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Globalization and Health
Bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on "sustainable development goals" with emphasis on "good health and well-being" goal (2015–2019)
Waleed M. Sweileh ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9460-51441
Globalization and Health volume 16, Article number: 68 (2020) Cite this article
Global progress in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires significant national and international research efforts and collaboration. The current study aimed to provide policymakers, academics, and researchers with a snapshot of global SDGs-related research activity.
This was a cross-sectional descriptive bibliometric study. SciVerse Scopus was used to retrieve SDGs-related research publications for the period from 2015 to 2019.
In total, 18,696 documents were found. The Sustainability journal ranked first (n = 1008; 5.4%) in the number of SDGs-related publications. The World Health Organization was the most active institution in publishing SDGs-related documents (n = 581; 1.3%). Most of the retrieved documents belonged to SDG 17 (partnership) followed by SDG 13 (climate action), and SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), while SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) had the least number of publications. The European region (n = 9756; 52.2%) had the highest research contribution while the Eastern Mediterranean region (n = 1052; 5.6%) had the least contribution. After exclusion of SDG 17, the SDG 3 (good health and well-being) was the top researched SDG for the African region, the Eastern Mediterranean regions, and the South-Eastern Asian region. For the region of the Americas, European region, and the Western Pacific region, the SDG 13 (climate action) was the most researched. The SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) was the least researched in the African region, the region of the Americas, the European region, and the South-East Asian region. In the Eastern Mediterranean region, SDG 10 (reduced inequality) was the least researched while in the Western Pacific region, SDG 5 (gender inequality) was the least researched. The most researched targets of SDG 3 were targets 7 (sexual and reproductive health services) and 8 (universal health coverage) while the least researched targets were 5 (substance use disorders) and 9 (death from hazardous materials). International research collaboration within SDG 3 between high- and low-income countries was inadequate.
The analysis presented in the current study are useful for researchers, institutes, governments, funding agencies, and policy-makers. Countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South-East Asia need to increase their funding and research collaboration in the field of SDGs.
The United Nations' (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs), adopted on September 2015, are a universal political agenda that call for a collective action to achieve peace, prosperity, and well-being for all by 2030. The 17 goals and 169 targets of the SDGs were developed to succeed the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which ended in 2015 [1]. The transition from eight MDGs to 17 SDGs marked a shift from vertical to horizontal approach in addressing global issues [2]. Achieving cross-sectional progress in the ambitious 2030 agenda requires the involvement of policymakers at all levels and in all sectors [3]. The list of SDGs includes ending poverty, ending hunger, encouraging good health and well-being, providing quality education, promoting gender equality, providing clean water and sanitation, promoting affordable and clean energy, providing decent work and economic growth, addressing industry, innovation and infrastructure, reducing inequalities, developing sustainable cities and communities, encouraging responsible consumption and production, taking action on climate change, promoting life below water, promoting life on land, working towards peace, justice and strong institutions, and creating partnerships to achieve SDG goals [3].
The third SDG of good health and well-being is currently of special interest given the global health threats imposed by serious pandemics including the recent COVID-19 which might interrupt the national and international progress to achieve the 2030 goals [4, 5]. Global warming has also created a serious threat to human lives by accelerating the spread of certain infectious diseases, particularly mosquito-borne diseases which threaten millions of people around the world [6]. Furthermore, conflicts and fragility in various world regions including Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean regions created massive waves of refugees and migrants with minimum or poor health services [7, 8]. Poverty, poor sanitation, lack of access to essential medicines and health services have augmented the disease burden on most vulnerable categories particularly women, children, and elderly [9]. The global health challenges imposed by emerging pandemics, conflicts, climate change, and poor economic growth affect the plans to achieve the 17 SDGs particularly the third one focusing on good health and well-being.
Researchers and academic staff in universities are key players in promoting SDGs [10, 11]. Contribution of scientists in different disciplines enlightens policy-makers and politicians on certain goals that need to be addressed in the future as well as on the extent of success or failure in achieving a certain goal. The SDGs are based on the presence of serious global problems that need to be addressed and solved through research and innovation [12]. Researchers are in a position to provide genuine solutions and inventions to various national and international problems facing the pathway to achieving the 2030 agenda [10]. Local and international authorities need to adopt research results and recommendations made by academic staff and put them into a practical agenda to strengthen partnership with all stakeholders and to accelerate the practical steps toward achieving SDGs.
To shed light on the contribution of academics and researchers to SDGs-related literature, the current study was performed aiming to assess research volume and research trends of scientific publications on SDGs over the past 5 years (2015–2019). The analysis was based on traditional bibliometric methodology [13], which has been extensively used to analyze and assess a wide range of medical and scientific topics [14,15,16]. The current study will shed light on most and least-researched goals and targets. The third SDG will be given special consideration and analysis.
The current study was a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of scientific literature on "sustainable development goals" retrieved from Scopus database. Scopus, an online database with approximately 23,000 available journals across all fields of research, was used [17]. Scopus is commonly used in bibliometric studies and is considered suitable for this purpose because it includes a larger number of indexed journals than Web of Science [18]. The current study was carried out on July 10th, 2020, and all data analysis, including citation analysis, was carried out on the same day.
SDGs-related research
Research that supports national or global implementation and development to achieve SDG targets can be classified into two types: (1) those that do not mention the phrase "sustainable development goals" and (2) and those that explicitly mention the phrase "sustainable development goals". The second type of research is directly related or linked to policies, implementation, barriers, and other aspects of the SDGs [19]. In the current study, we focused on the second type of research in which the phrase "sustainable development goal" was mentioned in the paper (title, abstract, introduction, methodology or discussion). These fields can be searched in any article using the function "ALL" in Scopus search engine. Of course, this type of research does not represent all research on SDGs. However, it will relatively reflect the contribution of various countries, world regions, journals, research themes and shed light on other indicators. Furthermore, the results of the analysis of this type of research can be used to compare the extent of research on various SDG goals among world regions with an acceptable level of accuracy.
The search strategy was explained in Additional file 1. Documents with the phrase "sustainable development goal*" mentioned in any place in the paper were retrieved from Scopus for the study period from 2015 to 2019. The documents were limited to journal articles but no language restriction was imposed. The author believed that using this approach will retrieve the maximum potential number of documents of the second type in which the author(s) tried to link their study with DSGs. A very recently published article on SDGs used the title-abstract-key methodology to retrieve SDGs-relevant articles and retrieved approximately 4500 documents [19]. Using the methodology adopted in the current study, the number of SDG-related documents was at least three times larger than the number obtained from the title-abstract-key methodology. The 18,969 scientific publications obtained in the current study using the "ALL" function were considered to be SDGs-related publications and used for further research.
The search strategy for the number of SDGs-related documents contributed by each world region was calculated based on the methodology stated above and the list of all countries located in each world region. The world regions considered in the current study were those adopted by the WHO: African region, the region of the Americas, the European region, the South-East Asian region, the Eastern Mediterranean region, and the Western Pacific region.
The search strategy for each SDG goal was entirely based on the search queries for each SDG goal posted by "AURORA UNIVERSITIES NETWORK" [20], which is an initiative started from the Aurora Universities Network in 2017. For each goal and each target a search query is available and can be directly inserted into Scopus advance search system [21]. The search queries for the 17 SDG goals using the keywords listed in AURORA UNIVERSITIES NETWORK yielded more than 1 million documents relevant to keywords in the fields of the 17 SDGs. However, the author is interested in documents in which the phrase "sustainable development goal*" is mentioned in any place in the study. When the phrase "sustainable development goal*" was added to the overall search query of the 1 million documents and the time was limited from 2015 to 2019, the result was 18,696 publications in peer-reviewed journals. This number represents approximately 2.0% of the total number of publications with keywords listed in AURORA website and related to the 17 SDGs.
Bibliometric indicators
The information retrieved from the Scopus database included: annual number of publications, active countries, active journals, active institutions, and citation information. Data in Scopus was exported to Excel software for tabulation or mapping. The number of publications on each SDG goal was analyzed using the search query in the AURORA UNIVERSITIES NETWOR for that goal after adding the phrase "sustainable development goal*" in all fields. The same method was applied to find out the research output for each target in SDG 3.
Data obtained for SDG 3 was exported to VOSviewer program for mapping purposes [22]. Mapping was made for (1) the most frequently encountered terms in titles/abstracts of the retrieved documents and (2) for countries with a minimum contribution of 20 documents to visualize international research collaboration in SDG 3.
Volume and annual growth of publications
The search query found 18,696 documents. The majority of documents were research articles (n = 14,651; 78.4%) followed by review articles (n = 2367; 12.7%). The annual growth of publications showed steep growth (Fig. 1). The number of publications in 2019 was approximately 1.7 times the number of publications in 2018. Of the retrieved publications, 10,617 (56.8%) declared receiving funding for the study. The most active funding sponsor was Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation BMGF (n = 459; 2.5%).
Annual growth of SDGs-related publications (2015–2019)
SDG goals
The retrieved documents were analyzed for the 17 SDGs (Table 1). The most researched goal was SDG 17 (partnership) followed by SDG 13 (climate action), 12 (responsible consumption and production), 15 (life on land), SDG 3 (good health and well-being), and SDG 1 (no poverty). The least researched goal was SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) followed by SDG 10 (reduced inequality), 5 (gender equality), and 16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions). Documents on SDG 7, 3 (good health and well-being), and 13 received the highest number of citations per document while documents on SDG 4 (quality education) and 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure) received the least number of citations per document. For all SDG goals, the USA and the UK were among the top five active countries. China was among the top five active countries for SDGs 6, 7, 11, and 15.
Table 1 Number of publications on each SDG (2015–2019)
Annual growth of the top five SDG goals
The annual growth of the five SDGs with the highest number of publications (excluding SDG 17, which represents partnership) is depicted in Fig. 2. The climate action (SDG 13) showed the steepest growth with time while the growth of the remaining SDGs (Good health, Responsible consumption and production, No poverty, and Life on land) showed similar annual growth pattern.
Annual growth of publication in top five SDGs (excluding SDG 17). Coding of the lines: Purple = SDG 13 (climate action); Red = SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production); Black = SDG 3 (good health and well-being); Green = SDG 15 (life on land); Blue = SDG 1 (no poverty)
Subject areas of the retrieved documents
The retrieved documents were published in journals that belonged to different subject areas. Approximately 21% of the retrieved documents were published in journals within the subject area of social sciences. Subject areas of medicine and environmental sciences ranked second with 19% for each. Agriculture/biological sciences and energy subject areas ranked third and fourth with 8 and 7% respectively.
Geographic distribution of the retrieved documents
Table 2 lists the contribution of each WHO region to the retrieved documents. The European region (n = 9756; 52.2%) had the highest research contribution followed by the region of the Americas (n = 6512; 34.8%) and the Western Pacific region (n = 4315; 23.1%). The African region (n = 3299; 17.6%) made higher contribution than either the Eastern Mediterranean region (n = 1052; 5.6%) or the South-Eastern Asian region (n = 2041; 10.9%). Figure 3 shows the annual growth from different world regions. The annual growth in the six world regions showed a similar pattern with a leading role for the European region.
Table 2 Number of publications on 17 SDGs across different world regions
Annual growth of SDGs-related publications from different world regions. Coding of the lines: Purple = the European region; Green = the region of the Americas; Red = the Western Pacific region; Blue = the African region; Orange = the South-East Asian region; Black = the Eastern Mediterranean region
SDGs across different world regions
Table 2 also shows extensive analysis of the number of publications for each of the 17 SDGs for each world region. For all world regions, except for the Western Pacific region, the number of publications regarding partnership across all SDGs was the highest. However, after exclusion of SDG 17, the SDG 3 (good health and well-being) was the top researched SDG for the African region, the Eastern Mediterranean regions, and the South-Eastern Asian region. However, for the region of the Americas, European region, and the Western Pacific region, the SDG 13 (climate action) was the most researched. SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) was the least researched in the African region, the region of the Americas, the European region, and the South-East Asian region. In the Eastern Mediterranean region, SDG 10 (reduced inequality) was the least researched while in the Western Pacific region, SDG 5 (gender inequality) was the least researched.
Top ten active journals
The Sustainability, a multidisciplinary journal ranked first (n = 1008; 5.4%) in the number of SDG-linked publications followed by PloS One (n = 373; 2.0%) and Journal of Cleaner Production (n = 347; 1.9%). Nine of the top 10 active journals were based in Europe and one was based in the USA (Table 3).
Table 3 Top ten active journals in publishing SDGs-related research (2015–2019)
Top ten active institutions
Analysis of active institutions based on author affiliation indicated that the WHO was the most active institution in publishing SDG-linked documents (n = 581; 1.3%) followed by London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (n = 492; 2.7%), and Harvard University (n = 483; 2.3%) (Table 4). The top ten active institutions included nine academic institutions in addition to the WHO.
Table 4 Top ten active institutions in publishing SDGs-related research (2015–2019)
SDG 3 (good health and well-being)
The number of SDG 3-related publications was 1477. The distribution of these publications on the health targets was shown in Table 5. The most researched targets were targets 7 (sexual and reproductive health services) and 8 (universal health coverage) while the least researched targets were 5 (substance use disorders) and 9 (death from hazardous materials).
Table 5 Number of publications for each target in SDG 3
Mapping SDG 3
Network visualization of the terms in titles and abstracts of SDG 3 related publications showed three distinct clusters representing three major research themes (Fig. 4): universal health coverage (red color), women/maternal health (green color), and the global burden of diseases (blue color).
Network visualization map of SDGs-related publications on SDG 3. Three colored clusters represent three major research themes
International research collaboration in SDG 3-linked documents
Network visualization of countries with a minimum contribution of 20 documents for SDG 3 – linked publications (Fig. 5). The map was characterized by the presence of countries from poor regions such as Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asian regions far away from the center and with limited connections with countries in the center of the map indicative of poor international research collaboration. Countries in the center of the map with the largest node size (the USA and the UK) had the largest research connections with other countries while countries such as Egypt, Zambia, and Nepal located at the margin of the map with small node sizes had the least international research collaborations in SDGs-related research field.
Network visualization map of international research collaboration among countries with a minimum of 20 SDGs-related publications. Countries in the center with many connections had the highest research collaboration while countries at the edge of the map had the least research collaboration
The current study was undertaken to assess and analyze scientific publications in which the phrase "sustainable development goal*" was mentioned in any part of the article assuming that such publications represent research related to one or more aspects of SDGs. The current study showed a steep increase in the number of SDGs-related publications with time reflecting an increasing interest of researchers in topics that are related to SDGs. It also reflects national and international support and commitment to achieve the SDGs. Research volume on SDGs of poverty (SDG 1), health (SDG 3), responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), climate action (SDG 12), sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), and life on land (SDG 15) dominated the overall retrieved literature. A recent qualitative study using snowball approach for experts on SDGs research indicated that SDGs 11, 12, 13 and 15 were among the most researched SDGs while SDGs 8 and 14 were among the least researched ones which is in agreement of the findings presented in the current study [23]. Another recent study that mapped the Australian research on SDGs found that SDGs number 11, 12, 13, and 15 were among the most researched SDGs while SDGs 14 and 5 were the least researched [24]. It seems that there are regional differences regarding research interest in various SDGs. For example, SDG experts in Northern America and the European region pointed to SDGs 4, 11, 12, and 13 as the most preferred ones while specialists in the African region indicated that SDGs 13, 1, 2, 5, 6, and 15 were most important [23].
The current study showed that most researched SDG goals were those related to health, environment, and science. However, when overall literature was considered, the bulk of the retrieved documents were in social sciences, followed by medicine and environmental science subject areas. This was not surprising given that at least half of the SDGs are related to social issues such as poverty, hunger, education, inequality, gender, and peace. In fact, social and health targets in the SDGs represent global problems that need tremendous research and solution [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Environmental issues such as climate change and global warming are also a major global challenge to life and economy for planet earth [34, 35].
In the current study, most active journals were in the Q1 rank suggesting that the SDG – related papers are of interest to journal editors. This also suggests that research content and quality of SDGs-related publications are high and beneficial for policymakers. None of the active journals was based outside Europe or North America. This might be one possible reason for the large contribution of European and North American countries to SDGs-related literature compared to other countries that lack scientific journals indexed in Scopus. The current study indicated the Sustainability journal ranked first followed distantly by the PloS One journal. The finding regarding the list of top 10 active journals is in agreement with the findings of a recent paper on sustainable development goals in which the author used the title-abstract-key to search for SDG-related documents [19]. This finding confirms that the methodology adopted in the current study was valid and the difference between the two approaches is in the number of the retrieved documents while the findings were relatively close. In the study by Christine Meschede [19], a total of 4600 documents were retrieved and analyzed compared with approximately 18,700 documents retrieved and analyzed in the current study. However, the findings regarding the active journal list and other bibliometric indicators were close.
Universities and academics in various countries are in a position to interact and have a leading role through research collaboration on various SDGs. The finding that nine of the top 10 active institutions were academic institutions reflects the growing role of academics in the implementation and research on SDGs. Researchers and academic staff must teach and train today's students, tomorrow's decision, and policymakers, to think on genuine approaches to solve global serious and complex societal and economic problems [36]. Academic institutions need to integrate SDGs in research, teaching, and student training to become leaders of change at the national and global levels.
The current study showed that countries in the African region, the Eastern Mediterranean region, and the South-East Asian region had the least contribution to SDGs-related research publications. The online database for Sustainable Development Report 2020, showed that the achievements of most countries in these regions were coded red or orange suggesting major or significant challenges in goal achievements across the 17 SDGs. In contrast, most countries with green or yellow coding for the 17 SDGs were based in the European region, which could be attributed, in part, to the outstanding research output from this region. The current study indicated that the US and the UK were in the frontline regarding research activity across the 17 SDGs. However, the Sustainable Development Report 2020 indicated that the US is facing significant and even major challenges in many of the 17 SDGs. This might suggest that national research output in SDGs does not significantly correlate with the SDG Index score or goal achievement. Research activity is one important factor in creating knowledge and innovation that will lead to sustainable growth and development. However, politics is also a major key player in this regard and might facilitate or hinder goal achievement.
The current study showed that SDG17, which refers to partnership for the goals, was the most researched item as an overall and for each world region. The SDGs included 15 targets and has the largest number of keywords in its search query as presented in the Aurora Universities Network web site. The SDG 17 demands partnerships between governments, the private sector and civil society. The type of research publications that have been analyzed in the current study is the one in which SDG phrase was mentioned and we expect that such research focuses on policies and agendas that require governmental and private sector partnership. If all research on SDGs was included, i.e. the 1 million documents, we expect that SDG 17 will be one of the top researched goals but not number one. Similar findings were presented in a recently published article [19].
The current study indicated that SDG 3, which was one of the top researched goal across different world regions, was characterized by inadequate international research collaboration. An important aspect of SDGs is the global approach and partnership. The current study showed that the extent and strength of research collaboration in SDGs-related research vary based on the geographical region. European and American researchers have relatively strong collaboration while research collaboration with researchers in Asian or African countries was poor. Policymakers in regions with low research output in SDGs need to encourage and support joint research with European and North American researchers. Such research collaboration is believed to attract more funding and better chances of publishing higher impact documents [37, 38].
Analysis of SDG 3 indicated that the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder was the least researched target. According to the WHO, some 31 million persons have drug use disorders at the global level with almost 11 million people injecting drugs. Substance use disorders have been associated with increased risk of HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis and may even accelerate the spread of serious pandemics such as COVID-19 [5, 39,40,41]. The social stigma attached to drug users acts as a strong barrier to improve support services [42]. In several parts of the world, governments impose compulsory detention with beating and humiliation of people who use drugs in the name of treatment [43, 44]. Such human rights violations are not in accordance with SDG 3.5 and research on preventive and management policies of drug users need to be carried out in all parts of the world.
The BMGF was the most active in funding SDGs-related research. The BMGF is the largest private foundation in the world with the primary aims of enhancing healthcare and reducing extreme poverty in the world. At the USA level, the foundation aims to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. Funding is a major driving force for publications, growth of scientific collaboration, and enhanced impact of scientific articles [45,46,47,48,49].
The present study has some limitations. First, our study did not include articles published in non-Scopus databases. This negatively affected the number of publications retrieved from countries/regions with local or regional journals that are not indexed in Scopus. Second, the current study focused on peer-reviewed literature and did not include grey literature such as governmental reports. Sometimes, grey literature included important information and assessment of the national progress in implementing SDGs. Third, all types of publications such as notes, letters, reviews, and editorials were included in the analysis. However, these types might not represent original research contribution. It is well known that The Lancet has many editorials and such documents might overestimate the role of the journal in publishing documents on SDGs. Fourth, the method adopted in the current study did not distinguish articles that focus on SDGs from those that only mention the term. The opposite is also true. A document might discuss a problem such as sanitation without mentioning the phrase SDGs. Therefore, this limitation should be taken into consideration when reading the current study. Despite all this, the current study provides a comprehensive picture of SDGs-related research productivity and subject areas of interest to worldwide researchers.
Research, innovation, education, and funding are crucial elements to achieve the SDGs. These elements need to be investigated periodically to assess the involvement of academia and researchers in partnership toward achieving the global 2030 agendas. The results of the current study showed that SDGs-related literature published in peer-reviewed journals were growing rapidly with an obvious emphasis on SDG 3 and SDG 13. The majority of publications came from the European regions while the Eastern Mediterranean region had the least contribution. Good health and well-being (SDG 3) was the focus of researchers in low-income regions such as Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the South-East Asia. Climate action (SDG 13) was the focus of researchers in high-income regions such as the Americas, Europe, and Western Pacific regions.
All data presented in this manuscript are available on Scopus database using the search query listed in the methodology section.
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El-Jardali F, Ataya N, Fadlallah R. Changing roles of universities in the era of SDGs: rising up to the global challenge through institutionalising partnerships with governments and communities. Health Res Policy Syst. 2018;16(1):38.
Didegah F, Thelwall M. Which factors help authors produce the highest impact research? Collaboration, journal and document properties. J Inform. 2013;7(4):861–73.
Lee S, Bozeman B. The impact of research collaboration on scientific productivity. Soc Stud Sci. 2005;35(5):673–702.
Du J, Fan N, Zhao M, Hao W, Liu T, Lu L, Shi J, Jiang H, Zhong N, Lan X. Expert consensus on the prevention and treatment of substance use and addictive behaviour-related disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gen Psychiatry. 2020;33(4):e100252.
Wang S-C, Maher B. Substance use disorder, intravenous injection, and HIV infection: a review. Cell Transplant. 2019;28(12):1465–71.
Schwetz TA, Calder T, Rosenthal E, Kattakuzhy S, Fauci AS. Opioids and infectious diseases: a converging public health crisis. J Infect Dis. 2019;220(3):346–9.
Crapanzano KA, Hammarlund R, Ahmad B, Hunsinger N, Kullar R. The association between perceived stigma and substance use disorder treatment outcomes: a review. Subst Abus Rehabil. 2019;10:1.
Bergenstrom A, Vumbaca G. Compulsory drug detention centres: time to question their continued use? Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(2):e123–4.
Lunze K, Lermet O, Andreeva V, Hariga F. Compulsory treatment of drug use in southeast Asian countries. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;59:10–5.
Gush J, Jaffe A, Larsen V, Laws A. The effect of public funding on research output: the New Zealand Marsden fund. N Z Econ Pap. 2017;52(2):227–48.
Al-Moghrabi D, Tsichlaki A, Pandis N, Fleming PS. Collaboration in orthodontic clinical trials: prevalence and association with sample size and funding. Prog Orthod. 2018;19(1):16.
Drivas K, Balafoutis AT, Rozakis S. Research funding and academic output: evidence from the Agricultural University of Athens. Prometheus. 2016;33(3):235–56.
Asubiaro T. How collaboration type, publication place, funding and author's role affect citations received by publications from Africa: a bibliometric study of LIS research from 1996 to 2015. Scientometrics. 2019;120(3):1261–87.
Zhang F, Yan E, Niu X, Zhu Y. Joint modeling of the association between NIH funding and its three primary outcomes: patents, publications, and citation impact. Scientometrics. 2018;117(1):591–602.
The authors would like to thank An-Najah National University for giving us the opportunity to access most recent information sources.
Department of Physiology, Pharmacology/Toxicology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
Waleed M. Sweileh
WS started the idea, designed the methodology; did the data analysis, graphics, and data interpretation; wrote and submitted the manuscript. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Waleed M. Sweileh.
IRB at An-Najah National University, Palestine requires no approval for bibliometric studies.
12992_2020_602_MOESM1_ESM.docx
Sweileh, W.M. Bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on "sustainable development goals" with emphasis on "good health and well-being" goal (2015–2019). Global Health 16, 68 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00602-2
Bibliometric analysis
Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us


The Group Risk industry provided financial support to a record number of families during 2016. Industry data compiled and published today by Group Risk Development (GRiD) shows that a total of nearly £1.5bn was paid out by the Group Risk industry during 2016, a £100 million increase on 2015. This helped a total of 24,925 UK families maintain their household's financial resilience after the death, illness, accident or disability of a breadwinner.


text:
Iran Land Systems (Current and Former Types)
Catalog of military vehicles, tanks and artillery associated with the nation of Iran.
There are a total of 85 entries as part of the Iran Land Systems (Current and Former Types) in the Military Factory. Entries are listed by initial year of service descending. Flag images indicative of country of origin and not necessarily primary operator.
Return to the Country List. Also consider Modern Land Vehicles, Tanks and Artillery by Operating Country.
Karrar (Striker)
Bavar-373 (Belief)
8x8 Wheeled Mobile Air Defense System
Aqareb 8x8
Wheeled Fire Support / Reconnaissance Vehicle
Fallagh
Ultra-Light Tracked Vehicle (ULTV)
DIO Fajr-5 (Dawn-5)
6x6 Wheeled Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS)
DIO Raad-2 (Thunder-2)
Self-Propelled Howitzer (SPH)
DIO Boragh
DIO T-72Z (T-55)
DIO Zulfiqar
Main Battle Tank (MBT) Combat Vehicle
SBI Fajr-3 (Dawn-3)
6x6 Wheeled Multiple-Launch Rocket System (MLRS)
SA-15 (Gauntlet) / 9K330 Tor
Self-Propelled Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) Vehicle
NORINCO Type 90 / Type 92 (WZ551)
Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) / Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV)
Denel GV5 Luiperd (G5 Leopard)
Towed 155mm Heavy Field Howitzer
NORINCO Type 69
BMP-2 (Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty)
Chonma-ho (Pegasus)
SA-10 (Grumble) / S-300
Long-Range Anti-Aircraft Mobile Defense System
Crotale SAM
Surface-to-Air Missile Defense System
FH77 Haubits
155mm Towed Howitzer
SRS GC-45 / Noricum GHN-45
155mm Towed Field Howitzer
M1978 (Koksan)
Self-Propelled Gun (SPG)
BM-27 (Uragan ) / 9P140
Self-Propelled Multiple Rocket Launcher
Engesa EE-9 Cascavel (Rattlesnake)
6x6 Wheeled Armored Car
Alvis FV101 Scorpion
Light Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle
2S1 Gvozdika (M1974)
122mm Self-Propelled Artillery (SPA)
T-72 (Ural)
RM-70 (Raketomet vz. 70)
Wheeled Multiple Rocket Launcher (MRL)
Rapier ADMS
Towed / Tracked Air Defense Missile System
SA-6 (Gainful) / 2K12 Kub
Tracked Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile Defense System
M163 Vulcan Air Defense System (VADS)
Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun
BMD-1 (Boyevaya Mashina Desanta)
Airborne Amphibious Light Tank / Infantry Fighting Vehicle
SA-5 (Gammon) / S-200
Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) / Light Tank
ZSU-23-4 (Shilka)
Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun (SPAAG)
Chieftain MBT
NORINCO Type 63 (YW531)
BM-21 (Grad)
Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS)
M109 (Paladin)
155mm Self-Propelled Artillery
Model 1963 (D-30 / 2A18)
M110 SPA
Self-Propelled Artillery
Medium Tank / Main Battle Tank (MBT)
M113 APC
Tracked Armored Personnel Carrier
ZU-23-2 / ZU-23
Towed Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA)
Main Battle Tank (MBT) Tracked Combat Vehicle
SS-1 (Scud) / 9P117
Battlefield Ballistic Missile System
SA-2 (Guideline) / S-75 Dvina
High-Altitude Surface-to-Air Missile System (SAM)
Model 1955 (D-20)
152mm Towed Field Howitzer System
ZSU-57-2
Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun Platform
122mm D-74
Towed Field Gun
Model 1954 (M-46)
130mm Field Gun System
Daimler Ferret
4x4 Armored Car
M47 (Patton II)
Medium Tank Tracked Combat Vehicle
AZP S-60
BTR-40 (Bronetransporter)
Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) / Armored Car
ZPU-1
Single-Barrel, Towed Anti-Aircraft (AA) Gun System
BM-24 (Katyusha)
6x6 Wheeled Multiple Launch Rocket System
Twin-Barreled, Towed Anti-Aircraft (AA) Gun System
Four-Barreled, Towed Anti-Aircraft (AA) Gun System
85mm Model 1946 (D-44)
Anti-Tank Gun / Divisional Field Gun
M24 Chaffee (Light Tank, M24)
Reconnaissance Light Tank
M4 Sherman (Medium Tank, M4)
M114 155mm (155mm Howitzer M1)
Towed 155mm Heavy Howitzer
M115 (8-Inch Howitzer M1)
Infantry Tank Mk III Valentine
122mm Model 1938 (M-30)
Towed Field Howitzer
LT vz. 38 / PzKpfW 38(t) (SdKfz 140)
BM-8 / BM-13 / BM-31 (Katyusha)
Multiple Launch Rocket System
AH-IV
Rock Island Arsenal M101
Towed 105mm Medium Howitzer
Renault FT-17

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Published 04/19/2019 04:29:14 pm at 04/19/2019 04:29:14 pm in Room Divider Blocks.
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Teaching is founded upon evidence based practice and theoretical understanding, however this is married together with practical examples of service provision and service user experiences, giving the learning outcomes depth and realism. From within this unique environment participants will explore the various functions of self-harm and substance use for individuals, explore core emotional/developmental deficits for those that self-harm; namely difficulties with self-soothing, emotional literacy and problem solving, explore how addictive behaviours are developed and maintained and how to generate appropriate alternative coping strategies that assist with change. Participants will also explore the harm reduction approach to self-destructive behaviours alongside identifying and managing high risk clients in collaboration with other agencies.
Demonstrate a thorough understanding of addiction, self-harm and the various functions of both.
Demonstrate awareness of some of the key emotional and developmental difficulties faced by those that self-harm and abuse substances.
Practise exploring the links between self-destructive behaviours, difficult past experiences and current triggers, in order to help clients formulate self-care plans.
Demonstrate ability to use a range of tailored tools and techniques to support individuals struggling with self-harm and/or addiction and encourage alternative coping strategies.
Practise techniques designed to encourage development of self-soothing, emotional literacy and problem solving.
Demonstrate awareness around recognising and managing risk factors and ability to implement appropriate risk management plans, factoring in multi-agency support where needed.
Participants will receive certificates of attendance, workbook containing summary learning points and personal reflections, and all relevant hand-outs and learning materials.
* This course if offered on an in-house basis and all required refreshments for participants should be provided by the commissioning organisation.


If the subsoil in which the foundations of the building are set in contracts, it could allow the footings to very slightly move. This can be brought about by the drying out of the ground due to drought, or by nearby trees drawing moisture out of the soil. The first you will know about this is cracking along the mortar joints of the brickwork in a local area. If this occurs, then the same underground movement could put enough stress on the drainage pipework to make it crack, or to displace one or more joints.
Tree root growth around the pipes could also literally push the pipes aside. Once a pipe is cracked, or the jointing compound at a displaced joint is damaged, water will gradually escape and wash away the finings surrounding the pipe. This in turn compounds the problem, and allows even more movement. In the meantime, any nearby tree root growth will gravitate into this wet area, and eventually grow through the crack or joint, ultimately blocking the drain at this point. This of course puts pressure on the pipe joints upstream of the blockage, and any slight defect will allow seepage into the ground, thus starting the same problem in another area.
Our advice is, if you notice new cracking of the brickwork joints, tell your insurance company, and ask them to send a Buildings Surveyor to check it out.


We stock all the required ingredients for this dish.
Katte Bento Veggie is a vegetarian version of traditional Japanese lunch box produced by Kantenya. Delicious and freshly made every morning!
Japanese lunch boxes include rice, main dish, several side dishes.


text:
You should also add the template {{Translated|fr|Villeneuve-Loubet}} to the talk page.
Villeneuve-Loubet (pronounced [vilnœv lube] is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It lies between Cagnes-sur-Mer and Antibes, at the mouth of the river Loup.
The village overlooked by the Château de Villeneuve-Loubet
Location of Villeneuve-Loubet
Show map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
CA Sophia Antipolis
Richard Camou
760/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
0–213 m (0–699 ft)
It was created by the joining two old villages: the old village of Villeneuve inland and the village of Loubet on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Its inhabitants are called Villeneuvois.
EconomyEdit
It is at the same time a seaside resort and part of the technopole of Sophia Antipolis, many companies of the tertiary sector being installed in the city.
CultureEdit
Villeneuve-Loubet is the birthplace of the famous 19th century provençal chef, restaurateur, and culinary writer Auguste Escoffier, the author of the Guide Culinaire and the founder of French haute cuisine. Villeneuve-Loubet was also, from 1920 onwards, the home of Maréchal Philippe Pétain (1856–1951), the "Hero of Verdun" in World War I and chief of state of the Nazi-collaborationist État Français, commonly known as Vichy France, in World War II.
The writer and historian Jules Bertaut (1877–1959) died in Villeneuve-Loubet.
Marshall Philippe Pétain purchased a house called L'Ermitage in Villeneuve-Loubet circa 1920.[2]
Villeneuve-Loubet was also the site of a battle in World War II when it was liberated by the First Special Service Force on August 26, 1944. The tower of the castle was damaged by a shell fired by the US Navy, and dozens of soldiers from both sides were killed or wounded. In 2006, the bodies of fourteen Germans who were killed during the fighting were discovered in a mass grave near the town by a local medical student.[3]
Saint Marc Church (15th century): The stained glasses have been realised by the artist painter Pier Lecolas in 2006.
PopulationEdit
International relationsEdit
The commune is twinned with:
Forlimpopoli, Italy
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department
^ Griffiths, Richard (1970). Marshal Petain. London, U.K.: Constable & Company. p. 91. ISBN 9780094738102. OCLC 832329867. On 14 September 1920, he got married, at the age of sixty-four. He and his future wife had already been house-hunting, and had found a country house in the South of France, 'L'Ermitage' at Villeneuve-Loubet in the department of Alpes-Maritimes.
^ Jean-Loup Gassend (2014). Autopsy of a Battle: the Allied Liberation of the French Riviera August-September 1944. Schiffer Publications. ISBN 9780764345807.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Villeneuve-Loubet.
This Alpes-Maritimes geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villeneuve-Loubet&oldid=897604207"


text:
NEAC
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Student-Athlete of the Week Weekly Winners
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Inside The NEAC
Forms & Operating Codes
Officials Assignors
Direct Reports
Senior Woman Administrators
Sports Information Directors
Advisors & Officers
Operating Codes
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Its On Us Campaign
You Can Play Project
Sportsmanship VIdeo
Letter to Fans
Best Practices Document
Readiness Inventory
Student-Athlete Pledge
Sportsmanship Statements
Coaches' Code of Conduct
Cazenovia College Visit Website Visit Member Page
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Keuka
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Lancaster Bible
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Penn State - Harrisburg
Penn State Harrisburg Visit Website Visit Member Page
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Preseason Preview
2019-20 NEAC Women's Soccer News
2019-20 2018-19 2017-18 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 2012-13 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07
NEAC Weekly Notables
LATHAM, N.Y. - This week's edition of NEAC Weekly Notables features Cazenovia College, Gallaudet University, Morrisville State, and Penn College.
Stephanie Dutton Named NEAC Commissioner
LATHAM, N.Y. – Interim Commissioner Stephanie Dutton has been named the next Commissioner of the North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC), as announced by the NEAC Presidents' Council.
Penn State Harrisburg's Haladay Named All-ECAC
DANBURY, Conn. – Penn State Harrisburg women's soccer player Mackenzie Haladay has been named to the All-Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) Second Team.
St. Mary's College of Maryland to Join North Eastern Athletic Conference in 2021
LATHAM, N.Y. – The North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) has announced that St. Mary's College of Maryland will join the conference beginning in the 2021-22 academic year. The addition of the Seahawks will bring the NEAC to nine core members in 2021-22.
LATHAM, N.Y. – This week's edition of NEAC Notables features new coaching hires, postseason awards, and a pair of student-athletes cracked the NCAA Division III national leaderboards. Gallaudet, Lancaster Bible, Penn College, Penn State Abington, Penn State Harrisburg, SUNY Cobleskill, and SUNY Poly are featured.
Neild Selected to 2019 CoSIDA Academic All-America NCAA Division III Women's Soccer Third Team
AUSTIN, Texas – Sophomore forward Hannah Neild (Litchfield, N.H.), who is a senior academically, of Gallaudet University was selected to the third team of the 2019 CoSIDA (College Sports Information Directors of America) Academic All-America® Division III Women's Soccer teams released on Tuesday.
LATHAM, N.Y. – This week's North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) weekly notables features updates from Lancaster Bible, Morrisville State, Penn State Berks, Penn State Harrisburg, and SUNY Cobleskill.
Penn State Berks Falls to No. 12 John's Hopkins in NCAA Tournament
BALTIMORE, MD - The Penn State Berks women's soccer team gave everything they had against No. 12 ranked Johns Hopkins University, but the Nittany Lions came up short in a 2-0 setback in the opening round of the NCAA Tournament on Saturday evening.
LATHAM, N.Y. – This week's North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) weekly notables features updates from this past weekend's men's and women's soccer and volleyball championships as well as postseason matchups.
Penn State Berks to Face No. 12 John's Hopkins in NCAA First Round
INDIANAPOLIS, IN - The Penn State Berks women's soccer team will take on No. 12 ranked Johns Hopkins University in the opening round of the 2019 NCAA Tournament on Saturday, November 16 at 5 p.m. The other first round match at that site will be played at 7:30 p.m. between Christopher Newport University and Worcester State University.
Penn State Berks Wins Seventh NEAC Women's Soccer Championship in a Row
LATHAM, N.Y. - Penn State Berks won its seventh consecutive North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) women's soccer championship on Sunday.
Penn State Berks & Penn State Harrisburg to Play for NEAC Women's Soccer Title Sunday
LATHAM, N.Y. – Top seed Penn State Berks and third-seeded Penn State Harrisburg advanced to the 2019 North Eastern Athletic Conference women's soccer championship game on Sunday at 1 p.m.
2019 NEAC Women's Soccer All-Conference Teams & Major Award Winners Announced
LATHAM, N.Y. – The North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) has announced the 2019 Women's Soccer All-Conference Teams and Major Award winners as determined by the league's head coaches.
Penn State Harrisburg & Penn College Move on to NEAC Women's Soccer Final Four
LATHAM, N.Y. – Home teams held serve in quarterfinal action of the 2019 North Eastern Athletic Conference Women's Soccer Tournament. Third-seeded Penn State Harrisburg and fourth-seeded Penn College advanced to the Final Four on Saturday with wins.
Jardine & Miller Named NEAC Women's Soccer Players of the Week
LATHAM, N.Y. – Penn State Berks' Megan Jardine and Morrisville State's Meaghan Miller are the final North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) women's soccer Players of the Week for the 2019 season.
Penn State Berks Claims NEAC Women's Soccer Regular Season Crown; Tournament Field Announced
LATHAM, N.Y. – Penn State Berks completed an undefeated regular season in North Eastern Athletic Conference play to capture the women's soccer regular-season title. It is the seventh regular-season title in the last eight seasons for the Nittany Lions.
LATHAM, N.Y. – Keuka College, Lancaster Bible College, Morrisville State, Penn State Berks, Penn State Harrisburg, SUNY Cobleskill, and Wells College offer updates and notes in this week's edition of North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) Weekly Notables.
Clapper & Pegg Collect NEAC Women's Soccer Weekly Awards
LATHAM, N.Y. – Penn State Berks' Emily Clapper and Keuka College's Jessica Pegg are this week's North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) women's soccer Players of the Week.
LATHAM, N.Y. – Keuka College, Penn State Harrisburg, and Rutgers-Camden offer updates and notes in this week's edition of the North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) Weekly Notables.
Schoener & Pegg Collect NEAC Women's Soccer Weekly Awards
LATHAM, N.Y. – Keuka College's Emily McGuigan and Penn State Berks' Leslie Estrada have been named North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) women's soccer Players of the Week.
LATHAM, N.Y. – The NEAC Weekly Notable update for this week features updates from Keuka College, Penn State Harrisburg, Wells College, and the North Eastern Athletic Conference.
McGuigan & Estrada Named NEAC Women's Soccer Players of the Week
NEAC SAAC's Mental Health Initiative
LATHAM, N.Y. – The North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) Student-Athletic Advisory Committee (SAAC) conference-wide initiative this fall focused on student-athlete mental health and person well-being.
LATHAM, N.Y. – Updates from Gallaudet University, Keuka College, Morrisville State, Penn College, Penn State Abington, Penn State Berks, Penn State Harrisburg, SUNY Cobleskill, and SUNY Poly are featured in this week's NEAC Notables.
Antalek & Pegg Pick Up NEAC Women's Soccer Weekly Honors
LATHAM, N.Y. – SUNY Cobleskill's Chloe Antalek and Keuka College' Jessica Pegg collect North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) women's soccer Players of the Week.
Five NEAC Institutions Earn Academic Recognition from United Soccer Coaches
LATHAM, N.Y. - Gallaudet University, Keuka College, Penn College, and Penn State Harrisburg were honored with team academic awards from the United Soccer Coaches.
Keuka Sweeps NEAC Women's Soccer Weekly Awards
LATHAM, N.Y. – Keuka College's Julia Oglesby and Jessica Pegg collect North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) women's soccer Players of the Week.
Rattray & Miller Collect NEAC Women's Soccer Weekly Awards
LATHAM, N.Y. – The North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) has announced Cassidy Rattray of Cazenovia College and Meaghan Miller of Morrisville State as its women's soccer Players of the Week.
LATHAM, N.Y. – This week's edition of the North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) Weekly Notables features updates from Gallaudet University and Penn State Harrisburg.
Lancaster Bible Collects NEAC Women's Soccer Weekly Awards
LATHAM, N.Y. – The North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) has announced Kara Huber & Erin Mikula of Lancaster Bible College as NEAC women's soccer Players of the Week.
P.O. Box 404, Latham, NY 12110


My digital and mixed media wall art seeks beauty in truth and truth in beauty, while satirising a world full of flaws.
In making feature lamps upcycled from our shared cultural heritage, I am also searching for something tangible.
I am a passionate humanitarian relief worker who has returned home to Leamington Spa to bring up a family and work as an artist. I spent a long time living in the conflict zones of places such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, South Sudan working as a logisitician and project manager; later my career took me to different aspects of the charity and health sectors.
Now, I love to scour the country of my birth, collecting up what people throw out and items which have apparently outlived their usefulness. I use them to reconstruct something unique and useful such as industrial and steampunk style table lamps, which can bring character, beauty and light into homes and retail spaces.
I am also developing a burgeoning digital art and mixed media portfolio for exhibition art as well as merchandising. These expressions are based on ideas that satirise or make comic the world around; including literature, idling, politics and activism. I try to achieve this by playfully subverting iconic images or popular culture as a lens through which to provoke fresh thought.


I'm just happy my three get along. Here they are sleeping on their Tempupedic mattress. Then, here's two of them after their nap.
I'm confused. I know it doesn't take much these days.
Paul, is this someone that you've had your fill of?
quicksticks replied to a thread Monolith Percussion Custom kit. in Show Us Your Kits!
Glad to help. Thanks really go to D4L for the informative video.


text:
ITProPortal
Half of organisations lack enough security talent to be secure
By Sead Fadilpašić 2019-03-19T11:00:24Z Security
Companies are turning to artificial intelligence to plug the gaps.
(Image credit: Image Credit: Advanced)
Those thinking artificial intelligence (AI) will steal their jobs need not worry – the software is only filling the blanks, at the moment. And the blanks, at least when it comes to cybersecurity, are quite large.
According to the latest Trend Micro figures, organisations worldwide are faced with an 'ongoing and often detrimental' shortage of cybersecurity talent. Obviously, every company needs to stay secure, so these companies that can't find fitting staff are turning towards AI solutions. They're looking at automation technology, training programs, outsourcing detection and prevention.
The report is based on a poll of 1,125 IT decision-makers all over the world. It claims that more than two thirds of organisations (69 per cent) agree that automating cybersecurity tasks with AI reduces the problems that stem from the lack of available talent in the field.
At the same time, roughly the same percentage (64 per cent) experienced increased cybersecurity threats.
"Protecting the enterprise from cyber threats is like a game of whack-a-mole," said Ian Heritage, a cybersecurity architect at Trend Micro. "Not only do IT and security teams have to maintain constant vigilance on their cyber defences, they also have to communicate these risks to business leaders to ensure sufficient budgets, and don their HR hats to recruit the necessary skill sets. The CISO's role is harder than ever before and the demand has never been higher for automated and hosted solutions."
Image Credit: Advanced
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ITProPortal is part of Future plc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Visit our corporate site.


text:
Tim Tebow Announces Retirement from the New York Mets
John Paluska | ChristianHeadlines.com Contributor | Thursday, February 18, 2021
#Tim Tebow
#Christian athletes
After playing baseball successfully for 4 years, from September of 2016 to today, former NFL quarterback and outspoken Christian Tim Tebow is officially retiring from professional baseball, the New York Mets announced.
Tebow has been a rather successful baseball athlete who made it all the way into the Mets' AAA team, the Syracuse Mets. Over his career, Tebow played 287 games, hit 18 home runs, had a .290 career batting average, with a .338 average for his time with the AA Syracuse Mets, and 107 RBI (runs batted in). He hit his first at-bat home run playing for the Mets' Single-A team, the Columbia Fireflies.
Tebow said of his retirement, "I want to thank the Mets, Mr. Alderson, the fans and all my teammates for the chance to be a part of such a great organization. I loved every minute of the journey, but at this time I feel called in other directions. I never want to be partially in on anything. I always want to be 100 percent in on whatever I choose. Thank you again for everyone's support of this awesome journey in baseball, I'll always cherish my time as a Met."
Tebow, known first as a football player, also played baseball while in college and he has previously expressed his love of the game and his high-school-days as reasons for his desires to play pro baseball. In high school, Tebow was considered "an excellent prospect" and batted a .494 average. Twenty-eight out of 30 Major League baseball teams sent scouts to watch him workout despite the media portraying him in a negative light for his choice to go into baseball.
The Mets' President, Sandy Alderson, stated of Tebow, "It has been a pleasure to have Tim in our organization as he's been a consummate professional during his four years with the Mets. By reaching the Triple-A level in 2019, he far exceeded expectations when he first entered the system in 2016 and he should be very proud of his accomplishments."
Photo courtesy: ©Getty Images/Michael Reaves/Stringer
John Paluska has been a contributor for Christian Headlines since 2016 and is the founder of The Washington Gazette, a news outlet he relaunched in 2019 as a response to the constant distribution of fake news.


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Home Books Five Reasons to Watch Annihilation
Five Reasons to Watch Annihilation
By Jane O'Reilly
If you're active on social media, you might have noticed a lot of people talking about Annihilation, the new sci-fi horror film based on the book of the same name by Jeff VanderMeer. It didn't get a cinematic release here, instead going to Netflix, but it's still a great, creepy watch. The plot is pretty simple – a team of military scientists are sent into a restricted area where strange and terrible things are happening, and then strange and terrible things happen to them.
So why should you watch it?
1. Natalie Portman. She plays Lena, the lead character in the film. Lena is flawed. She makes mistakes. She's a difficult character to like, but Portman makes her real and interesting.
2. It passes the Bechdel test. The team that goes into the jungle? All female. I can't remember the last time I saw that. Five women in a canoe, being trusted to explore inhospitable territory. Yes please.
3. THE BEARS. All I can say is that a bear should not sound like that.
4. The weird scene in the cave. The ending of the film is difficult. Not everything is fully explained, and it's left up to the viewer to figure things out. I don't want to post spoilers so won't go in to too much detail, but Portman in particular makes the oddness believable and disturbing, even on the small screen.
5. Premiering films like Annihilation on television means that those scifi fans for whom the cinema is difficult – people with disabilities, access issues, chronic illnesses – can be part of the first wave of excitement generated across social media by a film like this. OK, watching this on television might not be the immersive experience that you would get from a cinema viewing. But Science Fiction is a genre about difference, and therefore should also be a genre about inclusion. The more we watch films like this on Netflix, the more we will get. And we should all be there for that.
Jane O'Reilly would like to say that she's the secret love child of Wonder Woman and grew up on a tropical island in the Pacific, but in reality, she grew up in the north of England where it was quite cold and if anyone had any superpowers, they kept them well hidden. After university and a brief and very misguided spell as a teacher, she decided it would be better for everyone if she stayed at home and looked after her children. But what she really wanted to write was a book about a space pirate in which she could blow things up .
You can find her on twitter as @janeoreilly, on Instagram as @janeoreilly2032 or at her website www.janeoreilly.com. Her latest novel, Blue Shift, is available from Waterstones, Amazon and in bookstores.
hpmoviestv
Jane O'Reilly


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Also in this section… Adinawa D. Adjagbodjou Alexander U. Iyabor, Jr. Arinton C. Davis AynNichelle D. Slappy Benjamin L. Bennington-Brandon Deja K. Chappell Drew D. Tucker Eric P. Mason Esther Brown Ethan S. Ambrose Garry J. Archbold Hope E. Jackson Jaquesta A. Adams Jordan K. Burstion Kai A. Tinsley Katherine M. Powell Kelly Hyles Leesa L. Greenwood Mamadou S. Diallo Mati K. Alemayehu Maurice L. Ware Meagan H. Lane Menelik D. Graham Paul L. Adams, II Saaleha A. Medlock Tyler J. Sims Vernon T. Johnson Yasmeen E. Metellus
Kelly Hyles
Hometown: Jamaica, NY
high school: The HS for Math, Science & Engineering at The City College of New York
college: Harvard College
MAJOR: Biochemistry
Kelly Hyles was born on May 26th, 1998 in Georgetown, Guyana. From birth to eleven, she lived in Vryheid's Lust, a small village on the East Coast of Demerara. As part of the countryside, there were not many villagers, and those present became her extended family – elders were called "aunties" or "uncles" and the youths were "cousins". The saying "It takes a village" must have originated there because everyone's lives were extremely interconnected. She quickly learned that no one is an island; no one stands alone.
In 2009, Kelly's family migrated to the United States, primarily for the innumerable opportunities. Initially, she was reluctant to leave home because she could not fathom the thought of not seeing those familiar faces each day. However, as she matured, she saw the move as a chance to form new relationships, educate herself, and eventually acquire the resources to improve life back home.
In 2012, Kelly was accepted to the High School for Math, Science and Engineering, one of the nine specialized high schools in New York. Her school has provided her with multiple opportunities to explore her unwavering curiosity. As a junior, her love for the Sciences grew as she enrolled in a biotechnology class at Mount Sinai Hospital. Later on, she interned in the Garcia-Ocana laboratory of Mount Sinai's Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, where she researched the importance of the inactivity of the PRKCZ gene on beta cell growth in vivo. Biochemistry is the perfect blend of her interests since it possesses the unique ability to both quench and ignite her curiosity.
Though Kelly was appreciative of the opportunities that her school offers, the rapidly decreasing number of Blacks in the specialized high schools troubled her. She knew that the decrease was not due to intellectual aptitude, but to lack of preparation and confidence. To combat the race disparity in her school, she partnered with the DREAM program, which hires teachers and older students to prepare students for the Specialized High School Admissions Test. As Head Student Coordinator, she mentored rising seventh and eighth graders. Although she provided them with effective test-taking strategies, her main goal was to replace self-doubt with self-confidence.
In 2014, the shootings of many unarmed Black teenagers and the acquittal of their perpetrators sparked a wave of discontent towards the justice system. Kelly felt as though there were no clubs in her school in which students could voice their concerns. Alongside two equally troubled students, she co-founded Black Student Union. Black Student Union gave her the opportunity to explore the rich history of her race, showcase Black excellence, and encourage ethnic and racial pride.
Kelly is fortunate to have a family that supports her, a community that encourages her and a God that favors her. She knows that nothing comes without dedication and she is willing to give life her all. Kelly hopes to continue to inspire others and believes she owes it to herself, her family and her community to be the very best she can.
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text:
Il cingolo è uno strumento di locomozione alternativo alla ruota per i veicoli terrestri. Viene utilizzato soprattutto su veicoli semoventi per la trasmissione al suolo della forza prodotta dal motore, ma può essere presente anche su veicoli trainati. Il cingolo presenta caratteristiche diverse da quelle della ruota: permette una minore pressione sul terreno e, su particolari suoli deformabili e poco coerenti, comporta anche un aumento dell'aderenza pur a parità di peso aderente del veicolo e di materiali e forma delle superfici (ad esempio nel confronto tra pneumatico e cingolo in gomma).

Meccanica

In generale comunque per i cingoli si sono storicamente adottate tipologie di superfici e materiali diversi da quelli impiegati per le ruote, quali ad esempio l'acciaio (sia per le maglie del cingolo che per le ruote che vi scorrono sopra), con superfici tipicamente munite di rilievi rigidi piuttosto appuntiti.
Per questo motivo l'aderenza di questi cingoli risulta notevolmente superiore, anche a parità di peso del veicolo, a quella degli pneumatici; inoltre la resistenza all'avanzamento (detta anche attrito volvente) risulta notevolmente ridotta, in particolare su suoli accidentati, per via dell'effetto "binario" che dimostrano le ruote nel rotolare sulla porzione di cingolo metallico steso al suolo.

Il meccanismo di aderenza dei cingoli al suolo è distinto nel caso in cui ci sia infissione della loro scolpitura nel suolo o meno.

Nel primo caso il meccanismo di aderenza si basa sulla resistenza dei tasselli di terreno interposti tra una scolpitura e l'altra, e la perdita di aderenza avviene per rottura degli stessi tasselli e loro distacco dal resto del suolo: il limite di aderenza dipende quindi dalla coesione e dall'attrito interni del terreno, e questi dipendono solo in parte dalla pressione esercitata dal veicolo, poiché anche a pressione nulla si osserva una certa resistenza e quindi una certa capacità di trasmettere aderenza al cingolo; in questo caso il limite di aderenza del cingolo aumenta con la superficie del cingolo stesso ed in particolare col numero ed il distanziamento delle scolpiture. Quindi a parità di forma delle scolpiture, di materiale e di peso dei veicoli, il veicolo con cingoli infissi nel suolo dimostra un'aderenza massima maggiore del corrispondente veicolo con ruote infisse nel suolo.

Nel secondo caso invece il meccanismo dell'aderenza è identico a quello delle ruote aventi uguale tipo di superficie, ed in particolare l'aderenza massima (al limite dello slittamento) è identica a quella di un uguale veicolo dello stesso peso e con ruote con tipo di superficie identico, perché benché la superficie di appoggio al suolo in grado di scambiare forze di trazione sia maggiore, per lo stesso motivo la pressione al suolo risulta inferiore e di conseguenza anche l'aderenza per unità di superficie, e le due variazioni di grandezza rispetto al veicolo con ruote si compensano perfettamente. Pertanto a parità di forma delle scolpiture, di materiale e di peso dei veicoli, i veicoli con cingoli non infissi nel suolo dimostra un'aderenza massima identica a quella del veicolo con ruote non infisse nel suolo.

Spesso tuttavia i cingoli non vengono adottati per esigenze legate ad una maggiore trazione, bensì per ottenere un miglior "galleggiamento", ossia un minor rischio di affondamento su terreni poco portanti, e contemporaneamente diminuire la compressione e la costipazione del terreno grazie alla minore forza peso per unità di superficie. Questa è l'esigenza per cui le cingolature vengono adottate talvolta anche su veicoli trainati.

Storia

Origini dei cingoli
L'uso dei cingoli risale alla seconda metà del XIX secolo, quando la trazione animale cominciò ad essere sostituita dalla trazione a motore, anche se gli studi più antichi risalgono al 1770. Le ruote esercitano una pressione al suolo data da

dove ps è la pressione al suolo, W è il peso del veicolo e A è l'area dell'impronta lasciata dal mezzo di supporto del veicolo sul suolo. Nel caso che gli pneumatici siano a camera d'aria la pressione al suolo è approssimativamente la pressione di gonfiaggio degli pneumatici stessi. Un'eccessiva pressione al suolo comporta il cedimento del suolo stesso, e quindi l'inefficacia del sistema di trazione del veicolo (chiunque abbia guidato un'automobile normale su terreni sabbiosi o fangosi sa i risultati che si ottengono se il terreno non sostiene le ruote). Considerando che il peso dei veicolo non sia modificabile, per ridurre la pressione al suolo è necessario aumentare l'area di contatto fra il veicolo ed il suolo. Tuttavia l'area di contatto di un veicolo lungo L con ruote di diametro D, in cui ognuna lascia un'impronta I, non può essere superiore a

quindi, per aumentare A, era necessario un mezzo di trasmissione al suolo della forza del motore diverso dalla ruota, ma che si "adagiasse" su un'area maggiore per ridurre la pressione, inoltre questo mezzo doveva "rotolare" per permettere una trasmissione continua del moto.

La prima soluzione trovata fu di collegare piastre metalliche (maglie) alle loro estremità tramite perni, in modo tale che la pressione al suolo fosse esercitata su una lunghezza quanto più prossima possibile a quella del veicolo e per una larghezza sensibilmente superiore a quella di una ruota. In questo modo si otteneva una bassa pressione al suolo, tuttavia sorgevano difficoltà per la trasmissione della forza motrice sul suolo (in quanto solo l'attrito fra acciaio e suolo non era sufficiente a garantire la forza di trazione necessaria a far muovere il veicolo). Per questo motivo poco dopo la loro introduzione i cingoli furono muniti di risalti, in modo che, "punzonando" il terreno, potessero esercitare una forza maggiore sul terreno stesso.

Vantaggi e svantaggi del cingolo metallico

Il vantaggio del cingolo nei confronti della ruota è dato dalla maggiore impronta al suolo, che permette quindi di operare su terreni con scarsa capacità portante, sui quali un veicolo a ruote non sarebbe capace di muovere (sabbia, fango, neve), anche in totale assenza di strade ove il cingolo consente inoltre un migliore e più stabile assetto complessivo del veicolo, facilitando il superamento di dossi e cunette particolarmente impegnativi. In genere i veicoli cingolati hanno una mobilità superiore a quella dei veicoli forniti di pneumatici su terreno accidentato, infatti riducono i sobbalzi scivolando sugli ostacoli di dimensioni ridotte. Inoltre i cingoli sono più resistenti degli pneumatici, in quanto non possono esplodere o essere bucati. Infine i veicoli cingolati hanno la possibilità di ruotare con raggi di curvatura minori, in quanto bloccando un cingolo si può ruotare con un raggio di sterzata uguale alla larghezza del veicolo e, utilizzando un cingolo in retromarcia, è possibile addirittura ruotare rimanendo sostanzialmente sul posto.

Tuttavia questi vantaggi possono essere limitati dagli svantaggi del cingolo nei confronti della ruota, che possono essere riassunti qui di seguito:
 il cingolo è più pesante della ruota, quindi per accelerare il movimento richiede dal motore una coppia maggiore di quella richiesta da una ruota (a parità di accelerazione)
 il cingolo con scolpiture appuntite, benché adatto ai suoli incoerenti, può danneggiare la pavimentazione delle strade, quindi spesso il movimento di mezzi provvisti di cingoli è proibito su strade pubbliche. Un compromesso per permettere il passaggio di veicoli cingolati su strade civili è l'utilizzo di sovrapattini/tacchi di gomma o metallo per coprire i risalti del cingolo, in modo tale da ridurre notevolmente il danno sull'asfalto
 il cingolo è molto più sollecitato della ruota, quindi un uso prolungato può portare ad una rottura dei perni (più raramente delle maglie), quindi è richiesto un controllo programmato ed un programma di sostituzioni sui cingoli (in alcuni casi la vita media dei cingoli era ridotta fino a 200 h), inoltre è sufficiente il collasso di un solo elemento per bloccare tutto il veicolo.

Uso dei cingoli in campo civile

Il primo cingolo per usi civili fu brevettato nel 1901 da Alvin Lombard per i suoi trattori a vapore. I trattori Lombard erano destinati a trascinare i tronchi nelle aree da disboscare, ma fu chiaro che potevano essere usati vantaggiosamente anche per trattori agricoli, infatti tali veicoli erano destinati ad operare su terreni in cui la sofficità del terreno (generalmente appena lavorato) richiedeva una pressione sensibilmente più bassa di quella che si poteva ottenere con ruote, considerando anche il peso elevato dei veicoli (fine XIX, inizio XX secolo) dell'epoca.

Da questa prima utilizzazione si è passati all'uso di mezzi cingolati per lavori stradali in terreni difficilmente raggiungibili, quindi sono stati realizzati bulldozer, ruspe, scavatrici e veicoli similari su cingoli.

Uso dei cingoli in campo militare

L'uso dei cingoli in campo militare ha comportato problemi sensibilmente più gravosi di quelli per i veicoli civili, infatti le richieste nei due casi sono sensibilmente differenti. I veicoli cingolati per uso civile generalmente vengono trasportati fino ad una distanza relativamente breve (generalmente inferiore a 1 km) dal loro luogo di impiego da carrelli ruotati, quindi non è richiesto che abbiano una velocità elevata o che permettano un buon comfort al personale a bordo, invece i problemi legati all'uso militare di veicoli cingolati sono sensibilmente diversi. In particolare i veicoli cingolati militari devono essere in grado di tenere una velocità di alcune decine di chilometri all'ora per un periodo di diverse ore, quindi i cingoli devono essere progettati in modo tale da permettere velocità simili senza rotture e permettendo all'equipaggio di non subire uno stress eccessivo. Questi requisiti hanno imposto uno studio non solo dei cingoli isolatamente, ma di tutto il sistema di sospensioni e ammortizzatori del veicolo.

I cingoli moderni sono costituiti da catene modulari chiuse costituite da maglie collegate fra loro da perni, queste catene generalmente sono larghe e fatte in acciai speciali. In questo modo i cingoli possono essere sufficientemente flessibili ed arrotolarsi attorno ad una serie di ruote per formare il circuito senza fine.

Il peso del veicolo viene trasferito sulla parte più bassa del cingolo con un certo numero di ruote (generalmente gommate con gomme piene) singole o da gruppi collegati di ruote chiamati carrelli. In genere le ruote sono montate su sospensioni per ammorbidire il movimento su terreno vario. Uno dei maggiori problemi per la progettazione di un sistema di trazione su cingoli risiede proprio nella progettazione del sistema di sospensioni. I primi progetti di sistemi di cingoli (per esempio i carri armati della prima guerra mondiale) erano totalmente privi di sospensioni, successivamente si passò a molle che permettevano pochi centimetri di spostamento, per arrivare a sistemi idropneumatici (M1 Abrams) in cui è possibile uno spostamento di diverse decine di centimetri, includendo quindi anche ammortizzatori.

I cingoli sono mossi da una ruota dentata (ruota motrice), mossa direttamente dagli organi di moto del veicolo, che impegna fori nelle maglie dei cingoli o pioli sporgenti da essi per muovere il cingolo stesso. La ruota motrice è generalmente montata molto sopra al livello a cui il cingolo viene a contatto con il suolo, quindi viene tenuta in posizione fissa rispetto al telaio del veicolo, dato che un sistema di sospensioni sulla ruota motrice, pur essendo realizzabile, presenterebbe problemi dal punto di vista meccanico. All'estremità opposta del cingolo è posta una ruota su cui non agisce il motore (ruota di rinvio), principalmente per fare in modo che il cingolo arrivi a terra con un certo angolo (angolo di attacco) che permette al veicolo di superare gli ostacoli. Generalmente la ruota di rinvio è collegata al meccanismo tendicingolo, che permette di dare ai cingoli la tensione corretta, una tensione eccessiva tende a caricare indebitamente i perni del cingolo, mentre una tensione troppo bassa tende a far "scingolare" il veicolo, cioè a far uscire il cingolo dalla guida delle ruote di appoggio. Per ridurre i rischi dello "scingolamento" sono previsti risalti sulla parte interna del cingolo, che scivolano entro intagli tra le ruote di appoggio (generalmente doppie) e le sulle ruote motrici e di rinvio.

Nella parte superiore (quella che non tocca terra) del treno di rotolamento possono essere previsti rullini di ritorno, per sostenere il cingolo nella parte che non tocca terra, o può essere previsto il cingolo libero, che si muove sulla parte superiore delle ruote di appoggio. In via generale, i rullini di ritorno sono necessari quando la ruota motrice è posta posteriormente rispetto alla direzione di marcia primaria del veicolo. Questo perché la marcia in avanti in questa configurazione presenta il cingolo teso nella parte inferiore e lasco in quella superiore, che scorre sui rullini. I sistemi di trazione con ruota motrice anteriore invece tendono direttamente la parte superiore del cingolo: in questa configurazione eventuali rullini di ritorno supportano il cingolo durante l'inversione del moto.

Note

Voci correlate
Ruota
Carro armato
Ruspa
Cingolo Bonagente

Altri progetti

Componenti meccanici
Parti di veicoli

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Cole gets 20th win, tops AL in ERA, Ks as Astros beat Angels
by: JILL PAINTER LOPEZ, Associated Press
Houston Astros starting pitcher Gerrit Cole throws to a Los Angeles Angels batter during the first inning of a baseball game in Anaheim, Calif., Sunday, Sept. 29, 2019. (AP Photo/Alex Gallardo)
ANAHEIM, Calif. (AP) — Gerrit Cole capped a special season by checking off some milestones.
Cole earned his career-high 20th win, added to his major league-leading strikeout total and finished with the best ERA in the AL, wrapping up a dominant season for himself and the Houston Astros with an 8-5 victory over the Los Angeles Angels on Sunday.
"It was a consummate team effort," Cole said. "The offense was impeccable. Defense was great. Then the bullpen picked me up. It wasn't a situation where we could really stretch the pitch count so I needed my teammates to pick me up and they did."
Cole (20-5) posted his franchise-record 16th straight win as the Astros wound up with the top record in the majors at 107-55 and home-field advantage throughout the postseason. They begin the playoffs Friday at home against the winner of the wild-card game between Tampa Bay and Oakland.
"I never really envisioned the numbers or anything," Cole said. "I envisioned getting better, and I did."
George Springer, Aledmys Diaz and Yuli Gurriel all homered to boost Houston.
In his last outing before the postseason, Cole allowed one earned run over five innings and struck out 10, lowering his ERA to 2.50. He fanned 326 in 213 1/3 innings, the most strikeouts in a season since Randy Johnson had 334 in 2002 for Arizona.
"It's a tough day to pitch for a couple of reasons, last day of the year and we are all looking forward to what's next," Astros manager AJ Hinch said. "It was very important to him personally and the entire team was pulling for him. I put the starting guys in there for at least half of the game. We wanted to get him the lead, we wanted the 20th win for him."
Cole is the first pitcher in the majors to record double-digit strikeouts in nine consecutive games. He also became the first to reach 300 without throwing a complete game.
When Cole struck out Kaleb Cowart for the final out of the fifth inning, he punched the inside of his glove and got high-fives from all of his teammates in the dugout.
The 29-year-old righty nearly won the AL pitching Triple Crown — he finished second in wins to teammate Justin Verlander, who won 21. Verlander was second to Cole in the AL in strikeouts (300) and ERA (2.58).
The Astros notched another strikeout record as a team — they're the first to lead the majors in pitching strikeouts (1,671) and also have the fewest strikeouts at the plate (1,166).
"It was an awesome season for us," shortstop Alex Bregman said. "Franchise record in wins. We had just a great season as a team and a lot of guys really performed well."
Bregman was 1 for 1 with two walks. Springer had a four-hit day with 3 RBIs and two runs.
The Angels finished at 72-90, their fourth consecutive losing season. The Angels struggled through injuries to Mike Trout and others, and the death of teammate Tyler Skaggs.
"There were some positives but most of positives were on individual levels," Angels manager Brad Ausmus said. "Quite frankly, at this point, I'm ready to put it behind me. It was kind of a tough year."
Rookie Matt Thaiss homered twice, doubled and drove in four runs for the Angels. He homered off Cole in the third inning, a first-pitch solo shot to center field. He hit a two-run homer off Brad Peacock in the sixth for his second career multihomer game. He added an RBI double in the eighth.
Dillon Peters (4-4) gave up three home runs. He allowed seven earned runs on seven hits in just 3 1/3 innings.
PUJOLS BY THE NUMBERS
Angels star Albert Pujols went 1 for 2 and hit .244 this year, dropping his career batting average to .29962. Pujols had a .328 average when he left St. Louis after 11 major league seasons and joined the Angels for 2012. Before Sept. 18, his average had not been below .300 at the end of a game since a 4-for-14 start as a rookie in 2001.
LANGSTON RETURNS TO BALLPARK
Mark Langston returned to Angel Stadium on Sunday after he suffered a cardiac arrest in the radio booth in Houston last week. He came back to Anaheim on Saturday and didn't work the game.
"I'm not going to lie. Life is different, I have to admit. When I see my grandson … it's definitely different," said Langston, who paused as he teared up. "I have to look at it that way. There was a reason I was given extra time. I don't know what it is. There's a reason for it. I haven't even been emotional. That's weird."
Langston's 6-year-old grandson, Ever, and family members and friends were with him Sunday.
Angels: Despite falling out of contention early in the summer, the Angels drew 3,019,012 (a figure that includes the two games in Mexico) for an average of 37,762 fans per home game. The Angels drew more than 3 million fans for the 17th consecutive season. Last year, the Angels drew 3,020,216 fans, averaging 37,286.


text:
Q: The dynamic binding used instead of the extension method for strictly typed value in C# I have a short-expression that returns an int value and I'm trying to call the extension method on the result value, but when any dynamic variable is present in inner expressions, the dynamic binder is used and I receive an exception Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.RuntimeBinderException with the message that

'int' does not contain a definition for 'AsStringOrNull'

Here is all code that reproduces the issue:
using System;

namespace ExtensionMethodsAndDynamic
{

    static class Extensions
    {
        public static string AsStringOrNull(this object value) => value?.ToString();
    }

    class Program
    {
        public static object Foo(object value) => value;
        static int GetIntFrom(object anything) => 1;

        static void Main()
        {
            dynamic dynamicVariable = null;

            string result1 = GetIntFrom((object)dynamicVariable).AsStringOrNull();// Works as expected
            string result2 = GetIntFrom(dynamicVariable).AsStringOrNull();
            string result3 = GetIntFrom(Foo(dynamicVariable)).AsStringOrNull();
        }
    }
}

Also, I noticed another behavior I can not understand.
The function is successfully called with a strictly typed argument
The same doesn't work for a dynamic argument
But it will work if we specify the function
Please help me to understand why the stuff related to dynamic variables spreads outside the call of this function int GetIntFrom(object anything).

A: Extension methods are evaluated at compile time and replaced with the appropriate static call. But when you use dynamic, the call is instead resolved at runtime. This means that when you type "AsStringOrNull" after a dynamic variable, you are doing something completely different from when you type it after a statically-typed variable.
After the compiler has finished its work, the code that actually executes works a little bit like this:
static class Extensions
{
    // Note the absent "this" keyword. It's just an ordinary method after compilation
    public static string AsStringOrNull(object value) => value?.ToString();
}

class Program
{
    public static object Foo(object value) => value;
    static int GetIntFrom(object anything) => 1;

    static void Main()
    {
        dynamic dynamicVariable = null;

        string result1 = Extensions.AsStringOrNull(GetIntFrom((object)dynamicVariable));

        object intObj = GetIntFrom(dynamicVariable); // this step is actually much more complicated
        string result2 = intObj.GetType().GetMethod("AsStringOrNull")?.Invoke(intObj) ?? throw new RuntimeBinderException();
    }
}

For brevity's sake I won't type out what happens for result3. The above should already make it clear why the exception is thrown. You just can't use static compiler sugar when any dynamic variable is involved in method resolution.
The IDE won't generate any errors here because dynamic objects are for obvious reasons not checked for errors at all. But if you try to use Go To Reference / F12 on the second and third invocations of "AsStringOrNull", you should see that they aren't resolved.

A: Now, I think I understand why it works this way. The compiler produces the code that will use the best overload for this function in runtime based on dynamic parameter true type. Since the return type can vary for different overloads it can't be determined at the compile-time, so the following sections (method calls, extension method calls, property access, etc.) can't rely on any strict type and have to assume dynamic.
using System;

namespace ExtensionMethodsAndDynamic
{
    class Program
    {
        static int GetIntFrom(object anything) => 1;
        static int GetIntFrom(int anything) => 2;
        static int GetIntFrom(string anything) => 3;
        static string GetIntFrom(object[] anything) => "4";

        static void Main()
        {
            Console.WriteLine(GetIntFrom((dynamic)(new object())));  // 1
            Console.WriteLine(GetIntFrom((dynamic)1));               // 2
            Console.WriteLine(GetIntFrom((dynamic)"1"));             // 3
            Console.WriteLine(GetIntFrom((dynamic)(new object[0]))); // 4
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


All about Canadian insurance. Learn the ins and outs and get the latest news.
Equifax Canada and U.S.-based parent Equifax Inc. failed to "implement appropriate security safeguards given the volume and sensitivity of the personal information held by Equifax Inc.," according to the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC).
In May 2017, Equifax suffered a security breach affecting an estimated 19,000 Canadians, who had their social insurance numbers and other identifying information stolen. This attack was not publicly disclosed until September 2017, nor were Canadian consumers immediately notified of the breach, despite their data being stored on servers in the U.S. In addition, remedies offered by Equifax to U.S. users of Equifax, such as a credit freeze, were not offered to Canadians.
Q. We are preparing our wills and have been advised that charitable donations are credited at 100% in the year of death, and can be used to reduce or eliminate the amount of tax owed for that year. How do we word this in our will so our executor understands our wishes, especially when they may not know the amount of tax the estate will owe? Any advice you can provide would be greatly appreciated.
A. The tax rules for charitable deductions change frequently, so there is no guarantee any will instructions prepared in 2019 will be tax-appropriate in the future when your will is read.
The Ontario government has now tabled its 2019 provincial budget. It's not the slash and burn budget many critics were expecting, but there are significant cuts to services in this province. This includes, indigenous affairs, children's services and support for homeless and low income Ontarians.
But what does this mean to regular Ontarians and their bottom line? Here are six key takeaways that affect your personal finances.
Getting a great Insurance policy within Canada can be tricky – let us help! Visit our Insurance page for the latest advice and articles.