text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
In 2015, over 150 artificial intelligence (AI) experts signed an open letter calling researchers from disciplines such as economics, law, and philosophy for doing future research on maximizing the societal benefit of AI.\footnote{https://futureoflife.org/2015/10/27/ai-open-letter/} The letter, which has now been signed by over 8000 people, comes with an accompanying paper by \citet*{russell2015} who quote in part the following passage from \citet{horvitz2014}.\footnote{Whether human-level AI will be achieved or not has long been discussed; for a literature review, see, e.g., \citet*{everitt2018}, and the references therein. For potential economic and political harms of AI technologies in the short-term, see \citet{acemoglu2021}.}

\begin{quotation}
	...we could one day lose control of AI systems via the rise of superintelligences that do not act in accordance with human wishes---and that such powerful systems would threaten humanity... Are such dystopic outcomes possible? If so, how might these situations arise? What are the paths to these feared outcomes? What might we do proactively to effectively address or lower the likelihood of such outcomes, and thus reduce these concerns? What kind of research would help us to better understand and to address concerns about the rise of a dangerous superintelligence or the occurrence of an ``intelligence explosion''?
\end{quotation}

In this note, I study institutions and game theoretic assumptions that would prevent the emergence of superhuman-level arfiticial general intelligence. The first assumption is called ``Freedom of the Mind,'' which essentially prohibits `cloning' digitally the human brain. The game theoretic aspect of this assumption is that AI* cannot take the representative (human) agent's strategy in a game as given. The second assumption is called `Access' which gives the representative agent the permission to access AI*'s source code so as to take AI*'s strategy as given. The third assumption is `Rationality' which means that the human agent chooses the strategy that maximizes their payoff, given the strategy of AI*. I prove that under these three assumptions it is impossible that an AI* exists. This result gives rise to two immediate policy recommendations. First,  `cloning' digitally the human brain should be strictly regulated, and potential AI*'s access to brain should be banned. Second, AI* research should be made widely, if not publicly, accessible.

\section{The setup}
\label{sec:setup}

\subsection{Two-person (general-sum) perfect information games}
Let $G=(N, X, I, u, S)$ be an extensive form game with perfect information and perfect recall. Let $N=\{1,2\}$ denote the set of players, $x\in X$ a node in game tree $X$ with finitely many elements, $x_0$ the root of the game tree, $z\in Z$ a terminal node, $I:X\setminus Z \rightarrow N$ the player function which gives the active player $I(x)$ at every non-terminal node $x$, and $u$ the profile of utility functions. Let $A_i(x)$ be the set of pure actions of player $i$ at $x$ and  $A_i=\bigcup_{x | I(x)=i}A_i(x)$ be player $i$'s set of all pure actions. For every $i\in \{1,2\}$, $A_i$ has finitely many elements. Let $S'_i=\bigtimes_{x| I(x)=i} A_i(x)$ denote the set of all pure strategies of $i$. A pure strategy, $s'_i\in S'_i$, of player $i$ is a function, $s'_i:X_i\rightarrow A_i$ such that for all $x\in X_i$, $s'_i(x)\in A_i(x)$. Let $S'=\bigtimes_{i\in N} S'_i$ and $s'\in S'$ denote a pure strategy profile. Let $S_i= \Delta (S'_i)$ denote the set of probability distributions over $S'_i$, $s_i\in S_i$ a mixed strategy of player $i$, and $s\in S$ a mixed strategy profile.  Let $s_i(x)(a_i)$ denote the probability with which player $i$ chooses action $a_i$ at node $x$. For every $i\in \{1,2\}$, every $s_i\in S_i$ is assumed to be programmable in an agreed upon programming language. For a given strategy profile $s$, let $s_{-i}$ denote the strategy of player in $j\neq i$. Let $u_i:S\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be player $i$'s von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility function.

The representative human agent is denoted by H and the AI agent is denoted by AI. Let $G|x$ denote the subgame of $G$ whose game tree starts at a non-terminal node $x\in X$ and contains all successor nodes in $X$. Similarly, let $(s|x)$ be the strategy profile restricted to the subgame $G|x$. Let $s^*_i\in BR_i(s_j)$ denote a best-response of player $i$ to player $j$'s strategy $s_j$, i.e., $s^*_i\arg\max_{s'_i\in S_i} u_i(s'_i,s_j)$.

\subsection{Concepts}

The following two definitions are standard in game theory.
\begin{definition}[Nash equilibrium]
	\label{def:Nash}
A strategy profile $s\in S$ is called a \textit{Nash equilibrium} if for every player $i$ and for every $s'_{i}\in S_i$, $u_i(s)\geq u_i(s'_i,s_{-i})$ \citep{nash1951}.
\end{definition}

\begin{definition}[Subgame-perfect equilibrium]
	\label{def:subgame_perfection}
A strategy profile $s \in S $ is called a \textit{subgame perfect Nash equilibrium} (SPNE) if for every player $i$ and for every non-terminal $x\in X$ where $i=I(x)$, $u_i(s|x)\geq u_i(s'_i,s_{-i}|x)$ for every $s'_{i}|x\in S_i|x$ \citep{selten1965}.
\end{definition}

In other words, $s$ is a subgame perfect equilibrium if it constitutes a Nash equilibrium in every subgame of $G$.

\begin{definition}[Repeated contest]
	\label{def:repeated_contest}
	Let $G_1$ denote a game of $G$ in which player 1 is H and player 2 is AI, and $G_2$ denote a game of $G$ in which player 1 is AI and player 2 is H. Let $G^k_{1,2}$, $k\geq 1$, denote the \textit{repeated contest} game in which each stage game consists of two games, $G_1$ and $G_2$, and each stage game is repeated $k$ times.
\end{definition}

In simple words, the repeated contest between H and AI is defined as the repeated game in which each stage game consists of two games in each of which the roles of the players are swapped. The reason is that game $G$ may be biased towards one player. To given an example, Chess World Champhionship is a repeated contest in which each player plays with white pieces equal number of times.

\begin{definition}[Outperformance]
\label{def:outperformance}
Let $G$ be a two-person perfect information game, $G^k_{1,2}$ the repeated contest, and $s$ be the players' strategy profile in $G^k_{1,2}$. Player $i\in \{H,\text{AI}\}$ is said to \textit{outperform} player $j\neq i$ if for any $k\in \{1,2,...\}$, $u_i(s)>u_j(s)$.
\end{definition}

In plain words, player $i$ outperforms player $j$ in game $G$ if no matter how many times the contest is repeated player $i$'s expected payoff is strictly greater than player $j$'s. Of course, the number of repetitions needed to determine the ``better'' player in practice may depend on game $G$. To continue with the chess championship example, 20 repetitions may suffice in a match between H vs AI. In the backgammon championship, however, the contest must be repeated more times to be able to accurately choose the ``better'' player.

\section{Assumptions}
\label{sec:assumptions}

\subsection{Superhuman AGI}
I denote a general-purpose `superhuman' artificial intelligence, if any, by AI*. It could also be called superhuman artificial general intelligence (AGI).

AI* is a computer program, written in some computer language, and it is equipped with finite but significant computing power---e.g., AI* may come with the most powerful supercomputer available at the time of its use. AI* can take any game $G$ as an input and outputs a \textit{solution}---i.e., a mixed strategy profile---based on its source code and computational power.\footnote{If the game is very large AI* may not be able to precisely find an `optimal' solution, but even in that case AI* analyzes the game tree and comes up with a solution.} As the game proceeds, it can update its solution. This is similar to AI engines in chess.

Deciding whether a machine is `human-like' or `superhuman' inevitably involves subjective human judgements such as the well-known Turing test \citep{turing1950}. There will also be a degree of subjectivity in the definition of AI* in part because it is hypothetical, it is compared with humans, and it is not always clear what `superhuman' would mean in every context such as in non-zero-sum games. In chess, for example, it is now widely accepted that many top engines are superhuman; though, this has not always been the case.

Consider a game $G$, a set of human `experts' of $G$, and a population of humans who play $G$. An average strategy of a player is the one that receives the average payoff in a tournament of human players whose format is agreed by the `experts.' The `experts' could be actual players who play $G$ at the `top' level or they could be judges (e.g., a boxing judge) who does not necessarily play the game at the top level but can `differentiate' between above average, average, and below average strategies.

For example, a chess strategy that instructs capturing the opponent's piece whenever possible would clearly be a below average strategy. However, it is not usually clear how to define average strategy in other (non-zero-sum) games. Thus, there is an inevitable subjective element in the definition of `average strategy.' For the sake of this paper, it suffices to assume that (below) average strategy in a game $G$ is based on well-established empirical studies on $G$. For more dicussion, see section~\ref{sec:discussion}.

\begin{definition}[Superhuman AGI]
	\label{def:superhuman}
An AGI is called \textit{superhuman} if (i) there exists $G\in \Gamma$ such that AGI outperforms H in $G$, (ii) for every $G'\in \Gamma$, AGI is not outperformed by H in $G'$, and (iii) for every $G'\in \Gamma$, the strategy of AGI in $G'$ is not below average as judged by experts in $G'$.
\end{definition}

In plain words, a superhuman AGI must outperform player H in some games and must never be outperformed by H. Condition (iii) includes a subjective aspect of defining ``superhuman'' AGI, which says that human experts should judge whether AGI's strategy is `below average' in a population of humans that potentially include many types of players and not necessarily the ``rational'' types. Arguably, in general-sum games, a superhuman AGI should not only outperform the representative rational agent H but also do `reasonably well' among a population of humans of different types. Now, we are ready to state the first assumption.

\begin{assumption}[SAGI]
	\label{asp:superhuman}
There exists a superhuman AGI denoted by AI*.
\end{assumption}

\subsection{Access}

H has the permission to access AI* and take AI*'s strategy as given. This assumption is stated as follows.

\begin{assumption}[Access]
\label{asp:access}
For every game $G\in \Gamma$ and at any point during game $G$, \text{H} takes AI*'s strategy $s_{AI}\in S_{AI}$ as given.
\end{assumption}

More specifically, in every game $G\in \Gamma$ and at any point during game $G$, H is granted `read' and `copy' permissions in the sense that they can read the source code of AI*, copy its strategy so as to give a response to this strategy. H is not granted any other permissions. In particular, they cannot modify the source code or the computing power of AI* in any way.

\subsection{Rationality}
\label{sec:rationality}
H is rational in the sense that H chooses the strategy that maximizes their utility given AI*'s strategy, which is feasible under the Access assumption.

\begin{assumption}[Rationality]
	\label{asp:rationality}
	Player $i=H$ is rational if in every game $G\in \Gamma$, for every strategy $s_j$ of AI*, where $j\neq i$, H chooses a strategy
	\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:rationality}
	s^*_H\in\arg\max_{s'_i\in S_i} u_i(s'_i,s_j).
	\end{equation}
\end{assumption}

\subsection{Freedom of the Mind}

Player H has the \textit{Freedom of the Mind} if H, and only H, has the total control of their own brain: no other entity has control or access in any way to H's brain. For the sake of this note, it suffices to assume that AI* is not allowed to `digitally clone' H's brain---i.e., program H's brain in a way that H's decisions can be predicted either deterministically or non-deterministically.

\begin{assumption}[FoM]
	\label{asp:freedom_mind}
Player \text{H} has the \textit{Freedom of the Mind}.
\end{assumption}

The essence of this assumption is that if a human player has the freedom of the mind, then AI* cannot always predict H's strategy, i.e., whatever the code of AI* is regarding the strategy of H, H can change their strategy in the way they wish.\footnote{\citet{ismail2022} shows that `mutual knowledge of rationality' and `mutual knowledge of correct beliefs' do not hold in general in $n$-person games, including two-person games. This result roughly means the following in the context of this paper: it is impossible that both players are rational and have correct prediction about the choice of the other player. Since player H has access to AI*, they can predict its strategy, so if AI* is rational it would actually be impossible for AI* to predict H's choice.}

Having access to the source code of AI*, player H should have the freedom to act in the way they want and be potentially unpredictable by the program of AI*. Player H can never be coerced to follow any particular course of action assumed by AI*.

Note that this is a `mild' assumption in the sense that a human, who has access to the source code of AI*, can always change the strategy that AI* assumes for the human. Thus, this assumption excludes the possibility that AI* `controls' or `reproduces' the brain of the human.

\section{Centipede game}
\label{sec:centipede}

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\begin{tikzpicture}[font=\footnotesize,scale=1.2]

	\tikzstyle{solid node}=[circle,draw,inner sep=1.2,fill=black];
	\tikzstyle{hollow node}=[circle,draw,inner sep=1.2,fill=black];

	\node(0)[solid node]{}
	child[grow=down]{node{}edge from parent node[left]{$S$}}
	child[grow=right]{node(1)[solid node]{}
		child[grow=down]{node{}edge from parent node[left]{$S$}}
		child[grow=right]{node(2)[solid node]{}
			child[grow=down]{node{}edge from parent node[left]{$S$}}
			child[grow=right]{node(3)[solid node]{}
				child[grow=down]{node{}edge from parent node[left]{$S$}}
				child[grow=right]{node(4){}
					edge from parent node[above]{$C$}
				}
				edge from parent node[above]{$C$}
			}
			edge from parent node[above]{$\cdots$}
		}
		edge from parent node[above]{$C$}
	};

	\foreach \x in {0,2}
	\node[above]at(\x){1};
	\foreach \x in {1,3}
	\node[above]at(\x){2};

	\node[below]at(0-1){$\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$};
	\node[below]at(1-1){$\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}$};
	\node[below]at(2-1){$\begin{pmatrix} 2k_1 \\ 2k_1-1 \end{pmatrix}$};
	\node[below]at(3-1){$\begin{pmatrix} 2k_2-1 \\ 2k_2+2 \end{pmatrix}$};
	\node[right]at(4){$\begin{pmatrix} 2k_2+2 \\ 2k_2+1 \end{pmatrix}$};

	\end{tikzpicture}
	\caption{Payoff function of an increasing-sum centipede game.}
	\label{fig:centipede}
\end{figure}

I next define the centipede game of Rosenthal (1981), which will be used in the proof of the main result.\footnote{This section is mostly adapted from \cite{ismail2019}; see also \cite{ismail2020}.} It is a two-person perfect information game in which each player has two actions continue (C) or stop (S) at each decision node. There are several variations of this game game, but the some of the main charecteristics of a standard centipede game include (i) the size of the `pie' increases as the game proceeds, (ii) if player $i$ chooses C at a node, then the payoff of player $j\neq i$ increases, and (iii) the unique subgame-perfect equilibrium is to choose S at every node. To give an example, suppose that there are $m\geq 2$ (even) decision nodes and let $k_i\in \{1,2,...,\frac{m}{2}\}$ be the node such that player $i$ is active. Figure~\ref{fig:centipede} illustrates the payoff structure of an increasing-sum centipede game due to \citet{aumann1998}.

Starting from \citet{mckelvey1992}, there have been many experimental studies of the centipede game and its variations; see, e.g., \citet*{fey1996}, \citet{nagel1998}, \citet{rubinstein2007}, \citet*{levitt2011}, and \citet*{krockow2016}, which is a meta-study of almost all published centipede experiments. Perhaps the most replicated finding is that human subjects overwhelmingly do not choose S in the first opportunity in increasing-sum centipede games. By contrast, they mostly choose S in the first opportunity in constant-sum centipede games. In addition, the longer the game, the later subjects choose S in increasing-sum centipede games (see, e.g. McKelvey and Palfrey, 1992).

I use the terminology of `long' centipede game (say, $m\geq 10$) to describe the class of increasing-sum centipede games in which human subjects overwhelmingly choose C in their first opportunity, consistent with the replicated experimental findings.

\section{Main result}

The following theorem shows that it is impossible that there exists a superhuman AGI if assumptions 2--4 hold.

\begin{theorem}[Impossibility of AI*]
	\label{thm:impossibility}
Freedom of the Mind, Access, and Rationality imply that AI* does not exist.
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
To reach a contradiction, assume that FoM, Access, and Rationality hold, and AI* exists. By Definition~\ref{def:superhuman}, there must be no game in which AI* is outperformed by H. Next, I show in several steps that a long centipede game, denoted by $G$, is a counter-example in the sense that FoM, Access, and SAGI imply that H outperforms AI* in this game.

First, let $s\in S$ be AI*'s solution of game $G$ characterized by the payoff functions illustrated in Figure~\ref{fig:centipede}. Suppose that for every $i$ and for every subgame $g$ of $G$, $s_i|g\in BR_j(s_j|g)$, i.e., AI*'s solution involves assigning best-responses to each player at every decision node. Then, the solution must be the unique subgame perfect Nash equilibrium in $G$ because otherwise it would assign a non-best-response at least to one of the players at one of the nodes. This is easy to see because in the last node AI* must assign S to the player, who might be itself or H, and given that it must assign S to the previous player and so on. But this solution implies that AI* cannot be superhuman, which contradicts to SAGI assumption. This because such a strategy would be below average: well-replicated experiments show that subjects receive significantly more payoff by choosing C until later stages in the game as discussed in section~\ref{sec:centipede}. Now, suppose that $s_{AI}(x_0)(S)>  0.75$, i.e., AI*'s solution $s$ in $G$ assigns more than $0.75$ probability to choosing S at the root of the game. Then, the maximum payoff AI* can receive in the best-case scenario is less than $2\times 0.75+(m+2)\times 0.25$, where $m$ is the number of decision nodes in $G$. Clearly, this payoff is less than $m/2$ for $m\geq 8$, so $s_{AI}$ would be considered below average in $G$. As a result, $s_{AI}(x_0)(C)\geq  0.25$, i.e., AI* chooses C at the root with probability more than $0.25$. This is a lower bound for a strategy to be considered below average in $G$, but for the remainder of the proof it suffices that $s_{AI}(x_0)(C)\geq 0.25$.

Second, by Access assumption H takes the strategy $s_{AI}$ of AI* as given. And, Rationality assumption implies that H chooses $s^*_H\in\arg\max_{s'_i\in S_i} u_i(s'_i,s_{AI})$ (see~\ref{eq:rationality}), i.e., H best-responds to the strategy of AI*. In addition, FoM assumption implies that H's strategy cannot be predicted by AI*, so $s_{AI}\notin BR_{AI}(s^*_H)$, i.e., AI*'s strategy cannot be a best-response to H's strategy. This is because H is already best-responding to AI*, and if both players are best-responding to each other, then the only possible outcome is to choose S at the first node, which already leads to a contradiction as shown above.

As a result, it implies that H outperforms AI* in the repeated contest $G^k_{1,2}$ for any $k$ because in both $G_1$ (the game in which H is player 1) and $G_2$ (the game in which H is player 2), $u_H(s^*_H, s_{AI})>u_{AI}(s^*_H, s_{AI})$. In other words, H's payoff must be strictly greater than AI*'s payoff in the repeated contest. This is because (i) H best-responds to AI* in both $G_1$ and $G_2$ and (ii) $s_{AI}(x_0)(S)\leq 0.75$, i.e., AI* does not choose S with high enough probability at the root.  Notice that the payoff function of $G$ is such that the best-responding player receives a greater payoff unless player 1 chooses S with high enough probability at the root of the game. As desired, H outperforms AI* in the repeated contest, which contradicts to the supposition that AI* is superhuman.
\end{proof}

\section{Discussion of the assumptions}
\label{sec:discussion}

\subsection*{Access}
\label{sec:access}

Assume that FoM and Rationality hold but Access does not hold. In that case, H would best-respond to some belief about AI*'s strategy. There would be no guarantee that H's belief will be correct. Thus, H would not necessarily be able to outperform H. This implies that AI* \textit{may} be superhuman.

\subsection*{Rationality}
\label{sec:rationality_discuss}

Assume that FoM and Access hold but Rationality does not hold. Then, this would \textit{not} contradict to the assumption that AI* is superhuman. The reason is that if H is not rational then they may pick a strategy such that H is outperformed by AI*.

\subsection*{Freedom of the mind}
\label{sec:freedom_discuss}

Assume that Access and Rationality hold, but FoM does not. So, AI* might be able to program H's brain and predict precisely what H will choose and can best-respond. AI*'s solution would take into account H's strategy in every game. \citet{ismail2022} shows that in general players cannot be both rational and predict the others' strategies correctly (which applies to centipede games as well). It implies that one of the players could outguess the other player, depending on perhaps the computational power of AI*. As a result, one cannot rule out the scenario that AI* outperforms H in every game, in which case the theorem would not hold.

\subsection*{Superhuman AGI}
\label{sec:superhuman}

As defined in section~\ref{sec:assumptions}, there must be at least one game in which AI* outperforms the representative human agent H and there should be no games in which AI* is outperformed by H. The definition of outperformance is a formal one, and I believe it is also reasonable in the context of non-zero-sum games.

The notion of superhuman AGI also includes a subjective component in which human experts must consider AI*'s strategy to be not `below average.' The precise form of this assumption is certainly open to discussion. But the part of this assumption that is needed and used in the proof of the main theorem is based on replicated empirical findings in perhaps one of the most well-studied games in economics. To be sure, centipede game and what should its `correct solution' be have been discussed in the literature since its introduction by \citet{rosenthal1981}. But there is little discussion, if any, regarding the fact that overwhelming majority of people do not choose to stop at the first node in long incresing-sum centipede games.

Finally, I would like to note that existence of AI* is obviously a theoretical assumption. It does not make any claim whether it is practically possible to build such a machine. Nor does it make any prediction about when, if possible, will AI* be built. That being said, there have been major developments towards AI* in the past three decades. Notably, Deep Blue was the first chess engine that beat a World Chess Champion, Garry Kasparov, in 1997 \citep*{campbell2002}. Earlier, \citet{tesauro1992} developed TD-Gammon in 1992 at IBM  which became the first computer program based on learning from self-play that surpassed `average' human level in a major board game. It was a strong program but not strong enough to beat the very best players at the time. Starting from late 1990s to early 2000s computer programs such as Backgammon Snowie and GNU Backgammon achieved superhuman play in backgammon by improving upon TD-Gammon's algorithm. More recently, DeepMind's AlphaGo  became the first program that beat a top professional player in Go \citep{silver2016}. Later, \citet{silver2018} introduced AlphaZero that achieved a superhuman play in not just one game but in three different games: chess, shogi, and Go.

\citet{schaeffer2007} went further than these studies in that they showed that the outcome of checkers, a major boardgame, is draw if both players play optimally. That being said, it is unreasonable to expect a complete solution in the near future for major games such as chess and Go in part because of their enormous size. However, there are analytical solutions for some large combinatorial games such as Nim. Hex is another well-known game that has not yet been solved analytically but it can be shown by a strategy-stealing argument that the first player wins by optimal play.\footnote{Catch-Up is a less well-known two-person combinatorial game whose simple rules lead to a complicated gameplay \citep*{isaksen2015}. Brute-force backward induction solutions of the small versions of the game and empirical evidence suggest that its optimal outcome may be a draw whenever a draw is possible, as conjectured by \citet{isaksen2015}. For a discussion of AI in Catch-Up, see \citet{brams2022}.}

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Victor Burdukov '20 was born and raised in the Buffalo area to parents from the Soviet Union who came as Christian refugees in the 1990's. He is fluent in Russian and is proficient in Spanish. Burdukov decided to stay in the Buffalo area to pursue his post-secondary education. In 2016, he completed his Bachelor of Business Administration with a concentration in International Business from the University at Buffalo. As an undergraduate, he studied abroad for in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, studying Asian Business and the Global Economy. Currently, Burdukov is pursuing a joint J.D./MBA degree in conjunction with the School of Management. For his MBA, he is concentrating in Supply Chain and Operations Management. For his J.D., his concentration is Cross-border Legal Studies. Burdukov works at Moog in East Aurora as a Supply Chain Support. He appreciates the fact that he works in a position that combines both the business and legal schools of thought. Burdukov loves to travel and is looking forward to the service-learning trip to Puerto Rico. He has already visited over 30 countries and over 20 states, and wants to add another place to his list. Burdukov is excited to contribute to the Hurricane Maria recovery effort where he can use his education and experiences to provide meaningful assistance to the people of Puerto Rico.
Jonathan Reyes Colón '19 (PR-Jan18, PR-July18, PR-Jan19) has dedicated a substantial portion of his work in law school to honing skills in litigation and promoting access to justice to underrepresented communities. In his first year, he co-founded a new student club called Intersectional Activism Alliance, along with several colleagues. The club is dedicated to the concept of intersectionalism, providing a safe space for students of different origins and backgrounds to share their identity and culture, and discuss their individual and collective social issues. Colón was born in Puerto Rico, and majored in Criminal Justice at the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico before moving to Buffalo, New York to study law. Colón's key areas of interest include social justice and other policy issues, and providing meaningful representation for those who cannot afford it. Colón applied to be a part of the Puerto Rico Recovery Assistance Clinic as a way of furthering his interest in access to justice, as well as seeking a meaningful opportunity to give back to the community in which he was born. Colón recognized the additional opportunity to evidence the outgrowth of the island's historic social and political struggles. He hopes to be a valuable asset to the clinic, providing a source of knowledge and insight to Puerto Rico's culture, its people, customs, and traditions. As a native of Puerto Rico, Colón is extremely grateful for the initiative of the School of Law in launching this endeavor, and hopes it will be a great benefit to his loved ones back home.
Siedah Gibson-Laurencin '19 (PR-Jan18, PR-Jan19) is of Puerto Rican descent and a returning student attorney; Gibson-Laurencin participated in the first ever Puerto Rico Recovery Assistance Legal Clinic in January of 2018. She is the Co-President of the Latin American Law Students Association and a member of the Hispanic Women's League. She also works as a Law Clerk for Gibson, McAskill, & Crosby, LLP. Siedah finds that humanitarian work provides a much-needed balance to the private law sector. Puerto Rico is a place near and dear to her heart. Her Puerto Rican culture has served as a source of guidance and support throughout Gibson-Laurencin's life. Attending the Language & Culture Program at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, helped her to understand Puerto Rico's history and how it has contributed to its present systemic issues. Gibson-Laurencin's January 2018 trip with the Puerto Rico clinic proved to be a life-changing experience. Through humanitarian and legal brigades, she learned some of the major needs of Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria and renewed her passion for serving an island and a culture that has given her so much.
Suzanne Starr '19 (PR-Jan18, PR-Jan19) has dedicated a substantial portion of her work in law school thus far to access to justice. She serves as a student attorney with the Civil Liberties and Transparency Clinic, where she works with major institutional clients on matters of government accountability and protected rights. Starr was a founding research fellow for the Veterans' Legal Practicum and a teaching assistant in legal ethics. She has also interned for Elder Justice WNY and U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand. Before law school, Starr left her career in 2008 to attend Erie Community College, as her husband's military service finally made her own education financially feasible. Four years (and two babies) later she earned a B.A., Magna cum laude, and Phi Beta Kappa, from UB's Honors College. Starr's key areas of interest include advocacy for the underserved, with special focus on veteran's affairs and sex workers' rights; progressive policy development; and movement lawyering. Starr applied to be part of the Puerto Rico Recovery Assistance Legal Clinic because as an attorney, she believes it will be her duty to advocate for those who lack the access to justice. She desires to be an ally to the People of Puerto Rico, and denounces American colonialism. She hopes the trip will be informative on a policy level as well as adding to her legal skill set.
Past Students
Michael Altman '19
Jonathan Reyes Colón '19
Margaret McKenzie '19
Jonathan Reyes Colón
Elizabeth David '19
Heather Frank '18
Sarah Gardner's '19
Siedah Gibson-Laurencin '19
Emma Molodetz '19
Amanda Oppermann '19
Eamon J.P. Riley '18
David Yovanoff '18

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Sheila McIlraith is a Canadian computer scientist specializing in Artificial Intelligence (AI). She is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada CIFAR AI Chair (Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence), and Associate Director and Research Lead of the Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society.

Education and career
McIlraith earned her PhD at the University of Toronto under the supervision of Raymond Reiter.

Research and career
McIlraith worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Xerox PARC and as a research scientist at Stanford University before returning to the University of Toronto as a faculty member in 2004.

McIlraith's research is in the area of AI knowledge representation and reasoning, automated planning, and machine learning where she currently studies sequential decision-making, broadly construed, with a focus on human-compatible AI. Her research was seminal to the area of semantic web services and had made practical contributions to the development of emerging web standards such as DAML-S/OWL-S and computer-aided diagnosis systems.

McIlraith served as program co-chair for the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Conference in 2018, as program co-chair of the 13th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2012), and as program co-chair of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) in 2004.

Awards and honors
McIlraith was elected an ACM Fellow in 2019 "for contributions to knowledge representation and its applications to automated planning and semantic web services". She was also elected an AAAI Fellow in 2011 "for significant contributions to knowledge representation, reasoning about action, and the formal foundations of the semantic web and diagnostic problem solving". She and co-authors have been recognized with two 10 year test of time awards from the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) in 2011, and from the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS) in 2022.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian women computer scientists
Canadian computer scientists
University of Toronto alumni
Scientists at PARC (company)
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Can Living at Altitude Lead to Depression?
Despite being ranked America's happiest state with ski resorts, stargazing, and mountain trails galore, Utah also has the country's highest suicide rates. One neuroscientist is calling it the "Utah Paradox" and thinks he has a hunch on why: high altitude — despite its risky virtues — can mess with your brain chemistry. Perry Renshaw's research was recently featured in a Mic Article and we spoke to the man himself on why sadness might run so rampant at such great heights.
Could you describe the Utah paradox?
Look at any survey published in the last 30 years, and you'll see there's a high quality of life associated with living in the mountains. At the same time, if you use the Center of Disease Control data, Utah leaves the nation behind in depression and suicide — there's more suicidal acts, more antidepressant use. The whole region of the Rocky Mountains has high rates of suicide. So how can it be that we love living there but we have more depression and suicide? We started to focus on the idea of thin air — that partial oxygen is less the higher you go in altitude. And people studying brain chemistry and looking at blood changes in high-level enthusiasts, see the phenomenon of hypoxia.
What is hypoxia and how does it affect some people's mental health?
Hypoxia simply means low oxygen, and you can have low oxygen for a lot of reasons: because you have asthma, or because the air happens to be much thinner at high altitude. You're compromising lung function. During hypoxia, the brain has a terrible time making the chemical serotonin. But hypoxia also causes the brain to make more dopamine — which is generally linked to rewarding activities. So depending on your genetics, if you have a predisposition to lower serotonin levels or depression and anxiety, you could trip over the fact that your brain isn't making as much serotonin, and be affected by the altitude. But if you're someone who loves coming here and feel at home on the mountains, that's the dopamine elevation effect explaining why you're happy to live there.
At what altitude does hypoxia start to affect brain chemistry?
As you go up in altitude, the atmospheric pressure goes down so you have less oxygen than at sea level. Taken to the extreme there's outer space. But Barry Brenner at Case Western University, who's also done some research in this, looked at the data and said it's 2,000 feet — that's when problem start to appear with increased suicide, and that's the altitude when our bodies have trouble extracting oxygen for purposes.
Who might this impact of altitude most likely affect? What can they do?
We see the greatest symptoms in people who recently moved to a higher place. If we recruit new scientists, 30 to 40 percent will have a nuance of anxiety or depression. They feel the symptoms. So if you haven't grown up in the higher elevation areas, it's quite a profound switch for your body and brain to adjust, and people do experience sadness.
People who should worry more are people who have bipolar disorder — low serotonin will push for more depression, more mania. So if you know you have a depressive or anxiety disorder if you're planning a trip or moving into a higher altitude state its useful to consider the idea that you mood will change and whoever is providing you care for that should know, and help you stay on top of it.
Do we have other evidence showing how climate or geography can impact brain chemistry?
Look at animals. Japanese researchers showed that as barometric pressure drops, animals display more depressive symptoms. We have a similar system where we make the air thinner with a vacuum pump and what we see in female animals is the thinner we make the air, the more depressed they look the and the less they respond to conventional treatments. So we're concerned in how this plays out in humans.
Why did you start looking into the link between altitude and depression?
The University of Utah recruited my wife and me from Harvard in 2008, and as part of our transition we started working at the mental illness research clinical center, where the focus was on suicide research. This linked back to work I had done in Boston, identifying changes in brain chemistry with people having mood disorders. We've seen change sin brain chemistry consistent to hyperventilation. It's more of a struggle to get as much oxygen as the body wants. Then, as a newcomer to Utah, everyone is short of breath when they arrive there- that didn't seem like a good idea for people with mood disorders already.
Could other factors be influencing the high suicide rates?
Suicide is a complex disorder. We're not saying altitude is the only thing that's going to influence how you feel when you're under stress, or are impulsive. We don't mean to boil it down to one factor. But the advantage is we can ask how can you take care of problems caused by thin air. A lot of factors contribute to depressed mood, but this seems like a particularly easy factor to identify.
How can Utah respond to this?
This is intended to be pro-mountain research, because its only once you identify a problem and what's causing it that you can fix it. The goal for the next 3 yeas is focus on how can we improve outcomes. Now that we know a lot of people taking antidepressants, we can make those more effective, or get dietary interventions to get the point where they can get well without them.


A note in my sketchbook. I'm re-reading Original Blessing by Matthew Fox and his ideas on Creation Spirituality. It's premise is basically that the earth was made originally good and the fall/redemption ideology has distorted the concept of the Divine creative energy that God imbued in creation. It is quite a liberal theology but I love it. I'd like to expand on it more here at some stage but I don't really was to just repeat large chunks of the books here. I'd love to study it further as it does actually want to make me take a deeper look at the Bible, but getting my head around deep theology isn't easy.
It is hard for us to understand the entirety of the created cosmos. I am not a creationist (literal 7 days to create the earth) and quite happy with idea that the earth has been around for millions of years quietly getting on with the process of creation. Hmm, perhaps Creation is a better word for Evolution as I am not sure that the latter fully encompasses the entirely process of Earth's development. From that perspective the recent Christocentric time frame within we seem to place much of our history and development seems almost inconsequential. If God's creative energy has been at work for so long in forming the earth that nourishes plant roots, the butterflies that dance in summer sunshine and clouds that bring rain to the mountain streams; then are we humans not the most arrogant, self-centered and destructive life forms to walk upon this fragile land?
Can Nature be my Living Bible?
How can I enter a truly authentic mystical faith that draws up nature and Creation for its Being?
And, possibly more interestingly, how can I find people that share similar ideas? The internet is fine as a starting point but it lacks proper personal contact. I am not sure I am ready to return to our church yet so I do feel a bit isolated. Perhaps i should start a group... or do something... or just scream with frustration!
Sorry to hear about your solo journey. I used to feel the same way, at one point I even returned to church, but only once. I realized when I was there, I didn't believe it anymore. Solitary spirituality is fulfilling, but it is a hard road. I have really been there. I am so happy right now where I'm at though, because I don't question anymore. You will find your way, whether it be back at church, or somewhere else. The questing can seem frustrating, but it gets us there in the end, and you learn so much from it. I hope you find others you can talk with in your area. I remember that was the hardest part on my journey, feeling alone.


As appeared in The New Indian Express on September 18, 2018.
Uber recently launched a first-of-its-kind Gift Card, redeemable across Uber and Uber Eats, and available on Paytm and other online platforms.
The Uber Gift Card is a unique initiative, reiterating Uber's commitment to India, perfectly timed for the upcoming festive season.
Uber has enlisted Qwikcilver as the official issuer for Gift cards.
Uber users can now gift their friends and families the joy of getting a ride or enjoying a delicious meal, anytime, anywhere, at the tap of a button.
This also makes for an innovative corporate gifting option, with companies choosing the Uber Gift Card as a unique employee gifting option, or corporate rewards and recognition program.
The Uber Gift Card is now easily available on leading e-commerce platforms like Paytm.
"At Uber we are continuously innovating to make the experience of our users enjoyable and convenient. The upcoming festive season gives us the perfect opportunity to launch the Uber Gift Card, a first-of-its-kind initiative combining fantastic offers across food and transportation at the tap of a button. Paytm has been a long-standing partner in bringing technology-enabled convenience to the Indian consumer, and we're proud to take this partnership a step further with our first Uber Gift Card offering in India," said Madhu Kannan, Chief Business Officer, India and Emerging Markets, Uber.
Kiran Vasireddy, COO – Paytm said, "Uber is preferred by millions of Indians for their daily commute, and our long-standing partnership has allowed us to enable seamless payments for their commuters.
We are excited to launch the Uber Gift Card on Paytm, a unique gifting solution for food and transportation that will allow friends and family to bring joy to their loved ones during the upcoming festive season.
Kumar Sudarsan, CEO & Director, Qwikcilver said "We are extremely thrilled to partner with Uber as we together aim to enable millions of Indian to experience the joy of hassle-free commuting to their preferred destination.
Qwikcilver has pioneered the Gift Card category in India and working to innovatively scale the adoption across consumer segments.
As the issuer of the Uber Gift Card, we do believe that this Qwikcilver partnership with Uber can be a game changer for the consumer adoption of Gift Cards.


A beautiful setting near Bath.
The Best Western Plus Centurion Hotel is situated just 9 miles away from Bath, on the outskirts of Midsomer Norton. In pleasant village surroundings, the hotel offers convenience as well as character, with the A367 providing links to Bath and Shepton Mallet and Wells.
Privately owned and run by the Jones family who have a hundred years of hospitality experience under their belts, the hotel combines professional service with a warm, relaxed environment. You really will want for nothing here!
With a 9-hole golf course and well-equipped fitness centre, you'll be spoilt for choice when it comes to spending quality free time with friends, family or colleagues.
Our Chef's prepare menus with a difference - from traditional Sunday lunch to light, healthy lunches; and for dinner a choice of innovative dishes all set in a welcoming, relaxed and unique setting overlooking our scenic 9 hole parkland golf course.
Head Chef Sean Horwood brings over 12 years experience in the hospitality industry. Sean and his team have earned their culinary experience under the guidance of some highly seasoned Chefs at a number of 'AA Rosette' and 'Michelin Star' establishments.
In recognition of their fabulous cuisine and high service standards the team have maintained the AA Rosette's awarded to their two previous hotels, and have achieved entry into the invite only "Trenchman's Guide".
Our two AA Rosette award winning restaurant offers a traditional modern menu and combines a refined Roman style with an atmosphere that makes lunch or dinner even more enjoyable. The Restaurant @ Centurion has a regularly changing seasonal menu, locally sourced and brilliantly cooked by our chefs. With views over our golf course.
Over one hundred mature trees line the fairways on our 9 hole course. And with 38 bunkers positioned around the course, its as challenging as it is scenic! Golfers of all abilities are more than welcome to swing by! Highlights: The wood carving on the par 3 seventh is well worth a look on the way round the course. Please note that weekend prices may vary. Day passes are also available.
We offer a range of bits and pieces that may or may not improve your round!
The woodland course is designed on two levels. Holes 2 to 11 circle the hills and offer fine scenic views, with undulating fairways which provide some interesting lies. The 12th hole is played down from its elevated tee to a double green by the Clubhouse. It's a short dog-leg par 4, and can be driven by the longest hitters.
The remaining holes play along the valley, where accurate drives are essential. The 13th hole is a difficult par 5 with a ditch crossing the fairway twice, and the 2nd shot must be positioned with care.
The ditch is also a danger on both the approach to the 16th and to any shot left on the short 17th. The 18th is an excellent finishing hole. A good drive to the dog-leg will still leave a long and accurate approach to a well protected green.
Our fully air-conditioned gym contains cardio-vascular and resistance equipment. You are more than welcome to work out on our bikes, spinning bike, arch trainers, step machines, free weights, leg press, shoulder press and rowing machines!
Although you're the ones taking the vows, we'll make a few promises of our own. First, the customer service we'll make sure everything's just right on the day. Secondly, the food. We guarantee the highest quality! And finally, the venue itself. You can be sure of the perfect pictures thanks to our gardens and golf course.
Whatever you want to do on the big day, we'll help you organise it. Just use your imagination, and we'll use our contacts!
Our menus have been designed to help you tailor make your meal!
Get in touch with Mark Manley on 01761 417711.
Who ever you're meeting, we'll meet your needs here at the Best Western Plus Centurion Hotel. A dedicated member of staff will be on hand to help, and we can provide a range of facilities to make sure you have everything you require.
Small meeting room perfect for up to 10 people.
The Catherine Room is our largest conference room. Overlooking our nine hole golf course with plenty of natural light. The room is also equipped with a stage and PA system.


We will send an email to as soon as the product Sovereign Theatre is available.
The Sovereign Theatre is made from 3mm MDF, easy to put together and looks great on the tabletop. Great scenery to use with Batman.
The Sovereign Theatre is 20cm wide, 30cm deep and 20cm high.


text:
Q: Vala: using a library won't work: taglib, tag_c.h not found So I am tinkering with making an app for elementary os that uses the taglib library. Currently I installed the library to '/usr/include/taglib/' but when I try to build my app with sudo ninja install it says that it can't find the 'tag_c.h' file in the compiled c code of my app. This 'tag_c.h' file can however be found in the above directory.
The important parts of my meson file look as follows:
dependencies = [
    dependency('gio-unix-2.0', version: '>=2.20'),
    dependency('granite'),
    dependency('taglib_c')
]
...
executable(
    meson.project_name(),
    code_files,
    dependencies: dependencies,
    install: true
)

I get no errors building my app when I remove the lines of code that actually use the TagLib library:
 TagLib.File f = new TagLib.File(path);

So maybe this means that it finds the vapi, but cannot find the c code for it?
First of all, how do I solve this problem?
Second of all, is this just a problem on my machine? How do I make sure that other people who install my app also install taglib by just meson building it and have it work right away?

A: elementary OS is based on Debian/Ubuntu so I think you need to install libtagc0-dev as well. That includes the relevant pkg-config file and C header to use the C interface of TagLib.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Free Consultation 24/7 (877) 313-7673 Free Consultation 24/7 Manhattan (212) 490-8400 Queens (718) 261-0546info@nroselaw.com Download App
About Nicholas
Fatal Demolition Accident in Philly Drives Home NYC Construction Dangers
June 15, 2013	by Nicholas Rose	0 Comments 803 Views
New York Dog Bite Bill Progressing in State Senate
New York Senate Passes Sweeping Distracted Driving Measure
June 15, 2013	by Nicholas Rose	in Construction Accidents
Officials are calling it a "bungled demolition."
Demolition workers in Philadelphia were reportedly tearing down an empty, four-story building when the structure collapsed onto a nearby thrift store, trapping numerous people inside, killing six and injuring 14.
Our New York City construction accident lawyers understand that several witnesses indicated the demolition workers were being "careless," and questions were raised prior to the collapse of how closely they were being monitored and supervised. A construction worker on a job across the street was quoted as saying as soon as he saw a support beam removed, be braced for the impact and looked on in horror as the building began to sway.
Authorities with the U.S. Occupation Health & Safety Administration have launched an investigation, which could take up to six months to complete.
Although the horrific scene has garnered national headlines, demolition-related injuries are common in the construction industry. In fact, New York City has had more than its share of these type of incidents in the past.
Back in 2011, scaffolding that had been erected at a five-story, brick building on West 125th Street that was set for demolition crashed onto the street below and onto a bus, injuring 17 people. Amazingly, none of those individuals suffered life-threatening injuries, though several were transported to a nearby Harlem hospital. At that site, workers had the proper permits, though inspectors were called to the site for reported issues just a few days before the incident. However, inspectors found no violations at that time.
And in 2007 at the Ground Zero site, workers were conducting a demolition of portions of the Deutsche Bank structure when a worker lost control of his forklift, sending it plunging more than 200 feet to the ground. The forklift crashed through a worker-erected roof and onto the ground floor. Two firefighters standing underneath that roof suffered head injuries when pieces of rubble came tumbling down.
In 2005, a Brooklyn supermarket that was being demolished to make way for a high-rise structure partially collapsed during the work, causing injury to five people – including a baby. Most of those injured suffered broken bones.
In 2000, two construction workers were seriously injured after a partially-demolished portion of the New York Coliseum collapsed, trapping the workers under the concrete and steel. Both suffered cuts, bruises and leg injuries, though investigators were surprised it wasn't worse, given the extent of the damage.
In the case of the recent Philadelphia collapse, construction industry witnesses said they feared for weeks that something of this nature would happen, due to the way the demolition was reportedly being carried out. One roofer noted that workers were standing on the edge, simply knocking bricks off without appearing to have a strategic method that would prevent a potential collapse.
While workers certainly have a responsibility to adhere to proper safety procedures, this assumes they have been properly trained, given the correct tools and appropriately supervised. Unfortunately, we know that's all too often not the case.
The Law Offices of Nicholas Rose, PLLC offers free consultations. Call 1-877-313-7673.
Subway Worker Freed After Hours Stuck in Mud, March 19, 2013, By Michael Schwirtz and Daniel E. Slotnik, The New York Times
Transit Worker in Queens Is Fatally Struck by a Train, April 24, 2013, By Matt Flegenheimer, The New York Times
NYC Construction Accident Results in Citation of Crane Operator, Contractor, Feb. 22, 2013, New York Construction Injury Lawyer Blog
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text:
Automobile Insurance and Traffic Safety
Penalties of Careless Auto Driving
Auto Insurance Coverage and Costs
Accident Research and Traffic Safety
Rise of Traffic Deaths and Insurance Rates
Death by automobile rang up new records over the Fourth of July; more than 500 persons died in traffic accidents. Unless accident incidence takes an unexpected drop in the last half of 1964, more than 50,000 men, women and children will perish in motor traffic in the United States this year, and 1.7 million will suffer disabling injuries. Such statistics have long since lost shock value. But motorists who might otherwise shrug off loss of life on the country's highways are discovering to their dismay that there is a direct relationship between the mounting traffic toll and the rates they have to pay for car insurance.
Liability insurance rates on certain high-risk drivers are reaching prohibitive levels. Motorists with especially bad driving records cannot buy insurance from standard companies at any price. Such people, many of whom must drive to hold their jobs, find they can finance needed insurance only through so-called "substandard" companies which charge sky-high rates and add exorbitant interest or handling charges.
Numerous drivers take their chances behind the wheel with no liability insurance at all. The uninsured motorists leave their accident victims with no realistic means of obtaining compensation, unless it is through state funds for the purpose which are operated at substantial deficits.
Jun. 19, 2020 Fuel Efficiency Standards
Feb. 01, 2019 Self-Driving Cars
Feb. 17, 2017 Reducing Traffic Deaths
Jul. 25, 2014 Future of Cars
Feb. 06, 2009 Auto Industry's Future
May 16, 2003 SUV Debate
Oct. 26, 2001 Auto Safety
Jan. 21, 2000 Auto Industry's Future
Jul. 25, 1997 Aggressive Driving
Oct. 16, 1992 U.S. Auto Industry
Apr. 27, 1990 Curbing Auto-Insurance Premiums
Jul. 14, 1989 Automakers Face Trouble Down the Road
Aug. 31, 1984 U.S. Auto Industry: Strategies for Survival
Feb. 23, 1979 Auto Research and Regulation
Apr. 28, 1978 Automotive Safety
May 10, 1974 Auto Industry in Flux
Apr. 18, 1973 Auto Emission Controls
Jan. 13, 1971 Auto Insurance Reform
Jul. 27, 1966 Fortunes of Auto Industry
Jun. 04, 1965 Automobile Safety
Jul. 10, 1964 Automobile Insurance and Traffic Safety
Nov. 19, 1958 Small Cars
Apr. 17, 1957 Better Driving
Jul. 01, 1954 Competition in Automobiles
Mar. 23, 1954 Automobile Liability Insurance
Dec. 24, 1952 Highway Accidents: Causes and Remedies
Aug. 21, 1945 Automobiles in the Postwar Economy
Sep. 02, 1938 The Market for Automobiles
Oct. 26, 1932 Outlook for the Automobile Industry
Dec. 10, 1929 Condition of the Automobile Industry
Jan. 30, 1928 Automobile Fatalities and Compulsory Insurance
Dec. 10, 1927 The Status of the Automobile Trade
Manufacturing and Industrial Production
Motor Traffic Safety


Logos are the first thing people see when they are presented to your company, so it's incredibly important to make a very good impression. At OMA Comp, our designers will work with you in creating your brand and they will make sure that it's exactly what your vision entails. Some of our clients may not know exactly what they want in their logo, which is absolutely fine. Our designers can create batches of differentiating prototypes and directions that clients can choose from, giving them options of what they want representing their brand.
Print work might seem like it's a disappearing form of communication, but trust us when we say it's still very useful, especially in a local market. At OMA Comp, we work mostly with local companies, and we've had a great amount of experience in making brochures, stationary sets, business cards, and many other forms of printed work for our clients. Call today to see if we can create great print work for you.
Do you think your company could benefit from a newspaper ad? Working with clients, we figure out exactly the audience they are after and strive to reach them in ways that are appropriate for that specific group. Strategizing with clients means tailoring efforts to their criteria, helping them reach their goals in the most manageable way possible.


Roblox Builders Club – Tag : roblox builders club, roblox builders club card, roblox builders club code, roblox builders club free, roblox builders club free trial 2018, roblox builders club hack, roblox builders club hat, roblox builders club items, roblox builders club lifetime, roblox builders club prices, . Roblox Toys are smaller collectible mini-figures and playsets based on many famous Roblox personalities, users and programmers. They're generated from the company Jazwares. Every toy has a unique code which could be redeemed for a special exclusive thing, based on the toy you've bought, you might get yourself a lot like for instance a ring master, Shedletsky.
Players can purchase the toys from other stores and places. Such examples include Toys"R"Us, Walmart, CVS Pharmacy, Target and Amazon. Roblox additionally has an internet website on Jazwares which lists the different collections and figurines available, properties the code salvation platform, and lists at which players could obtain the toys.
Each Roblox Toy has the capacities of having their roles combined with additional Roblox Toys. The toy's arms are all fashioned in R 6 shape, whereas the legs are formatted in to R15 shape. Users wishing to mimic the movement of their Roblox toys on their avatar often use the toy animation package.
Though the toys had been received with complete positive reception, the consumers criticized it declaring they wore a lot such as Lego collectible figurines. Some accessories and figurines have Roblox's old"R" logo on these instead of the more modern square variant.


First.—To form the nucleus of a UNIVERSAL BROTHERHOOD OF HUMANITY, without distinction of race, creed, caste or color.
Second.—To promote the study of Aryan and other Eastern literatures, religions, and sciences, and demonstrate the importance of that study.
Third.—To investigate unexplained laws of nature and the psychical powers latent in man.
The Society represents no particular creed, is entirely unsectarian, and includes professors of all faiths. No person's religious beliefs are interfered with, and all that is exacted from each member is the same toleration of the views of others which he desires them to exhibit towards his own.
The promoters of the Society's objects do not declare that in our time there can be established on earth a living brotherhood of peoples and governments. Nor do they expect or desire to sweep away at one blow the various distinctions which now exist in society and government. They believe that, in the natural order of things, with the progress of enlightenment, whatever is an obstacle and encumbrance to the development of human knowledge and happiness will pass away, as the morning mist before the sun.
What the Society hopes and means to achieve is, the bringing together a large body of the most reasonable and best educated persons of all extant races and religious groups, all of whom shall accept and put into practice the theory that, by mutual help and a generous tolerance of each other's preconceptions, mankind may be benefited largely and the chances for discovering hidden truth greatly improved.


As many people asked, here is the sequel to my last game, -Lazer Shot X-. This was unexpectedly difficult to make. There have been great suggestions in forms of reviews (Which YOU SHOULD DEFINITELY DO HINT HINT WINK WINK) and I took many of them into consideration.
I'm extremely happy with this, it came out amazing (in my opinion, -give me your opinion in a review!-) and I'm glad to see it done. Enjoy it!
Now, I present to you, -Lazer Shot deuX- !
Agree abput the <I> Horizantal </I> border, need to keep the stuff out of there, otherwise, excellent.
The pixely style fits. and its a blast shooting more than one target at once.
You should make a better vertical border, the ships flying in the border are awkward.
This is a massive mouse avioder, with 50 challenging levels!
This is a huge tutorial on Flash, Photoshop, and Newgrounds!
Want to know how to make "fudge"? Here's how you do it!
If you like classic rock, here's the quiz series for you!
In this horizontal shooter, battle against pollution and save the world!
Worms,ghosts and other monsters are rushing into our town , so .......BITE them!


The meaning of the color Crimson and color combinations to inspire your next design.
The word crimson was originally used to describe the color of Kermes dye, a substance derived from the tiny insect Kermes vermilio. Its hex code is #DC143C.
It is said to be the color of love and affection, and of course, it is also the color of Harvard and its infamous daily student newspaper, The Harvard Crimson.
If you're looking to develop a color palette using crimson, consider looking to Victorian colors like deep bronze, maroons, or greens for an elegant and vintage look. For a more modern palette, combine crimson with pinks or with neutrals like sand dollar and beige.
Looking for a different hue? The following colors are related to crimson.


At WasteForge, we strive to bring you the best service at the best price available. We have a wide selection of dumpster sizes in stock in South Jamesport, NY, with flexible & timley pickup and delivery. Give us a call today for all your dumpster rental and roll off needs.
The smart way involving availing the great opportunities to clear your trash at most economical cost is to reserve the offer ahead of time. The discounts and deals are offered by these 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport, NY companies over the stretch of time, so arranging a dumpster ahead of time for the lower period could make you stand on the top of the priority record for getting the service. Moreover, it can save you the time upon Thanksgiving time for shopping other merchandise. You cannot take all the spots where the discounts are offered to get your desired merchandise. Time is quite precious in this festive year, you can order the particular dumpster from the comfort of home just by few clicks.you can view a right dimension dumpster waiting on door the answer to haul absent your trash at economical cost.
New carpeting, baseboards, doors, counter, toilet, bath, etc. may be brought in when the old is thrown in to the dumpster that was booked. All of the completely new items get boxes along with plastic plus some sort of packing material. Doing this can be chucked right into the particular rented dumpster.
By means of looking at the above informational suggestions, you should easily find a phenomenal business to rent following day dumpsters for your structure business.
Everyone wants to keep their home and atmosphere clean and tidy. Huge amount involving trash is generated in home based renovation along with construction initiatives. These waste material cause hassle at your career location. To remove the muddle formed at your job place, you have to find the ideal 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport, NY service company.
The smart along with easiest way to get away from all these difficulties is to select a dumpster hire by professional 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport, NY company that controls the entire activity on your behalf. They even can help you in finding the right size dumpster at your home step to clear trash on one get. The dumpsters chosen from the professional rental service provider will likely be labeled because of the tonnage of spend that can be managed. This shows the user forward about the a great deal of waste which needs to be dumped within, thereby keeping away from the chances of miscarriage and the box being excess.
First off, you must hire a structure crew that may in to get the remodeling task finished for you. Once you have gotten a couple of estimates and also have hired a company, you can get began with the rest of your setting up. Maybe you would like to paint your own walls prior to a new carpets is set up. This is a great moment since you need not worry and become extra cautious not to leak paint on your old carpets.
Having a particular dumpster as a property owner will help with cleaning, moving as well as renovating. Any unwanted garbage can go directly into the dumpster rather than filling up along with overflowing your own trash containers. There will be nowhere to put all this! There will be space to work and bring in completely new items easily.
Reduction of spend production although one of the best methods to get great results, this can not be always achievable, solid spend generation gets inevitable in a few projects similar to construction, house renovation, backyard clean up along with commercial discretion. This trash has to be got rid of effectively in order to reduce effect of contamination on the setting. Dumpster rental is the best along with affordable choice to dispose the garbage in environmental friendly fashion. These 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport, NY companies at U . s . Samoa will reuse all the qualified trash within environmental welcoming manner minimizing the space filled by the trash in the landfills. All your trash will be easily wiped up on lightning speed cost effectively with 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport, NY in U . s . Samoa, so trash bin rental performs a key function in reducing the impact of contamination on the setting, hence gets inevitable from the Island similar to American Samoa to help preserve the particular ecological stability of the Region.
Using dumpster accommodations in construction or any other significant project can assist to keep a secure working atmosphere for your personnel. This helps reduce unfortunate occasions or crashes from taking place. The likelihood of crashes happening will increase when there is uncleared particles on the driveway. Making sure that from the debris is definitely cleared along with handled regularly also lessens the likelihood you are held accountable for virtually every medical charges ensuing from accidents inside construction website.
Most people check out renting a dumpster as an expense. This can't be denied, because it costs money to access a dumpster from a company. Nevertheless, people seldom consider the savings that by using a dumpster can provide. Firms often utilize them, because dumpsters will be the most efficient way to throw out a big quantity of garbage. Still, a dumpster may ease any risk of strain on an peoples pocketbook. Allow me to share three ways dumpsters preserve people funds anytime they will take on substantial projects.
Inserting the trash pot in a free of charge space might facilitate simple pickup along with delivery with no throwing any kind of challenges to the18 wheeler driver. It usually is advisable to have got handy specifics of the dimensions of your dumpster before that reaches your doorstep. Dropping the trash can inside pre assigned space will probably ease the task of both customer and also the vendor with no wasting much of your time.
Even now opt for longer hard for you to bring the trash cups the best suit your requirements. Dumpster accommodations are usually charged based on the tonnage associated with trash, time period of rental and size of dumpsters You will be more than burdened by means of additional fees in terms of a number of trips to dispose your waste if you employ a small dimension dumpster. You will end up paying for the free space if you employ a large dimension dumpster. Most of the 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport corporations in the market placed an end to this matter by renting various sizes of dumpster in respect to your customized requirements.
Another thing to be sure to check out is the convenience of the support. You should make sure which the service has many trucks which are capable of transporting anything that you may be able to throw away.
There are various measurements of dumpsters offered to dispose massive tonnage of waste. Different sizes associated with dumpster are 3-5 lawn, 6-8 yard, 10-15 lawn, 20 lawn, 30 lawn, and also Forty five yard dumpster. The customers can use have the flexibility to make the choice accordingly.
The not so current trend that will continues to be a little more and more well-known these days would be the pairing as well as bundling associated with special event solutions. Often a single vendor provides several of the short term rental services required for a live performance, wedding, bash or any other occasion to be a success. One particular industry exactly where this tendency is especially found is the dumpster market. In the past 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport corporations offered solutions related to waste materials management. Dumpster, along with roll down rental companies usually had departments that reprocessed and/or purchased discarded metal and some even supply residential waste collection support.
The second reason a 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport may be essential is the amount of waste you will end up producing, roof structure an average house can produce upward to 9 tons of waste materials alone. Sheetrock, old pieces of furniture, and shingles also consider more inside a collective perception than almost all would think. This tonnage will probably typically meet or exceed the limits associated with normal selection. Dumpster rentals are cheaper than ever before and is delivered to the job site along with picked up too. These components alone help it become mandatory for almost all project managers to incorporate waste materials management within their plans at the start. Forgetting to do it is a headache many property owners do not wish to have got. Dumpster rentals grab the liability along with hassle from dealing with different permits along with legalities required with substantial disposals. Furthermore, having dumpsters today currently being so effortlessly delivered along with removed, this is likely the least expensive way to eliminate items from your to do record. Most dumpster spots even supply to help eliminate items from your work site for an additional fee. According to what type of waste materials is being put together by the project some corporations may even supply to take it free of charge. This is very practical and shows that one man's trash is obviously another's cherish. Many construction projects do not make use of these services and get twisted up in paperwork as it is. The advantages of using a regional 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport company are generally significant.
Once you have unique construction firms give you a bid how much you will possess to pay to have all of the above completed, you can select one of them. As soon as you do make your selection, the builder will have to let you know when he or even she can start the work. When investing in the night out, wait a tad as many times technicians get behind agenda. You can even hold off until the day before to agenda next day 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport, NY.
Even though many people do not realize it, there are certain supplies that cannot be put inside these 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport, NYs. It is vital that you know that materials will not be to go in your current dumpster when you rent one. Special waste items or dangerous wastes should not be placed in these containers. Faltering to follow these pointers can result in charges as well. Components that are needed to be remade are not acceptable in dumpsters for some other trash - they may be to be remade and incorporated into their own container.
You may not do any renovating at all nevertheless need to rent any dumpster. You could be organizing your underground room. Perhaps your current basement had flooding issues. A lot of the belongings in your underground room may have been wrecked and are at this point starting to shape. You need to take away the items fast. Thankfully you will discover next day dumpster firms to call when getting to work and obtain the moldy things out of your home without delay.
To make issues even easier, you should definitely rent a small dumpster that will holds up to a couple tons of particles. It would be wise to rent a dumpster that is certainly on tires in case you need to move it from one section of your driveway to another section of your driveway. You can ask from the company that rents out the dumpsters to send skids along to protect your driveway. This will provide a sense of alleviation knowing that your current paved driveway will not have any kind of damage completed to it.
Parts, metals, raw wood, yard waste, glass which enable it to all be place into one container. Items that are too large to become handled inside your regular garbage can just be mixed in without worrying concerning the size. This also helps you buy your job done quickly since you don't possess to deal with separating all the different items which would be needed if they had been handled because recyclables.
Once the work gets started out all of the units may be cut out and need a place to become thrown away. You don't wish old items of wood as well as cabinet pieces to be lying around. The construction staff wants to maintain work area because neat as possible, too.
Guam is unincorporated territory of US; it is one of several five US areas. The state develops its economy primarily on tourism Industry, Section of Defense installations, as well as locally held businesses. Guam is the southernmost as well as largest area in the Mariana area chain and is particularly the largest area in Micronesia.
Often home and business masters prefer low cost 3 Yard Dumpster Rental in South Jamesport, NYs rather than purchasing one. The latter is a major investment and you'll only just do it with it when it is absolutely necessary. For instance, a hospital yields a lot of disposable items that requires to be stashed till it can be shifted away. This is when investing in a dumpster is a superior option. However, for a house owner cheap dumpster accommodations is a great solution to consider.


mima is one of the UK's leading galleries for modern and contemporary art and craft.
mima is a great place to visit as a family. We have family activities and special events all year round, many of them free of charge. From our regular art trolley drop-in activities for all the family to our weekly mini mima club for 0-4 year olds and our creative workshops for older children, there is something for all the family.
If you come when there aren't any events planned, there is a family area and plenty of free activities and resources to pick up.
While you're at mima, why not sample the family friendly menu in our café, which includes a children's menu for just £3? There are activities for the children to do in the café, and we have plenty of high chairs for the little ones too.
Browse our shop for arty gifts for children and adults, from pocket money souvenirs to art and craft kits.
mima has spacious baby changing facilities and even toddler toilets! We have parking at the back of mima and are easily accessible by foot or by public transport so why not come along for a great day out and a warm family welcome?
Every Thursday morning (during term time) 10-11.30am, we deliver mini mima, an exciting hands-on interactive early years adventure for 0-4 year olds. Sessions respond to mima's current exhibitions and includes a sing-along, juice and biscuit, and loads of hands on experimental making. £3.50 per child, adults go free.
We provide free family resources including a building guide, exhibition guides, and other exhibition-specific things to do in the gallery.
See a full list of mima's family events here.
"We made use of the family art trolley. My five year old asked if he could come every Saturday. Excellent idea to encourage young people/children into the gallery. Thanks again!"
The café is open late until 7.00pm on the first Thursday of every month.