There may have a Roman temple here, perhaps dedicated to Diana, and the first St Paul's Cathedral was founded in 604, probably by Mellitus, Bishop of London, at the request of King Ethelbert of Kent. It was rebuilt in 962 following Viking raids.
In 1087 'old' St Paul's was begun in grand Norman style – and its completion took over 200 years. Throughout the Middle Ages and beyond, the cathedral's costs were met by tithes levied on tenants of its extensive landholdings. The ways in which the cathedral's prebendaries managed the estate, resisting or encouraging development, influenced the growth of several of modern London's suburbs.
In 1509 Dean Colet established St Paul's school in the churchyard. Colet's generous endowment helped make it the largest school in England, with 153 scholars – a biblical reference to the 'miraculous draught of fishes' (John 21:11) – who were all taught in one large room, sometimes divided by curtains. The school is now located in the Castelnau area of Barnes, while the cathedral's choir school is still based in the shadow of St Paul's.
Old St Paul's (often known simply as Paul's) burned down in the Great Fire of 1666, after which Sir Christopher Wren was commissioned to produce a design for a new cathedral, which was completed in 1710. The cathedral is built of Portland stone and surmounted by a dome inspired by St Peter's Basilica in Rome, with an acoustically conductive Whispering Gallery that runs around its interior circumference.
St Paul's famously survived bombing raids during the Blitz, thanks to good fortune and the valiant efforts of firefighters. Herbert Mason's photograph of the smoke-wreathed cathedral, taken on the night of 29/30 December 1940, is widely regarded as the most evocative image of London during the war.
The cathedral is used for great national occasions, such as thanksgivings for victory and monarchs' jubilee services. The state funeral of Sir Winston Churchill took place here in 1965 and Prince Charles married Lady Diana Spencer at St Paul's in 1981.
Many distinguished Britons are buried in St Paul's capacious crypt (believed to be the longest in Europe), most notably national heroes Nelson and Wellington. It is also the last resting place of the cathedral's architect, above whose tomb is the inscription (composed by his son) Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice ('Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you').
The cathedral is toured by 1.5 million visitors every year, while many more simply jump off their sightseeing coaches, pose for a photograph and move on.
Shown in the photo above, the neighbouring Paternoster Square development of offices and shops was a 1960s blight on the cathedral's beauty, but in 1993 plans were approved for a replacement project of classically designed buildings, which gained the endorsement of the Prince of Wales. The recession in the property market delayed implementation but work was completed in 2003. The following year the London Stock Exchange relocated to new headquarters at 10 Paternoster Square, and Temple Bar was re-erected near the cathedral's north-west tower. This Portland stone arch had served as a gateway to the City of London for two centuries but was removed to a Hertfordshire park when its narrowness began to cause traffic congestion.
Modern Freemasonry began on 24 June 1717, when four London fellowships met at the Goose and Gridiron alehouse in the churchyard of St Paul's Cathedral and founded the world's first Grand Lodge.
all round St Paul's, not forgetting the trunkmaker's daughter A booksellers' catchphrase, used in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when referring to unsaleable books. The St Paul's area was at that time well known for its bookshops and the 'trunkmaker' was a nickname for the repository of unwanted literature.
Amen Corner A site at the western end of Paternoster Row where the clergy of St Paul's Cathedral finished the Paternoster (the Lord's Prayer) on Corpus Christi Day as they went in procession to the cathedral. They began the prayer in Paternoster Row and continued it to the end of the street, and they said Amen at the corner of the Row. On turning down Ave Maria Lane they began chanting the Hail Mary, then, crossing Ludgate they entered Creed lane chanting the Credo. Amen Corner was destroyed in an air raid on 28 December 1940.
as old as Paul's (steeple) or St Paul's The reference was to the earlier incarnation of St Paul's Cathedral, which dated from the late 11th century and burned down in the Great Fire of London.
Dance of St Paul's A painting on the wall of a cloister that lay within the precinct of the old St Paul's Cathedral. It was paid for by John Carpenter, town clerk of London, and depicted a 'Dance of Death', an allegorical representation of Death leading people to the grave in order of social precedence, accompanied by translations of French verses by John Lydgate. The cloister was pulled down by Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset in the reign of Edward VI and the materials employed in the erection of his own palace in the Strand. The painting was lost and, contrary to an oft-repeated rumour, there is no copy in the Lambeth Palace library.
Pardon churchyard A medieval churchyard that lay within the precinct of St Paul's and contained a chapel and a cloister painted with the Dance of Death (see above). It continued to be known as Pardon churchyard after its conversion to a garden following the destruction of the cloister in 1549. It was built over c.1650.
Paternoster Row A street in the City of London, north of St Paul's Cathedral. It was probably so named from the rosary or paternoster makers who lived and worked here from the Middle Ages. There is mention as early as 1374 of a Richard Russell, a 'paternosterer', who dwelt there, and archives tell of 'one Robert Nikke, a paternoster maker and citizen', in the reign of Henry IV. Another suggestion is that it was so called because funeral processions on their way to St Paul's Cathedral began their Pater noster (chanting of the Lord's Prayer) at the beginning of the row. By the end of the 16th century it was also the home of booksellers and publishers, and it remained a centre of the publishing business for over 300 years, until it was devastated in an air raid on 28 December 1940. About 6 million books were destroyed.
Pauline In a London context, the word usually refers to an alumnus of St Paul's school. A Paulina is an alumna of St Paul's girls' school.
Paul's man A braggart; a captain out of service, with a long rapier; so called because the walk down the centre of the old St Paul's was at one time the haunt of such characters, who were also known as Paul's walkers. Ben Jonson called Captain Bobadil a Paul's man in the dramatis personae of Every Man in His Humour (1598).
Paul's or St Paul's Cross A pulpit in the open air situated on the north side of old St Paul's Cathedral, in which, from 1259 to 1643, eminent divines preached in the presence of the lord mayor of London and aldermen every Sunday. Heretics were forced to recant here and Protestant books were burned. It was demolished in 1643 by order of Parliament. A memorial, erected in 1910, is surmounted by a gilded statue of St Paul holding a cross.
Pol's Stump An alternative name for the original Paul's cross (see above). Some have suggested that 'Pol' was not a corruption of Paul but of Apollo or the Nordic sun god Balder, or some blend of the latter two, and that the stone stump was a place of pagan worship before early Christians mounted a cross upon it.
* The picture of St Paul's Cathedral – The Whispering Gallery at the top of this page is slightly modified from an original photograph, copyright Jack Pease Photography, the picture of St Paul's Cathedral on a sunny winter's day is adapted from an original photograph, copyright Garry Knight, and the picture of Paternoster Square is cropped from an original photograph, copyright William Marnoch, all at Flickr, made available under the Attribution 2.0 Generic licence. Any subsequent reuse is freely permitted under the terms of that licence.


DUBAI, April 17 (Reuters) - Turkey's dollar-denominated sovereign bonds rallied on Wednesday, boosted by hopes of a better global backdrop and a breakthrough between Turkey and the United States over Ankara's planned purchase of Russian military equipment.
The country's 2045 bond surged as much as 1.5 cents in the dollar, according to Tradeweb data.
After the recent meeting between Turkish Finance Minister Berat Albayrak and U.S. President Donald Trump "there is an assumption of some deal between Turkey and the U.S. on S-400s," said Timothy Ash of BlueBay Asset Management.
Ankara's plan to buy the S-400 system has fueled tensions between the NATO allies and Washington has said Ankara could face sanctions over the issue.


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Q: Reactjs parent state is not refreshed when the children input is changed I created a component and wanted to wrap text input and add some functionality to it.
<Input value={this.state.name} />

In child component there is remove button beside text input in order to clear text when it is clicked.
  const Input = (props) => {
    let textInput = null;
      const removeText = (e) =>{
        e.preventDefault();
        textInput.value = '';
        textInput.focus();
      }
       return(

              <input ref={(input) => { textInput = input; }} {...props} />
              <button
                  onClick = {removeText}
               ></button>

)
    }

As the Input component is function, I used ref in order to access input and manipulate it. The problem is the parent state is not updated when it is changed by functions in child component. Consider that I don't want to use props and pass the function to update parent state. By the way, I don't know this approach whether is correct or not.

A: Define removeText function in a component where you are calling Input component. Also avoid using refs for input field you no need ref for sure instead you can have event handler function which will set the value in state
      removeText = (e) =>{
           e.preventDefault();
           this.setState({name: ''});
      }

     handleInput = e => {
         this.setState({name: e.target.value});
     }

And pass down functions to Input component as a prop like
    <Input value={this.state.name} removeText={this.removeText} handleInput={this.handleInput} />

Now, change the Input component to something like below
   const Input = (props) => {
        return(

          <input value={props.value} onChange={e => props.handleInput(e)}/>
          <button
              onClick = {() => this.removeText()}
           ></button>

)
   }

This way it updates the parent state value. This is so called callbacks in react

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World-renowned climatologist Dr. David Suzuki once said, \xD2Scientists have been warning about global warming for decades. It's too late to stop it now, but we can lessen its severity and impacts.\xD3 As citizens of the 21st century, we are well aware of the impact we are having on our earth. Global temperatures are rising, severe drought is more frequent and ice caps are shrinking to a fraction of their former size. As we look to the future, we wonder, \xD2How much of this world will be left for our children and their children?\xD3 Successful Speaker's expert scientist and climatologist guest speakers can answer that question for you and can give solutions and steps for curbing our world's rising climate. The keynote speakers you'll find on our site are equipped with decades of experience and thousands of hours of research. Among our team of conference speakers is Dr. Suzuki himself, creator of the David Suzuki Foundation and a leading voice in the climate change discussions. You'll find that our climate change speakers are among the world's best, and that's exactly what your conference or convention crowd needs as you explore what you can do to help preserve our planet.


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Shri. Mahendra Kumar Rekhi assumed charge of SBI Foundation as Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer on 10th April 2017.
A Post Graduate in Commerce, Shri Rekhi joined the Bank as Probationary Officer in the year 1984. Presently he is spearheading SBI Foundation, a CSR arm of SBI. Prior to his present assignment, he worked as General Manager (Social Media) & General Manager (Corporate Communication & Change Management). During his stint as General Manager (Social Media & Marketing) Bank's social media presence got a due fillip in as much as it is now the No. 1 Brand in the world among Banks using social media as per the Financial Brand's Power 100 Ranks – Banks Q 1 2017. During his long career of 34 years in the Bank, he has held many challenging assignments, which include Banking operations, Development Sector, Corporate Communication and other assignments as below:
Dy. General Manager (PR) - Shri Rekhi was adjudged as one of the top 5 CMOs of the country for two consecutive years, 2013 and 2014 by IAA (International Advertising Association). As a career Banker, he gained experience in various facets of Banking like Large Corporate Credits, Retail Operations, Corporate Communications, Public Relations, SME Advances etc.
Asst. General Manager- LCPC, Noida- Front-led over 3500 branches chequebook maintenance and account opening functions, entailing 20% of the total branches of the bank in the country at that time with a team of 600 staff members working under one roof.
Regional Manager- (Retail Loan Portfolio), Ghaziabad| Asst. General Manager- (SMECCC), Dehradun |Asst. General Manager- (Tourism and Agriculture), Dehradun.
CSR is very close to his heart and he always strives for the welfare of the less fortunate & underprivileged in unreached areas of the Country.
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Nixon Joseph, President & Chief Operating Officer, SBI Foundation, is a post-graduate in English Language and Literature, joined State Bank of India in 1985 as a probationary officer. As a career banker, he has extensive experience in various facets of Banking like Corporate Credit, Retail Operations, International Banking etc., has worked all across India. He was also Manager (Operations), SBI Bahrain and Chief Executive Officer, SBI Tokyo branch(2008-2012). He is a Certified Credit Professional, Certified Banking Compliance Professional and Certified Information Systems Banker. He was President of the Sakura Toastmasters Club, Tokyo and also started the Tokyo debating society. His interest in long-distance running has led to his completion of 35 full marathons (42.195km, making him popular as "SBI marathon legend". He has been participating in all the SBI Green marathons to spread the message of sustainability. As Coordinator, SBI Youth for India fellowship program, he was instrumental in inspiring and mentoring the youths and took the fellowship to a higher level. As President of SBI Foundation, he has been supporting strong impact projects to help the underprivileged and needy. A regular speaker in various CSR forums, he is also a regular invitee to universities and other institutions to share his marathon running experiences.
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Shri Mukesh Srivastava, a Post Graduate in Sociology and a Certified Associate of Indian Institute of Indian Institute of Banking and Finance (CAIIB), is a seasoned banker with 30+ years of experience in various facets of Banking in State Bank of India. His assignments in the Bank span across Rural Banking, Retail Banking, International Banking and SME Finance.
Before assuming the charge of Chief Financial Officer at SBI Foundation, he was heading State Bank RASMEC Karkardooma at New Delhi. Coming from a humble background, CSR is close to his heart and his aim is to reach the unreached underprivileged to make an impact in their lives that is long lasting and sustainable.
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text:
Anna Mendoza / BuzzFeed / Getty Images
This Is How Therapists Treat Young Men With "Porn-Induced Erectile Dysfunction"
"Their sexual script has become someone else's story so they can't build their own fantasy."
Gina Rushton
BuzzFeed News Reporter, Australia
Dominic* was 12 years old when he first watched porn online and masturbated.
"Up until two months ago I browsed [porn] at least two hours a day," the 28-year-old from Sydney's west told BuzzFeed News.
"I had watched loads of hardcore stuff beyond any normal person's vilest imagination.
"I had probably masturbated to everything that wasn't in the rape or paedophilia genre."
By Dominic's estimate, he had watched more than 6,000 hours of porn online before his first real-life sexual encounter in his early 20s.
"I realised it was a problem when I started having sex with the girl of my dreams and I just simply couldn't perform as well as I should."
He had trouble getting aroused and ejaculated prematurely.
"With extreme embarrassment and confusion I did some research and found others who are experiencing similar problems," he said.
Dominic connected with other young men on Reddit who "encourage each other" to abstain from masturbating to porn.
"I have tried in earnest to stop watching porn all together for about two months now," he said.
An anonymous man
What has been termed "porn-induced erectile dysfunction" is the inability to get or maintain an erection during sexual activity because of a high exposure to pornography.
A recent Victorian study of 15 to 29 year olds found almost 70% of males surveyed had watched porn for the first time at age 13 or younger and most (84%) young men and 19% of young women watched pornography on a daily or weekly basis.
"So between the ages of 11 and 17 they're watching an average of two to four hours a week and if they're having their first sexual experience at 17, they have a bachelors degree in porn before they've even had their first sexual encounter," Sydney relationship counsellor and sex therapist Alinda Small told BuzzFeed News.
"I deal with porn addiction with young men who can't actually leave the house because they spend five or six hours a day watching it, sometimes with two or three screens open."
"I have so many clients in their early 20s who call me and say they have erectile dysfunction and it is related to porn use."
There were two main ways that porn could disrupt a man's sexual dysfunction within their relationship, Small said.
"They might be able to have intimacy with their male or female partner but when it gets to the point of penetration they actually lose their erection because porn shows this unrealistic expectation of having a huge erection and keeping it for a long time," she said.
"The male ego is incredibly fragile sexually."
"If their penis goes down their entire world crumbles."
The other issue associated with porn addiction was the development of an "idiosyncratic masturbation technique".
"If you're used to really pulling hard on your penis no vagina or even anus will replicate that sort of friction and that hardness."
When Small asks her clients "what is your sexual fantasy?" she said she is often met with silence.
"Generations ago they would have looked at Playboy and made up their own stories but men, in particular, can't do that anymore," she said.
"When they watch so much porn, their sexual script has become someone else's story so they can't build their own fantasy."
Small asked some clients to masturbate with a picture instead, but complete abstinence was "sad and not necessary" so it was healthy to masturbate around every three days.
Porn also distorts the expectations that young women place on themselves, Small said.
"Their model of normalcy is looking at pictures of no pubic hair and perfect labias and they now ask for it hard and fast because they think that is normal."
*Angus first masturbated to online pornography when he was 13 years old.
"When I was at the height of my addiction I was having anywhere from four to eight porn masturbation orgasm (PMO) sessions a day," the 27-year-old told BuzzFeed News.
He noticed his tastes changed over the next decade.
"It started out pretty tame, vanilla hetero sex and girl-on-girl," he said.
"Eventually it evolved into [female dominance], transsexual porn and gay porn."
Once he became sexually active at 16, Angus found it difficult to orgasm.
"I never had an orgasm during sex until I was 25."
"I never really enjoyed sex when I was masturbating to porn because sex in real life isn't as hardcore as it is in porn," he said.
"It is like going from a rollercoaster to a swing-set."
After reading a few studies online, Angus decided at age 25 that his obsession with porn was affecting him "mentally and sexually".
Angus hasn't watched porn for the past 20 days.
"I went 170 days at the start of this year, but relapsed."
"Porn is very addictive and I've experienced withdrawal symptoms from quitting."
"This will sound ridiculous but I would recommend smoking cigarettes over masturbating to pornography."
Since he started masturbating without pornography, Angus has noticed his erections are "thicker and more solid".
"The touch and the sight of a real woman is much more exciting to me now that I've quit."
Clinical sexologist Tanya Koens said she saw patients with a range of sexual dysfunction issues which arose due to the regularity with which they masturbated to porn.
"Because porn is so readily available these men go down a porn rabbit hole where they look at this and this and this and they end up spending a long time in a heightened state of arousal and it takes a long time to get themselves off," Koens told BuzzFeed News.
She also referred to patients who had an "idiosyncratic masturbation style" which couldn't be replicated with a "soft, warm, squidgy human": "You'd fuck them into the headboard if you tried it with a partner."
Koens asks clients to try something she calls "porn yoga".
"Basically, I get them to masturbate standing up and for every minute they are looking at the porn for 10 seconds they have to look away and think about their body and not the screen," she said.
"It is an embodiment technique that gets people out of their head and into their body which is where the fun is."
Koens sometimes asks clients "masturbate with their other hand" and also does "breath and movement work" based on tantric principles.
Pornography involving "extreme savage sexual imagery" was distorting men's understanding of "how female bodies work".
"People are thinking that they have to go at it like porn stars and it is a surefire way to make sure they have not very good sex," she said.
"It is very cock-centric sex and it is not healthy or what is going to keep their girlfriends interested for more than three months."
The female partners of her clients often took the sexual dysfunction personally and were left feeling "unloved and unsexy", Koens said.
But porn wasn't a substitute for sex, she said: "These men are never comparing their girlfriend to images of women in porn it is not a replacement or a comparison to their existing sex life."
Some people "never find their way back to their partner" from constant porn use, Dan Auerbach, psychotherapist and relationship counsellor at Associated Counsellors and Psychologists Sydney told BuzzFeed News
"The sexual energy has been taken elsewhere and a hostile truce becomes an unspoken staying away from each other or sex becomes very mechanical and this becomes the norm," he said.
"Porn addiction can have a lot in common with gambling because you have this limitless smorgasbord and variety of stimulation that you can see actor's facials, noises, shapes, colours and sizes and gambling devices are built to give you incremental rewards which you wait and seek out."
"But pornography, like drug-induced sex, can give us a quick win and relieve a lot of frustration but like all things that are ever more exciting in small doses we become desensitised to them and it spoils the soup."
*The names of the men interviewed for this article have been changed to address their privacy concerns.
Gina Rushton is a reporter for BuzzFeed News and is based in Sydney.
Contact Gina Rushton at gina.rushton@buzzfeed.com.


text:
Legal operations
Legal operations Blog
Pharmacological action of polygot
Polygot is a combined antimigraine drug. Pharmacological action is antimigraine. The effect of Polygot is associated with the vasoconstrictor effect of ergotamine and improvement of brain functions under the influence of caffeine. Ergotamine causes a vasoconstrictor effect. Caffeine accelerates absorption of ergotamine and enhances the effect of ergot alkaloids in treatment of migraine. Caffeine also causes stimulation of the central nervous system, mainly in the cerebral cortex, respiratory and vasomotor centers. It increases mental and physical performance, reduces sleepiness and fatigue. Caffeine has a pronounced cardiotonic effect: it increases strength and heart rate, increases BP in hypotension.
Indications for the drug Polygot
vasoparalytic form of migraine;
arterial hypotension;
as a means of lowering intracranial pressure in vascular, traumatic and infectious lesions of the central nervous system.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to components of Polygote; Decompensated diseases of the cardiovascular system, marked hypertension or atherosclerosis; pregnancy; lactation. With caution (relative contraindications): sleep disorders; hyperexcitability;
anxiety disorders (agoraphobia, panic disorder);
organic diseases of the cardiovascular system (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, paroxysmal tachycardia, ventricular extrasystole, arterial hypertension, obliterating diseases of peripheral vessels); hepatic and/or renal insufficiency; glaucoma (increase in intraocular pressure); advanced age.
Symptoms: restlessness, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, flushed face, increased diuresis, nausea, vomiting, muscle twitching, tachycardia or arrhythmia, psychomotor agitation, tremor, hypertension, confusion, hyperreflexia, numbness in fingers and toes, epileptic seizures.
Treatment: withdrawal of Polygote, gastric lavage, prescription of activated charcoal, if necessary – symptomatic therapy; beta-adrenoblockers (propranololol) prevent cardiotoxic effect and normalize blood pressure.
Special Directions. A physician should be consulted before using Polygote. Care should be taken to avoid an overdose of Polygote. Prolonged use of Polygote is not recommended.
The prescription drug information on this site is for medical professionals only. The information contained on this site should not be used by patients to make their own decisions about the use of the medications presented and should not serve as a substitute for a face-to-face consultation with a physician. The Medicine Directory is for informational purposes only. For further information, please refer to the manufacturer's instructions. Do not self-medicate; before using Polygot, you should consult your physician. The site is not responsible for consequences caused by use of information posted on the portal. Any information on this site is not a substitute for a physician's advice and cannot guarantee the positive effect of the medicine.
LACTOSE-FREE INFANT FORMULA
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Sep 01, 2021 LACTOSE-FREE INFANT FORMULA
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text:
De West Side Elevated Highway, ook wel Miller Highway, was een autosnelweg in de Amerikaanse stad New York van 1930 tot 1989. De snelweg was een gedeeltelijke ringweg en verbond alle westelijke districten van Manhattan met Lower Manhattan enerzijds, en Midtown en Upper Manhattan anderzijds.

De West Side Elevated Highway was een viaduct van 6,1 meter hoog en was onderdeel van de New York State Route 9A langs de Hudson. De snelweg had erg smalle rijstroken en was berijdbaar van 1930 tot 1973. Het was een van de eerste snelwegtracés ter wereld dat bestond uit een langgerekt viaduct. De verhoogde snelweg werd aangelegd van 1929 tot 1951, maar afgebroken na partiële instorting door een zwaar verkeersongeluk met een vrachtwagen ter hoogte van 14th Street in het Meatpacking District op 15 december 1973. Hoewel de snelweg niet de capaciteit had voor ondersteuning van geladen vrachtwagens, kon het ongeluk toch plaatsvinden.

Bovendien was groot onderhoud aan de West Side Elevated Highway uitgebleven. Het gebruik van corrosief strooizout in de winter stimuleerde het verval. Na het ongeluk was de West Side Elevated Highway gesloten voor verkeer en in bouwvallige staat, en werd van 1977 tot 1989 ontmanteld - behalve een gedeelte nabij 72nd Street. Na de afbraak van het viaduct werd de West Side Highway aangelegd, een boulevard voorzien van twee keer drie of vier rijstroken die net als de Miller Highway – naar Julius Miller – in fases werd voltooid tussen 1996 en het voorjaar van 2001. De huidige route volgt nog steeds route 9A en heeft een totale lengte van 36 km.

Geschiedenis

Bouw

Voordat de West Side Elevated Highway werd aangelegd, was de weg langs de Hudson erg druk, met aanzienlijk dwarsverkeer naar dokken en veerboten. Op 22nd Street ging het meeste verkeer verder naar het noorden langs Eleventh Avenue, waarlangs de West Side Line van de New York Central Railroad (NYCRR) liep; het stond bij velen bekend als "Death Avenue" voor de vele dodelijke ongelukken veroorzaakt door botsingen van treinen en auto's.

Het eerste officiële voorstel voor een verhoogde snelweg langs de westkant van Manhattan werd ingediend op 12 januari 1924. De snelweg moest 30 meter breed worden en liep ten noorden van het stadspark The Battery naar 72nd Street bij Riverside Drive, West End Avenue of Amsterdam Avenue. Verkeerscongestie betekende volgens het New York City Police Department extra kosten en een blokkering voor brandweerwagens.

Op 2 februari 1925 werd aangekondigd dat New York Central Railroad een verhoogde snelweg en goederenspoorlijn zou bouwen voor $ 24 miljoen zonder kosten voor de stad. In die periode stond Eleventh Avenue bekend als "Death Avenue" vanwege de gevaarlijke verkeerssituatie aldaar. De verhoogde structuur zou 106 kruispunten overlappen. Het voorstel kwam tot stand na zes maanden onderhandelen tussen Julius Miller, de stadsdeelvoorzitter van Manhattan, en de New York Central Railroad. De geplande snelweg zou eindigen ter hoogte van Canal Street in de Holland Tunnel, die op 13 november 1927 voor het verkeer zou opengaan. Het meest noordelijke punt was ingesteld op 72nd Street en Riverside Drive. Op- en afritten waren gepland op Canal Street, 23rd Street, Riverside Drive en minstens twee andere locaties.

Port Authority of New York and New Jersey verzette zich tegen het plan en gaf de voorkeur aan een meer toekomstgericht en uitgebreid plan ten gunste van goederentransport. De Port Authority wilde een systeem van terminals en een verhoogde spoorlijn. Volgens de voorzitter van de Port Authority, Julian Gregory, was het vrijwel zeker dat New York Central Railroad niet zou kiezen voor het plan van de Port Authority. Men geloofde dat aanbieding van verhoogde sporen de NYCRR in staat zou stellen om de vracht te monopoliseren en haar prijzen te verhogen. De Port Authority meende dat het vooral een vrachtprobleem was, maar NYCRR en de stad New York beschouwden het als een eliminatieproject van verkeerscongestie.

Miller reageerde door te stellen dat er meteen iets moest gebeuren en zei dat als de Port Authority binnen een tijdspanne van vijf jaar een alomvattend plan zou kunnen uitbrengen, hij zijn volledige steun zou geven. Hij wees er ook op dat zijn plan slechts één onderdeel uitmaakte van zijn "allesomvattend plan voor de verlichting van verkeerscongestie"; hij had al vele wegen verbreed en verschillende in Midtown Manhattan aangelegde sporen verwijderd. Miller zei ook dat het plan de NYCRR geen rechten zou geven die ze nog niet hadden; het was slechts een verplaatsing van bestaande spoorlijnen. De spoorlijnen waren 55 jaar lang functioneel geweest, ondanks juridische stappen tegen NYCRR. Men wou de vrachttarieven pas verlagen als de nieuwe verhoogde structuur werd gebouwd.

Op 24 april 1925 ondertekende gouverneur Al Smith een wetsvoorstel dat de aanleg van de snelweg goedkeurde. Middelen voor de snelweg van $ 11 miljoen moesten worden verkregen door vastgoed langs de route; dit werd als redelijk beschouwd vanwege de voordelen van de snelweg voor degenen die langs de route woonden. De weg moest 20 meter breed zijn, zo'n 1,5 meter breder dan Fifth Avenue, met een maximumsnelheid van minstens 48 km/u en zou 6,1 meter bovengronds gelegen zijn. Het zou worden gebouwd van staal, met een cementvlak. Er was ook ruimte voor voetgangers, deze was een meter breed; hoewel de snelweg voornamelijk bestemd was voor motorvoertuigen. Lange hellingen waren voorzien voor het betreden en verlaten van de snelweg. Vrachtwagens zouden op de snelweg toegestaan zijn.

West Side Elevated Highway werd gebouwd met horten en stoten, een constructie die begon in 1929 en die even rommelig was als de planning erachter. Twee jaar na de start van de bouw, stopte de bouw vanwege de Grote Depressie van de jaren 30, hoewel er toen geen op- en afritten gereed waren. De snelweg zou de verkeersproblemen van de stad destijds ook niet hebben opgelost, omdat er geen manier was om door Upper Manhattan te rijden via de lokale straten. Toch ging de bouw verder, over de hele lengte van de snelweg, van 72nd Street tot de Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel. De bouw werd uiteindelijk pas in 1951 voltooid.

De snelweg moest als een symbool dienen van civilisatie voor het naoorlogse New York, ondanks een overwegend industriële aanblik die de stad op dat moment had. Industrie was echter een dominante factor in de buurt; het Meatpacking District werd geheel ingenomen door vleesverwerkende bedrijven of slagers, terwijl de haven van New York nog steeds een vervuilende factor was. Een rit langs de West Side Elevated Highway gaf destijds een volledig beeld van een vervuilde Hudson. Het uitzicht aan de andere kant, met name van de pakhuizen en het verkeer, was volgens critici net als in het westen onaantrekkelijk.

Tracé

Het gedeelte tussen Canal Street en 22nd Street was klaar op 13 november 1930, maar werd officieel geopend voor publiek verkeer op 17 november 1930. Na dit gedeelte bevonden zich een op- en afrittencomplex op 23th Street en 25th Street, die pas later werden toegevoegd.

Het gedeelte tussen 59nd Street en 72nd Street, de fysieke grens tussen Midtown en Upper Manhattan, opende voor het verkeer op 9 maart 1932. De oorspronkelijke configuratie werd op 72nd Street ingevoerd, met afritten die een bocht van 90 graden vormden. Zodra de noordelijke extensie was aangelegd, draaide het verkeer in noordelijke richting direct van en naar 72nd Street. Ter hoogte van 72nd Street bevond zich een zuidelijke op- en afrit aan de linkerkant, met een directe oprit van Riverside Drive (later gesloten) en een zuidelijke afrit naar 70th Street werd nooit voltooid. Dit is het enige verhoogde gedeelte dat nog bestaat, hoewel strijdig met de plannen voor het ontwikkelingsproject van de huidige buurt Riverside South.

De routes tussen 22nd- en 38th Street en 38th- en 46th Street waren gereed voor gebruik op 5 januari 1933 en 30 augustus 1934, respectievelijk. Het traject stond in verbinding met de veerterminal van Weehawken, New Jersey. In 1934 werden verbindingen tussen de verhoogde snelweg en de tweede niveaus van de pieren voorgesteld. Toenmalig stadsdeelvoorzitter van Manhattan, Samuel Levy, was al snel tegen deze verbindingen, daarbij verwijzend naar inmenging van het verkeer naar het zuiden op de snelweg. Het plan, dat was voorgesteld op verzoek van verschillende cruisemaatschappijen, werd uiteindelijk afgewezen.

De bouw van het laatste deel van de oorspronkelijk geplande snelweg, van 46th Street naar 59th Street, ging van start op 13 februari 1936 en was klaar op 9 februari 1937. Het gedeelte vervolledigde zo grotendeels de verhoogde snelweg, maar ter hoogte van Duane Street werd de bouw stopgezet tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog; de snelweg werd later afgewerkt met een ander ontwerp. Op 23 augustus 1934 ondertekende gouverneur Herbert H. Lehman een wetsvoorstel dat de bouw van een zuidelijke expansie van de verhoogde snelweg tussen Canal Street en The Battery mogelijk maakte. De bouw van dit segment werd echter tegengewerkt door de gemeenschappen langs de route, omdat het "kon resulteren in verspilling van belastinggelden". De bouw op het eerste deel hiervan, van Duane Street naar Canal Street, begon op 24 januari 1938.

In tegenstelling tot eerder voltooide delen van de snelweg, die granieten blokken als oppervlak gebruikte, werd beton gebruikt voor de nieuwe sectie. De weg was toegankelijk voor verkeer op 4 februari 1939. Een stalen bovenbouw bestaande uit een gebogen brug werd aan Canal Street gebouwd omdat er beperkte ruimte was voor brugpijlers. Na een lange pauze als gevolg van de Tweede Wereldoorlog startte men in 1947 de bouw van de sectie tussen Carlisle Street en Barclay Street. Dit gedeelte werd uitgebreid om Duane Street vanuit het noorden te bereiken en werd op 29 november 1948 geopend. Het zuidelijke gedeelte werd verbonden met de Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel op 25 mei 1950, waarlangs vanaf 1966 het oorspronkelijke World Trade Center kwam te staan. Een tunnel met vier rijstroken onder The Battery en de East River, opende op 10 april 1951.

Instorting

Op 15 december 1973 bezweek een stuk van 25 meter lange noordelijke rijstroken in het Meatpacking District tussen Little West 12th Street en Gansevoort Street onder het gewicht van een vrachtwagen, waarvan gedacht werd dat het meer dan 9.100 kg asfalt zou vervoeren voor lopende reparaties aan de snelweg. De verbindingen tussen dwarsliggers die dit deel van de rijbaan ophielden en de oostelijke hoofdligger faalden. Een auto volgde de truck door het gat; geen van beide bestuurders raakte ernstig gewond. Het duurde uren om alle verkeer af te sluiten die achter de ineenstorting was opgesloten. Later ontdekte men dat de vrachtwagen daadwerkelijk 30 ton asfalt droeg en 9 ton overbelast was. Het viaduct werd onveilig verklaard en men besloot de gehele infrastructuur af te breken.

Afbraak

Het deel van de snelweg grenzend aan de ineenstorting werd als eerste neergehaald in 1977, en het gedeelte tussen 26th en 42nd Street werd gesloopt tussen november 1981 en de zomer van 1982. De snelweg van Jane Street naar Spring Street werd gesloopt tussen de lente en de herfst van 1981, en de snelweg van Spring Street naar het zuiden naar The Battery werd afgebroken tussen de zomer van 1981 en de lente van 1982, waarna in die zones onder andere Battery Park City en het World Financial Center werden opgetrokken.

Het segment van 43rd tot 59th Street bleef staan omdat men dacht dat het zou kunnen worden opgeknapt. De reparatiewerken aan het resterende deel van de snelweg zou afzonderlijk worden gefinancierd, omdat interstate-fondsen niet zouden kunnen worden gebruikt om een autosnelweg te verbinden met een faciliteit voor beperkt gebruik - in dit geval de Henry Hudson Parkway. Rijstrookverbeteringen werden aangebracht in 1981, waarvan permanent op het gedeelte snelweg ten zuiden van 59th Street. Vroeger kon het verkeer naar het noorden de snelweg op 43rd Street binnenrijden en het verkeer naar het zuiden werd uit de snelweg bij 59th Street geleid. De stad verwijderde het gedeelte van 43rd tot 59th Street in oktober 1989.

De verhoogde snelweg werd vervangen door de West Side Highway, een wijde boulevard met een lengte van 8,5 km. De weg, die gereed was in het voorjaar van 2001, werd al snel zwaar beschadigd in de aanslagen op 11 september 2001; met name ter hoogte van Battery Park City. Het beschadigde gedeelte werd na de aanslagen gerepareerd. Een klein deel van de constructie van de voormalige snelweg staat nog overeind nabij 72nd Street langs de Henry Hudson Parkway in het zuiden van Riverside Park (Hudson River Greenway), evenals een stuk van de rijbaan en twee karakteristieke lantaarnpalen.

In popcultuur

Gedurende zijn korte bestaan was de autosnelweg te zien als overzichtsshot in vele films uit met name het Klassiek Hollywood-era, maar ook na de afbraakwerken keerde de snelweg nog een aantal keer terug. De West Side Elevated Highway komt in beeld tijdens de openingsscène van de film West Side Story uit 1961, met Natalie Wood en Richard Beymer in de hoofdrollen. Daarnaast wordt de West Side Elevated Highway getoond in al zijn glorie met druk verkeer tijdens een vroege scène van Taxi Driver met in de titelrol Robert De Niro, hoewel de snelweg toen al gesloten was voor alle verkeer.

Voorts kwam de snelweg aan bod in The Hustler, de sitcom Maude (telkens wanneer de naam van actrice Beatrice Arthur in beeld kwam in de aftiteling) en tijdens een sketch van Saturday Night Live genaamd "La Dolce Gilda" - de laatste scène van de sketch werd gefilmd op de gesloten snelweg ter hoogte van 23rd Street. In augustus 2010 keerde de snelweg terug en speelde een belangrijke rol in het computerspel Mafia II. Het verhaal van dit spel speelt zich af in de jaren 40 en 50 van de 20e eeuw. Een snelweg die gebaseerd was op de West Side Elevated Highway werd aan het spel toegevoegd opdat spelers zich makkelijker konden verplaatsen door een stad gebaseerd op meerdere Amerikaanse steden met de naam Empire Bay.

Zie ook
 Geschiedenis van New York (stad)
 West Side Highway (Manhattan)

Externe link

  Lijst van rijkswegen in New York County

State highway in New York
Weg in New York (stad)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show is a one-hour television special that aired on ABC on September 17, 1982. It guest stars John Ritter, George Hamilton and Andy Kaufman as Tony Clifton. The special was taped in Toronto between August 9 and 24, 1982 and was later syndicated alongside The Muppet Show.

Plot
Miss Piggy hosts her own variety show, with guest stars John Ritter, George Hamilton and Tony Clifton (Andy Kaufman). A romantic triangle develops between Piggy, Ritter (who is in love with her) and Hamilton (who is uncomfortable with her romantic inclinations). Meanwhile, Kermit the Frog and the other Muppets try to run the show from a control room. At the end of the show, Piggy is furious to learn that her show is intended to be a special, rather than the first episode of a continuing series. She wrecks the studio, and she karate-chops John, who is impersonating her for the finale.

Highlights
 An opening number that ends with the dancers having to rescue a stuck Piggy.
 Piggy demonstrates "Snack-cercise", in which she describes a routine tailored to the act of consuming junk food.
 Hamilton and Piggy are the king and queen of a Polynesian-style luau.
 Ritter assists consumer advocate Piggy in "Don't Take It Lying Down, Sucker".
 Vegas-style entertainer Tony Clifton makes a grand entrance and performs a medley of pop songs and showtunes.
 Piggy and Hamilton (as Cary Grant) perform a romantic scene, which makes Kermit jealous.
 Piggy performs a solo, followed by a musical salute to the year.
 Clifton returns to join Piggy in a medley of standards.
 Hamilton sings to Piggy, then joins her in a medley of standards and love songs.
 Ritter impersonates Piggy for the finale after she goes rogue.

Cast
 John Ritter as Himself
 George Hamilton as Himself
 Andy Kaufman as Tony Clifton
 Tom Harvey as Mr. Kevin T. Gregory, Pretend Network V.P.

Muppet performers
 Frank Oz as Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal
 Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog
 Dave Goelz as Gonzo the Great, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, Zoot
 Richard Hunt as Janice, Scooter, Beaker
 Steve Whitmire as Rizzo the Rat

Additional Muppets performed by Kathryn Mullen, Karen Prell and Terry Angus.

Music
 "There'll Be Some Changes Made"
 "Snack-cercise"
 "Lulu of a Luau"
 "Tony Clifton Medley" ("Dance to the Music", "I Write the Songs", "Music! Music! Music!", "Sing", "I Believe in Music")
 "You Light Up My Life"
 "Calendar Song"
 "Medley" ("Isn't She Lovely", "This Is My Song", "You Do Something to Me", "That Old Black Magic")
 "Three Times a Lady"
 "The Look of Love" / "I Will Survive"
 "The Impossible Dream"

References

External links
 The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show at Internet Movie Database
  at Muppet Wiki

The Muppets television specials
1982 television specials
Television shows directed by Jim Henson
Television shows written by Buz Kohan
Films scored by Joe Raposo


A bright business idea, a tempting opportunity or a simple coincidence – whatever brings you to Poland, you will have to follow not only your heart, but also some rules. Before your permanent move to the centre of Europe, make sure you are familiar with the documents and processes described below.
Having decided to come to Poland, you need to remember about taking a valid travel document and a visa if you come from a country for which the visa obligation has not been abolished. Although entering Poland from the Schengen area country (the Czech Republic, Slovakia or Germany) does not require presenting any proof of identity, it is good to have a travel document on you, for example in case of being detained by the police.
Your travel document may be your passport or identity card. Neither a driving licence nor any other identity proof will be recognised as a travel document.
The obligation to present a visa does not concern the citizens of over 70 countries, which include, e.g. the European Union member states, Israel, the European Free Trade Association countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland), as well as Brazil, the United States and many other countries.
The European countries whose citizens are obliged to possess a visa when entering Poland include Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.
If you come from Serbia, Montenegro, Moldova or Macedonia, you are not required to have a visa, but it will be necessary to present a biometric passport. A biometric passport is a document that allows on verifying your identity based on biometric data, such as finger prints or retinal scan.
You should remember that based on a travel document, you can stay in Poland without applying for additional permits a maximum of 3 months. If you want to stay in Poland longer, before this period ends, you must obtain a residence permit for a fixed period.
To obtain a temporary residence permit, you should provide documented reasons for your living in Poland. Taking up a job or education in Poland, as well as marriage to a Polish citizen, are one of the most common reasons.
A temporary residence permit can be obtained for any period, but not longer than 3 years. The application for temporary residence can be submitted at any time in a Polish consulate at your place of residence or in a voivodeship office in Poland.
If you possess a temporary residence permit, you also receive a residence card, which becomes the official document confirming your identity during your stay in Poland. Thanks to the residence card, you will be allowed to register your residence at a particular address, and you will obtain the PESEL number, which is necessary to perform all the tax activities in Poland. What is more, if you needed a visa to enter Poland, once you get the residence card, you are permitted to leave and enter Poland without a visa.
While carrying out formalities concerning the permit, it is worth asking your employer for help. The majority of them are eager to support their foreign employees while performing official formalities.
You can apply for a permanent residence permit 10 years after you start living in Poland1. Before that, you can stay in Poland only based on temporary residence permits, which you need to renew not less often than every 3 years.
If you are a citizen of the EU member state, you do not need to apply for a work permit. When you decide on taking up a job in Poland, you conclude an agreement following the same rules as the Poles do, and you do not need to handle any additional formalities. It is only necessary to remember about obtaining a temporary residence permit.
If you come from Belarus, Russia, Moldova, Georgia, Ukraine or Armenia, you can work in Poland for 3 months based on the employer's declaration on their will to employ you. It is a simple document that will be submitted by your employer. Only after 3 months of work is the employer obliged to apply for a work permit on your behalf.
If you are not a citizen of the abovementioned countries, you must be aware that in your case, the work permit is an obligatory formality before you start any work in Poland.
The changes implemented in 2014 make it considerably easier to obtain a work permit in Poland. It is the employer hiring a foreigner who deals with gaining a permit so you do not have to be afraid that you will not manage to carry out the necessary formalities. At present, it is possible to obtain one permit for a temporary residence and work or, in case of people who are subject to the visa obligation, a visa with the right to work.
What is more, if you study or are planning to start studying in Poland, you can experience certain conveniences concerning taking up a job. As a full-time student possessing also a residence card, you are allowed to start work in Poland without applying for additional permits.
Although the work permit may seem to be an unpleasant formality, it also brings benefits for a foreigner. The employer applying for a work permit is obliged to include in it the details concerning employment, such as job title and remuneration. The level of salary in the application will guarantee that you will not be offered a lower pay because this would be against the law.
During your stay, your documents may be lost or stolen. It also happens that a travel document expires when you are in a foreign country. If you stay in Poland based on a travel document or a visa, you should go to your country's consulate or embassy, where they will help you as regards obtaining new documents. In case of losing your residence card, you should immediately apply for a new card in a voivodeship office.
The renewal of a visa is very difficult to obtain. That is why if you decide on staying in Poland, you should apply for the so called residence card, which will allow you to live in Poland legally, before your visa expires.
1People having a refugee status can get a permanent residence permit after 5 years. Besides, a person who is a wife or a husband of Polish citizen can apply for a permanent residence permit after 3 years of marriage.
Learn about visa requirements in Poland – who needs them and how to obtain them?
Foreign students are always welcome in Poland – learn what costs, fees and expenses are involved in studying here.


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Here you can find a range of nearby parking spots, which helps make your commute less stressful. Some affordable and new pet supplies are waiting for your pet at Breeders Choice Kennel in Buena Vista Township so head on over today and pick up some items.
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Henri Tuominen FAQs 2019- Facts, Rumors and the latest Gossip.
Henri Tuominen FAQs: Facts, Rumors, Birthdate, Net Worth, Sexual Orientation and much more!
Who is Henri Tuominen? Biography, gossip, facts?
Henri Tuominen (born September 10 1991) is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for Ilves in the SM-liiga.
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Henri Tuominen was born on the 10th of September 1991 , which was a Tuesday. Henri Tuominen will be turning 28 in only 143 days from today.
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Henri Tuominen is 27 years old. To be more precise (and nerdy), the current age as of right now is 9864 days or (even more geeky) 236736 hours. That's a lot of hours!
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Henri Tuominen's zodiac sign is Virgo.
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Henri Tuominen played for Ilves.
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Henri Tuominen is 1.91m tall, which is equivalent to 6feet and 3inches.
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Henri Tuominen plays as a Centre.
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Henri Tuominen's career started in 2010. That is more than 9 years ago.
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Dmitri Jaškin, Brandon Stones, Bohumil Slavíek, Jeremy Morin and Todd Graham (ice hockey) are ice hockey players that are similar to Henri Tuominen. Click on their names to check out their FAQs.
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text:
Stream ABC 27
Sunrise Sitdown
Dan Markel Murder Trial
Quick links... News Coronavirus Weather Submit Tip Stream ABC 27 Contests Totally Tallahassee and Beyond Sunrise Sitdown Dan Markel Murder Trial Inside Seminole Basketball Sports Traffic
Locals assisting in Artemis Mission I launch
Spacecraft launch scheduled for Monday morning
The world's most complex and powerful rocket is scheduled to launch from Cape Canaveral for a test flight to the moon, Monday morning at 8:33. The Challenger Learning Center is preparing for a watch party to show support for Artemis Mission I. They're launching a rocket to carry humans on an un-crewed test flight around the moon.
By: Shniece Archer
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (WTXL) — The Challenger Learning Center is preparing for a watch party to show support for Artemis Mission I.
They're launching a rocket to carry humans on an un-crewed test flight around the moon.
This is the biggest step in the agency's Artemis program in hopes of returning astronauts to space.
"The reason that we watch all these launches right their inspiring. This one is especially this is the first time that we'll be going back to the mood," Alan Hanstein, the Director with Challenger Learning Center said.
Hundreds of people across the nation had a hand in this project to make this mission possible.
In Tallahassee, Florida A&M University added to the Artemis project.
Main Line Information Systems, another local company contributed by providing some of the computers to NASA for this project.
"What the computer systems do, all of the dell products are smaller machines, and they do development and looking at data, looking at data," Russell Patten with Mainline Information Systems said. "They are taking in scads of data constantly with the main thing an eye on safety and making sure that everything looks the way it's supposed to look because if it doesn't look the way it's supposed to look, they could kill the launch and schedule for another day."
This launch is bringing people in the community together and the challenger learning center is making that possible.
Monday, doors will open at 8 a.m. at the Challenger Learning Center, located at 200 South Duval Street to give a front row seat to history.


2 - At PDO constructor call, specify a host to a replicated database and specify an invalid charset.
The plugin itself is working fine for its propose. The problem is with the "quote" method, that might been affected by the plugin.
Note: when I run the test script with a non replicated database, I get the expected result and PHP did not crash.
this should be a follow up crash due to a mysqlnd bug. The connection is in an invalid state. You should not be allowed to connect at all.
PS: No mysqlnd package in select box?
Please try with updated PHP - from snaps.php.net . The fix was just commited. The next snapshot should have it.
When I try to connect to a database using an invalid charset, it throws a PDOException.
I think I was supposed to close this bug.


In this game, you'll be driving around the levels getting through obstacles. Take care not to crash and reach the finish line in good shape. You'll be driving through multiple checkpoints, so falling down won't make you repeat the whole level. The controls are simple and the game offers great graphics. We believe that you'll be able to enjoy this one very much. So jump on your bike and show everyone what's inside you! The obstacles are waiting for you.
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Published : Oct 12th, 2016 HTML5A fun racing game offering 10 fun-filled levels.
Published : Oct 3rd, 2016 HTML5Play this great 3D racing game in which you drive around in a strong motorcycle.
Published : Oct 1st, 2016 HTML5Try a racing game where you control a motorbike and try to get over many obstacles that await you.
Published : May 16th, 2016 HTML5Become a knight on a motorbike.
Published : May 10th, 2016 HTML5In this online game you take part in a ninja race.