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Posted 6:54AM on Thursday 26th January 2023 ( 6 days ago )
Suspect in Half Moon Bay farm killings faces 7 murder counts
Chunli Zhao appears for his arraignment at San Mateo Superior Court in Redwood City, Calif., on Wednesday, Jan. 25, 2023. Zhao, a farmworker accused of killing seven people in back-to-back shootings at two Northern California mushroom farms was charged Wednesday with seven counts of murder and one of attempted murder. Zhao, 66, made his first court appearance. (Shae Hammond/Bay Area News Group via AP, Pool)
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HALF MOON BAY, Calif. (AP) — A farmworker accused of killing seven people in back-to-back shootings at two Northern California mushroom farms was charged Wednesday with seven counts of murder and one of attempted murder.
Chunli Zhao, 66, was set to make his first court appearance Wednesday but it was postponed until Feb. 16, San Mateo County District Attorney Steve Wagstaffe said. His two attorneys did not immediately respond to calls and emails seeking comment.
Wagstaffe, speaking outside the courthouse, declined to share any additional details on a motive in the killing of Zhao's current and former coworkers, saying he wanted to keep the details out of the public eye to ensure a fair trial. Sheriff's officials have said it was workplace violence.
It was California's third mass shooting in eight days, and the largest in San Mateo County's history, Wagstaffe said. It followed the killing of 11 people in the Los Angeles area amid Lunar New Year celebrations Saturday.
Authorities believe Zhao acted alone Monday when he entered a mushroom farm where he worked in Half Moon Bay, shot and killed four people and seriously wounded a fifth. He then drove to a nearby farm where he worked previously and killed three more people, said Eamonn Allen, a sheriff's spokesperson.
Erlin Ortiz and her sister, Miriam Ortiz, pack mushrooms at the farm where Zhao is accused of killing four people.
They were sitting in their car after their shift when they saw Zhao, who was about 40 feet (12 meters) away, pull a gun from a backpack, shout something in Mandarin to a fellow Chinese farmworker and then shoot the man, they told the Bay Area News Group.
Zhao then shot a second worker, and gunned down the first worker who had gotten to his feet and tried to run away, Erlin Ortiz said.
"He was super red and very angry," she said of Zhao.
Shocked and horrified, Miriam Ortiz's husband, who was behind the wheel, started the car and prepared to drive away.
Zhao turned to look at them, then hopped onto a forklift and headed toward an encampment on the farm where he and the sisters lived. His demeanor had changed, they said.
"He was laughing, he was smiling," Erlin Ortiz said. "We saw him get on the forklift, and when he turned to see us, he was making fun of the situation."
Erlin Ortiz said Zhao, who grew onions for himself and his wife in a little garden plot, would wave and greet them but always seemed serious.
The charges against Zhao include additional allegations that could result in the death penalty or life in prison without parole, though Gov. Gavin Newsom has issued a moratorium on executions. Among those allegations are that Zhao used a gun, caused great bodily injury and killed multiple people.
The coroner's office named six of the victims: Zhishen Liu, 73, of San Francisco; Marciano Martinez Jimenez, 50, of Moss Beach, California; Aixiang Zhang, 74, of San Francisco; Qizhong Cheng, 66, of Half Moon Bay; Jingzhi Lu, 64, of Half Moon Bay; and Yetao Bing, 43, whose hometown was unknown. The charging documents identify Jose Romero Perez as the other person killed and Pedro Romero Perez as the eighth victim, who survived the shooting.
Officials have said some of the people killed were migrant workers. Some people were shot in trailers on the property, Wagstaffe said.
Servando Martinez Jimenez said his brother Marciano Martinez Jimenez, one of the victims, was a delivery person and manager at one of the farms. He never mentioned Zhao or said anything about problems with other workers.
"He was a good person. He was polite and friendly with everyone. He never had any problems with anyone. I don't understand why all this happened," Martinez Jimenez said in Spanish.
Marciano Martinez Jimenez had lived in the United States for 28 years after arriving from the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Servando Martinez Jimenez said he is working with the Mexican consulate to get his brother's body home.
It would not have been Zhao's first fit of workplace rage, the San Francisco Chronicle reported. In 2013, Zhao was accused of threatening to split a coworker's head open with a knife and separately tried to suffocate the man with a pillow, the Chronicle reported, based on court documents.
The two were roommates and worked at a restaurant, and the man, identified as Jingjiu Wang, filed a temporary restraining order against Zhao that was granted but is no longer in effect. Wang could not be immediately reached, the Chronicle reported.
Zhao is from China and has lived in the United States for at least a dozen years, Wagstaffe said. He had legal paperwork to live in the country at one time and investigators were determining whether it was still valid, Wagstaffe said. They were also looking into his prior contact with law enforcement.
The shootings broke out at California Terra Garden, previously known as Mountain Mushroom Farm, and nearby Concord Farms.
The majority of farmworkers in the area are Latinos but the Mountain Mushroom Farm was one of the few that employed Asian workers, said Belinda Hernandez, executive director of ALAS, a farmworker advocacy group based in Half Moon Bay. She said that mushroom farms offer the benefit of year-round work.
David Oates, a California Terra Garden spokesperson, said that he did not know how long Zhao worked there and that he was one of 35 employees who had stayed when ownership changed. He declined to comment further Wednesday, saying he would defer to law enforcement. And Aaron Tung, part owner of Concord Farms, did not respond Wednesday to a request for additional comment.
Half Moon Bay is a small, laid-back, coastal and agricultural city about 30 miles (50 kilometers) south of San Francisco. Its sweeping views of the Pacific Ocean make it a popular spot for hikers and tourists, who flock there to surf and for an annual giant pumpkin festival.
The new year has brought six mass killings in the U.S. in fewer than three weeks, accounting for 39 deaths. Three have struck California since Jan. 16, according to a database compiled by The Associated Press, USA Today and Northeastern University. The database tracks every mass killing — defined as four dead, not including the offender — in the U.S. since 2006.
The shootings in Half Moon Bay and Monterey Park followed the killing of a teenage mother, her baby and four others at a home in California's Central Valley on Jan. 16. Officials discussing the investigation mentioned a possible gang link to the killings. ___
This story has been corrected to say six people, not eight people, were killed in California's Central Valley on Jan. 16.
Gecker reported from San Francisco. Associated Press writers Janie Har in San Francisco and Sophie Austin in Sacramento, along with researcher Rhonda Shafner in New York, contributed.
Associated Categories: U.S. News, Associated Press (AP), AP National News, AP Online National News, Top U.S. News short headlines, Top General short headlines
A farmworker accused of killing seven people in shootings at two Northern California mushroom farms has been charged with seven counts of murder
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7 murder counts expected in Half Moon Bay farm killings
Prosecutors say they will charge a farmworker accused of killing seven people in back-to-back shootings at two Northern California mushroom farms with seven counts of murder and one count of attempted murder
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Home > Leadership, Management & Business Alumni and Student Books
Leadership, Management & Business Alumni and Student Books
Discovering leadership : designing your success
Scott J. Allen
Discovering Leadership: Designing Your Success provides a practical, engaging foundation and easy-to-understand framework for individuals to purposefully design leadership. This action-oriented text starts with the self and helps students understand their individual strengths, styles, and skills with numerous reflection opportunities. Next, the text explores the relational aspects of leadership and best practices for motivating and inspiring followers. Finally, the text concludes by examining how leaders can transform their communities and create lasting, positive change. Practical applications and activities in each chapter help students develop their confidence, optimism, resiliency, and engagement. Regardless of your students' background or major, they will gain the knowledge and skills they need to become thoughtful, impactful leaders.
Connected teaching : relationship, power, and mattering in higher education
Harriet L. Schwartz
At a time when many aspects of the faculty role are in question, Harriet Schwartz, the author of Connected Teaching, argues that the role of teachers is as important as ever and is evolving profoundly. She believes the relationships faculty have with individual students and with classes and cohorts are the essential driver of teaching and learning.
This book explores teaching as a relational practice – a practice wherein connection and disconnection with students, power, identity, and emotion shape the teaching and learning endeavor. The author describes moments of energetic deep learning and what makes these powerful moments happen. She calls on readers to be open to and seek relationship, understand their own socio-cultural identity (and how this shapes internal experience and the ways in which they are met in the world), and vigilantly explore and recognize emotion in the teaching endeavor.
Connected Teaching is informed and inspired by Relational Cultural Theory (RCT). The premise of RCT is that the experience of engaging in growth-fostering interactions and relationships is essential to human development. RCT's founding scholars believed the theory would be relevant in many different settings, but this is the first book to apply them to teaching and learning in higher education. In this book, the author shows that RCT has much to offer those devoted to student learning and development, providing a foundation from which to understand the transformative potential of teaching as a relational practice.
Lighting the fires of freedom : African American women in the civil rights movement
Janet Dewart Bell
During the Civil Rights Movement, African American women did not stand on ceremony; they simply did the work that needed to be done. Yet despite their significant contributions at all levels of the movement, they remain mostly invisible to the larger public. Beyond Rosa Parks and Coretta Scott King, most Americans would be hard-pressed to name other leaders at the community, local, and national levels.
In Lighting the Fires of Freedom Janet Dewart Bell shines a light on women's all-too-often overlooked achievements in the Movement. Through wide-ranging conversations with nine women, several now in their nineties with decades of untold stories, we hear what ignited and fueled their activism, as Bell vividly captures their inspiring voices. Lighting the Fires of Freedom offers these deeply personal and intimate accounts of extraordinary struggles for justice that resulted in profound social change, stories that are vital and relevant today.
A vital document for understanding the Civil Rights Movement, Lighting the Fires of Freedom is an enduring testament to the vitality of women's leadership during one of the most dramatic periods of American history.
Shaping the Campus Conversation on Student Learning and Experience
Kara Josephine Malenfant
The Association of College and Research Libraries's; (ACRL) Assessment in Action (AiA) was a multiyear professional development program that ran from 2013 to 2016, funded in part by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and in partnership with the Association for Institutional Research and the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities. A central part of the ACRL Value of Academic Libraries initiative, it engaged more than 200 higher education institutions, generating evidence of library impact and advancing library leadership and evidence-based advocacy. This publication provides, in a single and comprehensive work, the story of AiA the context surrounding its development, findings of the team-based assessment projects, insights about the program results, reflections about its impact, and recommendations for future directions.
How the US creates "sh*thole" countries
Cynthia Ann McKinney
Donald Trump's purported reference to "Sh*thole Countries" has captured the (outraged) attention of the global community. And while there is some dispute as to whether or not the President uttered those exact words, what is not disputed is that the US President derided certain countries while discussing US immigration policy reform, suggesting that the US should have more immigrants from countries like Norway. How the US Creates Sh*thole Countries seizes this unique moment of global focus on the world's most suffering countries to address some causative factors, and the extent to which their lamentable state is not of their doing. It questions the legitimacy, means and ends of US interventions in their domestic affairs in pursuit of its "interests", which the US then regards as matters of national security. And from there it proceeds to other questions:Why and how does a country become a US target? What socio-economic, political and military policies—overt and covert—does the US undertake to bring the victim country into line? What are the results for the targeted countries? For US citizens, who have little idea what is going on, but are footing the bill? The seasoned analysts contributing to this book come from all walks of life and every shade of the political spectrum. Some have held high positions in government or at the United Nations; some taught or teach at prestigious universities; some are in forced exile because of their political beliefs and the exercise of their Constitutional rights; some have spent time in prison for acting on their beliefs; one of them sacrificed the limbs on his body.
Reconceptualizing Faculty Development in Service-Learning/Community Engagement : Exploring Intersections, Frameworks, and Models of Practice.
Cara Meixner
The role of educational developer in the realm of service-learning and community engagement (S-LCE) is multidimensional. Given the potentially transformational nature--for both faculty and students--of the experiences and courses in whose design they may be directly or indirectly involved, as well as their responsibility to the communities served by these initiatives, they have to be particularly attentive to issues of identity, values, and roles. As both practitioners and facilitators, they are often positioned as third-space professionals.
This edited volume provides educational developers and community engagement professionals an analysis of approaches to faculty development around service-learning and community engagement. Using an openly self-reflective approach, the contributors to this volume offer an array of examples and models, as well as realistic strategies, to empower readers to evolve their faculty development efforts in service-learning and community engagement on their respective campuses. It is also a call for recognition that the practice of S-LCE needs to be institutionalized and improved. The book further addresses the field's potential contributions to scholarship, such as the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL), publically engaged scholarship, and collaborative inquiry, among others.
The case studies provide an outline of program models and promising practices, including an authentic analysis of the institutional context within which they operate, the positionality of the practitioner-scholars overseeing them, the resources required, and the evidence related to both successes and challenges of these approaches.
The contributed chapters are organized under four themes: the landscape of faculty development and community engagement; models of faculty development in S-LCE; challenges and opportunities in pedagogy and partnerships; and engendering change in educational development.
Abby's Quest: A Leader's Journey into Fable, Reflection, Insight, and Adaptation
Charles R.H. Powell
There has always been a need for authentic leadership, yet now seems a critical time for new leaders to come forth. Looking at ourselves, organizations, and communities (local, national, and global), we can quickly see where leadership is lacking or absent altogether. We have opportunities to also identify where leadership is meaningful and courageous! Some of the ingrained notions about leadership are not enough by themselves. In fact, fixed leadership can be dangerous. Leadership is no longer an individual endeavor. The challenges we all face require us to each lead and to lead differently. The mythical land of Silvan, scarred and beautiful, populated by heroes and villains, provides a backdrop for a young leader to identify and apply her leadership skills. Abby has the opportunity for a new and critical leadership position, but realizes she is not ready for the task. She decides to undertake a journey, a quest, to learn about being a leader. On her travels, Abby sees leaders succeed and fail. She realizes that with leadership there are a number of key components, but no magic solution. As Abby discovers, we become better leaders through ongoing self-awareness, trial, practice, and adaptation.
Melungeon portraits : exploring kinship and identity
Tamara L. Stachowicz
At a time when concepts of racial and ethnic identity increasingly define how we see ourselves and others, the ancestry of Melungeons--a Central Appalachian multiracial group believed to be of Native American, African and European origins--remains controversial.
Who is Melungeon, how do we know and what does that mean? In a series of interviews with individuals who claim Melungeon heritage, the author finds common threads that point to shared history, appearance and values, and explores how we decide who we are and what kind of proof we need.
Leadership, Popular Culture and Social Change
Kimberly S. Yost
The newest generation of leaders was raised on a steady diet of popular culture artifacts mediated through technology, such as film, television and online gaming. As technology expands access to cultural production, popular culture continues to play an important role as an egalitarian vehicle for promoting ideological dissent and social change. The chapters in this book examine works and creators of popular culture from literature to film and music to digital culture in order to address the ways in which popular culture shapes and is shaped by leaders around the globe as they strive to change their social systems for the better.
Now is an exceptional time to explore the synergy between leadership, popular culture and social change. With analyses that span time, genre and space, the book's contributors investigate works of popular culture as objects of leadership that help us to both reinforce and question our understandings of who we are and how we want to reshape the world around us.
This dynamic examination of leadership presents a useful model of analysis not only for scholars of leadership and popular culture but also for cultural historians and educators across the humanities.
Dance leadership : theory into practice
Jane Morgan Alexandre
This "what is"―rather than "how to"― volume proposes a theoretical framework for understanding dance leadership for dancers, leaders, and students of both domains, illustrated by portraits of leaders in action in India, South Africa, UK, US, Brazil and Canada. What is dance leadership? Who practices it, in what setting, and why? Through performance, choreography, teaching, writing, organizing and directing, the dance leaders portrayed herein instigate change and forward movement. Illustrating all that is unique about leading in dance, and by extension the other arts, readers can engage with such wide-ranging issues as: Does the practice of leading require followers? How does one individual's dance movement act on others in a group? What does 'social engagement' mean for artists? Is the pursuit of art and culture a human right?
From Experience to Creativity: The experiential educator's incomplete guide to creativity
Amy Climer
From Experience to Creativity is the first book to address the significant relationship between the fields of experiential education and creativity that has been overlooked for far too long. Cape provides an academic presentation of creativity through fun and inspiring examples in easily accessible language that helps readers move past the layperson's understanding of creativity. More than just an artistic pursuit or only available to a select few, creativity is a universal human trait that can be intentionally developed and taught. Simply learning about creativity and applying the concepts presented can make readers more creative and adaptable to a quickly-changing world. From Experience to Creativity explains the various levels of creativity, place creativity into the context of the field of experiential education, provides simple methods of incorporating creativity into the lives of readers and participants, offers structured processes of promoting and using creativity, and finally, it contains a case study of Kurt Hahn that explores his creative nature. Contributing author, Amy Climer (climerconsulting.com) provides readers with an easy to follow explanation of the Creative Problem Solving
Millennials who manage : how to overcome workplace perceptions and become a great leader
Chip Espinoza
Millennials will be our next great generation of leaders. Today, however, as they move into management, they face difficult practical challenges. Millennials Who Manage is a complete, research-based guide to overcoming those challenges, delivering outstanding performance, and getting recognized for it.
Reflecting their extensive enterprise consulting and research experience, the authors show how to transition more smoothly into management. You will gain insight into earning the respect of peers and "elders" that you are now leading, as well as your manager. You will discover you can achieve success your way, without compromising who you are or becoming someone you are not.
You'll learn management skills that arguably come naturally to Millennials. Prepare to explore what really motivates Boomers and Xers whose formative experiences were different from yours and how to guide them beyond today's unhelpful stereotypes about Millennials. You'll also master the specific management and leadership competencies you need most right now—whether you're moving into frontline management or the CEO's office!
Combatting corruption at the grassroots level in Nigeria
Funso E. Oluyitan
This book examines public oath taking as an anti-corruption strategy that has been implemented with successful results in Nigeria and that has applications for other countries struggling with similar problems. The author of the book is the founder of Association of Nigerians against Corruption (ANAC), the NGO that first piloted the oath taking program—in which people swear publically not to either take or receive bribes. Drawing on the experiences of the program and interviews with a number of ANAC participants, the author sheds light on some of the dynamics that underlie corruption, the potential of oath taking, and the importance of grassroots efforts and individual moral agency as forces of change.
Managing the millennials : discover the core competencies for managing today's workforce
The Builders, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials―all make up workforces in every type of industry all over the world. The generational gaps are numerous and distinctly different between each age group, and Millennials have gotten a reputation for being particularly unique and often challenging. In this updated and expanded Second Edition of the popular guidebook Managing the Millennials, you'll see how Millennial traits are the same around the globe.
In fact, Millennials are more alike than any other generation before them due in large part to rapid advances in technology that let us share more experiences together. These same rapid advances are also redefining the fundamental ways businesses operate, and this revised edition includes the international perspective today's valuable leadership needs to attract and retain these high-performing workers with very different values and expectations. With fresh research and new real-world examples, the powerhouse authorial team reexamines the differences between how different generations work today in businesses around the world, with insightful exploration into what makes the Millennial generation so different from the ones that came before. The authors reveal nine specific points of tension commonly arising from clashing value systems among generations and prescribe nine proven solutions to resolve conflict and build communication, nurture collaborative teams, and create long-lasting relationships among colleagues of every age.
Emotionally intelligent leadership : a guide for college students
Emotionally Intelligent Leadership: A Guide for Students is based on a conceptual model that helps students to become emotionally intelligent leaders. Research from around the world has demonstrated that there is a relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership. For the second edition of Emotionally Intelligent Leadership, the authors have incorporated their revised, data-based emotionally intelligent leadership (EIL) model into an engaging text for high school, undergraduate, and graduate students.
The book can be used in conjunction with the Emotionally Intelligent Leadership for Students Inventory and Student Workbook for an immersive and transformative educational experience. Students will appreciate the opportunity to learn more about themselves as they reflect on their experiences as learners and their own leadership journeys.
Complete Business Guide for a Successful Medical Practice
Thomas C. Crawford PhD
This text provides physicians with the basic business skills in order for them to become involved in the financial aspect of their practices. The text will help the physician decide what kind of practice they would like to join (i.e. private practice, small group practice, solo practice, hospital employment, large group practice, academic medicine, or institutional\government practice) as well as understand the basics of contracting, restrictive covenants and how to navigate the road to partnership. Additional topics covered include, monthly balance sheets, productivity, overhead costs and profits, trend analysis and benchmarking. Finally, the book provides advice on advisors that doctors will need to help with the business of their professional and personal lives. These include accountants, bankers, lawyers, insurance agents and other financial advisors.
The Race Controversy in Amerian Education
Lillian Dowdell Drakeford
"In this unique two-volume work, expert scholars and practitioners examine race and racism in public education, tackling controversial educational issues such as the school-to-prison pipeline, charter schools, school funding, affirmative action, and racialized curircula."
From the AU Library:
This title is available in ebook format for Antioch University Library Patrons. Permalink for this ebook: AueID login required http://antioch.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1022569&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Table of Contents attached below
About the Editor:
This 2-volume book from the Praeger series, Racism in American Institutions, is edited by Dr. Lillian Dowdell Drakeford, a 2010 graduate of the PhD Program in Leadership and Change at Antioch University. A retired educator in from the Dayton [Ohio] Public Schoos, Dr. Drakeford has served as a teacher and administrator. Her dissertation, What's Race Got to Do with It?: A Historical Inquiry into the Impact of Color-blind Reform on Racial Inequality in America's Public Schools is available in open access at the OhioLINK ETD Center, http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1286127101
Admired Man Why?: The Making of an Admired Man
Chris L. Hickey
Name a man that you admire in your life. Maybe it's a hard-working father, a loving husband, or a family friend. But admired men aren't simply born that way. They're crafted from a set of traits and values that motivate others to look up to them—behaviors and characteristics that facilitate leadership skills and draw admiration from their peers and loved ones.
Inspired by the admirable men he has encountered in his own life, Dr. Chris L. Hickey Sr. set out to discover the specific qualities that cause a man to be respected, through thousands of questionnaires, personal surveys, and interviews. And the results were overwhelming, showing clear trends in the characteristics of those men—a collection of behaviors that create near-universal admiration among family, friends, students, and colleagues.
The results of this research can be found in Admired Man—Why?, a must-read for boys, men, fathers, and anyone who has ever wondered what it takes to truly be an admired man. Learn the QBCs (quality, behavior, and characteristics) of being the best man you can be, and get started on L(ife)eadership Skills that will last a lifetime, with this helpful and encouraging guide.
Freckles Felt Fine
Katie Titus Larson
Freckles the goldfish is about to go on a heroic adventure. Join her as she discovers new worlds, new friends, and new feelings. Help your child develop emotional vocabulary and empathy with this lovable tale. It is more than a fun adventure story, it is a unique tool designed to help children develop emotional intelligence and empathy. Freckles' emotions are highlighted in colorful detail on each page, with a chart in the back that features all twenty-four feelings from the story, encouraging children to learn and talk about emotions. Freckles' adventure was inspired by the author, Katie T. Larson's childhood days playing in Druce Lake, her adulthood journeys around the world, and her doctoral research on emotional development. The story follows a common emotional pattern that accompanies change, making this book perfect for children who: * Are moving or experiencing a big change * Need support naming their feelings * Need guidance to understand others' emotions * Want to track their moods
Paula C. Lowe
moo is a collection of calling poems. To those long gone and those not yet born. To those in hard places around the globe. To those lost and struggling. To those who must fend for themselves. To hope. Always. To hope. "Paula C. Lowe roots the poetry of moo in a rural earth of gritty survival," says author Molly Best Tinsley. "These are poems of extraordinary focus, from the 'neck of a kitten' to the 'spit of a warlord's speech.' Minnesota poet Sharon Chmielarz says, "From Pipestone to Wounded Knee, from Midwest to Middle East, from Afghanistan to the lobotomized in an American hospital, in Paula C. Lowe's moo poems "...every window (is) unlocked (to) let wind inside. It's a pleasure to read muscled, rhythmic, disciplined yet flowing stanzas and lines. O! Lest I forget, "Slim Moon" is one of the best moon poems in a decade. And, at last, a new take on "Danny Boy": "o dani." Got milk? Get moo." Rosi Loval of Oslo says, "Lowe captures ancestry in our cells." Selected poems are translated into Norwegian to honor immigrants in the 1800's. And Missouri poet James O. Ferrugia says, "this is storytelling born of the country." In moo, you will find yourself and your people and your times and your past and your earth and your nature and your hope. Whether you read a lot or a little, these poems will make you laugh and cry and wonder who you are. Poet Paula C. Lowe lives out of town three hours north of LA. Her poems appear in dozens of literary journals, and several anthologies. She holds a graduate degree from the University of Washington and has authored half a dozen non-fiction books. An Iowa farmer's daughter, she spent years in the Northwest, Bahama Islands and the central coast of California.
Rules of engagement : making connections last
Froswa' Booker-Drew
"Rules of Engagement: Making Connections Last" is a workbook for women who understand the value of relating to others, both professionally and personally. The book provides 29 Rules of Engagement to help the reader understand how to do more than just share your name and address. Building a network can be challenging. As a businesswoman and a mother, you don't know if you have the time or energy to find and develop new relationships. Have you ever attended a conference expecting to meet numerous people and collect business cards from those who can be a valuable asset to you both professionally and personally, however when you try to follow up you discover that everyone is busy and you get no return calls. A friend introduces you to someone you would really like to get to know, but after a few minutes of chit chat, your new acquaintance walks away disinterested. Helping women develop the kind of relationships that pay valuable dividends to everyone involved is the goal of Froswa' Booker-Drew in this book, Rules of Engagement: Making Connections Last. This powerful workbook will not only equip you with the information you need, but the workbook format will walk you through the exercises to make it a reality.
The academic prayer : an inspirational guide for college success
LaTonya M. Branham
It is an exciting time when students are accepted into college and begin their classes. But when they encounter challenges, what does it take to stay? The Academic Prayer provides the inspirational guidance that every student needs to help them graduate from college. Common and unique challenges blended with inspirational commentary and prayers are included in The Academic Prayer. It was designed to help all types of students deal with their issues, persist, and ultimately graduate. The book suggests how students can develop a relationship with God and make a commitment to conquer their challenges things that keep them from graduating in a timely manner. College students often cry out, Dear Lord, Please help me graduate! Many of them find it difficult or lack the knowledge of how to change things through prayer and application. The low graduation rates at colleges across the country are very disturbing. What students need are spiritually infused resolutions that will guide them toward success. The Academic Prayer reveals what students are going through and the common mistakes they make in college. The Academic Prayer delivers the advice that college students need. Some of the topics include: money management, understanding college transcripts, culture shock, diversity, abusive relationships, professors, distance learning, academic honesty, campus living and safety, depression, and navigating through administrative challenges. The wisdom and advice provided will also help adult learners which can build their confidence, help then adjust to college life, and fulfill their dream of earning their diploma. Many books are available to help students learn how to get into college, but The Academic Prayer is uniquely designed with inspirational advice and strategies to keep students from dropping out, and helping them to graduate with confidence.
Organizational Trauma and Healing
Shana D. Lynn Hormann
Organizational trauma is pervasive across nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and businesses. However, the phenomenon has received scant attention or been misidentified. Much work on organizational trauma ignores the systemic nature of traumatization and the insidious, negative consequences to organizations once trauma becomes embedded in organizational culture. In fact, organizational trauma and traumatization seriously harm organizations; impacts may be drastic and long lasting. Organizational Trauma and Healing is the first book about organizational trauma using an organizational lens. Organizational trauma is a collective experience that overwhelms the organization's defensive and protective structures and leaves the entity temporarily vulnerable and helpless or permanently damaged. Traumatic events can be sudden, shocking, and throw the organization into turmoil. Organizational traumatization may also result from repeated damaging actions or the deleterious effects of the nature of an organization's work. Unaddressed organizational trauma – whether sudden or cumulative – causes serious harm and can be catastrophic for organizations. It negatively impacts service delivery, compromises work with clients, and weakens the organization's ability to respond to internal and external challenges. Over time the unhealed effects of trauma and traumatization compromise the organization's fundamental health. Organizational Trauma and Healing is written for organizational leaders, consultants, and other practitioners interested in helping organizations become stronger. It gives them concepts and tools to strengthen their organizations and to help the organizations to heal from organizational trauma. The book describes the inherent influence of organizational work on organizational patterns and culture and connects that influence to trauma and traumatization. It introduces a framework to analyze organizational realities in broad and deep ways and strategies to avoid or mitigate danger of traumatization as well as improve organizational health and sustainability.
Recruitment, selection, and retention of law enforcement officers
Patrick Oliver
Inside this richly insightful guide, you will find: details on the 12 key traits of successful officers, ways to attract qualified candidates, the importance of a job task analysis, insights into the best selection process, guidance on background checks, tips for creating a multicultural agency, advice on mentoring programs, exploration of fitness-for-duty issues, and effective strategies for officer retention.
From Starship Captains to Galactic Rebels: Leaders in Science Fiction Television
Real-world leaders hold the fates of companies, armies, and nations in their hands, but the leaders portrayed in science fiction play for larger stakes. Their decisions determine the survival of species, planets, or reality itself. They tend, therefore, to be larger-than-life characters like Doc Savage, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and Captain James T. Kirk.
In From Starship Captains to Galactic Rebels, Kimberley Yost brings the principles of leadership studies to bear on characters from a quarter-century of classic science fiction television series, examining how their adventures can illuminate the challenges of real-world leadership. These in-depth case studies cover a full range of science-fictional leaders—from conventional heroes such as Jonathan Archer of Star Trek: Enterprise to William Adama and Laura Roslin, the dark, conflicted protagonists of Battlestar Galactica. Charismatic rebels like Malcolm Reynolds of Firefly and the ragtag fugitives of Farscape stand alongside pillars of the establishment like John Sheridan of Babylon 5. In her analysis, Yost considers emerging, flawed, and failed leaders as well as successful ones; women as well as men; and aliens as well as humans.
An insightful examination of how leadership is represented on the small screen, From Starship Captains to Galactic Rebels will appeal not only to fans of televised science fiction but also to those grappling with the problems of leadership, regardless of their species.
Layoff : American dream interrupted
Carole Isom-Barnes
Closed-door meetings, canceled projects, and office rumors hint at another round of layoffs at the company. Chris is a loyal thirty-year human resources executive in headquarters. Juan is a nervously employed company man playing the corporate game in hopes of a better future for his son. And single Jade-previously laid off in the first round of cuts-relies upon her faith as she races against the clock to find a job before her severance money runs out. Their diverse lives intertwine when unexpected changes and tragedies bring them together. Each discovers what matters most as they seek to maintain the stability and comfort of their homes, jobs, and families. Layoff: American Dream Interrupted creates awareness and humanizes the impact of job loss. Isom-Barnes uniquely reaches the business community with an invaluable tool for leaders, human resource professionals, and anyone who has ever experienced a layoff.
Grand Central : gateway to a million lives
Maxinne R. Leighton
A reissue of the celebrated photographic tribute timed to coincide with the building's one-hundredth anniversary.
This is the story of Grand Central Terminal in New York City, a remarkable and beautiful building whose birth, survival, and restoration reflect the critical role architecture plays in the expansion of our cities.
It begins with the historic struggle to save Grand Central in the wake of the destruction of Penn Station and in the face of economic forces in the real estate industry that were intent on its demise. There follows a chronological history of the previous two stations on the site, including construction of the present building. The text and photographs provide a fascinating firsthand account of the $400 million restoration, enlivened by the grand and anecdotal stories that involve the great building. over 150 black-and-white and color photographs
The Illegal war on Libya
In 2011, former Congresswoman and 2008 Green Party candidate for President, Cynthia McKinney, took a delegation of observers to Libya to monitor NATO's purported humanitarian intervention. Prefaced by Ramsey Clark, this collection of essays includes scholarly and legal analysis, as well as personal accounts by witnesses to the NATO assault on a helpless civilian population it had a UN mandate to protect, and the massive media propaganda campaign that made it possible. It responds to the many questions left unanswered by a complicit mainstream media, such as: ? Why Libya, not Bahrain, Yemen or Egypt? What was life in Libya like under Qadhafi? What is the truth about the so-called "Black Mercenaries"? What was the role of Western NGOs and the International Criminal Court? What about Africom's Plans for Africa? What did it have to do with Libya; a independent central bank, its oil, its plans for an African currency, its efforts to free African states from the coils of the Bretton Woods Institutions? Cynthia McKinney and other contributors to this volume were in Libya during the period of the NATO bombardment of Libyan cities, and were among the few independent voices to report on the tragedy.
Interpersonal boundaries in teaching and learning
While issues of interpersonal boundaries between faculty and students are not new, more recent influences such as evolving technology and current generational differences have created a new set of dilemmas. How do we set appropriate expectations regarding e-mail response time in a twenty-four-hour, seven-day-a-week Internet-connected culture? How do we maintain our authority with a generation that views the syllabus as negotiable?
Complex questions about power, positionality, connection, distance, and privacy underlie these decision points. This sourcebook provides an in-depth look at interpersonal boundaries between faculty and students, giving consideration to the deeper contextual factors and power dynamics that inform how we set, adjust, and maintain boundaries as educators.
The Expressive Arts in Teacher Education: Cultivating Social Justice Leadership
Lucy Elizabeth Barbera
How does one 'teach' social justice? How can teacher educators present issues of equity that have relevance to teachers and their students? What strategies can be employed to teach this critical discipline? What inspires teachers to initiate action and lead change? Social justice advocates and educators must ask these questions if they are to succeed in teaching social justice. This book explores the power of the expressive arts to identify, examine, and address issues of inequity in the context of social justice teacher education. Current literature outlines effective social justice teacher education including identity, reflection, and dialogue. However, little has been written about the utilization and power of the arts as a pedagogical tool in general teacher education for social justice. This book provides a study of the author's journey as she develops a 'palpable pedagogy' to teach social justice education through the arts. It will provide welcome insights and guidance for teacher educators and teachers on how the expressive arts can be utilized to catalyze social justice learning and leadership.
Results now for nonprofits : purpose, strategy, operations, and governance
Mark Light
Results Now For Nonprofits introduces a quick, basic, and practical approach to strategic, operating, and governance planning called Results Now(r). This approach stresses the need for every organization's leadership to focus its energy on the organization's mission and vision. With a unified framework to guide the work of the organization, Results Now For Nonprofits uses a lightning-fast and inclusive workshop process that puts strategic, operating, and governance planning under one comprehensive plan that the board can pass in a single vote and the organization can then maintain as a regular part of its business throughout the year
Organization Development in Health Care :High Impact Practices for a Complex and Changing Environment
Jason A. Wolf, Heather Hanson, and Mark J. Moir
Program Accountability in Teacher Education: A Study of the Perceptions of University and State Government Leaders
Gary Ballou
Who is holding teacher education programs accountable? What are the perceptions of university and government leaders concerning program accountability? The author explores accountability in teacher education programs among university deans, legislators, and state government leaders. He examines the criteria these stakeholders use in judging program effectiveness, what indicators they consider most important in the success of programs, how their perceptions compare to one another, and what impact those views have on teacher preparation. This previously unavailable data provides new insights about stakeholder perceptions of leadership accountability in teacher education programs, which is valuable to current and future program leaders, state government leaders, accrediting agencies, and educational governing boards as they enact accountability policies and programs. The author discusses recommendations leading to policy improvement and program enhancement. In addition, he explores various ways the reader can be involved in educational reform.
Shared Strength: Exploring Cross-Cultural Christian Partnerships
Beth Birmingham
Over a million Christians from America travel internationally each year on some sort of mission trip. These cross-cultural experiences start relationships that are often called "partnership." But what does partnership actually mean? Shared Strength: Exploring Cross-Cultural Christian Partnerships shares insights on how to bridge cultures, comfort zones, and expectations to form effective partnerships that honor relationships. Join leaders from ten Christian organizations as they share their experiences and recommendations for building Christ-centered partnerships that have lasting impact. Explore how North-South interactions best enable churches of the global South and the North to fulfill their mission. Go farther together instead of faster alone.
Living in the Heartland: Three Extraordinary Women's Stories
Pamela Ferris-Olson
These are real American stories. Nancy had the strength and vision to join the Navy and leave behind the troubles that haunted others on the reservation. A Native American imbued with prided in her heritage, Nancy refused to limit her horizons. Self-esteem issues, however, left her vulnerable to victimization by men. The boys knew not to mess with the Muslim girl shrouded in her flowing garments, only her eyes and broad nose visible above her veil. Ife, an African-American raised by a devout mother, was unprepared for the consequences of her teenage indiscretions. The consequences have resonated throughout her life. Ellyn's future was in doubt when she was born in Korea with a cleft palette. Although she has thrived living with her adoptive family there were times as a little girl when she cried. Ellyn yearned to meet her biological family. These three contemporary, minority women live in the heartland. Their search for identity, self-worth, and happiness make inspirational reading.
Lost and found in America : reflective story of new African immigrants in the United States
Tokunbo Awoshakin
Following the tragic events of September 11, 2001, there has been much discussion on the subject of immigration to America, including the intersection of race, culture and identity. The devastating attack had an effect, not only on Americans but, also on citizens in other countries who hope to live or visit the United States. Public discourse has produced questions and concerns, but few from a personal standpoint. Lost & Found in America is the story of an immigrant from Africa, who, after the events of September 11, 2001, gets caught up circumstances that transforms his relationships, personal well-being, and perceptions about the United States. Lost & Found in America explores the multi-faceted circumstances that immigrants face, including how they deal with racism, expectations from home, the Barack Obama phenomenon, love and romance. As immigrants grapple to understand variations of American identities, Lost & Found In America provides a lens through which the folks from Africa see and analyze events in United States and tells the unique story of how new immigrants find a sense of belonging in the American culture.
Spirituality 101: The Indispensable Guide to Keeping―or Finding―Your Spiritual Life on Campus
Who do you want to be? Are you spiritual? Religious? Still figuring it out? Regardless of where you are, college is an intense time of choices, challenge, and growth.
Full of opportunities to learn from students from around the country and many different faith traditions, Spirituality 101 is the perfect companion for college students seeking spiritual fulfillment on campus. Including practical, hands-on advice and information from experienced faculty and student affairs professionals, this is your indispensable guide to the choices and possibilities available throughout your college experience, and beyond.
Spirituality 101 also offers more than 40 personal student reflections―sometimes funny, sometimes serious, always honest and wise―that will motivate and energize you to explore your own questions and commitments.
Your complete guide to navigating a spiritual life on campus:
Finding Your Place: Who Do You Want to Be?
Reading, Writing, and Religion: Spirituality in the Classroom and Beyond
The Club Scene: Membership and Leadership in Campus Organizations
Sex, Drugs, and Rock'n' Roll: Spirituality and Your Social Life
Turning Points: Spiritual Awakening or Crisis of Faith?
Assumptions, Intolerance, Hate, and a Hope for Something Better
Hey, What Does That Mean? Talking with Others about Your Spirituality
Significant Others: Family, Friends, and Mentors
Taking It Off Campus
A Cap, a Gown, and a Commitment to Faith

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Undergraduate Course Offerings
POLS 2998
Download the Political Science Spring 2020 Course Catalog (PDF).
1002. Introduction to Political Theory
Three credits.
Major themes of political theory such as justice, obligation, and equality, and their relevance to contemporary political concerns.
1202. Introduction to Comparative Politics
A survey of institutions, politics, and ideologies in democratic and non-democratic states.
1202W. Introduction to Comparative Politics
Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 3800.
1207. Introduction to Nonwestern Politics
A survey of institutions, ideologies, development strategies, and the political processes in nonwestern culture.
1402. Introduction to International Relations
The nature and problems of international politics.
1402W. Introduction to International Relations
1602. Introduction to American Politics
Analysis of the organization and operation of the American political system.
1602W. Introduction to American Politics
2062. Privacy and the Information Age
Provides a thematic overview of privacy from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. Public policy, legal and ethical debates surrounding privacy and the impact of technology and scientific advances on how privacy is conceptualized, valued, enacted, and protected.
2062W. Privacy and the Information Age
Three credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011.
2072Q. Quantitative Analysis in Political Science
Three credits. Recommended preparation: High school Algebra II and MATH 1010 or equivalent.
Explanation of the quantitative methods used in political science. Application of these methods for the analysis of substantive political questions.
2222. Political Institutions and Behavior in Western Europe
Comparative analysis of the governments and politics of Western Europe.
2222W. Political Institutions and Behavior in Western Europe
2607. American Political Parties
Three credits. Prerequisite: POLS 1602.
An analysis of the aims, organization, and growth of parties in the United States.
2607W. American Political Parties
Prerequisite: POLS 1602; ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011
2622. State and Local Government
The practical working of democracy and the role of state and local governments.
2998. Political Issues
Three credits. May be repeated for credit with a change in subject matter. See the POLS 2998 Substitution list for Section B subdivisions on the major plan of study.
An exploration of the fundamental nature of political conflicts on the national and international levels
2998W. Political Issues
May be repeated for credit with a change in subject matter. Click here to see POLS 2998 Substitution list for Section B subdivisions on the major plan of study.
An exploration of the fundamental nature of political conflicts on the national and international levels.
3002. Classical and Medieval Political Theory
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
An examination of Greek, Roman and early Judeo-Christian political ideas and institutions, and their relevance to the present.
3012. Modern Political Theory
Major political doctrines of the contemporary period, and their influence upon political movement and institutions as they are reflected in the democratic and nondemocratic forms of government.
3012W. Modern Political Theory
Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011; open to juniors or higher
3017. Contemporary Political Theory
Major political writings from 1900 to the present.
3022W. Western Marxist Tradition
Either semester. Three credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 3800; open to juniors or higher.
Exploration of the social and political theories of Marx and Engels, and of later interpretations and modifications of their ideas.
3023. Politics and Literature
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher; freshmen and sophomores by permission.
An examination of major works of literature that either describe governing systems and institutions, interpret political processes and clashes, or address perennial themes in political philosophy and theory.
3023W. Politics and Literature
Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011; open to juniors or higher; freshmen and sophomores by permission.
3032. American Political Thought and Ideology
Second semester. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
American political thought from the colonial to the contemporary period. Political thought discussed as the ideological expression of the larger sociopolitical situation.
3042. The Theory of Human Rights
(Also offered as HRTS 3042.) Either semester. Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Various theories of human rights, both historical and contemporary. Conceptual arguments both in favor and critical of the theory and practice of human rights will be considered, with literature taken primarily from philosophy and political theory.
3062. Democratic Theory
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher. Recommended preparation: POLS 1002, POLS 3002, or POLS 3012.
Survey of theories of democracy from classical times to the present; analysis of defenders and critics of democracy.
3062W. Democratic Theory
Recommended preparation: POLS 1002, POLS 3002, or POLS 3012; ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011.
3072. Political Protest and Ideology
Variants of major ideologies such as liberalism, socialism, communism, anarchism, fascism, and feminism in their socio-historical context, as well as alternative visions from the Third World.
3082. Critical Race Theory as Political Theory
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher. Recommended preparation: POLS 1002.
Interdisciplinary scholarship on racial identity, legal decisions, and political action from the perspective of political science and political theory. Topics include interactions between states and social movements, the intersections of race, class, gender, and membership, and the problems with both post-racialism and identity politics.
3202. Comparative Political Parties and Electoral Systems
A focus on political party and electoral systems around the world, including advanced industrial nations, transitional nations, and less developed nations. Issues such as the relationship between electoral and party systems, democratic reform, voting behavior, and organization of political parties are examined.
3202W. Comparative Political Parties and Electoral Systems
Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 3800; open to juniors or higher.
3203. Environmental Policy and Institutions
(Also offered as PP 3203.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors and higher, others by instructor consent.
Development of environmental policies and institutions and their effects on the motivations and the actions of individuals and groups with implications for questions of equity, justice, and sustainability. Draws on approaches from comparative politics, public policy, and international relations.
3205. Voting Behavior and Public Opinion Around the World
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher. Recommended preparation: POLS 1202 or 1207.
How voting behavior differs across countries. Topics may include turnout, class voting, the electoral role of religion, accountability for the economy, vote buying, ethnic politics, attitudes toward welfare, support for democracy, and anti-Americanism.
3206. Comparative Political Economy
Introduction to overlapping themes in economics and political science including the substantive and empirical relationship between these two in advanced industrial democracies.
3208. Politics of Oil
Three credits. Recommended preparation: POLS 1202 or 1207.
Historical and contemporary role of oil in comparative politics and international relations.
3208W. Politics of Oil
Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 3800. Recommended preparation: POLS 1202 or 1207.
3209. Sustainable Energy in the 21st Century
(Also offered as ENGR 3209 and HRTS 3209.) Three credits. Open to juniors or higher.
Political, socioeconomic, environmental, science and engineering challenges of energy sources; comparison of feasibility and sustainability of energy policies around the world.
3210. Ethnic Conflict and Democracy in Comparative Perspective
Conflicts among ethno-national groups in democratic and democratizing states and conflict management strategies. Theoretical approaches to understanding origin-of-identity conflicts.
3210W. Ethnic Conflict and Democracy in Comparative Perspective
3211. Politics of Water
The role of water in state building, state-society relations, and economic and political development. Draws on approaches from comparative politics and international relations.
3211W. Politics of Water
Three credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or2011; open to juniors or higher; freshmen and sophomores by permission.
Recommended preparation: POLS 1202 or 1207.
3212. Comparative Perspectives on Human Rights
(Also offered as HRTS 3212). Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Cultural differences and human rights areas of legal equality, women's rights, political violence, criminal justice, religious pluralism, global security, and race relations.
3214. Comparative Social Policy
Three credits. Prerequisites: POLS 1202 or 1207 or instructor consent; open to sophomores or higher.
Institutional structures of modern welfare states, including systems of social insurance, healthcare, and education. Assessment of leading political explanations for their growth and cross-national differences among them.
3214W. Comparative Social Policy
Three credits. Prerequisites: POLS 1202 or 1207 or instructor consent; ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011; open to sophomores or higher.
Recommended preparation: Coursework in economics and sociology.
3216. Women in Political Development
(Also offered as WS 3216.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Analysis of the role of women in the process of political development in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The importance of gender to the understanding of development and modernization will be explored and the ways in which change in traditional societies has affected the position of women, economically, socially and politically will be examined.
3218. Indigenous Peoples' Politics and Rights
Governments, political behavior, human rights and constitutional rights of indigenous peoples of North America and Latin America. Impact of international law and globalization on indigenous peoples.
3218W. Indigenous Peoples' Politics and Rights
3228. Politics of Russia and the Former Soviet Union
The social and political structure of the former Soviet Union, the causes and outcome of efforts to reform it, and the development of democratic politics in Russia and other former Soviet republics.
3235. Latin American Politics
Theories and institutions of Latin American politics, with emphasis on issues of stability and change.
3237. Democratic Culture and Citizenship in Latin America
The development of democratic attitudes, norms, and behavior in Latin America.
3237W. Democratic Culture and Citizenship in Latin America
3239. Politics of the Environment and Development
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors and higher. Recommended preparation: POLS 1202 or1207.
Politics of the environment and development with a focus on environmental issues in developing countries.
3239W. Politics of the Environment and Development
Three credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011; open to juniors and higher. Recommended preparation: POLS 1202 or 1207.
3240. Climate Justice
Three credits. Prerequisite: open to juniors and higher.
Introduction to major debates about the distributional consequences of climate change and the policies and programs meant to address it. Implications for the design of global, national, and subnational institutions of climate governance.
3245. Chinese Politics and Economy
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher. Recommended preparation: a 1000-level course in Economics.
Chinese political structure and policymaking process, attempts at democratization, process and outcome of economic reforms, development challenges in contemporary China.
3247. Gender and War
Three credits. (Also offered as WGSS 3247) Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Gender aspects of war. Masculinities and militaries; gender-based war violence; laws of war and post-war conditions for male and female soldiers and civilians.
3249. Gender Politics and Islam
(Also offered as WGSS 3249.) Three credits.
Construction of gender in Islamic texts and history, the religion's interaction with other patriarchal cultures and systems, western interventions and their impact, male leaders' reform efforts, women's movements.
3250. The Political Economy of East Asia
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors and higher. Recommended preparation: 1000-level courses in political science and economics.
Economic, political, and social development of East Asia.
3250W. The Political Economy of East Asia
Three credits. Prerequisites: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011; open to juniors or higher; freshmen and sophomores by consent of instructor.
Recommended preparation: 1000-level courses in political science and economics.
3252. Politics in Africa
(Also offered as AFAM 3252). Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
The political systems in contemporary Africa; the background of the slave trade, imperialism, colonialism, and the present concerns of nationalism, independence, economic development and military rule. Emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa.
3255. Politics of South Africa
Internal development of the South African state and the external response to apartheid policies, with special attention to both white and African politics, U.S. policy, and other selected topics.
3256. Politics and Human Rights in Global Supply Chains
(Also offered as HRTS 3256.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher. Recommended preparation: POLS 1202 and 1402 and POLS/HRTS 3212.
Political and human rights implications of regulating contemporary global supply chains: official regulatory frameworks; non-regulatory approaches to rule-making (such as voluntary corporate codes of conduct and industry standards); social responses to the dilemmas of "ethical" sourcing of goods and services.
3256W. Politics and Human Rights in Global Supply Chains
(Also offered as HRTS 3256W.) Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011; open to Political Science or Human Rights majors and minors; open to juniors or higher.
Recommended preparation: POLS 1202and 1402 and POLS/HRTS 3212.
3402. Contemporary International Politics
Problems in international relations with emphasis on changing characteristics of international politics.
3406. Globalization and Political Change
Origins and contested definitions of globalization, and its impact on national, regional and international institutions and political processes. Designed for upper-level undergraduate students with a solid grounding in comparative politics and international relations.
3406W. Globalization and Political Change
3410. International Political Economy
Politics of international economic relations: trade, finance, foreign direct investment, aid.
3412. Global Environmental Politics
(Also offered as EVST 3412.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Politics of how humans and natural systems interact. Managing the global environment, regulating resource commons, and coordinating to solve environmental problems.
3414. National and International Security
Key American national security issues as integral parts of the larger problem of global security.
3418. International Organizations and Law
(Also offered as HRTS 3418.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
The role of intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations and international law in world affairs with special attention to contemporary issues.
3418W. International Organizations and Law
3422. International Negotiation and Bargaining
A comparative study of foreign policy making. Use of computer-assisted simulation provides realistic experience in foreign policy decision making and international negotiation.
3426. Politics, Propaganda, and Cinema
Lectures and films from several nations serve to illustrate techniques and effects of propaganda, analyzing the pervasive impact that propaganda has on our lives. The course concentrates on the World War II era.
3428. The Politics of Torture
Examination of the usage of torture by state and non-state actors. Questions include, "Why is torture perpetrated?" "What domestic and international legal frameworks and issues related to the use of torture?" "How effective are existing legal prohibitions and remedies?" "Who tortures?" and "How does torture affect transitional justice?"
3429. Political Violence
Nature and origin of violence, including torture, genocide, terrorism, and civil war, on the part of individuals, non-state groups, and states.
3429W. Political Violence
Three credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011; open to juniors or higher. Recommended preparation: POLS 1402.
3430. Evaluating Human Rights Practices of Countries
Examination of the ways in which governments, businesses, NGOs, IGOs, and scholars assess which human rights are being respected by governments of the world. Hands-on experience in rating the level of government respect for human rights in countries around the world.
3432. American Diplomacy
A chronological examination of the foreign relations of the United States from 1776 to the first World War.
3437. Recent American Diplomacy
The foreign relations of the United States from the first World War to the present.
3438W. Writing Seminar in Recent American Diplomacy
One credit. Corequisite: POLS 3437. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 3800.
3442. The Politics of American Foreign Policy
Instructions, forces and processes in the making of American foreign policy. Emphasis will be on contemporary issues.
3447. American Diplomacy in the Middle East
The strategic, political, and economic interests that have shaped U.S. policy in the Middle East. U.S. responses to regional crises, peace efforts, arms transfers, covert operations and military intervention.
3457. Foreign Policies of the Russian Federation and the Former USSR
The Soviet Union's role in world affairs as background for studying the international consequences of the breakup of the USSR; the foreign policies of the former soviet republics among themselves, and of Russia and selected other republics.
3462. International Relations of the Middle East
The foreign policies and security problems of Middle Eastern States; sources of regional conflict and competition – oil, water, borders, religion, ideology, alliances, geopolitics, refugees, and superpower intervention.
3464. Arab-Israeli Conflict
Political relations between Arabs and Israelis with an emphasis on war and diplomacy.
3464W. Arab-Israeli Conflict
3472. South Asia in World Politics
Relations among countries of South Asia and between this region and the rest of the world. Problems of development and security confronting South Asian countries.
3472W. South Asia in World Politics
3476. World Political Leaders
Theory and practice of political leadership. Comparison of leaders in different political systems. Leadership in foreign and domestic politics. Case studies of great leaders.
3602. The Presidency and Congress
The contemporary Presidency and its interactions with the Congress in the formation of public policy.
3604. Congress in Theory and Practice
Analysis of the U.S. Congress, including representation, elections, policy formation, law making, and organization.
3604W. Congress in Theory and Practice
Three credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011; open to juniors or higher with consent of instructor.
3606. The Politics of Election Administration
An analysis of the politics of election administration. Topics include: the roles of state and local governments; the participation of candidates, political parties, and voters; convenience-voting options; new technologies, voter turnout, and voter errors; redistricting; voter suppression and voter fraud; and prospects for reform.
3608. The Art, Science, and Business of Political Campaigns
An analysis of strategy, communications, fundraising, and voter mobilization in contemporary political campaigns.
3610. American Politics in Film
An examination of films that describe the development of American political institutions, norms, and values; that portray the processes exhibited in contemporary political institutions or the behaviors that characterize modern-day politicians; or that interpret recurring clashes in American politics.
3612. Political Opinion and Electoral Behavior
Analysis of public opinion and its potential to affect government policies. Emphasis on explaining elections and the basis for voters' decisions.
3613. Congressional Elections
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher; freshmen and sophomores by permission. Recommended preparation: POLS 1602.
Campaign organization, strategy, and election outcomes in Congressional elections. Topics include candidates and nominations, the roles of political parties and interest groups, campaign communications, campaign finance, and electoral reform.
3613W. Congressional Elections
Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher; freshmen and sophomores by permission; ENGL 1010 or 1011or 2011. Recommended preparation: POLS 1602.
3615. Electoral Realignment
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open only to juniors and seniors.
Theoretical and empirical examination of electoral realignment in the United States. CA 2.
3615W. Electoral Realignment
Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 3800; open only to juniors and seniors. CA 2.
3617. American Political Economy
Theoretical foundations of the American political economy. Examination of selected public policy issues, including interaction between economic factors and incentives, and democratic institutions and processes.
3618. Politics of Inequality
Relationship between democracy and inequality. Economic inequality and its causes, poverty, public opinion, inequalities in political voice and representation, public policy, the role of money in politics.
3622. American Political Leadership
Study of American political leadership as it relates to political culture, institutions and democratic principles.
3625. Public Opinion
(Also offered as PP 3030.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Concepts, theories, structure, and substance of public opinion.
3627. Connecticut State and Municipal Politics First semester, alternate years. Three credits.
An examination of contemporary Connecticut politics on the state and municipal levels.
3632. Urban Politics
Political systems and problems confronting urban governments.
3632W. Urban Politics
(Also offered as URBN 3632W.) Either semester. Three credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 3800; open to juniors or higher.
3633. Race and Policy
(Also offered as AFRA and PP 3033.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Examination of contemporary public policy through the lens of race.
3642. African-American Politics
(Also offered as AFAM 3642) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Political behavior, theory, and ideology of African-Americans, with emphasis on contemporary U.S. politics.
3647. Black Leadership and Civil Rights
Black leadership, emphasizing the principles, goals, and strategies used by African-American men and women to secure basic citizenship rights during the civil rights era.
3652. Black Feminist Politics
(Also offered as AFAM 3652 and WS 3652) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
An introduction to major philosophical and theoretical debates at the core of black feminist thought, emphasizing the ways in which interlocking systems of oppression uphold and sustain each other.
3662. Latino Political Behavior
(Also offered as PRLS 3270.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Latino politics in the United States. Political histories of four different Latino populations: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Central American. Different forms of political expressions, ranging from electoral behavior to political art.
3667. Puerto Rican Politics and Culture
(Also offered as LLAS 3667.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
Legal and political history of the relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States with an emphasis on the question of United States empire and the politics of cultural resistance.
3672. Women and Politics
(Formerly offered as POLS 3052.) (Also offered as WGSS 3052.) Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
An introduction to feminist thought, the study of women as political actors, the feminist movement and several public policy issues affecting women.
3802. Constitutional Law
The role of the Supreme court in expounding and developing the United States Constitution. Topics include judicial review, separation of powers, federalism, and due process.
3807. Constitutional Rights and Liberties
The role of the Supreme Court in interpreting the Bill of Rights. Topics include freedoms of speech and religion, criminal due process, and equal protection.
3812. Judiciary in the Political Process
Three credits. Prerequisite: POLS 1602; open to juniors or higher.
The Supreme Court in the Political Process.
3817. Law and Society
When students intend to take several courses in the Judicial Process field, it is recommended that 3817 be taken first. Leading schools of legal thought, fundamental principles and concepts of law, the basic framework of legal institutions, and judicial procedure. Particular attention is devoted to the general features of American law as it affects the citizen, and primary emphasis is placed on the function of law as a medium for attaining a balance of social interests in a politically organized society.
3822. Law and Popular Culture
Exploration of themes in the study of law and courts by contrasting scholarly work against representations of such themes in movies, television, and other media of popular culture.
3822W. Law and Popular Culture
Three credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 2011; open to juniors or higher.
3827. Politics of Crime and Justice
Criminal justice in the United States, with emphasis on the links between law, politics, and administration.
3832. Maritime Law Either semester. Three credits.
International and domestic legal concepts concerning jurisdiction in a maritime setting.
3834. Immigration and Transborder Politics
U.S. immigration policy, trans-border politics, and the impact diasporas and ethnic lobbies have on U.S. foreign policy, with emphasis on Latino diasporas.
3837. Civil Rights and Legal Mobilization
Strategies used by interest groups to achieve civil rights recognition through the legal system and legislative process.
3837W. Civil Rights and Legal Mobilization
3842. Public Administration
The politics of public administration. Role of administrative agencies and officials in American national, state, and local governments.
3847. The Policy-making Process
Introduction to the study of policy analysis. Consideration of description and prescriptive models of policy-making. Examination of several substantive areas of national policy in the United States.
3850. Politics and Ethics
Analysis of relationship between power and ethics in political life. Examination of ethical perspectives on political decisions and issues.
3850W. Politics and Ethics
3857. Politics, Society, and Education Policy
Analysis of interactions among educational policy, politics, and other social forces. Insights and concerns from politics and other social sciences disciplines applied to different levels and types of schooling.
3901. Black Political Thought
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher. Recommended Preparation: POLS 1002 and AFRA 2211.
Exploration of black U.S., Caribbean, and African political thought, with a focus on processes of and resistance to racialization, enslavement, and colonization
3991. Supervised Field Work
Credits up to 12. Hours by arrangement.
Open only with consent of the department head. Students taking this course will be assigned a final grade of S (satisfactory) or U (unsatisfactory).
3993. Foreign Study
Credits (up to a maximum of 15) and hours by arrangement. May be repeated for credit. Consent of Department Head required, normally to be granted before the student's departure. May count toward the major with consent of the advisor.
Special topics taken in a foreign study program.
3995. Special Topics
Credits and hours by arrangement. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher.
With a change in content, may be repeated for credit. Prerequisites and recommended preparation vary.
3999. Independent Study
Credits and hours by arrangement. This course may be repeated for credit with a change in subject matter. Open only with consent of instructor and department head.
4994. Senior Seminar
Three credits. Prerequisite: Open to juniors or higher. Open only with consent of instructor.
Required for students in the Honors Program. Weekly seminar on selected topics in political science. Students must complete this course prior to their final semester.
4997W. Senior Thesis
Three credits. Independent Study. Prerequisite: ENGL 1010 or 1011 or 3800; open to juniors or higher. Open only by instructor consent.
All honors students writing an honors thesis in Political Science must take this course in each of their last two semesters. Course may be repeated once for credit.


text:
Journal of Climate (2)
Monthly Weather Review (2)
https://journals.ametsoc.org/search?f_0=author&q_0=R.+T.+Wetherald
Author or Editor: R. T. Wetherald x
Large-Scale Changes of Soil Wetness Induced by an Increase in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
S. Manabe
R. T. Wetherald
The change in soil wetness in response to an increase of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is investigated by two versions of a climate model which consists of a general circulation model of the atmosphere and a static mixed layer ocean. In the first version of the model, the distribution of cloud cover is specified whereas it is computed in the second version incorporating the interaction among cloud cover, radiative transfer and the atmospheric circulation. The CO2-induced changes of climate and hydrology are evaluated based upon a comparison between two quasi-equilibrium climates of a model with a normal and an above normal concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
It is shown that, in response to a doubling (or quadrupling) of atmospheric carbon dioxide, soil moisture is reduced in summer over extensive midcontinental regions of both North America and Eurasia in middle and high latitudes. Based upon the budget analysis of heat and water, the physical mechanisms responsible for the CO2-induced changes of soil moisture are determined for the following four regions: northern Canada, northern Siberia, the Great Plains of North America and southern Europe. It is found that, over northern Canada and northern Siberia, the CO2-induced reduction of soil moisture in summer results from the earlier occurrence of the snowmelt season followed by a period of intense evaporation. Over the Great Plains of North America, the earlier termination of the snowmelt season also contributes to the reduction of soil moisture during the summer season. In addition, the rainy period of late spring ends earlier, thus enhancing the CO2-induced reduction of soil moisture in summer. In the model with variable cloud cover, the summer dryness over the Great Plains is enhanced further by a reduction of cloud amount and precipitation in the lower model atmosphere. This reduction of cloud amount increases the solar energy reaching the continental surface and the rate of potential evaporation. Both the decrease of precipitation and the increase of potential evaporation further reduce the soil moisture during early summer and help to maintain it at a low level throughout the summer. Over Southern Europe, the CO2-induced reduction of soil wetness occurs in a qualitatively similar manner, although the relative magnitude of the contribution from the change in snowmelt is smaller.
During winter, soil moisture increases poleward of 30°N in response to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Because of the CO2-induced warming, a greater fraction of the total precipitation occurs as rainfall rather than snowfall. The warmer atmosphere also causes the accumulated snow cover to melt during winter. Both processes act to increase the soil moisture in all four regions during the winter season. The increase of soil moisture is enhanced further in high latitudes due to the increase of precipitation resulting from the penetration of warm, moisture-rich air into higher latitudes.
The CO2-induced warming of the lower model troposphere increases with increasing latitude. The present analysis suggests that the changes of soil wetness described in this investigation are controlled by the latitudinal profile of the warming and are very broad scale, mid-continental phenomena.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1211:LSCOSW>2.0.CO;2
The Mechanisms of Summer Dryness Induced by Greenhouse Warming
To improve understanding of the mechanisms responsible for CO2-induced, midcontinental summer dryness obtained by earlier modeling studies, several integrations were performed using a GCM with idealized geography. The simulated reduction of soil moisture in middle latitudes begins in late spring and is caused by the excess of evaporation over precipitation. The increase of carbon dioxide and the associated increase of atmospheric water vapor enhances the downward flux of terrestrial radiation at the continental surface at all latitudes. However, due mainly to the CO2-induced change in midtropospheric relative humidity, the increase in the downward flux of terrestrial radiation is larger in the equatorward side of the rain belt, making more energy available there for both sensible and latent heat. Since the saturation vapor pressure at the surface increases nonlinearly with surface temperature, a greater fraction of the additional radiative energy is realized as latent heat flux at the expense of sensible heat. Therefore, evaporation increases more than precipitation over the land surface in the equatorward side of the rain belt during spring and early summer and initiates the drying of the soil there. As the rain belt moves poleward from spring to summer, the soil moisture decreases in middle latitudes, reducing the rate of evaporation. This reduction of evaporation, in turn, causes a corresponding decreases of precipitation in middle latitudes. keeping the soil dry throughout the summer.
In high latitudes, there is also a tendency for increased summer dryness. As noted in our previous studies, this feature mainly results from the earlier removal of highly reflective snow cover in spring, which enhances the evaporation in the late spring. lengthening the period of drying during the summer season. A similar mechanism also operates in middle latitudes, but its contribution is relatively small. The drying of soil is also enhanced by the land surface-cloud interaction in both middle and high latitudes. Owing to the reduction of cloud cover that results from the decrease of relative humidity in the lower troposphere, solar radiation absorbed by the continental surface increases, thereby enhancing evaporation and further reducing the soil moisture in summer.
Although there is additional radiative energy available at the surface during winter. a greater fraction of it occurs as sensible heat rather than latent heat due to the colder surface temperature, thereby causing evaporation to increase less than precipitation. Because of the increased evaporation from the oceanic surface upstream whose temperature is warmer than the continental region in winter, precipitation over most of the continent increases substantially.
Volume 8: Issue 12
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<3096:TMOSDI>2.0.CO;2
Cloud Feedback Processes in a General Circulation Model
The influence of the cloud feedback process upon the sensitivity of climate is investigated by comparing the behavior of two versions of a climate model with predicted and prescribed cloud cover. The model used for this study is a general circulation model of the atmosphere coupled with a mixed layer model of the oceans. The sensitivity of each version of the model is inferred from the equilibrium response of the model to a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.
It is found that the cloud feedback process in the present model enhances the sensitivity of the model climate. In response to the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide, cloudiness increases around the tropopause and is reduced in the upper troposphere, thereby raising the height of the cloud layer in the upper troposphere. This rise of the high cloud layer implies a reduction of the temperature of the cloud top and, accordingly, of the upward terrestrial radiation from the top of the model atmosphere. Thus, the heat loss from the atmosphere-earth system of the model is reduced. As the high cloud layer rises, the vertical distribution of cloudiness changes, thereby affecting the absorption of solar radiation by the model atmosphere. At most latitudes the effect of reduced cloud amount in the upper troposphere overshadows that of increased cloudiness around the tropopause, thereby lowering the global mean planetary albedo and enhancing the CO2 induced warming.
On the other hand, the increase of low cloudiness in high latitudes raises the planetary albedo and thus decreases the CO2 induced warming of climate. However, the contribution of this negative feedback process is much smaller than the effect of the positive feedback process involving the change of high cloud.
The model used here does not take into consideration the possible change in the optical properties of clouds due to the change of their liquid water content. In view of the extreme idealization in the formulation of the cloud feedback process in the model, this study should be regarded as a study of the mechanisms involved in this process rather than the quantitative assessment of its influence on the sensitivity of climate.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<1397:CFPIAG>2.0.CO;2
Changes of Variability in Response to Increasing Greenhouse Gases. Part I: Temperature
R. J. Stouffer
This study documents the temperature variance change in two different versions of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model forced with estimates of future increases of greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol concentrations. The variance changes are examined using an ensemble of 8 transient integrations for the older model version and 10 transient integrations for the newer one. Monthly and annual data are used to compute the mean and variance changes. Emphasis is placed upon computing and analyzing the variance changes for the middle of the twenty-first century and compared with those found in a control integration.
The large-scale variance of lower-tropospheric temperature (including surface air temperature) generally decreases in high latitudes particularly during fall due to a delayed onset of sea ice as the climate warms. Sea ice acts to insolate the atmosphere from the much larger heat capacity of the ocean. Therefore, the near-surface temperature variance tends to be larger over the sea ice–covered regions, than the nearby ice-free regions. The near-surface temperature variance also decreases during the winter and spring due to a general reduction in the extent of sea ice during winter and spring.
Changes in storminess were also examined and were found to have relatively little effect upon the reduction of temperature variance. Generally small changes of surface air temperature variance occurred in low and midlatitudes over both land and oceanic areas year-round. An exception to this was a general reduction of variance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean for the newer model. Small increases in the surface air temperature variance occur in mid- to high latitudes during the summer months, suggesting the possibility of more frequent and longer-lasting heat waves in response to increasing GHGs.
Volume 20: Issue 21
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1384.1
The Effect of Soil Moisture on the Short-Term Climate and Hydrology Change—A Numerical Experiment
T-C. Yeh
This paper describes a series of numerical experiments simulating the effect of large-scale irrigation on short-term changes of hydrology and climate. This is done through the use of a simple general circulation model, with a limited computational domain and idealized geography.
The soil at three latitude bands, namely 30°N–60°N, 0–30°N, and 15°S–15°N is initially saturated with moisture. The results from these experiments indicate that irrigation affects not only the distribution of evaporation but also that of large-scale precipitation. It is found that the anomalies of soil moisture created by irrigation of these respective latitude zones can persist for at least several months due to increased evaporation and precipitation. Furthermore, it the irrigated region is located under a rainbelt, precipitation in that rainbelt is enhanced. Conversely, if the irrigated region is not located under a rainbelt, much of the additional moisture is transported to a rainbelt outside this area. Thus the moist moisture anomaly for the 30°N–60°N cast which is located under the middle latitude rainbelt tends to persist longer than the corresponding anomaly for the 0–30°N case.
Although both the 30°N–60°N and 15°S–15°N latitude regions occur under rainbelts, the soil moisture anomaly for the 15°S–15°N case does not persist as long as it does for the 30°N–60°N case. This is because in the 15°S–15°N case, a much greater fraction of the increased precipitation is lost from the hydrologic cycle due to runoff there as compared with the 30°N-60°N case.
The above changes of the hydrological processes also cause corresponding changes of the thermal state of the atmosphere such as a cooling of the surface due to increased evaporation. This results in change of the mean zonal circulation through the thermal wind relationship. It is found that irrigation in the tropical region weakens the upward branch of the Hadley circulation in the vicinity of the tropical rainbelt.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0474:TEOSMO>2.0.CO;2
A Model Study of the Short-Term Climatic and Hydrologic Effects of Sudden Snow-Cover Removal
This paper describes the results from a set of numerical experiments which stimulate the effect of a large-scale removal of snow cover in middle and high latitudes during the early spring season. This is done through use of a simplified general circulation model with a limited computational domain and idealized geography.
It is found that removal of snow cover reduces the water available to the soil through snowmelt and decreases soil moisture in this region during the following seasons. Furthermore, it also reduces surface albedo in this region and increases absorption of insolation by the ground surface. This, in turn, heats the ground surface and allows more evaporation to occur. However, the change of evaporation is relatively small owing to the low values of surface temperature in high latitudes. Therefore, the negative anomaly of soil moisture induced initially by the removal of snow cover persists for the entire spring and summer seasons.
The removal of snow cover also affects the thermal and dynamical structure of the atmosphere. It is found that the increase of surface temperature extends into the upper troposphere thereby reducing both meridional temperature gradient and zonal wind in high latitudes.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<1013:AMSOTS>2.0.CO;2