In general, techniques are described for simplifying admission control signaling between subscriber devices, access nodes, and service edge routers to facilitate subscriber-specific admission control for multicast streams. In one example, a service edge router receives a service request and accesses a subscriber profile to determine whether the requesting subscriber is authorized to receive the service. Upon authorization, the service edge router returns the service request to the access node in a substantially similar form in which the service request was received. The access node receives the service request on a service edge router-facing interface, indicating the service edge router has granted authorization for the subscriber device to receive multicast traffic associated with the multicast group identified within the service request. The access node therefore modifies internal mapping tables that determine local elaboration of multicast traffic associated with the multicast group to include an interface to the subscriber device.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/456,859, filed Aug. 11, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/976,130, filed Dec. 22, 2010, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to computer networks and, more particularly, to provision of multimedia subscriber services within a computer network.
Network Service Providers (NSPs) provide multimedia services to subscribers via subscriber devices and routers of service provider networks maintained by the NSPs. Routers of service provider networks operate within the third layer, i.e., the network layer, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, and typically communicate with each other using layer three protocols. As a result, routers are often referred to as network layer devices or layer three devices. Similarly, the functionality provided by routers that facilitates provision of Internet services is often referred to as network layer functionality. The routers maintained by NSPs and used by NSPs to provide multimedia services may be referred to as Service Edge (SE) routers. NSPs may use SE routers to provide multimedia services that are differentiated on a per-subscriber basis. Enterprise administrators provide similar services in the context of an enterprise network, such as business campus network or a university campus network.
For example, an NSP or enterprise administrator may allow subscribers to receive multicast streams on associated, respective subscriber devices, also referred to as customer premises equipment (CPE). In order to allow a subscriber device to receive multicast streams, SE routers process requests for the multicast streams, e.g., Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) host membership reports, issued by the subscriber device. To provide requested multicast streams, the SE routers or a downstream layer two network device typically replicates and forwards packets of a multicast stream for each subscriber device that has requested the multicast stream. Replication of multicast streams on a per-subscriber basis consumes significant processing and memory resources of the routers, as well as bandwidth on the outbound network links from the routers.
In one traffic delivery model, an NSP or enterprise administrator establishes one or more access nodes between the subscriber devices and the SE routers to aggregate upstream network traffic from multiple subscriber devices and disaggregate downstream network traffic to the subscriber devices. For example, multiple subscriber devices may connect to an SE router via a multiservice access node (MSAN), e.g., a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) or an Ethernet switch, maintained by the NSP or enterprise administrator. Although data for the multiple subscriber devices connected to the switch are transported over the same physical connection between the MSAN and the SE router, each of the subscriber devices has a dedicated subscriber interface, i.e., virtual connection, to the router and hence the Internet.
In addition, the NSP or enterprise administrator may establish respective customer-specific Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs), or CVLANs, between subscriber devices and SE routers to transport unicast traffic to individual subscribers, as well as a multicast VLAN, or MVLAN, to transport multicast traffic to all subscribers. To receive multicast traffic associated with a multicast group, e.g., an Internet Protocol television (IPTV) channel, a subscriber device issues a membership request, e.g., an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) multicast group membership request, for the multicast group on its respective CVLAN to the SE router. The MSAN, which is positioned between the subscriber device and the SE router, forwards the request to the SE router on the CVLAN for the subscriber device. In addition to forwarding the membership request, the MSAN snoops the content of the membership request as it is communicated to the SE router and determines the particular multicast group requested by the subscriber device, and maps the multicast group to a CVLAN interface for the subscriber device. Thereafter, as the MSAN receives multicast traffic from the SE router on the MVLAN, the MSAN locally elaborates multicast traffic for the multicast group to the customer-facing CVLAN interfaces for output to the subscriber devices. In this way, the MSAN elaborates individual multicast streams only to CVLANs for subscriber devices that have requested the multicast streams.
In such system, the intermediate MSAN typically has no information as to which multicast groups a subscriber device is permitted to request and ultimately receive. As such, some system have utilized admission control signaling protocols by which the SE router signals the MSAN as to which groups may be provisioned to each subscriber devices and, therefore, which subscriber-originated requests should be snooped and processed. For example, conventional techniques for performing admission control signaling involve implementing an access node configuration protocol, such as the Access Node Control Protocol (ANCP) or Layer Two Control Protocol (L2CP). Execution of these additional signaling protocols on the devices, however, adds significant complexity to the access node or subscriber devices.
In general, techniques are described for simplifying admission control signaling between subscriber devices, access nodes, and service edge routers to facilitate subscriber-specific admission control for multicast streams transported over an MVLAN and one or more CVLANs. Various subscribers may have access to differentiated services and/or a specific bandwidth allocation based upon, for example, the service package to which each subscriber has subscribed. In one example, an access node receives a request, issued by a subscriber device, for a service on a CVLAN interface of the access node. The access node forwards the service request upstream to a service edge router for the subscriber device.
The service edge router receives the service request on a CVLAN interface and accesses a subscriber profile to determine whether the subscriber is authorized to receive the service. Upon authorizing a subscriber device, the service edge router returns the service request to the access node over the CVLAN in a substantially similar form in which the service request was received. As such, the access node subsequently receives the same service request, but this time on a service edge router-facing interface of the CVLAN. The access node is configured to treat the reception as an implicit indication that the service edge router has granted authorization for the subscriber device, identified by a source MAC address for the service request, to receive multicast traffic associated with the particular multicast group identified within the service request. The access node therefore modifies internal mapping tables that determine local elaboration of multicast traffic associated with the multicast group to include a CVLAN interface for the subscriber device.
In other words, whereas the access node earlier forwarded the upstream service request unmolested and without modifying mapping tables for elaborating multicast traffic received in an MVLAN to CVLANs for subscriber devices, a substantially similar downstream service request hairpinned at the service edge router indicates to the access node that the subscriber device is properly authorized to receive the requested service.
The techniques of this disclosure may provide one or more advantages. For example, conventional techniques for performing admission control signaling involve implementing an access node configuration protocol, such as the Access Node Control Protocol (ANCP) or Layer Two Control Protocol (L2CP), which adds significant complexity to the access node or subscriber devices. The described techniques may avoid implementation of a separate signaling protocol by instead basing admission control at the access node upon the identity of an interface at which a service request is received. The techniques may thus significantly reduce configuration complexity at an access node with minimal changes to the manner in which service request snooping and authorization is performed by the access node and service edge router. The techniques may also enable admission control signaling in instances where subscriber devices do not have admission control signaling capabilities, thereby extending subscriber manageability to additional network architectures that employ a CVLAN and MVLAN multicast delivery model.
In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a method comprising receiving, with a network device connected to a downstream subscriber device via a layer two (L2) communication link, a first multicast service signaling message with a first network interface of the network device, wherein the first network interface of the network device is connected via a communication link to an upstream services router, wherein the first multicast service signaling message specifies a multicast group. The method further comprises determining the first multicast service signaling message carries layer three (L3) multicast service signaling information. The method also comprises filtering, with a data plane of the network device, the first multicast service signaling message to a control plane of the network device based at least on the determination that the first multicast service signaling message carries L3 multicast service signaling information and on a first identifier for the first network interface at which the first multicast service signaling message was received. The method further comprises modifying, with the control plane of the network device, multicast filter information in the data plane of the network device in accordance with the L3 multicast service signaling information to affect replication and forwarding, to the subscriber device, by the data plane of multicast traffic associated with the multicast group.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method comprising receiving a first multicast join request with a services router connected to a network device situated between the services router and a subscriber device, wherein the first multicast join request specifies a requested multicast group and authorizing, with the services router, a subscriber associated with the subscriber device to receive multicast traffic associated with the requested multicast group. The method further comprises the step of, only when the subscriber is authorized to receive multicast traffic associated with the requested multicast group, outputting the first multicast join request toward the subscriber device.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a network device situated between an upstream services router and a subscriber device, the network device comprising a control unit having a control plane and a data plane. The network device also comprises multicast filter information that specifies one or more multicast groups for which the subscriber device is a receiver, and a first network interface, connected to the upstream services router via a layer two (L2) communication link, that receives a first multicast service signaling message that specifies a multicast group, wherein the data plane determines the first multicast service signaling message carries layer three (L3) multicast service signaling information. The network device additionally comprises a second network interface connected to the subscriber device via an L2 communication link, and a filter that causes the data plane to filter the first multicast service signaling message to the control plane based at least on the determination that the first multicast service signaling message carries L3 multicast service signaling information and on a first identifier for the first network interface. The network device further comprises a multicast filtering module of the control plane that modifies the multicast filter information to alter replication and forwarding, to the subscriber device via the second network interface, by the data plane of multicast traffic associated with the multicast group.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a services router connected to a network device situated between the services router and a subscriber device, the services router comprising a service request handler that receives a first multicast join request, wherein the first multicast join request specifies a requested multicast group. The services router also comprises an authorization module that authorizes a subscriber associated with the subscriber device to receive multicast traffic associated with the requested multicast group, wherein the service request handler, only when the authorization module authorizes the subscriber to receive multicast traffic associated with the requested multicast group, outputs the first multicast join request toward the subscriber device.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a computer-readable medium containing instructions. The instructions cause a programmable processor to receive, with a network device connected to a subscriber device via a layer two (L2) communication link, a first multicast service signaling message with a first network interface of the network device, wherein the first network interface is connected via a communication link to an upstream services router, wherein the first multicast service signaling message specifies a multicast group. The instructions also cause the programmable processor to determine, with a data plane of the network device, the first multicast service signaling message carries layer three (L3) multicast service signaling information. The instructions also cause the programmable processor to filter, with the data plane of the network device, the first multicast service signaling message to a control plane of the network device based at least on the determination that the first multicast service signaling message carries L3 multicast service signaling information and on a first identifier for the first network interface at which the first multicast service signaling message was received. The instructions also cause the programmable processor to modify, with the control plane of the network device, multicast filter information in the data plane of the network device to affect replication and forwarding, to the subscriber device, by the data plane of multicast traffic associated with the multicast group.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method comprising forwarding multicast signaling messages from a subscriber device to an upstream services router with an intermediate layer two (L2) device without snooping on the multicast signaling messages when the multicast signaling messages from the subscriber device are received on a network interface that connects the intermediate device to the subscriber device. The method further comprises snooping on the multicast signaling messages with the intermediate device when the multicast signaling messages from the subscriber device are received on a network interface that connects the intermediate device to the upstream services router. The method also comprises controlling distribution of multicast data from the intermediate network device to the subscriber device in accordance with the snooped multicast signaling messages.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an access node and a broadband services router that control filtering of multicast streams using interface-determinative control plane inspection techniques that accord with one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an example operation of a customer premises equipment, an access node, and a broadband services router to perform pass-through admission control signaling according to the described techniques.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of an example access node to pass through upstream multicast join messages and filter downstream multicast join messages per the techniques of this disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example network system 2 in which an access node 6 locally elaborates multicast traffic received on a multicast virtual local area network (MVLAN) 18 to one or more customer premises equipment 18A-18B ("CPE 18") over respective customer VLANs (CVLANs) 20A-20B due to admission control signaling performed by access node 6 and broadband services router 12 ("BSR 12") in accordance with the described techniques. Broadband services router 12 is an edge router delivers services transported over core network 14 to authorized subscriber associated subscriber devices connected to BSR 12 via access network 10 and access node 6. Services delivered may include, for example, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Video on Demand (VoD) and/or IP television (IPTV), gaming and business services, Internet access, virtual private networking (VPN) services, and interactive multimedia. Broadband services router 12 provides subscriber management for subscribers associated with respective CPE 18, which may include accounting, authorization, and authentication (AAA) functionality performed internally or in conjunction with external servers (e.g., a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) (not shown). That is, BSR 12 comprises or otherwise access subscriber profiles that each determine multicast access to core network 14, class of service (CoS), allocated bandwidth, and other service properties for an associated subscriber.
Broadband services router 12 is a network layer device according to the OSI reference model and may alternatively be referred to as a service edge router. In some embodiments, BSR 12 may comprise a router that maintains routing information between CPE 18 and core network 14. Broadband services router 12 may comprise, for example, a Broadband Network Gateway (BNG) or a Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS) to aggregate traffic from multiple access nodes, including access node 6, for delivery to core network 4. In some embodiments, BSR 12 comprises a network access server (NAS).
Access node 6 of network system 2 aggregates layer two (L2) traffic for CPE 18 for delivery over access network 10 to BSR 12. Access node 6 may represent a multiservice access node (MSAN), such as a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) or an optical line terminal (OLT). In some embodiments, access node 6 represents a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) or an L2 switch, such as an Ethernet or Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switch. In still further embodiments, access node 6 comprises a wireless base station or wireless access point for a wireless content access network (IP-CAN), WiFi network, or WiMax network. Access network 10 supports an L2 protocol and may comprise, for example, an optical delivery network (ODN) or an ATM or Ethernet network.
Subscribers utilize CPE 18 to exchange L2 packets with access node 6 over, for example, a passive optical network (PON) such as a Gigabit PON (GPON) or Gigabit Ethernet PON (GEPON), one or more DSL lines, Ethernet over twisted pair, coaxial cables, power lines, a WiFi, 3G, WiMax, or other suitable wireless or wireline medium. Each of CPE 18 may comprise a DSL or cable modem, a wireless phone, a video conferencing device, a gaming console, an IP television or television set top box, for instance.
Each of CPE 18 may utilize the Point-to-Point protocol (PPP) to communicate with access node 6. Specifically, using PPP, one of CPE 18 requests access to core network 14 and provides user information, such as a username and password. PPP may be supported on digital subscriber lines (DSLs) that connect CPE 18 with access node 6. In other embodiments, CPE 18 may use a non-PPP protocol to communicate with access node 6. BSR 12 attaches CPE 18 upon authenticating each of CPE 18 using provided user information.
A network service provider or enterprise administrator that administers BSR 12 and access node 6 establishes a subscriber-dedicated one of CVLANs 20A-20B for CPE 18A-18B, respectively. Each of CVLANs 20 carry subscriber-specific unicast traffic to the respective CPE 18. For example, CVLAN 20A may carry VoIP traffic for CPE 18A that is not delivered to or otherwise accessible to CPE 18B. By establishing a CVLAN for each of the CPE, BSR 12 is able to manage bandwidth on a per-subscriber basis and perform subscriber-based call admission control for services.
Access node 6 is configured to include VLAN mapping information that maps L2 interfaces (e.g., Ethernet interfaces) to one of CVLANs 20 based on, for example, a Media Access Control (MAC) address for one of CPEs 18 or BSR 12, user information received during CPE attachment to BSR 12, or a static port-based VLAN configuration. Access node 6 forwards L2 frames (e.g., Ethernet frames) that carry a VLAN tag for one of the CVLANs to any other L2 interfaces of access node 6 mapped to the CVLAN. In some embodiments, access node 6 tags/strips VLAN tags of L2 frames exchanged between CPE 18 and BSR 12. For example, access node 6 may remove VLAN tags corresponding to CVLAN 20A from L2 frames received from BSR 12 prior to forwarding the L2 frames to CPE 18A. For each of CVLANs 20, access node 6 includes a respective CPE 18-facing and a BSR 12-facing interface. Access node 6 associates each CVLAN interface with an internal identifier, which may include an IP-address, a logical interface identifiers (e.g., "vlan. 0" or "vlan. 14"), a VLAN ID (e.g., "v10"), a physical interface (e.g., "ge-0/0/1"), or a combination of such identifiers.
In addition to subscriber-specific CVLANs 20, the network service provider or enterprise administrator configures access node 6 and BSR 12 to implement multicast VLAN 18 ("MVLAN 18"), a service VLAN (SVLAN) that carries services-related traffic, such as multicast streams associated with one or more multicast groups. Multicast streams may include, for example, video, audio, data, voice, or any combination thereof. BSR 12 tags services-related traffic, received from core network 14 and destined for either of CPE 18, with a VLAN tag for MVLAN 18 and forwards the traffic to access node 6 via access network 10. In some embodiments, communication between BSR 12, access node 6, and CPE 18 may be via Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Virtual Circuits (VCs), or a combination of ATM VCs and VLANs.
Access node 6 includes multicast filter information 8 ("multicast filter info. 8") that determines local elaboration of various multicast streams by the access node to CPE 18. Multicast filter information 8 include entries that each map a multicast group identifying a multicast stream to one or more CPE 18. On receiving multicast traffic on MVLAN 18, access node 6 identifies outbound interfaces for one or more of CPE 18 mapped to a multicast group for the multicast traffic in multicast filter information 8 and outputs the multicast traffic to each of the identified outbound interfaces. In this way, access node 6 replicates and forwards multicast traffic for various multicast groups to requesting CPE 18.
Access node 6 is a layer three (L3) aware or an L3 device that can intercept and interpret service signaling messages issued between CPEs 18 and BSR 12. Service signaling messages may include multicast service signaling messages, such as an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) multicast group membership request issued by one of CPE 18 or an IGMP group leave request. The term "issued," and variants thereof as used herein, refers to originating message content rather than merely sending, forwarding, returning, or hair-pinning message content, for example. In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, access node 6 intercepts upstream service request 16 issued on CVLAN 20B by CPE 18B and passes through, i.e., forwards without L3 inspection, service request 16 to BSR 12 on CVLAN 20B. In the example of FIG. 1, access node 6 does not intercept and snoop on upstream service request 16 as it flows from CPE 18B to BSR 12 but instead switches or routes the service request in normal fashion.
BSR 12 receives service request 16 forwarded by access node 6 and determines whether to authorize the service for CPE 18B. If CPE 18B is authorized to receive the requested content or otherwise join the specified multicast group, BSR 12 redirects service request 16 back downstream to access node 6. By returning service request 16 to access node 6 over CVLAN 20B, BSR 12 implicitly indicates authorization for CPE 18B to the access node for the requested service. In instances where the service request is an IGMP multicast group membership request, returning the service request to access node 6 indicates BSR 12 has authorized membership for CPE 18B in the requested multicast group. In instances where BSR 12 denies authorization, the BSR may simply drop the service request. In some embodiments, however, BSR 12 issues a service denied message to access node 6 in response to service request 16 to indicate that BSR 12 has affirmatively considered service request 16.
Access node 6 receives service request 16 from BSR 12 on a BSR 12-facing interface of the respective one of CVLANs 20 for the requesting CPE 18. In this case, even though the request is received on the BSR-facing interface, the L2 source address for the request may remain an L2 address of CPE device 18B, as when originally output by CPE 18B. Because service request 16 arrived on a BSR 12-facing interface, access node 6 does not merely forward the service request but instead snoops the service request to process service request information contained therein. Specifically, access node 6 determines the service requested and installs or modifies an entry within multicast filter information 8 to map an identifier for the CPE 18B-facing interface for CVLAN 20B to a multicast group identifier for the requested service, such as a multicast group address or a multicast source address-group address pair that includes a multicast source and multicast group address. The modified multicast filter information 8 directs access node 8, upon subsequently receiving service traffic associated with the requested service identified in service request 16 on MVLAN 18, to replicate and forward the service traffic to CPE 18B over CVLAN 20B. In some instances, access node 6 determines the service requested and installs or modifies an entry within multicast filter information 8 to map the L2 source address for CPE 18B, rather than the CPE 18B-facing interface for CVLAN 20B, to a multicast group identifier.
The described admission control techniques may circumvent the need for an explicit call admission control protocol implementation within CPEs 18, access node 6, and/or BSR 12 by instead basing admission control at access node 6 upon the specific interface at which a service request is received. The techniques may thus significantly reduce configuration complexity at access node 6 with minimal changes to the manner in which service request snooping and authorization is performed by access node 6 and BSR 12. This may permit reduced capital outlays for access nodes throughout a service provider or enterprise network. The techniques may also enable admission control signaling in instances where CPE 18 do not have admission control signaling capabilities, thereby extending subscriber manageability to additional network architectures that employ a CVLAN and MVLAN service delivery model.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example access node 6 and an example BSR 12 that control filtering of multicast streams using interface-determinative control plane inspection techniques that accord with one embodiment of the invention. Access node 6 may be, for example, a DSLAM, CMTS, or Ethernet bridge, as described above. Access node 6 includes interface cards 40A-40B ("IFCs 40"). Interface card 40A includes interfaces 41A1, 41A2 that send and receive, respectively, flows of ATM cells or Ethernet frames via communication links to CPE 18B. Interface card 40B includes interfaces 41B1, 41B2 that receive and send, respectively, flows of L2 communications (such as ATM cells or Ethernet frames) via communication links to BSR 12. In some embodiments, interfaces 41A1, 41A2 may be collectively implemented as a bidirectional interface and interfaces 41B1, 41B2 may also be collectively implemented as a bidirectional interface. In various embodiments, access node 6 may comprise more or fewer interface cards and respective interfaces.
Access node 6 is logically represented as being separated into a control plane 32 (i.e., the hardware and software components that provide an operating environment for communication with other network devices) and a data plane 42 (i.e., the hardware and software components handling data forwarding). Control unit 30 of access node 6 provides an operating environment for control plane 32 and data plane 42 components and may include one or more processors or controllers (not shown in FIG. 2) that execute software instructions, such as those used to define a software or computer program, stored to a tangible computer-readable medium (again, not shown in FIG. 2), such as a storage device (e.g., a disk drive, or an optical drive), or memory (such as Flash memory, random access memory or RAM) or any other type of volatile or non-volatile memory, that stores instructions to cause a programmable processor to perform the techniques described herein. Alternatively, or in addition, control unit 30 may comprise dedicated hardware, such as one or more integrated circuits, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Application Specific Special Processors (ASSPs), one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), or any combination of one or more of the foregoing examples of dedicated hardware.
Forwarding information 36 and filters 37 direct operation of packet forwarding unit 48 for handling inbound L2 communications received at IFCs 40. Specifically, packet forwarding unit 48 replicates and forwards L2 communications between interfaces of IFCs 40 in accordance with forwarding entries of forwarding information 36. In the illustrated embodiment, forwarding information 36 maps each of interfaces 41A, 41B to a CVLAN for CPE 18B. In this way, L2 communications received on an interface mapped to the CVLAN are forwarded to the other interfaces mapped to the CVLAN. In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, MAC or other L2 learning may be disabled on the CVLAN to enable BSR 12 to spoof CPE 18B in L2 communications without disrupting L2 forwarding by access node 6 with respect to the CVLAN. Because only two devices, BSR 12 and CPE 18B, are present on the CVLAN, disabling MAC address learning does not result in port mappings that are inconsistent with the CVLAN topology. Forwarding information 36 may comprise a MAC address table that includes a mapping of MAC addresses to interfaces 41 and/or to VLAN IDs that identify one or more VLANs mapped to interfaces 41.
In addition, packet forwarding unit 48 filters, in accordance with filters 37, a subset of L2 communications received at IFCs 40 to redirect the L2 communications to control plane 32 for processing by multicast filtering module 38. Although illustrated within control plane 32, control unit 30 may install forwarding information 36 and filters 37, or a subset of the forwarding entries and filters thereof, to packet forwarding unit 48. Packet forwarding unit 48 may comprise multiple packet-forwarding engines (PFEs), where each of the PFEs may have multiple processors and multiple physical interface cards, such as IFCs 40.
In accordance with the described techniques, an administrator or a software agent or thread configures forwarding information 36 via user interface 34 to include forwarding entries to cause packet forwarding unit 48 to forward multicast messages, e.g., IGMP host membership reports requesting membership in a multicast group associated with a requested multicast stream or IGMP leave group messages, to upstream BSR 12. In the illustrated example, a configured forwarding entry includes an identifier for inbound interface 41A2 of IFC 40A that receives L2 communications from CPE 18B and an identifier for outbound interface 41B2 that sends L2 communications to BSR 12.
In addition, an administrator or a software agent additionally configures filters 37 to include a filter to cause packet forwarding unit 48 to send multicast messages received from BSR 12 to control plane 32, specifically, to multicast filtering module 38. The included filter may identify inbound interface 41B1 and include information that identifies one or more L2 communications as including L3 multicast communications. For example, the included filter may cause packet forwarding unit 48 to filter (that is, send to control plane 32) L3 communications that have an L3 header with a protocol field that identifies IGMP as the next level protocol and that are encapsulated in an L2 packet received on interface 41B1, the BSR 12-facing interface for the CVLAN for CPE 18B.
Identifiers for interfaces 41A, 41B of IFCs 40 may comprise an interface name. In one example format, an interface name is represented by a physical part and a logical part in the following format: physical.logical. The physical part of the interface name identifies the physical device corresponding to a single physical network interface connector, or port. The physical part has the following format: type-card/pic/port, where type identifies the interface type such as SONET ("so") or GigE ("ge"), card refers to an index or other identifier of a PFE, pic refers to a physical interface card, i.e., one of IFCs 40, and port indexes a particular interface connection on the referenced physical interface card, such as interfaces 41A, 41B. According to one example, the interface name for interface 41B1 is ge-1/0/0.0.
In this example, CPE 18B issues multicast join message 50 to BSR 12 requesting membership in a multicast group. That is, multicast join message 50 may, for example, be an IGMP join message having a source MAC address of CPE 18B and a destination network address of a requested multicast group. Access node 6 receives multicast join message 50 at inbound interface 41A2 and forwards the message, in accordance with forwarding information 36, via outbound interface 41B2. Access node 6 need not, in contradistinction to conventional IGMP snooping schemes, snoop upstream multicast join message 50 and responsively modify multicast filter information 35 at this time to include CPE 18B as a recipient of multicast traffic associated with the multicast group identified in the join message. In some embodiments, access node 6 may execute IGMP in control unit 30 for processing IGMP messages once snooped.
Service request handler 56 of BSR 12 receives IGMP messages issued by CPE 18 that indicate a desire to join or leave multicast groups, i.e., to receive or stop receiving multicast streams. In the case of multicast join messages, service request handler 56 determines whether to authorize membership in a requested multicast group based on, for example, a service profile for the subscriber associated with the requesting CPE 18. Service request handler 56 requests service profiles for subscribers from AAA module 54 of BSR 12. AAA module 54 may comprise an AAA client that communicates with an AAA server, e.g., a RADIUS or Diameter server, to authenticate subscribers and obtain service profiles for subscribers or authorize subscribers for requested services. In some embodiments, AAA module 54 stores service profiles for associated subscribers.
Each service profile may include, for example, one or more Quality of Service (QoS) classes for packets originating from or destined for the associated CPE 18. A QoS class may define a bandwidth allocation and burst size to support a level of communication throughput for CPE 18 within that QoS class. Each service profile may also include a list of identifiers for authorized services for the associated subscriber. Identifiers for authorized services, in the multicast context, may include a multicast group identifier such as a multicast group address or a multicast source address-group address [i.e., (S,G) or (*,G)] pair. AAA module 54 may therefore authorize a multicast join message by identifying from the message the multicast group in which membership is requested and comparing the multicast group to the list of authorized services in the service profile for the subscriber associated with the requesting one of CPE 18.
In the illustrated embodiment, service handler 56 of BSR 12 receives IGMP join message 50 forwarded by access node 6 and, in conjunction with AAA module, authorizes the request for the subscriber associated with CPE 18B. In accordance with the described techniques, service request handler 56 returns upstream multicast join message 50 toward CPE 18B as downstream multicast join message 52. Multicast join messages 50, 52 are substantially similar including, for example, identical VLAN identifiers for CVLAN 20B and identical IGMP-related information within an encapsulated L3 packet. Multicast join message 50, 52 may in some instances also include identical MAC addresses (that is, the MAC address of CPE 18B). In this respect, BSR 12 spoofs CPE 18B by using the MAC address for CPE 18B as a source MAC address for multicast join message 52.
Upon receiving multicast join message 52 at interface 41B1, packet forwarding unit 48 inspects the message and, as directed by filters 37, determines the message is an IGMP message. Packet forwarding unit 48 therefore sends the message to multicast filtering module 38 ("MC filtering module 38") for analysis. In this way, access node 6 may have IGMP snooping enabled for only upstream-facing interfaces, and intercepts multicast join message 52 to analyze the IGMP-related information therein.
Multicast filtering module 38 analyzes the content of IGMP communications to build and modify multicast filter information 35, a cache table or other associative data structure having entries that each map a multicast group to interfaces for CPE that are receivers of multicast traffic associated with the multicast group. Multicast filter information 35 describes how received multicast packets, or more particularly the L2 frames or cells containing such multicast packets, should be replicated and forwarded to one or more of CPE 18. Multicast filter information 35 may be installed in whole or in part to packet forwarding unit 48.
Upon receiving multicast join message 52, multicast filtering module 38 identifies the multicast group in which membership is requested and additionally identifies the one of CVLANs 20 (that is, CVLAN 20B) on which the message was received by, for examining the VLAN tag of multicast join message 52. Multicast filtering module 38 adds or modifies an entry of multicast filter information 35 to specify that the CPE 18B-facing interface of CVLAN 20B is to receive multicast traffic for the identified multicast group for forwarding toward CPE 18B. Access node 6 does not forward the multicast join message 52 to CPE 18B. In some embodiments, multicast filtering module 38 maps an identifier for outbound interface 41A1, connected to CPE 18B, to an entry in multicast filter information 35 for the identified multicast group.
Because filters 37 cause packet forwarding unit 48 to filter only downstream IGMP communications to multicast filtering module 38, the IGMP communications analyzed by multicast filtering module 38 are assured a result of authorization/deauthorization or other call admission control operations of BSR 12 that is responsible for subscriber and network management. As a result, BSR 12 may ensure that a subscriber has a desired Quality of Experience (QoE) level by ensuring that adequate network resources are available for a requested service. This may allow the subscriber associated with CPE 18B to avoid, for example, VoD drops due to network congestion by other multicast streams.
As access node 6 receives multicast traffic from BSR 12, packet forwarding unit 48 replicates and forwards (i.e., elaborates) the multicast traffic as directed by multicast filter information 35 generated by multicast filtering module 38 in accordance with the described techniques. In one example, access node 6 receives multicast traffic on an MVLAN and replicates and forwards the multicast traffic to CPE 18B on a CVLAN for CPE 18B.
CPE 18B may also issue multicast leave messages, such as an IGMPv2 leave group message, to request to stop receiving multicast traffic for a specified multicast group. Forwarding information 36 is configured to direct packet forwarding unit 48 to forward multicast leave messages to BSR 12, which hair-pins the message to access node 6, where the returned message is substantially similar to the issued message. Packet forwarding unit 48, as directed by filters 37, filters downstream multicast leave messages to multicast filtering module 38, which removes CPE 18B from the multicast filter information 36 entries for the multicast groups specified in the multicast leave messages.
In some instances, BSR 12 may eliminate service to CPE 18B for a particular multicast stream due to, for example, network congestion or a change to the service profile for the subscriber associated with CPE 18B. In accordance with the techniques described, BSR 12 also maintains multicast group table 58, an associative data structure that maps MAC addresses for CPE served by BSR 12 to one or more multicast groups authorized for the CPE. To eliminate service to CPE 18B for a particular multicast stream, BSR 12 generates a multicast leave message that specifies the multicast group. In addition, BSR 12 may spoof CPE 18B by determining the MAC address for CPE 18B from group table 58 and setting the MAC address as the source MAC address for the generated multicast leave message. BSR 12 sends the multicast leave message toward CPE 18B, which is intercepted by access node 6 by operation of packet forwarding unit 48 applying filters 37. Multicast filtering module 38 determines the source MAC address from the multicast leave message and removes CPE 18B from the specified set, within multicast filter information 35, of subscriber devices that are recipients of the multicast group specified by the multicast leave message. Access node 6 therefore no longer elaborates multicast traffic associated with the multicast group to CPE 18B. In some embodiments, multicast group table 58 maps respective CVLAN or CVLAN interfaces, rather than MAC addresses, for CPE served by BSR 12 to one or more multicast groups authorized for the CPE.
In some embodiments, access node 6 and BSR 12 cooperate to reduce a number of IGMP messages between CPE 18B and BSR 12. In such embodiments, BSR 12 may generate and issue a multicast leave message toward CPE 18B, as described above, in response to denying authorization to a multicast join message issued by CPE 18B. In this case, the multicast leave message is analogous to a "NAK" message from BSR 12 toward CEP 18B. Access node 6 intercepts the multicast leave message according to the techniques described above and, in addition, multicast filtering module 38 modifies forwarding information 36 to direct packet forwarding unit 48 to drop additional multicast join messages from CPE 18B. As a result, access node 6 relieves BSR 12 of processing repeated IGMP messages from CPE 18B. Multicast filtering module 38 may restore forwarding information 36 to cause forwarding, rather than dropping, of IGMP messages after a set time.
In embodiments where BSR 12 generates and issues a multicast leave message toward CPE 18B in response to denying authorization to a multicast join message issued by CPE 18B, as described above, access node 6 may log forwarded upstream multicast join requests. If access node 6 does not receive a message from BSR 12 responsive to a logged upstream multicast join request after a set time, access node 6 may reissue the multicast join request to BSR 12. In this way, access node 6 operates as an IGMP proxy by resending IGMP messages on behalf of CPE 18B and improves scalability for BSR 12 by enabling responsiveness, from the perspective of CPE 18B, of each issued multicast join request even where BSR 12 may drop an initial multicast join request due to high processing load, for example. In some embodiments, access node 6 additionally monitors IGMP messages issued by CPE 18B and suppresses a number of IGMP messages that exceed a permissible rate. This technique may also improve the scalability of BSR 12 toward handling larger numbers of subscriber devices.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an example operation of CPE 18B, access node 6, and BSR 12 of FIG. 1 to perform pass-through admission control signaling. Customer premises equipment 18B issues a multicast join message, requesting membership in a multicast group, toward BSR 12 (100). Access node 6 receives the multicast join message on a CPE 18B-facing interface and passes the message through by forwarding the message to BSR 12 (102).
BSR 12 receives the multicast join message and determines whether to authorize the subscriber associated with CPE 18B for the multicast group requested in the multicast join message (104). For failed authorizations (NO branch of 106), BSR 12 drops the multicast join message (108). Upon authorizing the subscriber to receive multicast traffic associated with the requested multicast group (YES branch of 106), BSR 12 returns the multicast join message toward CPE 18B in substantially similar form as received by the BSR (110).
Access node 6 receives the returned multicast join message on a BSR 12-facing interface and, based on the receiving interface, access node 6 filters the message to redirect the message to the control plane for analysis as a snooped multicast join message (112). Upon identifying the multicast group specified in the multicast join message, access node 6 adds CPE 18B as a receiver for the multicast group (114). In one example, access node 6 adds CPE 18B as a receiver by mapping a CPE 18B-facing interface, such as the CPE 18B-facing interface of CVLAN 20B, to the multicast group address.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of access node 6 of FIG. 2 to pass-through upstream multicast join messages and filter downstream multicast join messages per the techniques of this disclosure. Access node 6 receives a multicast join interface at one of IFCs 40 (130), and packet forwarding unit 48, as directed by forwarding information 36, determines that the message include L3 multicast signaling information and further determines the receiving interface (132). If the multicast join message is received at a subscriber-facing interface (NO branch of 132), the multicast join message is directed upstream toward the upstream router and is forwarded thereto by packet forwarding unit 48 in accordance with forwarding information 36 without snooping (133). If, however, the multicast join message is received at an upstream router-facing interface (YES branch of 132), packet forwarding unit 48 snoops the received message by filtering the message to direct the message to multicast filtering module 38 of control plane 32 for analysis (134). Multicast filtering module 38 determines the subscriber-facing interface for the CVLAN on which the multicast join request was received by access node 6 (136). Multicast filtering module 38 then maps the subscriber-facing interface to the requested multicast group specified in the multicast join message in an entry in multicast filter information 35 and updates packet forwarding unit 48 with the modified filter information, e.g., by way of dynamically programming the updated filter information into forwarding information of the packet forwarding unit (138). At this time, multicast filtering module 35 may then drop the multicast join message so that the message is not re-forwarded, e.g., toward BSR 12.
Subsequently, access node 6 receives multicast traffic associated with the multicast group from the upstream router (140). Packet forwarding unit 48 uses the multicast group address within the multicast traffic as a lookup to multicast filter information 35, which maps the outbound interface to the multicast group address in a filter entry. Packet forwarding unit 48 therefore elaborates (i.e., replicates and forwards) the multicast traffic to the issuing/requesting subscriber device (142).
The techniques described in this disclosure may also be embodied or encoded in a computer-readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium or computer-readable storage medium, containing instructions. Instructions embedded or encoded in a computer-readable medium may cause a programmable processor, or other processor, to perform the method, e.g., when the instructions are executed. Computer readable storage media may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable read only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, a hard disk, a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a cassette, magnetic media, optical media, or other computer-readable storage media. It should be understood that the term "computer-readable storage media" refers to physical storage media, and not signals or carrier waves, although the term "computer-readable media" may include transient media such as signals, in addition to physical storage media.
controlling distribution of multicast data from the intermediate L2 device to the subscriber device in accordance with the snooped multicast signaling messages.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the multicast signaling messages each comprises an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) message.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the intermediate L2 device receives the multicast signaling messages on a customer virtual local area network (CVLAN) for the subscriber device.
wherein the network interface that connects the intermediate L2 device to the upstream services router comprises a logical interface of the CVLAN for the subscriber device.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein snooping the forwarded multicast signaling messages returned from the upstream router comprises filtering, by a data plane of the intermediate L2 device, the forwarded multicast signaling messages returned from the upstream router to a control plane of the intermediate L2 device for processing.
modifying, by the intermediate L2 device and based on the snooped multicast signaling messages, multicast filter information in a data plane of the intermediate L2 device to cause the data plane to distribute multicast data associated with the at least one multicast group to the subscriber device.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the multicast signaling messages each comprises a multicast join request issued by the subscriber device.
dropping the second multicast signaling message when the second multicast signaling message is received by the intermediate L2 device within a set time after receiving the first multicast signaling message.
one or more processors operably coupled to a memory, the one or more processors configured to execute a control plane to control distribution of multicast data from the intermediate L2 device to the subscriber device in accordance with the snooped multicast signaling messages.
10. The intermediate L2 device of claim 9, wherein the multicast signaling messages each comprises an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) message.
11. The intermediate L2 device of claim 9, wherein the intermediate L2 device receives the multicast signaling messages on a customer virtual local area network (CVLAN) for the subscriber device.
13. The intermediate L2 device of claim 9, wherein the processing circuitry snoops the forwarded multicast signaling messages returned from the upstream router by filtering the forwarded multicast signaling messages returned from the upstream router to the control plane for processing.
wherein the one or more processors are configured to modify, based on the snooped multicast signaling messages, multicast filter information in the packet forwarding unit to cause the processing circuitry to distribute multicast data associated with the at least one multicast group to the subscriber device.
15. The intermediate L2 device of claim 9, wherein the multicast signaling messages each comprises a multicast join request issued by the subscriber device.
control distribution of multicast data from the intermediate L2 device to the subscriber device in accordance with the snooped multicast signaling messages.
17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the multicast signaling messages each comprises an Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) message.
18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the intermediate L2 device receives the multicast signaling messages on a customer virtual local area network (CVLAN) for the subscriber device.
20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein to snoop the forwarded multicast signaling messages returned from the upstream router the instructions cause the one or more processors to filter, by a data plane of the intermediate L2 device, the forwarded multicast signaling messages returned from the upstream router to a control plane of the intermediate L2 device for processing.
Prosecution History from U.S. Appl. No. 12/976,130, dated Apr. 24, 2013 through May 9, 2014, 133 pp.
Prosecution History from U.S. Appl. No. 14/456,859, dated Sep. 15, 2015 through Mar. 13, 2017, 189 pp.
Wang et al., "IGMP Snooping: A VLAN-Based Multicast Protocol," 5th IEEE International Conference on High Speed networks and Multimedia communication, Jul. 3, 2002, 6 pp.


Located in the city of Merseyside, Liverpool a cultural center in the United Kingdom. Tourism is a significant part of the city's economy and visitors enjoy museums, nightlife, cuisine, shopping and more. Liverpool is also home to one of the most successful football teams, by the same name.
Opened in 1990, this attraction in Liverpool is dedicated to the legacy of the Beatles, featuring galleries, exhibits, and personal items from the group's storied career. The facility includes a Discovery Zone for kids.


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Reggae On The River 30th Anniversary celebrations July 31 August 1 - 3
What sets Reggae on the River® apart from so many other festivals is its tremendous heart.
This event arose in response to a need that a group of progressive, young pioneers saw in the 1970s for a community center, a cultural hub that would provide artful, educational and social services to their new home in rural, Southern Humboldt County.
Thirty years later, Reggae on the River® is still the primary fundraiser for the Mateel Community Center!
When you buy a ticket to Reggae and when you spend money in the concert bowl satisfying a craving on food or drinks, you are directly benefiting our local non-profits- our fire departments, our schools, our radio station, our environmental organizations.
Not only is your presence at Reggae a blessing to the land you dance upon and to all those you'll meet here, but you're supporting a rural community of people who are otherwise underserved and overlooked by government aid and support- just the way we like it!
And in honor of this rebel spirit, for our final pre-show newsletter we offer two tracks from the one and only Rod & The Ideals live at ROTR in 1991 - Marijuana Man and Life In The Hills. A homegrown Southern Humboldt talent, the music of Rod & The Ideals could easily be the soundtrack of the SoHum experience, so enjoy as you make your final preparations.
Haven't bought your tickets yet?
Do it now! Not later, or tomorrow, or maybe, or soon. Online ticket sales will close at 8am on Tuesday, July 29th so get yours before the cut off and come prepared- and tell your friends to do the same.
Need other info or tips? Visit the website one last time at reggaeontheriver.com to find all the pertinent info on directions, parking, camping, shuttles, stage schedules, artist bios and more.
All aboard for this spiritual journey!
May the forces of the universe be with you as you make your way to Reggae On The River®. All love, guidance and respect. See you on the River!
3-Day Main Event Pass
Offering the original Reggae On The River experience, this ticket admits one person to the 3 day main event (inclusive of camping).
It allows access to the festival grounds at 8am on Friday, August 1st, 2014 and a weekend worth of the best reggae and world music - August 1-3, 2014
4-Day Early Arrival Pass
With this ticket, you will be one of a limited number of people granted access to the festival grounds a day early on Thursday, July 31st, 2014.
In addition to earlier dibs on camping, you'll also be treated to an extra evening of epic early arrival entertainment including GAUDI feat. Michael Rose, Jahdan Blakkamoore and the Courtney John Project among others.
RV Parking Pass
ALL RV SPACES are by advance reservation only!
NO ROLL IN RVs will be allowed at the event without a sticker.
DO NOT bring an RV if you don't have a reservation!
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Promotions of Dances and Parties.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At the Callicoon Farmers' Market, you will find many farms in addition to food producers and artisans offering wine, hard cider, pasta, condiments, prepared foods, baked goods, ice cream, jam, honey, maple syrup, herbal tea blends, skin care products, pottery, woodwork and much more.
Callicoon is a 'producer only market' meaning all vendors either grow or produce their own goods and operate within 75 miles ensuring patrons are only purchasing the freshest, highest quality, locally produced goods. When you shop our farmers' market, you help support a local economy, keeping money within our towns and communities.


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Forum's publications
Leadership Groups Call on China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and United States to Jointly Reaffirm: "A Nuclear War Cannot Be Won and Must Never Be Fought"
Europeanleadershipnetwork.org | #PRESS
Representatives of the Euro-Atlantic Security Leadership Group (EASLG), the European Leadership Network (ELN), the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), and The Elders call on China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States to jointly reaffirm: "A nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought."
We welcome the leadership shown by President Biden and President Putin in their June 16 Joint Statement on Strategic Stability reaffirming the principle that "a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought." We are encouraged that President Putin and President Xi affirmed the same principle in their June 28 Joint Statement.
This principle is fundamental to ensuring predictability, reducing the risk of armed conflicts and the threat of nuclear war. It provides a foundation for progress to reduce existential common risks, including on the climate and global public health. It is especially important as new technologies reduce decision time for leaders. Such a principle is also at the core of the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) whose Preamble recognises "the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security of peoples."
The Permanent Five members of the United Nations Security Council have a particular responsibility to reduce the risks of nuclear war and uphold international peace and security, as the only nuclear weapons states recognised under the NPT.
We call on the P5 heads of government to jointly affirm this simple and powerful formula and provide a vital demonstration of leadership that would strengthen the NPT. We stand ready to support your efforts to move the world in a safer and more hopeful direction.
Euro-Atlantic Security Leadership Group (EASLG)
Des Browne, Vice Chair, Nuclear Threat Initiative; Chair of the Board of Trustees and Directors of the European Leadership Network; and former Secretary of State for Defence, United Kingdom
Ambassador (Botschafter) Professor Wolfgang Ischinger, Chairman (Vorsitzender), Munich Security Conference Foundation, Germany
Igor Ivanov, President of the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC); and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Russia
Ernest J. Moniz, Co-Chair and CEO, Nuclear Threat Initiative; and former U.S. Secretary of Energy, United States
Sam Nunn, Co-Chair, Nuclear Threat Initiative; and former U.S. Senator, United States
European Leadership Network (ELN)
Sir Adam Thomson, Director, European Leadership Network, United Kingdom
Asia-Pacific Leadership Network (APLN)
Gareth Evans, Chair, Asia-Pacific Leadership Network; and Former Foreign Minister, Australia
Shata Shetty, Executive Director, Asia-Pacific Leadership Network, Australia
Mary Robinson, Chair, The Elders; former President, Ireland
Source: Europeanleadershipnetwork.org
Russia and the United States showed that, even during periods of increased tension, they are capable of mitigating the risks of military conflicts and the threat of nuclear war The Geneva meeting between Russian President Vladimir Putin and US President Joe Biden had several dimensions.
Rossijskaya Gazeta, Igor Ivanov | #PRESS
Statement by the Euro-Atlantic Security Leadership Group (EASLG): Advancing strategic stability in the Euro-Atlantic region, 2021 and beyond
Today, there is a growing risk of—and a potentially catastrophic inattention to—a security crisis involving an escalation or miscalculation leading to nuclear use. Beginning next weekend at the G7 summit and proceeding through next week's NATO, US-EU, and US-Russia summit meetings, leaders will have a rare opportunity to advance multilateral dialogue, principles and practical steps to improve mutual security at a precarious moment
High-Level Group Issues Appeal to Biden and Putin to Reduce Nuclear Weapons Dangers
High-Level Group Issues Appeal to Biden and Putin to Reduce Nuclear Weapons Dangers Call for Results-Oriented Dialogue to Rediscover the Road to a World Free of Nuclear Weapons (Washington and Moscow)—In advance of the first summit between Presidents Vladimir Putin and Joseph R. Biden in Geneva on June 16, a group of American and Russian organizations, international nuclear policy experts, and former senior officials have issued an appeal to the two Presidents. It calls upon them, in their discussions on strategic stability, to take meaningful steps to reduce the risk of nuclear war and make further progress on nuclear arms control
Pugwash.org | #PRESS


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Delta 8 Vs Delta 9 Effects
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Whether you are looking for a narcotic that can treat addiction or you are interested in the legality of Delta 8 or Delta 9, it is important that you consider the side effects before using it. These side effects may include nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and dizziness.
Compared to delta 8, delta 9 THC has more medical benefits. It is one of the most well studied compounds in the cannabis world. Delta 9 THC has been used to treat epilepsy, and it may be a promising anti-seizure component of cannabis. However, it is illegal in several states, and the only way to get it is to buy from a state-licensed marijuana retailer.
Delta 9 THC is a strong psychoactive ingredient. It can create strong effects like euphoria, talkativeness, and impaired motor skills. It can also control vomiting and nausea.
Delta 9 is more potent than delta 8. It has been used to treat multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. However, it has more side effects than delta 8. It can also increase anxiety and make you feel paranoid.
Delta 8 THC is considered a less powerful cannabinoid than delta 9. It is derived from the hemp-derived cannabis Sativa plant. It can be consumed as flower, vape, or tincture.
Delta 8 is legal on a federal level. However, it is illegal in several states, especially when it comes to sale and distribution. Delta 9 has not been studied as much, so the effects of delta 8 may differ from delta 9.
Delta 8 is also considered to be the stronger appetite stimulant. It can be used in tincture or gummies. Delta 8 THC is also effective as an adjunct treatment to conventional cancer treatments. It can also help relieve chronic pain by topical application.
Whether you are trying to decide which cannabinoid to buy, it is important to know the side effects of delta 8 vs delta 9. Each of these cannabinoids has a different effect on your body. It is important to experiment with both to learn what works best for you.
Delta-8 THC and delta 9 THC both have similar molecular structures. They both have a double carbon bond on the eighth chain.
Delta-8 THC is less psychoactive than delta-9 THC. It is known for its relaxing and uplifting effects. However, it also produces a mild high that is not as potent as delta 9.
Delta 9 THC is considered safer than delta 8. Its effects are similar to delta 8, but it also has a stronger psychoactive nature.
Delta 9 THC is often used for medical purposes, but it is also considered to be a recreational substance. It is more likely to have adverse side effects than delta 8. It can cause nausea, dizziness, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration.
Delta 8 THC has the same number of atoms as delta 9. visit these guys It is also more likely to be well tolerated in most people. However, it may interact with some medications. It is also known to be effective as an adjunct treatment for conventional cancer treatments.
Despite the fact that delta-9 THC is legally available in a handful of states, delta-8 THC has become a popular alternative. The legality of delta 8 vs delta 9 is a hot topic for the cannabis community.
Delta-8 is a chemically modified hemp derivative that offers a psychoactive high and is also a legal alternative to delta-9 THC. The substance is extracted from hemp and has the ability to give users a mellow high without anxiety.
Delta-8 is not a controlled substance under state law, and can be obtained legally through legal retailers. However, there have been reports that some retailers are selling unlicensed products. It is important to note that the legality of delta-8 vs delta 9 is a matter of policy, and not legislation.
The Federal Farm Bill of 2018 legalized hemp production and derived compounds, including delta-8. It also legalized products containing less than 0.3% delta-9 THC.
The Delta-8 and delta-9 THC are both cannabinoids, but delta-9 is more widely known than delta-8. Delta-9 THC is used for medical purposes and is available in a handful of states. Delta-8 THC is less well known and has been under scrutiny for its legality and effectiveness.
The United States has been quite covert in its handling of delta-8. There are a number of states where delta-8 has been regulated and/or banned, including Colorado, Kentucky, and Washington. In addition, the state of Connecticut has regulated delta-8 under existing marijuana laws.
Methods to Prepare for Your enterprise Annual General Meetings Nowe Lokalne Kasyna Sieciowy


Response papers: Post a short response to each week's readings to the discussion board on Blackboard. Briefly state the authors' main arguments and the evidence that they use. Examine the use of sources, methodology, and theory. Provide your own assessment or critique of the readings (20 pts ea.).
Hispanic Heritage Month: Attend one of the events from Hispanic Heritage Month and report back on it to class. Write up a brief evaluation of the event, and post it to the discussion board on Blackboard (40 pts).
Many Mexicos: As part of Hispanic Heritage Month, our class will present a multi-media examination of the diversity that is Mexico. Many people in the United States know little about Mexico, and the images that they have often do not extend beyond negative stereotypes of drug traffickers and "illegal aliens." Mexico, however, is an incredibly diverse country, with long, rich, and varied historical and cultural traditions. From the peninsula of Baja California, through the depths of the Copper Canyon and the heights of Popocatepetl, to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the limestone plains of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico's geography varies broadly. Much more than a mestizo country, Mexico is also Indigenous, Africa, Asian, European. Even this, however, understates Mexico's diversity because it is home to dozens of widely divergent Indigenous peoples, from the Raramuri and Yaqui in the north to Mixtec, Zapotec, and Maya in the south. In addition to Spanish colonial influences, Mexico has also been strongly influenced by French and United States interventions. The class will research these "Many Mexicos" and present them through words, images, and sound to the Truman campus on Wednesday, October 15, at 7pm.
Research paper: Each student is required to write a research paper on a topic related to Mexican history. The paper must be 10 to 15 pages long, be typed, double spaced, and include page numbers, citations and a bibliography. The format should follow Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations. In addition, you must use a minimum of six scholarly sources (books and journal articles) and one primary source. This project will be developed in a series of stages. Keep each of these assignments in a portfolio or folder, and hand in the entire portfolio with each subsequent assignment. Meeting all of these deadlines is a requirement to receive credit for the research paper.
Sept 16: Research paper proposal, including a paragraph describing your project, the research questions you seek to address with the project, a hypothesis of what you expect to find (the thesis statement of your research paper), and a preliminary bibliography of sources that you plan to use (50 pts).
Sept 30: Analyze one of the major secondary sources you will use in the writing of your research paper. This paper should be typed, double-spaced, about 3 pages long, and include citations a bibliography, and page numbers (75 pts).
Oct 21: Select a primary source from the Latin American history microfilm collection (http://library.truman.edu/microforms/subject_list.htm#Latin%20American%20History). Try to find something that relates as closely as possible to your research topic. Have me approve the source, and then write a paper (typed, double-spaced, about 3 pages, with citations, bibliography, page numbers) analyzing the document and its historical significance for your research topic. Attach a copy of the document to the essay (75 pts).
Nov 20: Peer review of research papers. Bring a draft of your research paper to exchange with another student. Read and comment on the other student's paper and return by the next class period.
Dec 4: Final research paper due. When handing in your final draft, please be sure to include copies of all of the previous assignments including the peer-reviewed draft.
Final exam: The final exam is cumulative (100 pts).
Thursday, Sept 11: Meet in the library classroom, Pickler 103.
Final Exam:	Tuesday, December 9, 11:30-1:20 p.m.


Welcome to the first I Heart Guitar Theme Week. In the future these will occur in the first week of the month any month when I can think of a theme, but I'm feeling all inspired post-NAMM so I'm going to start now, while I've got my Google on.
First up is my very own Ibanez Talman TC825, named Candy. You can see the full specs in this Ibanez catalog from 1997. This sparkly beauty was a Christmas present from Mrs I Heart Guitar in 2005. After I almost lost my mind over its magnificence at Music Swop Shop in the Melbourne suburb of Carlton, she asked me a few questions about it, then told me she'd like to buy it for herself so I could teach her to play guitar. But it was all a ruse! I was carrying the guitar out of the store for her when she said "You'd better let me carry that …I can't make you carry your own Christmas present." This is just one of the many many reasons I'm totally in love.
This particular Talman was produced in Japan at the same Fujigen factory as Jems, high-end RGs, Joe Satriani JS models and other cool stuff like that. It has two Ibanez Super 58 pickups, 5-way switching (there are single coil and parallel options in addition to the standard humbucker selections) and, coolest of all, a Bigsby tailpiece. The body is alder and the sparkles are magnificent. This guitar is great for edgy overdrive and retro tones, and you can hear it on the song 'Mistral' on my myspace.
The Talman name lives on in Ibanez's catalog in the form of various acoustic guitars, but this particular design, sadly, does not. If you can find a used one in good condition, they're great little players with lots of character.
Check back tomorrow for another sparkly guitar!
CLICK HERE to see Ibanez Talman guitars on eBay.


text:
using System;
using System.ComponentModel;

namespace Mts.Common.Tmx.Parser
{
    /// <summary>
    /// The TmxText node represents a simple piece of text from the document.
    /// </summary>
    public class TmxText : TmxNode
    {
        private string text;

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the TmxText class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="text">Specifies a html text.</param>
        public TmxText(string text)
        {
            this.text = text;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the text associated with this node.
        /// </summary>
        public string Text
        {
            get
            {
                return this.text;
            }

            set
            {
                this.text = value;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// This will return the HTML to represent this text object.
        /// </summary>
        public override string HTML
        {
            get
            {
                if (this.NoEscaping)
                {
                    return this.Text;
                }
                else
                {
                    return this.Text;
                }
            }
        }

        internal bool NoEscaping
        {
            get
            {
                if (this.Parent == null)
                {
                    return false;
                }
                else
                {
                    return ((TmxElement)this.Parent).NoEscaping;
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// This will return the text for outputting inside an HTML document.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>Return a string.</returns>
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return this.Text;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Judge OKs motion to limit pretrial media in…
Judge OKs motion to limit pretrial media in Devlin Palaza case
Devlin Palaza
By Carie Canterbury | canterburyc@canoncitydailyrecord.com and The Daily Record | Canon City Daily Record
PUBLISHED: February 12, 2016 at 5:36 p.m. | UPDATED: April 15, 2019 at 4:29 a.m.
District Judge Ramsey Lama on Friday granted a motion to limit pretrial media in the case of a man who is suspected of shooting at Fremont County law enforcement during two incidents in December.
The motion was filed in January by the defense for Devlin Palaza, 43. Lama said the ruling limits what information in the case can be disseminated but does not limit the public and media from being present in the courtroom during hearings.
Palaza is charged with three counts of attempted second-degree murder, two counts of weapons possession by previous offender, two counts of being a habitual criminal, eluding, vehicular eluding and violation of bail bond conditions.
No one was injured during the alleged incidents, and law enforcement did not shoot at the suspect, officials said.
At about 11 p.m. Dec. 20, deputies assisted the Cañon City Police Department with a traffic stop near Reynolds Avenue and U.S. 50. A gray Volkswagen Jetta without license plates did not stop for law enforcement, FCSO states.
The Jetta left town by driving west on U.S. 50, officials said, and deputies continued to pursue it.
"While in pursuit, occupant(s) of the suspect vehicle fired shots at deputies," the media release stated. "Deputies pursued the suspect vehicle North on Highway 9 into Teller County. Inside Teller County, deputies lost the suspect vehicle."
On Dec. 21 after an investigation, the Fremont Investigations Unit determined Palaza was the Jetta's driver, FCSO said. The same day, FCSO attempted to pull over the suspect, who was driving into Penrose, officials said.
"The vehicle eluded detectives and the sole occupant of the vehicle began firing shots at detectives," the media release states. "After a pursuit, the vehicle came to a stop in the 600 block of Q Street in Penrose, where the driver exited the vehicle and ran east bound on foot. Officers caught the suspect a short distance away from the vehicle."
Palaza has five other open criminal cases, where he is being charged with a variety of crimes, including assault and burglary. He is set to appear in court at 1 p.m. March 17 for a preliminary hearing.
Sarah Rose contributed to this report.
Carie Canterbury: 719-276-7643, canterburyc@canoncitydailyrecord.com


Do you think you could talk to Helge about that?
The sat down behind his desk.
I'm pretty sure Louis's competent.
Ron and Lila sat next to each other on the train.
Wolf put his things in his briefcase.
Sunil speaks French well, though not perfectly.
Rahul wouldn't let Matthew kiss her.
Triantaphyllos and Dawn didn't like each other at first. However, they eventually became good friends.
Kaj searched the kitchen drawers.
Claire wanted to know where Wes worked.
Nathan was interested in what Dan might have to say.
Andy and Ethan have been happily married for thirteen years.
Roderick finally admitted he needed help and checked himself into detox.
Hubert is a salesman, too.
Maarten was unwilling to go by himself.
What will you tell Wendy?
Louie said he'd find her.
Jock can't really see anything from where he is.
I wanted to add Saify as a friend on Facebook.
Edmund is a much better swimmer than I am.
Tal had a clear conscience.
Matthias drank too much at the party last night.
Leonard and I used to go to a lot of concerts.
Ning looked through the peephole.
Emil was surprised when he saw Anna in Boston.
This was in Becky's locker.


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This community is to collect the published works from the Open Science MOOC.
New content will be integrated regularly in the form of new releases from the GitHub project page.
Module 5: Open Research Software and Open Source.


The Survey Monkey has left the building! We have officially closed down our virtual focus group and access to Answerables v.1. Thanks to everyone who took the time to go in and check things out. At this stage in the game there is no such thing as 'negative feedback'—every little bit helps! As promised, the draw has been drawn, and we're happy to announce the winners of the Kobo Arc (a brother and sister dynamic duo) are Griff and Maud Saunders from Toronto. Congrats, guys! Of course, we wish we could Arc-ify ALL our awesome participants, but we've gotta keep pinching those pennies (make that nickels) for now.
So it's time for us to head back up to STEMlab and tinker, tinker, tinker—.and as famous Canadian rockers BTO once said, 'You ain't seen nothin' yet!' When we emerge with v.2 in a few weeks, Answerables will be fully integrated with what we here at NXHQ proudly call our 'secret sauce'- the Dashboard. Our users will have access to a horn o' plenty of educational online resources and collaborative tools housed in a personalized virtual hang out space where they can explore and create on their own, and then share and invite others to join the party! It is really gonna be ALL THAT!
Keep checking back and we'll keep you fully looped in!
The holidays are fast approaching. Good times to cuddle up by a roaring fireplace and play a board game" Nexed-style!
Today we'd like to highlight 4 games and interactivities that we are currently auditioning for the up and coming Answerables Arcadium-Â our 21st century version of the old-school arcades that so many of us remember from days of misspent youth! We've revved up the academia a little since the days of PacMan and Centipede, but the cool factor hasn't changed a bit!


text:
Alan Colmes, liberal voice on Fox, dead at 66
New York — Alan Colmes, the radio and television host and commentator best known as the amiable liberal foil to the hard-right Sean Hannity on the Fox News Channel, has died.
Fox spokeswoman Dana Klinghoffer confirmed his death Thursday. Fox also aired a tribute to Colmes, narrated by Hannity, and a statement from his family saying that he died Thursday morning after "a brief illness." Colmes was 66 and is survived by his wife, Jocelyn Elise Crowley, the sister of longtime Fox contributor Monica Crowley. In a statement issued through Fox, Hannity called Colmes "one of life's most decent, kind and wonderful people."
Colmes was a New York City native and Hofstra University graduate who worked for years in radio, notably on WABC and WNBC, and standup comedy before joining Fox in 1996. That same year he and the conservative Hannity began a 12-year run as co-hosts of the popular "Hannity & Colmes" program, which brought Colmes both fame and ridicule.
Admittedly a minority voice on the conservative channel, Colmes was often mocked as too nice and easily overshadowed by the ever-aggressive Hannity. The liberal media watchdog Fairness and Accuracy in Media likened him to the hapless Washington Generals, the dependable losers to basketball's Harlem Globetrotters. Al Franken, in his best-selling "Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them," imagined Colmes earning his salary by "adding toner to the copiers and printers, loofah-ing Roger Ailes in his personal steam room, and ordering Chinese food for editors working on misleading video packages."
Colmes was aware of the criticism, but said that getting mean was not his style.
"People say to me, 'Why don't you fight fire with fire?'" he told The Associated Press in 2003. "You fight fire with water, not fire."
Colmes continued to appear as a commentator on Fox after his show with Hannity ended. He also was an author, his books including "Thank the Liberals" and "Red, White & Liberal."


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In Batesville, Arkansas, a civil deposition is a part of the discovery process in civil litigation.
"Discovery" is a process that occurs before a trial in Batesville, Arkansas. During the discovery process, both sides are required to make relevant information available to each other.
One way to get this information in Batesville, Arkansas is to conduct a deposition. A deposition, at its core, is a fairly simple process. A deposition is a question and answer session conducted outside the courtroom. Normally, it takes place in the office space of an attorney representing one of the parties. There are a few people who are almost always present at the deposition: there's the person being deposed, the lawyer who is going to be asking the questions, a lawyer representing the other side of the lawsuit, who can object to any questions being asked (a judge can rule on the objections later), and a court reporter or video recorder, to ensure that the testimony ends up on the record.
Depositions in Batesville, Arkansas serve a very important purpose: getting testimony on the record, and admitted as evidence, when there is some reason to suspect that the witness won't be able to appear in court during trial, because of health, potential incarceration, or any other reason.
It should not be any surprise, then, that civil depositions in Batesville, Arkansas can go on for a very long time. If you are called to appear in a deposition in Batesville, Arkansas, this can be a massive headache.
To mitigate this, the law of Batesville, Arkansas normally entitles people being deposed to reimbursement. They can be compensated for travel expenses, lodging, and a can be given a small amount of money simply for their time. However, this is meant to be reimbursement for the time and expense incurred in attending a deposition, and it is most definitely not payment for the witness to give testimony that's beneficial to one side or the other.
Remember, when you give a deposition in Batesville, Arkansas, you're under oath. This means that you are under an absolute obligation to tell the truth. If you deliberately lie while under oath, you are committing perjury. Perjury is a serious crime, and can be punished by fines and imprisonment.
How Can A Batesville, Arkansas Lawyer Help?
If you are the plaintiff or defendant in a lawsuit, you almost certainly already have a Batesville, Arkansas lawyer. If either party to the lawsuit calls you for a deposition, your lawyer will have plenty of advice for you. You should, of course, follow that advice to the letter.
If you are not directly immersed in the lawsuit, you might still have to appear at a deposition, if you have information that's relevant to the case in Batesville, Arkansas. You probably don't need to hire a lawyer in that case, but it might be a good idea to at least get a consultation from one.