your business, and a lot of them are free. Just by changing the way you use power and identifying where and when electricity or gas is being wasted, you can reduce your electricity bill. If you would like tips on how to make your home more energy efficient, you can go to any of the three Holroyd City Council libraries and borrow a Home Power Saving Kit for free. This will give you the tools and instructions on how minor changes can improve the energy efficiency of your home.
There are many things that can be done to reduce energy consumption at home or in your business and a lot of them are free. Just by changing the way you use power and identifying where and when electricity or gas is being wasted you can reduce your electricity bill. If you would like tips on how to make your home more energy efficient you can go to any of the three Council libraries and borrow a Home Power Saving Kit for free. This will give you the tools and instructions on how minor changes can improve the energy efficiency of your home.
For more information on the kits and the location of our wonderful Library Services, you can visit our main website.
Businesses should consult the NSW Government for assistance with energy savings actions. They have information on programs designed to assist businesses including funding opportunities and specialist advice.
The use of solar power is a great way for households and businesses reduce their electricity bills as well as their carbon footprint. If you are interested in installing a photo voltaic (PV) system, there are a few things to consider such as development consent and what type of system will best suit your home or business. Have a chat to the Duty Town Planner at Holroyd City Council on 9840 9840 between 9.30am and 1pm. They can assist you to identify what planning requirements apply to the installation of the site. Once you have spoken to Council you should seek quotes for your system. It is recommended that you obtain a number of quotes to make sure that you are getting the best system for the price you want to pay.
How do I reduce my energy consumption at home?
Use energy-efficient light bulbs – they last up to 10 times longer and use 80% less energy.
Turn appliances off at the wall when not in use.
Insulate your roof and ceiling and save 20 to 40% on heating and cooling costs.
Wear warmer clothes inside in winter so you don't need the heater as much.
Use draft excluders (door snakes) and rugs to keep your house warm.
Plant deciduous trees near your home – they provide shade in summer and lose their leaves in autumn, letting in the warm winter sun.
Use energy-efficient appliances – each appliance has a label with stars; the more stars you see, the more energy efficient the appliance is and the more money you save.
Keep summer heat out by using external blinds to shade windows.
Buy Green Power (electricity generated from renewable resources).
When it comes to using water too, we often forget that water is not an endless resource. Sydney Water has a set of Water Wise Rules to help us be smarter about how and when we use water.
How do I reduce my water usage at home?
Turn off the tap while cleaning your teeth, shaving or peeling vegetables.
Make sure you have a full load before you put on the washing machine or dishwasher.
Use water-saving devices that you can attach to your taps, available at hardware stores, e.g. aerators.
Reduce the water used by the toilet – place a brick or toilet flusher saver (available at hardware stores) inside the toilet cistern.
Water early in the morning or late in the afternoon; if you water in the middle of the day the sun will evaporate most of the water before the plants receive it.
Water near the roots of plants, for longer and less often.
Mulch around your plants to prevent moisture loss, with pebbles, woodchips or grass clippings.
Install a rainwater tank so this can be used to flush your toilet and water your garden.
When Holroyd City Council first started analysing its electricity usage, we found that the air conditioning was being left on longer than it needed to be and some windows were open during the day. By altering the operating times of the air conditioning system and making sure all the windows in the administration building were shut, we reduced our carbon footprint and electricity bills, and improved the operation of the air conditioning system.
When Holroyd City Council first started analysing its electricity usage, we found that the air conditioning was being left on longer than it needed to be and some windows were open during the day. By altering the operating times of the air-conditioning system and making sure all the windows in the administration building were shut, we reduced our carbon footprint and electricity bills, and improved the operation of the air conditioning system.
We also reviewed Council sites and determined which ones would be most suited to installing PV (solar power) systems. The suitability of each site depended on a number of factors such the orientation of the site, the condition of the roof, the positioning of trees, the time of day the site used most electricity and what rebates and credits were available at the time. We found that it was preferable and most suitable to put solar panels on the Council sites that use most of their electricity during the day when the PV systems would be generating the most power.
Council currently have PV systems at nine sites generating 91.29kW of electricity.
Holroyd City Council was successful in receiving funding from the Australian Government to implement Council's Energy Smart Cities and Homes Project. The energy efficiency works were implemented across seven Council owned facilities: Guildford West Children's Centre, Greystanes Library, Merrylands Library, Wentworthville Library, Wenty Children's Centre, Gumnut Grove Children's Centre and the Banksia Babes Children's Centre. Upgrades included energy efficient air conditioning replacement and lighting upgrades.
The project is expected to yield an annual energy reduction across the seven assets of 78,255 kWh and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions associated with electricity consumption of 83tCO2-e, the equivalent of 166,000km and emissions savings of 94 return Sydney to Melbourne road trips per year.
As part of a regional street light replacement project, Holroyd has replaced 940 old street lights with new energy efficient lights. These CO2 emission savings are equivalent to lighting over 4,800 homes each year over 20 years, taking nearly 900 cars off the road each year over 20 years, and heating and cooling over 1,900 Australian homes each year over 20 years.
Holroyd Council was one of nine Western Sydney councils to participate in the Light Years Ahead project. In total, approximately 13,000 old 80-watt mercury vapour street lights have been changed in residential streets across Western Sydney and replaced with new 18 watt LEDs. This action results in a 77% energy drop for each light changed. The new lights are making huge savings in terms of energy-costs and CO2 emissions ,with projected savings of over 74,000 tonnes of emissions and $21 million over 20 years for the 9 councils. The savings of CO2 are equivalent to taking around 37,000 cars off the road each year for 20 years or saving the emissions equivalent to lighting 92,500 average Aussie homes each year.
As Dorothea Mackellar said, "Australia is a land 'of droughts and flooding rains'". For Sydney residents, this means we have to be prepared to experience times where water is plentiful and others where there are heavy water use restrictions.
When the Sydney region is experiencing long dry spells, everyone needs to work together to reduce their water consumption to make sure there is enough water to go around. A good way to do this is to begin implementing water saving actions even when there are no water use restrictions. Some things to think about is purchasing a water-efficient washing machine and dishwasher when the old ones stop working. Installing water-efficient taps, showers and toilets are also great ways to save water.
In a great majority of Sydney homes, gardens account for the largest proportion of water usage. By planting drought-proof plants native to the Holroyd area, and drought tolerant grasses, you can greatly reduce your garden's water consumption.
We also support other environmental programs like Fridge buyback and Close the loop.


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What to Stream This Weekend: The Drama Desks Go Digital, Party With [title of show], More
Hairspray Live!, Starring Harvey Fierstein, Kristin Chenoweth, Ariana Grande, Jennifer Hudson, More, Streaming May 29
Look at the Original Sketches for the Emmy-Winning Set Design of Hairspray Live!
James Corden's Carpool Karaoke, Tony Awards, and Hairspray Live! Win Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Stage Directors Earn DGA Award Nominations for TV Musicals
News Exclusive: Hairspray Live! to Feature Live Audience and New Songs NBC chairman Robert Greenblatt and composer Marc Shaiman reveal some of the changes they're making for the upcoming TV broadcast.
By Olivia Clement
NBC chairman Robert Greenblatt and Hairspray composer Marc Shaiman were in attendance at the annual Actors Fund gala April 25 where they spoke to Playbill exclusively about the upcoming December 7 live TV broadcast of the Tony-winning musical. The duo revealed that Hairspray Live! will be filmed outdoors with a live audience and will feature new songs.
Robert Greenblatt
Greenblatt teased that audience members would be part of the Hairspray Live! broadcast, as Baltimore locals and part of the audience of The Corny Collins Show. "They'll be inside the story as opposed to just bystanders," said the TV executive.
"We're going to have people responding in certain scenes," revealed Greenblatt. "I don't like the idea of people sitting against the wall or in bleachers applauding. We're going to work people into scenes, like crowd scenes and extras and background people. They're going to just organically react to the musical numbers. There will be a fair amount of live responses."
Shaiman spoke about incorporating new songs into the TV adaptation. "We're going to try some different songs that Scott [Wittman] and I had tried at one point," said the composer. "We're going to put a movie song in there, and there might be something new that we'll come up with. But we want to be careful not to screw with that one little perfect thing that we made once."
"We don't want to fix what's not broke, but we do always want to fluff it up a bit," he continued. "It's a show that really works, so it didn't require a re-think," agreed Greenblatt. "There's nothing [hugely] different. We haven't moved it to the 1990's or something crazy. It's [still] the show you love."
Greenblatt did speak about some of the script changes audiences can expect. Harvey Fierstein, who was recently announced as returning to his Tony-winning role as Edna Turnblad for the NBC broadcast, is adapting the script for TV.
Harvey Fierstein and Jennifer Hudson to Co-Star in NBC's Hairspray Live!
"We've done some rewriting just to choreograph things out in the street," said Greenblatt. "We're going to shoot it on the Universal back lot in Hollywood, so we're going to spend a fair amount of the show outdoors, which we haven't done previously."
"The sun will be going down just as we start 'Good Morning Baltimore,'" he continued. "What's going to be fun about Hairspray is that it's not going to be enclosed by a studio. It's going to be outside and have a real exuberance in the open air."
Both Greenblatt and Shaiman said they were thrilled to have Fierstein on board for Hairspray Live! "Harvey is part of the family. We just thought to ourselves, 'He is the iconic Edna Turnblad. We should memorialize that performance on film,'" said Greenblatt. "I think it's come full circle."
Greenblatt said it would be some time before they announced who would be cast in the lead role of Tracy Turnblad. The chairman was very impressed by the amount of actresses who had turned up to the New York open call this past weekend. "We had a lot of girls, more girls than we had for The Wiz," he commented.
Behind the Scenes (and On the Line) at the Hairspray Live! Open Call
"We just want to scour the world and see who's out there, like we did when we found Shanice Williams, which was just a phenomenal discovery. It will probably be a couple of months."
Greenblatt said he and other executives at NBC had learned a lot from the success of last year's The Wiz Live. "With each musical, we learn more and more…We've gotten more confident with what we can do, so we're going to apply some of that to Hairspray, but each one is a new thing."
Hairspray Live! will air December 7 at 8 PM ET. The all-star creative team includes The Wiz Live director Kenny Leon and original Hairspray choreographer Jerry Mitchell. Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, who produced all three of NBC's recent holiday musicals, are attached as producers.
Hairspray Live!


Club: Stade Tunisien / edit.
Dalibor Stevanovič is a Slovenian midfielder currently playing for the Polish top-flight side Śląsk Wrocław. He was born on 27 September 1984 in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Dalibor started out his professional career with NK Domžale in 2002. He made a total of 25 goals in 77 matches during a four-year spell at the club. In between 2006 and 2008, Stevanovič played for Spanish clubs Real Sociedad and Alavés. In the 2008/09 season, he made 10 appearances for Israeli team Maccabi Petah Tikva but soon moved to the Dutch Vitesse where he scored 8 goals in 56 games for two seasons. After a short stint at Ukrainian Volyn Lutsk, Stevanovič signed a contract with the Polish Ekstraklasa team Śląsk Wrocław and plays there to date.
Since 2006, Dalibor Stevanovič is capped to the Slovenia national team. He scored his maiden international goal in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against San Marino.