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Agate Fossil Beds National Monument - What to See and Do
March 26, 2019 Peter Brahan
Sitting in western Nebraska, miles from any city (let alone gas station), is Agate Fossil Beds National Monument. This small and unassuming site is home to a surprising discovery that was made by the first settlers in the 1890s-mammal fossils from the Miocene Age.
In an average year, just 15,000 visitors make their way to this remote part of Nebraska. When we visited in 2017, our family of five represented a little over 12% of their daily visitors! However, what started off as an unplanned stop while traveling from Wind Cave National Park on our way to Denver ended up being a great find for our family. The extremely friendly staff were very helpful and went out of their way to make sure we had a great visit.
If you are planning a trip to the area, make sure you take an hour or so and visit Agate Fossil Beds National Monument!
FINDING FOSSILS IN NEBRASKA
James H. Cook had an unlikely path on his way to finding fossils in Nebraska. Given up for foster care when he was two to a Quaker family, he started working at the age of 12. After first attempting to work on boats on the Great Lakes, James then found his way to Kansas and worked for a number of ranchers.
When he was 19, James moved to Montana and worked as a trapper and as a hunting guide in Wyoming. After he married his wife Kate, he settled in Nebraska after purchasing a piece of land from his father-in-law and named it the Agate Springs Ranch.
Between ranching and raising a family, James also spent time exploring the land that he owned along the Niobara River. The first fossils discovered were strange corkscrew looking fossils, which were Paleocastor burrows and were dubbed "Devil's corkscrews." These strange looking formations from between 5 million and 23 million years ago were underground tunnels built by prehistoric beavers and were naturally preserved with sediment different than the rock around it.
The Paleocaster burrows were found near two hills that are now known as University Hill and Carnegie Hill. These two hills were the site of the main excavation that took place in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Over several years, dozens of mammal fossils were uncovered, including the Beardog (a small, coyote-sized animal), a Dinohyus, Stenomylus, Morphus and Menoceras. You can read more about these strange creatures on the mammal fossil page on the Agate Fossil Beds National Monument site.
AGATE FOSSIL BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT VISITOR CENTER
Without a doubt, visiting the Agate Fossil Beds National Monument Visitor Center is a must. With helpful rangers, fossils recreated into mounted skeletons, in-depth information in the area and the James H. Cook collection of Native American artifacts, there is plenty to keep you here for at least 30 minutes, if not more. You'll also find a 12- minute video that provides an overview of the land and how it came to be.
The James H. Cook collection takes up a good portion of the visitor center. During his family's stay in Nebraska (which lasted several decades), James Cook befriended Red Cloud, who was the chief of the Ogala Lakota tribe. Over a friendship that lasted approximately 35 years, Red Cloud visited with his tribe members frequently and camped with tribe members in their yard. Visitors would often swap Indian artifacts for beef cattle, and over time this built up into quite a special collection. This collection (which includes photographs, leather clothing, moccasins, decorated war clubs and much more) is on display in a special room. Out of respect, the National Park Service asks that voices are kept to a whisper inside this area.
For the kids, in addition to the mammal fossils (which they will undoubtedly refer to as "dinosaurs" after you leave the site!), there is a junior ranger program that our kids enjoyed working through.
We have to point out that the what made our visit special was the staff. With so few people coming to this part of the U.S. and with a team of people that are obviously passionate about their work and the site, they do everything possible to make sure you have all your questions answered and end up having a great experience. Not only did they answer our questions, they also went out of their way to make sure we saw what we could in the short time we were there.
The visitor center also has a water filling station and restrooms.
AGATE FOSSIL BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT HIKING
Hiking may not be something that you naturally think of when in Nebraska, but there a two short hikes in Agate Fossil Beds National Monument that are worth exploring:
The Agate Fossil Beds Trail is the most popular trail in the park. The trail starts right from the visitor center. It is an easy 2.7-mile round trip hike with approximately 170 feet total elevation gain. The paved trail is very well maintained, is paved and offers seating areas along the way. After starting off flat, the trail then ascends slowly as it approaches the former dig sites. Eventually, the trail takes hikers to the top of both Carnegie and University Hills. From here, there are incredible views of the Nebraska Prairie.
The Daemonelix Trail is an easy 1.0-mile hike and has an elevation gain of just 137 feet. The trailhead starts at the intersection of River Road (the main road into the site) and Nebraska Highway 29. This trail has a slow incline as well, before looping around to allow you to see glass encased fossils Paleocaster burrows (see above). While not offering the same view as the Agate Fossil Beds Trail, some find the addition of fossils makes this trail more interesting.
The trails are very well marked, but maps of the property are available inside the visitor center if you'd like to look into the trails ahead of the visit.
Be advised that both trails are exposed the entire way, so be prepared with bug spray and sunscreen. Also, while rare, it's possible that you could see a rattlesnake along the trail. Keep your eye out and children on the trails.
WHERE TO STAY IN AND AROUND AGATE FOSSIL BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT
Agate Fossil Beds National Monument Lodging: There is no lodging inside of Agate Fossil Beds National Monument.
Lodging near of Agate Fossil Beds National Monument: The closest place to stay is 25 miles to the north in the town of Harrison, NE.
Agate Fossil Beds National Monument Camping: There is no camping inside of the monument. However, about 1.5 miles to the east is camping for tents and RVs at the Pavement Ends Campground. This place is great for viewing the night sky without the obstruction of light or pollution. There is camping in Mitchell, NE, which is about 30 minutes to the south. To the north, camping is available just outside of Harrison. For additional details, check out the camping resource on the Agate Fossil Beds site.
HOW TO GET TO AGATE FOSSIL BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT
The closest airport with a major carrier is in Scottsbluff, NE, just about 50 miles to the south. Another good option is Rapid City, SD, as quite a few more carriers fly into here. Rapid City is about 171 miles away to the north.
Directions from Scottsbluff, NE to Agate Fossil Beds National Monument
Directions from Rapid City, SD to Agate Fossil Beds National Monument
AGATE FOSSIL BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT WEATHER
Weather in western Nebraska can be very hot in the summertime and cold and windy in the winter. Be prepared by bringing plenty of protection against the sun in particular if traveling here in the summer.
FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE SURROUNDING AREA FROM JUST GO TRAVEL STUDIOS
To the north are several National Parks. Check out our information on Badlands National Park, Wind Cave National Park and the "little Yellowstone," Custer State Park.
Right in Nebraska is another great site that we covered in our blog, What to See and Do in Scotts Bluff National Monument.
We'd love to work with you to take one of your photos and turn them into one of our unique, custom, vintage-style travel posters. We've even created a poster for Agate Fossil Beds National Monument! Give us a chance and we'll be sure to impress you!
If you are contemplating a trip to Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, make sure you make the trip. Even if it is out of your way, you won't be disappointed!


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package org.conqat.engine.blocklib.trends;

import java.sql.Connection;

import org.conqat.engine.commons.util.ConQATInputProcessorBase;
import org.conqat.engine.core.core.AConQATProcessor;

/**
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Expect the best, plan for the worst and prepare to be surprised.
Although I have managed numerous types and sizes of projects over the last 30 years I am constantly flabbergasted by the fact that no two practitioners ever seem to agree what constitutes the most important aspects of "Project Management".
How can you develop a group skills in project management when you don't have a common understanding of what you mean by the term? How can you select a training course or a business simulation game in project management when you don't exactly know what you are looking for?
To help with this recurring problem we have developed a broad but simple model of project management consisting of 12 different potential disciplines each of which could be considered an important aspect of it. Some people when they talk about Project Management are only referring to 1 or 2 of these 12 aspects. Others may be looking at a much broader picture. Next time you are talking about "Project Management" with a colleague in L & D spend a few minutes agreeing which of the 12 disciplines you need to focus on most in that particular instance ?
THIS MODEL IS EXPLAINED IN DETAIL IN OUR BOOK - A SYSTEMATIC GUIDE TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT - WITH DEDICATED SECTION FOR EACH OF THE TWELVE DISCIPLINES.
Sponsors authorise and invest in the project on behalf of the organization.
Stakeholders have an interest in the project and are vital to its success.
Influencers are those in the user community who are influential and well-connected.
End Users are those whose work will be impacted by the project.
Core Team are those whose work on project is controlled by project manager.
Partners are those whose help the project manager may need on the project but cannot control.
1. Sponsor Communications: Keeping the sponsor / steering group up-to-date on project status.
2. Stakeholder Engagement: Influencing the stakeholders to win their visible support for project.
3. Word of Mouth Cultivation: Creating positive view of the project with those users who can help accelerate its adoption within their community.
4. User Adoption Management: Developing and executing strategies to move the user community up the adoption ladder through the agreed stages.
5. Team Management & Development: Creating and managing a high performing project team and looking after the well-being and development of its team members.
6. Partner Engagement: Developing strong collaborative relationships with key external parties needed for successful project delivery.
7. Business Planning: Developing a realistic Project Business Case with Cost Benefits, Return on Investment and needed CAPEX/OPEX expenditure.
8. Benefits Realisation: Tracking the delivery of financial and non-financial benefits from the project throughout the full project user lifetime.
9. Execution & Tracking: Managing the execution of the tasks needed to deliver the project and tracking their effectiveness and making the necessary corrections.
10. Technical Management: Managing the technical/specialist aspects specific to the nature of the particular project such as technology or design.
11. Planning & Scheduling: Identifying the key project phases, tasks, deliverables, outcomes, sequences, work content and timelines.
12. Team Work Allocation: Assigning the right people in the team to the risk tasks at the right time and tracking results and adjusting as required.
Project Management Simulations and Blended Learning.
In my experience no single business simulation/game can do justice to all 12 aspects of the model. This is why you really need to decide what the most important aspects of "Project Management" are for each particular situation.
Even if a simulation covered all 12 topics it would probably be quite a 1-dimensional learning experience so what I recommend, consistent with best practices in Blended Learning, is to pick a simulation which covers the highest priority project management topics and to complement it to address the other topics using role-plays and off-sim exercises.
If your focus is mostly on the Team column of the model you might consider simulations like CREW or CHAPTER or FUSION.
If your focus is mostly on the User column of the model you might consider project simulations like SPREAD.
If your focus is mostly on the Business column of the model you might consider simulations like PLAY-IT or COHORT.
Interested in our Project Management Simulations?
Making and Managing Commitments: The most important team leadership skill?
Top leaders have 3 interlocking Early Warning Systems - What about you?


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Intervals of clouds and sunshine. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. High 92F. Winds SW at 10 to 15 mph..
Britton Jr.
Georgetown man arrested following shooting in Sampit community that injured one
A Georgetown man has been charged with attempted murder following a shooting that left one person injured on Wednesday.
David Britton Jr., 50, is being held at the Georgetown County jail pending a bond hearing, according to the Sheriff's Office.
The shooting happened before noon Wednesday in the Sampit community. The Sheriff's Office said the incident occurred near Columbus Road and Bertie Lane. One man, whose name has not been released, was taken to a hospital for treatment. Reports said he was shot in the lower back.
Britton is also charged with possession of a deadly weapon during a violent crime, and possession with intent to distribute marijuana.
The Horry-Georgetown Drug Enforcement Unit filed an additional unrelated charge of distribution of marijuana after Britton was in custody.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Interior Pendant Lights | Lighting Collective – Tagged "Colour_Grey"
The mesh iron and brass pendant Light is a bold industrial statement that brings a sense of practicality and minimalism to any room. The mesh encasing is large enough to fit any style bulb, though we recommend the charming vintage filament Edison globe to add character to your lighting fixture. The copper detailing is made from iron and brass, however it has a neutral grey hue, making it an easy fit for any decor. The light gently glows through the mesh, making this both functional and aesthetic.
This concrete style pendant light is constructed from ceramic with a smooth, matte grey finish. This pendant pulls off a very sophisticated earthy look at a very reasonable price.
The white interior provides plenty light reflection, making this pendant a great choice for above benches and kitchen islands, or for either side of the bed for reading.
The colour of this pendant is soft grey when in natural sunlight as in the fourth image. At night, when not in natural light it looks darker like in image 5 which is in the shade. Suitable for use with LED.
A subtle yet elegant piece which will add an elegant and bold feel to your space. The use of Smoke tinted glass shaped in the form of a sphere with a vintage style bulb work well together to create a visually appealing contrast, enabling the piece to captivate and become the focal point of a space. It Comes with either a white fabric cord or back fabric cord depending on which finish you choose. Looks best with filament style LED globes installed, as shown in the image.
Looks best with filament style globes installed and suspended in rows over kitchen benches, dining tables, living areas and more.
Note: Available in Matt Black with Smoke Glass or Brushed Brass with Clear Glass or Matt Black with Black Fabric Cord or Brushed Brass with White Fabric Cord.
A subtle yet elegant piece which will provide a sophisticated and industrial feel to your space. The use of glass and black chrome metalwork work well together to create a visually appealing contrast, enabling the piece to captivate and become the focal point of a space. It Comes with a black fabric cord.
Looks best when installed in rows over kitchen benches, dining tables, living areas and more.
This original 1954 pendant light is a sleek and a versatile choice for various interior styles. Designed by Birger Dahl, it became the first Norwegian light design to win a prestigious Gold Medal award at the Triennale di Milano and was one of the best-selling lamps ever produced in Norway.
After the renowned lamp was discontinued upon closure of the of the original manufacture it was reissued in 2007 by our favourite Norwegian craftsmen, taking care to preserve the original features that made this pendant a classic.
Available in six elegant colours and complimented by a brass ring, these modernist pendants look great on their own or in a row above bench tops and tables. Mix and match different colours for a bit of fun.
Consisting of a bell-shape ceramic shade, coloured on the outside with a pure with interior and finished in a clear gloss suspended on three metres of rubber cable. The white interior of the shade offers great light reflection and creates a charming, warm ambiance.
This slim profile pendant light is sophisticated and sleek. The body features a stunning patterned concrete body which holds highlights of chrome and is matched with a thin wire cable and clear cord. This light is fixed with a E27 Bulb holder .This modern contemporary design is ideal suspended above the kitchen countertop or next to the bed.
This stunning Glass Pendant has been crafted from Italian mouth-blown glass which holds soft diffuser properties which allows the light to produce a soft cloudy pattern on the surrounding surfaces. Available in a variety of colours and assorted sizes.
This unique and eye capturing pendant is derived from the union of two mouth blown glass pieces that create an overlapping effect with a stunning retro charm. The fusion of the glass to integrate perfectly, allowing two classes to seamlessly look like a single piece. This piece is Essential and provides a delicate and soft sinuous feel to your space. The LED light source produces a widespread and powerful light.
This unique and timeless piece has been designed with the idea of balance and material composition. The materials weight and texture works perfectly with its cylindrical silhouette to produce a piece that captivates a space. Light funnels through the material of the shade, displaying a beautiful array of lighting effects across the space.
Lead Time Please allow approximately 3 to 5 business days. Please note the matte gold is currently on back order and not due until January 2018.
Stunning tear drop spiraled Italian mouth blown pendant lights! Consists of either 3 or 4 chrome framed pendants with your choice of smooth or ribbed glass, suspended on a thin, subtle cord suspension. Here we have allowed for a few ready to go configurations but please feel free to get in touch should you wish to create your own custom design.
Please note that due to their hand-blown nature, each shade may vary a few millimeters in size; this is not a fault as it highlights the unique skills of the manufacturers and guarantees the product's authenticity. Singles also available here.
For over 40 years, they have worked with meticulous craft precision in the sector of glass blowing, creating exquisite giftware and precious furnishing complements.
Recently, they have begun to specialize in the production of a large range of light articles, starting with the ancient Venetian art moving to apply the most modern rules of design and using the most up-to-date techniques of production.
The care of the details, joint to the use of a higher quality of materials and manufacturers, is their first objective, in order to offer customers a very original product.
All items are completely handmade and this allows the product to be absolutely original. For this reason the sizes of our objects may vary by a few millimeters from those listed in the catalogue, but we believe that this gives our products a further value and guarantees its authenticity.
Stunning handblown Murano glass pendant light, available in a range of colours. The simple yet intricate shade acts to produce both direct and diffused illumination.
Due to the handmade nature of this product there may be slight variations in the size and thickness of each shade. These imperfections only add to the appeal of these glass creations and guarantee that each pendant light is completely unique.
Please note ceiling light image included to showcase smoke finish.
Meticulous accuracy and craftsmanship of hand blown glass create this stunning collection of three tear drop pendant lights consisting of a chrome suspension and smooth glass shade, suspended on thin, subtle clear cable suspension. In this setting you receive a small, medium and large in any colour combination of your choice.
The stunning metallic finishes have a reflective appearance when the lights are turned off but are translucent when lit up. Have a look at the colour variations explained by clicking here.
Lead time | Some colours and sizes may be in stock, otherwise lead time is 2-6 weeks.
Get in touch if you would like to check a lead time on a variation. Other variations may be possible so please get in touch to discuss.
This low voltage Italian pendant creates a romantic, sparkling ambiance characterized by a multitude of crystal facets. The crystal creates a beautiful play of light even when turned off as it will continue to play with the sun creating a kaleidoscope effect on the walls.
This magical range is available in a ceiling lamp, recessed version, wall light and multiple suspensions. This single pendant is available in three glass diffuser colours and with a recessed or surface mounted canopy.
More frame and ceiling canopy finishes coming soon!
The Yi linear pendant light is crafted from recycled concrete and constructed with black anodised aluminium fixings. Due to the inherent nature of concrete, natural variances in texture and colour are to be expected and celebrated, making each piece unique. Designed with a minimal suspension and sleek profile this concrete beam appears to float while casting light below. With its long linear form, this pendant light is the perfect task light for kitchen bench tops suitable for residential, hospitality and commercial settings.
Bentu Design is a Guangzhou-based experimental design studio that explores concepts of product, space and environment through various design mediums. Bentu do away with superfluous decoration and allow necessity and function to guide their designs. They believe all factors of an object have equal value - materials, manufacturing techniques, form and cultural influences all play an equal part - and through design, they transform the discarded and every day into the spirited and desired.
"Towards the world, keep being curious, listening and practising" - Bentu.
A winner of the Red Dot Design Award, this pendant has a timeless and simple design with a slimline 60mm shade available in 4 gorgeous finishes; Copper, Silver, Black and Grey. Inspired by musical instruments this pendant has emerged a contemporary statement piece with the ability to complement a variety of styles with the classic colours available. We believe we have found a future classic. Why not suspend this above your dining table or bench space.
This gorgeous suspended pendant light has been crafted from traditional mouth blowing techniques, which directs and spreads the LED light source softly and gracefully through any space, it becomes alluring and harmonistic, the perfect centrepiece. The Light has been designed with simplicity and elegance in mind but the use of soft and curvilinear lines.
This unique and eye capturing pendant is derived from the union of two mouth blown glass pieces that create an overlapping effect with a stunning retro charm. A waterjet cutter has perforated the glass with large diameter holes which allows the fusion of the glass to integrate perfectly, allowing two classes to seamlessly look like a single piece. This piece is Essential and provides a delicate and soft sinuous feel to your space. The LED light source produces a widespread and powerful light.
This handcrafted thoughtful shape combines contemporary lines and smooth contours with the artistry of traditional glass-making. Function and form come together in each pendant — hand-blown entirely from Venetian glass.


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ionic compounds investigation
As nonmetals react with metals, ionic compounds are formed. Since they gain or lose electrons to form ionic bonds, ionic compounds have a charge. Ionic compounds have intense ionic attraction powers from all directions, resulting in the forming of a massive structure. At room temperature, ionic compounds remain as solids that do not perform electricity because both electrons are involved in bonding and are not able to travel. Because of mobile ions, they can only conduct electricity when molten. Ionic compounds dissolve in water as the particles of the solvent overcome the force of attraction between the ions. Ionic compounds are mostly used in the electrolysis (Hill, 2000, p. 33). _x000C_Investigating covalent compounds
Melting points of the halogens
Halogen	Mr (pm)	Tm (ºC)	Tm (K)	Fluorine, F2	143	-220	53.15	Chlorine, Cl2	199	-101	172.15	Bromine, Br2	228	-7	266.15	Iodine, I2	266	114	387.15	Plot a graph Tm (ºC) v Mr of halogen using graph paper.
_x0008__x0001_
State & explain the trends in terms of the type & size of the intermolecular forces which exist in the substances.
The diatomic molecules are held together by van der Waals dispersion forces between neighbouring molecules. The size of the molecules increase down the group. The larger the molecules, the more electrons a molecule has, the more temporary dipoles are created for the forces. Therefore, the intermolecular forces increase down the group from fluorine to Iodine (Verma, 2007, p. 45).
Boiling points of the homologous series of alkanes (C1-8)
Alkanes	Mr	Tb (ºC)	Tb (K)	Methane, CH4	16	-162	111.15	Ethane, C2H6	30	-89	184.15	Propane, C3H8	44	-42	231.15	Butane, C4H10	58	0	273.15	Pentane, C5H12	72	36	309.15	Hexane, C6H14	86	69	342.15	Heptane, C7H16	100	98	371.15	Octane, C8H18	114	126	399.15	Plot a graph Tb (ºC) v Mr of alkanes using graph paper.
Alkane molecules are held together intermolecular van der Waals forces which increases with increase in the number of molecules. Increase in van der Waals forces is due to the increase in surface area of a molecule which provides high chances for interaction between molecules and also the growing chain leads to an increase in the number of electrons that are able to interact between molecules (Petrucci, 2007, p. 42).
Complete the table for the relative solubility in water of the homologous series of alcohols (C1-6) access data from the power point available on Moodle.
Alcohols	Mr	Relative solubility in water	Methanol, CH3OH	32	∞	Ethanol, C2H5OH	46	∞	Propanol, C3H7 OH	60	∞	Butanol, C4H9 OH	74	0.11	Pentanol, C5H11 OH	88	0.030	Hexanol, C6H13 OH	102	0.0058
Comment on the general trend
Solubility in water decreases with increase in the hydrocarbon chain in the alcohol molecule.
Explain the trends in terms of the type & size of the intermolecular forces which exist in the substances.
There exists hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms because the electrons used in bonding are pushed away towards the oxygen atoms which are electronegative. There are also van der Waals forces between the molecules. They get stronger with increase in the size of hydrocarbon chain. Therefore, increase in the size of the alcohol results in the increase in the number of hydrogen and van der Waals forces hence and increase in the intermolecular bonds (Hill, 2000, p.20).
Hill, Graham, and John Holman. Chemistry in Context. 5th ed. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes, 2000. 224-25.
Petrucci, Ralph H. Genereal Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. 9th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc, 2007. 920-928.
Verma, Norah .K, Billha Kapila, and Sonny.K. Khanna. Comprehensive Chemistry XII. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications, 2007. 718-30.
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Most Sellers to whom you make an offer will want to see that you are qualified for a loan sufficient to purchase the property or Proof of Funds in a bank or other account. Take a look at our article in this section of our website entitled "Tucson Home Financing Guidance" for detailed information about this.
A Tucson Licensed Realtor can show you ANY home for sale, including a new home being marketed by the builder or a FSBO.
If you are looking for new homes, it's a good idea to be represented by your own Realtor. Just as you would not expect the attorney for the opposing side in a legal matter to represent YOUR interests, so you should not expect the salesperson being paid by the builder to be concerned about your best interests, certainly not to the extent that your own Realtor would be. It does not cost a penny more to be represented by your own Realtor. The only catch is that you must have your Realtor with you the first time you go to look at a builder's new homes, or have your Realtor register you before you go. If you do not do this, then you will not be able to use your own Realtor to negotiate on your behalf. SO, CALL US FIRST!
You can also be represented by a Realtor if you are looking at a FSBO (For Sale By Owner) home. This can be very helpful, and you will know that you have someone looking things over and negotiating on your behalf. Ask us about this if you wish to look at any FSBO homes.
Once you have made an offer, you have the right to conduct any inspections of the home that you feel are warranted. Take full advantage of this important right of a Tucson home buyer to be sure you know the exact condition of the home.
A home warranty is a valuable addition in the purchase of a home. This can guarantee that you are covered for all major systems in the home including central heat and air conditioning (HVAC), built-in appliances, pool equipment, and interior plumbing. We always ask for this for our Buyers. If a Seller will not provide this, we advise our Buyers to purchase this coverage for themselves, and have often seen it come in very handy.
While the basic tax rule on gains from the sale of a home are fairly clear, i.e. that a married homeowner can exclude from capital gains tax the first $500,000 of gains on the sale of a home, and a single taxpayer or one filing separately can exclude up to $250,000 of gains, you should check with tax counsel if your situation has any unique complications. The sold home has to have been the taxpayer's "principal residence" for the past two years to qualify for exclusion from capital gains taxation, and those are words of art that have been interpreted in many IRS Rulings and court cases. If in doubt, check with an expert. i.e. a tax attorney or accountant.


Mar 16, 2015· 200tph Cone crusher and VSI working line Kevin Xie. Loading... Unsubscribe from Kevin Xie? ... Core Sec Cone Crusher LH200 C - Duration: 6:06. Pradeep Reddy Mereddy 8,503 views.
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Heinz Bittel (* 8. März 1910 in Heidenheim an der Brenz; † 10. Februar 1980 in Münster) war ein deutscher Physiker.

Überblick
Die ferro- und ferrimagnetische sowie ferroelektrische Materialforschung kannte Bittel von Grund auf und förderte sie nachhaltig, Messtechnik beherrschte er weit über diese Gebiete hinaus und war international anerkannter Experte des Phänomens Rauschen.
Industrietätigkeit während des Krieges und fünfjährige Auslandserfahrung nach dem Kriege brachte er erfolgreich ein in die Wissenschaftsverwaltung in Münster sowie in Nordrhein-Westfalen und darüber hinaus. Seine Mitarbeit in hohen nationalen und internationalen Gremien wurde häufig erbeten. Der Schwabe pflegte den Austausch mit Frankreich zum Wohle der Wissenschaft sowie von Universität und Stadt Münster. Bittel war Rektor der Universität Münster, mehrfacher Ehrendoktor und erhielt weitere bedeutende Auszeichnungen.

Leben und Arbeit mit dem Menschen Heinz Bittel in seinem Institut in Münster vermitteln einfühlsam seine Schüler Horst E. Müser und Karl-August Hempel.

Die unterschiedlichen Anlagen und Interessen von Heinz und seines älteren Bruders, des späteren Prähistorikers Kurt Bittel, wurden durch Eltern und Großeltern früh gefördert; beide machten ihre jeweiligen Erkenntnisse schon als Schüler in Ausstellungen und Vorträgen öffentlich.

Ausbildung zum Physiker

Heinz Bittel begann nach der Reifeprüfung am Heidenheimer Hellenstein-Gymnasium im Jahre 1929 das Studium der Physik und Mathematik an der Universität Tübingen noch unter Walther Gerlach, der den Ruf an das Physikalische Institut der Universität München zum Sommersemester 1930 annahm. Bittel folgte ihm; als seine weiteren Lehrer seien Arnold Sommerfeld und Constantin Carathéodory genannt. Gerlach hielt ihn vom Wechsel des Studienortes nach Göttingen ab, indem er ihm ein Promotionsthema anbot; er vermutete Abweichungen vom Additivitätsgesetz des Brechungsindex eines Gasgemisches durch Wechselwirkung zwischen den Molekülen. Bittel wurde 1935 promoviert. Die quantitativ genaue Mischung der Gase stellte eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Mit dem Michelson-Interferometer war unter Beobachtung mit Photozellen kein signifikanter Einfluss beobachtet worden.

Das Forschungsgebiet erschien bei der schon erreichten Genauigkeit nicht hinreichend vielversprechend; Bittel wechselte zur Festkörperphysik und erforschte den Ferromagnetismus des Nickels. Spontane Polarisation und elektrischer Widerstand am Curie-Punkt, reversible und irreversible Vorgänge bei thermischer Zustandsänderung sowie Verhalten nach Kaltbearbeitung und Wärmebehandlung von möglichst reinem Nickel (1938) sind die Fragestellungen.
1938 erfolgte die Habilitation in München, 1939 die Ernennung zum Dozenten. Kurz zuvor (1937) hatte Bittel die zeitbedingten Anforderungen für die Universitätslaufbahn erfüllt; er genoss keinen weiteren Vorzug, und ein persönliches Bekenntnis zum Nationalsozialismus ist daraus nicht zu folgern. Bittel wurde Ende August 1939 vor Beginn des Überfalls auf Polen zur bespannten Artillerie eingezogen.

Forschung und Entwicklung als Industriephysiker

Seit Anfang 1940 beteiligte sich Bittel auf Drängen Gerlachs zunächst an Forschungen für die Marine, zu denen die führenden Magnetiker verpflichtet worden waren. Für diese Aufgabe wurde er auf Anforderung durch den Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine vom Heer entlassen. Im September 1941 wurde Bittel Abteilungsleiter bei der Firma Askania-Werke AG, Berlin-Friedenau, unter Beurlaubung von der Universität München; gegen Kriegsende wurde Bittel außerplanmäßiger Professor. Nach Vorlesungen im Sommer 1945 in Schleswig, vgl. Universität Kiel, dem stagnierenden Aufbau dort und dem vom Alliierten Kontrollrat in Berlin ab Mai 1946 verhinderten Aufbau eines Ingenieurbüros der Askania in Immenstaad am Bodensee, siehe dazu Bodenseewerk, arbeitete Bittel seit 1946 in Saint-Raphaël (Var) im Dienst der Marine nationale als Leiter eines Laboratoriums mit zwei Dutzend deutschen Mitarbeitern an elektro-akustischen Entwicklungen und Signalverarbeitung für Ortung im Seewasser.

Zuletzt bestand Kontakt zu Forschern und Instituten in Frankreich insbesondere auf magnetischem Gebiet und dem der Signalverarbeitung.

Akademische Tätigkeit

Professur
Heinz Bittel wurde 1951 Professor an der Universität Münster als Gründungsdirektor des Instituts für Angewandte Physik. In der damaligen schwach besetzten Hochschullandschaft des neu gebildeten Bundeslandes Nordrhein-Westfalen sollte der zunächst Technische Physik genannte Zweig in Westfalen nahe dem östlichen Ruhrgebiet verfügbar sein. Das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen hatte zunächst einen schnellen Neubau der Physikalischen Institute geplant, der sich jedoch um fünfzehn beziehungsweise fast dreißig Jahre verzögerte. Das Institut konnte in dem 1903 errichteten ehemaligen Preußischen Oberpräsidium am Schlossplatz Räume nach und nach hinzu gewinnen, ehe im Herbst 1966 mit dem Bezug des Institutsneubaus Angewandte Physik das Naturwissenschaftliche Zentrum am Coesfelder Kreuz erste Gestalt annahm.

 Erinnerung: Doch die damals zu "beackernde Landschaft" reichte weiter, wie an den von der Universität Münster mit Vortragenden unterstützten Hochschultagen oder Universitätswochen erkennbar ist. Bittel beispielsweise bereiste das Gebiet von Hagen im Süden bis Emden und Oldenburg sowie Mönchen-Gladbach bis Minden und Detmold. Diese Vortragsreihen mit breitem Themenspektrum erreichten durch teils ausführliche Presseberichte weitere Kreise der Bevölkerung in einer Zeit erschwerter Teilnahme an Wissenschaft und Kultur.

Forschung und Lehre
Bittel pflegte an seinem Lehrstuhl die Forschungsgebiete Rauschen, einschließlich Stromrauschen, vgl. Wärmerauschen, elektrischer Leitungsmechanismus in dünnen Metalldrähten und magnetische Widerstandsänderung extrem dünner Nickeldrähte, Piezo- und Ferroelektrika in Bauelementen und letztere als Beispiele von Festkörpern mit Phasenumwandlung und Polarisationsschwankungen am Umwandlungspunkt, Ferrimagnetische Resonanz, vgl. Ferrimagnetismus, nichtlineare Magnetisierungsprozesse und Barkhausen-Effekt, sowie Flusstransportrauschen beim Supraleiter vom Typ II. Schließlich sei Spannungsoptik als ein Beispiel von der Industrie gewünschter Untersuchungen erwähnt. Zusätzlich zur Anregung oder Aufnahme dieser Themen ließ Bittel selbst manche seiner Vorkriegsfragen aufleben, grundlegende Begriffe der Physik modellhaft bearbeiten sowie neueste Konzepte wie den Laserstrahl und Holographie bearbeiten.

Mit Ferroelektrika, Ferrimagnetischer Resonanz und Supraleitung verließen drei Forschungsgebiete das Institut für Angewandte Physik als sie außerhalb Münsters Keimzellen für die Lehrstühle von vier seiner Schüler wurden.

Die besondere Klarheit in Anlage und Vortrag seiner Vorlesungen mit einprägsamen Formulierungen ließ die Studierenden den Gehalt leichter verarbeiten und gewann sie als Mitarbeiter. Weit über die Forschungsgebiete hinaus ließ Bittel physikalische Themen im Hauskolloquium vortragen, wobei seine Erklärungen häufig erhellender waren als die von der vorgetragenen Publikation dargebotenen. Diese Veranstaltung gewährte besonders die günstige breite Ausbildung, die seine Schüler erfolgreich in Industrie, Forschungsinstituten, Verwaltungen oder als Lehrende an Fachhochschulen umsetzten und – sie war für die vielen Studierenden mit Ziel Staatsexamen besonders förderlich. Streben nach Verkürzung der Ausbildungsdauer war Bittels früh erkanntes Ziel.

Als die Universität 1958 die erste elektronische Rechenanlage Zuse Z22 erhielt, war Bittel gern bereit, sie in sein Institut aufzunehmen. Die röhrenbestückte Anlage wurde 1962 gegen die transistorisierte Z23 ausgetauscht; sie ging 1966 an das 1964 gegründete Institut für Numerische und Instrumentelle Mathematik.

Für das Institut für Angewandte Physik erreichte Bittel ein zweites Ordinariat, das 1967 mit Wilfried Hampe besetzt wurde unter Erweiterung um die Thematik Spektrum der magnetischen Permeabilität und Forschungsgebiete der Halbleiterphysik.

Heinz Bittel wurde im Jahre 1976 emeritiert.

Berufungen und Ehrungen

Bittel wurden höchste Leitungsfunktionen in Industrie und staatlicher Wissenschaftsverwaltung auf nationalen sowie internationalen Positionen angeboten; getreu seinen ganz besonderen Fähigkeiten als Lehrer (Gerlach 1951) nahm er jedoch nur der akademischen Forschung und Lehre nahestehende Ämter in Münster und außerhalb an, von denen die Mitgliedschaft im Verwaltungsrat der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich (1954–1959) und im Gründungsausschuss der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (1961–1966) genannt seien.

Mit Eugen Kappler und Wilhelm Klemm gehörte er zu den führenden Persönlichkeiten, die für die Verwirklichung des Naturwissenschaftlichen Zentrums der Universität Münster am Coesfelder Kreuz handelten. Heinz Bittel war Rektor der Universität Münster im Akademischen Jahr 1963/64. Die Pflege der Verbindungen zu Forschungsinstituten und Hochschulen Frankreichs war ihm ein besonderes Anliegen. Heinz Bittel war Ehrendoktor der Universität Lille und der Universität-Orléans-Tour. Die Stadt Lille ehrte ihn mit ihrer Silbermedaille. Sein anhaltendes Interesse an der französischen Kultur wurde 1972 durch die Ernennung zum Offizier des Ordre des Palmes Académiques gewürdigt.

Heinz Bittel wurde 1973 zum Ordentlichen Mitglied der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften gewählt.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 mit Leo Storm: Rauschen. Eine Einführung zum Verständnis elektrischer Schwankungserscheinungen. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer 1971, ISBN 3-540-05055-8.
 Von natürlichen und künstlichen Magneten. Die Bedeutung atomarer Ordnungszustände für den Magnetismus. Münster, Aschendorff 1974. (Rede bei der feierlichen Übernahme des Rektoramtes am 15. November 1963).

Literatur
 Gerhard Schweier: Namhafte Heidenheimer. Heidenheim 1968. Bd. 1, S. 16.
 Horst E. Müser: Heinz Bittel †. In: Physikalische Blätter 36 (1980) S. 357–358.
 Heinz Bittel. Akademische Gedenkfeier. Schriften der Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster. Münster, Aschendorff 1982, Heft 69.
 Bernd Haunfelder: Die Rektoren, Kuratoren und Kanzler der Universität Münster 1826–2016. Ein biographisches Handbuch. Aschendorff, Münster 2020 (Veröffentlichungen des Universitätsarchivs Münster; 14), ISBN 978-3-402-15897-5, S. 257–259.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Physiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)
Rektor (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität)
Mitglied der Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Träger des Ordre des Palmes Académiques (Offizier)
Ehrendoktor der Universität Orléans
Ehrendoktor der Université Lille Nord de France
Person (Heidenheim an der Brenz)
Deutscher
Geboren 1910
Gestorben 1980
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
What Hong Kong's backpedal on China extradition law means for Beijing
Jun 17, 2019 6:45 PM EST
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/what-hong-kongs-backpedal-on-china-extradition-law-means-for-beijing
Transcript Audio
Huge demonstrations in Hong Kong protesting a proposed Chinese extradition law seem to have paid off, as the city's chief executive has indefinitely suspended the controversial legislation. What does the backtracking mean for Hong Kong and Beijing? Nick Schifrin talks to Lee Cheuk Yan, a co-founder of Hong Kong's Democratic Party, and Doug Paal of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Judy Woodruff:
Hong Kong is in the middle of the most significant protests since a 2014 pro-democracy movement known as the Umbrella Revolution.
This weekend, protesters gained a substantial win when the city's chief executive suspended controversial legislation that would allow for the extradition of suspected criminals to mainland China. But, on Sunday, they said that wasn't enough. And two million filled the streets to demand the permanent withdrawal of the legislation and the resignation of Chief Executive Carrie Lam.
The demonstrators were out again today and say they are taking on not only the legislation, but also the Beijing government that is behind it.
We begin our coverage with Matt Frei of Independent Television News, who is in Hong Kong.
Matt Frei:
If the Umbrella Revolution had a recognizable figurehead, it is this young man who was released from jail this morning. Joshua Wong was only 17 when the protests started five years ago. He spent a month in prison for contempt of court. But as soon as he got out this morning, his contempt of the leadership was undimmed.
Joshua Wong:
Unless the whole world lets the international communities to realize that how Hong Kong people will not keep silence under the suppression of President Xi and the chief executive, Carrie Lam. Carrie Lam must step found.
So, in the hours after his release, and a quick change of shirt, from white to back, Joshua Wong was back, doubling down on message and microphones.
In the cloud, Raki, an accountant, felt inspired.
Yes. He just got back like five hours ago, and he just came down here with us and doing our things to protect Hong Kong.
If the government here thought the protests were exhausted, they were wrong once again. The millions of yesterday may have gone back to work, but the thousands who keep up the pressure now know they can count on the rest to come out if necessary, people power on demand summoned by WhatsApp.
The whole world is watching!
It is indeed. The whole world is watching, and China is recording it, too.
These cameras are mounted on the Chinese army headquarters. What happens here matters because Hong Kong is the canary in China's gold mine. And China may dominate this century like America dominated the last.
Do you think, in the end, you will change China or China change you?
Eddie Chu:
I think we are building an international alliance to fight against a new type of authoritarian rule of China. We are not alone. A bigger enemy is coming.
What is the bigger enemy?
The bigger enemy is the Communist Party in China trying to bridge capitalism with authoritarian rule, and do it with the latest A.I. technology.
That report from Matt Frei of Independent Television News.
So what is motivating the demonstrators in Hong Kong? And what do the actions of Hong Kong's chief administrator say about Beijing's motivations?
Nick Schifrin has more.
Nick Schifrin:
Judy, for months, Hong Kong residents have been demonstrating in large numbers against that extradition law, but the estimated two million demonstrators for Sunday's march was unprecedented in recent memory.
To talk about that, I'm joined by Lee Cheuk Yan, a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and co-founder of the Labor Party.
Thank you very much for coming on the "NewsHour."
Give us a sense, how momentous are these demonstrations?
Lee Cheuk Yan:
This time, it's two million people marched.
It all surprised everyone when the people so angry. We believe that the whole march is a turning point for Hong Kong. Our freedom space is being squeezed, and now we are coming back. And so, this march, one million, and in a week time, two million, is record-breaking, and it really shows that people of Hong Kong are determined to fight the bill.
Why do you say that people feel that their freedom is being squeezed? And why has this issue especially made people so angry?
Most of us do not trust the judicial system in China.
And the stories about the China human rights defender spending four years in jail without going on trial, what if this China judicial system, they are trumping up charges, they are famous for torture, are going to get their claw into Hong Kong, and grab people out back to China to be on trial?
So, people are really afraid. We thought we have a firewall. But now it's all broken. They want to break, break, break it, and grab people out back to China.
What happened if some foreigner is in Hong Kong? They can grab any foreign investor back to China. And that would be also end of Hong Kong as a vibrant economic city, international city.
So all the economic, political, everything together, and people want to fight back.
Hong Kong's chief executive, Carrie Lam, says she will postpone the extradition bill indefinitely. Is that good enough?
That's not good enough.
We want total withdrawal, firstly, because postponing, people will read it as delaying tactics, and then she can revive it. It's no longer just about the bill. It's also about the arrogance of Carrie Lam not listening to the people, a kind of, you know, violence, police violence,, that we are really scared of the people and feel very angry that police are suppressing the people of Hong Kong.
Chief Executive Lam argues that the law wouldn't be used to prosecute anyone based on their race, religion, nationality or, to your point, political opinion. Does that reassure you at all?
Yes, China says that they didn't have any political prisoners. Does that reassure you?
We are not talking about Hong Kong's judicial system. We are talking about Beijing's political, judicial system. In Hong Kong, the court cannot protect us. So, it only takes a witness statement in China. You cannot in a Hong Kong court sort of cross-examine the witness.
So Hong Kong court cannot do anything. And China judicial system can do — and good at trumping up charges.
What do you think this weekend says about how Beijing considers and sees these protests? And how might they respond in the future?
We have come out. We have won, to certain extent, and international recognition. And lots of governments condemn Carrie Lam, and behind her, of course, Beijing. So Beijing loses face.
What I worried now is maybe we have advance in the democracy movement, in the people movement, but then they will remember. They will step up their monitoring all the opposition figures in Hong Kong. And so — and also, in the future, they will do something to sort of suppress the opposition.
So they will take the revenge, and that is what worries me. But we are good at fighting back, so I hope that we will be still OK in the future.
Lee Cheuk Yan joining us via Skype from Hong Kong, thank you very much.
And to talk more about the end of that interview, Hong Kong's future and Beijing's possible actions, we turn to Doug Paal, a distinguished fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and former senior director for Asian affairs on the National Security Council staff and member of the State Department's policy planning staff.
Welcome back to the "NewsHour." Thanks very much.
Doug Paal:
Hong Kong demonstrators have achieved a bit of a short-term win right now, but what about median term, longer term? Do you expect tensions between these demonstrators and the government of Hong Kong to increase?
I hope they don't increase in the short term.
We have just bypassed a real tragedy in Hong Kong. And the retreat of the government, in the face of this overwhelming political support for the opposition, was a wise thing to.
Beijing's long-term desire to control and to homogenize Hong Kong into the rest of China, however, is not going to be given up easily. It's temporarily not expedient for China to have a bloodbath on the streets of Hong Kong, or, even less than that, a real crackdown, but it would be in the long-term interests to continue the pressure and salami-slicing tactics they have used over the last years.
To try and increase their control on Hong Kong?
Increase control and reduce the amount of dissent that comes within Chinese body politic from Hong Kong.
So let's talk about the effect of Hong Kong on the Chinese politics.
How embarrassing is this for Xi Jinping, the president of China, and are officials trying to pretend that they had nothing to do with it?
Well, as Mr. Lee was just saying in your segment, he has lost face as a leader.
Xi didn't put his personal stamp on all this, but nobody believes this would have gone forward without his at least tacit approval. And now that he's had to yield a little bit, people will say this as an opportunity to take him down a peg, to show he doesn't have the universal wisdom and the knowledge of the situation that he pretends to have.
But this is not going to be short term. The Chinese think long term, especially the Communist Party.
So, talk about, as you put it, the universal wisdom that is that Xi is perceived to have as president of China. There is a sense in this country that Xi Jinping is kind of all-powerful. Does he have opponents? And will they use this against him?
It doesn't take much of a visit to China to encounter within and without of government widespread unhappiness with Xi Jinping's rule.
And it really was accentuated when he extended his tenure to be lifelong tenure without limitation a year-plus ago. So there's a lot of latent opposition.
Manifest opposition is tough in China, because Xi controls the public security and propaganda apparatuses. But people are really looking for opportunities to trip him up. Sometimes, the best opportunities are when he himself makes a mistake. And then people exploit that to say, he's not quite the leader we thought he was.
And so this will be seen as a mistake. And how will the people who are opposed to him use that, given the fear that so many people have in China of the surveillance state and Xi Jinping?
Well, it's always complicated, because these are shadow games.
Some of them will want Xi to make more mistakes, to push, for example, the U.S. trade war too far, to go too far on putting pressure on China's neighbors on territorial claims, because that might bring him to a downfall.
Others might want him to moderate and make some more room for their own voices in the Chinese system. A whole class of people who are like Xi Jinping were there to help him when he first came to power. But he's now been shoving them aside. And they would like back in at the table.
And I think they will have their own various means of trying to do that.
You mentioned the trade war today. Here in Washington, there's discussion for another round of possible tariffs. The trade war goes on.
What is the impact of something like Hong Kong on U.S.-China relations and on the trade talks?
Well, it's a multilevel game right now.
Xi Jinping is trying to strengthen his hand going into meeting with Donald Trump, if there is a formal meeting in Japan at the end of June, by visiting Putin twice in Central Asia and St. Petersburg. And now he is scheduled to visit later this week to North Korea.
He wants to be the player that comes with lots of allies and lots of cards to put on the table before he meets with Trump. And at the same time, if he goes too far, he may alienate the U.S. and put China into a more difficult economic vice, as the trade tariffs are magnified by a large extent in the aftermath of a failed meeting.
So he's kind of got to find a balancing point. It's been summarized in party official documents just this past weekend, where they say, on the one hand, we're not afraid to fight Ike, go to Korea, fight the Americans in the world, in the Korean War. On the other side — other hand, we're not afraid to bargain and to make the necessary compromises.
So he's trying to strike a balanced position. And all of these elements come into it. Hong Kong blowing up wouldn't have been helpful for his purposes, and in these circumstances.
Doug Paal, distinguished fellow Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, thank you very much.
Listen to this Segment
PBS NewsHour from Jun 17, 2019
Protestors demand Hong Kong leader resign over extradition bill
By Christopher Bodeen, Tassanee Vejpongsa, Associated Press
Massive protests draw apology from Hong Kong leadership
By Christopher Bodeen, Elaine Kurtenbach, Associated Press
Hong Kong leader delays unpopular bill; activists want more
By Elaine Kurtenbach, Christopher Bodeen, Associated Press
Calls mount for compromise over Hong Kong extradition bill
By Christopher Bodeen, Associated Press
Mass protests over Hong Kong extradition law turn violent


text:
Home / Hollywood / Celebs / WWE NEWS: Big Time WWE Employee Leaving The WWE — See What He Has Done | Fans Must Not Know This
WWE NEWS: Big Time WWE Employee Leaving The WWE — See What He Has Done | Fans Must Not Know This
By Jennifer Cutis on April 12, 2017
In recent times, lots of rumors have been spread widely stating that one of the big time employee of the WWE, Mauro Ranallo is leaving the WWE.
Reports have it that the 47 years old Canadian has been absent since the last episodes of SmackDown Live, as well as WrestleMania 33 itself.
As regards to the removal of all traces of the WWE from his social media profiles, it has been insinuated by many that his leaving the company is owed to the feud between himself and John Bradshaw Layfield, a.k.a. JBL, whom many have accused of bullying his fellow announcer.
ALSO READ: Finally John Cena Pinches Nikki Bella For Wedding? See Huge Wedding Announcement
That feud has been reported as the trigger for his latest bout with depression, and if all the rumors and allegations we're hearing are true, it would seem as if WWE has a bullying problem it sorely needs to take care of.
In any case, should Mauro Ranallo ever leave the WWE as rumors have it, it definitely would not be because he has no interest in working for the company any longer.
In 2015, Sherdog published a piece on Mauro where he openly discussed his struggles with bipolar disorder, and how he considers himself lucky to have made it so far in the business he loves despite dealing with such a condition.
Ranallo has achieved so much in his 47 years, and he's been a big success announcing mixed martial arts, boxing, and professional wrestling. And if you consider that his latest bout with bipolar disorder and its symptoms may have been triggered by a supposed WWE "bully" in JBL, it might be that he wants to avoid potential breakdowns by choosing not to work anymore for a company that employs such an alleged bully.
ALSO READ: Vince McMahon Pinches Alberto Del Rio Return – See Huge WWE Announcement
A little insight into how the feud between JBL and Mauro kick off, Wrestling Inc. cited Dave Meltzer's Wrestling Observer Newsletter in a detailed recap of what transpired from the time JBL made some stinging comments on the March 13 episode of WWE Network show Bring it to the Table.
It has been rumored that JBL apparently annoyed about Mauro's tweet of winning Wrestling Observer's Announcer of the Year award for a second straight year, he called out Ranallo on Bring it on the Table and was really "legitimately very upset" as a result of the Tweet.
More so, though JBL never really mentioned that he was angry, a tweet by Mauro kind of suggested that he may have been considering the fact that he did not even make top ten in the announcer of the year's voting.
"Jealousy is one hell of a drug."
Remember Kids, Don't be a Bradshaw, be a STAR! #WWE #JBL pic.twitter.com/Nc9iDpOQSr
— XLucha (@RealXLucha) April 8, 2017
It was said that Ranallo, ever since the March 14, episode of SmackDown Live, has been absent. However, though he was absent, while thanked the WWE Universe for their supports during his apparet bout with depression, he retweeted some WWE contents which he had as of now long deleted from his Twitter and also Instagram handles along with reference to his WWE employment.
With all that has been revealed, it will not be a shock if Mauro Ranallo is leaving the WWE leaving JBL's bully as the centre of discussion.
On the other hand, should Mauro leave, this won't be the first time bullying incidents allegedly involving JBL would drive someone away from WWE. Many of today's fans might not remember the name Palmer Cannon, but that was the ring name used by Brian Mailhot, who was a young up-and-coming wrestler in 2006, playing the role of a villainous television executive on the SmackDown brand. According to WrestleZone, Cannon quit the company in April 2006, announcing his immediate resignation due to brutal rookie hazing he received at the hands of several veterans, including JBL and the late Chris Benoit.
"When the hazing came to the point where Cannon almost had a physical confrontation with John Bradshaw Layfield, he made the decision to give his notice to the company and fly himself home."
Meltzer says JBL's bullying is "way worse" than he imagined.
— PWM – WWE COVERAGE (@ProWrestlingMag) April 7, 2017
Meanwhile, this is not just all about Mauro Ranallo and his potential decision to leave WWE. And it's also definately not just the Palmer Cannon case from 2006 either. What about those guys who survived their "rookie hazing" and had long and successful WWE careers? Sure, they survived the taunts and the pranks, but that doesn't make them any less cruel, or any less notable.
Also, around the years, bullying stories of JBL have been going on, we have to mention those claims that he bullied wrestlers such as The Miz, John Morrison, and even future WWE Hall of Famer Edge back when they were WWE youngsters.
Ring announcer Justin Roberts is another ex-WWE performer who claims to have been bullied by one John Bradshaw Layfield, having made several references to it in his recently-released autobiography Best Seat in the House.
Many wrestlers over the years have accused John Bradshaw Layfield (JBL) of bullying. [Image by WWE]
The question now is that, since there has been many accusations on JBL bordering bully why haven't the WWE don't something to bring the situation to a rest or even act too concerned about Mauro Ranallo's hints at leaving WWE? Don't they have the "Be a Star" campaign, where WWE Superstars, including top executives such as Stephanie McMahon, speak to children in schools and spread an anti-bullying message? Cageside Seats, citing the Wrestling Observer, said that it all boils down to JBL being good friends with WWE Chairman Vince McMahon. The publication also quoted Justin Roberts, who believes that WWE's higher-ups, no less, enjoy watching wrestlers fall victim to cruel pranks and acts of bullying.
"They like humiliating people. They like laughing at people. The way wrestling is entertainment to us wrestling fans, humiliating people was just entertainment to the bosses."
In an interview with Deadspin, the aforementioned John Morrison (a.k.a. John Hennigan in real life, Johnny Mundo in Lucha Underground) was willing to back up Roberts' stories of JBL's bullying. But not all ex-WWE personalities see things that way, including ESPN's Jonathan Coachman, who staunchly refused to address any allegations of bullying in WWE in a recent Twitter argument with the Wrestling Observer's Dave Meltzer.
Quote me–My 10 years IN the business (not covering it) No bullying. There is no "culture" anyone who knows me knows what I am about. https://t.co/xuLAjNFlKP
— Jonathan Coachman (@TheCoachESPN) April 8, 2017
The lack of statement on WWE's part regarding the Mauro/JBL incidents is rather terrible.
Could this be true, Coach? There is no such thing as bully or even bullying in the WWE? Though it's been years since Coachman last worked for the WWE, it still seems like he is still drinking the proverbial Kool-Aid, and worse, acting like a petulant child by dropping his coverage of WWE on ESPN over the aforementioned spat with Meltzer. Taking another glimpse at the JBL's alleged bullying case of Mauro Ranallo, Justin Roberts, and others, he hasn't helped his cause too much either by calling Roberts an "idiot" and using his onscreen heel persona as an excuse for his comments against Ranallo. Bring it to the Table, is no other than a "Shoot" program on the WWE Network where hosts talks about his business while out of character.
Be that as it may, though lots of us are really wishing that Mauro Ranallo Doesn't get to leave the WWE because of JBL's alleged bullying but on the other hand, it just might be so. Meanwhile, if he is leaving, at the very least WWE should try to practice for once what it preaches on "Be a Star" initiatives, make thorough investigations and issue out the necessary punishments that ought to be issued for justice sake.
Related ItemsDave MeltzerJBLJohn Bradshaw LayfieldJohn MorrisonMauro RanalloSmackDown
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Souvenir of Chicago.
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Souvenir folder of postcards from Chicago, Illinois. Includes images from the various parks in Chicago: the Grant Monument and Lincoln Monument in Lincoln Park; pedestrians and drivers by the lake shore at Lincoln Park; the Outer Harbor and...
Liberty Bank and Trust Co. sign, Louisville, Kentucky, 1929.
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A sign on a pole along the side of 7th Street Road reads "100,000 bank account / Liberty Bank and Trust Co." Telephone poles line the two-lane road and several cars are travelling in both directions.
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General view of Lower New York Harbor. Statue of Liberty on right.
Lower New York Harbor by Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, New York, 1946.
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Liberty Bell, now hanging in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa.
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Liberty Bell. The crack faces the viewer. Text printed on verso reads, "This famous relic was first cast in London 1752. It bore the motto: 'Proclaim Liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.' It was afterward recast in...
Liberty Street Ferry leaving terminal, Jersey City, New Jersey, 1946.
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Jersey City Terminal of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Liberty Street ferry bound for lower Manhattan leaving the Jersey City ferry slip.
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Address: Corner of East Liberty Street and Lexington Road, Louisville, Kentucky, 40204. The sign can only be seen from the hill in Irish Hill Park across East Liberty Street.
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Address: 827 Liberty Street, Louisville, Kentucky. Vacant building, viewed from the side. Partially legible ghost sign reads "Louisville [illegible] Works."
Liberty National Bank & Trust Company, Shelby branch, Louisville, Kentucky, 1955.
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An exterior view of the Liberty National Bank & Trust Co. Shelby branch building located on Shelby St. near Oak St. in Louisville, Ky. The one story brick building has a front facade of windows and a light up sign hanging from post in front of the...
Men outside of Liberty Bank and Trust Company, Louisville, Kentucky, 1929.
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Four white men in suits stand in front of the open doorway to the Liberty Bank & Trust Co. located at 225 South 5th St. at the corner of Court Place. Iron railings are over the two windows that flank the doorway. Printed on the windows is "Fifth...


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Comparison of 3 Devices for Automated Infusion of Positron-Emitting Radiotracers
Noriaki Miyaji, Kenta Miwa, Kei Wagatsuma, Taisuke Murata, Takuro Umeda, Takashi Terauchi and Mitsuru Koizumi
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology June 2017, 45 (2) 91-95; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.116.188243
Noriaki Miyaji
1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
Kenta Miwa
2Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Tochigi, Japan
Kei Wagatsuma
3Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; and
Taisuke Murata
4Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
Takuro Umeda
Takashi Terauchi
Mitsuru Koizumi
The administration accuracy and precision of an automated infusion device for positron-emitting radiotracers are directly associated with bias and variance in the SUVs of 18F-FDG PET/CT. Therefore, the accuracy of such devices must be confirmed and calibrated at locations in which they are used. The present study aimed to validate the administration accuracy of 3 automated infusion devices for quantitative PET assessment. Methods: Temporal variations as well as variations in radioactive concentrations and dispensed volumes of 18F-FDG were determined for the M-130, AI-300, and UG-05 automated infusion devices. The total-test dispensed volumes were 25, 20, and 18.5 mL, respectively. A reference value was generated by measuring amounts of radioactivity using a standard dose calibrator. Administration accuracy was validated according to the criteria of the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine. Results: The temporal variation in the M-130 and UG-05 for a specified 185 MBq was relatively stable, in the range of −1.60%–0.92% and 1.16%–5.35%, respectively, whereas that in the AI-300 was −0.55%–8.68%. For the M-130 and UG-05 devices, the difference between measured and reference value was in the range of −5%–5%. The values measured by the AI-300 deviated from the reference values by a maximum of 30%, which depends on radioactive concentration and dispensed volume of 18F-FDG. Conclusion: The administration accuracy of the AI-300 varied considerably under different conditions, but a software update might somewhat improve this. Our findings indicate that dispensed volumes of 18F-FDG should be carefully considered when the radioactive concentration is high. Administration accuracy should be regularly confirmed at each location to maintain the quality of quantitative PET assessment. The present study provides useful information about how to confirm the administration accuracy of automated infusion devices.
administration accuracy
automated infusion device
quantitative PET
dose calibrator
PET/CT with 18F-FDG has become increasingly important for the initial staging, differential diagnosis, treatment response, and prognostic prediction of various malignancies (1–3). The incidence of 18F-FDG PET/CT evaluations is increasing worldwide, and thus exposing nuclear medicine workers to increasing amounts radiation during increasingly frequent administrations of 18F-FDG to patients is problematic (4–6). Automated infusion devices for positron-emitting radiotracers have recently been developed to reduce radiation exposure. Schleipman et al. showed that an automated infusion device resulted in an estimated 10-fold reduction in whole-body and extremity exposure among nuclear medicine workers (7). Automated infusion devices have been installed in most (87.1%) Japanese PET facilities (8), but their quantitative performance and longitudinal accuracy have not yet been evaluated.
The accurate and reproducible administration of 18F-FDG is directly associated with bias and variance in SUV because the administration accuracy to the patient is used directly in the SUV equation (9). Boellaard reported that variations of factors affecting 18F-FDG PET quantification ranged from 0% to 50% or more depending on the quality of administration (10). Regular quality control of the administration accuracy and precision of automated infusion devices is essential to maintain their performance. Accuracy may vary within 3% between automated infusion devices and dose calibrators according to the guidelines for 18F-FDG imaging of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) (11). That is, the actual amount of administered radioactivity may not deviate by more than 3% from that indicated by automated infusion devices.
Lecchi et al. recently compared the accuracy of 18F-FDG radioactivity administered by the Intego automated infusion device (MEDRAD Inc.) with that administered using a manual dose-delivery system (12). Although they found that variation in the accuracy of the 18F-FDG radioactivity administered by the Intego was within 3% (12), the quantitative accuracy of a wide range of radioactive concentrations and dispensed volumes was not clear. The administration accuracy of automated infusion devices depends on the radioactive 18F-FDG concentration and the dispensed volume of 18F-FDG (13). Therefore, the administration accuracy of all automated infusion devices must be confirmed and calibrated at the location in which they are used.
The present study aimed to validate the administration accuracy of 3 automated infusion devices for quantitative PET assessment. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to verify the administration accuracy of more than one device based on the same rigorous validation criteria.
Device Operational Characteristics of Automated Infusion Devices
We compared the M-130, AI-300 (both Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd.), and UG-05 (Universal Giken Co. Ltd.) automated infusion devices (Fig. 1). Figure 2 shows their operational characteristics. The scheme of measurement and administration process of each device is roughly performed by 4 steps. For the first step, radioactive concentration in a multidose vial is automatically measured by each sensor or scintillator. In the second step, the requested activity through a touchscreen computer interface is automatically withdrawn from the multidose vial by a motor-driven syringe. In the third step, the accuracy of the requested activity in each syringe is reconfirmed by each sensor or scintillator. In the final step, to flush the extracted request, 18F-FDG with saline is injected into patient via 3-way cock.
Manufactured automated infusion devices evaluated in this study: M-130 (A), AI-300 (B), and UG-05 (C).
Scheme of measurement and administration process of each device: M-130 (A), AI-300 (B), and UG-05 (C).
The administration procedure of the M-130 consists of basic processes. The radioactive concentration in a multidose vial is automatically measured by the thallium-activated cesium iodide (CsI(Tl)) scintillator, and a motor-driven 10-mL syringe withdraws a specific amount of radioactivity from the vial determined through a touchscreen computer interface. The amount of radioactivity in the syringe is reconfirmed by the plastic scintillator. Finally, a solution containing 18F-FDG and physiologic saline for flushing and washing is injected into patients via a 3-way stopcock. The other devices have broadly similar device operational characteristics that differ slightly according to each integrated measurement mechanism. The radioactive concentration in multidose vials is automatically measured by the semiconductor sensor in the AI-300, and that in 5-mL syringes is adjusted by 2 semiconductor sensors that are adjacent to the syringe. The radioactive concentration in multidose vials is also automatically measured in the UG-05. A specified amount of radioactivity withdrawn from a 5-mL syringe into a 10-mL vial is confirmed by the semiconductor sensor, and then the specified amount is withdrawn from the 10-mL vial using a motor-driven 20-mL syringe. Table 1 shows the main technical features of the automated infusion devices compared in this study. If the dispensed volume of 18F-FDG solution is greater than 0.25 mL for the M-130 and AI-300 and 0.3 mL for the UG-05, then the manufacturers can guarantee the administration accuracy of each device.
Main Technical Features of Automated Infusion Devices
Validation of Administration Accuracy
Preparation of Measurements
We measured amounts of radioactivity using CRC-25PET and CRC-712 external dose calibrators (Capintec Inc.) to validate the administration accuracy of the automated infusion devices. These dose calibrators have been standardized using the National Institute of Standards and Technology–traceable 68Ge/68Ga standard sources as 18F surrogates (14). We set the same time on dose calibrator and each device because the quantitative value of 18F changes by about 0.6% per minute due to differences in time between dose calibration and automated infusion devices. The external dose calibrator and all internal detectors of the automated infusion devices were directly cross-calibrated using 18F. We also confirmed the total administered volume using the LA230S (Sartorius Corp.) electronic balance as real volume.
Measurement of Administration Accuracy
We validated administration accuracy using the confirmation procedure of the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine, which is based on the guidelines for 18F-FDG imaging of the EANM (11). The differences of measured value in internal detector of each device and external dose calibrator were confirmed. We determined temporal variations, variations in radioactive concentrations, and dispensed volumes of 18F-FDG for the AI-300, M-130, and UG-05. The total volumes of physiologic saline containing 18F-FDG in sealed 30-mL vials for the M-130, AI-300, and UG-05 were 25, 20, and 18.5 mL, respectively. A reference value comprised a specific amount of radioactivity in a sealed vial measured using the external dose calibrator. The average of 5 measured values was defined as the reference value with which all radioactivity values determined by the automated infusion devices were compared. Temporal variations in specified amounts of 50 and 185 MBq of radioactivity were measured 6 times on different days. The results of sample 6 for the M-130 were excluded because they did not fulfil the criteria. Variations in radioactive concentrations and dispensed volumes of 18F-FDG were also confirmed with 100–1,000 MBq/mL and 0.15–3.5 mL, respectively. Radioactive concentrations were calculated by dividing the actual administered volume by the desired amount of administered radioactivity.
The amount of radioactivity measured by automated infusion devices must be corrected to the value at the time of the external measurement using a dose calibrator to account for radioactive decay. The administration error of the automated infusion device was as follows:
is the amount of radioactivity recorded by automated infusion device,
is the amount of radioactivity measured using the dose calibrator,
is the difference between the time of administration by the automated device and the time when the amount of radioactivity was measured by the dose calibrator (min), and 109.8 is the half-life of 18F (min).
The manufacturer released updated software for the AI-300 in 2015 to improve administration accuracy. We compared administration error before and after the software release.
Table 2 summarizes temporal variations in administration error on different days. The mean administration accuracy of the AI-300 was 7.43% (range, 1.52%–14.42%) and 5% (range, −0.55%–8.68%) with specified amounts of 50 and 185 MBq of radioactivity, respectively. The variability was appreciably higher than that of the others devices. The mean administration error of the M-130 for 50 and 185 MBq of radioactivity was stable within −2.86% (range, −3.79 to −1.59%) and −0.80% (range, −1.60%–0.92%), respectively, whereas that of the UG-05 was 4.26% (range, −0.13%–6.37%) and 3.48% (range, 1.16%–5.35%), respectively.
Comparison of Accuracy of Administered 18F-FDG Radioactivity Between Automated Infusion Device and External Dose Calibrator
Figure 3 shows the administration error of the devices as a function of the radioactive concentration and the dispensed volume of 18F-FDG. The administration error of the AI-300 reached a maximum of 30% at a high radioactive concentration of 700 MBq/mL, and bias appeared proportional to the radioactive concentration (Fig. 3A). The M-130 and UG-05 were relatively stable at −5% and 5%, respectively. On the other hand, bias to the dispensed volume of 18F-FDG was inversely proportional in the AI-300 (Fig. 3B). The percentage deviation was large when the dispensed volume was less than 0.5 mL, reaching a maximum of 30%. The M-130 and UG-05 achieved stability to the dispensed volume of 18F-FDG in the range of −5%–5%.
Variations in radioactive concentrations (A) and dispensed volumes (B). ○ = AI-300; ● = M-130; × = UG-05.
Figure 4 shows the administration error of the AI-300 before and after the software update. The administration error improved to within 5% after the update, but was worse by −10% when the dispensed volume was less than a 0.2-mL volume; this is not covered by a warranty.
Administration accuracy of AI-300 before and after software update. ○ = original; ● = update.
Although manufactured automated devices for infusing positron-emitting radiotracers have common features, many points differ and their administration accuracy and precision under various administration conditions are not understood in detail. We validated the administration accuracy of 3 automated infusion devices. The results indicated that the radioactive concentration and dispensed volume of 18F-FDG affected the administration accuracy of the devices to various degrees and that the AI-300 was unstable.
Values were measured under various conditions on different days to exclude factors such as the impact of operator error and hardware. Temporal variations in desired amounts of radioactivity adversely affected all automated infusion devices more at 50 than at 185 MBq. The administration accuracy at 50 MBq deviated from the accuracy of each device guaranteed by manufacturers and the EANM criteria (11). We consider that the measurement accuracy of the devices is limited at lower levels of 18F-FDG radioactivity and thus the administration accuracy might be reduced. The degree of temporal variation differed depending on the device. The administration error of 185 MBq was stable for the M-130 and UG-05 at −0.80% (range, −1.60%–0.92%) and 3.48% (range, 1.16%–5.35%), respectively, which was closer to the accuracy in a previous study of the Intego system that met the EANM criteria (12). These results indicated that the M-130 and UG-05 devices were stable and offered highly reproducible administration accuracy.
The desired volume of 18F-FDG dispensed by each device declines as a function of a higher radioactive concentration when extracted from multidose vials (13). Therefore, a dispensed volume below 0.5 mL conspicuously worsened the administration error of the AI-300, which was already overestimated compared with the other devices. The device operational characteristics of the AI-300 is a key factor in the overestimation. The manufacturer of the AI-300 has publicly announced that this was primarily caused by the 18F-FDG solution and physiologic saline adhering to the boundary of the 3-way stopcock. Systematic error can be explained by the 18F-FDG solution mixing with saline at the boundary of 3-way stopcock over time, or a small amount of 18F-FDG detaching from a stock 18F-FDG during flushing with saline. Thus, we considered that an overestimated amount of radioactivity administered by the AI-300 as a function of a smaller dispensed volume of 18F-FDG would increase uncertainty relative to the total administered volume.
The manufacturer of the AI-300 updated the software to suppress overestimation. It automatically adjusts the dispensed volume of 18F-FDG to improve the accuracy of dispensed volumes below 0.5 mL. The dispensed volume of radioactivity after updating the software was stable within 5% (Fig. 4). Systematic error in the AI-300 should therefore have a much smaller effect after the software update. However, because correction by software cannot improve the integrated device operational characteristics, systematic error in the AI-300 cannot be completely resolved in this manner. A new device with refinements is currently under development to replace the AI-300.
Although the 3 automated infusion devices barely met the EANM criterion of ±3% (11), we confirmed that the administration error of the M-130, AI-300, and UG-05 was within the assurance range stated by the manufacturers (±10%, ±5% and ±5%, respectively). A method of managing the administration accuracy of automated infusion devices has not yet been defined, but the present study provides useful information about how to confirm it. We suggest that consistent administration accuracy can be achieved in the following 3 ways. The tendency of error inherent in each device at each location should be confirmed. Users and manufacturers should regularly correct, maintain, and implement quality control measures for automated infusion devices by rigorous cross-calibration between the dose calibrator and the integrated detectors within each device. The optimal radioactive concentration should be determined, and then the dispended volume of 18F-FDG should be adjusted with the operational aspects of clinical practice taken into consideration. We do not believe that these ways are sufficient to resolve all issues associated with the administration accuracy of automated infusion devices and will require further investigation.
This study is limited by our comparison of 3 automated infusion devices and focus on their administration accuracy. Further study is required to evaluate the radiation protection ability and operational aspects of automated infusion devices (4,7,12,13).
The administration accuracy of the AI-300 was unstable under various conditions, but a software update provided some improvement. Our results indicate that the dispensed volumes at high radioactive concentrations is important. The elimination of administration error from high radioactive concentrations makes it possible to reflect mainly the level of guideline required for the intended clinical use of quantitative PET. In addition, administration accuracy should be regularly confirmed at each location to maintain the quality of quantitative PET assessment. The present study provides useful information about how to confirm the administration accuracy of automated infusion devices.
↵* Contributed equally to this work.
Published online Mar. 9, 2017.
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Received for publication December 8, 2016.
Accepted for publication February 28, 2017.
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Noriaki Miyaji, Kenta Miwa, Kei Wagatsuma, Taisuke Murata, Takuro Umeda, Takashi Terauchi, Mitsuru Koizumi
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Jun 2017, 45 (2) 91-95; DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.116.188243
Estimation of Chest Wall Attenuation of 123I Emissions in Substernal Goiter: A Phantom Study


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Home Top News Royal family, photos of Prince Charles in Scotland with skirt
Royal family, photos of Prince Charles in Scotland with skirt
As the Queen continued her stay at Balmoral Castle, to reach him in scotland they think about it Carlo and Camilla, go for some institutional appointments. It will be the crisp north wind, it will be the bagpipes, but when the Prince of Wales or rather the Duke of Rothesay – this is the title by which he is known when he is in hilly terrain Living in this part of the state always brings comfort and happiness. With your inseparable half, Elisabetta's son loves to mingle with people and to entertain himself with the residents, with whom he gets along perfectly thanks to the careful selection of clothes..
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Carrying on a centuries-old tradition, the royal family passed on to Hadrian Vallow As a sign of respect, she shuns city dresses in favor of the traditional lehenga with a classic tartan skirt, which Carlo and Camilla like to wear in various shades from green to red and blue. As was the case during his previous visits, beforeIsle of Skye And then at the opening of the Aberdeen Art Gallery, a prestigious art gallery in 1885, reopened in September after 4 years of renovations. Greeted by a school of children, The couple enters the museum and is shown a perfect Scottish outfit for Carlos with green socks and sporran, the famous leather handbag worn at the front and originally used to hold money, and a white shirt with balloon sleeves and a gray vest for Camilla.
See also Restrictions loosen in Scotland, but masks remain in place
But where does the tradition of wearing a lehenga come from?? Strange as it may sound, this garment is a relatively recent garment. It was actually an 18th century English Quaker entrepreneur named Thomas Rawlinson who invented it. moved to hilly terrain And having learned the culture, he took a great commercial action that revolutionized Scottish fashion. Watching workers cut down trees to supply firewood to their Inverness kiln, they had the insight to simplify clothing to be less bulky. less affluent residents actually wore longer plaid felted peacock or "large" Kilt", Which covered the whole body and also acted as a blanket. To make it easier to walk on the moor, Rollinson invented the current kilt., different from plaid, better known as Kilt, manufactured in clothing of different colors to separate a family (Linage) on the other.
The lehenga as we know it dates back to the 1700s.
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Originally made with a single piece of fabric that was long, then folded around the waist and placed over the shoulder, reminiscent of the Roman toga, today it is packaged as a wrap skirt. is partly fastened and fastened by leather lace and a large non-slip alpin (lehenga pin) on the overlapping flap in the free corner of the fabric. Although the Romantic movement made it a symbol of antiquity, the Scottish kilt has a history of a little over three hundred years, but it represents the symbol and pride of the whole people, which did not cease to affirm its otherness in relation to neighboring England. has done.
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