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Longfellow House Washington's Headquarters
National Historic Site Massachusetts
Fanny Longfellow
Fanny Appleton by G.P.A. Healy, 1834 (LONG 4437)
Frances "Fanny" Elizabeth Appleton was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on 6 October 1817, the fourth child of Nathan Appleton (1779-1861) and Maria Theresa Gold Appleton (1786-1833). Her father was a prosperous merchant, manufacturer, and congressman who was among the founders of the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, and was a leader in the Industrial Revolution. Appleton had a privileged childhood, growing up in her parents' elegant townhouse at 39 Beacon Street in the midst of fashionable Boston society. She had a close relationship with her older siblings – Tom (b. 1812), Mary (b. 1813), and Charles (b. 1815) – reflected in their lifelong correspondence when apart.
As a child, Appleton was educated at several schools, most notably those of Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and George Barrell Emerson in Boston. In addition to grammar, geography, and arithmetic, she studied history, French, and Latin. She studied drawing with Francis Graeter and N. Vautin and took dancing lessons at Papanti's Hall. As a young woman, her wide reading included Shakespeare, Shelley, Coleridge, Fenelon, Goethe, and Mary Wollestonecraft.
Appleton experienced a series of losses as a young woman, beginning with the death of her seven-month-old brother George William Appleton in 1827. Consumption, or tuberculosis, took a heavy toll on her family: Fanny's mother Maria Theresa Appleton died in 1833, followed by her older brother Charles Sedgewick Appleton in 1835, and her cousin William Sullivan Appleton in 1836.
Mary and Fanny Appleton by Jean Baptiste Isabey, 1837 (LONG 4152)
After the death of his son Charles, Nathan Appleton took his family on a "Grand Tour" of Europe which lasted over a year and a half. The travelling party was made up of Nathan Appleton's children – Thomas (23), Mary (22), and Fanny (19) – and two of their cousins, William Sullivan Appleton (20) and Isaac Appleton Jewett (26). They spent several months in Paris and then traveled to Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Holland, and Britain. Appleton documented her European experiences in six manuscript journals, describing museum visits, Parisian opera, and presentations to royalty.
In Florence in the spring of 1836, she posed for a marble bust by Lorenzo Bartolini, while he entertained her with anecdotes of other sitters and philosophy of art. Mary and Fanny Appleton had their portrait painted by Jean Baptiste Isabey in a watercolor miniature, which they visited on exhibit at the Louvre, where it had "a conspicuous place at the entrance."
"A Woman of Genius"
While in Switzerland, the Appletons met a young Harvard professor and author, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. He traveled with the Appleton party from Thun to Schaffhausen. Longfellow, Mary, and Fanny Appleton passed the time taking walks, discussing literature, and studying German. By early 1837, Longfellow's attention to Appleton was obvious. Her aunt wrote her from Boston, "I am sure his company must have been missed when he left you in Switzerland He is my beau Ideal For a husband!" On the Appletons' return from Europe, Longfellow continued courting her with poetry, writing and sending her "Flowers" along with a bouquet in October 1837. Longfellow's efforts had little success; as he wrote to a friend, "she lends no favorable ear to my passion and for my love gives me only friendship. Good friends are we – but she says she loves me not."
1839 marked a year of transitions for the Appleton family. Nathan Appleton remarried in January; Harriot Sumner Appleton was only fifteen years older than her new stepdaughter Fanny. Fanny and Mary Appleton spent the summer living independently in Stockbridge near property their father had purchased for them. In July, Henry Longfellow published Hyperion: A Romance. In December, Mary Appleton married Scotsman Robert James Mackintosh, leaving Fanny feeling abandoned at home with her father and stepmother, now anticipating the birth of their first child.
Hyperion, meant as a grand romantic gesture, somewhat backfired for Longfellow when Appleton received it as a public humiliation. The novel featured Longfellow and Appleton thinly disguised as the main characters, Paul Fleming and Mary Ashburton. Appleton recognized herself in the book, and reported to a friend:
The heroine is wooed (like some persons I know have been) by the reading of German ballads in her unwilling ears & the result is equally natural in both cases! The adventures have not the same zest of novelty to us as to other people – as we have had the misfortune to have been behind the scenes - & seen the decorations without the advantages of foot-lights.
She assessed the book overall as "desultory, objectless, a thing of shreds and patches like the Author's mind." After her rejection, Henry Longfellow attempted to put his passion behind him, telling a friend, "We now move wholly in separate orbs, and hardly see each others faces once a year.… For though I feel deeply what it is not to have gained the love of such a woman, -- I have long ceased to think of it." This state of affairs persisted for several years, each moving in largely separate social circles, and each traveling to England for extended periods.
Their reconciliation in 1843 was sudden and mysterious. They met at a party at the Nortons' on April 13th and "began once more to draw near unto each other," and by May 10th, Appleton sent a note, telling Longfellow "I cannot write— oh come & let me tell thee how wholly I am thine." Longfellow walked to Appleton's Beacon Street home, where they became engaged. Understandably, this reversal surprised their family, friends, and Boston society. "This news will astonish you doubtless," Fanny told an aunt, "but it is nevertheless true – to me a true dream… My heart has always been made of tenderer stuff than anybody believed." The couple was married on 13 July 1843 in the front parlor of the Appleton home at 39 Beacon Street. Fanny wore a white muslin dress, with a veil and orange blossoms in her hair.
As a wedding present for his daughter and new son-in-law, Nathan Appleton purchased the Craigie House at 105 Brattle Street in Cambridge. Henry Longfellow had rented rooms there from Elizabeth Craigie while a professor of modern languages at Harvard. The home, well-known even then as George Washington's headquarters during the early days of the American Revolution, would be their residence for the rest of their lives.
The Longfellows' relationship was rooted in intellectual pursuits. Fanny Longfellow acted as her husband's scribe while he struggled with his eyesight. She often read aloud for the family, ranging from current literature to religious works to classics. Longfellow claimed to have inspired imagery in several of her husband's poems, notably "The Arsenal at Springfield" (1844) and "The Old Clock on the Stairs" (1845). Writing to her mother-in-law, she noted," I am a pretty active spur upon his Pegasus." She was also the muse for his only love poem, "The Evening Star" (1845).
Fanny Longfellow reading to Charley and Erny, c. 1849 (LONG 4809)
The couple had six children: Charles Appleton (1844-1893), Ernest Wadsworth (1845-1921), Fanny (1847-1848), Alice Mary (1850-1928), Edith (1853-1915), and Anne Allegra (1855-1934). The birth of Fanny in 1847 was an historic one, since it reportedly marked the first time in the western hemisphere that ether was used to ease the pain of childbirth. Motherhood became the defining role of Longfellow's adult life. Her personal journal was replaced by the "Chronicles of the Children of Castle Craigie," in which she recorded anecdotes and milestones of her young children. Fanny Longfellow was her children's first teacher, teaching geography, reading, and religious lessons. In 1856 she wryly noted, "I feel really growing to be a venerable Banyan tree with all these young shoots spring up round me & they seem to root me more & more to one spot."
Longfellow carried on an extensive correspondence, which reflects her active interests in literature, art, travel, and national and international politics. She served as the primary family correspondent during her married life, exchanging letters full of family and Boston news with her mother- and sister-in-law in Portland, Maine and her sister in England and the West Indies.
Death and Legacy
On the afternoon of 9 July 1861, Longfellow suffered severe burns due to an accidental fire. Her husband attempted to extinguish the flames, but she died of her injuries the next morning. He sustained serious burns, and was unable to attend her funeral on 13 July 1861 – their eighteenth wedding anniversary. She was laid to rest in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge. A month after his wife's death, Henry Longfellow wrote that "she never came into a room where I was without my heart beating quicker, nor went out without my feeling that something of the light went with her." Her death affected his work; for several years his focus turned to a translation of Dante's The Divine Comedy rather than composing original poetry. An unpublished sonnet, "The Cross of Snow," written eighteen years after his wife's death speaks to the void she left behind:
Fanny Longfellow by Samuel Rowse, 1859 (LONG 2895)
This portrait still hangs on the wall across from Henry Longfellow's bed.
In the long, sleepless watches of the night,
A gentle face -- the face of one long dead –
Looks at me from the wall, where round its head
The night lamp casts a halo of pale light.
Here in this room she died; and soul more white
Never through martyrdom of fire was led
To its repose; nor can in books be read
The legend of a life more benedight.
There is a mountain in the distant West
That, sun-defying, in its deep ravines
Displays a cross of snow upon its side.
Such is the cross I wear upon my breast
These eighteen years, through all the changing scenes
And seasons, changeless since the day she died.
The site's archives include Fanny Longfellow's personal papers.
105 Brattle Street


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Expert insights Investing Fashion designer Collette Dinnigan to sell flagship Paddo store
Fashion designer Collette Dinnigan to sell flagship Paddo store
Jonathan Chancellor
| May 22,2018
| 2 min read
Designer Collette Dinnigan is selling her first ever Sydney store.
It was 1992 when, in her mid-20s living above the shop, she moved into the William Street, Paddington premises.
She launched her lingerie collection which was soon being exported to the likes of Barneys New York and Harvey Nichols in London.
Dinnigan bought the boutique space for $625,000 in 1998, vacating it when she relocated to Queen Street, which closed in 2014 as she sought new adventures outside of the fashion world in property with her husband Bradley Cocks.
Dinnigan's shop has a $1.7 million guide for its July 7 auction through BresicWhitney agent Ivan Bresic.
"Yes it is a very emotional decision and certainly marks the end of an era," Dinnigan said.
"William Street was good to me and gave me the exposure I needed in the Australian market to build my brand.
"It's such a fantastic area for local artisans and up-and-coming designers and bespoke retailers.
"I still drive in from the Southern Highlands and make Alimentari (the continental deli) at the bottom of William Street my first stop!"
"Interiors and home is what excites me at the moment and I am having lots of fun doing projects in both Australia and Italy.
"Although it's taking a little longer than anticipated Bradley and I hope to launch 'Dinnigan Cocks — Bespoke Homes' later in the year."
Since she departed the 33 William Street space, the store's occupants have included Bailey Nelson.
The fashion street's most recent arrival was fashion designer Jasmine Yarborough, the fiancé of breakfast television co-host Karl Stefanovic.
Yarborough rents a space at 76 William Street for her Mara & Mine collection which she launched with best friend Tamara Ingham.
The shop they rent has been a long-term investment for the owners, who have held the shop since 1992.
There have been several recent sales including an original mixed-use Victorian terrace at 70 William Street for $1.55 million. It had a $1.4 million buyers guide.
Another commercial space at 80 William Street fetched $1.9 million, up on its $1.7 million trade in 2016.
Dinnigan's main focus now is on launching Bespoke Homes, the luxury rental platform she's developing with her husband, hotel and tourism entrepreneur and Bradley Cocks.
They've already gathered a number of properties, including a 400 year old farmhouse in Italy.
Jonathan Chancellor is one of Australia's most respected property journalists, having been at the top of the game since the early 1980s. Jonathan co-founded the property industry website Property Observer and has written for national and international publications.
Paddington Collette Dinnigan
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Electroplating is an electro deposition process for producing a dense, uniform, and adherent coating, usually of metal or alloys, upon a surface by the act of electric current. The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate, as in the formation silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming.
Electrochemical deposition is generally used for the growth of metals and conducting metal oxides because of the following advantages: (i) the thickness and morphology of the nanostructure can be precisely controlled by adjusting the electrochemical parameters, (ii) relatively uniform and compact deposits can be synthesized in template-based structures, (iii) higher deposition rates are obtained, and (iv) the equipment is inexpensive due to the non-requirements of either a high vacuum or a high reaction temperature. An electrochemical process where metal ions are transferred from a solution and are deposited as a thin layer onto surface of a cathode.
In the recent years, developments in electronic and chemical engineering have extended the process of electroplating to a wide range of materials such as platinum, Alloy, Silver, Palladium, Rhodium, etc. The electroplating market is an application driven market, which depends largely on the net output of the manufacturing industry.
The electroplating technology allows electro-deposition of multiple layers as thin as one-millionth of a centimeter which makes it an indispensable part of the semiconductor industry. Rising demand for computing devices is expected to create significant market opportunities for electroplating service providers. Growing net output of manufacturing industry, rising demand for consumer goods which mandates more surface finishing services, growth of the electronics industry are some of the key factors driving the growth of the global electroplating market.
The book gives comprehensive coverage of Electroplating Uses, Application Manufacturing, Formulation and Photographs of Plant & Machinery with Supplier's Contact Details. The major contents of the book are Metal Surface Treatments, Electrolytic Machinery Methods, Electroless Plating, Electroplating Plant, Electroplating of Aluminium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Gold, Iron, Lead, Nickel, Bright Nickel, Silver, Alloy, Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, Bright Zinc, Tin and Plastics Barrel, Zinc Electroplating Brightener, Colouring of Metals, Metal Treatments, Electrode position of Precious Metals and Stainless Steel, Case Hardening, Electroless Coating of Gold, Silver, Manufacture of phosphorus.
It is a very useful book that covers all important topics of Electroplating. It will be also a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, those who are interested in this field can find the complete of Electroplating. It will be very helpful to consultants, new entrepreneurs, technocrats, research scholars, libraries and existing units.
Electrochemical processes involve the interconversion of electrical and chemical energy by means of a reaction at an electrode. Electrical charge may be fed to an electrolysis cell to induce chemical reactions (synthesis, metal winning or refining, etc), or chemical reactions may be run in a cell to generate electricity (batteries, accumulators, fuel cells) (see Batteries). Since the electrode reaction occurs at a surface, electrochemical techniques may also be used for surface treatment (electroplating (qv), electropolishing, anodizing) (see Metal surface treatments) or machining (see Electrolytic machining methods).
Electrosynthesis was first carried out by Davy in 1807 for the production of sodium and potassium, and in 1833 by Faraday who performed the first known example of the Kolbe reaction. Today this reaction remains one of the most useful in organic electrosynthesis. Generally speaking, all chemical reactions may be performed electrochemically and there are often great advantages to be obtained in doing so: electrochemical reactions allow control of selectivity and reaction rate through the electrode potential; are inherently pollution-free; have high thermodynamic efficiency; make possible reactions at ambient temperature; can often reduce the number of reaction steps; can often use cheaper starting materials; by means of electrolytic regeneration can use catalytic quantities of chemical oxidizing or reducing agents; and can often perform a synthesis electro generatively.
However, disadvantages are: electrochemical engineering and technology are far less developed than chemical engineering; many reaction variables may be involved with complex interdependences; long term stability of process components is often poor; and workup of product is often costly.
Electrochemical process involve the transfer of electrons between an electrode and a substrate in solution. The energy required is in the range 0-3.5 h eV, and depends on the electrode material and the substrate. This is a moderate energy input in comparison to photochemical or radiation activation methods. Nevertheless, it is sufficient to produce the strongest oxidizing and reducing agents known, i.e. F2 and solvated electrons, respectively. It would indeed be difficult to develop manufacturing processes for chlorine, sodium, and fluorine that improve on the electrochemical ones (products; Chemicals from brine; Fluorine).
The importance of the electrochemical processing of inorganic chemicals for the production of either elements or compounds is easily appreciated from the fact that in the U.S. they consume 6% of all the electricity generated or about 16% of the electricity used by industry. Table 1 lists the most important processes that are now practiced, however, other industrial operations that involve an electrode reaction, e.g., metal refining, (see Aluminium; Extractive metallurgy), energy sources (batteries, fuel cells, electroplating (qv), electropolishing, anodizing, electrochemical machining are not discussed in this article.
The distinguishing feature of an electrochemical process is the electrolysis cell and its power supply. Like many chemical processes, the feedstock must be made up by the addition of solvents/electrolytes and the product must be extracted or worked-up. This often involves much additional equipment as is demonstrated by the flow sheet shown in Figure 1 of a chloralkali process. However, only the electrochemical cell and its components are discussed, not the unit operations involved.
In an electrochemical cell, feedstock is transported to the electrode/electrolyte interface. The design of an electrolysis cell is therefore based, among other factors, on optimization of; transport of electroactive species from the cell volume to the electrode surface; materials and topography of the electrode; and possible need to separate the products or reactants of the anode and cathode reactions. The main design possibilities of electrolysis cells are summarized in Table 2.
Industrial cells for inorganic processing seldom employ pumps to provide convection. Usually transport of the electroactive species to the working electrode is enhanced simply by the gas generation within the cell. Examples are the cells for fluorine (Fig. 2), chlorate (Figs. 3 and 4) and aluminium production (Fig. 5). Gas generation at the counter-electrode in the Krebs (Fig. 3) and Diamond Shamrock/Huron Chemicals (Fig. 4) chlorate cells are employed not only for local stirring within the electrolysis compartment but also to maintain circulation to the bulk reaction volume. The Alcoa cell for the production of aluminium by the electrolysis of AICl3 (Fig. 5) also relies on gas pumping of the electrolyte. In this case, the product of the secondary electrode reaction (chlorine) can exit only from one side of the electrolysis chamber. A clockwise flow of electrolyte is thereby induced.
A tool composed of a harder material is used to shape a given metallic sample of material mechanically according to a specified pattern. As in the aerospace industry, the ever-increasing development of high strength, high temperature alloys places extreme demands on the hardness of the material from which a tool may be fashioned. Consequently, one is forced to employ grinding techniques that are not only laboriously slow and highly expensive but also severely limited with respect to the intricacy of the part to be machined. It, therefore, becomes necessary to find new methods for machining these new, extremely hard alloys.
One of the promising novel machining methods is the atom by-atom removal of a metal by anodic corrosion which has been called electrochemical machining (ECM). Because the metal is removed atom-by-atom, ECM affords the opportunity to machine a given workpiece without work-hardening, burring or smearing the metal, without regard to the hardness of the metal being cut, and virtually without tool wear.
In a chemical reaction, electron transfer between the reacting species occurs by the oxidation (loss of electrons) and the reduction (gain of electrons) taking place at the same site, and the energy liberated appears as heat and possibly light. For an electrochemical reaction to occur, the oxidation must take place at a site remote from the reduction. This situation is accomplished by interposing an electrolyte between the conductor (anode) at which oxidation occurs and that (cathode) at which reduction occurs.
When iron (qv) dissolves, ferrous ions enter the electrolyte by donating electrons to the anode. Eventually, the anode become so negative that further dissolution of iron is prevented by the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged anode and the positive ions in solution. If a sink for the electrons on the anode is provided by a battery that is connected in an external circuit between the anode and cathode, continuous dissolution of the iron anode can be obtained. Current is carried in the circuit by electrons (electronic conduction), and internally by ions (electrolytic conduction) through the electrolyte. The dissolution of metal at an anode driven by an external source of current, such as a battery or rectifier, is termed anodic corrosion.
In the ECM operation, the metal workpiece to be shaped is the anode, and the tool that produces the shaping is the cathode. The electrodes are connected to a low voltage source of direct current (dc). The anode and cathode are held in position by a properly designed fixture, and a solution of a strong electrolyte is pumped between the two electrodes. If there are no side reactions, the passage of each Faraday of electrical charge (96,500 C) results in the dissolution of an equivalent weight of metal. For the ECM process to be commercially competitive with conventional machining methods with a metal removal rate of ca 0.3 cm3/s, the electrical charge must be passed at a rapid rate requiring the use of very high current densities (50–500 A/cm2). In many cases, the upper limit to the current density that can be attained is determined by the availability of high capacity rectifiers. Voltages applied between the anode and cathode is normally 5-25 V.
At these high current densities, the solution path through which the current flows must be kept small to reduce an otherwise intolerably high IR loss. The typical gap between anode and cathode for acceptable electrochemical machining is 0.05-9.3 mm. Because metal is removed during the ECM process, the gap widens during the machining operation. The current density (ie, the metal removal rate) falls to low values unless relative motion between anode and cathode (ie, the feed rate) is maintained by a mechanically driven feed system. Either the anode is fixed and the cathode is moved or vice versa. Should the feed rate, for any reason, become too large for a given metal removal rate, a possible short circuit between the electrodes results, causing catastrophic damage to the tool and workpiece by spark erosion, thermal melting, welding, and tearing of the metal. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate a protective device based, usually, on the detection of an increasing rate of current which shuts down the current within microseconds when the gap becomes smaller than a specified, safe distance. Because there is a balance established between opposing forces of feed rate, which tends to narrow the gap, and of current density, which tends to widen it, an equilibrium or steady-state gap distance between workpiece and tool is reached quickly for a given feed rate and current density within certain boundary values.
The current is conducted across the gap by the ions of a suitable electrolyte. Solutions of acids (HCI, H2SO4) have been used, but these electrolytes are very corrosive to the structural material of the machine. In addition, metal dissolved from the anode can be plated onto the cathode, thus causing the shape of the tool to change, and producing an unwanted change in shape of the workpiece. Alkaline electrolytes (NaOH, KOH) form protective anodic films on the workpiece surface and prevent metal dissolution. An exception is tungsten (qv), which can be machined only in strong alkali. The only practical electrolytes are neutral salt solutions in which a metal ion precipitates as a sludge. The most universally used salt in NaCI because of its availability and low cost. To reduce the IR drop in the gap, strong NaCI solutions of 5-25 wt % must be employed.
Any parameter that changes the conductivity of the electrolyte changes the current density, and hence, the metal removal rate.
Many metals are electroplated on aluminium to obtain various decorative and functional finishes. Aluminium has many desirable engineering properties. Aluminium has replace copper in electrical switch gear industry, because of having excellent current carrying capacity and relative cheapness. The high contact resistance of aluminium can be overcome by treating with the Alstan/Zincate process with overplating of copper/tin/silver.
(b) Most metals used in electroplating are cathodic to aluminium, so flues in the coating lead to localised galvania corrosion. The electrodepotentials of several common metals against pure aluminium are given in Table 1.
Aluminium will protect it. Those below cause aluminium to corrode preferentially.
Hence, in order to get satisfactory deposition on aluminium, the natural oxide film which forms on its surface should be removed. It can be done either mechanically or chemically or suitably strengthened or modified.
1. Surface roughening or roughening plus metal deposition by immersion, before electroplating.
2. Anodic oxidation followed by electroplating.
3. Direct zinc plating before plating with other metals.
It is done either by mechanical abrasion or by chemical etching to assist in bonding the electrode deposits to the aluminium surface. This process is used generallys for the application of hard chrome deposits to the aluminium engine parts, such as piston, etc.
This process is also used as method of surface preparation prior to electroplating. However, the adherence of the subsequent electro deposit is limited. When subsequent plating is involved, control on anodising process is critical.
The most widely used immersion process of coating on aluminium is Zicate process it is necessary that cleaning and conditioning treatments produce a surface of uniform activity for deposition of zinc film.
When it is ensured that the surface is free from oil/grease, by solvent/vapour degreasing, the metal is subjected to milk etching type of alkaline cleaner for 1-3 minutes.
Cobalt coatings are very similar to nickel coatings. Since coabalt metal costs several times as much as nickel the interest in cobalt plating has been relatively small and intermittent. According to forester cobalt plating replaced nickel plating in Germany during World War I but disappeared again thereafter. Berger indicates some commercial use of cobalt on printing plates because of its hardness and on mirrors and reflectors because of its high reflecting power and its resistance to oxidation. On this last point. Blum and Hogaboom state that cobalt is less resistant than nickel to corrosion attack by printing inks for example and it oxidizes more readily at elevated temperatures.
Isaac Adams, the father of commercial nickel plating, recommended double salts of cobalt with ammonium or magnesium and laid down the same rules for the preparation and operation of cobalt baths as for nickel baths.
Because of the nickel shortage, cobalt salts were added to commercial bright nickel baths in 1968 and 1969 to produce alloy coatings containing up to 50% cobalt. These alloys have better mechanical properties than the individual metals and are said to be equivalent to sulphur containing nickel when combined with chromium for outdoor protection. Bright levelling unalloyed cobalt decoratively plated with chromium was also used successfully for some indoor and mild exposure applications.
Magnetic properties of cobalt and cobalt alloys are of interest in electronic applications such as memory drums, disks, cards and tapes, particularly in the computer industry.
Several cobalt alloys have been investigated for electroforming parts for the aerospace industry. In addition to the properties import for electroforming the low coefficient of friction and excellent wear resistance of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) cobalt and its alloys the high hot hardness of cobalt-molybdenum and cobalt-tungsten alloys the interesting mechanical properties (especially strength after heat treatment) of cobalt nickel and other alloys are opening new fields for industrial cobalt alloy plating. Dispersions of oxides (Al2O3 ThO2) or intermetallic compounds (carbides etc.) in cobalt alloy electro deposits promise a new type of material with unusual mechanical properties such as resistance to creep, high-temperature oxidation and sulfidation, wear and galling.
The baths commonly considered are the single and the double cobalt salt baths; both baths can be operated at much higher current densities than the corresponding nickel salt baths.
Baths containing fluorides instead of chlorides have been suggested with claims for better buffering and for whiter deposits than can be obtained with straight cobalt chloride baths. However, the simultaneous use of boric acid and hydrofluoric acid in a double cobalt bath results in a tendency toward pitting, pin holes and poor adherence, where as hydrofluoric acid alone without boric acid is beneficial.
Several other cobalt baths have been reported, including cobalt triethanolamine and cobalt sulfamate baths, both of which may merit further study, cobalt thicocyanate baths, which appeared discouraging, coordination compounds and fused anhydrous cobaltous chloride baths. Cobalt flakes have been prepared by adding 0.4 to 0.6 g/1Co(NH2)2 to the sulphate bath, then breaking up the deposit by impact grinding.
Iron plating is used principally for applications which depend on the desirable physical properties of Iron and on its low cost. The early literature on iron deposition, which was concerned with both its commercial applications and its electro-refining, has been comprehensively in a monograph.
A present application is a process reported in 1930 in which intaglio plates for printing government currency and bonds are made by depositing a nickel face backed by a heavy deposit of electrolytic iron from a hot chloride bath.
Iron plating was used during World War II to make electrotypes and to coat stereotypes in order to conserve nickel and copper. During the same period the United States Rubber Company electroformed iron molds for rubber, glass and plastics. Sodering tips are plated with iron commercially and undoubtedly there are many other small-scale applications.
Electrodeposition of iron as a means of producing iron powder for powder metallurgy is an application.
There are several reasons for this persistent interest in iron plating. Iron is cheap and abundant. It can be deposited as a hard and brittle metal which by heat treatment, can be rendered soft and malleable, or as a soft and ductile metal to which surface hardness can be imparted by carburizing, cyaniding, or nitriding. The fatigue strength of surfaces prepared by case hardening electrodeposited iron has been reported equivalent to the best of commercial rolling - element bearing material. On flat or rounded surfaces that are not too deeply indented, deposits of any reasonably thickness can be produced. Electrodeposited iron can be welded readily other metals can be easily plated on it and in the soft state if has superior drawing properties. Electrodeposited iron is relatively resistant to corrosion as would be expected from its high purity the contrary opinion is probably due to failure to rinse deposits completely free of electrolyte traces. The throwing power of iron baths is comparable to that of nickel baths.
An important problem with iron plating that has limited its usage to specialized or to high volume applications is that despite usually lower costs for anodes or solutions, the expenditures for capital equipment and maintenance may be high for iron plating that for other more commonly used plating baths. Special high temperature or corrosion resistant equipment may be required to heat, agitate, filter, or ventilate the iron plating bath. Also, unless used regularly, the solution will oxidize gradually. The time and effort required to restore the electrolyte to an operable condition may overweigh the economics of depositing a lower cost metal.
Practically all iron is plated from acidic solutions of iron (ferrous) salts. The presence of iron in the iron (ferric) state in these baths, in an appreciable concentration, is undesirable because it lowers the cathode efficiency for depositing the metal and it may cause deposits to be brittle, stressed and pitted. In practice it is not difficult to maintain the concentration of iron ion at a harmless level. Until recently, practically all iron was plated from baths containing iron sulphate, iron chloride, or mixtures of the two. In recent years iron fluoborate and iron sulfamate baths have been used to some extent.
In rapid plating, where a hot and corrosive bath may be tolerated, the chloride bath is often used. Thick deposits can be obtained if care is exercised in the control of the bath. A finer-grained deposit could be obtained by the addition of manganese chloride to the bath. The following composition is typical.
Ferrous Chloride 300 g/1 or 40 oz/gal.
Manganese Chloride 5 g/1 or 0.67 oz/gal.
Current Density 50 - 75 amp./sq.ft.
The bath can be easily prepared from readily soluble ferrous chloride. Commercial ferrous chloride, however, contains some ferric salts that are detrimental to the bath. In the presence of ferric ion, a rough deposit will be obtained that is unsuitable for any iron-plating application. By working the bath in the presence of a small excess of hydro chloride acid, the ferric ion can be reduced to ferrous iron. If too much acid is present, a deposit cannot be obtained on electrolysis.
But if high purity iron is hung in the bath, the acid will have a reducing action on the iron to eliminate the ferric ion. Complete reduction can be recognized by the change in colour of the bath from a brownish green to a pure green. After the bath is reduced and worked, the pH is adjusted and the bath is ready for operation. High temperatures must be used since the deposit becomes brittle with decrease in temperature.
Rubber, or plastic-lined tanks or ceramic-lined tanks must be used because this high-temperature, low-pH bath is extremely corrosive to metals.
The pH is the critical control factor in the iron chloride bath. If acid is not added frequently the pH will rise and a brittle deposit will be obtained. However, if too much acid is added, the cathode efficiency will decrease rapidly but excess acid is used up by chemical reaction with the iron anodes so that small excesses are rapidly consumed.
This variation in the rate of chemical attack with change in pH makes it practical to add acid continuously. A small amount of acid present at all times, even though the bath is not being used, keeps the iron in the reduced state.
If the bath is operated within the recommended conditions of high temperature and controlled pH, excellent results will be obtained at high cathode efficiency.
High purity iron anodes must be used. If the carbon content of the iron is much over 0.02%, carbides will be left on the surface. The carbides will be loose, will become suspended in the bath and will eventually cause a rough plate. In any case, it is recommended that the anodes are bagged in some suitable material.
Through variation of the bath conditions, Stoddard obtained tensile strengths of 50,000 to 1,10,000 pounds per sq. inch and elongations of 6 to 50%.
Small amounts of noble metals, such as copper or arsenic will contaminate the iron bath. These can be removed by electrolysis. Organic impurities can be removed by treatment with activated carbon in the same manner as from acid baths in general.
Ni coatings have long been applied to substrates of steel, brass, zinc and other metals in order to provide a surface that is resistant to corrosion, errosion and abrasive wear besides platings plastics component in order to give an attractive metallic appearance.
The importance of nickel plating industry can be gauged by the estimated 60,000 tonnes of Ni consumed each year in the western world i.e. 1 tonne in every 8 tonnes consumed in all application.
Operating conditions for the Watts Soln.
The watts solution is relatively cheap and simple solution and is easy to control besides its ability to be relatively less affrity towards impurities.
Nickel electro deposits are applied for their physical and mechanical properties and they are rarely applied brightness and leveling. Engineering Ni coatings are used on new parts and also in the reclamation of worn, corroded or mis. machined parts.
The Rame Watts bath now used to cover a range of solutions whose composition vary within the range as shown in the table 2.
The chloride ion sometimes being introduced in the form of NaCl. NaCl being cheaper and is satisfactory for most purposes.
NiSO4 is the principle ingredient. It is used as main source of nickel ion because it is readily soluble, relatively cheap commercially available and is a source of uncompleted nickel ion.
In Ni plating solution the activity of the nickel ions is governed by conc. of nickel salts in solution. The presence of chloride has two main effects. It assist anode corrosion and increase the diffusion coefficient of Ni ions thus permitting a higher limiting C.D. Boric acid is used as a buffering agent in watts Ni solution in order to maintains the pH of the cathode at predetermined value. Boric acid solutions of the strength used in watts solution have pH of about 4.0 due to the Ni-ions.
This is mainly used for engineering proposes. The increase in hardness in achieved at the expense of other properties. The incorporation of ammonium ions or organic additions in the plating solution results in modification of structure and certain properties such as ductility are adversely affected. On the other hard this solution does provide a melens of producing a hard deposit when this is the most important feature required for a particular purpose.
A simple solution of NiSO4 in water has little commercial application, but sound deposits can be produced at reasonable efficiency if boric acid is added as buffer. However, for commerical application the sulphate plus chloride soln. of the watts type is superior in performance, except with inert anodes.
Small volumes of plating solution based on Ni salts other than Ni sulphate and Ni chloride are used for certain purposes and the commonest of these is the Nickel sulphate solution. The advantages of this soln. are in the high rates of deposition possible and low in the deposit. It is more expensive plating solution than sulphates but is used where the aforementioned properties are important for purpose such as electrotypes in the printing industry and for making gramophone record stampers.
Electroplating - It normally indicates depositing of one metal one substrate metal. The deposit is of high quality rather of high purity. But sometimes the phenomenon of deposition of more than one metal takes place termed as alloy plating. To avoid rusting NiFe, Ni-W, CD-Zn and Zn-Sn alloys are used.
The most important and characteristics factor in the alloy plating is the metals with common electrochemical properties can only be employed and electroplating of alloys is much difficult.
Alloy plating for solution of simple ions is limited because of the deposition potential of the metals. These potential can be changed to certain extent by changing concentration, acidity, temperature, current density etc.
In alloy plating one metal is termed as noble metal i.e. one metal deposits more readily than the other. It is necessary then to use the term noble metal in the potential system and is independent of the cone ration of the two metals. Potential system obtains the percentage of metals in the deposit is dependent on the ratio of metal in the soln.
In alloy plating there are certain problems which are not in the single metal plating. For alloy plating in solution salt of both metals are mixed with different quantities e.g. Cu and Zn make an alloy called brass and its chemical equivalent are different. Due to slight from the process can lead either of the metal getting deposited. Similar difficulties may arise while selection of anode.
In recent years, many developments have taken place in production of galvanised coatings on steel and efforts have been made from time to time to enhance the corrosion resistance of the coating. Zinc-Iron alloy is such development. These alloys were mainly deposited from sulphate or chloride baths. It has been reported that a Zn alloy containing 15-25% iron has good weldability and corrosion resistance and is electroplated commercially on steel strip. For automobile commercially on steel strip. For automobile application Further Zn-alloy containing 50% or more iron provided better paissntablity.
Anode : Equal areas of zinc and iron.
For electroplating conventional sequence of plating operations are. The electrolyte is prepared. With the rise in the zinc ion content, the brightness was decreased and ceased after 20 gpl of zn. The bright range is present only for PHZ and is wider at the temp. of 323°K.
The process is same as in case of tin plating. In this tin is added to the solution and tin-Pb anodes are used to control composition.
Current density of the anodes is maintained at 10-40 amp./sq.ft. Rubber lined tanks are used. Tin is not stable in acid and oxidises to starric tin.
Due to the less copper and tata cyanide and increase in the Sn of the bronze solution alloys having 50-60% copper may be obtain. The deposit is bright which attractive and decorative.
In one it, of distilled water 9/10 of the water is heated to 60ºC and all the content ammonia are added to it the rest 1/10 of water is added. The NH3 is gradually mixed in this solution to get the good reaction, NH3 is mixed in 5 ml water then used in the solution. While plating temp, is maintained at 60-55ºC and the limit should not be increased.
Processes, centering round the production of bright zinc deposits have been developed and commercially operated on a considerable scale as a result of intensive research which has resulted in much technical progress in this field during the last 10 to 15 years. The interest in bright zinc plating is directly connected with the economics entering into the two competing metal finishing processes, cadmium plating as opposed to zinc plating applied primarily for the prevention of corrosion of ferrous material.
To this is added some three or five grams per litre of 2,6 or 2,7 sodium naphthalene disulphonate, while thiourea is another useful additional agent which may be added to the solution.
The pH of this solution is maintained at between 4 and 4.5 and the current density employed at a bath temperature which is below 25ºC varies from 30 to 80 amps, per sq.ft.
The brightening agent does not appear to help the notoriously poor throwing power of the acid-zinc electrolyte and this is one of the drawbacks of the process.
Most of the cyanide solutions contain the three essential components of this type of electrolyte, namely, zinc-cyanide, sodium cyanide and caustic soda, the brightening agent being additional: a wide range of "brighteners" occurring in the literature. The latter for example, may be one of the colloids commonly employed in brightening deposits e.g. of the gelatin, dextrin, glucose, etc. class, or complex aromatic or aliphatic organic materials have been specified. For example, a recent patent advocates on aromatic aliphatic ether containing an aldehyde group. Another suggests the use of a condensation product of a phenol and an aldehyde, together with a soluble compound of one of a number of metals, which include molybdenum, chromium, cobalt, manganese etc. A further patent utilises as the brightening agent an oxygen containing heterocyclic compound e.g. piperonol. Another suggests the addition of approximately 0.25 gram per litre of vanillin, veratraldehyde, anisaldehyde, 2,3-dimethyl oxybenzaldehyde, or 0-methoxy benzaldehyde and a soluble metallic salt, particularly compounds of such metals as molybdenum, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel etc. The range of possible brightening agents thus seems to be extensive.
While the addition agent is present in relatively small quantity, one of the most essential features in maintaining a bright deposit is the careful control and progressive adjustment of the concentrations of the sodium cyanide, metallic zinc and caustic components respectively. It is particularly important to maintain a constant ratio of the total sodium cyanide to the metallic zinc, this being a critical factor.
Barrel plating has been developed specially for handling small articles in quantities and in many cases this process has a number of advantages over the original suspended anode method. The anode insulated by a vulcanite cover is situated at the base of the barrel.
The barrel itself is made of welded steel internally lined with vulcanite and is mounted on a swivel arrangement, which permits immediate removal of the work by dumping it into a suitable container for transfer to the drier. Electrical contact is made through an insulated rod passing through the centre of the shaft and directly connected to the anode the current returning to the plating dynamo or rectifier by way of the barrel and framework of the machines.
An important feature of this type of barrel is that it can be relived with vulcanite at very small cost and it is also easily and quickly rinsed for different kinds of plating or barrelling.
The use of barrels for electroplating small articles in bulk is the most efficient and economical means of dealing with those goods which are of suitable size and shape for this method of plating (such as screws, studs and buttons) - having no parts which are liable to "bind" or "mass" together when the barrel revolves. No wiring up is necessary in barrel plating and the elimination of this operation is a great advantage: nevertheless its absence entails the need of care in loading. A plating barrel should never be loaded above the capacity stated by the maker, nor should articles of unsuitable shaped be loaded. In either event the goods will either mass or mask one another and perfect deposition will be impossible.
Barrels are constructed for all plating processes - the containers vary for different solutions - and selection depends upon the particular process of electrode position and the required capacity. Incidental advantages of barrel plating are that while the articles are receiving the deposit of metal, they are rubbing together and become highly burnished and the deposit, mechanically closed by the continual rubbing, is close grained and durable. These advantages would be nullified by overloading or loading with unsuitable goods. Several types of barrels are made to meet the requirements of different industries, for plating any of the metals usually electro-deposited on goods of sizes and shapes ranging from gilded wedding rings to copper (and oxidised) door handles. The solution to be used determines the material for the vat, whether timber, glazed stone-ware, or iron, the latter in some cases rubber lined. Timber vats are used for nickel and acid zinc only: an iron tank is required for cyanide, copper, cyanide zinc, brass, cadmium and tin. Rubber -lined tanks may be used for any solution. Barrels are also made without centre spindle through the container for plating wire goods in straight lengths.
In one type of plating barrel the mechanical gear is arranged independently of the vat and as the container for the good's is made of non-metallic material without metallic fittings, perfect insulation is obtained. Incidental, this gets rid of the objection of the growth of deposit on metallic fittings in the old types. Articles require swillings out and drying after barrel plating and a swill vat is usually attached to the barrel, with the exceptions referred to latter.
In one form, the barrelling machine does not require a separate vat, the plating solution being contained in the outer vessel and remaining their undisturbed when the goods container is lifted out for swilling and emptying.
Electrolytic polishing of a metal is a method of imparting smartness and brightness to a metal surface by removal of a thin surface layer. The degree of smoothness and brightness obtained on the electropolished surface depends on the initial surface roughness. Electropolishing produces bright surfaces not usually attainable by other mechanical methods. One very important advantage of electrolytic polishing over the buffing burnishing methods is that the surface is not cold worked. The surface is metallurgically clean after electropolishing, free from zones and fresh foreign inclusions due to cold working and abrasive particles respectively.
Refrigerator, shelves, springs wire assemblies like baskets, chains fabricated light sheet material parts like table ware, kitchen tools, surgical instruments and the like are more advantageously and economically polished by the electrolytic techniques.
The recommended bath compositions and operating conditions are given in Table 1 (i to vi).
(c) Low power consumption i.e. low operating voltages and low current densities.
(d) Wide current density range to get the same finish all over.
S.No. Bath Composition Conditions of Reference No.
From the literature, survey made, it appeared that the sulphuric acid phosphoric acid-glycerol bath closely approaches the ideal conditions. But details of operating data were not available.
Lead was known to mankind from pre-historic times and it was one of the seven metals recognized from the very earliest times. It was known to the Egyptians in 1200 B.C. while Romans and Greeks mined lead in considerable quantities in 200 B.C. The alchemists represented lead by the symbol of Saturn.
Lead occurs chiefly as the sulphide or galena, PbS, which is hydrothermal in origin. Lead ores are found in veins and lodes or in fissures which are of magnetic sources. Other ores which occur in quantities sufficiently large to be mined include: Anglesite, PbSO4, Cerussite, PbCO3; Matlockite, PbCI2. PbO, Lead occurs in the Northern Shan states in Burma and is worked upon by the Burma Corporation Ltd.
Extraction—Two principal methods are used for the extraction of lead from its ores. Smelting may be carried out in a blast furnace or in a reverberatory furnace, the latter method is gradually becoming obsolete.
Concentration—The ore is concentrated by the froth-flotation process. This consists in suspending the finely ground ore in water with a required quantity of oil, and stirring the mixture vigorously with a blast of air. The gangue particles which are wetted by the water sink to the bottom and are rejected. The sulphide ore is wetted by oil and the froth that rises up carries the ore and is skimmed off.
Roasting—The ore is mixed with lime and the mixture is roasted in a massive crucible. Inside the crucible a blast of air is passed through a grating at the bottom as represented in Fig. 1. The crucible is mounted on a trunnion closed with a conical hood provided with a suction to remove the fumes. The former arrangement enables the contents to be discharged at the end of the process. At the bottom of the crucible is a layer of fuel—generally coal, and above that a mixture of the ore and lime is charged. The fuel is burnt and the blast of air switched on. The sulphur present in the ore burns to sulphur dioxide and the sulphide ore is converted to the oxide.
A part of the ore may be converted to lead sulphate.
The lime acts as a flux. It allows free excess of air into the ore, and prevents the mass from becoming a lump before the oxidation is complete.
Sodium like other alkali metals does not occur free in nature but in combined state, it forms about 2.36 per cent, of the earth's crust. The important compounds of sodium in order of commercial importance are given in the sequel.
Sodium is obtained on a commercial scale in two different processes: (a) Down's Process—by the electrolysis of sodium chloride; (b) Castner's Process—by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.
a metallic fog or a colloidal solution with molten sodium chloride, so that the removal of the metal is rendered almost impossible.
Down's process embodies certain unique attempts to solve some of the above difficulties. It consists of an iron vessel arranged as represented in Fig. 1. The carbon anode is stout and situated at the bottom, while the cathode is of copper or iron. The sodium generated at the cathode, being lighter than fused salt, rises quickly to the surface and is collected in the sodium collector which stands just above the cathode. The collector delivers the sodium to a closed compartment from which it is drawn out at intervals. Fresh salt is added from time to time and the process is continuous.
Although sodium chloride fuses at 800ºC, the cell is operated at a lower temperature viz., 600ºC. This is successfully carried out by the addition of certain substances such as calcium chloride to the bath. The current efficiency is over 80 per cent and the cells are so constructed as to take 20,000 amps. The operating voltage lies between 7 to 8, while the decomposition voltage of sodium chloride at 600ºC is. 3.53.
Details regarding the Downs sodium cell and the economic prospects for the sodium industry is discussed by Hardie.
The electrolysis of sodium hydroxide is carried out just above its melting point (318ºC), whereby sodium in hydrogen are liberated at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. The theory of reaction may be symbolised as follows.
Na+ + E ® Na. and H+ + E ® ½ H.
O– – ® ½ O2 + 2E.
Potash Mica, K2O. 3Al2O3. 6SiO2. 2H2O. Kaolin, Al2O3. 2SiO2. 2H2O.
(2) Oxide: Bauxite, Al2O3, 2H2O. (The most important source).
(3) Miscellaneous: Turquoise, AlPO4. Al(OH)3. H2O. Aluminite, K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3 4Al(OH)3 Cryolite, Na3AlF6.
The most important aluminiferous minerals from the commercial point of view are Bauxite and Cryolite.
A detailed survey of the distribution of bauxite in India indicate that it occurs in Behar, Bombay, Central Provinces, Mysore, Madras and Kashmir. The total resources of Indian bauxite are estimated to be about 250 million tons..
Indian bauxites and some activated aluminas have been tested for their activity and specificity in the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene.
(a) Bayer's Process—This process is suited for the treatment of bauxite which contains more of ferric oxide (red bauxite). The ore is ground finely and digested with a strong solution of caustic soda in an autoclave whereby aluminium oxide passes into solution as sodium aluminate and partly as colloidal alumina, while ferric oxide remains undissolved. The solution is diluted with water, and filtered to remove ferric oxide. Now, a small quantity of hydrous, aluminium oxide (from the previous operation) is added to the liquid to provide nuclei for the precipitation and the mixture is agitated for several hours when, aluminium oxide is precipitated. Finally it is washed, dried and ignited to obtain pure alumina.
(b) Serpeck's Process—Serpeck's process is employed for purifying bauxite which contains much of silica. The ore is at first powdered, mixed with carbon and heated to 1800°C, in a current of nitrogen so that aluminium nitride is formed. The silica of the bauxite is reduced to silicon and being volatile the latter escapes as vapour. The product containing aluminium nitride is decomposed by water, to obtain aluminium hydroxide which is then ignited. The reactions taking place in Serpeck's process are summarised in the sequel.
In aluminium production the first stage is alumina. A comprehensive account of the modern methods of production of aluminium is discussed elsewhere. Aluminium is extracted from pure alumina obtained as above, by the electrolytic process. Alumina is dissolved in molten cryolite and electrolysis earned out in an iron tank lined with carbon which forms the cathode. The anodes consist of a row of carbon rods attached to copper clamps, Fig. 1. To start the plant, the cryolite is melted by the arcs struck between the lining and the carbon rods. (At temperature of 875º-950ºC and a voltage of 5.5 volts is maintained.) The anodes are then raised and a calculated quantity of the alumina is added and also some coke is thrown in to cover the surface of the electrolyte and thereby keep off the blinding glow produced by the vigorous action of oxygen liberated at the carbon anodes. A low resistance charge-control lamp L, is connected in parallel with the electrolyte cell so that the current's in them are in the inverse ratio of their resistance. When the concentration of alumina in the bath falls below a certain critical point, the resistance of the cell increases correspondingly and the amount of current flowing through the lamp increases to make it glow bright—the signal helps the operator to know the time for addition of fresh alumina. The process is continuous and fused aluminium which collects at the bottom is tapped off once in three or four days.
Purification of Aluminium, Hoope's Process—The molten aluminium from the electrolytic cell is carried to the refining furnace, Fig. 2. It consists of three liquid layers of different specific gravities. The uppermost layer consists of molten, aluminium which acts as a cathode, while the anode is an alloy of copper, aluminium and silicon forming the lowermost layers. The middle layer acts as the electrolyte and consists of a fused mixture of fluorides of sodium, aluminium and barium. The current causes aluminium ions from the fused salt to be discharged and aluminium collects at the top. Meanwhile, the equivalent quantity of aluminium from the crude alloy at the bottom goes into solution in the middle salt layer. Crude aluminium is added from time to time which accumulates along with the lower layer.


Henderson tackles the weekly prompt of "Oceans Apart" with a short poem on the reality of emotional distance and the inadequacy of memory in replacing genuine relationship. It's a short, but complicated piece. Henderson briefly calls to life summery nouns--dragonflies, house flies- -to contrast the dark undertones that permeate the poem. Henderson compares this contrast to that of a portrait--something which can capture a likeness with none of the essence.
Download and read The (Elusive) Answer to Lonely.
We cannot think of a more fitting piece as we head into a holiday weekend associated with springtime sun and new life. In Flight is an exhilarating read, a liberating literary dance through the eyes of a protagonist on the brink of ascension. While our protagonist ultimately returns to ground, the emphasis on bursting to life and pure joy will resonate with many readers who are weary of winter dreariness. Hansen's short piece is about the triumph over adversity and the desire to escape from it, which so many of us feel but so few of us achieve. It's charming, sweet, and just in season.
Download and read In Flight.


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Malawi: PSEUM emerges from Covid-19 Threat stronger
The Private School Education Union of Malawi (PSEUM) in collaboration with Larärförbundet and Education International Africa Region (EIRAF) held an Annual review and planning meeting on 2nd to 4th December 2020. The meeting aimed at reviewing the progress made by PSEUM in strengthening and growing their union. The meeting was attended by the National Executive Committee (NEC) of PSEUM which assembled at Crowne Lodge in Lilongwe, Malawi. Eva Elmstedt Frisk of Larärförbundet and Richard Etonu of EIRAF participated via zoom.
During the meeting, the PSEUM highlighted some of the challenges faced during the Covid-19 pandemic. Many of the PSEUM members did not also receive their salaries because the schools were closed, and the private schools depend only on school fees to pay salaries. Some employees of private schools lost their jobs because the schools operated in rented premises and the school owners could not pay the rent without school fees and had to close business altogether. Several PSEUM members got involved in alternative ways of survival and have since abandoned teaching.
PSEUM, due to these challenges, sought the intervention of the newly elected Head of State. During the meeting, he granted on 10th August, the union presented His Excellency the President of Malawi, Lazarus Chakwera two options: (a) for teachers of private schools to be included on the government payroll or (b) for the schools to be reopened.
The President on weighing the two options and noting that the difficult process of including private school teachers on the payroll, opted for the reopening of schools. On the basis of this meeting, all schools in Malawi reopened in September 2020. This event, according to PSEUM President, Joyce Mbeba, has proved that employers and organized employees in Malawi private schools need each other and are now working together closely.
"We have our members and others in private schools back on the job and the school proprietors have their schools running but more importantly even government schools are also in operation because of this effort", She concluded.
Uganda National Teachers' Union Reacts to School Reopening
EI Africa launches study on COVID-19 and education
World Teachers' Day: 24-hour celebration around the world kicks off in Asia Pacific
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Quality educators
ZIMTA Zimbabwe strike


Have you ever heard the best gift is the one you want to keep for yourself? Dr. Zoe designed this gift set to tailor to her clients that wanted to share their love of PFAM skincare with family and friends, without the need to invest in an entire lineup of full size products.
What was previously The Perfect Gift Box is now The Perfect Gift BAG! In a beautifully structured merlot felt cosmetic carrier, it really is perfection!
The Perfect Gift Bag contains a simple 5 step regimen for a more bright and even complexion. The bag contains minis of Cleanse, X5 Skin Renewal Serum, VitaMoist, and Shade. A full size Eye Rx is the cherry on top. It's the perfect way to test the lineup for yourself, or give it as a gift to someone you love.
The Perfect Gift Bag contains a regimen card outlining exactly how to use each product in the lineup.


I just love this car seat cover from Key West Merchants. This is perfect to keep baby protected. I know it's summer now and we are not as worried about it, but winter will soon be here again and you are going to want to make sure baby is well protected from the elements when they are in their car seat. This one is super cute, it has a chevron blue & white design which I really like. It covers the car seat well, I like to tuck mine in on the edges just to keep cold air out. It has some velcro straps to secure it to the handle of the car seat so it won't fall off. It's super soft on the inside so it feels great on baby's skin. Really well made, reinforced stitching so it's not going to tear or unravel. It comes with a giant stroller hook as well which is really nice. Covered in foam and really durable.
Includes Free Stroller Hook – A $10.95 Value – Clips To Strollers, Shopping Carts & More To Hold Purses, Diaper Bags, Shopping Bags, Etc.
You can purchase this cover on Amazon!


(Cologne, Germany – October 2, 2018) – cleverbridge, a provider of ecommerce and subscription billing solutions for monetizing digital goods, online services and SaaS, announces significant enhancements to its Revenue Retention Tools. The new functionality, combined with cleverbridge's proven multi-step approach, offers subscription companies more control over retention strategies and enables them to maximize payment acceptance and renewal rates, while providing a better customer renewal experience.
"Involuntary churn due to outdated customer payment details or payment failures continues to be a major concern for subscription businesses. If it's not managed proactively, not only do customers have negative experiences caused by declined transactions, brands will always be fighting the battle of having to replace lost customers and revenue," said Robin Blume, product owner of payments and clearing, cleverbridge.
Account Updater support for American Express® – Now supporting MasterCard®, Visa® and AMEX®, the tool identifies when the information for a customer's card on file has changed and automatically locates and updates the credit card number, expiration date, account status, etc. In the U.S., on average 23 percent of invalid/expired credit cards from all three major companies are recovered with Account Updater, which results in renewal rates of up to 85 percent.
BIN-based Expiration Date Checker – Now taking into account the Bank Identification Number (BIN) of the customer's credit card, the tool verifies whether a declined credit card is expired and automatically extends the expiration date for reauthorization. As a result, companies are able achieve at least a 38 percent verification rate for expired credit cards, and an overall increase in subscription renewal rate.
Retry Logic support for multiple retries – The tool reprocesses declined payments after a certain number of days in case a customer exceeded their credit card limit for that billing period or experienced network errors. By adding multiple retries after 1-3-7-14 days, a cleverbridge client was able to recover 65 percent of its declined customer payments.
Dynamic Transaction Routing – To increase the authorization rate, all customer payments that fail due to generic decline, invalid CVV or an invalid transaction (which represents 78 percent of all payment failures) are now instantly re-routed to another acquirer for a reattempt. With this intelligent transaction routing, companies are able to recover at least 10 percent of failed payments.
cleverbridge's comprehensive set of Revenue Retention Tools equips subscription companies with everything they need to effectively process more renewals and retain more customers. In addition to Account Updater, Expiration Date Checker and Retry Logic, cleverbridge's Revenue Retention Tools also include Customer Notifications and Winback Campaigns. Customer Notifications inform customers about their outdated payment information via renewal email campaign or an in-app message. Winback Campaigns encourage lapsed customers to reactivate their subscriptions. They can also be used to convince customers to convert their subscriptions from manual to automatic, strengthening companies' recurring revenue stream.
For more information on how cleverbridge's Revenue Retention Tools can help your business process more renewals and reduce churn, please visit https://cbridge.to/RevRetention.
cleverbridge provides ecommerce and subscription management solutions for monetizing digital goods, online services and SaaS. Our cloud-based ecommerce platform simplifies recurring billing, optimizes the customer experience and offers comprehensive global compliance and payment capabilities. Leveraging cleverbridge expertise, technology and services, our B2C and B2B clients acquire more customers, improve retention and grow their revenue in international markets. cleverbridge is headquartered in Cologne, Germany with offices in Chicago, San Francisco, Tokyo and Taipei. For more information, visit www.cleverbridge.com.


Top investment decision makers from Mark Shuttleworth's venture capital company, Here Be Dragons (HBD), share their forecasts for venture capital in 2010 and advice for growing your business.
Instrumental in the strategic growth of HBD's investment companies, portfolio analyst Keet van Zyl and portfolio and investment manager, Eben van Heerden comprise the core team assisting CEO Julia Fourie.
With extensive backgrounds in strategic business planning and business development for large corporations van Zyl and van Heerden have helped grow HBD investment companies such as the acclaimed restaurant line, Moyo and process software company, CSense from small businesses into country wide presence and global success respectively.
Looking to the year ahead the forecast for venture capital in 2010 is optimistic.
"2010 will be an exciting time for venture capital as great innovations and associated returns emerge from the troubled financial times of 2009," says van Zyl.
He believes venture capital will begin to appear less risky compared with other asset classes and that high net worth individuals may begin to look towards diversifying their investment portfolios after the global credit crunch, which will see more funds coming into the industry.
"After a period of conserving capital by assisting portfolio investments in maintaining low cash burn rates through planning and cost cutting, more venture capital deals may be funded as investors start to shift their focus back to active investment," adds van Zyl.
"As the South African and world economies continue to recover, the underlying belief in new business ventures will improve and hence also the demand for venture capital will increase," confirms van Heerden.
It will, however, still be a difficult year for VC funds wanting to raise additional capital from third party investors but HBD will continue to drive for the reduction in red-tape surrounding entrepreneurs in South Africa.
"Businesses wishing to grow in 2010 should place their focus on implementing an aggressive growth strategy by asking: what are the key milestones that my business needs to reach in the short, medium and long terms? What are the current constraints to reaching these milestones?
"Having access to funding can unlock the potential of the business but potential funders need to see exactly how the funding would be applied at every stage of the growth path.


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Welcome to Building Principles
ADA ComplianceSelf Storage Facilities
CASp Inspection & ADA Compliance Services
Self Storage Facilities
FOR ACCESSIBLE COMPLIANCE AT SELF-STORAGE FACILITIES, THERE ARE MANY FACTORS THAT MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.
OBTAINING THE WRONG CASP INSPECTOR CAN RESULT IN UNNECESSARY AND COSTLY UPGRADES. CONTACT US, AND WITH A FEW SHORT QUESTIONS, WE CAN EXPLAIN WHAT ITEMS ARE READILY ACHIEVABLE, AND SAFE HARBOR.
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR EXISTING FACILITIES
Existing facilities are required to remove barriers where it is Readily Achievable.
The definition of Readily Achievable, as defined by the ADA itself is; Able to be accomplished without much difficulty or expense.
readily Achievable items at self-storage facilities may include;
installing ramps
making curb cuts at sidewalks and entrances
rearranging tables, chairs, vending machines, display racks and other furniture
widening doors
installing off-set hinges to widen doorways
installing grab bars in toilet stalls
installing a raised toilet seat
repositioning a paper towel dispenser in a bathroom
Since all facilities are different, not all of these examples will apply to every facility, and some facilities may be required to do more, but it still must be Readily Achievable.
Whether an action is readily achievable depends on the nature and cost of the action, the financial resources of the company taking the action, the impact of the action on the operation of the facility and the effect of the action on profitability.
Articles Updates
Self Storage Facility ADA Compliance
California Civil Code section 1938 was recently amended to discuss accessibility inspections, particularly for commercial properties. The upshot of this modification is a commercial property owner or lessor is now required to state on every lease form or rental agreement executed on or after July 1, 2013, whether the property being leased or rented has undergone inspection by a Certified Access Specialist (referred to as a CASp). If it has been inspected, the owner/lessor must also disclose whether the property has been determined to meet all the applicable construction-related accessibility standards pursuant to Section 55.53. This CASp inspection is optional. However, in theory, if you had an inspection and were certified and approved, there are certain protections or expedited court-settlement procedures available if you are ever sued or charged for failure to meet an accessibility standard. Whether these benefits are actually worth anything to California self-storage owners remains to be seen; so at this time, I don't recommend that you rush out and get approved/certified unless you have a personal reason to do so. As cases involving accessibility with CASp approval wind their way through the court system, I may feel otherwise; but for now, I can't determine whether any real savings or additional protection is achieved, or whether the expedited litigation procedures will offset the cost and difficulty of getting inspected and certified. However, beginning July 1 or sooner, self-storage owners in California must add a sentence to their rental agreement indicating whether or not they have been CASp inspected. If you have been inspected, whether or not you were certified, please contact me for alternative language. If you have not been inspected, please add the following sentence to your rental agreement. I prefer that you add it on the first or last page, but it's up to you. You can make this change yourself: "California Accessibility Notice: The self storage facility has not undergone inspection by a Certified Access Specialist (CASp)." Naturally, if you have questions, please do not hesitate contact me The recommended priority of the ADA is first is to provide access from public sidewalks, parking or public transportation to the facility; second, to provide access to those areas in the facility; and third, to take measures to provide access to restroom facilities.
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Inside The Viscount Who Loved Me
I went through three outlines for this book before I found a plot and premise that I felt worked. The story required Anthony's father to have died about ten years before the book began, but in The Duke and I, which was completely edited (but not yet published), his father had died two years earlier. While doing the final proofread of The Duke and I, I had to go back and make all the changes. I was terrified that I would miss a mention!
Regular readers know that I love to include animals in my books. Newton, the overweight corgi, was modeled after Homer, a very friendly corgi who lived on my street. Corgis, while not an officially recognized breed in Britain until the 1920s, originated in Wales during the Middle Ages. Corgis are also very popular with the royal family. Queen Elizabeth's dogs are "dorgis," which are corgi-dachsund mixes.
If there is one scene (from any of my books) I hear about the most from my readers, it's the Bridgerton Pall Mall game. And indeed, I enjoyed writing it so much, I brought everyone back for a rematch in the 2nd Epilogue to The Viscount Who Loved Me. But this famous scene almost never happened. I was about 2/3 into the book when I realized that everything seemed to be happening too fast. Specifically, Kate and Anthony seemed to have gone from dislike to admiration too quickly. I realized I needed to add a scene in which Kate realized that Anthony wasn't such a bad guy, and the best way to do that would be to show him interacting with his family. And thus the Pall Mall game (and the Mallet of Death!) was born.
Speaking of Pall Mall, this was indeed the name for croquet at the time, or at least the closest thing I could find to it. I don't believe that the rules were the same as they are today, but then again, I've never played croquet by the official rules.
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Pirates Pillage is a scratch card game that takes place on a small island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It's created by RivalGaming. Here users will be able to choose their bet and then click new card to find out what lies as treasure.
This game's visuals are one of its biggest selling points. The background is designed in a cartoon format with a pirate's ship, the ocean, the blue sky, the Beach of the island, the captain himself and his parrot all being displayed in the background. Users feel immersed into a world long Lost.
Users only must choose the value of their coin and then click new card to start this game. The coins begin at the cost of $0.01. There are eleven different coins of a higher value. The highest coin is listed at $100.00. Players then must scratch the card with their mouse or click reveal to see if they've won.
Users win this game by matching three of the same symbols. There's an alcohol bottle, a compass, telescope, golden coins, glass and cold card. Each of the symbols has a different multiplier that's applied to the value of your triggering bet. The bottle has a 1x multiplier, the compass a 2x multiplier, the telescope has a 5x multiplier, golden coins have a 10x multiplier, the drinks provide a 20x multiplier payout, and golden bars provide a 50x multiplier payout. This means that this virtual scratch card has a top prize of $5,000.00.
Pirates Pillage is a game that gives you what you want out of a virtual scratch card. It offers an environment that's expected but little else. While it offers some high valued prizes, it offers little else. Yet, for those who enjoy scratchcards, it is a nice theme, and its graphics/images are appealing and well constructed.


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