text:
Timothy Zieger
"A singer-songwriter of uncommon depth."
The Cane
May 11, 2020 by timzieger Leave a Comment
Luke Carton was eighteen years old in 1848; a young man in a world of revolutions: "The Springtime of the Peoples." Likely born in Wexford, Ireland around 1830, the spirit of the age took hold in Luke's life as more than nationalism uprooting an old order and replacing it with a new–his entire life was rootless.
When an unforeseen potato blight eviscerated Ireland in the late 1840's, those that didn't die of starvation or sadness took to the sea to find a new life in a new world. In 1851, at 20 years old, Luke did the same, boarding the Samuel in Dublin, bound for New York.
He and the hundreds of other Irish aboard endured an Atlantic autumn on the Samuel, and arrived at Ellis Island on November 25th.
The earliest photograph of a ship: the Great Britain in 1844. This ship was likely similar to the Samuel, on which Luke came to America.
He found work as a laborer in Duchess County, NY, and in 1857, at twenty-six, met Eliza Eagan, a young single mother from county Cork, Ireland. In her late twenties, she suddenly found herself a widow, caring for two young children. She couldn't read or write, but she could undoubtedly see Luke's interest in her.
She was a faithful Catholic her entire life, and when she feared she was pregnant, she married Luke at the local parish. Rev. Denis Sheehan, himself an Irishman from county Cork, and a strong advocate of temperance, officiated at St. Mary's in Channingville, later known as Wappingers Falls.
In September of 1857, well into Eliza's pregnancy, Luke was arrested and charged with assault and battery–a portent of things to come. On December 14th, however, only three months into his sentence, he was pardoned. His first son, James, was born that month.
The restlessness of the world had touched the young United States by then. America was on the edge of a fissure that would rend its union from head to heart, pitting brother against brother and north against south.
In 1861 America was divided, and soon after the first shots on Fort Sumter, Luke and Eliza were battling their own disunion. Luke's grandchildren much later recalled their parents speaking of him as a "belligerent drunk," and the records don't seem to dispute that.
On July 4th of that year Eliza gave birth to a boy. As the story goes, Luke, believing her to be unfaithful, lashed out two weeks after the birth. In his perhaps drunken rage he threw enough black pepper in the infant's face to cause suffocation.
After his arrest and trial, Luke was sentenced to two years in the state penitentiary at Sing Sing in March of 1862.
The newspaper issued a redaction the day after this printing, acknowledging that "Luke Carson" should have been "Luke Carton."
Eliza endured, taking in boarders for income and raising her children in times that would have been hard for anyone. When she died many years later, in 1904, she was mourned by a wide circle of friends and all her living children.
Luke, however, served his two years in the state penitentiary, where he evidently became caught up in the spirit of Irish nationalism voiced by the Fenian Brotherhood–a not-so-secret society set on compelling the British Empire to grant Irish independence by attacking Canada.
If it sounds like a tenuous plan, it's because it was. The movement would ultimately fizzle out by 1880, but in 1864 when Luke came out of Sing Sing, it was the movement of the Irish underclass–a populist rallying cry that gave hope for a free Ireland and a better future.
Luke no doubt felt little reason to return home right away after prison. He found a branch that he could carve into a suitable traveling cane and, departing from Sing Sing in NY, rode the ever-extending rails of newly-industrialized America.
In the towns he visited he doubtlessly found other disaffected Irishmen casting their lot in with the ambitions of the Fenians. He made an effort to preserve these travels–whether for himself or posterity–by carving the names of each town and many railroads along the shaft of his cane according to the years he visited them.
In 1864 he recorded more than 26 names, including many critical cities to the Fenian project.
By the winter of 1864 he had returned home to Eliza. Why they reunited is a mystery. Did Luke convince her? Did he need money and a place to stay? Did she want him back? Whatever the reason, young Henry Carton was born in August of 1865.
Henry died before his first birthday, in November of 1865. This was a tragedy all too common in the 19th century world, and one which then, as always, disproportionately afflicted the lower class.
Two months later Eliza was pregnant with another baby boy who would be born John F. Carton, October 1866.
1865 was a year of roving for Luke. He logged the names of 9 railroads and 14 cities, mountains, towns or boarding houses along his cane, including the picturesque Crawford House in the White Mountains of New Hampshire.
Crawford House, 1872.
It's quite possible that, when the Fenian Brotherhood held their convention in Chicago in 1865, Luke was there. At the very least he was almost certainly traveling among like-minded Irish nationalists who shared the hope of inflicting a wound on Great Britain great enough to loose their homeland from imperial subjugation.
Was this his new identity, his new defining ambition: a fighter for the Irish cause? He'd left a crippled home at 20, worked as an underclass laborer through his prime years, and killed an infant (his?) in a drunken rage at 27. Had he now found a purpose? Was this cane a record of his resolve?
There were few more important cities for Fenian ambitions in North America than Buffalo, NY, Niagara, NY, and ultimately the city of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. In the spring of 1866 they would attempt a series of raids into Canada which engaged as many as 7,000 Fenian Irish who had ridden the rails north to mount their attack along the border.
The 1866 invasion was a failure for the Fenians. The US federal government, which had, up till that point, enabled the Fenians to gather steam, and gone so far as to sell them arms and munitions, now foiled their plans under the leadership of Generals Meade and Grant. The Irish were repelled by both the Canadians and the Americans, their arms were confiscated, the border was effectually closed, the leadership was arrested, and the bulk of the remaining hopefuls were sent back on the same rail-lines they'd ridden north.
The 1870 Census finds a 40 year-old Luke Carton, a "laborer" from Ireland, "insane" in the Utica Asylum. There he would likely have been confined to the euphemistically-dubbed "Utica Crib."
After the failure of this new-found purpose, did he find no more reason to live? No more reason to stay sober?
"Utica Crib"
In 1875, Eliza is 45 and as strong as ever. She owns her home, has three children in the house, and, for the first time, she is listed as widowed.
I would not have learned any of this were it not for the cane, which my father inherited from his grandmother, Elizabeth Carton, the daughter of Luke and Eliza's son, John F. Carton.
Now, I should say that the Fenian association is all my theory of Luke's three-year travel project. I've gathered a lot of data that makes a strong case, but as yet it is all circumstantial. There's a possibility that the cane could have belonged to someone else, but no candidates have emerged, and the personal nature of the cane makes it more likely to be an heirloom that stayed within the family.
Nevertheless, I see this cane as potentially central to the last meaningful project of Luke Carton. There's no doubt that he is an anti-hero in this story, but the cane remains a vestige of an obscure corner of a time ripe with historical significance.
The engine Nashville which hauled President Lincoln's funeral train in 1865, belonged to the short-lived CC & C Railroad see the 1865 section of the cane.
When I wrote the song, "The Cane," I had almost no knowledge of the family history surrounding this cane aside from the notion that it belonged to some distant relative on my dad's side.
In preparation for writing this post, I borrowed the cane from my parents' and began to document it and research my ancestry. In the process my father put me in touch with a distant cousin of mine without whose help I'd have been unable to piece these connections together. She has done extensive genealogical research documenting her family lineage. Where our lines overlap, her research proved invaluable.
Even without this family connection the cane still represents a glimpse into some years of American history that have much to offer the history books. I made reference to a few of these in the song:
The spirit of revolution, both political and industrial, that characterized the mid-19th century
"when the world was waking up…"
steamships and riding the railroads, etc.
"the lords of the revolution built a nation from the ground"
Lincoln's assassination, and the end of the civil war in 1865.
"Little Taddy Lincoln wished his papa home again."
Tad Lincoln was the president's youngest son
The nascent Christian Science movement with Mary Baker Eddy, which, ironically coincided with the assassination of Lincoln
"Mary from New Hampshire learned to heal a wounded man…"
Jesse James' first robbery, which presaged his larger-than-life status as a legend of the reconstruction-era turmoil
"Jesse James robbed a bank and he bought himself a name"
The point of the song, however, is the line:
"Legends are made of wax and flame, of an obscure hobo's cane."
That is, the stories that loom so large in our imaginations grow by transforming fragments of truth into fictions which dwarf and consume them.
Lincoln, Mary Baker Eddy, Jesse James, the origin stories of nations and individuals–they're often more than the truth.
Studying and researching this cane confirms that notion for me.
It almost matters little whether it did belong to Luke Carton.
Mama had a baby
When the world was waking up.
He left her on a steam ship
Bound for North America.
Where the railways
Riding dynamite
Made the mountains
Bow on down.
And the lords of
Built a nation
From the ground.
He carved a cane of maple
With the names of every town
From New York to Chicago
From Detroit to Portland, Maine on down.
While little
Taddy Lincoln
Wished his
Papa home again.
from New Hampshire
Learned to heal
A wounded man.
Jesse James robbed a bank
And he bought himself a name.
Legends are made of wax and flame,
of an obscure hobo's cane.
Riding the New York Railway
Riding the Hudson River Line
Riding the Erie Ontario
Riding the Vermont Central Line
Riding the Sullivan Railroad
Riding the Indiana Line
Riding the Northern Railroad
Riding the Great Western Line
Daddy was a young man
It found him on a steam ship
Filed Under: Now to Recall, Song Commentary Tagged With: Abraham Lincoln, ancestry, Assassination of Lincoln, Fenian Brotherhood, historical, legends, NEPA Music, Now to Recall, sing sing prison, Song Commentary, songwriter, songwriting, story telling, Timothy Zieger, timothyziegermusic, tziegermusic
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text:
package nl.knaw.dans.rs.aggregator.discover;

import nl.knaw.dans.rs.aggregator.http.AbstractRemoteTest;
import nl.knaw.dans.rs.aggregator.http.RemoteException;
import nl.knaw.dans.rs.aggregator.http.Result;
import nl.knaw.dans.rs.aggregator.xml.RsMd;
import nl.knaw.dans.rs.aggregator.xml.RsRoot;
import org.junit.Ignore;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.mockserver.matchers.Times;
import org.mockserver.model.HttpRequest;
import org.mockserver.model.HttpResponse;

import javax.xml.bind.JAXBException;
import java.net.URI;

import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;

public class RsExplorerTest extends AbstractRemoteTest {

  @Test
  public void findDescription() throws Exception {
    String path = "/.well-known/resourcesync";
    verifyFindDescription(path);
  }

  @Test
  public void findDescriptionWithoutExplicitUrl() throws Exception {
    String path = "";
    verifyFindDescription(path);
  }

  @Test
  public void findDescriptionWithoutExplicitUrlVariation() throws Exception {
    String path = "/";
    verifyFindDescription(path);
  }

  private void verifyFindDescription(String path) {
    getMockServer()
      .when(HttpRequest.request()
          .withMethod("GET")
          .withPath(path),
        Times.exactly(1))

      .respond(HttpResponse.response()
        .withStatusCode(200)
        .withBody(createValidDescription())
      );

    URI uri = composeUri(path);

    RsExplorer explorer = new RsExplorer(getHttpclient(), getRsContext());
    ResultIndex index = new ResultIndex();
    Result<RsRoot> result = explorer.explore(uri, index);

    result.getErrors().forEach(Throwable::printStackTrace);

    assertThat(result.getUri(), equalTo(uri));
    assertThat(result.getStatusCode(), equalTo(200));
    assertThat(result.getErrors().isEmpty(), is(true));
    assertThat(result.getContent().isPresent(), is(true));
    assertThat(result.getContent().map(RsRoot::getMetadata).flatMap(RsMd::getCapability).orElse("invalid"),
      equalTo("description"));
  }

  @Test
  public void findWrongParentDocument() throws Exception {
    String path1 = "/foo/resourcedump.xml";
    String path2 = "/bla/resourcedump.xml";

    getMockServer()
      .when(HttpRequest.request()
          .withMethod("GET")
          .withPath(path1),
        Times.exactly(1))

      .respond(HttpResponse.response()
        .withStatusCode(200)
        .withBody(createValidResourceDump(path2))
      );

    getMockServer()
      .when(HttpRequest.request()
          .withMethod("GET")
          .withPath(path2),
        Times.exactly(1))

      .respond(HttpResponse.response()
        .withStatusCode(200)
        .withBody(createValidResourceDump("/bar/whatever.xml"))
      );

    URI uri = composeUri(path1);

    RsExplorer explorer = new RsExplorer(getHttpclient(), getRsContext());
    ResultIndex index = new ResultIndex();
    Result<RsRoot> result = explorer.explore(uri, index);

    //result.listErrors().forEach(Throwable::printStackTrace);

    assertThat(result.getUri(), equalTo(uri));
    assertThat(result.getStatusCode(), equalTo(200));
    assertThat(result.getErrors().isEmpty(), is(false));
    assertThat(result.getErrors().get(0).getMessage(), containsString("invalid up relation:"));
    assertThat(result.getContent().isPresent(), is(true));
    assertThat(result.getContent().map(RsRoot::getMetadata).flatMap(RsMd::getCapability).orElse("invalid"),
      equalTo("resourcedump"));

    URI uri2 = composeUri(path2);
    Result<RsRoot> parentResult = (Result<RsRoot>) result.getParents().get(uri2);

    parentResult.getErrors().forEach(Throwable::printStackTrace);

    assertThat(parentResult.getUri(), equalTo(uri2));
    assertThat(parentResult.getStatusCode(), equalTo(200));
    assertThat(parentResult.getErrors().isEmpty(), is(true));
    assertThat(parentResult.getContent().isPresent(), is(true));
    assertThat(parentResult.getContent().map(RsRoot::getMetadata).flatMap(RsMd::getCapability).orElse("invalid"),
      equalTo("resourcedump"));
  }

  @Ignore("Noisy error log")
  @Test
  public void findInvalidSitemapDocument() throws Exception {
    String path = "/.well-known/resourcesync";

    getMockServer()
      .when(HttpRequest.request()
          .withMethod("GET")
          .withPath(path),
        Times.exactly(1))

      .respond(HttpResponse.response()
        .withStatusCode(200)
        .withBody(createValidXml())
      );

    RsExplorer explorer = new RsExplorer(getHttpclient(), getRsContext());
    ResultIndex index = new ResultIndex();
    Result<RsRoot> result = explorer.explore(composeUri(path), index);

    assertThat(result.getUri(), equalTo(composeUri(path)));
    assertThat(result.getStatusCode(), equalTo(200));
    assertThat(result.getErrors().isEmpty(), is(false));
    assertThat(result.getErrors().get(0), instanceOf(JAXBException.class));
    assertThat(result.getContent().isPresent(), is(false));
    //result.listErrors().forEach(Throwable::printStackTrace);
  }

  @Test
  public void receiveStatusError() throws Exception {
    String path = "/.well-known/resourcesync";

    getMockServer()
      .when(HttpRequest.request()
          .withMethod("GET")
          .withPath(path),
        Times.exactly(1))

      .respond(HttpResponse.response()
        .withStatusCode(404)
        .withBody("Document not found")
      );

    RsExplorer explorer = new RsExplorer(getHttpclient(), getRsContext());
    ResultIndex index = new ResultIndex();
    Result<RsRoot> result = explorer.explore(composeUri(path), index);

    assertThat(result.getUri(), equalTo(composeUri(path)));
    assertThat(result.getStatusCode(), equalTo(404));
    assertThat(result.getErrors().isEmpty(), is(false));
    assertThat(result.getErrors().get(0), instanceOf(RemoteException.class));
    assertThat(result.getContent().isPresent(), is(false));
    //result.listErrors().forEach(Throwable::printStackTrace);
  }

  private String createValidDescription() {
    return
      "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n" +
        "<urlset xmlns=\"http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9\"\n" +
        "        xmlns:rs=\"http://www.openarchives.org/rs/terms/\">\n" +
        "  <rs:ln rel=\"describedby\"\n" +
        "         href=\"http://example.com/info_about_source.xml\"/>\n" +
        "  <rs:md capability=\"description\"/>\n" +
        "  <url>\n" +
        "      <loc>http://example.com/capabilitylist1.xml</loc>\n" +
        "      <rs:md capability=\"capabilitylist\"/>\n" +
        "      <rs:ln rel=\"describedby\"\n" +
        "             href=\"http://example.com/info_about_set1_of_resources.xml\"/>\n" +
        "  </url>\n" +
        "  <url>\n" +
        "      <loc>http://example.com/capabilitylist2.xml</loc>\n" +
        "      <rs:md capability=\"capabilitylist\"/>\n" +
        "      <rs:ln rel=\"describedby\"\n" +
        "             href=\"http://example.com/info_about_set2_of_resources.xml\"/>\n" +
        "  </url>\n" +
        "  <url>\n" +
        "      <loc>http://example.com/capabilitylist3.xml</loc>\n" +
        "      <rs:md capability=\"capabilitylist\"/>\n" +
        "      <rs:ln rel=\"describedby\"\n" +
        "             href=\"http://example.com/info_about_set3_of_resources.xml\"/>\n" +
        "  </url>\n" +
        "</urlset>\n" +
        "\n";
  }

  private String createValidResourceDump(String relUpPath) {
    return "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n" +
      "<urlset xmlns=\"http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9\"\n" +
      "        xmlns:rs=\"http://www.openarchives.org/rs/terms/\">\n" +
      "  <rs:md capability=\"resourcedump\"\n" +
      "         at=\"2013-01-03T09:00:00Z\"/>\n" +
      "  <rs:ln rel=\"up\"" +
      "         href=\"" + composePath(relUpPath) + "\"/>" +
      "  <url>\n" +
      "      <loc>http://example.com/resourcedump.zip</loc>\n" +
      "      <lastmod>2013-01-03T09:00:00Z</lastmod>\n" +
      "  </url>\n" +
      "</urlset>";
  }

  private String createValidXml() {
    return "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n" +
      "<funny xmlns=\"http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9\"\n" +
      "        xmlns:rs=\"http://www.openarchives.org/rs/terms/\">\n" +
      "  <rs:md capability=\"description\"\n" +
      "         at=\"2013-01-03T09:00:00Z\"/>\n" +
      "</funny>";
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Skyrim Max general quest stats? I would like to assess how far I am away from "completion" of the game as far as that is possible.
I know that there are radiant quests that repeat endlessly, but I would like to know which of the quests stats in the "general stats" tab have a max value and what it is. I could not find a list so far on either of the two game wikis or elsewhere.

A: Many of the stats in the General Stats screen have no fixed limit due to them counting "renewable resources"—there will always be more ingredients to collect and wolves to kill.
Those that do have limits (not counting DLC or mods, which make them potentially infinite as time goes on) have these:
General

*

*Books Read: 470

*Houses Owned: 5

*Stores Invested In: 35

*Locations Discovered: 362

*Standing Stones Found:13

*Skill Books Read: 90 (5 for each 18 skills)
Quests

*

*Main Quests Completed: 19 (17, if you don't choose the two optional quests)

*Side Quests Complete: 33

*Civil War Quests Completed: 16 (Imperial side; 15 if you side with the Stormloacks)

*Dark Brotherhood Quests Completed: 32

*Daedric Quests Completed: 17 (note that the one Radiant-using quest is not a normal repeatable quest)
Magic

*

*Spells Learned: 108

*Words of Power Learned: 60 (three per Shout)

*Words of Power Unlocked: 60

*Shouts Learned: 20

*Shouts Unlocked: 20

*Shouts Mastered: 20

Sources as linked.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
EditorialGet Better Grades on Your Manholes
Get Better Grades on Your Manholes
Adjustable rings install easily and match road crown for a smoother surface
Appeared in print as "Better Grades"
By Angus W. Stocking
Better Mousetraps
Manhole Ring Adjustment System American Highway Products Ltd. Sewer Riser
The City of St. Charles, Missouri, installs about 80 American Highway Products manhole risers annually.
When a manhole lid isn't flush with the road surface, you know it. Everyone who drives that road knows it.
Setting lids flush with the road surface and maintaining them at grade through years of traffic and road maintenance is a challenge every wastewater utility faces. Flat or crowned surfaces, upgrading existing infrastructure, old roads, new pavement — it's hard to find a solution that fits all circumstances.
Cory Rackley, lead equipment operator, is responsible for keeping about 10,000 manholes in St. Charles, Missouri, precisely at grade. If they're too low, citizens and council members complain, and if they're too high, even by as little as a quarter inch, snowplows will catch and tear them out.
"We have old and new areas, which means we have a lot of odd-sized sewer structures," Rackley says. "Adjustable risers make it much easier to raise all these differently sized manholes to grade."
For years, his crews raised manholes to grade after new paving with traditional methods that required excavation and the use of concrete rings or bricks. But since 2008, he's been using Pivoted Turnbuckle Adjustable Manhole Risers, made by American Highway Products, to raise manholes precisely to grade without excavation, significant traffic closures, or the need for equipment to lift and set heavy concrete rings.
"When we have a manhole to raise now, we can do it in half an hour or less, depending on traffic, without stopping traffic or digging up pavement," he says. "Compared to that, the concrete rings were a nightmare — they'd take one to two days and usually required detours."
The American Highway Products adjustable riser is a sturdy, flexible, galvanized ring made with American steel that uses a turnbuckle to adjust riser diameter. Installation is simple and fast; one person sets the riser in the original utility rims and uses a screwdriver as a lever to expand it to fit. Since the turnbuckle leverage applies thousands of pounds of force, the riser seats in the rim tightly, providing a new rim for the manhole with no rattling or play.
A new angle
While the company's turnbuckle risers have been around for a while now, the new Inclined Manhole Adjusting Riser Rings are using the same technology to accommodate pitched surfaces. They feature a turnbuckle linkage pivoted at each end to expand the riser. A 60-pound force applied 7 inches from the center of the pivoted turnbuckle exerts a 5,600-pound tangential force in the rings that will be bent to fit the out-of-round, worn manhole opening.
Wisconsin-based Stark Pavement Corp. sets up to 100 Pivoted Turnbuckle risers annually in and around Milwaukee and has set as many as 35 on a single project. The firm has also used the inclined risers, which incorporate the same pivoted turnbuckle for easy adjustability, along with the capacity to tilt the riser as needed to match sloped road surfaces.
"We purchased the inclined risers for a project in Kenosha with a very high crown," says Todd Beaber, paving supervisor. "It was nice to have the ability to exactly match the sloped surface, and it made for a higher-quality roadway."
Stark crews install the adjustable risers just before paving. "We usually have a couple of guys working just ahead of paving machines," Beaber explains. "It's nice that these risers are so much lighter than cast iron risers — our crew can carry all they need in a small truck. Really, all they have to do is clean the old rim with a scraper, set in the new riser and tighten it. They're done in five to 10 minutes."
One key to the riser's efficiency is precise sizing. They can be ordered at any diameter, as thin as 3/4 of an inch and up from there in 1/4-inch increments. "They can be ordered on short notice, but we try to keep an assortment in stock at all times," Beaber says. "Sometimes we're moving fast, and it's nice to have exactly what we need on hand."
"We've had no failures that I know of," Beaber says. "I think they're the best riser available and a good value too. Money is so tight on municipal projects, and these risers make it easy to get manholes to the right elevation without excavation and without any rattling."
Good match
In St. Charles, city crews set 40 or more of the American Highway Products risers annually, and contractors set about the same amount. The city also keeps risers on hands, in multiple sizes, for their own use and occasionally for contractors. In the last year, Rackley has also started using inclined risers, a newer product from American Highway Products.
"Streets aren't usually flat, so these have been great for us," he says. "They let us make an even closer match to the final road surface. They're a wonderful product, and there doesn't seem to be anything else out there quite like them — we'll certainly continue to use them."
See the Latest Pipeline Inspection Systems at WWETT 2016
Subsite Electronics Introduces New Utility Locating System

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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It is perfectly possible to book the whole Casa for special events, activities or parties, but please be aware that accommodation bookings are often taken well in advance (especially for periods close to the peak season) and so there can be no guarantee that individual dates will be available. Book early!
Casa Susegad has five bedrooms, and so the optimum number of guests is ten. Most of the rooms, though, can take extra beds, and pushing bedspace to its limits then a very cosy limit of eighteen guests can be achieved!
If you have a specific idea (perhaps for a party) then the Casa will do their utmost to help you achieve the best results. Excursions, special menus, massage and beauty treatments can all be pre-arranged. Bus hire, from the airport pick-up onwards, can be arranged so that your group can enjoy traveling together in comfort and style. If you want your bus decked out with marigolds, with a garland for each guest, just let us know and, with a nominal budget, Casa Susegad can make every moment of your stay memorable for all the right reasons!
Discounts and special deals can be negotiated, depending upon the length of stay and party size. But as an idea, The rate for taking the whole house is as per the normal price list but usually attracts a special 10% discount on booking all five rooms for a minimum of seven nights.


Excellent greens. Fairway fair and sometimes muddy. It was a quiet Sunday and we could play without delays or benig rushed. Improve your maintenance.
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text:
Human well-being
Forest management & restoration
Food & diets
Gender, justice & tenure
Value chains & finance
DG's Column
Fire & haze
FORESTS NEWS
IN FOCUS :
Wildlife clubs teach children in Guyana's Rupununi about life and li ...
Deforestation pledge redux: Reflections on "forest loss" as dust settles on Glasgow summit
Scientists urge action as Gambian livestock grazing puts forests at risk
Wildlife clubs teach children in Guyana's Rupununi about life and livelihoods
SWM Programme provides tools for learning
Lucien Chauvin
Wildlife club coordinators. Photo: © Samantha James
Chickens and cattle a gateway for economic diversification and wildlife protection
Amerindian culture and land rights shape conservation in Guyana's Rupununi region
Legal hubs help identify gaps to support sustainable wildlife management
Balancing livelihoods, conservation and biodiversity through landscape approaches evaluated at GLF Climate
A box of chocolates seems completely out of place as a tool for teaching kids about wildlife, but Susan George makes it work.
George, a member of Guyana's North Rupununi District Development Board (NRDDB), used the chocolate strategy when she started working with kids in wildlife clubs in Macushi villages. It was a creative – and tasty – way to get them to understand heady terms like conservation and sustainability.
"Our first step was to see if the kids really understood what we were talking about," George said. "Did they really know what we meant when we talked about wildlife or sustainability? Candy was our methodology."
The game, which is called "fishing today, fishing tomorrow," involved putting chocolates on a table and dividing the kids into three groups – elders, adults and children. The first two groups would take everything, leaving nothing for the last group. The "aha" moment would come when George told the kids that this is actually happening today with the fish their families consume.
"When you ask the kids what is needed for everyone to have fish, they come up with rules," she said. "They offer to put some of the candy back on the table, so everyone can have some. It is a way of teaching about sustainability."
The wildlife clubs have become an integral part of communities in the northern Rupununi that are part of the NRDDB, not only teaching kids about sustainability but introducing them to science and even careers. On a broader scale, the clubs are also a way of getting parents more involved in their kids' education and keeping adults engaged in community activities.
Photo by Samantha James
With support from the Guyana branch of the Sustainable Wildlife Management (SWM) Programme, which aims to improve wildlife conservation and food security in 13 countries, the clubs spend time birding, setting camera traps and providing elements that contribute to community development.
"When the kids watch birds, or see what is on the camera trap, they are learning," said George, who divides her time today with an SWM Programme-sponsored fish-monitoring project. "They want to keep learning, going on to study or becoming guides."
Careers and more
Examples of the potential George sees in the wildlife club abound in Surama, a remote village where the northern Rupununi savannah starts to give way to tropical forest.
Surama was the first village in the zone to get involved in community-based tourism. Five other villages have since followed, but Surama remains in the vanguard position, and its wildlife club continues to expand and contribute to the community.
Neil Allicock, 21, was elected last year as the adult coordinator of Surama's Wildlife Club. He first joined when he was six — actually too young to belong – and has watched the club evolve over the years. He said when he joined members would go birdwatching, but it would stop there. Today, thanks to his input and technology, birdwatching is an entirely different experience.
The kids jot down species in notebooks. They record the time and location of the sighting, the sound the bird makes and, if they get a close enough look, its markings.
The SWM Programme provided the group with a camera trap in December and its location is changed monthly. The trap has caught images of a wide range of animals and birds, including the great tinamou (Tinamus major), a terrestrial bird that Allicock said elders used as a kind of clock.
"When you hear the tinamou, it is either dawn or dusk, so you know it is time to go to work or go home," he said.
Birding is also helping the village rebuild its community tourism after the severe blow from the COVID-19 pandemic.
"We are contributing to the village and our community-based tourism," he said. "Many tourists come for birding, so we are identifying where certain birds are found to make maps. Birding is our way of giving back to the community."
Zeela Allicock, 17, also started in the Surama Wildlife Club when she was young, and in June 2020 was elected its president. She is working with the coordinator and other members of the leadership team to add activities.
"I want us to continue with our data analysis of birds and expand to other areas," she said. "We have gone to look at arapaimas (Arapaima gigas), but now we want to monitor them and analyse what they do."
Rewa. Photo by Samantha James
The club has also helped her get ready for the next stage in life. She took the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate, the standardized test for the Caribbean Community, hoping to embark on a career in science.
"Being a club member has been very useful, helping me learn about science and the environment," she said. "We also have professors who come here to do research and they let us work with them."
Civic mindedness
The clubs are also about personal development and leadership. In Yupukari, Wildlife Club Coordinator Jessica Roberts said the clubs teach members to be civic-minded and understand the village and its history.
"We have campaigns to keep the community clean," said Roberts, who is also a schoolteacher in the village. "We have installed trash bins and have done art projects to create posters for the 'no littering' campaign."
The club does bird watching and the SWM Programme has provided it with a camera trap as well, which Roberts said has contributed in unexpected ways.
The camera trap has not only caught a variety of animals but has been used as a tool by the kids in a kind of role reversal. They have taken the information and used it to educate the elders in their community about the importance of conservation.
"The kids were really surprised by what they saw (a giant armadillo, for example) on the traps, realizing that we have all this fauna that they do not see, Roberts said. "They decided that it was necessary to tell the adults to stop cutting down trees."
A key point for her, however, is letting the kids themselves address the village council.
"I do not do the talking as coordinator," she said. "It has to be the kids. It helps them with their confidence and makes the parents feel good that their children speak in public."
Yupukari. Photo by Ali Joel
The clubs also get exposure throughout the northern Rupununi from the NRDDB's Radio Paiwomak, which is also supported by the SWM Programme.
Rocky Vanlong, a broadcast journalist and original member of the Paiwomak team, has three time slots during the week to talk about projects under the program, which is broadcast in English and Macushi, with the wildlife clubs a central focus. The programs have an average audience of around 7 000 people, mainly older adults.
In a way, Vanlong and the radio station help bring the wildlife clubs full circle. In addition to covering the clubs and their activities, Vanlong holds training sessions with the club coordinators that they relay back to the members.
"We want the kids to be able to communicate what they are learning," he said. "We are forming the next generation of leaders."
The SWM Programme is an initiative of the Organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, which is funded by the European Union with co-funding from the French Facility for Global Environment and the French Development Agency. It is implemented through a consortium partnership, which includes the Center for International Forestry Research, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development and the Wildlife Conservation Society.
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Topic(s) : Food security Wildlife Food & diets
Keyword(s) : COVID-19 food food & diets food security Guyana Rupununi Surama Wildlife Club SWM Programme wildlife wildlife club
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RVS Brings RediTruck To Letsrecycle Live!
Refuse Vehicle Solutions Ltd (RVS) has announced that it will be exhibiting at Letsrecycle Live (22-23 May) in Stoneleigh, Warwickshire and displaying a brand-new Mercedes/Dennis Refuse Collection Vehicle (RCV) from its RediTruck service.
RVS' RediTruck service is an outstanding success thanks to its rolling stock of ready for work, FORS & ULEZ compliant trade waste vehicles that are available to drive away within just weeks of an order being placed.
RVS has a reputation for excellent service and high-quality vehicles, and offers the complete refuse vehicle solution to customers, including a substantial hire fleet, preventative maintenance service, repairs, breakdown service, parts, finance and vehicle transportation.


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• Children's EPA Newsletter subscription will be available in September for members and supporting organizations can subscribe free to Children's EPA newsletter. Each publication will include news, information, research, events, commentary, action alerts, a Q&A, and helpful and inspiring posts by members.
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• Children's EPA will present an annual award for an individual or group (organizations, schools, communities and businesses who took positive action to protect children from harm. Members can participate in nomination and selection.
• Service and Chapter representative positions, by state and country (if outside U.S.) will be available in 2012.


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Ballast Point Brewing Co. Plans to Open Brewery in Chicago
The San Diego-based brewery plans to open up shop in Chicago's Fulton Market neighborhood in 2018
By Monica Garske	• Published July 27, 2017 • Updated on July 27, 2017 at 2:26 pm
San Diego's Ballast Point Brewing Co. is planning to expand to Chicago, a company spokesperson confirmed Thursday.
Although details are scant, Ballast Point's vice president of marketing, Hilary Cocalis, said the company is eyeing the Windy City, looking to open a brewery pub in the Fulton Market area by early 2018.
The up-and-coming neighborhood is located within the Fulton River District in the city's West Loop. It is home to many restaurants, as well as offices for companies like Google and Uber.
Since the plan is still in the early stages, Cocalis said the company does not have renderings of how that facility might look. She said Ballast Point chose Chicago because it's a hub for both good beer and food.
Ballast Point Brewing Co. currently operates several tasting rooms in San Diego – its Miramar headquarters, as well as locations in Little Italy, Scripps Ranch and Linda Vista. The company also has facilities in Temecula and Long Beach, California.
In May 2016, the company announced it was expanding to Virginia, investing $47.8 million in establishing its brewing operation on the East Coast. Today, the company runs a tasting room and restaurant in Daleville, Virginia.
In March of this year, the Colorado-based Brewers Association named Ballast Point Brewing Co. among the 50 overall largest production breweries in the United States. The company ranked No. 13 in the nation, with Stone Brewing Co. on its tail at No. 17, and San Diego's Green Flash Brewing Co. at No. 47.
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As part of activities lined up to mark the 2016 Annual Physicians' Week, the leadership of Nigerian Medical Association staged a protest march last Wednesday, October 26, to press for the implementation of the National Health Act 2014. It has been two years since former President Goodluck Jonathan signed the bill into law in December 2014. Unfortunately, the Act has been observed in breach since then.
Worried by this ugly development, the NMA has threatened a lawsuit against the Federal Government as well as embark on a bi-weekly protest march to Aso Rock if nothing is done by President Muhammadu Buhari. Those who followed the developments that led to the passage of the health bill will know that it was a long and tortuous journey. It was only signed into law after its second passage by the National Assembly.
It is noteworthy that the implementation of the Health Act is vital to achieving Universal Health Coverage in Nigeria. According to the NMA president, over 70 per cent of health care expenditure in this country is borne out of pocket. The NMA is right to be very emotional and concerned about the non-implementation of this critical Act. Ours is a country with very huge health infrastructure challenges. There are no enough health facilities and manpower. Many of our medical equipment are obsolete and health centres operate below capacity. It is on record that the 772 primary health care centres in the country offer sub-optimal services due to poor funding.
Tunde Ajaja In a features story in the Saturday PUNCH of October 29, 2016, entitled, "One physician to 3,500 patients, yet Nigerian doctors beg for posting", narrated how despite the World Health Organisation recommendation of one doctor to 600 patients, (1:600) available record showed that in Nigeria, it is one doctor to 3,500 patients (1:3,500). This shows that the country has a huge shortfall of its required number of doctors. By the WHO standard, Nigeria with an estimated population of 180 million needs at least 300,000 medical doctors. With a ratio of 1:3,500, it means Nigeria currently has about 51,428 doctors. This implies that the nation currently has a deficit of about 248,572. Ajaja quoted the NMA president as saying that there were about 87,000 doctors on the association's register, out of which about 45,000 were practising in Nigeria, while the remaining, which is almost half, were either outside the country or dead. Given that significant human resource deficit at the moment, and with the fact that only about 4,355 fresh doctors are produced yearly, it may take the country well over 50 years to meet up with the standard. Heart-rending!
The National Health Act seeks to provide a framework for the regulation, development and management of a national health system and set standards for rendering health service in the country. Some of the accruing benefits of the Act include the provision of free basic health care services for children under the age of five, pregnant women, the elderly and persons with disabilities in the country. Additionally, the law guarantees the universal acceptance of accident victims in both public and private health institutions. Interestingly and deservedly too, the new law bans senior public officers' use of public funds for treatment abroad, especially for ailments that can be treated locally. If this Act is implemented, it will help to achieve some of the Sustainable Development Goals especially SDG3 which talks about Good Health and Well-being by 2030.
At present, Nigeria has the highest infant and maternal mortality in Africa. A Demographic Health Survey in 2013 found that Nigeria contributes about 13 per cent of global maternal mortality, with estimated 36,000 deaths annually. Thus, the coming of this Act is expected to reverse that ugly trend as more pregnant women would have access to free delivery services while their children are assured of standard paediatric services in the nation's health facilities.
The Chairman, Board of Trustees, Health Reform Foundation of Nigeria, Benjamin Anyene, was quoted in 2014 as saying that the implementation of the Act would save the lives of three million women and children over a five-year period. At present, over 5,000 Nigerians reportedly travel to India, the United Kingdom and the United States for treatment while on the average, over $800m is reportedly lost annually by Nigeria to medical tourism. In the view of the former supervising minister of health, Dr. Khalliru Alhassan, the National Health Act would cause government's savings in health care delivery to rise from N17bn in 2015 to over N211bn in 2025 if fully implemented.
If the National Health Act has all the aforementioned benefits and prospects and is the magic wand to turn around the deplorable situation in our health sector, why is this administration paying a lip service to its implementation? Do we prefer the extant situation where Nigerians embark on medical pilgrimages to all parts of the world just to be treated of their diseases? That itself has now been made near impossible due to the scarcity of foreign exchange and the economic recession. Thus, many Nigerians now die avoidably for lack of affordable medicare. I lost a younger sister to the cold hands of death on May 19 this year due to the warning strike embarked on by resident doctors to press home for improved working conditions.
If we intend to stem the deplorable health care situation which has necessitated the sick going to prayer homes instead of hospitals, it is high time the administration of President Muhammadu Buhari made the implementation of the National Health Act 2014 a top priority.


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You are here: Home / Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance / Statehood
"Hawai'i is America in a microcosm – a melting pot of many racial and national origins, from which has been produced a common nationality, a common patriotism, a common faith in freedom and in the institutions of America." (Senator Herbert
Lehman; GPO)
On June 27, 1959, Hawaiʻi registered voters voted on three propositions related to Statehood:
Shall the following propositions, as set forth in Public Law 86-3 entitled "An Act to provide for the admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union" be adopted?
1. Shall Hawaii immediately be admitted into the Union as a State?
Yes – 132,773 (94.3%)
No – 7,971 (5.7%)
2. The boundaries of the State of Hawaii shall be as prescribed in the Act of Congress approved March 18, 1959, and all claims of this State to any areas of land or sea outside the boundaries so prescribed are hereby irrevocably relinquished to the United States.
3. All provisions of the Act of Congress approved March 18, 1959, reserving rights or powers to the United States, as well as those prescribing the terms or conditions of the grants of lands or other property therein made to the State of Hawaii are consented by said State and its people.
(There was a 93.6% voter turnout for the General election – as compared to generally less than 50% in recent times – total turnout for the 2016 primary election was only 34.8% (a new low.))
While Hawaiʻi was the 50th State to be admitted into the union on August 21, 1959, Statehood is celebrated annually on the third Friday in August to commemorate the anniversary of the 1959 admission of Hawaiʻi into the Union.
Contrary to comments by some, the Crown and Government lands were not 'stolen' from the people with Territorial status, Statehood or any other change in governance. Those lands have been consistently recognized as part of the public domain or government property, as decided by the Hawai'i Supreme Court.
That court noted, "In 1840 (Kamehameha III) granted the first Constitution by which he declared and established the equality before the law of all his subjects, chiefs, and people alike."
"By that Constitution, he voluntarily divested himself of some of his powers and attributes as an absolute Ruler, and conferred certain political rights upon his subjects, admitting them to a share with himself in legislation and government. This was the beginning of a government as contradistinguished from the person of the King …"
"… who was thenceforth to be regarded rather as the executive chief and political head of the nation than its absolute governor. Certain kinds of public property began to be recognized as Government property, and not as the King's."
The Court noted, "These lands are to be in the perpetual keeping of the Legislative Council (Nobles and Representatives) or in that of the superintendents of said lands, appointed by them from time to time …"
"… and shall be regulated, leased, or sold, in accordance with the will of said Nobles and Representatives, for the good of the Hawaiian Government, and to promote the dignity of the Hawaiian Crown."
The Court found, "while it was clearly the intention of Kamehameha III to protect the lands which he reserved to himself out of the domain which had been acquired by his family through the prowess and skill of his father, the conqueror, from the danger of being treated as public domain or Government property …"
"… it was also his intention to provide that those lands should descend to his heirs and successors, the future wearers of the crown which the conquerer had won; and we understand the act of 7th June, 1848, as having secured both those objects." (Supreme Court Decision in the Matter of the Estate of Kamehameha IV, 1864)
Following the overthrow, these lands remained for public benefit when they were transferred through changing governments and governance to the Provisional Government, Republic, Territory and State.
This was affirmed by the US Court of Claims noting, "The constitution of the Republic of Hawai'i, as respects the crown lands, provided as follows: 'That portion of the public domain heretofore known as crown land is hereby declared to have been heretofore, and now to be, the property of the Hawaiian Government …" (Lili'uokalani v The United States, 1910)
Beneficiaries of these lands have also not changed – those lands remain part of the public trust for the benefit of Hawai'i citizens. The government and governance of the Kingdom through Statehood has not been, nor are they now, based on race. People of many races have been and continue to be citizens.
Under the Admission Act, about 1.2-million acres are to "be held by (the) State as a public trust" to promote one or more of five purposes:
1. support of the public schools and other public educational institutions
2. betterment of the conditions of native Hawaiians (per the Hawaiian Homes Act, 1920)
3. development of farm and home ownership on as widespread a basis as possible
4. making of public improvements
5. provision of lands for public use
So, as Statehood is celebrated in the Islands, the lands that were in the public domain over the changing levels and entities of government and governance continue to be held in public trust, for all citizens (just as in the times of the constitutional monarchy.)
"Today, one of the deepest needs of mankind is the need to feel a sense of kinship one with another. Truly all mankind belongs together; from the beginning all mankind has been called into being, nourished, watched over by the love of God."
"So that the real Golden Rule is Aloha. This is the way of life we shall affirm."
"Let us affirm ever what we really are – for Aloha is the spirit of God at work in you and in me and in the world, uniting what is separated, overcoming darkness and death, bringing new light and life to all who sit in the darkness of fear, guiding the feet of mankind into the way of peace."
"Thus may our becoming a State mean to our nation and the world, and may it reaffirm that which was planted in us one hundred and thirty-nine years ago: 'Fear not, for behold I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people.'" (Reverend Abraham K Akaka; Given on: Friday, March 13, 1959)
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Filed Under: Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance Tagged With: Hawaii, Annexation, Vote, Statehood, Government Lands, Territory, Territory of Hawaii, Ceded Lands


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Prime Sports >>
HBCU Basketball
Cynthia Cooper-Dyke returns to lead Texas Southern women's basketball
Texas Southern University will have a familiar face patrolling the sidelines in 2019-20, as TSU announced Cynthia Cooper-Dyke will return to coach the women's basketball team. Cooper-Dyke
One of the most decorated professional basketball players in the history of the sport, Cooper-Dyke served as TSU's head coach during the 2012-13 season before taking the reins at her alma mater, Southern California. She led the Lady Tigers to a 20-12 and a trip to the postseason Women's NIT in her only season at TSU.
"I'm thrilled to return to Houston and to Texas Southern, and to my Houston family," Cooper-Dyke said. "I'm thrilled to lead the Lady Tigers and can't wait to get started."
Cooper-Dyke has 12 seasons of NCAA Division I coaching to her credit and has a record of 220-163 during that time. She began her collegiate coaching career at Prairie View A&M, where she coached five seasons and led the Lady Panthers into the postseason four times.
She had a 70-57 record in four seasons at USC before stepping down in 2017. Cooper-Dyke provided color commentary for Texas Southern basketball home broadcasts on AT&T Sports Net Houston during the 2017-18 season.
"TSU is excited and thrilled to have Coach Cooper back to lead our women's basketball program," TSU's Vice President of Athletics Kevin Granger said. "With her coaching experience and background, we know she will continue the success that our program has experienced."
Prior to her first stint at Texas Southern, Cooper-Dyke coached two seasons at UNC–Wilmington, where she amassed a 44-22 record.
"I want to thank (TSU President) Dr. Austin Lane and Kevin Granger for their trust," Cooper-Dyke said. "I look forward to exceeding their expectations."
Cooper-Dyke began her professional career overseas and played 10 seasons in Spain and Italy. She returned to the United States in 1997 to play with the Houston Comets of the newly-formed WNBA.
She subsequently led the Comets to four consecutive WNBA championships and was named WNBA Finals MVP four times. Cooper-Dyke was voted the league's MVP in 1997 and 1998 and was a four-time WNBA All-Star before retiring in 2000.


Ofgem has said it will reduce base network company revenues in 2019/20 by £827 million, compared to previous assumptions.
The energy regulator has published the results of the 2018 Annual Iteration Process (AIP) for energy network companies under its Revenue=Incentives+Innovation+Outputs (RIIO) price controls.
This involves making annual adjustments to the revenue Ofgem allows networks to collect and updating base revenues across four price controls across the next regulatory year, namely electricity distribution, gas distribution, electricity transmission and gas transmission.
The regulator has reduced revenues across all four price controls following an update to the data set used to calculate the Cost of Debt (CoD) – the CoD value has fallen and this has been reflected both in the 2019/20 value as well as being retrospectively restated for the 2018/19 CoD value.
Earlier this year Ofgem confirmed five-year price controls for energy network companies in the UK.
A new independent panel is to scrutinise the business plans developed by the energy network companies for the next price controls from 2021.


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Thu 05 May 2022 Doors 6:30pm
I am What I am - West End to Broadway
John Barrowman is the epitome of showbusiness! He is a whirlwind of talent, the ultimate crossover artist; he can sing, dance, act, present and on occasion he judges. He has mapped out a very successful career on both sides of the Atlantic. 'I Am What I Am - West End to Broadway 'is a celebration of career highlights but also a magical journey through the very best of musical theatre.
'I Am What I Am - West End to Broadway 'is a celebration of career highlights but also a magical journey through the very best of musical theatre.
Sat 09 Apr
Fri 06 May
Sat 01 Oct
The Official RuPaul's Drag Race Series Three Tour


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Ex-Tolman soccer star Blanco earns First-Team All-LEC honors at RIC
PROVIDENCE – Former Tolman High All-Stater and 2018 R.I. Gatorade Player of the Year Luis Blanco, who is a junior forward on the Rhode Island College men's soccer team, recently earned First-Team All-Little East Conference honors after enjoying a superb season for the Anchormen, which went 11-7-1 and reached the LEC's semifinals.
Blanco, who graduated from Tolman in 2019, played in 17 games for the Anchormen, starting 14 of them, and collected nine goals and two assists. He was one of six players on his team to receive All-LEC honors and joined two teammates in landing on the First Team.
Two more former Tolman All-Staters also played for the Anchormen this past season: freshman midfielders Roy Barrios, who was selected the R.I. Gatorade Player of the Year in 2019, and Juan Barrios. They came off the bench to provide valuable minutes for the Anchormen and teamed up to produce a goal and four assists.
Luis Blanco
First-team All-lec
Tolman All-staters
R.i. Gatorade Player
Roy Barrios
Play is removed from Pawtucket classroom after parent complains
Woonsocket Board of Canvassers and Registration announces National Poll Worker Recruitment Day


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School of Demography
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» Accountable fertility treatment: An evidenced-based framework for the provision of cost-effective, patient-centred fertility treatment in Australia
Accountable fertility treatment: An evidenced-based framework for the provision of cost-effective, patient-centred fertility treatment in Australia
Funding provided by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Prof James Raymer is the Chief Investigator at ANU as part of a team which includes researchers from University of New South Wales and The University of Adelaide.
The use of fertility treatments has more than doubled in Australia over the last decade. New types and applications of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and non-ART treatments continue to pass into practice without consideration of their economic implications. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge about underlying and projected demand for treatment and the value that society and the individual places on fertility treatment in terms of their preferences and willingness to pay for funding. Australia has the most supportive funding model for ART in the world through Medicare, yet little policy analysis has been undertaken.
This project will fill this policy vacuum by developing an evidence-based framework for cost-effective, patient-centred fertility treatment in Australia. In achieving this framework, the following aims will be met:
Develop a model to estimate current and projected demand for fertility treatments in Australia; by age, socio-economic status and partner-status (the Australian Fertility Demand Model, AFerM).
Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternate clinical pathways and Medicare eligibility criteria for fertility treatment in Australia.
Assess the societal and individual value (willingness to pay) for fertility treatments according to patient characteristics and social family structures.
Quantify the fiscal impact on Medicare and patient out-of-pocket expenses of altering Medicare eligibility criteria for fertility treatment. This project assembles an expert team led by the leading international expert on the health economics of fertility treatments. It will provide a significant evidence base and consistent set of transparent decision rules for immediate policy development.
PhD student appointed to IUSSP early career taskforce
ANU Demographer receives research funding from NHMRC
2019 Charles Price Prize in Demography
Spousal difference in education and marital dissolution among transnational couples in South Korea 2020
School of Demography Seminar Tuesday 25 February
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Q: Why do we need to create a channel.html on our server to use Facebook JS SDK? I really don't understand why do we need to create channel.html file, as mentioned by FB docs. I also want to understand how it is used. In my logs I don't see this file being ever requested.

A: Hope this helps.
https://developers.facebook.com/docs/reference/javascript/FB.init/
From the doc:

This is an option that can help address three specific known issues. First, when auto playing audio/video is involved, the user may hear two streams of audio because the page has been loaded a second time in the background for cross domain communication. Second, if you have frame busting code, then you would see a blank page. Third, this will prevent inclusion of extra hits in your server-side logs. In these scenarios, you may provide the optional channelUrl parameter:

A: The channel file is to provide a way to do cross domain communication between FB's servers and your own.  The reason for this is their tight control over access tokens.  You must authenticate a redirect url and app id to retrieve this access token.  In order for them to pass you the token, they hit your URL with the access token in the hash.  With the Channel URL, they get to pass this token to themselves (their JavaScript running on your domain).
This channel file can then communicate the access token to your active page.
For them to keep all of these things available to only their domain, they need something that works in every browser.  Currently, that is a hack of creating popups that are not accessible by javascript running on your server.


The parable of the sower and the four soils is a story told by Jesus to illustrate how people react to the word of God.
These seeds all have different fates.
The seed on the path is eaten by birds.
That which fell on rocky ground does grow, but it grows too fast and it is scorched when the sun comes up, because the root is too shallow.
The seed that falls on the soil with thorns also grows, but the thorns choke it and it too dies.
Only the seed that falls on the good soil survives, and it produces grain up to a hundredfold.
After Jesus tells this story, Jesus' disciples ask him why he speaks in parables. Jesus explains why, and then he explains the meaning of the parable of the sower and the four soils.
The seed represents the word of God, and the four soils represent four different ways people react to God's word.
The seed sown on the path, and eaten by birds, represents anyone who hears the word of God and does not understand it. Therefore, what they have heard is snatched away from their heart by the devil.
This situation is a classic example of "to those who have, more will be given; and from those who do not have, even what they seem to have will be taken away." (Luke 8:18) Those who have understanding will understand more and more. However, those who do not understand, even what understanding they seem to have will be taken away.
Jesus begins Luke 8:18 by saying, "Then pay attention to how you listen," which means anyone can understand as long as they listen carefully.
The seed that falls on the ground with thorns is representing someone who hears God's word, but all the concerns of the world (such as the enticement of having lots of money) ends up choking the word.
The word of God is not able to yield any fruit in that person's life.
Thankfully, because God has given us freewill, we are able to choose which kind of soil we are. If we do not understand something, we can pursue understanding until we do. We can research, ask questions, and learn.
As this parable of the sower and four soils illustrates, only seed that produces fruit is considered to have fallen on good soil. If the word of God does not produce fruit in our lives, then our hearts are not fertile soil for God's word. This is because Our Actions Reveal the Truth about what we truly believe and they reveal whether we really understand the Meaning of Repentance and Salvation.


Q. How do I tell the Plottable developers about a problem?
A. Reach out to us on our Gitter with questions, or file an issue on Github to let us know about a bug or a feature request.
Q. Which browsers are supported?
A. Plottable currently supports Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer 9 and later, and desktop and mobile Safari.
Q. What is the difference between component.detach() and component.destroy()?
A. Detaching a Component removes it from its parent container (this could be a Group, a Table, or the SVG it is rendered to). This Component still exists and retains most of the state that has been applied to it (one exception is that dragBoxLayers will forget the bounds on their boxes). The Component can later be reattached to a Group or Table, or re-rendered to an SVG. Destroying a Component is more permanent. Once a component is destroyed, it no longer exists, and cannot be added to a Group or Table or be rendered to an SVG. Both detaching and destroying a Component cause the Component to stop taking up space, and a Table may re-layout to reflect that.
Q. How do I add gridlines to a Plot?
The Gridlines documentation can be found here.
Q. How do I set the end values on a Scale?
A. Plottable automatically sets the domain of Scales to fit all of the data on all Plots that are watching the Scales. However, if you know the minimum and maximum values that you want to show on a Plot, you can set .domain() on the Scales. For example, if you want the Plot to span from 0 to 100 in the x direction, regardless of data values, you can call xScale.domain([0, 100]).
Q. How do I customize a time axis?
A. We are adding a Time Axis Tutorial to the website soon! In the meantime, ask us questions on our Gitter.
Q. I want to add a different set of data to my Plot. Do I have to destroy and redraw everything?
A. There are two options.
If you want to update the data in a dataset that is already on a Plot, you can use the dataset.data(data) endpoint, and any Plots watching that dataset will update with the new data.
If you want to change which datasets are on a Plot, you can reset all the datasets on that Plot using plot.datasets(datasets) call.
Q. How do I learn which CSS stylings to use for different parts of Plottable?
We are adding a Stylings Tutorial to the website soon! In the meantime, ask us questions on our Gitter.


Endless wire maze with colourful wooden beads. Made to Hape environmentally friendly and high quality standards. Helps develop hand-eye coordination.
Endless wire maze with colourful wooden beads.
Made to Hape environmentally friendly and high quality standards. Helps develop hand-eye coordination.
The Hape Spring a Ling is suitable from 3 years upwards.


Adding solar panels to your Aliante residence could generate yearly financial savings of over $1,200 since the month-to-month cost savings is well over $100 in numerous states. Several home owners decide to finance their solar panels with pay as you go financing where they pay the solar service provider that has the solar system for their electrical power as opposed to the energy company.
When selecting solar electric, paying money with a house equity car loan or bank loan generates more long-term savings. Residences already geared up with solar energy generally convert right into lower power costs as well as enhance a house's good looks on the marketplace. Solar renewable resource is growing in the USA, and also as the solar grid boosts, the price decreases. Right now, the expense of power gets on the increase and increasing regularly. With solar electric power, you will certainly not see your bill go up.
With organization in California in addition to Nevada, Celestial Solar has actually set up over 100,000 solar panels in the Southwestern United States since opening their organization in 2002. Celestial Solar is a credible solar installer in Aliante with several years of experience setting up on the most cutting edge innovation on the market for your solar power system. At Celestial Solar, we maintain our clients in mind and use the best solar systems as well as products available on the market today. What much better method to save the world with a renewable resource from the sunlight? Solar is an alternative energy source for your residence. We have been mounting solar electric in the Southwest for over a years, given that 2002, and also will remain to do so for years to come. Click here to learn more about us!
At Celestial Solar, we know most of home owners decide to solar energy from an economic viewpoint, while the environmental benefits are likewise exceptional as the typical household system offsets concerning 100,000 extra pounds of carbon dioxide throughout 20yrs. (around as long as driving a cars and truck for 100,000 miles). In the USA, and also bigger cities such as Aliante, we rely upon net imports for about 40% of the oil that we ate in 2012. Solar could help in reducing our reliance on international energy. Unlike crude oils as well as other petroleum products, solar is a clean energy that will never ever go out as long as the sunlight is still beaming.
Celestial Solar offers home owners with a set energy expense when installing their systems, since they can determine just how much power will be produced at just what cost for a minimum of the next twenty years. The majority of photovoltaic panel suppliers include a 20 to 25 year service warranty on their panels, as well as the genuine lifespan of your panels is much longer. After 25 years, the market typical assurance is roughly 80% performance.
Celestial Solar provides complimentary in-home price quotes to house owners in Aliante for their brand-new state-of-the-art, cutting edge systems. Our solar installers are proficient in the installation of the electrical system as well as relying on the size of your residence, could be completed in a day. The price you are priced quote is the final expense of your new solar electrical system, as we do not have any kind of covert costs or fees.
At Celestial Solar, all our solar electric systems set up are the very best on the market. We only make use of one of the most cutting edge innovation for our systems.
Just what would certainly you claim if we informed you, you would certainly obtain a 30% tax credit scores, dollar for dollar by taking the jump and changing to solar power for your house? Celestial Solar offers this to all brand-new clients. Besides tax obligation motivations, state-of-the-art items and exception expert installations, you will more than happy to recognize in Aliante you might potentially go into the net zero realms with your electric bill. Exactly what this means is there is the potential that switching your electrical power to solar could give you no power costs in any way! If done correctly, residences with solar energy, combined with energy-efficient home appliances and also correct insulation could result in a $0 electrical expense.
All our staff members are highly educated and proficient when it comes to solar installers. You can feel confident that your home in Aliante will certainly be secure and also the job will be done by expert installers, as Celestial Solar does not make use of subcontractors or day laborers for any of its solar energy installments. Celestial Solar is a fully certified contractor for solar in the golden state and also Nevada. You might discover our licenses on our primary web page.
If you have a solar system installed at your Aliante home, you will certainly get a 30% tax obligation credit score, dollar for buck of more savings. Not only can you reduce portion of your power expense, however solar could aid you reach a net-zero for your power. This indicates you can eventually not have a power costs in any way. Celestial Solar just makes use of the most cutting edge modern technology for its solar products for your house. The price of power gets on the rise. If you are trying to find safety in your future as well as financial liberties, change to solar. With this, you will certainly not see your power costs boost. Your utility expenses will in fact lower with solar electric.


While on the go, you might have always missed all that luxury and comfort paraphernalia available at home. But not anymore! Here is Bufalino camper from the German designer, Cornelius Comanns, which has been meticulously designed to meet the basic needs of one person during the periods of travel. Designed as flexible and economic, the construction of Bufalino Camper is based on a three wheeled piaggio APE 50 vehicle and most of its parts including the frame, the chassis, and engine are derived from the original. Featuring all the facilities that a man enjoys at home (a bed, two seating units, a cooking zone a refrigerator etc.) and would need to survive as well as spend his time with ease and comfort while traveling, Bufalino gives the user range, immense pleasure and opportunity to move on and explore the wild.


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ESA and Cypress Tree Listing
September 3, 2013 by Steve Wilent
The article from Greenwire, below, and this excerpt from the USFWS's new proposed rule, beg the question: Couldn't, shouldn't the agency have obtained better data before listing the Santa Cruz cypress tree as endangered?
"After more accurate
mapping (McGraw 2007, entire), we
now estimate that areal extent totals
approximately 188 ac (76 ha) (Service
2013, p. 43). Additionally, estimated
abundance of individuals in all
populations has changed over time,
from approximately 2,300 individuals at
the time of listing in 1987, to a current
range of 33,000 to 44,000 individuals
(although the latter estimate is variable
due to mortality and regeneration
following the 2008 Martin Fire that
burned 520 ac (210 ha) of land and a
portion of the Bonny Doon population)"
And maybe the cypress stands need some thinning?
Agency proposes reducing protections for Calif. cypress tree
Laura Petersen, E&E reporter
Published: Tuesday, September 3, 2013
The Fish and Wildlife Service today proposed downlisting the status of the Santa Cruz cypress tree from endangered to threatened.
Found only in a small part of the Santa Cruz Mountains in California, the cypress is no longer at imminent risk of extinction from development, logging or agricultural conversion, the agency said in its proposed rule published today in the Federal Register.
The trees grow on lands managed for conservation by the state and by a private landowner. However, the species faces a number of other threats, so still requires the protection of the Endangered Species Act, the agency said.
"[T]hreats associated with alteration of fire regime and lack of habitat management continue to impede the species' ability to recover," the agency wrote in the proposed rule.
The Santa Cruz cypress tree was listed in 1987, when officials estimated 2,300 individuals remained. As information has improved, the agency said that was likely an underestimate. Between 33,000 and 44,000 cypress trees are now estimated to grow across about 188 acres.
The Pacific Legal Foundation petitioned in 2011 to downlist the tree, along with a handful of other species, and sued FWS in April for missing the deadline to issue a proposed rule. The group argues that endangered species listings affect property owners' rights and can require landowners to undertake costly consultations to receive development permits.
However, the downlisting "does not significantly change the protections afforded this species under the Act," according to the proposed rule. As before, all federally funded or permitted activities must not jeopardize the cypress' long-term survival.
Conservationists applauded the proposal.
"The remarkable rebound of this precious little California evergreen is the latest proof that the Endangered Species Act puts species on the path to recovery," said Angela Crane, endangered species organizer at the Center for Biological Diversity.
Dr. Paul Adams Responds to Oregonian Water Quality Story
5 Groups Appeal Tongass Timber Sale: 6,000 acres of old-growth would be logged, 46 miles of new roads constructed
8 thoughts on "ESA and Cypress Tree Listing"
Or maybe it does not "put the species on the path to recovery" so much as provides bucks to figure out how many there really are…in some cases..
Larry Harrell Fotoware
The "endangered" Pleasant Valley Tulip was seen to be colonizing skid trails from the 1989-1992 salvage logging projects. Of course, that plant is one of those that thrives on disturbance but, only grows in a narrow geologic area of the upper Sierra Nevada foothills.
David Beebe
"[T]hreats associated with alteration of fire regime and lack of habitat management continue to impede the species' ability to recover," the agency wrote in the proposed rule"
Notwithstanding Steve's leading question framing the discussion; Sharon's cynical comment regarding ESA funding opportunitie$ for agency funding; and Larry's confusion around comparing two profoundly different species, and how they propogate –(whew)
erring on the side of caution seems prudent enough here.
What gives with such open biases of such closed minds?
I wasn't being cynical, but that seems to be a logical inference from the data presented as well as other experiences I've had.. e.g. helping map sugar pine because someone thought it was endangered.
Yes, there was a time when all sugar pines were "sacred trees", protected from ANY harvesting. I'm glad that mindset didn't last that long. I hated walking by old and suppressed sugar pines, preserving ladder fuels growing underneath better trees. I was told that one individual tree could possibly be the ultimate answer to white pine blister rust.
Bob Zybach
Larry: While we may laugh at the idea of sugar pine as an endangered species, it is also true that many of the oldest and most magnificent of these trees continue to be threatened — and particularly in the last 100 years — by competition from younger, ladder-fuel conifers (often in excess of the 30″-diameter screen) and from crown fires made possible by the invasion of these competitors.
Is anyone doing anything about addressing this problem?
That doesn't translate (in the direction you perhaps intended) too well. Personally denying cynicism while personally translating cynicism through "logical inference" is not necessarily a shared inferred logic. There is much left to infer from your inferred logic, such as the inference of agency motives complicated by extremism (in your view?) or well-intentioned attempts to fulfill agency missions (in my view?) complicated by funding shortfalls?
Perhaps now, the inherent limitations of agency funding in this neoliberal age of "sequestration" (such as the recent news of the USFS withdrawing funding of their much-touted agency transition to "restoration and stewardship" and demanding the return of timber receipts from struggling rural municipalities) might be finally acknowledged as a causative factor now?
Again, a beleaguered endemic tree species at the mercy of state and private land managers with demonstrated intents to profit at all costs suggests an agency erring on the side of caution in order to fulfill its mission is warranted.
I'm however, open to you sharing how the mapping of sugar pine is relevant here.
TreeC123
Range limited to 188 acres. Sounds pretty endangered to me regardless of numbers. It's got too many eggs in too few baskets.


Fred Baker has once again produced a fierce electro house track with 'Jump' that makes it impossible to not dance. The remixes on this release are both completely different. Manuel Le Saux has transformed 'Jump' into an equally fierce trancer, while LCK created an upbeat progressive house version. Certainly a package with something for everyone.
Belgian Fred Baker's motivation has always been adding a 'new wrinkle to dance music's vibrant fabric' with his sound and productions. This major producer and DJ applies his 'less is more' ethos to all his production creating music that carries his signature sound. Fred's break through came in 1996 when he released the trance anthem Y-Traxx – Mystery Land together with Laurent David and TC Process, which became huge in the summer of 1996 and was re-released and remixed multiple times. These days Fred Baker is one of the big names in the EDM scene with his banging productions.


In this modern era, people are so addicted to social platforms that they even can't imagine to spend a day without using them. Especially the young generation of Pakistan is so tilted towards short videos uploaded by Vloggers on youtube and facebook. We can say that YouTube is the new TV for the youth. Some Vloggers of Pakistan are influencing the Pakistani youth to the great extent with their charismatic performances.
In recent years, we have seen a few vloggers pop up on the Pakistani YouTube. By filming themselves on a daily or weekly basis, they have won so many hearts. Today, we are going to discuss the top 5 Vloggers of Pakistan in this post. People really like subscribing them in order to see their latest videos uploaded by these Vloggers. These Vloggers create unique content and share with the audience. Because of their different and exclusive content, they have now so many followers on the social media platforms.
Mooroo was born in Lahore, Pakistan. He has studied filmmaking in the United States. He released his first ever song "Patakhi Larki" alongside Anni Jaffri in 2011. After that, he released song "Awam" with rapper Faris Shafi in 2012. This song gained instant popularity among the people. He also got nominated at 2013 & 2014 Lux Style Awards for 'Best Music Video Director'. He also won the Fifth Youth Festival award for 'Voice of the Year'. His skits on YouTube are no doubt so funny. He has gained popularity and recognition in such a short career.
Irfan Junejo is one of the top vloggers of Pakistan. He has established himself as a content creator. His vlogs are so simple and nice. The simplicity and his ability to share his content in such a brief manner have raised his fan following. He has started his career as an ordinary vlogger, with a camera and recording of a 3-minute video in his room.
He is a remarkable vlogger and shares great moments of his life with his followers. His dedication and tireless efforts help him to gain 20k subscribers in 8 months only.
UKhano is one of the most popular Vloggers in Pakistan. He has a strong portfolio in graphic design due to photoshop skills. His amazing traveling Vlogs made him popular in a very short span. He has also gained the attention of the public just because of his unique video editing skills.
The guy who shines with so much talent. He is an actor, sing/songwriter, and vlogger. His vlogs show the average people behind the scenes of celebrity lives. In his Vlogs, we get to see almost one new celebrity.
Zaid Ali makes parodies and comedy videos. He gained popularity from his hilarious YouTube and Facebook videos. Zaid never fails to make us laugh or have us almost peeing our pants. His videos are so family-friendly and amazing. He no doubt knows how to keep his audience entertained.


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BIG HAIRY BLAWG: Number One Georgia on Epic Run
Han Vance
College Football Playoff SEC Football UGA Football No Comments
Isaiah Wynn (77) celebrated with Sony Michel (1) after the senior running back breaks off a 35-yard touchdown run in the second quarter to put the Bulldogs back on top 20-14.
– UGA vs. Missouri –
Point of clarity: once the College Football Playoff (CFP) rankings begin, the AP and Coaches polls are for all practical purposes completely obsolete for the remainder of each season. They will still remain a strength indicator early every football season, unless further major systematic changes occur, but have no impact on the selection for the CFP. After the season is complete and the committee has clocked out, it's again important to look at the final polls. But for now, it's all CFP…all the time. And we are one!
At 8-0 after having gone 4-1 to finish last season, Georgia has now won 12-of-13 total games over a stretch run, earning the top overall position in the first 2017 ranking by the College Football Playoff committee. This essentially midyear accomplishment is especially significant considering the unfathomable strength of #2, Alabama.
Bama has currently won an astounding 26-of-27 football games, the only loss in that stretch a heartbreaker to 2016 national champion Clemson. The Tide have also gone 14-1 in back-to-back years, playing for national championships in both, with a first-round CFP defeat back at the end of 2014. In addition to being the initial number one of the CFP committee last season, Bama was #1 in the polls every week of last season except for the final rankings, after their lone loss. They are a dominant 8-0 this year but simply didn't have the strength of schedule to supplant Georgia, who won 20-19 at #3 Notre Dame. By the way, our old rival Clemson is 4th.
Looking at past UGA teams to gauge the might of our current 12-1 run, I, of course, thought of the 1980s. Georgia beat Tech in the finale then skipped bowling to end 1979 at just 6-5. Then the 1980 national champions went 12-0, beating Notre Dame in the Sugar Bowl. And, Georgia started 2-0 in 1981 before losing to eventual national champion Clemson. That's 15 straight.
Georgia may need to be 15-0 to be national champs again this year.
After the Clemson loss, the Dawgs won 8 straight then dropped the Sugar Bowl to Dan Marino's Pitt. The next year (1982) was Herschel's last before Donald Trump lured him into the USFL and, according to what I have heard Herschel say, tricked him into signing a binding contract that disallowed him to change his mind and return to UGA. That was a really tough ending to an era, there. We won 11 straight before dropping the final biggest bowl shot to Penn State. So 11 plus 8 with a loss (the Pitt bowl) is 19-1. Our best twenty games ever yielded no nationals.
I thought of Mark Richt's second season, which finished with Georgia 13-1. Dawgs dropped Richt's first bowl (I was there in Nashville, it was cold) to end the previous campaign but won the first three games of the campaign that came after, losing at eventual national champ LSU but going in-total 16-1 before that tough loss.
Go 16-1 in our current run and we will have won out the regular season 12-0.
I knew we dropped a game to Auburn in the national championship season of 1942 but honed in on the undefeated 1946 team which was robbed by a blemished Notre Dame (and blemished Army). That squad was 11-0 after UGA won its final five games of 1945 and the opener in 1947. That's 17 in a row, and therefore 17-1 taking into account the loss at either end of the amazing streak.
Go 17-1 on this run here and we will have won the SEC. Unless Auburn or LSU surprises them and wins the SEC West (both have yet to play Bama and have a conference loss apiece), we will get BAMA in Atlanta, again. I don't care who we play, but a matchup with LSU or a rematch with Auburn obviously looks more palatable.
UGA actually went 18-1 over a stretch from 1941-1943, which included the '42 national champs, but 1943 was a war season, so it was a disruption of the 1940's Georgia dynasty, more than anything else.
Win that SEC championship game, the CFP opener (in the Sugar Bowl or Rose Bowl) and the national title game, and we'd be 15-0 this year, just like that great run of the 1980s, but we'd also be 19-1 over a full twenty games.
That'd tie that best twenty-game run in school history, but with a much better ending. And, that may be what it takes to reach nirvana this season, folks. Losing as early as possible would be better to our chances if we must lose one.
Oh, and by the way, a likely opponent in either round of the CFP would still be Alabama, under a few different easily feasible scenarios. To be the best, we will have to beat the best.
This team can beat any team, though. We are number one.
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text:
Q: mongoimport is not inserting data into mongodb I have been following the mongoDB documentation to insert data into mongoDB but with no success.
Below is the command used to insert data:
mongoimport --db test --collection restaurants --drop --file primer-dataset.json
And nothing is happening on mongod instance and I am not even getting any errors it just displays the below message and stays like that forever.
1969-12-31T18:00:14.000-0600    [........................] test.restaurants 0.0 B/11.3 MB (0.0%)

Please do help me with this.


Summer Camp International dates are here!! It is up to you how long your child enjoys her/his stay at the camp. One week, two weeks or the whole month.
I School week 14.7. – 21.7.2019.
Summer Camp International is open for all over 8 years old children who wish to get a taste of International atmosphere in great nature location in Southern Finland, near Helsinki. Any child from any country can apply to participate in this camp. Communication during the camp will be done in English. The Finnish camp teachers can also communicate in Finnish and some in Swedish.
School week includes 5 school days at Finnish school with Finnish teachers.
Our summer camp offers a curriculum which is designed according to Finnish phenomenon based learning methods. The program is aiming to raise the awareness of the sustainability issues in today's World. Through variety of activities, experimental learning, workshops and adventures, the campers get to learn many new useful skills for their future life in our constantly changing World.
We will have days focusing on clean tech topics such as air quality, clean water, energy efficiency, waste management and recycling. We are also looking into sustainable food production, climate change, carbon footprint and responsible consumption.
The children will be held lessons on lifesaving skills, putting out a fire as well as basic survival skills. They will play team sports, learn to row a boat, canoeing, making a campfire, hiking, cycling, swimming and much more.
Along with some practical learning, the team work skills are also on top of our daily program. During the camp, the children will be encouraged to work together towards a common goal, learn social skills and feel the joy of succeeding without competition.
The children will have a chance to learn about Finnish culture and food as well as participate in Finnish sauna school during the camp.
The other benefits arising from participating in our summer camp are learning to communicate in English, learn to understand foreign cultures, visiting in a Finnish home and a Finnish school.