text:
Calcium supplements | health benefits, deficiency symptoms, dietary sources, side effects
Calcium supplements quick review
• Biological functions: needed to form bones and teeth and is also required for blood clotting, transmission of signals in nerve cells, and muscle contraction.
• Health benefits: helps build and maintain healthy bones and strong teeth, helps relieve mood swings, food cravings, pain or tenderness, and bloating associated with premenstrual syndrome.
• Deficiency symptoms: osteoporosis, hypocalcaemia, and rickets; symptoms include numbness and tingling in fingers, muscle cramps, convulsions, lethargy, poor appetite, mental confusion, skeletal malformations, dermatitis, delayed sitting, crawling, and walking.
• Sources & dosage: optimal calcium intake may vary according to a person's age, sex. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products a rich source of calcium. Other good sources include seaweeds, nuts, beans and pulses.
• Side effects: excessive amounts of calcium in the blood may cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, increased urination, kidney toxicity, confusion, and irregular heart rhythm.
Coral Calcium by Vitabase
Most of us know that calcium is needed for strong bones and teeth, but did you know that the most abundant mineral in the body is also important for helping the heart, nerves, muscles and other body systems work properly? For several years, coral calcium has been one of the most popular supplements on the market. Coral calcium is a highly absorbable form of calcium, which means that the body is easily able to utilize it. Vitabase coral calcium is high quality marine grade, and provides a 2:1 calcium to magnesium ratio. In addition, this formulation contains 78 beneficial trace minerals. Click here for more informatio
Calcium is a silvery, moderately hard metallic element that constitutes approximately 3 percent of the earth's crust and is a basic component of most animals and plants. Calcium is the most abundant, essential mineral in the human body. Calcium is the most abundant extracellular divalent cation in the body. In the average adult, it ranges from 1,000 to 1,300 g, of which about 99% is found in teeth and bone. The rest is present in extracellular fluid (ECF) and blood, with a smaller amount inside cells.
Along with phosphorus and other nutrients, calcium builds the hard structure that makes bones and teeth strong. Calcium is needed to form bones and teeth and is also required for blood clotting, transmission of signals in nerve cells, and muscle contraction. Calcium also helps the heart, nerves, muscles, and other body systems work properly. The physiological functions of calcium are so vital to survival that the body will demineralize bone to maintain normal blood calcium levels when calcium intake is inadequate. To function correctly, calcium must be accompanied by several other nutrients including magnesium, phosphorous, and vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin K. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products are widely heralded as a rich source of calcium. Other good sources include seaweeds, such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts, beans and pulses, especially when taken raw; greens; wholemeal breads; fish.
Biological functions and health benefits of calcium
Calcium is an essential dietary element, a constant blood calcium level being essential for the maintenance of the normal heartbeat, and for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles. Calcium ion is essential in a wide variety of important physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter and hormonal release, membrane integrity and permeability, signal transduction, enzyme function, and blood coagulation. Calcium is used by the body as a building block of bone and for the proper functioning of organs and muscles. It is needed in many phases of blood clotting. Calcium is also an ingredient of artery-clogging plaque.
The body needs calcium to make strong bones. Calcium is necessary to help build and maintain healthy bones and strong teeth. The bones serve as a storage site for the body's calcium. They are continuously giving up calcium to the bloodstream and then replacing it as the body's need for calcium changes from day to day. When calcium intake is low or calcium is poorly absorbed, bone breakdown occurs because the body must use the calcium stored in bones to maintain normal biological functions such as nerve and muscle function. Bone loss also occurs as a part of the aging process.
Calcium levels often measure lower the week prior to one's menstrual period compared to the week after. Calcium supplementation helps relieve mood swings, food cravings, pain or tenderness, and bloating associated with premenstrual syndrome. Calcium is necessary to stabilize or allow for optimal activity of a number of proteins and enzymes. The binding of calcium ions is required for the activation of the seven "vitamin K-dependent" clotting factors in the coagulation cascade. Calcium can slow bone loss in postmenopausal women, may reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms, and is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Research suggests that calcium, especially calcium derived from dairy products, may help to regulate body fat.
Diseases associated with calcium metabolism or deficiency
Hypocalcaemia is an abnormally low level of blood calcium. In medicine, hypocalcaemia is the presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood (usually taken as less than 2.2 mmol/L or 9mg/dl or an ionized calcium level of less than 1.1 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL)). Hypocalcemia can cause numbness and tingling in fingers, muscle cramps, convulsions, lethargy, poor appetite, and mental confusion. It can also result in abnormal heart rhythms and even death. Acute hypocalcaemia is manifest by cramps (and even tetany), and paraesthesiae of the extremities and circumoral areas, reflecting increased neuromuscular excitability. Chronic hypocalcaemia may cause significant further changes in a number organs, and give rise to a number of problems, e.g. mental retardation, extrapyramidal symptoms, skeletal malformations (including short stature, poor formation of teeth), dermatitis and hyper-pigmentation.
Hypercalcemia is an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood, usually more than 10.5 milligrams per deciliter of blood. Hypercalcemia per se can result in fatigue, depression, confusion, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or increased urination; if it is chronic it can result in urinary calculi. Calcium is absorbed into the body in the small intestine. Its absorption is influenced by such factors as the amount of vitamin D hormone available to aid the process and the levels of calcium already present in the body. As much as 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bone tissue. A healthy person experiences a constant turnover of calcium as bone tissue is built and reshaped. The remaining 1% of the body's calcium circulates in the blood and other body fluids. The calcium levels are affected by vitamin D hormone and parathyroid hormone. The kidneys also help to control calcium levels. Hypercalcemia can occur when the concentration of calcium overwhelms the ability of the kidneys to maintain balance.
Osteoporosis is a disease of bone in which the amount of bone is decreased and the strength of trabecular bone is reduced, cortical bone becomes thin and bones are susceptible to fracture. It is predominantly characterised by a progressive atrophy (wasting away) of spongy bone, impaired mineralization, and fracture proclivity. Osteoporosis, which causes thin, porous, easily broken bones, may occur in women after menopause, but may sometimes occur in elderly men also. Osteoporosis in women past menopause is thought to be caused by a reduced amount of ovarian estrogen (a female hormone). Osteoporosis is influenced by hormonal levels and may be ameliorated by adequate calcium intake. Bone remodeling is heavily influenced by nutritional and hormonal factors. Calcium and vitamin D are nutrients required for normal bone growth.
Rickets is a childhood disorder involving softening and weakening of the bones. It is primarily caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. When the body is deficient in vitamin D, it is unable to properly regulate calcium and phosphate levels. If the blood levels of these minerals become too low, other body hormones may stimulate release of calcium and phosphate from the bones to the bloodstream to elevate the blood levels. In children, symptoms of rickets include delayed sitting, crawling, and walking; pain when walking; and the development of bowlegs or knock-knees.
Dosage, intake, recommended daily allowance (RDA)
Getting the proper amount of calcium in the diet every day and participating in weight-bearing exercise (walking, dancing, bicycling, aerobics, jogging), especially during the early years of life (up to about 35 years of age) is most important in helping to build and maintain bones as dense as possible to prevent the development of osteoporosis in later life. Women who bleed excessively during menstruation may need to take a multivitamin and mineral supplement that contains iron to meet the daily recommendation of 15 mg.
Normal daily recommended intakes in milligrams (mg) for calcium are generally defined as follows:
Infants birth to 6 months: 210 mg
Infants 7 months to 1 year: 270 mg
Children 1 to 3 years: 500 mg
Children 4 to 6 years of age: 800 mg
Children 7 to 10 years of age: 800 mg
Adolescent and adult males: 800-1200 mg
Adolescent and adult females: 800-1200 mg
Pregnant and breastfeeding females under 19 years: 1,300 mg
Pregnant and breastfeeding females 19 years and older: 1,000 mg
Optimal calcium intake may vary according to a person's age, sex, and ethnicity. Calcium absorption also depends on the total amount of calcium consumed at one time and whether the calcium is taken with food or on an empty stomach. Most supplements provide 500 mg of calcium per serving, so take no more than 500 mg of calcium at one time to maximize absorption. Dietary sources are the best way to attain optimal calcium intake.
A numerous amount of foods are rich in calcium, including dairy products (such as milk, yogurt, and cheese) and leafy green vegetables like turnip greens, broccoli, kale, and collards. Canned salmon, sardines, shrimp, and tofu are also high in calcium. Vitamin D helps prevent calcium loss from your bones. It is sometimes called 'the sunshine vitamin' because it is made in your skin when you are exposed to sunlight. The RDA for vitamin D is 400 IU (International units).
Types of calcium supplements
Calcium supplements are available as calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium gluconate, or calcium lactate. The most common and generally least expensive form is calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate may not be as effective as calcium citrate, but is less expensive. Calcium citrate is absorbed and digested by the body more effectively than calcium carbonate, particularly in the elderly, and appears to be more effective than calcium carbonate in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Calcium lactate is used as strong acidifying calcium.
Coral calcium has been heavily promoted by marketers. Coral calcium is derived from the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral. Corals are animals related to jellyfish and sea-anemones, these creatures secrete skeletons of calcium carbonate. Coral calcium is not very different from other sources of natural calcium carbonate such as oyster shells or limestone rock. Regardless of its origin, it is merely calcium carbonate, with some magnesium and trace amounts of many other minerals.
Side effects, precautions, drug interactions
Calcium supplements are generally well tolerated. For some people, some calcium supplements may cause side effects such as gas or constipation. Excessive amounts of calcium in the blood may cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, increased urination, kidney toxicity, confusion, and irregular heart rhythm. Adverse conditions associated with high calcium intakes are hypercalcemia (elevated levels of calcium in the blood), impaired kidney function and decreased absorption of other minerals. High calcium intake from dairy products may actually increase a man's risk of prostate cancer.
Calcium supplements may reduce the absorption of the antibiotic tetracycline. Calcium also interferes with iron absorption. High levels of calcium may increase the likelihood of a toxic reaction to digoxin. Calcium can interfere with the body's ability to absorb quinolone antibiotics. Avoid calcium from unrefined oyster shell, bone meal, or dolomite without the USP symbol, because it may contain high levels of lead or other toxic metals.


New Delhi/ Kanpur, Dec 24 (ANI): As dense fog continues to engulf the national capital, thousands of travellers were affected as it resulted in delays and cancellation of flights and trains. Passengers were seen sleeping on the railway platforms. More than 52 trains were delayed at the New Delhi Railway Station as the Railways struggled to run them on time amid the fog. Several flights were also affected due to the thick fog, which has been enveloping the city since the start of this month.


Book review: 'My Beloved World' by Sonia Sotomayor | write meg!
I love stories of strong successful women. It is always so inspiring to hear how they got to where they are!
She is an inspiration to Hispanic women in particular and all women in general. I would love to find this book and read it, you seem to have found it compelling.
This is just the kind of book I love!
I heard the interview she did on NPR. It seems like an inspiring and interesting book.
I'm not usually into non-fiction books of any sort, but I think I'll have to suggest this for my book club. Thanks for sharing!
Interesting. I never would have read the book because I stray from books about/by political figures…. And prior to her current post , she was certainly a polarizing figure. That said, I love stories about how our great country provides unlimited opportunity, and her story is a fine example. Maybe I'll give it a look after my jQuery programming book.
Loved your review, what an inspiration she must be to others!
I've been wanting to read this book. It's on my summer reading list since I don't have much time to read during this time of the year. So glad you loved it!
I totally could have written this review if I was near as good of a writer as you are. I, too, went into this book blind, listened to the audio, and fell in love with Sotomayor. She is such an inspiration and I absolutely loved getting to know her.


From smart thermostats like the Nest to always-on security cameras, every year we add more appliances and gadgets to our homes that connect to the internet. Some offer great features like remote monitoring, others use data to help you optimize your home and save money. Even so, anything connected to the internet is at risk of being hacked. Here's how to keep all of that new gear safe.
You may not think about it, but constantly-connected devices like thermostats, NAS devices, TVs, kitchen appliances, and home automation systems pass data to and from the internet all the time. We call all of these gadgets the "internet of things," but like other internet-connected devices, they're vulnerable to the rest of the world. That means you need to take a few precautions before you set them up.
Most of us have a router at home that acts as a firewall by performing network address translation (NAT). In simple terms, the router sends traffic that's meant for a device to that device, and drops traffic that's either unexpected, unwanted, or specifically malicious. Most of us would never imagine connecting our computers directly to the internet without the protection of our routers, or at least with some kind of firewall in place to block malicious traffic and port scans. There's no reason you should assume that the tiny computer in your new appliance is any different. It may not store sensitive or personal information, but if it's also on your home network, there's no reason not to keep it behind your home router or firewall.
Some devices, like IP security cameras, try to make setup easy by suggesting you expose them to the internet. They generally rely on password protection and self-contained web pages to stay secure. Unfortunately, we've learned that's far from reliable. With those devices, you should definitely use strong passwords, but you should still keep them locked down and behind a firewall, preferably with port forwarding configured so you can access them externally if you need to, and they can call home when they have to.
The first thing you should do when you unpack and plug in that new internet-connected appliance is check for firmware updates. Much like any peripheral, the odds that it was sitting in a box on the shelf with the most recent version of its software is pretty low. There's likely been an update that offers security updates and feature improvements—and may even contain some critical patches necessary to use it safely online. Head over to the manufacturer's web site and look around for instructions to connect and update your device. Even if there are no updates, at least you'll know how to do it, and you can check back regularly to see when a security update has been posted.
When we talked about the severity of bugs like Shellshock and Heartbleed, one of the big problems we uncovered was that many internet-connected devices are never monitored or updated. They may be "embedded" systems that perform specific functions (and no one checks on them until they break) or they may be in devices people just don't realize are connected. Learning how to regularly check for updates—even if your device doesn't do it for you—will keep your investment secure and at its peak performance.
A VPN, or virtual private network, gives you the ability to securely connect to your home network from afar. We've talked about how VPNs work before, and while they encrypt the information going to and from your devices, you can also use one to create a private connection between you and a trusted network (in this case, your home network) so you can check up on the security cameras, turn the thermostat up or down, or grab files off of your NAS without worrying that the rest of the internet can do the same thing. This way you can open your appliances up to your home network and not the Internet at large, but still access them from anywhere by logging in to your home network through your VPN.
You can use premium VPN services like some of our favorites to get the job done here, or you can roll your own VPN with a Raspberry Pi and OpenVPN, or just use OpenVPN on your home router, NAS, or even an old computer you may have lying around the house. Whatever your tool of choice may be, you can use a VPN to keep your connected devices secure, behind your home firewall, and only accessible from the outside when you connect back to your home network. You'll still have to set up port forwarding if those devices need the internet for their own purposes, like updates or feature improvements. However, if it's just remote access you need, a VPN is a great way to control who can connect in and when. Then you can supervise those devices when they need to call out manually.
Of course, keeping all of those devices behind a firewall or behind your router will only help if your home network is secure. Take some time to get to know how your home network, set it up properly, and make sure your router's security settings are up to par. If your home network is poorly configured, the devices you're trying to shield from the rest of the internet don't have much protection. There's even some benefit to making a network map and tapping your network if you really want to explore how these devices communicate.
Beyond making sure your router's password is unique and strong, your firmware is up to date, make sure your router is using strong Wi-Fi encryption (preferably WPA or WPA2, with WPS disabled) and your router's administration page is not accessible to the Internet. You'll also want to make sure all of your other devices are protected by your router or some other firewall—one point of entry to your network can expose all of your other networked devices. Finally, make sure you're running solid, updated antivirus and anti-malware utilities on your computers.
Either way, whether the consequences are severe or just annoying, a little forethought and a little education goes along way to making sure all of your new internet connected appliances—and your old ones, like PCs and gaming consoles—all get along and work the way you want them to.
Photos by erocsid, Warren Rohner, and Binary Koala.


When you demand the assistance of an experienced window cleaning company in Coral Springs, Florida, you will be thrilled with what JT Window Cleaning offers. At our window washing business in Coral Springs, FL, we provide the quickest service and affordable pricing. Furthermore, our window cleaners will work to make certain that your windows are left looking just like new without causing any harm to your house or business in Coral Springs. Do not hesitate to give our window washing team in Coral Springs a call at 866-514-1618 if you have any questions or want to find out how we can help with your window cleaning needs.
As a Coral Springs, FL homeowner, chances are that you spend lots of time trying to keep your investment looking as great as you can and this means that you must have window washing completed at least seasonally. It is equally as essential for you to have window washing performed on your company so clients do not gain the impression that you do not care about the look of your company. In addition, your windows will degrade prematurely if you do not have them washed on a regular basis. As if the previously mentioned issues do not sound bad enough, just wait until you see the considerable wear and tear on your HVAC unit as a result of dirty windows.
We like to make certain that we are providing the highest level of service with our window washing tasks in Coral Springs, FL. Consequently, we will come to your home or office and consult with you regarding your window cleaning needs. When we have examined your windows and determined how much time it will take us to finish the job, we will give you a complimentary quote. Upon determining that you want our company to help you, we will work with you in scheduling the most convenient appointment time for your schedule.
When it comes to maintaining the beauty of your house or company, window cleaning is one of the best investments on the market. With regular window cleaning, you will never have to worry about your home going down in value or losing customers as a business owner. To learn how you will benefit from our window cleaning business, do not hesitate to call the window washers from JT Window Cleaning at 866-514-1618 right away.
Why Select Our Company in Coral Springs, FL?
When it comes to selecting a window cleaning company in Coral Springs, Florida, it is impossible to beat the value JT Window Cleaning offers. To start with, our window cleaners will show up in a well-timed manner and work as efficiently as possible when cleaning your windows in Coral Springs, FL. Second of all, our firm strives to provide the most aggressive window cleaning prices in spite of our higher standard of customer care. Lastly, our crew will go out of their way by speaking with you regarding your window washing needs to make sure we are tailoring our services to exceed your needs in Coral Springs. If you are set on working with a window cleaning enterprise in the Coral Springs region that takes your needs seriously, give the personnel from JT Window Cleaning a call at 866-514-1618 immediately.
At our Coral Springs, FL window cleaning company, we take a great deal of pride in respecting your time by offering the fastest service. You will never need to worry about our window washing team wasting any of your valuable time as they will appear punctually and work in the most effective fashion.
Whenever you call most of the window washing companies in Coral Springs, FL, they will give you a price quote without even knowing how many windows they are washing. Consequently, you will likely end up spending more than necessary since you better believe they are not going to underestimate on their quote. We take the exact opposite approach by visiting your home or business, looking at your windows and providing you with a precise quote based upon your window washing needs. Doing this has permitted us to build up a massive client list that we continue to broaden on a daily basis. At the same time, you may want to take a look at several other areas for instance, window cleaning North Las Vegas to find out if this site provides services nearby.
Many window cleaning companies in Coral Springs, FL are out to make as much money as is possible off of each cleaning project. Since we want to be the number one window cleaning company, we made a decision to offer affordable prices and serve a lot more customers than the other cleaning companies.
If you are looking for a window cleaning company in the Coral Springs, FL area that knows how to get the project done correctly, JT Window Cleaning is the ideal choice. Our business takes a great deal of pride in providing our services for affordable prices and the ability to work with your individual needs. Additionally, we are one of the few window washers that have enough respect for your agenda to arrive in a punctual manner and not force you to wait around your home or company while waiting on our appearance. Call our team at 866-514-1618 if you want to receive cost-effective and punctual service. Furthermore, be sure you try several other towns and cities for example, Las Vegas window cleaning to find out if we offer services in your state.


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Q: Rails: Fail to pass multiple variable-ids to nested route In my project are 2 nested resources:
Rails.application.routes.draw do
resources :posts do
    resources :comments
end
root 'posts#index'
end

I'm rendering a collection of comments with the use of a partial _comment.html.erb
    <%= render partial: "comments/comment", collection: @post.comments %>

The partial looks like this

<%= comment.name %>

<%= comment.created_at %>

<%= comment.body %>

    <%= link_to "Delete comment", post_comment_path(@post.id, id: comment.id), method: :delete%>

The problem is with that nested route in the "Delete comment" link.
I keep failing to pass in the :id key. I've tried a couple of different ways to pass the variables in the link, but keep getting the same error, that the :id key is missing. When I replace the link with a paragraph to display comment.id, it gets displayed perfectly, so it's definately available in my view.
No route matches {:action=>"show", :controller=>"comments", :format=>nil, :id=>nil, :post_id=>11} missing required keys: [:id]

As you can see it also tries to call the "show" action, but I bet that will be solved as soon as it passes the ids properly.
Any ideas what I could be doing wrong here?

A: As you can see the error is
No route matches {:action=>"show", :controller=>"comments", :format=>nil, :id=>nil, :post_id=>11}
And in your link_to has comment.id in it:
<%= link_to "Delete comment", post_comment_path(@post.id, id: comment.id), method: :delete %>

It means that you are passing an object with no id in it (not saved in database). You are probably building your comments and that is the reason they do not have ids yet.
One of the solutions to this problem is to use your link_to like this:
<%= link_to("Delete comment", post_comment_path(@post, comment), method: :delete) unless comment.new_record? %>

Which will not show the link for new records, because you can't delete what does not exist in database yet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: rails searchlogic plugin search in multiple columns I have a form to a search engine. I want to search for the searchterm in all fields of a specific model.
I'm using the searchlogic plugin. It gives me a lot of new finders but i cannot do a OR between two fields.
for example:
How can i do a "SELECT * from my_table WHERE field1 LIKE '%xpto%' OR field2 LIKE '%xpto%' ?
Specially in the form parameter that will be passed to my controller, if you know searchlogic you know what i'm speaking about, i'm trying to pass something like: field1_or_field2_like("xpto") but it dont works. Any idea?

A: Uhm... I don't think Searchlogic offers such functionality by default. But why not write the named_scope yourself?
class MyModel
  named_scope :field1_or_field2_like lambda { |*args| {:conditions => ["field1 LIKE '%?%' OR field2 LIKE '%?%'", args.first, args.first]} }
end

A: Based on this post from the plugin's author there is not intended to be support for this, although as Jongsma indicated you can implement it with your own named_scope.


I just wrote a blog a day ago about Black Friday and guess what? I am back with interesting facts about its twin– Cyber Monday! Smartphones have put the whole internet in our pockets, which we can tell even from Black Friday when online shopping even matched with the traditional ways of shopping in-store. 103 million people shopped online between Thanksgiving and Sunday, sales reached a record of $8.03 billion solely from online in that period, which is a 17% increase over last year.
However, this Cyber Monday might just break the record with forecasters (Adobe) believe the projected sales would reach $3 billion dollars on Cyber Monday. Yes, $3 billion dollars spent on a single day!
Even though some retailers are already successful at online shopping, there is still a lot of work to be done about online shopping experience. Shoppers visiting Target's website experienced delays Monday morning. Meanwhile, Adobe reported that 15 out of 100 product views across the e-commerce landscape were showing an item that was out of stock. It was about 2.5 times the normal rate, and it was not good news to have so many items unavailable at 10:00am during the day. Some large retailers had trouble getting packages sent out on line.
The Cyber Monday's purchasing power has underlying the fact that retails wars are moving onto the little pockets screens. With the help of smart technologies and the advancement of smartphones, Adobe reports that about 53% of the traffic and 32% of online sales came from a mobile device.
So, how did you shop for Thanksgiving? and what do you think about online shopping?


text:
/*
 * This software is distributed under BSD 3-clause license (see LICENSE file).
 *
 * Authors: Soeren Sonnenburg, Heiko Strathmann, Sergey Lisitsyn,
 *          Evgeniy Andreev, Vladislav Horbatiuk, Evan Shelhamer, Yuyu Zhang,
 *          Thoralf Klein, Fernando Iglesias, Bjoern Esser
 */

#ifndef _CSTRINGFEATURES__H__
#define _CSTRINGFEATURES__H__

#include <shogun/lib/config.h>

#include <shogun/lib/common.h>
#include <shogun/lib/Cache.h>
#include <shogun/lib/DynamicArray.h>
#include <shogun/lib/Compressor.h>
#include <shogun/io/File.h>

#include <shogun/features/Features.h>
#include <shogun/features/Alphabet.h>
#include <shogun/lib/SGString.h>

namespace shogun
{
class CAlphabet;
template <class T> class CDynamicArray;
class CFile;
template <class T> class SGString;
template <class T> class SGStringList;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_SHOULD_SKIP_THIS
struct SSKDoubleFeature
{
	int feature1;
	int feature2;
	int group;
};

struct SSKTripleFeature
{
	int feature1;
	int feature2;
	int feature3;
	int group;
};
#endif

/** @brief Template class StringFeatures implements a list of strings.
 *
 * As this class is a template the underlying storage type is quite arbitrary and
 * not limited to character strings, but could also be sequences of floating
 * point numbers etc. Strings differ from matrices (cf. CDenseFeatures) in a
 * way that the dimensionality of the feature vectors (i.e. the strings) is not
 * fixed; it may vary between strings.
 *
 * Most string kernels require StringFeatures but a number of them actually
 * requires strings to have same length.
 *
 * When preprocessors are attached to string features they may shorten the
 * string, but are not allowed to return strings longer than max_string_length,
 * as some algorithms depend on this.
 *
 * Also note that string features cannot currently be computed on-the-fly.
 *
 * (Partly) subset access is supported for this feature type.
 * Simple use the (inherited) add_subset(), remove_subset() functions.
 * If done, all calls that work with features are translated to the subset.
 * See comments to find out whether it is supported for that method.
 * See also CFeatures class documentation
 */
template <class ST> class CStringFeatures : public CFeatures
{
	public:
		/** default constructor */
		CStringFeatures();

		/** constructor
		 *
		 * @param alpha alphabet (type) to use for string features
		 */
		CStringFeatures(EAlphabet alpha);

		/** constructor
		 *
		 * @param string_list
		 * @param alpha alphabet (type) to use for string features
		 */
		CStringFeatures(SGStringList<ST> string_list, EAlphabet alpha);

		/** constructor
		 *
		 * @param string_list
		 * @param alpha an actual alphabet
		 */
		CStringFeatures(SGStringList<ST> string_list, CAlphabet* alpha);

		/** constructor
		 *
		 * @param alpha alphabet to use for string features
		 */
		CStringFeatures(CAlphabet* alpha);

		/** copy constructor
		 *
		 * @param orig features to copy
		 */
		CStringFeatures(const CStringFeatures& orig);

		/** constructor
		 *
		 * @param loader File object via which to load data
		 * @param alpha alphabet (type) to use for string features
		 */
		CStringFeatures(CFile* loader, EAlphabet alpha=DNA);

		/** destructor */
		virtual ~CStringFeatures();

		/** cleanup string features.
		 *
		 * removes any subset before
		 *
		 */
		virtual void cleanup();

		/** cleanup a single feature vector
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param num number of the vector
		 */
		virtual void cleanup_feature_vector(int32_t num);

		/** cleanup multiple feature vectors
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param start index of first vector to be cleaned
		 * @param stop index of the last vector to be cleaned
		 */
		virtual void cleanup_feature_vectors(int32_t start, int32_t stop);

		/** get feature class
		 *
		 * @return feature class STRING
		 */
		virtual EFeatureClass get_feature_class() const;

		/** get feature type
		 *
		 * @return templated feature type
		 */
		virtual EFeatureType get_feature_type() const;

		/** get alphabet used in string features
		 *
		 * @return alphabet
		 */
		CAlphabet* get_alphabet();

		/** duplicate feature object
		 *
		 * @return feature object
		 */
		virtual CFeatures* duplicate() const;

		/** get string for selected example num
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param num index of the string
		 * @return the selected string
		 */
		SGVector<ST> get_feature_vector(int32_t num);

		/** set string for selected example num
		 *
		 * not possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param vector string to set
		 * @param num index of the string
		 */
		void set_feature_vector(SGVector<ST> vector, int32_t num);

		/** call this to preprocess string features upon call to get_feature_vector */
		void enable_on_the_fly_preprocessing();

		/** call this to disable on the fly feature preprocessing upon call to
		 * get_feature_vector. Useful when you manually apply preprocessors.
		 */
		void disable_on_the_fly_preprocessing();

		/** get feature vector for sample num
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param num index of feature vector
		 * @param len length is returned by reference
		 * @param dofree whether returned vector must be freed by
		 * caller via free_feature_vector
		 * @return feature vector for sample num
		 */
		ST* get_feature_vector(int32_t num, int32_t& len, bool& dofree);

		/** get a transposed copy of the features
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @return transposed copy
		 */
		CStringFeatures<ST>* get_transposed();

		/** compute and return the transpose of string features matrix
		 * which will be prepocessed.
		 * num_feat, num_vectors are returned by reference
		 * caller has to clean up
		 *
		 * note that strings all have to have same length
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param num_feat number of features in matrix
		 * @param num_vec number of vectors in matrix
		 * @return transposed string features
		 */
		SGString<ST>* get_transposed(int32_t &num_feat, int32_t &num_vec);

		/** free feature vector
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param feat_vec feature vector to free
		 * @param num index in feature cache, possibly from subset
		 * @param dofree if vector should be really deleted
		 */
		void free_feature_vector(ST* feat_vec, int32_t num, bool dofree);

		/** free feature vector
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param feat_vec feature vector to free
		 * @param num index in feature cache, possibly from subset
		 */
		void free_feature_vector(SGVector<ST> feat_vec, int32_t num);

		/** get feature
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param vec_num which vector
		 * @param feat_num which feature, possibly from subset
		 * @return feature
		 */
		virtual ST get_feature(int32_t vec_num, int32_t feat_num);

		/** get vector length
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param vec_num which vector, possibly from subset
		 * @return length of vector
		 */
		virtual int32_t get_vector_length(int32_t vec_num);

		/** get maximum vector length
		 *
		 * this one is updated when a subset is set
		 *
		 * @return maximum vector/string length
		 */
		virtual int32_t get_max_vector_length();

		/** @return number of vectors, possibly of subset */
		virtual int32_t get_num_vectors() const;

		/** get number of symbols
		 *
		 * Note: floatmax_t sounds weird, but LONG is not long enough
		 *
		 * @return number of symbols
		 */
		floatmax_t get_num_symbols();

		/** get maximum number of symbols
		 *
		 * Note: floatmax_t sounds weird, but int64_t is not long enough (and
		 * there is no int128_t type)
		 *
		 * @return maximum number of symbols
		 */
		floatmax_t get_max_num_symbols();

		// these functions are necessary to find out about a former conversion process

		/** number of symbols before higher order mapping
		 *
		 * @return original number of symbols
		 */
		floatmax_t get_original_num_symbols();

		/** order used for higher order mapping
		 *
		 * @return order
		 */
		int32_t get_order();

		/** a higher order mapped symbol will be shaped such that the symbols
		 * specified by bits in the mask will be returned.
		 *
		 * @param symbol symbol to mask
		 * @param mask mask to apply
		 * @return masked symbol
		 */
		ST get_masked_symbols(ST symbol, uint8_t mask);

		/** shift offset to the left by amount
		 *
		 * @param offset offset to shift
		 * @param amount amount to shift the offset
		 * @return shifted offset
		 */
		ST shift_offset(ST offset, int32_t amount);

		/** shift symbol to the right by amount (taking care of custom symbol sizes)
		 *
		 * @param symbol symbol to shift
		 * @param amount amount to shift the symbol
		 * @return shifted symbol
		 */
		ST shift_symbol(ST symbol, int32_t amount);

		/** load features from file
		 *
		 * @param loader File object via which to load data
		 */
		virtual void load(CFile* loader);

		/** load ascii line-based string features from file.
		 *
		 * any subset is removed before
		 *
		 * @param fname filename to load from
		 * @param remap_to_bin if translation to other binary alphabet
		 * should be performed
		 * @param ascii_alphabet src alphabet
		 * @param binary_alphabet alphabet to translate to
		 */
		void load_ascii_file(char* fname, bool remap_to_bin=true,
				EAlphabet ascii_alphabet=DNA, EAlphabet binary_alphabet=RAWDNA);

		/** load fasta file as string features
		 *
		 * any subset is removed before
		 *
		 * @param fname filename to load from
		 * @param ignore_invalid if set to true, characters other than A,C,G,T are converted to A
		 * @return if loading was successful
		 */
		bool load_fasta_file(const char* fname, bool ignore_invalid=false);

		/** load fastq file as string features
		 *
		 * removes subset beforehand
		 *
		 * @param fname filename to load from
		 * @param ignore_invalid if set to true, characters other than A,C,G,T are converted to A
		 * @param bitremap_in_single_string if set to true, do binary embedding of symbols
		 * @return if loading was successful
		 */
		bool load_fastq_file(const char* fname,
				bool ignore_invalid=false, bool bitremap_in_single_string=false);

		/** load features from directory
		 *
		 *removes subset before
		 *
		 * @param dirname directory name to load from
		 * @return if loading was successful
		 */
		bool load_from_directory(char* dirname);

		/** set features
		 *
		 * not possible with subset
		 *
		 */
        void set_features(SGStringList<ST> feats);

		/** set features
		 *
		 * not possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param p_features new features
		 * @param p_num_vectors number of vectors
		 * @param p_max_string_length maximum string length
		 * @return if setting was successful
		 */
		bool set_features(SGString<ST>* p_features, int32_t p_num_vectors,
				int32_t p_max_string_length);

		/** append features
		 * If the given string features have a subset, only this will be copied
		 *
		 * not possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param sf features to append
		 * @return if setting was successful
		 */
		bool append_features(CStringFeatures<ST>* sf);

		/** append features
		 *
		 *  not possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param p_features features to append
		 * @param p_num_vectors number of vectors
		 * @param p_max_string_length maximum string length
		 *
		 * note that p_features will be SG_FREE()'d on success
		 *
		 * @return if setting was successful
		 */
		bool append_features(SGString<ST>* p_features, int32_t p_num_vectors,
				int32_t p_max_string_length);

		/** get_features
		 * @return features
		 */
        SGStringList<ST> get_features();

		/** get_features
		 *
		 * not possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param num_str number of strings (returned)
		 * @param max_str_len maximal string length (returned)
		 * @return string features
		 */
		virtual SGString<ST>* get_features(int32_t& num_str, int32_t& max_str_len);

		/** copy_features
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param num_str number of strings (returned)
		 * @param max_str_len maximal string length (returned)
		 * @return string features
		 */
		virtual SGString<ST>* copy_features(int32_t& num_str, int32_t& max_str_len);

		/** get_features  (swig compatible)
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param dst string features (returned)
		 * @param num_str number of strings (returned)
		 */
		virtual void get_features(SGString<ST>** dst, int32_t* num_str);

		/** save features to file
		 *
		 * not possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param writer File object via which to save data
		 */
		virtual void save(CFile* writer);

		/** load compressed features from file
		 *
		 * any subset is removed before
		 *
		 * @param src filename to load from
		 * @param decompress whether to decompress on loading
		 * @return if loading was successful
		 */
		virtual bool load_compressed(char* src, bool decompress);

		/** save compressed features to file
		 *
		 * not possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param dest filename to save to
		 * @param compression compressor to use
		 * @param level compression level to use (1-9)
		 * @return if saving was successful
		 */
		virtual bool save_compressed(char* dest, E_COMPRESSION_TYPE compression, int level);

		/** slides a window of size window_size over the current single string
		 * step_size is the amount by which the window is shifted.
		 * creates (string_len-window_size)/step_size many feature obj
		 * if skip is nonzero, skip the first 'skip' characters of each string
		 *
		 * not implemented for subset
		 *
		 * @param window_size window size
		 * @param step_size step size
		 * @param skip skip
		 * @return something inty
		 */
		int32_t obtain_by_sliding_window(int32_t window_size, int32_t step_size, int32_t skip=0);

		/** extracts windows of size window_size from first string
		 * using the positions in list
		 *
		 * not implemented for subset
		 *
		 * @param window_size window size
		 * @param positions positions
		 * @param skip skip
		 * @return something inty
		 */
		int32_t obtain_by_position_list(int32_t window_size, CDynamicArray<int32_t>* positions,
				int32_t skip=0);

		/** obtain string features from char features
		 *
		 * wrapper for template method
		 *
		 * any subset is removed before, subset of parameter sf is possible
		 *
		 * @param sf string features
		 * @param start start
		 * @param p_order order
		 * @param gap gap
		 * @param rev reverse
		 * @return if obtaining was successful
		 */
		bool obtain_from_char(CStringFeatures<char>* sf, int32_t start,
				int32_t p_order, int32_t gap, bool rev);

		/** template obtain from char features
		 *
		 * any subset is removed before, subset of parameter sf is possible
		 *
		 * @param sf string features
		 * @param start start
		 * @param p_order order
		 * @param gap gap
		 * @param rev reverse
		 * @return if obtaining was successful
		 */
		template <class CT>
			bool obtain_from_char_features(CStringFeatures<CT>* sf, int32_t start,
					int32_t p_order, int32_t gap, bool rev);

		/** check if length of each vector in this feature object equals the
		 * given length. if existant, only subset is checked
		 *
		 * possible for subset
		 *
		 * @param len vector length to check against
		 * @return if length of each vector in this feature object equals the
		 * given length.
		 */
		bool have_same_length(int32_t len=-1);

		/** embed string features in bit representation in-place
		 *
		 * not implemented for subset
		 *
		 */
		void embed_features(int32_t p_order);

		/** compute symbol mask table
		 *
		 * required to access bit-based symbols
		 *
		 * not implemented for subset
		 */
		void compute_symbol_mask_table(int64_t max_val);

		/** remap bit-based word to character sequence
		 *
		 * @param word word to remap
		 * @param seq sequence of size len that remapped characters are written to
		 * @param len length of sequence and word
		 */
		void unembed_word(ST word, uint8_t* seq, int32_t len);

		/** embed a single word
		 *
		 * @param seq sequence of size len in a bitfield
		 * @param len
		 */
		ST embed_word(ST* seq, int32_t len);

		/** determine new maximum string length
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 */
		void determine_maximum_string_length();

		/** get a zero terminated copy of the string
		 *
		 * @param str the string to copy
		 * @return zero terminated copy of str
		 *
		 * note that this function is only sensible for character strings
		 */
		static ST* get_zero_terminated_string_copy(SGString<ST> str);

		/** set feature vector for sample num
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param num index of feature vector
		 * @param string string with the feature vector's content
		 * @param len length of the string
		 */
		virtual void set_feature_vector(int32_t num, ST* string, int32_t len);

		/** compute histogram over strings
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 */
		virtual void get_histogram(float64_t** hist, int32_t* rows, int32_t* cols,
				bool normalize=true);

		/** create some random strings based on normalized histogram
		 *
		 * not possible with subset
		 */
		virtual void create_random(float64_t* hist, int32_t rows, int32_t cols,
				int32_t num_vec);

		/** Creates a new CFeatures instance containing copies of the elements
		 * which are specified by the provided indices.
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param indices indices of feature elements to copy
		 * @return new CFeatures instance with copies of feature data
		 */
		virtual CFeatures* copy_subset(SGVector<index_t> indices);

		/** @return object name */
		virtual const char* get_name() const { return "StringFeatures"; }

		/** post method when subset is changed */
		virtual void subset_changed_post();

	protected:
		/** compute feature vector for sample num
		 * if target is set the vector is written to target
		 * len is returned by reference
		 *
		 * possible with subset
		 *
		 * @param num which vector
		 * @param len length of vector
		 * @return feature vector
		 */
		virtual ST* compute_feature_vector(int32_t num, int32_t& len);

	private:
		void init();

	protected:
		/** alphabet */
		CAlphabet* alphabet;

		/** number of string vectors (for subset, is updated) */
		int32_t num_vectors;

		/** this contains the array of features */
		SGString<ST>* features;

		/** true when single string / created by sliding window */
		ST* single_string;

		/// length of prior single string
		int32_t length_of_single_string;

		/** length of longest string (for subset, is updated) */
		int32_t max_string_length;

		/// number of used symbols
		floatmax_t num_symbols;

		/// original number of used symbols (before higher order mapping)
		floatmax_t original_num_symbols;

		/// order used in higher order mapping
		int32_t order;

		/// order used in higher order mapping
		ST* symbol_mask_table;

		/// order used in higher order mapping
		int32_t symbol_mask_table_len;

		/// preprocess on-the-fly?
		bool preprocess_on_get;

		/** feature cache */
		CCache<ST>* feature_cache;
};
}
#endif // _CSTRINGFEATURES__H__

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
A swastika was found on a storage container in Billerica last weekend, and town officials are condemning it as "an act of cowardice and ignorance."
"Covering over the graffiti will be an easy task, erasing the pain and hurt caused by the use of that symbol is much harder," Town officials and the Billerica Interfaith Association wrote in a statement on social media Tuesday.
"For our Jewish Community this symbol is an act of violence and a threat to their sense of security and well-being in our town," they wrote.
A Billerica woman discovered the swastika on Saturday and called the police, Billerica Town Manager John Curran said.
The symbol was immediately removed from the container, which sits in a parking lot on Andover Road next to a Little League field, a Korean War memorial, and a playground, Curran said.
Curran said the swastika had been on the container since Dec. 23. Officials do not know who put it there, he said.
"That symbol represents some of the darkest times in humanity and we take that seriously, regardless if it's done out of ignorance or malice," Curran said. "We don't want to dismiss it just as kids pulling a prank because that symbol represents hate."
Another swastika was found in Billerica on the side of an abandoned school in November 2016.
Officials wrote in Tuesday's statement that they support Billerica's Jewish community, and will work to "dismantle systems from which these hateful acts emerge."
"People are upset that something like this is still happening in 2020," Curran said.
Residents shared their anger, and disbelief, over the incident on Facebook.
"As a retired Billerica special needs teacher who included all, my heart is broken! This is not and will not be our Billerica," Peg Connaughton Grange commented on the town's post about Tuesday's statement.
"I hope they catch who ever did this and give them community service and educate them about the Holocaust. They probably have no idea, no education and no heart. That is very sad," Jina Barie commented on the post. "This is America, the melting pot of the world."
Caroline Enos can be reached at caroline.enos@globe.com. Follow her on Twitter @CarolineEnos.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PeTA) is the largest animals rights organisation in the world with more than three million members and supporters. It uses a variety of avenues to bring forward its campaign and one of them is through the use of celebrity endorsements. (PeTA, 2012) As a result, there is a need to analyse the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement in furthering the agenda of PeTA. In particular, due to the vast differences in types of celebrities as well as industries that the celebrities are based in, consumers may have a different perception of these celebrities as well as the organisation that is being endorsed.
As such, a negative perception of a celebrity and his/her industry may result in transference of negative perception to the organisation being endorsed. (White, Goddard & Wilbur, 2009) This is especially applicable to PeTA who endorses celebrities that come from many different industries and each celebrity varies in terms of social standing as well as reputation. As such, an investigation into the effects of celebrity perception resulting in negative information transference to the endorsed organisation will be most suitable to be undertaken for research by PeTA.
Based on the problem stated above, there is a need to investigate the various aspects of a celebrity and its effect on PeTA as the endorsed organisation. Three independent factors have been established that form the perception of a celebrity and the dependent variable of the endorsed organisation. (Please refer to figure 1) RBUS2900 Business Research Method Assignment 2 Part B 1 Figure 1 – Relationship Model Diagram 1. 2 Importance The importance of this research study is to ensure a suitable fit between the celebrity and PeTA.
This fit is determined by the perception of the celebrity and its effect on the perception of the organisation. By ensuring a good fit, PeTA will be able to focus more specifically on a target market that might have been otherwise unreachable due to the unsuitable fit between celebrity and PeTA. This is with the pretext that there is a positive correlation between perception of celebrity endorser and perception of organisation. RBUS2900 Business Research Method Assignment 2 Part B 2 2. HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT 2. 1
Perception of the organisation (Dependent variable) Perception of the organisation is the dependent variable in the case of this study as it seeks to elaborate whether the below-mentioned independent variables will have an impact on the consumer's perception of the organisation after they have been subjected to the exposure of the independent variables. A similar test conducted by Trimble and Rifon (2006), stated that the attitudes of the audiences toward a non-profit organisation increased when it was endorsed by a celebrity with a positive image.
The variables mentioned below are similar in context with what Trimble and Rifon have done but analyses different variables and will provide a different conclusion. 2. 2 Attractiveness (Independent variable 1) Attractiveness of a celebrity has always been a factor of consideration when selecting an endorser for a product. This is particularly the case when evaluating the celebrity endorsers that have been chosen by PeTA whereby physically attractive celebrities are chosen as endorsers. It is seen that physical attractiveness is able to facilitate attitude change (Baker & Churchill 1977; Caballero & Pride 1984; Chaiken 1986; Horai et al.
1974; Joseph 1982; Kulka & Kessler 1978; Mills & Aronson 1965; Mills & Harvey 1972) However, not all research has demonstrated that it increases attitude change in that it causes the consumer to develop a positive perception of the product/organisation being endorsed. The Source Attractiveness Model, derived by McGuire (1985) in a study, suggests that similarity, familiarity and likeability of a celebrity endorser will determine their effectiveness in endorsing a product. This suggest contrary to the list of articles stated that the RBUS2900 Business Research Method Assignment 2 Part B 3
attractiveness in the sense of likeability of a celebrity endorser can indeed increase the positive perception of the product/organisation that is endorsed. Hence, by studying the physical attractiveness of a celebrity endorser, especially in the light of how PeTA strongly uses physical attractiveness as an important consideration in selecting endorsers, it would be most suitable to study how the supposed perception of physical attractiveness of a celebrity will indeed affect the perception of PeTA.
The hypothesis derived from this variable is as such: H1: The perceived physical attractiveness of an endorser will result in an increased positive perception of the endorsed organisation 2. 3 Over-endorsement by celebrity (Independent variable 2) Mowen and Brown (1981) in their analysis of the effectiveness of celebrity endorsers have suggested that a natural occurrence from the vast number of products endorsed by celebrities is that some celebrities tend to endorse a number of products.
While ideally, it is stated that endorsers should not be tarnished by their associations with other products (Foote, Cone & Belding 1978), having a "virgin" endorser would generally be highly expensive and such would not be practical. Hence, the issue of multiple endorsements by a celebrity is especially pertinent in this case because PeTA is seen to have endorsed many celebrities that might endorsed products that are contradictory to the nature of PeTA, which is to protect animals. This may cause a disparity in the perception consumers will now have over the endorsement of such celebrity of PeTA.
Kaikati (1987) and Mowen and Brown (1981) have further substantiated that a celebrity endorser may be perceived to be less credible should the celebrity choose to endorse more brands and products. RBUS2900 Business Research Method Assignment 2 Part B 4 Hence, it is brought forth in the next hypothesis: H2: In situations whereby celebrities are seen to endorse multiple products that might be contradictory to the nature of the organisation, there will be a decrease in positive perception of the endorsed organisation. 2. 4 Perceived celebrity income from endorsement (Independent variable 3)
When endorsing a product, celebrities are often paid for their services. This is very much accepted as a service rendered, is expected to be paid for. However, the issue in studying this is especially pertinent as by being paid, it is questionable whether that celebrity is truly endorsing the product out of genuine belief in the product or solely for the monetary benefit involved. In the case of PeTA and its endorsed celebrities, it would be especially appropriate as protection of animals is more often a lifestyle and not just the usage of a particular product.
The celebrity endorsing the product is expected to believe in the protection of animals and not just for the monetary benefit involved. However, does this perception of being paid for the endorsement result in a related decrease of positive perception for the organisation endorsed? Correspondence Bias (Gilbert & Jones, 1986) refers to the observer's exaggerated use of dispositional attributions, assumptions that the actor does what he does due to his internal dispositions.
Kardes (1993) has related this to endorsement advertisements whereby consumers disregard the situational constraints such as the money being paid to the celebrity, due to correspondence bias and thus contributes to the effectiveness of endorsement advertisements. Cronley et al. (1999) found support for the above-mentioned theory in that participants of an experiment actually assumed that the endorser actually liked the product regardless of whether the endorser was paid or not.
This was correlated to the participants' attitudes toward the advertisement, the product and the endorser. RBUS2900 Business Research Method Assignment 2 Part B 5 However, a study conduct by Sorum, Grape and Silvera (2003), had opposite results to Cronley's 1999 experiment. There was no correspondence bias found in the study. As such, it would be most appropriate the study the supposed effects of correspondence bias on the consumers who see the PeTA advertisements and whether there is a disregard of situational constraints much like in the experiment conducted by Cronley et al.
(1999) The hypothesis put forth is thus: H3: The more a celebrity is perceived to be paid for the endorsement, the more negative the perception of the organisation. 2. 5 Moderating variables This study will utilise three moderating variables in the study of the effects of perception of the celebrity endorser in relation to the perception of the endorsed organisation. It is proposed that as age decreases, the effects of each independent variable on the dependent variable will decrease as well due to the decreased perception of the consumer of the variability of the independent variables.
The Selectivity Hypothesis (Putrevu, 2001) has suggested that gender differences in information processing emerge because men are more likely to be driven by overall message themes and women are more likely to engage in detailed elaboration of messages. Hence as a moderating variable, it can be seen that gender is expected to have a moderating effect on the independent variables. Lastly, a study by Daneshvary and Schwer (2000) has concluded that education level is seen to have an impact on perception of endorsement.
Lower levels of education are more impressionable to association endorsements than individuals with a college education. Education provides individuals with analytical skills to decipher information and make an RBUS2900 Business Research Method Assignment 2 Part B 6 informed purchase rather than just relying on one source of information. As such, it can be said that education will have a moderating effect on the independent variables. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Research design The research design chosen for this study will be causal in nature as it seeks to understand the cause-and-effect relationships that exist.
In particular, it will seek to explain the variance in the perception of the organisation, by analysing the independent variables involved and looking to infer theories and data analysis results to draw a conclusive cause of the variance in the perception of the organisation. As elaborated by Zikmund et al, "before causal studies are undertaken, researchers typically have a good understanding of the phenomena being studied. " (2010) Hence a causal design is selected due to the vast knowledge already in existence in terms of the literature on perception of an organisation as well as the perception of a celebrity endorser.
However, little has been done to show any appropriate causation between the two variables especially one that is particular to the nature of a non-profit organisation. 3. 2 Research method Due to the nature of the research design, an experimental design of a pretest-posttest control group design will be used to explain the cause-and-effect relationship that is proposed between the independent and dependent variable. The subjects in the experimental group are tested before and after being exposed to the treatment. The control group will also be tested at both times but would not be subjected to the treatment.
In using this design, Dimitrov and Rumrill Jr. have suggested three considerations in terms of validity of the design. The first two are pertinent to internal validation, which is the degree to RBUS2900 Business Research Method Assignment 2 Part B 7 which the experimental treatment makes a difference in the specific experimental settings and the third one is in consideration of external validity which is the degree to which the treatment effect can be generalised across populations, settings, treatment variables and measurement instruments. (2003, p.
159) Maturation, an internal validity issue, occurs when biological and psychological characteristics of research participants change during the experiment, thus affecting their posttest scores. History, also an internal validity issue, occurs when participants experience an event that will affect their post-test scores. Whereas the interaction of pretesting and treatment, an external validity issue, happens when the pretest sensitises participants so that they respond differently to the treatment as they might have without the pretest. (Dimitrov & Rumrill Jr.
, p. 160) Maturation and History will not be an issue for the conduct of our experiment as the time lapse between the pretest and posttest phase is negligible and thus should not allow for any changes in Maturation and History. To prevent the participants from becoming sensitised and perform the experiment differently from what they would have without the pretest, we are utilising a fictional situation in order to control the knowledge of the participants on the subject. Please refer to the Data Collection portion to gain a better understanding.
Conflicts and confines within the ethical treatment of animals
Organisational Justice
Louisiana Sheriff Elections
National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius – Oral Argument – March 27, 2012


text:
Author anyAagesen, L. K.Aagesen, Larry KAagesen, L. K. et. al.Abeykoon, Milinda Abeykoon, M. al., et. Allison, John Alvarado, Judith Amatucci, G. G.Amatucci, Glenn GAmatucci, G.G. Araullo-Peters, Vicente Arroyo y de Dompablo, ME Aryanfar, A. Asta, M. Asta, M Aydinol, M.K. Aydinol, MK Aydinol, Mehmet KBadway, F. Bai, Jianming Bai, J. Barnard, L. Bartlett, Bart MBartlett, B.M. Battaile, CC Battaile, C.C. Bechtel, J. S.Bechtel, J.S. Belak, A.A. Beyerlein, Irene J.Bhattacharya, J. Bickel, J.E. Bozin, E.S. Bozin, Emil SBritto, Sylvia Britto, S. Bruce, L. Cabana, J. Cabana, Jordi Callahan, Patrick G.Carlier, D Casas-Cabanas, Montse Ceder, Gerbrand Ceder, G Ceder, G. Chabinyc, M.L. Chabinyc, Michael LChan, M.K.Y. Chan, MKY Chang, Donghee Chang, D. Chapman, K. W.Chapman, K.W. Chen, Liang Chen, M.H. Chen, L. Chernova, N. Chernova, Natalya Chi, H. Choudhury, S. Choudhury, S Chupas, P.J. Cosandey, F. Dalton, A.S. de Dompablo, ME Arroyo-de Dompablo, M.E. Arroyo-Decolvenaere, E. Decolvenaere, Elizabeth Delmas, Claude Devaraj, A. Devaraj, Arun DeWitt, Stephen Dodge, Philip CDodge, P.C. Du, X. Du, Xianfeng Duan, Yingwen Duan, Y. Duzik, A. Emly, A. Enrique, R. A.Enrique, R.A. Etacheri, V. Evans, Hayden AEvans, H.A. Fabini, D.H. Faenza, N. V.Faenza, Nicholas V.Falaras, R. Falaras, Polycarpos Falk, M.L. Falk, Michael LFang, Chengcheng Feng, L. Foiles, SM Foiles, S.M. Garikipati, K Garikipati, K. Garikipati, Krishna Goiri, Jon GarbrielGoiri, J. G.Goiri, Jon GabrielGoiri, J.G. Gordon, Michael JGordon, Michael Gordon, M.J. Graetz, Jason Graetz, J. Graham, George WGraham, G.W. Graham, George Grey, C.P. Grey, C. P.Grey, Clare PGrey, Clare P.Griffin, J.M. Griffin, John MGunda, N.S.H. Gunda, NS HarshaGunda, N. S. HarshaHafner, J. Hafner, J Halajko, A. Halat, D. M.Han, BC Han, B.C. Hao, X. Hao, Xiaoguang Hardwick, Laurence JHardwick, L.J. Heinze, Stefan G.Hinuma, Yoyo Hinuma, Y. Huang, Baoling Huang, B. Huo, Hua Huo, H. Hwang, Bing-Joe Hwang, B.J. Hy, S. Hy, Sunny Janssen, Yuri Janssen, Y. Jiang, T. Johnston, Karen EJohnston, K.E. Jokisaari, Jacob RJokisaari, J.R. Kaboudvand, F. Kanatzidis, M.G. Kanatzidis, Mercouri GKatz, Michael BKatz, M.B. Kaufman, J. L.Kaufman, Jonas L.Kaviany, M. Kaviany, Massoud Kearley, G.J. Kearley, GJ Kim, S. Kim, Sung JooKim, Jongsik Kim, S Kim, S.J. Kim, H. Kim, C. Kim, Sung JooKim, Chunjoong Kioupakis, Emmanouil Kioupakis, E. Kitchaev, Daniil A.Ko, J. Ko, Jonathan Kolli, S. K.Kolli, Sanjeev KrishnaKolli, S. Kontos, A.G. Kontos, Athanassios GKostecki, R. Kostecki, Robert Kresse, G. Kresse, G Krishna, Garikipati Kuo, Y. Kuo, Yenting Labram, J.G. Labram, John GLaurita, Geneva Laurita, G. Leben-Higgins, Z. W.Lebens-Higgins, Z. W.Lee, T. L.Lee, S.R. Lehner, A.J. Lehner, Anna JLeskes, M. Leskes, Michal Levi, Carlos G.Levin, E. Li, B. Li, Qiang Li, Baihai Li, Q. Li, Y. Z.Ling, C. Ling, C Liu, Hao Liu, Haodong Liu, Haodong Liu, Y. Liu, H. Liu, Yijin Liu, J. Liu, Hao Lv, D. Marian, J. Marian, Jaime Marianetti, C Marianetti, CA Marquis, E.A. Marquis, E. A.Marquis, Emmanuelle AMatthews, P.D. Matthews, Peter DMelot, B. C.Ménétrier, Michel Ménétrier, M. Meng, Y. S.Meng, Y.S. Meng, Ying ShirleyMeng, Shirley Mills, M.J. Mills, Michael JMillunchick, J.M. Millunchick, Joanna MireckiMillunchick, Joanna MireckiMillunchick, Joanna MModine, NA Modine, Normand AModine, N.A. Monconduit, Laure Monconduit, L. Morgan, D Morgan, D. Morris, Andrew JMorris, A.J. Mukherjee, P. Mulder, Fokko MMulder, FM Mulder, F.M. Murray, Sean P.Nagase, Takeshi Nagase, T. Nam, Kyung-Wan Nam, K.W. Natarajan, A.R. Natarajan, Anirudh RajuNatarajan, Anirudh RajuNatarajan, A. R.othersPage, A. Palacin, Rosa Pan, X. Pan, Xiaoqing Pan, Xiaoqing Parikh, Pritesh Parikh, P. Pereira, Nathalie Pereira, N. Persson, K. Pier, L. F. J.Piper, L. F. J.Pollock, Tresa M.Pollock, Tresa MPollock, T. M.Pollock, T.M. Poudeu, Pierre FerdinandPoudeu, P.F. Poudeu, P.F.P. Poudeu, PFP Predith, A Puchala, Brian Puchala, B. Qi, Y. Radin, M. Radin, M. D.Radin, Maxwell DRadin, M.D. Rana, J. Raptis, Yannis SRaptis, Y.S. Reed, J Reeves, P. J.Rhein, R.K. Rhein, R. K.Rhein, Robert K.Roy, A. M.Roy, A. Roy, Anindya Rudraraju, Shiva Rudraraju, S. Sallis, S. Saracibar, A. See, K.A. Seshadri, Ram Seshadri, R. Sethuraman, V.A. Sethuraman, Vijay ASeymour, I.D. Seymour, Ieuan DShi, X. Shi, Xun Shi, G. Shi, Guangsha Shi, Xiaoya Sina, Mahsa Smithson, H Solomon, Ellen LSSolomon, E. L. S.Solomon, E.L.S. Srinivasan, V. Srinivasan, Venkat Stackhouse, S. Stackhouse, Stephen Stinville, Jean-Charles Stoumpos, C.C. Stoumpos, Constantinos CSu, X. Su, Xianli Sun, K. Sun, Kai Sundararaghavan, V. Swoboda, B. Tang, H. Tang, Hairong Tang, X. Tang, Xinfeng Teichert, G.H. Teichert, G. H.Tepesch, P.D. Tepesch, PD Thomas, JC Thomas, J.C. Thomas, John CThomas, John Thomas, J. C.Thornton, Katsuyo Thornton, K. Thornton, K Titus, M.S. Titus, Michael S.Titus, M. S.Toriyama, M. Y.Trease, N.M. Trout, B.L. Trout, Bernhardt LTucker, J.D. Tucker, JD Uher, C. Uher, Ctirad Van der Van, A. Van der Ven, Anton Van der Ven, A Van der Ven, Anton Van der Ven, A. Van der Ven, V. Vinckeviciute, J. Vinckeviciute, Julija Viswanathan, Gopal BabuViswanathan, G.B. Wagemaker, M. Wang, F. Wang, Yizhou Wang, Y. Wells, P.B. Wells, Peter BWhitfield, Pamela Whitfield, P. Whittingham, Stanley Whittingham, M.S. Wiaderek, K.M. Wiaderek, Kamila MWright, D.S. Wright, AF Wright, Dominic SWright, A.F. Wu, Lijun Wu, J. P.Wu, T. Wu, L. Wudl, Fred Wudl, F. Xu, Q. Xu, Donghua Xu, D. Yang, J. Yang, W. L.Yang, Jing Yang, W. Yeon, D.H. Yeon, Dong-Hee Yildiz, B. Yildiz, Bilge Young, G.A. Young, GA Youssef, Mostafa Youssef, M. Yu, Young-Sang Yu, X. Yu, Y.S. Yu, Xiqian Yu, H.C. Zhang, Kui Zhang, Shuyi Zhang, K. Zhang, Minghao Zhang, S. Zhou, Yongning Zhou, Y. Zhu, Y. Zhu, Yimei Zuba, M. J.
Leben-Higgins, Z. W., J. Vinckeviciute, J. P. Wu, N. V. Faenza, Y. Z. Li, S. Sallis, N. Pereira, Y. S. Meng, G. G. Amatucci, V. Van der Ven et al. "Distinction between Intrinsic and X-ray-Induced Oxidized Oxygen States in Li-Rich 3d Layered Oxides and LiAlO2." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 21 (2019).
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M.D. Radin, J. Vinckeviciute, R. Seshadri, and A. Van der Ven. "Manganese oxidation as the origin of the anomalous capacity of Mn-containing Li-excess cathode materials." Nature Energy (2019).
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Chris Lilley reveals how he creates the world of Ja'mie King in utmost secrecy.
CHRIS Lilley channels his inner schoolgirl again to become Ja'mie King for a third time in Ja'mie: Private School Girl.
CHRIS Lilley gets the same three things shouted at him on a near-daily basis.
The first is "Jonah", his character from his TV hit Summer Heights High, a 13-year-old Tongan schoolboy with a penchant for drawing genitalia.
Next is "Nathan", half of the teenage Sim twins from Angry Boys. Then "Sneaky Nuts", a reference to the Sim twins' trick of testicular photo bombing. Lilley is still sent photos of strangers' junk poking out of their pants.
"Mr G", the high school drama teacher who made his debut on Lilley's Big Bite TV breakthrough a decade ago, is a rung lower down on the list of public shoutouts.
Rounding out the top five is Ja'mie King, the self-absorbed schoolgirl who first surfaced in We Can Be Heroes, then slummed it in Summer Heights High.
But it was Ja'mie that Lilley decided to revisit for his new six-part series - Ja'mie: Private School Girl - which focuses on the one character for the first time.
"There's so many characters now it's always going to disappoint people who have other preferences of character to revisit," Lilley says. "But they just have to sit it out and wait for their favourite one. I go with what I love the most, which is usually what people love anyway."
The series gives him the chance to explore Ja'mie's privileged family life for the first time, as well as introducing a hormone-driven love triangle.
"I find her story really intriguing," Lilley says of Ja'mie, now 17.
"The world she's from is really fun. There's lots of scenarios I can put Ja'mie in, and I know she's going to do something ridiculous.
"So it's been bubbling away.
"But she's such a pain to play. It's one of the hardest shoots of all the characters."
Becoming a spoilt schoolgirl is a challenge for the actor.
"It's more awkward playing a girl," Lilley says.
"In Angry Boys I found Gran equally uncomfortable, having to control all those boys in the prison, be this really dominant woman. The characters that are far removed from me it's always awkward to play ... and little things like having to shave your legs. It is odd dealing with the crew, I'll be talking to the crew in a school dress with lipstick on. It's weird. and this series explores a lot more relationship issues.
"There's a lot of really intimate scenes with boys that were uncomfortable. I'd be talking to the guys as myself, because I'm directing, then all of a sudden I'm this girl who's really physical with them."
Ja'mie's first love interest is Mitchell; and continuing her love for younger men, he's in year 10. Mitchell is played by Lester Ellis Jr, son of the acclaimed boxer.
As with all the cast (most of whom have never acted before) no one is told what they're auditioning for, with fake names used for Ja'mie's character. When they settled on Ellis Jr for the role Lilley, who wasn't present at the auditions, asked for the actor to be told on camera so he could see his reaction.
"They said, 'Just so you know it's Chris Lilley, so it won't be a girl, it'll be a guy playing a girl', and Lester went silent for 30 second with his mouth open and went, 'Oh yep, yep, I'll still do it, it'll be an honour'. You could see him think, 'Oh I'm going to be in that cool show, but it's Chris Lilley as a girl …' It worked out well, he was great."
Lilley keeps as much of each series as secret as possible, which is particularly difficult when filming in front of real-life school kids. Throw in their love of social media, which led to a minor security breach when one of Ja'mie's new words was leaked.
"I searched for stuff (online) the whole time we were shooting," Lilley says. "There was a page of a script from the audition some girl took a photo of and put on Instagram, all the stuff about 'quiche'. It ruins the experience for the audience if you're talking about something a year before it happens.
"We don't use agents to cast the show, agents are the worst, they're the ones that tell everyone and have lots of little sneaky arrangements with the press. It was definitely hard. Shooting in real environments at schools with kids who didn't care about our rules and were taking photos, but we managed to keep it under wraps. If people want to be involved in the show part of it is they don't tell anyone. Most people are excited to be in on the secret."
This time around Ja'mie is school captain, and the power has intoxicated her.
"She's found her way to the top," Lilley says. "She's even more manipulative and controlling than ever before."
This time around as well as getting involved in sexting, Ja'mie has a low tolerance for lesbians, Asians and overweight girls - issues Lilley was horrified to find replicated in some of his regular interviews with teenagers to update his social references.
There's even a looming reference to Miley Cyrus' beloved twerking; with a more sexualised Ja'mie ready to push some dancefloor boundaries.
"Ja'mie would be up for twerking," Lilley says.
"I think she'd think she was better than Miley."
QUICHE: someone that's a step above hot. As in "he is legit quiche".


Ryan Cline recoils at what Kyle Guy recalls. Purdue's senior guard disputes that his friend and rival from the University of Virginia once caused him to fall down with a crossover dribble.
With the two Indiana-bred basketball buddies competing for a berth in the Final Four Saturday, their shared personal history was bound to come into play. One man's memory, however, is another man's myth.
If Guy's assertion caught Cline slightly off-balance, he succeeded in retaining his poise and his posture. The two players had corresponded via text message as they prepared for the NCAA's South Regional at Louisville's KFC Yum Center. They had hoped to spent time together during the tournament, but found that their down time was too limited.
They exchanged a hug Thursday night and shared the hope that they might meet again in Saturday's regional championship game, presumably guarding each other.
Guy was Indiana's Mr. Basketball in 2016 at Lawrence Central. Cline starred for a Carmel High program that won successive state titles in 2012 and 2013. Like so many top players from neighboring schools, they played together on the AAU circuit and won the Adidas Super 64 championship in 2014 as teammates on Indiana Elite.
Also: After defense paves way to Elite Eight, is it finally Virginia's year?
Both players are splendid shooting guards whose 3-point accuracy exceeds 40 percent. A career 42.6 percent shooter from beyond the arc, Guy is the Atlantic Coast Conference's all-time leader in that category. Cline, who sank his last eight shots from the field in Purdue's overtime victory against Tennessee on Thursday, is shooting 41.8 percent from 3-point range for the season and 40.7 for his career.
Neither player has textbook form. Purdue coach Matt Painter says Cline's shooting mechanics reminds him of fly fishing. But both players are their team's second-leading scorers (Guy at 14.9 points per game; Cline at 12.1), and either is explosive enough to take over tight games with perimeter marksmanship.
At 6-foot-6, Cline stands four inches taller than Guy, but the Virginia junior has been the better rebounder. Despite playing at Purdue's higher tempo pace, Cline maintains the better assist/turnover ratio.
Otherwise, scouting reports on the two players are almost an echo.
Guy's touch has been less sure during the tournament. Despite playing all but six minutes in Virginia's three games, Guy has produced only 22 points and missed 23 of his 26 three-point attempts.
Ryan Cline is confident in Kyle Guy, too, so much so that he eventually admitted doubt in his own memory Friday afternoon.


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Home News & Analysis AREA sells minority stake to National Australia Bank to fuel growth
AREA sells minority stake to National Australia Bank to fuel growth
The direct asset management arm of NAB has acquired a 35% non-controlling interest in the New York private equity real estate firm as AREA looks to expand its institutional base and fund operations.
Zoe Hughes
The direct asset management arm of National Australia Bank, nabInvest, has acquired a 35 percent minority interest in AREA Property Partners.
Confirming the deal Wednesday, AREA said the joint venture would not affect the management of the New York-based firm, led by chairman William Mack (pictured) and global chief executive officer Lee Neibart, but would help fuel the growth of the firm in terms of deal flow and future capital raising.
AREA was recently among the final three bidding groups for the US assets of Centro Property Group and although it lost it out on the deal to The Blackstone Group, the firm said it expects the nabInvest equity infusion to help it grow its debt and equity activites as well as do "new things", Neibart added in a Bloomberg interview. "There'll be an opportunity to acquire larger distressed assets, we think that there'll be an opportunity to significantly grow our debt business. So by having access to this type of capital, we can look for bigger things to do." The deal will also allow AREA to grow its institutional investor base more globally using nabInvest's network of institutional and retail investors in Australia and New Zealand.
AREA and nabInvest declined to comment on financial details, but said the equity infusion would remain within the AREA management entity. A majority of the equity is expected to be used as co-investment in existing and new AREA funds, nabInvest added in a separate statement.
Founded in 2007, nabInvest has become an active investor in fund managers over the past year. In June, the firm acquired global REIT fund manager Presima from Caisse de Depot et Placement du Quebec subsidiary, SITQ, while in November it acquired a minority equity holding in start-up manager Wiltshire Capital, sponsoring the hedge fund's initial fund. The AREA deal is nabInvest's first private equity real estate investment and its third in an international fund manager.
Mack (pictured) said National Australia Bank was "exactly the type of partner we sought to open greater international channels and to increase our capital for investment in real estate assets around the world".
With a limited institutional real estate market in Australia, Garry Mulchahy, nabInvest's executive general manager of asset management, said offshore investment in the asset class was critical. "[We have] sought to position itself with business partners that are able to meet investors' needs in this sector, initially in global REITs, and now in direct real estate. We believe AREA is a great fit for NAB." Three NAB executives will join AREA's eight-member board.


The Carteret County Health Department will be hosting a Community Resource Fair on Tuesday, November 27th, 2018 from 10:00am – 4:00pm. Due to the aftermath of Hurricane Florence we have noticed an increase need of information about resources in the county. Carteret County has many resources and we want to establish a resource fair that will allow you to share information about your organization! We decided to use the theme, "Social Determinants of Health", the conditions in which we are born, we grow and age, and in which we live and work. Social Determinants of Health impact our health and wellbeing through childhood experiences, housing, education, social support, family income, employment, communities, and access to health services.


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Vaccine Adjuvants Market
Vaccine Adjuvants Market : - Global Market Size, Share, Competition, Industry Trends and Opportunities, Analysis & Forecast to 2029, Regulatory Landscape & Updates 2022
OI-240
Published date: Apr, 2022
An adjuvant is a substance formulated as part of a vaccine for enhancing its ability to induce protection against infection. Adjuvants are the substances, which are added to vaccines for enhancing the immunogenicity of highly purified antigens having insufficient immunostimulatory capabilities, and have been used, in human vaccines for more than 90 years. And many vaccines also contain an adjuvant or adjuvant combination: these are substances added to vaccines specifically because of their immune-enhancing effects. Adjuvants were initially used to counter the poor immunogenic potential of highly purified antigens. In recent years their role has expanded as our understanding of the immunology of vaccination has grown.
The vaccine adjuvants market was valued approximately at $XX.XX million in 2021 and is expected to witness a revenue of $XX.XX million in 2029, with a CAGR of XX% over the forecast period 2022 to 2029.
Vaccine adjuvant is an immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents. It is added to vaccine in order to enhance the immune response and to provide long-lasting protection against antigen. Aluminum hydroxide and paraffin oil are most commonly used adjuvants.
For the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, as the import and export activities have been restricted due to the lockdown, it is expected to impact the market studied for a short period of time due to shortage and irregular supply of products. However, this might allow local manufacturers to increase their presence in the market. Supply disruption and product shortages have been observed in several countries due to the temporary lockdowns of manufacturing sites.
According to a research article in Nature Reviews Immunology 2020, aluminum-based vaccine adjuvants offers a glide path to induce high levels of neutralizing antibody, which is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone of the protection afforded by COVID-19 vaccines. Additionally, in May 2020, GSK intended to produce 1 billion doses of its pandemic vaccine adjuvant system, in 2021, to support the development of multiple adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to significantly impact the studied market growth positively.
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