Photo taken by Renee C. Quinn, May 2018.
WesternGeco owns four patents relating to a system that it developed for surveying the ocean floor. In 2007, ION began selling a competing system. It manufactured the components in the United States and then shipped them to companies abroad. The companies then combined the components to create a surveying system indistinguishable from WesternGeco's and used the system to compete with WesternGeco.
WesternGeco sued ION for patent infringement under 35 U.S.C. §§271(f)(1) and (f)(2). The jury found ION liable and awarded WesternGeco damages of $12.5 million in royalties and $93.4 million in lost profits. ION filed a post-trial motion to set aside the verdict, arguing that WesternGeco could not recover damages for lost profits because §271(f) does not apply extraterritorially. The district court denied the motion. On appeal, the Federal Circuit reversed the award of lost-profits damages, relying on its previous holding that §271(a), the general infringement provision, does not allow patent owners to recover for lost foreign sales. WesternGeco petitioned for review in the Supreme Court, which vacated the Federal Circuit's judgment, and remanded for further consideration in light of its decision in Halo Electronics, Inc. v. Pulse Electronics, Inc., 579 U.S. (2016). On remand, the Federal Circuit reinstated the portion of its decision that §271(f) has no extraterritorial reach. The Supreme Court granted certiorari again.
Courts generally presume that federal statutes "apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States." Foley Bros., Inc. v. Filardo, 336 U.S. 281, 285 (1949). The Supreme Court has established a two-step framework for deciding whether extraterritoriality should nonetheless apply. The first step asks whether the presumption against extraterritoriality has been rebutted. It can only be rebutted if the statutory text provides a clear indication of an extraterritorial application. If the presumption has not been rebutted, the second step asks whether the case involves a domestic application of the statute. Courts determine this by identifying the statute's "focus" and asking whether the conduct relevant to that focus occurred in a United States territory.
Although it is usually preferable to begin with step one, courts have the discretion to begin at step two in appropriate cases. One reason to exercise this discretion is because addressing step one requires resolving difficult questions that do not change the outcome of the case but could have far-reaching effects in future cases. WesternGeco argued that the presumption against extraterritoriality should never apply to statutes, such as §284, that merely provide a general damages remedy for conduct that Congress has declared unlawful. Because resolving that question could implicate many other statutes besides the Patent Act, the Court exercised its discretion to forgo the first step of its extraterritoriality framework.
Under step two, the focus of a statute is the object of its solicitude, which can include the conduct it seeks to regulate, as well as the parties and interests it seeks to protect or vindicate. "If the conduct relevant to the statute's focus occurred in the United States, then the case involves a permissible domestic application" of the statute, "even if other conduct occurred abroad." RJR Nabisco, Inc. v. European Community, 579 U.S. (2016) (slip op., at 9). But if the conduct occurred in another country, "then the case involves an impermissible extraterritorial application regardless of any other conduct that occurred in U.S. territory." Id. Further, if the statutory provision at issue works in tandem with other provisions of the statute, it must be assessed together with those other provisions.
The Court previously explained that the "overriding purpose" of §284 is to "affor[d] patent owners complete compensation" for infringements. General Motors Corp. v. Devex Corp., 461 U.S. 648, 655 (1983). Therefore, the focus of §284 is infringement. The Court then turned to §271(f)(2), which was the basis for WesternGeco's infringement claim and the lost-profits damages that it received. The conduct that §271(f)(2) regulates is the domestic act of "supply[ing] in or from the United States." Section 271(f)(2) invokes domestic interests because it "reach[es] components that are manufactured in the United States but assembled overseas." Life Technologies Corp. v. Promega Corp., 580 U.S. (2017) (slip op., at 11). The infringing conduct that is relevant occurred in the United States because it was ION's domestic act of supplying the components that infringed WesternGeco's patents. Therefore, the lost-profits damages that were awarded to WesternGeco were a domestic application of §284.
The Court rejected ION's arguments to the contrary. First, ION contended that the statutory focus is "self-evidently on the award of damages." However, the damages themselves are simply how the statute achieves its goal of remedying infringements. Second, ION argued that this case involves an extraterritorial application of §284 because "lost-profits damages occurred extraterritorially, and foreign conduct subsequent to [ION's] infringement was necessary to give rise to the injury." But those overseas events were incidental to ION's infringement. Finally, ION extrapolated a general rule from RJR Nabisco that damages awards for foreign injuries are always an extraterritorial application of a damages provision. However, "[t]hat portion of RJR Nabisco interpreted a substantive element of a cause of action, not a remedial damages provision." It did not make any statements about damages.
Consequently, the Court held that WesternGeco's damages award for lost profits was a permissible domestic application of §284. The judgment of the Federal Circuit was reversed, and the case was remanded for further proceedings consistent with the Court's opinion.
Justices Gorsuch and Breyer dissented, arguing that because an infringement must occur within the United States, "that means a plaintiff can recover damages for the making, using, or selling of its invention within the United States, but not for the making, using or selling of its invention elsewhere." The dissent contended that permitting damages of this sort would effectively allow United States patent owners to use American courts to extend their monopolies to foreign markets. In turn, this would invite other countries to use their own patent laws and courts to assert control over the United States economy.
Patent owners may recover lost foreign profits under §271(f)(2) when the infringing party exports parts from the United States for assembly in foreign countries, so long as the relevant infringing conduct occurred in the United States.
Joseph Robinson has over 20 years of experience in all aspects of intellectual property law. He focuses his practice in the pharmaceutical, life sciences, biotechnology, and medical device fields. His practice encompasses litigation, including Hatch-Waxman litigation; licensing; counseling; due diligence; and patent and trademark prosecution. He has served as litigation counsel in a variety of patent and trademark disputes in many different jurisdictions, and has also served as appellate counsel before the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Joe also focuses on complex inter partes matters before the U.S Patent and Trademark Office, inventorship disputes, reexaminations and reissues. His experience includes numerous interferences, a particular advantage in new U.S. Patent and Trademark Office post-grant proceedings. He also counsels on patent–related U.S. Food and Drug Administration issues, including citizen petitions, Orange Book listing, and trademark issues. For more information and to contact Joe please visit his profile page at the Troutman Sanders website.
Robert Schaffer is an intellectual property partner at Troutman Sanders. Bob applies more than 30 years of experience to IP counseling and litigation. His work includes patent procurement, strategic planning and transactional advice, due diligence investigations, district court patent cases, and Federal Circuit appeals. He regularly handles complex and high-profile domestic and international patent portfolios, intellectual property agreements and licensing, IP evaluations for collaborations, mergers, and acquisitions. In disputed court cases Bob's work includes representing and counseling client in ANDA litigations, complex patent infringement cases and appeals, and multidistrict and international cases. In disputed Patent Office matters his work includes representing and counseling clients in interferences, reexaminations, reissues, post-grant proceedings, and in European Oppositions. For more information and to contact Bob please visit his profile page at the Troutman Sanders website.
There are currently 2 Comments comments.
(small) patent owners can't recover anything for domestic infringement but are allowed to recover lost profits for infringement abroad ???
what kind of idiots are those folks ?


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Apedemak ist ein nubischer Kriegs- und Fruchtbarkeitsgott. Er wurde häufig als Mensch mit Löwenkopf dargestellt, der einen Bogen und einen Köcher trägt. Auf der Rückwand des Löwentempels in Naqa ist Apedemak mit drei Löwenköpfen und vier menschlichen Armen zu sehen. In Naqa erscheint er auch gänzlich in Gestalt mit Löwenkopf, aus einer Lotusblüte aufsteigenden menschlichen Oberkörper und Schlangenunterleib. Auf seinem Kopf sitzen waagerechte Widderhörner, die Teil einer Hemhem-Krone sind, bestehend aus drei Schildbündeln, auf denen drei Sonnenscheiben sitzen, seitlich begrenzt durch zwei Straußenfedern und zwei Uräen, die auf ihren Köpfen Sonnenscheiben, zum Teil in Verbindung mit Doppelfederkronen, tragen.

Apedemak symbolisierte zugleich die zerstörerischen und schöpferischen Kräfte. Er übernahm auch die Rolle eines "Kronengottes". Seine wichtigsten Tempel baute man ihm in der Region Butana, genauer in Meroe, Aborepi und Tolkte. Das älteste Heiligtum in Aboreti wurde vom nubischen König Arnekhamani in den Jahren 235 bis 210 v. Chr. errichtet. Die göttliche Begleiterin Apedemaks ist Amesemi.

Siehe auch
 Liste der ägyptischen Götter

Literatur
 Inge Hoffmann: Die Meroitische Religion: Apedemak. In: Hildegard Temporini: Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Teil 1: Von den Anfängen Roms bis zum Ausgang der Republik. De Gruyter, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-11-001885-3, S. 2819–2825.
 Christian Leitz u. a.: LGG, Bd. 1. Peeters, Leuven 2002, ISBN 2-87723-644-7, S. 221–222.
 Piotr O. Scholz: Nubien – Geheimnisvolles Goldland der Ägypter. Konrad Theiss Verlag GmbH, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-8062-1885-5, S. 152.
 Dietrich Wildung, Jürgen Liepe: Sudan – Antike Königreiche am Nil. Ernst Wasmuth Verlag GmbH & Co., Tübingen, 1996, ISBN 3-8030-3084-6, S. 266–269, 278 f.

Weblinks

Nubische Gottheit
Männliche Gottheit
Löwengottheit

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