text:
November 2006 LIP of the Month
Corresponds to event #24 in LIP record database.
Timescales of plume-lithosphere interactions in LIPs: 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of alkaline igneous rocks from the Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province
S. A. Gibson
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK.
e-mail: sally@esc.cam.ac.uk
For additional details and expanded discussion, see Gibson et al. (2006); Download pdf here.
The Paraná-Etendeka LIP in NW Namibia
High-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages for alkaline igneous rocks from the western margin of the Early-Cretaceous Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province (Paraguay) show that small-fraction melt generation occurred beneath the region in two phases; at 145 Ma and 127.5 Ma [1], i.e. before and at the end of the 139-127 Ma Paraná-Etendeka flood-basalt eruptions. Previously published 40Ar/39Ar ages for alkaline igneous rocks on the proto-Atlantic coastal margins range from 134 to 128 Ma and indicate that small-fraction melt generation in the east of the province was either synchronous or slightly later than the main pulse of tholeiitic volcanism (between 134 and 132 Ma). New 40Ar/39Ar phlogopite ages confirm that: (i) the earliest melts associated with the initial impact of the Tristan plume were generated in the west of the Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province and (ii) igneous activity was long lived and immediately predates continental break-up. The location and timing of both alkaline and tholeiitic melt generation in the Paraná-Etendeka province appear to have been significantly influenced by the non-uniform composition and thickness of the South American and south-west African lithosphere. The long duration of Paraná-Etendeka magmatism (17 Myr) relative to other Phanerozoic large igneous provinces (e.g. Siberia, Karoo, Deccan) may be an artefact of the limited available high-precision age data for CFB-related alkaline igneous rocks.
The rates and timescales of emplacement of the vast volumes (1-4 million km3) of magma associated with large igneous provinces (LIPs) provide important constraints on the mechanisms of melt generation. Rapid eruption rates (i.e. over a few million years) reflect adiabatic decompression melting in the convecting mantle whereas a much longer duration of igneous activity (perhaps over 10's of millions of years) is associated with lithospheric melting by heat conduction [2]. The Paraná-Etendeka LIP represents one of the world's largest outpourings of basaltic magma (>1x106km3) but, despite the availability of high-precision 40Ar/39Ar dating techniques, the duration of tholeiitic volcanism has been the subject of considerable debate [3-7]. This is because tholeiitic melt generation in the Paraná-Etendeka province appears to have occurred over a larger time interval (~12 Myr [3]; Fig.1) than in other large igneous provinces, such as the Deccan (~7 Myr [8]) and Siberia (~5 Myr [9, 10]). The long duration of tholeiitic magmatism in the Paraná-Etendeka LIP has prompted suggestions that the mechanism of melt generation was different to that of other provinces [11, 12]. Recently published 40Ar/39Ar for the Karoo/Ferrar province, however, indicate that this may also have been emplaced over a long time span (~12 Myr [13-15]). Nevertheless, fine-grained basaltic rocks are notoriously difficult to date and it is unclear as to whether or not the wide range of ages determined for the Paraná-Etendeka province reflects the duration of magmatism or inaccuracies in dating techniques.
Figure 1: 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb ages for tholeiitic rocks from Phanerozoic large igneous provinces. Published 40Ar/39Ar plateau age data have been filtered to remove: (i) whole-rock determinations; (ii) those calculated from steps containing <70% of the total 39Ar released. MSWD values of plotted samples are <2.6 (where given in the literature). All ages have been recalculated to a FCs monitor age of 28.02 [16]. Data sources are given in Gibson et al. [1].
3. Age of Paraná-Etendeka magmatism
The Early-Cretaceous Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province outcrops over an area of 1.2x106 km2 (Fig. 2).
Figure 2: Distribution of alkaline and tholeiitic igneous rocks in the Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province prior to continental break-up. Modified from Stewart et al. [5] to additionally show Early Cretaceous alkaline igneous rocks [17] and also the approximate locations of cratons and mobile belts [18]. Dyke locations in Paraguay are from [19]. Abbreviations are as follows: BB, Brasilia Belt; DB, Damara Belt; DFB, Dom Feliciano Belt; PB, Paraguai Belt; RB, Ribeira Belt; CC, Congo Craton; LA; Luis Alves Craton; RAB, Rio Apa Block; RPC, Rio de la Plata Craton; SFC, São Francisco Craton.
High-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages are available for ~100 samples of tholeiitic rocks (flood-basalts and rhyolites [3-7, 20-26]). Only 6 samples have yielded ages >136 Ma (Fig. 1) and 4 of these are from the west of the province. All of these 'old' ages were estimated frominverse-isochron plots of 40Ar/39Ar laser-spot step-heating analyses of plagioclase grains [3, 5] but consistently younger plateau ages (<132 Ma) have been determined on other samples using furnace step-heating and a defocused 40Ar/39Ar laser ([4, 6, 21, 23-26]; Fig. 1). The 'young' 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages are for samples collected from the continental margins of South America (Serra Geral escarpment and the Ponta Grossa and coastal dyke swarms [4, 24, 26] and southern Africa (Etendeka province and Angola [6]; Fig. 2). It is unclear, therefore, as to whether the variations in ages (and hence time-spans of magmatism) are due to differences in analytical techniques and/or sites of sample locations.
Only a few reliable 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages have been published for alkaline igneous rocks from the Paraná-Etendeka province and they are mainly for samples from the central (coastal margins of Uruguay and Brazil) and eastern part (Damaraland, Namibia) [5, 25, 27-30]. These range from 134 to 127.5 Ma (see below) and, together with stratigraphic relationships, suggest that alkaline igneous activity was broadly contemporaneous with or slightly postdates the tholeiitic magmatism. Nevertheless, field relations indicate that alkaline igneous activity in eastern Paraguay (Fig. 3 & 4), which is located on the western margin of the Paraná-Etendeka province (Fig. 2), both pre- and post dates CFB emplacement.
Figure 3: Total alkalis versus silica plot for Early-Cretaceous magmas from eastern Paraguay. The field of Paraná-Etendeka CFBs and their fractionates is shown for comparison. Solid line shows the divide between alkaline and sub-alkaline igneous rocks after Macdonald & Katsura [31] and the dashed lines show boundaries of IUGS fields after Le Maitre [32]. Data sources are: [1, 33-35].
Figure 4: Quarry exposure at Taquarita, Eastern Paraguay shows a lamprophyre dyke cross cutting Paraná CFB lavas
3.1 Age of Paraná-Etendeka related alkaline magmatism in Paraguay
3.1.1 K/Ar ages
Conventional K/Ar whole-rock and mineral ages for Paraguayan alkaline igneous rocks range from 66 to 183.5 Ma [36-39]. The large age range reflects loss and excess of 40Ar during weathering and assimilation of mantle-derived 40Ar, respectively. Some of these effects can be eliminated by focusing only on ages determined for fresh biotite/phlogopite separates which have >7 wt.% K. This filtered K/Ar dataset suggests that Paraguayan alkaline magmatism occurred between 146.7±9.2 to 124.6±4.2 Ma.
3.1.2 40Ar/39Ar ages
40Ar/39Ar age determinations were undertaken on phlogopite separates from 6 lamprophyres and 1 trachyte, collected from the three Early-Cretaceous alkaline igneous provinces in eastern Paraguay (Fig. 5).
Figure 5: Location of Cretaceous alkaline igneous provinces in Paraguay. Localities of samples of Paraná dykes previously dated by 40Ar/39Ar laser spot step-heating are shown by open circles together with their published ages (in millions of years). 40Ar/39Ar age data are from [3, 5]
Figure 6: Photomicrograph of a lamprophyre dyke in eastern Paraguay that has entrained a small xenolith of Paraná basalt (lower centre of image). Note the fresh glassy groundmass and euhedral biotite phenocryst. Width of field of view is 4 mm.
Samples were selected on the basis of petrographic freshness and because they contained euhedral, phlogopite/biotite phenocrysts (Figure 6). Phlogopites were hand picked from crushed material (200-500μ) and subsequently sealed in air, in quartz vials, and irradiated for 16 h in the CLICIT facility of the Oregon State University TRIGA reactor. 40Ar/39Ar step-heating analyses were performed by M. Pringle at the NERC Argon Isotope Facility at Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre using a very low-blank, double-vacuum-resistance furnace for the phlogopite step-heating experiments and a CW Nd–YAG laser for the sanidine total-fusion analysis.
Table 1: 40Ar/39Ar ages determined on phlogopite separates from Paraguayan alkaline igneous rocks
Sample No
Plateau age
(Ma, ±2σ)
MSWD
No of
Total 39Ar
Isochron age
J value
Plateau age (Ma)
recalculated to
FCs=28.02 Ma [45]
Valle Mi
93SOB115
Lamprophyre
156.40±2.07
Arroyo Gasory
141.07±2.3
Cerro Sarambi
93SOB143a
93SOB143b
Sapucai Villarica
Sotu-Rugua
93SOB3a
93SOB3b
93SOB46
Tacuarita
Full analytical results are given in Gibson et al. [1]
Bold font denotes preferred ages
Plateau age includes 2σ j-error of 0.6%
All of the 7 samples produced stratigraphically consistent ages but excess argon has been identified in one of these. The argon release spectra of the only sample from the Alto Paraguay alkaline igneous province (93SOB115, [1]) shows high apparent ages at low temperatures and the 'plateau' is defined by only 3 steps which represent 70.5% of the cumulative 39Ar released [1]. The plateau age of 158.67±2.07 has a very high MSWD (17.62, Table 1) and we do not consider this to represent a reliable crystallisation age for the rock. This 40Ar/39Ar age is significantly older than those determined for other Paraguayan alkaline igneous rocks and is also older than previously determined conventional K/Ar phlogopite ages for the Vallemi dykes of 143±2 Ma (Gibson, Thompson, Mitchell unpubl. data) and 137.4±5.4 Ma [40].
All of the other samples produced relatively undisturbed spectra and yielded well-defined plateaux with >75% of the total 39Ar released [1]. Two dykes from the Amambay alkaline igneous province (93SOB124 and 143) gave reliable 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 144.99±0.89 Ma and 144.95±0.93 Ma. The weighted average age for the Amambay alkaline igneous province of 144.97±0.63 Ma is within the range of conventional K/Ar dates for fresh biotite/phlogopite separates from Cerro Chiriguelo, Cerro Sarambi and Arroyo Gasory (135±7 Ma to 147±9 Ma [38, 40, 41]) but error bars for the 40Ar/39Ar ages are significantly less.
Despite the fact that all 40Ar/39Ar plateau consisted of >75% of the total 39Ar released, age estimates for only three of the five phlogopite separates from the Sapucai-Villarica province had MSWD values <2.6. Phlogopite separates from the Sotu-Ruguá (Cerro Santa Tomas) dyke (93SOB3) yielded 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 127.91±0.79 Ma (MSWD=0.69) and 127.66±0.79 Ma (MSWD=0.41) and phlogopite from Canada 1 (93SOB46) gave a 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 127.12±0.78 Ma (MSWD=2.61). The weighted mean of these three ages is 127.56±0.45 Ma. Sample 93SOB63 and 106 have 'humped' spectra (Supplementary Figure), showing Ar loss at low temperature and Ar recoil effects at high temperatures. These yielded plateau ages of 130.09±1.40 Ma and 129.45±0.79 Ma with MSWDs of 18.0 and 4.5, respectively. Previous conventional K/Ar ages for biotite/phlogopite separates (with K> 7 wt.%) from the Sapucai-Villarica province ranged from 124.6±8.4 Ma to 132.9±10.10 Ma. A similar 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 127.56 Ma has also been quoted for Cerro Santa Tomas ([25] recalculated to FCs=28.02).
4. Comparison with previously determined 40Ar/39Ar ages for Paraná-Etendeka magmas
The new 40Ar/39Ar ages suggest that Early-Cretaceous alkaline igneous activity in the Paraná-Etendeka province occurred over a longer period of time (17 Myr) than has previously been established from published high-precision 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb ages.
Figure 7: Spatial variation of high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages determined for alkaline (shown in red/purple font) and tholeiitic rocks (green font) from the Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province [1, 3-7, 20-23, 25-27, 29, 30, 42, 43].
4.1.1 Alkaline igneous rocks
Whole-rock 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb age determinations are available for Early-Cretaceous alkaline igneous intrusive complexes from Damaraland (north-west Namibia, Fig. 2). Contact relations indicate that, on the eastern fringe of the Paraná-Etendeka province, most of the alkaline intrusives post-date the CFB lavas. A 40Ar/39Ar whole-rock plateau age of 138.00±0.8 Ma (MSWD=0.73) has been reported for a comendite flow from Paresis ([30]) but this age is stratigraphically inconsistent with the 40Ar/39Ar K-feldspar plateau age of 131.44±0.6 Ma (MSWD=1.16) determined for an underlying quartz-feldspar-porphyry flow [44]. Furthermore, the Paresis alkaline complex postdates the eruption of the Etendeka flood basalts which are believed to have been emplaced <134 Ma (see below). Field relationships indicate that the alkaline plugs of the Erongo complex (Fig. 2) also postdate the Etendeka flood basalts; a biotite separate from one of these gave an 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 131.48±2 Ma [27]. The youngest published 40Ar/39Ar age for CFB-related alkaline magmatism in north-west Namibia is for the Messum complex. Biotite separates from late syenites gave an 40Ar/39Ar isochron age of 127.86±2.4 Ma. An Rb-Sr age of 126.6 Ma has been determined for the Okenyenya complex but this has a 2σ error of ±7.3 Ma [30, 45].
40Ar/39Ar ages for alkaline magmatism on the southern Brazilian and Uruguayan coastal margins (e.g. Jacupiranga, Anitapolis, Mariscala, Fig. 2) range from 133.7 to 131.8 Ma [5, 25, 30, 42]. These complexes are similar in age to the spatially associated tholeiitic flows but are distinct from a later phase of alkaline magmatism.
Figure 8: Age-probability density plots for alkaline and tholeiitic magmas from the Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province. With the exception of K/Ar biotite/phlogopite ages for Paraguayan alkaline complexes, all other ages are 40Ar/39Ar and were determined by furnace step-heating of plagioclase or biotite/phlogopite grains or laser-spot step-heating and have been corrected to TCRs=28.02 Ma [16]. Published age data have been filtered to remove: (i) plateau ages calculated from steps containing <70% of the total 39Ar released and (ii) ages with MSWD >2.6. The age of the oldest seafloor at this latitude (127 Ma) is shown for reference [46]. K/Ar ages are for biotite/phlogopite separates containing >7 wt.% K [36, 38, 40, 41]. 40Ar/39Ar phlogopite plateau ages for Paraguayan rocks are from Table 1 which is reproduced from [1]. Additional data are from [3-7, 21, 23-27, 29, 30, 42-44].
4.1.2 Continental-flood basalts and rhyolites
The first phase of alkaline magmatism in the Paraná-Etendeka province pre-dates the earliest tholeiitic magmatism by ~6 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar ages suggest that the flood basalts were erupted over a 12 Ma time interval, between 139.1 and 127.5 Ma, with the main pulse of tholeiitic magmatism between approximately 134 and 132 Ma (Fig. 8 [3-5, 22, 24]). Importantly, the oldest ages available for both the alkaline and tholeiitic volcanism are almost all from the west of the province (Fig. 7). The youngest phase of alkaline magmatism in eastern Paraguay was approximately contemporaneous with the emplacement of the youngest flood basalts, which occur on or near the Brazilian and Uruguayan coastal margins and the end of silicic volcanism at 127.7 Ma [3, 5-7, 26, 27].
40Ar/39Ar age determinations for tholeiites from the NW/SE trending Ponta Grossa dyke swarm (Figs. 7 & 8) and the coast-parallel dyke swarm of south-east Brazil suggest that major lithospheric extension occurred between 135 Ma and 130 Ma but may have continued to 121.5±1.3 Ma [3, 24, 26, 42]. The onset of dyke emplacement predates the formation of the oldest South Atlantic sea floor (Chron 4, 127 Ma [46]) at this latitude by ~8 Ma. A NW/SE trending tholeiitic dyke from the eastern Paraguay swarm gave an 40Ar/39Ar age of 138.1±2 Ma [5], which suggests that the onset of lithospheric extension may, in fact, have occurred in the western part of the CFB province.
5. Comparison with timescales of formation of other large igneous provinces
It has recently become apparent, from high precision 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb age determinations, that the duration of tholeiitic volcanism in LIPs is much longer than was previously thought, e.g. [15, 47]. Nevertheless, in most well-dated provinces >80% of the volume of the CFB lavas appears to have been emplaced in just a few million years (Fig. 1). This suggests that significant upwelling and melting of plume starting-heads only occurs for 2 to 3 Myr. This may relate to the time interval when the upwelling plume is located beneath thin lithosphere, and that the subsequent drift of thicker lithosphere over the plume head may 'switch off' large-degree melting at a given location. Such a hypothesis is supported by studies from the Karoo-Ferrar LIP (e.g.[15]) which show that, as in the Paraná-Etendeka, the location of tholeiitic melt generation varied with time.
Despite the fact that volatile-rich, alkaline-igneous activity has been observed in almost all Phanerozoic LIPs, only a few high-precision ages have been published. These suggest that, with the exception of the Paraná-Etendeka LIP, small-fraction melt generation both pre- and post-dates the peak of tholeiitic volcanism by up to 3 Myr. For example, in the Deccan province, 40Ar/39Ar mineral ages for alkaline igneous rocks range from 68.53 to 64.64 Ma ([48] Gibson & Widdowson unpublished data) whereas the main pulse of tholeiitic magmatism occurred between 65 and 65.4 Ma [8, 48-50]. In the Karoo-Ferrar province, 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb mineral age determinations suggest that volatile-rich alkaline igneous activity occurred at a similar time (181.9 to 178.1 Ma [51, 52]) to the main pulse of tholeiitic magmatism (183.5 and 179 Ma [53]). This is also true for the Siberian LIP in which melanephelinites and carbonatites have U-Pb ages between 251.7 and 250.2 Ma [9] and 40Ar/39Ar mineral age determinations suggest the main pulse of tholeiitic volcanism occurred between 251.2 and 249.1 Ma [10, 54]. The large time interval (~11 Myr) that separates early alkaline igneous activity from the peak of tholeiitic volcanism in the Paraná-Etendeka LIP may reflect the widespread presence of thick lithosphere at the time of plume impact or may indeed be an artefact of the limited number of 40Ar/39Ar ages that are available for alkaline igneous rocks from other LIPs. The absence of 'old' ages for alkaline magmas from LIPs may be due to the susceptibility of early-phase small-fraction volatile-rich melts to burial by thick successions of tholeiitic basalts and it may be extremely fortunate that we have been able to sample these in the Paraná-Etendeka LIP.
(i) High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age determinations of volatile-rich alkaline igneous rocks in eastern Paraguay indicate that small-fraction melt generation occurred in two discrete episodes at 145 and 127.5 Ma. The earliest phase of this alkaline igneous activity pre-dates that from elsewhere in the Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province by at least 11 Myr. The youngest phase (127.5 Ma) is similar in age to the oldest sea floor at these latitudes [46].
(ii) In the Paraná-Etendeka province, the early phase of both alkaline and tholeiitic igneous activity occurred in the west. Alkaline igneous activity predates tholeiitic volcanism by 6 Myr. The sequence and timescale of igneous activity in this large igneous province is consistent with the findings of laboratory experiments and numerical models undertaken to simulate the impact of mantle plume starting heads.
(iii) The total duration of igneous activity in the Paraná-Etendeka province appears to have been much greater than that in other Phanerozoic LIPs, such as the Deccan and Siberia. There are, however, significantly more high-precision ages published for the Paraná-Etendeka province (Fig. 1) and the long duration of igneous activity may be an artefact of the available ages rather than a consequence of different melt-generation processes associated with impacting mantle-plume starting-heads.
(iv) Despite the fact that volatile-rich, alkaline-igneous activity has been observed in almost all Phanerozoic LIPs, only a few high-precision ages have been published. These suggest that, with the exception of the Paraná-Etendeka LIP, small-fraction melt generation both pre- and post-dates the peak of tholeiitic volcanism by up to 3 Myr [8, 9, 48, 52, 55]. The large time interval (~11 Myr) that separates early alkaline igneous activity from the peak of tholeiitic volcanism in the Paraná-Etendeka LIP may reflect the widespread presence of thick lithosphere at the time of plume impact. The absence of 'old' ages for alkaline magmas from LIPs may be due to the susceptibility of early-phase small-fraction volatile-rich melts to burial by thick successions of tholeiitic basalts and it may be extremely fortunate that we have been able to sample these in the Paraná-Etendeka LIP.
Research on Paraguayan alkaline igneous rocks formed part of a larger study on South American small-fraction melts with R.N. Thompson which was funded by NERC (GR3/8084), the British Council, Durham and Cambridge Universities. 40Ar/39Ar analyses were funded by NERC (IP/454/0995) and undertaken at SUERC by Malcolm Pringle and Jim Imlach.
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[29] A.R. Basu, Renne, P.R., Mertz, D. and Poreda, R.J., Alkaline igneous rocks of the Deccan and Paraná: implications for the origin of continental flood basalts (CFB), EOS Trans. AGU (Abstract)(1993) 552.
[30] S.C. Milner, le Roex, A. P. and O'Connor, J. M., Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup, Journal of the Geological Society of London 152(1995) 97–104.
[31] G.A. Macdonald, Katsura, T, Chemical composition of Hawaiian lavas, Journal of Petrology 5(1964) 82-133.
[32] R.W. Le Maitre, Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, 2002, 240 pp.
[33] D.W. Peate, Stratigraphy and petrogenesis of the Paraná continental flood-basalts, southern Brazil, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Open University, UK, 1990.
[34] S.A. Gibson, Thompson, R.N., Dickin, A.P., and Leonardos, O.H., High-Ti and low-Ti mafic potassic magmas: key to plume-lithosphere interactions and continental flood-basalt genesis, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 136(1995) 149-165.
[35] R.N. Thompson, Gibson, S.A. and Dickin, A.P., Early Cretaceous basalt and picrite dykes of the southern Etendeka region, NW Namibia: windows into the role of the Tristan mantle plume in Paraná-Etendeka magmatism, Journal of Petrology 42(2001) 2049-2081.
[36] P.R. Bitschene, Mesozoicher und Kanozoischer anorogener magmatismus in Ost Paraguay: arbeiten zur geologie und petrologie zweier alkali provinzen, unpublished PhD thesis, Heidelberg University, 1987.
[37] J.H. Palmieri, Arribas, A., El complejo alcalino potasico de Sapucai (Paraguay Oriental). Congresso Ibero-Amer Geol Econ 2(1975) 267-300.
[38] I.K. Sonoki, Garda, G.M., Idades K-Ar de rochas alcalinas do Brasil meridional e Paraguai oriental: compilacão e adaptacão as novas constantes de decaimento, Boletin IG-USP 19(1988) 63-85.
[39] V.F. Velázquez, Provincia alcalina central Paraguai centro-oriental: aspectos tectonicos, petrographicos e geochronologicos, MSc, São Paulo, 1992.
[40] F. Castorina, Censi, P., Comin-Chiaramonti, P., Piccirillo, EM., Alcover Neto, A., Gomes, C.B., Ribeiro de Almeida, T.I., Speziale, S. and Toledo, C.M., Carbonatites from Eastern Paraguay and genetic relationships with potassic magmatism: C, O, Sr and Nd isotopes, Mineralogy and Petrology 61(1997) 237-260.
[41] G.N. Eby, Mariano, A. N., Geology and geochronology of carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks peripheral to the Paraná Basin, Brazil-Paraguay, Journal of South American Earth Sciences 6(1992) 207-216.
[42] M. Regelous, Geochemistry of dolerites from the Paraná flood basalt province, southern Brazil, Unpublished PhD thesis, Open University, 1993.
[43] A.K. Schmitt, Emmermann, R., Trumbull, R. B. Buhn, B. and Henjes-Kunst, F., Petrogenesis and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of the Brandberg Complex, Namibia: Evidence for a major mantle contribution in metaluminous and peralkaline granites, Journal of Petrology 41(2000) 1207-1239.
[44] F. Pirajno, Phillips, D. and Armstrong, R.A., Volcanology and eruptive history of the Erongo Volcanic Complex and the Paresis Igneous Complex: implications for mineral deposit styles, Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia 12(2000).
[45] S.C. Milner, le Roex, A. P. and Watkins, R.T., Rb-Sr determinations of rocks from the Okenyenya igneous complex, northwestern Namibia, Geological Magazine 130(1993) 335-343.
[46] F.M. Gradstein, Agterberg, F.P., Ogg, J.G., Hardenbol, J., van Veen, P., Thierry, J. and Huang, Z., A Mesozoic timescale, Journal of Geophysical Research 99(1994) 24,051-024,074.
[47] J.J. Mahoney, Duncan, R. A., Khan, W., Gnos, E. and McCormick, G. R., Cretaceous volcanic rocks of the South Tethyan suture zone, Pakistan: implications for the Reunion hotspot and Deccan Traps, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203(2002) 295-310.
[48] A.R. Basu, Renne, P.R., Mertz, D. and Poreda, R.J., Early and late alkali igneous pulses and a high 3He plume origin for the Deccan flood basalts, Science 261(1993) 902-906.
[49] V. Courtillot, Feraud, G., Maluski, H., Vandamme, D., Moreau, M. G. and Besse, J., Deccan flood basalts and the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Nature 333(1988) 843.
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The general rule in Michigan is that an employment at-will relationship can be terminated at any time, for any reason, or for no reason at all. See The At-Will Relationship.
Michigan recognizes limited exceptions to the at-will presumption, including contracts and public policy exceptions. See Employment At-Will Exceptions.
At-will employees in Michigan challenging a discharge may file claims against their employers under tort theories so long as the plaintiff is able to satisfy an evidentiary burden. See Tort Considerations.


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Foreign Correspondent (br: Correspondente estrangeiro; pt: Correspondente de Guerra) é um filme estadunidense de 1940, dos gêneros suspense e espionagem, dirigido por Alfred Hitchcock. A trilha sonora é de Alfred Newman.

Sinopse

Conta a história do repórter estadunidense que se envolve em um espionagem na Inglaterra, durante a segunda guerra mundial.

Johnny Jones é o correspondente de um jornal de Nova Iorque que viaja para a Europa usando o pseudônimo de Huntley Haverstock, quando a segunda guerra era uma realidade cada vez mais iminente. Inicialmente ele vai para Londres mas logo está em Amsterdã, onde juntamente com várias pessoas testemunha o assassinato de Van Meer, um diplomata  holandês.

Logo ele toma consciência que quem morreu foi um sósia, e que Van Meer na verdade foi sequestrado por agentes do inimigo, que querem arrancar do diplomata importantes segredos. Assim sua situação fica desesperadora, pois sua história é em princípio absurda e, além disto, estão querendo matá-lo.

Elenco

e mais:
Edmund Gwenn .... Rowley
Eduardo Ciannelli .... sr. Krug
Harry Davenport .... sr. Powers
Jane Novak
Crauford Kent. Mestre de cerimõnias (não-creditado)

Principais prêmios e indicações
Oscar 1941 (EUA)
Indicado nas categorias de melhor filme, melhor ator coadjuvante (Albert Bassermann), melhor fotografia - preto e branco (Rudolph Maté), melhor direção de arte - preto e branco (Alexander Golitzen), melhores efeitos especiais (Paul Eagler - efeitos visuais, e Thomas T. Moulton - efeitos sonoros) e melhor roteiro original (Charles Bennett e Joan Harrison).

Bastidores das filmagens
Alfred Hitchcock desejava que Gary Cooper interpretasse o personagem Johnny Jones, mas este recusou o convite por não estar interessado em estrelar um filme de suspense.

O jornalista, humorista e ator Robert Benchley obteve permissão para escrever suas próprias falas no filme.

O ator Albert Bassermann não sabia falar inglês na época das filmagens, e teve que aprender suas falas foneticamente.

Em suas clássicas aparições, o diretor Alfred Hitchcock surge em cena com pouco mais de 12 minutos, lendo um jornal e usando um chapéu.

Ligações externas

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1940
Filmes dirigidos por Alfred Hitchcock
Filmes de suspense dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de espionagem dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de suspense da década de 1940
Filmes com trilha sonora de Alfred Newman

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text:
Home Tourism Do you want to buy Cape Town?
Do you want to buy Cape Town?
Cape Town is a sought after destination not
only in reality, but also in the fantastic World
Edition of the Monopoly board game.
(Image: South African Tourism)
Tamara O'Reilly
South Africa's beautiful coastal city of Cape Town is worth more than London, more than Paris, and much more than Athens. Well, it is if you're playing Monopoly.
The city has been voted into third place in the World Edition of the Monopoly board game, coming in ahead of international icons such as Paris, London and New York.
The developers of the world's bestselling board game launched an online campaign in January this year asking fans around the world to vote for the cities to be represented on the 22 available spots of the special Monopoly Here & Now: World Edition. Seventy countries were nominated, and more than 5-million votes received during a six-week period.
Montréal, Canada, claimed the top spot, and with Latvia's national capital, Riga, will round out the dark blue property group – the most prestigious property group in the game invented by Charles Darrow in 1935. Cape Town, in third place, tops the next-highest green group, which includes Belgrade and Paris. London comes ninth, and New York 10th.
Monopoly is played by two to eight people who compete with the throw of dice for properties on the board. The buying and selling price of each property as well as the cost of houses, hotels and rent charges varies from affordable to exorbitant. The aim of the game is to have enough money to pay the rent if you land on someone else's property, and to charge the most rent to those who land on yours.
"We hope that fans of the world's most popular board game will enjoy buying, selling and trading real estate from around the globe in the new Monopoly game that they created with their votes," said Helen Martin, vice president of global marketing for game-maker Hasbro. "We are thrilled that the first-ever global game board includes an interesting mix of cities that showcases the dynamic cultures, sights and history of the planet."
Cape Town is certainly a city offering culture, beauty and diversity, helping put it ahead in the votes.
It's agreed that Cape Town, or the Mother City as it is affectionately known, is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The contrast of bustling city life nestled against a rugged mountain backdrop and breathtaking nature has seen more than 5-million tourists visiting the city in the last three years alone. With the efforts of the tourism industry and local government ahead of the 2010 Fifa World Cup, visitor numbers are sure to increase.
The city has an abundance of entertainment for all kinds of tourist, from adrenalin junkies wanting to abseil off Table Mountain, to party animals drawn to its roaring nightlife, with music venues catering for every taste.
Surrounding Cape Town are the winelands, with colourful vineyards set in the valleys between green mountains, making the Wine Route a must for wine lovers and not-so-avid wine drinkers. For shoppers, there's everything from boutiques and international labels that can be found at the sophisticated malls, or the handmade bargains found in flea markets. The Victoria and Alfred Waterfront is a major shoppers' delight – and the most-visited tourist destination in South Africa.
Five star Cuisine of fast food? Cape Town boasts chic bars, road side food stalls, fast food outlets and restaurants specialising in cuisine from around the world.
Keeping up with the times
For the World Edition, Monopoly has shown its awareness of climate change by replacing its old utilities "Water Works" and "Electric Company" with "Wind Energy" and "Solar Energy".
"When creating this first-ever worldwide Monopoly game board, we reviewed all elements of the game to ensure that it reflects today's global perspective," said Phil Jackson, group executive of Hasbro. "In a nod to the efforts of countries worldwide to increase the effectiveness and availability of renewable energy sources, we decided to feature Solar Energy and Wind Energy on the game board."
Along with the 22 global cities, the game will include updated Chance and Community Chest cards that highlight events and culturally relevant scenarios from countries around the world. Players may celebrate at Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, organize an international music festival or host a St Patrick's Day festival in Dublin. In addition, the tokens, houses and hotels reflect icons and styles from all seven continents.
History of Monopoly
Monopoly was the brainchild of economist Elizabeth Maggie, who designed it in 1903 as a learning tool to teach tax theories.
By 1933, Charles B Darrow learned a revised version of the game and began producing his own version, selling it to friends and family. When demand for the game grew beyond his ability to fill orders, he took it to game manufacturers Parker Brothers – who rejected it on the basis there were 52 design errors.
Darrow continued to produce the game and, with its increasing popularity, Parker Brothers bought the rights to the game. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, more than 600-million people worldwide have played the game.
The new Monopoly Here & Now: World Edition will be sold in 50 countries and in 37 different languages around the world from the end of August 2008.
Do you have any comments or queries about this article? Email Tamara O'Reilly at tamarao@mediaclubsouthafrica.com.
SA sites for new natural wonders
SA hot destination for US tourists
Cape Town makes elite list
Monopoly Board Game
City of Cape Town
South African National Parks
World Edition Monopoly
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Bentley Takes Blancpain GT Series Podium in Monza
April 24, 2016 Staff Highlights, Bentley, Racing and Competition Comments Off on Bentley Takes Blancpain GT Series Podium in Monza
Bentley Motorsport has continued its strong start to the 2016 Blancpain GT Series race with a third-place finish in Monza, Italy. The #8 Continental GT3, of Andy Soucek (ES), Maxime Soulet (BE) and latest Bentley Boy to join the team, Wolfgang Reip (BE), took the car's second podium of the year so far.
After making up five positions in the opening lap, the car #8 team drove flawlessly to take a further 15 points towards the overall championship.
In the identical Bentley Team M-Sport sister car, drivers Guy Smith (GB), Vince Abril (MO) and Steven Kane (GB) charged through the pack to make up for their issues in qualifying. After climbing 28 places, however, the car #7 Bentley Boys took a drive-through penalty and had to settle for 14th.
"The team did a fantastic job to get a podium this weekend" commented Bentley's Director of Motorsport Brian Gush. "Monza isn't the Continental GT3's strongest track but the Bentley Boys put in consistent lap times and secured us some very valuable championship points.
"The next two rounds are in the UK and we hope to continue our podium success from Misano and Monza on our home turf."
The Blancpain GT Series continues in two weeks at Brands Hatch with round two of the Sprint Series Cup.
Bentley's Blancpain Endurance Series Entries:
PRO CLASS
Car #7: Steven Kane (GB), Guy Smith (GB) and Vince Abril (MO)
Car #8: Andy Soucek (ES), Maxime Soulet (BE) and Wolfgang Reip (BE)
Driver Quotes
Andy Soucek, car #8: "While Monza is a challenging track for us, we got in to a great rhythm here today and I'm really pleased to score a podium. We got our setup right and I got a good start. Then it was up to my team-mates to hold the position and they both did a fantastic job."
Wolfgang Reip, car #8: "It feels really great to be on the podium in my Bentley debut. It shows how professional the team is and how good my team-mates are. I couldn't be in a better place."
Note: Press release courtesy Bentley Motorsport.
Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Offers Commissioning Experience at London Craft Week
Project Predator – World's Most Powerful F-Type Launched
McLaren 650S GT3 Double Points Finish at Italian Opener
April 11, 2016 Staff McLaren, Highlights, Racing and Competition Comments Off on McLaren 650S GT3 Double Points Finish at Italian Opener
The McLaren 650S GT3 began its 2016 European campaign in the Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup opener at Misano, Italy with a double points finish. Despite tricky conditions throughout, Factory Drivers Rob Bell and Alvaro Parente scored valuable points in both races of the weekend and showed impressive pace during qualifying in the #58 McLaren 650S GT3, run by new customer team Garage 59. Bell and Parente were consistently quick throughout the two free practice sessions on Friday and this form continued into qualifying. The pair steered the car into the Q3 shootout session before Parente set a 1m 33.277s lap to place his McLaren 650S GT3 second on the grid; just 0.015s off the pole-sitter. The hour-long Qualifying Race – run under floodlights on Saturday evening – was held with the track damp at the start following a downpour […]
Monza Debut for New Bentley Continental GT3
April 18, 2018 Staff Bentley, Highlights, Racing and Competition Comments Off on Monza Debut for New Bentley Continental GT3
Bentley's new, second-generation Continental GT3 will make its competitive debut at Monza in Italy this weekend (April 20-22) when Bentley Team M-Sport begins the defense of its Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup Teams' title. Following an extensive testing schedule, the outfit's two new-for-2018 Continental GT3s will line up at the historic grand prix circuit in northern Milan for the first of this season's five European rounds. Guy Smith (GB), Steven Kane (GB) and Jules Gounon (FR), who made their first appearance together as a trio at Bathurst in February, are paired in the #7 entry while the #8 crew comprising Andy Soucek (ES), Maxime Soulet (BE) and Vincent Abril (MC) embarks on a second season eager to go one better than the runners-up position achieved in 2017's Endurance Cup Drivers' standings. Staff
2 Impressive Aston Martin Vantage Wins in both USA and at Monza
July 19, 2021 Staff Aston Martin, Highlights, Racing and Competition Comments Off on 2 Impressive Aston Martin Vantage Wins in both USA and at Monza
While Gunn and De Angelis were firmly placing The Heart of Racing squad into title contention in the USA, a trio of Aston Martin Vantage cars were in action at the legendary Monza circuit in Italy for the third round of the 2021 FIA World Endurance Championship. […]


Q: What's your background in the tea industry?
A: Aside from being a self-proclaimed teaaholic since I was about 7 years old, I am also a tea blogger and author. For the past 7 years, I've been writing the award winning tea blog, The Cup of Life, where I share my steeped stories, tea infused recipes, crafts and tea tips to show the world just how wonderful and versatile the beverage of tea truly is.
I wrote and published my first book, Tea-spiration: Inspirational Words for Tea Lovers, in November 2016. It celebrates all of the (big and small) moments we experience with tea. There are times I consultant with companies on their tea marketing, as it is another profession of mine.
Q: What do you appreciate about tea?
A: I appreciate that tea offers me a moment to slow down, because it's not something that can be done fast. Also, one of my most favorite things about tea (aside from the taste) is the connection it provides. Tea brings people together and whether it is family, close friends or even online tea friends, I will forever be grateful for the relationships that are partially all because of tea.
Q: What do you enjoy doing while drinking tea?
A: I drink tea throughout the day so often I either have a cup by my side while I'm working, making/eating food, reading or even watching Netflix. During all of those activities, tea provides a sense of calm and relaxation. But, I think my ultimate favorite thing to do while drinking tea is absolutely nothing. I truly love the moments when it can be just me and my tea -- sitting, sipping and just focusing on the beverage in front of me and those behind the scenes and responsible for the leaves that are in my cup. This simple act was one of the inspirations behind writing my book, Tea-spiration. Through my writing, I wanted to help others enjoy my favorite way of drinking tea.
Q: What are some of your favorite tea brands/sellers?
A: Since I drink a lot of tea, I don't always settle on just a few tea brands, but I do have some favorites for specific types of teas. For instance, I'm passionate about helping fellow tea drinkers find high quality, authentic matcha without the high price, and I always share these five brands that are at the top of my list. Another example is for oolongs, which is probably my favorite type of tea. I've always had amazing experiences with Tea Ave, and Tillerman Tea, just to name a couple. As a tea writer, I'm on the look out for new brands, and am always willing to try something new.
Q: How would you encourage someone to start drinking tea?
A: I think everyone should start drinking tea (and continue doing so) however they like. Don't feel like you have to begin with loose leaf tea because tea bags can be frowned upon. Don't feel like you have to start with matcha because it's been very trendy these days. Follow your own taste buds. Drink what you enjoy, even if that means a very milky cup of tea that is essentially liquid sugar (that was my first tea experience!). I fear that if people start trying to drink tea because they want to "teatox" or want to listen to tea snobbery, they'll be turned away from one bad experience. There are many different teas out in the world, luckily, and I firmly believe there is a tea for everyone.
Q: What health benefits have you experienced from your tea routine?
A: I love tea and have been drinking it for years, but never really focused on the physical health benefits of tea. I consider whatever they may be, to just be a bonus to tea. I do, however, notice that tea is a great stress reliever as it is something that can require more attention and when we focus on one thing, our minds are off of the other 5 million things we seem to usually have to think about. I also feel that tea, especially with my routine, enhances my creativity. I find it is always easier to write or design with a cup of tea by my side.
Q: Five years from now, what direction do you see the tea industry headed?
A: I see the consumption of tea continuing to grow, not only by drinking but also through tea infused food items. There is no doubt that the health benefits of tea is a hot topic for many, and I think people will be interested in consuming more of the whole leaf tea, as they do with matcha, to reap the entire benefits. I also see loose leaf tea on the rise, not just because of quality, but also because of environmental impacts. Teabags are a popular choice, especially when you want something convenient, but the way they are manufactured with plastic, bleach, strings, etc., are not the best. I think tea drinkers will become more aware of how their favourite steeps are packaged and affecting the planet. My one big hope is that tea education will be on the rise and tea drinkers will be more mindful when preparing and enjoying their cup of tea. So much goes on behind the scenes, with the tea farms, workers, that should not be unnoticed.


This fund was supposed to help finance much needed housing on reserves. Why did it fail? — the Discourse.
The Discourse is currently in closed beta, available to a limited number of Founding Members while we work out the kinks. Request an invite to be part of the solution.
This fund was supposed to help finance much needed housing on reserves. Why did it fail?
A look back at Canada's First Nations Market Housing Fund and the goals it missed year after year.
A federal program that was supposed to bring desperately needed housing to First Nations reserves has helped finance just 231 homes in the past 10 years — less than 1 per cent of the 25,000 homes it promised to help create.
With files from Simran Singh, Frederick Blichert and Kirthana Sasitharan. This piece was edited by Robin Perelle and Anita Li, with fact-checking and copy editing by Jonathan von Ofenheim. Discourse Media's executive editor is Rachel Nixon. Design and development of timeline by Caitlin Havlak.


Meet Omozé Idehenre, who plays Ghost of Christmas Present in A Christmas Carol.
A Christmas Carol continues through December 24.
Learn more about the production and order tickets.
How many times have you been in A Christmas Carol?
Three times: Ghost of Christmas Present/Pole Bearer/Fruit Seller/Charitables.
What's your favorite thing about San Francisco during the holidays?
The gargantuan Christmas tree in Union Square.
The original one Dickens conceived from his wonderful mind and put to the page for all the world to share.
I don't really have any holiday traditions . . . I just enjoy the communal aspect of it all. The coming together. But that can be done any day.
Given: myself. Received: someone else being themselves with me.
What is your favorite moment in A Christmas Carol?
It's not really a moment. It's the fact that Jacob Marley comes all the way from the depths to help his friend escape the same fate. He did this after death! Now that's a great friend!!!
What do you want for the holidays this year?
It's definitely not a new car . . . To be honest it would be more diversity and truth in all mediums of acting (theater, TV, and film) on a regular basis. Not just one monolithic play per season, show a decade, or film once a year. Diversity is in the world on a daily basis and should be reflected in every play, TV show, and film we see as well as in any new medium and form of expression.


text:
Home Business News Markets
World Economic Forum kicks off
Myanmar's opposition leader San Suu Kyi will deliver a speech at the World Economic Forum in Bangkok after leaving Myanmar for the first time in 24 years
The World Economic Forum on East Asia 2012 opens its doors on May 30 in Thailand's capital Bangkok. The three-day conference is themed 'Shaping the Region's Future through Connectivity' and provides a stage for discussions on the creation of a single regional market under the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015.
Scheduled to speak at the forum are – apart from Thailand's prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra – the leaders of Indonesia, Laos and Bahrain as well as Surin Pitsuwan, the ASEAN secretary-general, Pascal Lamy, the director-general of the World Trade Organisation, and Supachai Panitchpakdi, the secretary-general of the UN Conference on Trade and Development.
Aung San Suu Kyi, the chairwoman of Myanmar's National League for Democracy, is also set to attend the forum in what is her first trip abroad after 24 years, and expected to hold a speech to WEF delegates. Myanmar's President Thein Sein, who has also been invited to attend the forum to speak on his country's new open-door policy, has reportedly cancelled his trip due to Suu Kyi's attendance.
In total, more than 700 government leaders, business executives, delegates and media representatives from around the world are expected to gather at the meeting. Among the participants are leaders from nine ASEAN countries and its six dialogue partners, namely China, South Korea, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and India, as well as the prime ministers of Mongolia and Bahrain. Representatives of the International Monetary Fund will also join the meeting, as well as executives of leading Thai companies such as PTT, Thai Airways, Bangkok Bank and Ch. Karnchang.
Major topics to be discussed include 'Rethinking Regional Models for a New Global Context', 'Responding to a Region at Risk', and 'Realising Regional Connectivity'. Discussions will also touch on the issues of how to handle natural disasters such as floods.
Before Thailand, Singapore hosted this forum seven times. Malaysia hosted it in 2008, Vietnam in 2010, and Indonesia in 2011.
[caption id="attachment_3209" align="alignleft" width="278" caption="Myanmar's opposition leader San Suu Kyi will deliver a speech at the World Economic Forum in Bangkok after leaving Myanmar for the first time in 24 years"][/caption] The World Economic Forum on East Asia 2012 opens its doors on May 30 in Thailand's capital Bangkok. The three-day conference is themed 'Shaping the Region's Future through Connectivity' and provides a stage for discussions on the creation of a single regional market under the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015. Scheduled to speak at the forum are - apart from Thailand's prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra - the leaders of...
ASEAN Summit
National League for Democracy
Pascal Lamy
Yingluck Shinawatra
Myanmar to set up investment board
The Bank of the Lao P.D.R. has issued licenses to two companies to trade in cryptocurrencies, Xinhua reported. The first authorised platform is Lao Digital...


The annual decorated window at fenwicks Department Store in Northumberland Street Newcastle Upon Tyne. Taken during daylight hours for a change, so please excuse the reflections. The theme of this years display is Santa Visits Toyland.


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In 1964, Ralph Nader had no reason to question that nuclear power was a clean, safe, cost-efficient technology. Then he attended a conference at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Over lunch, Nader began asking nuclear engineers some penetrating questions. "They couldn't answer them, or the answers weren't satisfactory," Nader recalls. "'What could happen if a system goes wrong?' I asked. They avoided any such descriptions or said, 'we've got defense in depth' -- and other jargon."
The concept of defense in depth is fundamental to nuclear safety. The defense in dapth approach applies not only to reactor design but also to safety management. Definse in Depth assumes that human judgement is flawed, designs are imperfect, constructors can fail to follow plans, and that things can go wrong in numerous ways. Thus a defense in depth approach assumes that things can go wrong in with reactor, and there must be bacj up systems if things go wrong. But things can go wrong with the back up system, and they must also have back up plans.
Defense in depth assumes that the potential causes of nuclear accidents are in many instances controllable. One object of nuclear safety research would be the identification of potential causes of accidents, and the design systems to control those causes. The most fundamental causes of nuclear accidents are hidden in reactor design. Western reactor scientist knew imediately the cause of the Chernobyl accident. It was a fundamental design flaw in the RBMK reactor design. The existence of the problem, was what is called a large positive void coefficient, which lead to positive reactor feedback to increased heat.
What does this mean? It means that the cooling water in the RBMK reactor acts as a preak on the chain reaction. If the cooling water is removed from the reactor, the chain reaction will start to run away. Further more water can be removed from the reactor by heat. If the cooling water inside the reactor gets hot enough, it starts to boil. As the cooloing water boils, the steam forces water outside the reactor, thus removing the nuclear break, increasing reactor heat, which inturn boils more water, etc. So the basic design of the RBMK is flawed and dangerous. Alvin Weinberg, who was an expert on reactor safety noted that when reactors that were similar to the RBMK were designed in the United States during World War II, American scientists were aware of their safety flaw.
Therefore it must be understood that nuclear safety must begin with the recognition that not all reactor designs are equally safe. Some reactor designs are much safer than others, and some reactor designs are inherently safer and perhaps can be even made inherently safe. Other reactors have potentially unsafe design features tht can be worked around.
Thus reactor safety is the primary level of nuclear safety, and the defenses against accidents in a reactor may feature both redundancy and a many leveled safety defense system. The current generation of Light Water Reactors have high levels of safety built in to their designs. Nuclear safety engineers have calculated that the General Electric Evolutionary Simple Boiling Water Reactir is so safe, that it would experience a core meltdown once every 29 million years. In contrast the Yellowstone Super volcano, which is capable of killing milllons of people with an erruption, erupts every 600,000 to 800,000 years. It has been 640,000 years since the last erruption of the Yellowstone super volcano. The likelihood of a major reactor accident and its consequnces, ought to be placed in the context of far more likely natural disasters.
C. systematic faults detected in procurement, manufacture and operationals, with a prompt and complete follow up.
D. Redundant or fall back systems in the event of the failure of a reactor system.
E. Automatic system response that rely ion the laws of nature, rarher thn opeartor intervention.
F. Reactor siting consistent with reactor safety issues. Experimental reactors placed in remote locations.
G. Reactor staff should be both well trained and highly motivated to follow all safety guidelines.
The second level of nuclear safety is accident mitigation. These would include those elements of reactor design that would tend to diminish the effects of a nuclear accident on the public. Mitigation would include both internal reactor design features, and design features of the reactor facility that would tend to mitigate the effects of a major nuclear accident. Mitigation defenses can be in depth. Hence in the event of a core meltdown in a light water reactor, the reactor pressure vessal would pose a significant defense against the escape of solid fission products. The reactor containment dome would form another layer of defense against fission product release, while the isolation of the reactor would lead to the dissipation of radioactive gases, and the precipitation of solid radioactive particles escaping the reactor containment facility prior to contacts with human communities.
Accident mitigation would include, the automatic shutdown of a reactor after a partial system failure, the automatic initiation of back up cooling and/or emergency cooling in the event of a primary cooling syetem failure. The design of reactor monitoring panels and system alerts to give clear and concise information about what is happening, without creating an overwelming flow of information. Staff training in accident management. Well defined accident response procedures to be included in staff training. The management of initial recovery after accident related shut down, Well defined accident cleanup and recovery procedures.
A third level of defense would be the management of public consequences after a nuclear accident. These wouldinclude the notification of the NRC, as well as Federal, State and Local officials. Steps which might be taken to manage the consequences of a serious accident include evacuations, bans on the use of potentually contaminated food and.or water. Provisions for safe sheltering of at risk populations, andthe distribution of KI pills, as well as other pre-planed interventions by the federal, state and local governments.
Normal accounts of nuclear safety defense in depth stop at this point. There are however other levels of nuclear safety, A forth level would be a well informed public. Nuclear safety is a genuine matter for public concern. The public should demand the safest nuclear technology possible, and both support nuclear safety research and for monitoring of observance of safety rules and procedures by demanding that reactor operators comply with them, and that the NRC vigerously enforce them.
One of the great flaws of the anti-nuclear movement has been to disempower the public on nuclear safety issues. Figures like Ralph Nader, failed to avail themselves of opportunities to learn more about nuclear safety. Had Ralph Nader really wanted to understand the safety concerns that Alvin Weinberg discussed with Claire Nader and with Ralph himself, had Ralph Nader tried to understand what the ORNL nuclear safety engineer was telling him about defense in depth, the history of the first nuclear era might have ended differently. Had there have been a public outcry for nuclear safety in the 1970's rather than an anti-nuclear movement, the owners of the Three Mile Island reactor, would not havebeen allowed to get away with the safety errors they committed. Had there been a public outcry for safety research, staff safety training, and safe design of reactor control panels, there would have been no Three Mile Island accident. By convincing the public of the ill intentions of safety advocates within the nuclear community, and by convincing the public that nuclear safety was impossible, and therefore it had no stake in the development of nuclear safety improvements, the anti nuclear movement, disempowered the public on nuclear safety issues. It is up to the public to take its power back from the anti-nuclear movement, and assert its right to demand the highest levels of nuclear safety possible. Such a public demand would be a fourth level of nuclear safety defense.
The fifth level of of nuclear safety defense is nuclear safety research, and safe reactor design coupled with the actual replacement with reactors designed to current safety standards by reactors designed with even higher levels of safety. Nuclear safety is something that happens in time. Nuclear safety has a history. It has evolved during its history, and can be expected to continue to do so. It is perhaps unfortunate that the Light Water Reactior emerged early on as the predominant power reactor type. Light Water Reactors have inherent safety flaws. Those flaws can be largely worked around, by engineering reactor modifications, but those modifications are expensive. To much of the history of nuclear safety has been the history of increasingly expensive safety developments for the light water reactor.
Reactor scientist have known since the 1940's that it is possible to eliminate the very possibility of the most serious of reactor accident, the core melt down. Reactors designs developed over 50 years ago posses inherent safety feature that far surpass those of light water reactors. Furthermore one of those two advanced reactor designs, the Liquid Flouride Thorium Reactor,relies on an abundant nuclear fuel, Thorium, which it uses so efficiently that it will provide sustainable nuclear power for millions of years to come. Because of its efficient use of the Thorium fuel cycle, the LFTR also virtually eleminates the long term nuclear waste. Developing and implementing the LFTR reactor designs would not be inordinately expensive, or require an extensive period of time. The development cost for either reactor design would cost less than the cost of two light water reactors, or less than the cost of the imported oil the United States consumes in one week. The manufacturing cost for the LFTR would also be lower that the current cost of building Light Water Reactors. Thus at a relatively small cost the United States could acquire a fifth level of nuclear defense, one which would make the most serious reactor accident impossible, and solve other problems related to the use of nuclear energy in the generation of electrical power.
CNBC will be airing "The Nuclear Option" Tuesday October 14th at 9p ET. Melissa Francis goes inside the nuclear energy debate with a provocative look at the facts and fears behind this controversial energy source. See why some are even arguing for a nuclear power plant in their own backyards.
Additional web extras can be found at http://www.cnbc.com/id/26868716?__source=vty|thenuclearoption|&par=vty .
Please let me know if you would like any additional information.
I'll bite. What, in your opinion, is the second choice for reactors with inherent safety features that far surpass those of light water reactors?
I have my own theories, as you might imagine.
Ron, Your theories would be correct. The Pebble Bed Reactor is extremely safe. The advantages of the LFTR come not from superior safety, but from its ability to reprocess fuel on the fly.


Will there be a FIDE election in 2018??
The chess horizon has been quiet since capping off a busy year with the Grand Chess Tour. Last week, I started wondering about 2018 chess year. Apart from the Alpha Zero buzz and the firestorm over the World Championship logo, there hasn't been much in the way of chess news. What is also very strange is the lack of information concerning candidates in FIDE's Presidential election next year in Batumi, Georgia.
There has been one announcement of a candidate and it is the incumbent Kirsan Ilyumzhinov who seems to be serving as FIDE President in name only. After being sanctioned by the U.S. Department of Treasury last November 25th, he could not make an appearance at the 2017 World Chess Championship last fall due to the sanctions. He then transferred his authority to his Deputy President, Georgios Makropoulos.
In addition, his authority was radically reduced in a no-confidence vote by the FIDE Board. There were rumors that he had resigned and it was posted on the FIDE website. These reports were later rebuffed by Ilyumzhinov. What the hell is going on?? There were questions of whether a coup d'etat had been executed. Those reports were denied by FIDE. Jamaica's Ian Wilkinson, an attorney who stood with Garry Kasparov in his failed bid for FIDE President, filed a petition calling for the removal of Ilyumzhinov because of sanctions.
Last month Ilyumzhinov announced that he was running in the 2018 election for FIDE President. There has been no announcement of a opposing candidate, but it is less than a year away. Georgios Makropoulos is the Acting President despite the fact that Ilyumzhinov still operates in the capacity of the FIDE President. He has appeared at tournaments making presentations to winners.
2017 World Women's Championship final.
This begs the question, "Who else will enter the race?" Over the past 12 years, three candidates (Bessel Kok, Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov) have attempted and all three were soundly defeated. Is there a sense of helplessness in potential candidates? FIDE appears to be operating under a cloud of uncertainty. Ilyumzhinov has announced his candidacy, but it's not certain if he is eligible. If he is not, then what happens? Does Makropoulos assume the position? It will be a very chaotic situation since federations have to prepare for the political season and have enough information to consider the alternatives.
Will someone emerge? Perhaps the strategy would be to keep any aspirations undercover to prevent any preemptive moves by competition. The last election in 2014 was extremely bitter and tore some federations apart. In fact, Africa was one region that suffered. It was a pitiful sight. What will the future hold for FIDE with the Olympiad, Presidential Election and the World Championship less than a year away? Can we look to a more civil process? With an embattled President barred by sanctions and no viable election slates to come forward, it should be an eventful 2018.
Elections are less than a year away!


This time is the time but Roughabite has more time than you and I. We love you little Roughie and wish you a Happy Halloween guy!
Roughabite Childrens Dinosaurdog playing with a rock.
Lil Roughabite is having fun and decided to be the one. But he paid the cost and now his tummy is fat. But he'll be right back.
#Roughabite says Happy #Halloween and plays with a #pumpkin again. We #love you Roughabite.
Roughabite is having fun during these Happy Halloween days. Keep playing Roughie. We love you.
Roughabite is hiding inside of a pumpkin and then has a surprise.
Roughabite loves you and he likes the pumpkins too. Or Roughabite we love you.
Roughabite PictureBook Comic where he dances with a Halloween pumpkin.
Roughabite is playing baseball with a pumpkin and hits a home run. Go Roughabite Gooo!
Roughabite is funny and he is the man and from time to time he has fun playing around with pumpkins. Roughabite we love you.
Roughabite plays with a Halloween pumpkin.
Our little friend is running around and trying to grab a rope but it looks like the rope grabbed him. Keep trying Roughabite. We love you little guy.
So Roughabite is very shoken up by recent events. Roughabite is sad. But we must still love each other and bring good things to life.


text:
Thomas Meikle (4 December 1861 – 8 February 1939), born in Scotland, was a businessman and pioneer in Southern Rhodesia, the African country now known as Zimbabwe.

He travelled to Durban, Natal (in present-day South Africa), in December 1869 with his parents, his brothers John and Stewart and his sister Jeannie. He worked initially as a transport rider, then as a gold prospector, finally settling as a trader in Mashonaland. In 1894 he set up stores in Bulawayo and Gwelo (present-day Gweru) with his brother John, who pulled out of the venture two years later. He took over his brother Stewart's original idea to set up a chain of hotels, which culminated in the present day Meikles Hotel in Salisbury, today Harare.

He died at Hillside, Bulawayo on 8 February 1939 after a long illness, and was survived by his widow and four daughters.

References

History of Rhodesia
1861 births
1939 deaths


text:
Q: How to create an app that has floating views on to of others How to create an app that has a floating view all over the others, and always stays at the top. Is it an open activity, If so how to crate a such view?
similat to how its done in the following app:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=genius.mohammad.floating.stickies&hl=en

A: You need a transparent activity.
Create a style.xml inside values folder:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
  <style name="Theme.Transparent" parent="android:Theme">
    <item name="android:windowIsTranslucent">true</item>
    <item name="android:windowBackground">@android:color/transparent</item>
    <item name="android:windowContentOverlay">@null</item>
    <item name="android:windowNoTitle">true</item>
    <item name="android:windowIsFloating">true</item>
    <item name="android:backgroundDimEnabled">false</item>
  </style>
</resources>

in manifest:
<activity android:name=".SampleActivity" android:theme="@style/Theme.Transparent">
...
</activity>

Use a FrameLayout to let those views float and overlap.
To change views on top. use bringToFront() method for view.
Those views can be LinearLayout that contains ImageView, TextViews and may also contain FrameLayouts. you can also get use of the background property for those controls.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


PITTSBURGH (Newsradio 1020 KDKA) - An investigation is ongoing into what caused 11 Allegheny County Jail employees to fall ill from Sunday into Monday, forcing a lockdown of the jail.
Officials say nine corrections officers and two medical personnel were sickened on three separate floors of the jail and reported symptoms of high blood pressure and dizziness. They were transported to the hospital, but have since returned to work.
Warden Orlando Harper described the situation Tuesday.
"The 11 that were sickened over the weekend apparently entered a pod area, and they smelled something that made them sick."
Harper indicated that papers with stains on them were found and turned over to the Allegheny County Police Department for testing. Though there is no confirmation as to what is on the paper, the jail is operating under the assumption the papers contain a narcotic.
"The inmates are receiving paper that could have liquid stained narcotics on the paper," Harper said.
The jail continues to undergo multiple searches for additional contraband. Any mail the inmates received is opened and photocopied by a jail employee. Then, the inmate receives the photocopy. None of those sickened were working in the mail room. No inmates have been reported ill.
The lockdown of the jail comes in the midst of a lengthy lockdown of all state prisons after dozens of employees fell ill after coming in contact with inmates. Until jail officials lift the lockdown, inmates cannot leave their cell and no visitors are allowed.


Around the Wherever: My week: May 15 ed.
Work was all-consuming again since our project will conclude mostly by the end of the month. Years ago, I lived to work; at one point, I had seven jobs and worked 6-7 days a week. Now that I work to live and enjoy life, I don't mind working a bit extra on the project but I'll be more than happy when it's finished. Even though I don't work a lot extra, by the time I get home, I have no "oomph" left and don't feel like doing much of anything.
My German learning has scaled back as I haven't had the extra energy to attend the group tandem meetings or meet with tandem partner #2. I also haven't been studying on my own at home and I can see how quickly my fluency and recall diminishes without consistent practice. This makes me wonder if I'll ever get to a point where my skills will be strong enough that I don't have to try so much. How many years did it take you, readers? The other issue is that my brain feels worn out. I have so many details from work, travel plans, and personal details to manage. By the time I coordinate all those details, I feel as if my brain can't handle anything extra.
Friend/tandem partner #1 and I enjoyed dinner at Safari, an Eritrean restaurant and my favorite in town. (Seriously, this place is delicious and fresh. I have been meaning for years to write a review of it. If you're in Kaiserslautern, stop by.) My friend loves spicy food and asked for extra spices. J, the waiter, didn't disappoint; he brought out a serving platter with salt, some sort of green spice (which reminds me of a chutney with a slightly pickle-y taste), a type of curry powder, and some hot chili pepper paste. My friend said that even the pepper paste was a bit hot for her but that didn't stop her from using quite a bit of it. I enjoyed the other two more and definitely have a plan to ask for them the next time I visit. Yay for being able to eat spicier food now!
On Saturday morning, I peeled myself out of bed before the tush-crack of dawn, picked up A, and headed to Frankfurt Hahn for a trip to Sofia, Bulgaria. That deserves its own post, which I unfortunately have a habit of mentioning but never get around to writing. I hope to say more about it, but for now let's just say that we had a great time, ate fantastic vegetarian food (including CORN that was NOT on pizza or in a salad! Yay!), enjoyed a fantastic tour, and soaked in the art and architecture.


There are discrepancies in the birth date for Heyman Schorr. On his WWI Draft Registration Record, he states that his birth date was March 29, 1886. On his WWII Draft card, he states that his birth date was June 2, 1886. Information contained in his California Death Record states that his birth date was June 2, 1887.
Schorr, Leah, head, 50, widowed, has one child, still living, born in Romania, father and mother born in Romania, immigrated in 1900, housekeeper, mgt house.
Gertrude, daughter, 1 5/12, single, born in New York, father born in Romania, mother born in Austria.
Lena, mother, 73, married, age 28 at the time of her first marriage, born in Romania, father and mother born in Romania.
2409 First Ave., N.Y., N. Y.
2409 First Ave., N.Y., .Y.
335 E. 120th St., N.Y.


text:
package org.kie.workbench.common.dmn.client.widgets.grid.columns;

import java.util.Optional;

import com.ait.lienzo.client.core.shape.Text;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.kie.workbench.common.dmn.api.definition.HasName;
import org.kie.workbench.common.dmn.api.definition.model.Decision;
import org.kie.workbench.common.dmn.api.definition.model.InformationItemPrimary;
import org.kie.workbench.common.dmn.api.property.dmn.Name;
import org.kie.workbench.common.dmn.api.property.dmn.QName;
import org.kie.workbench.common.dmn.api.property.dmn.types.BuiltInType;
import org.kie.workbench.common.dmn.client.resources.i18n.DMNEditorConstants;
import org.kie.workbench.common.dmn.client.widgets.grid.BaseExpressionGridTheme;
import org.uberfire.ext.wires.core.grids.client.widget.grid.renderers.grids.GridRenderer;
import org.uberfire.ext.wires.core.grids.client.widget.grid.renderers.themes.GridRendererTheme;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;

public abstract class BaseNameAndDataTypeHeaderMetaDataTest extends BaseValueAndDataTypeHeaderMetaDataTest<Name, HasName> {

    protected static final String NAME_DATA_TYPE_COLUMN_GROUP = "NameAndDataTypeHeaderMetaDataTest$NameAndDataTypeColumn";

    protected static final Name NAME = new Name("name");

    protected static final double SPACING = 8.0;

    protected static final String FONT_STYLE_TYPE_REF = "italic";

    protected Decision hasExpression = new Decision();

    @Override
    protected Name makeValue() {
        return NAME;
    }

    @Override
    protected Name makeEmptyValue() {
        return new Name();
    }

    @Override
    protected HasName makeHasValue() {
        return hasExpression;
    }

    @Test
    public void testGetTitleWithHasName() {
        final Decision decision = new Decision();
        decision.setName(NAME);
        setup(Optional.of(decision));

        assertThat(metaData.getTitle()).isEqualTo(NAME.getValue());
    }

    @Test
    public void testGetDisplayNameWithHasName() {
        final Decision decision = new Decision();
        decision.setName(NAME);
        setup(Optional.of(decision));

        assertThat(metaData.getValue()).isEqualTo(NAME);
    }

    @Test
    public void testSetDisplayNameWithHasName() {
        final Decision decision = new Decision();
        setup(Optional.of(decision));

        metaData.setValue(NAME);

        verify(setValueConsumer).accept(eq(decision), eq(NAME));
    }

    @Test
    public void testSetValueWithHasNameWithEmptyValue() {
        final Decision decision = new Decision();
        decision.setName(NAME);
        setup(Optional.of(decision));

        metaData.setValue(new Name());

        verify(clearValueConsumer).accept(eq(decision));
    }

    @Test
    public void testSetValueWithHasNameWithoutChange() {
        final Decision decision = new Decision();
        decision.setName(NAME);
        setup(Optional.of(decision));

        metaData.setValue(NAME);

        verify(clearValueConsumer, never()).accept(any(HasName.class));
        verify(setValueConsumer, never()).accept(any(HasName.class), any(Name.class));
    }

    @Test
    public void testSetValueWithoutHasName() {
        setup(Optional.empty());

        metaData.setValue(NAME);

        verify(setValueConsumer, never()).accept(any(HasName.class), any(Name.class));
    }

    @Test
    public void testToModelValue() {
        setup(Optional.empty());

        assertThat(metaData.toModelValue(NAME.getValue())).isEqualTo(NAME);
    }

    @Test
    public void testToWidgetValue() {
        setup(Optional.empty());

        assertThat(metaData.toWidgetValue(NAME)).isEqualTo(NAME.getValue());
    }

    @Test
    public void testGetValueLabel() {
        setup(Optional.empty());

        assertThat(metaData.getValueLabel()).isEqualTo(DMNEditorConstants.NameAndDataTypePopover_NameLabel);
    }

    @Test
    public void testNormaliseValue() {
        setup(Optional.empty());

        final String value = "   " + NAME.getValue() + "   ";
        assertThat(metaData.normaliseValue(value)).isEqualTo(NAME.getValue());
    }

    @Test
    public void testRender() {
        final QName typeRef = BuiltInType.DATE.asQName();
        final GridRenderer renderer = mock(GridRenderer.class);
        final GridRendererTheme theme = mock(GridRendererTheme.class);
        final Text tName = mock(Text.class);
        final InformationItemPrimary hasExpressionVariable = new InformationItemPrimary();
        hasExpressionVariable.setTypeRef(typeRef);
        hasExpression.setVariable(hasExpressionVariable);
        final Decision decision = new Decision();
        decision.setName(NAME);
        setup(Optional.of(decision));

        when(theme.getHeaderText()).thenReturn(tName);
        when(context.getRenderer()).thenReturn(renderer);
        when(renderer.getTheme()).thenReturn(theme);
        when(hasTypeRef.getTypeRef()).thenReturn(typeRef);

        metaData.render(context, BLOCK_WIDTH, BLOCK_HEIGHT);

        verify(tName).setText(NAME.getValue());
        verify(tName, times(2)).setListening(false);
        verify(tName, times(2)).setX(BLOCK_WIDTH / 2);
        verify(tName).setY(BLOCK_HEIGHT / 2 - SPACING);
        verify(tName).setFontStyle(FONT_STYLE_TYPE_REF);
        verify(tName).setFontSize(BaseExpressionGridTheme.FONT_SIZE - 2.0);
        verify(tName).setText("(" + typeRef.toString() + ")");
        verify(tName).setY(BLOCK_HEIGHT / 2 + SPACING);
    }
}


.m. for "Land of the Crooked Water." Land of the Crooked Water is the inaugural offering of the Southern Appalachian Office of the Wilderness Society's LAND/SCAPE project. The project is designed to draw attention to the intersection of art and nature by featuring the nature-inspired work of regional artists, writers and poets.
Land of the Crooked Water is an exhibit of prints created by Western North Carolina artist/artisan Joshua Grant. Grant is a graduate of the Nantahala School of the Arts and the owner of Grant Custom Banjos where he puts his talent to work constructing handmade banjos from natural materials. Grant's art has been featured in regional publications, art shows and galleries like Stecoah Valley Cultural Arts Center.
rsonal visits to these wild places. The exhibit gets its name "Land of the Crooked Water" from a translation associated with Tusquitee Bald.
The prints are a combination of abstract and realist style. They were created using an innovative digital photo-polymer handprint process then transferred to a traditional hand press. The prints demonstrate the deep cultural and spiritual connections to these mountain treasures and seek to inspire a sense of duty to care for the Earth and its wild places.
he Western Carolina University Cherokee Language Program will speak at the reception about Cherokee cosmology and sense of place in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.
A limited number of prints will be available for sale at the opening. The exhibit will be on display at City Lights Café through the month of September.
The Southern Appalachians are blessed with awe-inspiring topography, a landscape that bleeds with cultures lost and cultures preserved, and accomplished artists and artisans with the depth and breath of soul and talent to capture and express this deep and abiding sense of place.


text:
Pacheco és una concentració de població designada pel cens dels Estats Units a l'estat de Califòrnia. Segons el cens del 2000 tenia una població de 3.562 habitants.

Demografia
Segons el cens del 2000, Pacheco tenia 3.562 habitants, 1.563 habitatges, i 923 famílies. La densitat de població era de 1.884 habitants/km².

Dels 1.563 habitatges en un 23,6% hi vivien nens de menys de 18 anys, en un 40,1% hi vivien parelles casades, en un 13,8% dones solteres, i en un 40,9% no eren unitats familiars. En el 32,8% dels habitatges hi vivien persones soles el 13,4% de les quals corresponia a persones de 65 anys o més que vivien soles. El nombre mitjà de persones vivint en cada habitatge era de 2,28 i el nombre mitjà de persones que vivien en cada família era de 2,87.

Per edats la població es repartia de la següent manera: un 20,5% tenia menys de 18 anys, un 6,5% entre 18 i 24, un 30,2% entre 25 i 44, un 26,7% de 45 a 60 i un 16,1% 65 anys o més.

L'edat mediana era de 40 anys. Per cada 100 dones de 18 o més anys hi havia 85 homes.

La renda mediana per habitatge era de 45.851 $ i la renda mediana per família de 58.938 $. Els homes tenien una renda mediana de 48.466 $ mentre que les dones 33.359 $. La renda per capita de la població era de 26.064 $. Entorn del 7,9% de les famílies i el 10,2% de la població estaven per davall del llindar de pobresa.

Poblacions properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

Entitats de població del comtat de Contra Costa