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South Alabama—No Cultural Desert Part 2
July 31, 2013 · by Andrea Carpenter
Eighteen miles south of Wetumpka, Alabama, the Coosa and the Tallapoosa merge to form the Alabama River just north of the state capital of Montgomery. This city, founded on the site where Native American tribes once flourished on both sides of the river, is steeped in Civil War and civil rights history. Home to the Little White House of the Confederacy and the Civil Rights Memorial, it is also the site of the Alabama Shakespeare Festival and the Hank Williams Museum.
The Carolyn Blount Theatre
The Alabama Shakespeare Festival (said to be one of the ten largest Shakespeare theatres in the world) is located on the north side of town in a pastoral setting only about a mile from Interstate 85. Initially housed in a high school gym in Anniston, Alabama, the ASF was relocated to Montgomery twenty-five years ago and boasts two stages, the Festival, which seats almost 800, and the Octagon, which seats fewer than 300. Along with the production of at least three Shakespeare plays each season, the theatre also offers other classic and contemporary productions and fosters regionally themed drama production. The matinee offering on the Saturday of our most recent visit was an intimate production of Gods of Carnage in the Octagon followed by a stimulating question and answer session between the four actors and audience members
The Hank Williams Museum on Commerce Street is located in downtown a short distance from the riverfront and pays homage to the singer/songwriter who was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 2010. It is home to the Cadillac in which Hiram King Williams died at the age of twenty-nine as he was being driven to a concert in Canton, Ohio, much of his signature and distinctly "country singer" clothing, an eclectic array of other memorabilia, and, best of all, the handwritten, spelling-challenged drafts of some of his most famous songs. The museum features a vintage juke box that allows the visitor to choose favorite songs to accompany the tour. As seems to be the case with most museums, the tour ends in the gift shop, from which I unfortunately returned home to family with only one beer bottle "koozie" indicating that I had been "'HONKY TONKIN' at the Hank Williams Museum."
Shakespeare Funerary Monument
Shakespeare today is often seen as the domain of the intellectual, cultural elite, a misconception that many an English teacher has had to "correct," as we have tried to initiate students into an appreciation of the literature. Similarly, some folks unschooled in the art of country music may need some instruction in understanding the allure of Hank Williams. In its tribute to Williams, the Pulitzer Prize Board praised him as a "songwriter who expressed universal feelings with poignant simplicity." While today's audiences and readers may not consider Shakespeare "simple," history tell us that his plays held great appeal not only for the gentry but for the common folk, the "groundlings" who were willing to pay a penny (a huge sum for these laborers) and stand up for an entire play. If Hank Williams were living and performing today, it is easy to imagine factory workers, farmers, and college professors rubbing shoulders in the music hall.
The commonalities between the messages of Williams and Shakespeare have intrigued many. In "Country Matters: Shakespeare and the Music in the American South," Robert Sawyer refers to the numerous comparisons that can be drawn between some of Shakespeare's sonnets and the many Williams ballads that poignantly express the heartache associated with disappointed love. The Los Angeles Times article "'Hamlet,' Hank and the Bard" of August 8, 2011 tells the interesting story of the city's production of Hamlet by the Independent Shakespeare Co. and the incorporation of Williams' song "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" into the drama. Melissa Chalsma, the company's artistic director, explains how well the following lines from the song express the loneliness and isolation so poignantly felt in the play:
Hear that lonesome whippoorwill
He sounds too blue to cry
The midnight train is whining low
I'm so lonesome I could cry.
On our recent weekend visit, my longtime "literary" traveling buddy and I filled a Saturday with a visit to the "Hank" museum, attendance at an ASF matinee, and a visit to a Saturday Riverfront festival, a celebration of the city's diverse culture and a signal of the revitalization of its downtown. At the end of the day, we were happy to return to one of the city's older neighborhoods, relax in the sitting room of the Lattice Inn bed and breakfast, enjoy a glass of wine with our host, and debrief without giving a thought to driving home.
I hope readers will share their experience of other such "gems" that might make for a relatively inexpensive weekend of literary and cultural adventure.
This entry was posted in Field Trips and tagged Alabama Shakespeare Festival, Civil Rights Memorial, country music, Hank Williams, Hank Williams Museum, Little White House of the Confederacy, Montgomery Alabama, Pulitzer Prize, William Shakespeare. Bookmark the permalink.
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4 thoughts on "South Alabama—No Cultural Desert Part 2"
Emily Carley says:
Neat comparison! I remember visiting and enjoying both ASF and the other Hank Museum in Georgiana as a young child (probably something not many people in my generation can say). Only Hank Williams could write lyrics that you feel deep in your stomach without even hearing the actual song.
Andrea Carpenter says:
I'm glad I was able to introduce you to the ASF and Hank Williams. Thanks for taking the time to show your appreciation.
Susan Diffenderfer says:
I agree with Emily–an intriguing comparison of two writers who, at first glance, seem to have nothing in common. You've made
Montgomery sound like a really good place for a weekend getaway–
and relatively close to Atlanta!
Thanks, Susan. Your post about your Paris trip has helped motivate me to plan a trip there next April. In the meantime, these occasional weekend getaways sustain me. I think Alabama and other states close by have much to offer for those who need some stimulating R&R on occasion.


Most 'Future of Work' experts speak about the expected continued growth in the numbers of non-employee labour – both from a worker and a business standpoint.
What many don't speak of is, if this trend is to continue, how can organisations achieve the optimum business environment (output, ROI), from their non-employee labour? How can they get into a position where they can retain or reengage the workers they trust, and have had a good experience with?
There are a couple of steps business can take to maximise the ROI on their non-employee labour. A strategic contingent workforce road map is one: this will go a long way to avoid the feeling of talent insecurity and project failure – that deep-seated dread many of you will be familiar with, of an impending exit of a worker (or workers). Another is caring for your non-employee workers.
Let's look at these strategies further….
By using these four elements as a guide to your non-employee worker roadmap, your business will be much better prepared for a successful future of work.
With over 40 percent of the total global workforce now working 'contingent' (according to Ardent Partners), Human Resources departments are having to reach beyond a focus on perms, and now MUST become knowledgeable and practiced at overseeing a blended workforce of contingent and permanent talent.
Why? The traditional model of HR managing perms, and Procurement managing non-employee labour, is becoming redundant. Quickly.
Aligning Procurement and HR in a total talent workforce management approach, produces significant benefits to the organisation. Improved agility (see below) and process efficiencies are just the start. Crucially, the business will be afforded the time and – when established correctly – the intelligence, to make more strategic talent decisions: from sourcing to hiring, and project management staffing, total workforce management has the potential to transform an organisation for a successful future.
As organisations – particularly HR functions – become increasingly data driven, decision-making using AI to assist the organisation's future state, becomes a reality. Predictive analytics is a key trend for 2019, and one that will enable organisations to take action today, for a successful future. These analytics tools not only apply to talent, and future-scoping skills to bring into your business. They're also a boon for deciding on the best service providers and technologies, for impending projects. By embracing AI and predictive analytics, organisations will have a better lens to make decisions about the non-employee needs of the organisation's future.
Being able to respond quickly and effectively to specific circumstances or new opportunities is a hallmark of a successfully agile organisation. Coupled with the ability to tap into the right talent at the right time – an on-demand, agile workforce – and you've got a truly dynamic business environment. Note the words 'right talent': so optimum workforce agility isn't just about securing suitable on-demand talent, it's about securing the best non-employee labour for the job at the time. Organisations that can balance the right talent, at the right time (so can foresee business skills demands), are the ones operating optimally. And reaping greatest reward for their investment in non-employee workers.
Keeping contractors engaged in your business is crucial to maintain business workflow and productivity and to meet the highs and lows of market influences. So… it pays to keep your contractors happy.
Call for feedback: ask the contractor's advice on how the project is going, on their experience of working in the business as a contractor and where they believe things could improve.
There's a lot to think about. But with a strategic approach, and preparation, your total workforce – contract and perm – AND your business can look to the future of work with excitement. Not dread.
What's your view? Is your business optimising the management of non-employee labour? Let us know in the comments.


Trimester Workouts for a happy and healthy pregnancy brought to you by MostlyAMother and AndFit!
Today we're sharing with you a series of 3 workout videos brought to you by MostlyAMother @suzannetoth and Andrea Merucci Hsiung @and_fit to keep you in shape during and after your pregnancy. In each video Andrea and Suzanne demonstrate great exercises that are safe to do during each trimester of pregnancy.
When doing any type of physical activity it is important to stay hydrated, not to over exert yourself and to always check with a health care professional before starting any type of exercise program.
Gender Neutral Shower with Surprise Reveal!


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Yoga + Wellness
6 Ways to Boost Your Mood When You Have the Winter Blues, According to a Psychiatrist (Video)
By Alison Fox
With winter just around the corner, it's time to prepare for shorter days, less sunlight, and that constant feeling of wanting to cuddle up under a cozy blanket on the couch while eating a giant bowl of cheesy baked ziti. And while that desire to hibernate during winter can be perfectly understandable, sometimes it escalates into more.
If the winter blues turn into seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that tends to hit during winter months when the amount of sunshine decreases, there are several steps you can take to help your mood — even if booking a trip to the beaches of Tulum or Hawaii are not in the cards.
"Some people are very sensitive to a lack of environmental light," Dr. Norman E. Rosenthal, a clinical professor of psychiatry at Georgetown University School of Medicine, told Travel + Leisure. "These people, when there's not enough [light], tend to get a predictable set of symptoms, which include slowing down, need for more sleep, increased appetite — especially for sweets and starches — and weight gain."
Rosenthal, who literally wrote the book on this condition — "Winter Blues" — said SAD can come on gradually and "by the time all these symptoms have accumulated, they can become quite depressed."
There are usually three causes of SAD: genetics or biology, a lack of light, and stress. And while you can't do much about the first, Rosenthal said there are several small changes you can make to help combat any negative feelings from the latter two.
Get more light
Justin Lambert/Getty Images
This may seem like a simplified fix, but it's actually one of the most important things you can do to counteract the winter season's lack of light.
"If you can't go to the sun, bring the sun to you," Rosenthal said. "You can bring more light into your house, and you can bring special light fixtures that are calibrated to help people with seasonal affective disorder — they pack a lot of light into one place."
These devices should have a surface area of about 12 by 18 inches. "That's the sort of gold standard," he said.
Wake up to the dawn
Rosenthal said dawn simulators are big lightbulbs that turn on automatically in the morning, simulating a summer dawn.
"The point is that sometimes having a light come on in your bedroom a little before you're due to wake up can trick the brain into thinking it's a summer dawn and can help you feel more awake," he said. "And your mood can be better."
Hannah Bichay/Getty Images
Redecorate
Why not use the winter as an excuse to brighten up your home and change out some of your old decor for the kind that will improve your mood just by looking at it? (We're partial to decor that reminds us of our favorite vacation destinations.)
Even a simple home decor shift can create a big impact, Rosenthal said.
"You can take one room in the house and paint it with light-colored walls and bring in light-colored throws or cushions and make it a cheerful place that people will tend to congregate," he said, adding that anything you can do to let more light in will inevitably help. "Trim the hedges around your windows, [it] lets more light in."
This may be the least fun tip on the list, but it's also one of the most helpful ways to reduce stress, a major cause of SAD. And Rosenthal said that if you can combine exercise with light — either by exercising in front of a light box or going for a walk on a clear fall or winter day — that's even better.
AzmanL/Getty Images
"It does change your brain chemistry because you do feel so good," he said, adding that "It helps to prevent the accumulation of winter weight, which comes from the extra snacking that you're doing."
If you can't get outdoors, Rosenthal said it's important to "be creative" and "do what you have to do" like going for a walk in a mall, for example.
Watch what you eat
While it's so tempting to load up on pasta and sugary peppermint bark when the temperatures start to dip, those types of food will not improve your mood in the long run. Instead, Rosenthal said it's important to limit carbs to ones that are slow absorbing and lower on the glycemic index (so basically pasta and sugary desserts are out).
To help your mood, a diet rich in protein and greens is what you should be aiming for (though we won't tell if you have the occasional indulgent hot chocolate).
It's all too easy to be hard on ourselves when we aren't feeling our best, but Rosenthal cautioned that one of the most important things to do is to simply be kind to ourselves.
"Stop blaming yourself, it's not your fault, it's a condition," he said. "Go get some help, help yourself … you've got enough to worry about without blaming yourself."
"It's nice to have support, it's nice to have company," he said. "Don't hesitate to ask for help … Feel free to be a little kind to yourself and ask others to do the same."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Insane Topwater Blowup Compilation – Everglades Bass Fishing – Largemouth Bass Nation!
Fishing in the everglades is a one of a kind deal! So many fish packed in a pretty untouched system leads to many crazy days like this one, hit up Scott if you want to get tired of catching so many fish!
Use "CHRIS" for $10 off your first MTB!
Thanks a bunch for watching, be sure to LIKE and SUBSCRIBE if you enjoyed!


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Q: formating a phone number in the postresql query Can you format a phone number in an postgreSQL query?  I have a phone number column.  The phone numbers are held as such:  1234567890.  I am wondering if postgres will format to (123) 456-7890.  I can do this outside the query, I am using php, but it would be nice if I was able to have the output of the query like (123) 456-7890

A: This will work for you:
SELECT
  '( ' || SUBSTRING(CAST(NUMBER AS VARCHAR) FROM 1 FOR 3) || ' ) '
 || SUBSTRING(CAST(NUMBER AS VARCHAR) FROM 4 FOR 3) || '-'
 || SUBSTRING(CAST(NUMBER AS VARCHAR) FROM 7 FOR LENGTH(CAST(NUMBER AS VARCHAR)))
FROM
  YOURTABLE

Also, here is a SQLFiddle.

A: Use a regex, it is more flexible and easy to read. Assuming the numbers are in field "phone":
SELECT regexp_replace(phone, '(\d{3})(\d{3})(\d{4})', '(\1) \2-\3') phone FROM table;

You could also spruce it up in various ways: by adding optional digits for country codes, by allowing for multiple numbers, or more.
For example, to first strip non-digits and fixed half-formatted values like (123) 4567890:
SELECT regexp_replace(regexp_replace(phone, '\D', '', 'g'), '(\d{3})(\d{3})(\d{4})', '(\1) \2-\3') phone FROM table;

A: Use SUBSTRING function
something like:
  SELECT
 '(' || SUBSTRING((PhoneNumber, 1, 3) + ') ' || SUBSTRING(PhoneNumber, 4,3) || '-' || SUBSTRING((PhoneNumber,7,4)

A: SELECT '(' || SUBSTRING(phone FROM 1 FOR 3) || ') ' ||
              SUBSTRING(phone FROM 4 FOR 3) || '-' ||
              SUBSTRING(phone FROM 7 FOR 4)
FROM table;

This will return all phone numbers with the format (123) 456-7890, however there will be no column header. To remedy this, use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT '(' || SUBSTRING(phone FROM 1 FOR 3) || ') ' || SUBSTRING(phone FROM 4 FOR 3) || '-' || SUBSTRING(phone FROM 7 FOR 4) AS Phone FROM chapters;
Hope this helps!

A: Another alternative is using the FORMAT function. See Postgresql string functions for details.
Your example would look like
SELECT FORMAT('(%s)%s-%s', SUBSTR(phone, 1, 3), SUBSTR(phone, 4, 3), SUBSTR(phone, 7, 4))
FROM table;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


if all goes well today ill be adding a 4 seat rzr to the garage.
the rzr is getting utv giant lower doors, utv giant nerf bars, polaris highlifter front bumper. i also ordered some injector harness upgrade kits.
new lower doors and nerf bars are on.


Chicken Soup for the Soul: Devotional tales for moms will uplift, information, and reassure any girl of religion who wishes a lift or reminder of God's ever-present love as she is going during the ups and downs of everyday life and motherhood.
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Concerning the AUTHOR:Commodianus was once a Christian Latin poet, who flourished approximately advert 250. the single old writers who point out him are Gennadius, presbyter of Massilia (end of fifth century), in his De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, and Pope Gelasius in De libris recipiendis et non recipiendis, within which his works are classed as Apocryphi, most likely because of yes heterodox statements contained in them.
God's hope is You is a revelation of the prophetic phrases present in the music of Solomon. The recommendations will succeed in into the soul and wake up your center in new methods with the truth of God's passionate love. Written as a Devotional, own studies, goals, and visions show supernatural encounters that reach with the chances of understanding God extra in detail.
No longer each season of existence is full of pleasure and rainbows. a few are a lot darker, marked by way of agony, doubt, and depression. In these darkish seasons, staying in prayer and deep in our Bibles turns into doubly difficult. but, the Bible is stuffed with convenience and wish for we all. In Seeing Ourselves via God's Eyes, you are going to spend 28 days strolling via Scriptures that placed you again at the course of desire.
Spilling the Tea, an everyday Cup of knowledge" is a compilation of inspirational affirmations that has been downloaded into my spirit via divine revelation from God. This e-book has thirty one declarations of knowledge that might encourage you to reside a purpose-driven lifestyles through disconnecting your self from ungodly rhetoric and units.


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This Is What It Looks Like When A 'Star Wars' Nerd Marries A 'Star Trek' Geek
0 comments | Posted Oct 13, 2016 | by Bold Apps
Couple Linda Choi and Ace Cheng wanted to let their nerd flags fly at their June wedding.
"We got excited about sci-fi elements being a part of the wedding, but not in a cheesy way," Linda told The Huffington Post.
At the pair's June 6 wedding at Sunstone Winery in Santa Ynez, California, they successfully weaved together their love of "Star Wars" and "Star Trek" in the most tasteful way.
It started with the spectacular invitations, designed by the bride's BFF Heather Cassils. On them, Ace is rendered as a Stormtrooper and Linda as a Vulcan.
One of the most awesome elements? All of the "Star Wars" characters from the 501st Legion — a fan-based costuming organization — that showed up ready to party.
The Stormtroopers also doubled as flower girls at the ceremony — an excellent idea courtesy of planner Nam Lam of Modern LA Weddings.
One of Linda's best friends surprised her by having some guests wear Vulcan ears.
At the reception, there was a light saber dance party that was not to be missed.
And a light saber cake-cutting too.
"We really wanted our wedding to be spectacular for our guests so that they left full of food, wine, and ready for more at the after party," Linda told HuffPost. "We really felt it was important to make a statement for queer weddings in general particularly since the U.S. Supreme Court decision was set to come out that month."
See more photos from the couple's big day below:
See Linda and Ace's complete wedding album here.
via The Huffington Post


surgery is used to fix parts of the body that are damaged Continue Reading Plastic Surgery: Why Is so Popular? I believe that the media has an effect on people in a numerous of ways. Continue Reading, teen Plastic Surgery 2711 Words 11 Pages, teen Plastic Surgery Cosmetic plastic surgery has been increasing rapidly in the medical field, and making its way to the top of the beauty spectrum when it comes to what is important. A B, c D, e F, g H, i J, k L,. Plastic surgery is becoming a way for people to escape there insecurities, but is that the main reason why cosmetic procedures have been increasing in popularity over the years? Who cares what face he carries or what he wears?
The Growing Popularity of Plastic Surgery: Possible Causes To begin with, it can be noted that people's obsession with plastic surgery in recent times has. They will do anything to fulfill their needs. Given the available evidence, in fact, its hard to find a scientific justification for even studying the technique in people at all. Since childhood Continue Reading Essay about American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery 1189 Words 5 Pages American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is not a new field of medicine. Some men and women have other reasons for want plastic surgery Such as people who want plastic surgery have disfigurements to the face or body because of birth defects or genetic problems. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, which isnt the only journal chronicling results from the procedure, which is known as ablation of the nucleus accumbens.
A recent analysis of 37 studies on patients psychological and psychosocial fu nctioning before and after cosmetic surgery by social worker Roberta Honigman. Free Essays from Bartleby When you hear the phrase Plastic Surgery what. Plastic surgery also has its own disadvantages such as causing addiction.


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It was fantastic!!! Many thanks again – we were singing your praises in our team meeting today. We've started to have some discussions about the user testing findings, and are confident that the donation pages (which we'll redesign in light of your results) will be much more effective.
A massive thank you for all your work in ensuring such a successful relaunch for the STAND UP for Tiny Lives Campaign.


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Tuoro sul Trasimeno – comune italiano in provincia di Perugia
 Tuoro (Teano) – centro abitato in provincia di Caserta
 Monte Tuoro – monte dell'Appennino campano

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you're after a spot of relaxation, Sunnydale has a well-stocked coarse fishing pond. The beach is a 20 minute drive away but if you want to make waves a little closer, try snorkelling in the indoor pool. You can unwind with a game of pool or darts.
In the evening why not head to the Curlew Country Club to see if there's a park resort party night ahead? You can go to the Windmill Lounge Bar for your meals and the kiosk for bread and milk. Off the park, you can visit the Saltfleetby Dunes.


Abstract: Original daily and Sunday cartoons from the newspaper comic strips Moon Mullins (1959, 1962-1965), Texas Slim (1950-1952) and Buzzy (1946-1947, 1950).
Ferdinand Johnson (1905-1996), commonly known as Ferd Johnson, was an American cartoonist. He was Frank Willard's assistant and eventual successor on the comic strip Moon Mullins.
Born December 18, 1905, in Spring Creek, Pennsylvania, Johnson became interested in cartooning after winning the Erie (Pa.) Dispatch-Herald cartoon contest at the age of 12. After finishing high school in 1923 he attended the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts but left school after only three months to take an assistant's job at the Chicago Tribune with Frank Willard who had recently created the Moon Mullins comic strip.
While assisting on Moon Mullins, Johnson remained active with other Tribune projects. He created several comic strip features for the Syndicate—Texas Slim (1925-1928) and Lovey-Dovey (1932)—did sports illustration work and produced advertising cartoons. In 1940 he revived Texas Slim in Texas Slim and Dirty Dalton (with the companion strip, Buzzy), which ran for 18 years. After Willard's death in 1958 he took over full responsibility for Moon Mullins, which he continued to draw (assisted in later years by his son, Tom) until his retirement in 1991.
176 original daily cartoons and 28 original Sunday cartoons from the newspaper comic strip Moon Mullins (with Sunday companion strip, Kitty Higgins) (1959, 1962-1965). Daily cartoon: traces of graphite, blue pencil, opaque white, zipatone, pasteovers, brush, pen and ink on illustration board, approx. 6 x 17 ½ in. Sunday cartoon: traces of graphite, blue pencil, opaque white, pasteovers, brush, pen and ink on illustration board, approx. 17 x 24 ½ in.
9 original Sunday cartoons from the comic strip Texas Slim (1950-1952). Sunday cartoon: traces of graphite, blue pencil, opaque white, pasteovers, brush, pen and ink on illustration board, approx. 10 ½ x 24 in.
46 original Sunday cartoons from the Texas Slim companion strip, Buzzy (1946-1947, 1950). Sunday cartoon: traces of graphite, brush, pen and ink on illustration board, approx. 5 ½ x 23 ½ in.
Cartoons are arranged by title in chronological order. Daily and Sunday cartoons are housed separately.
Other original Moon Mullins strips may be found in the Frank Willard Cartoons.
Special Collections Research Center has collections of over eighty cartoonists. Please refer to the SCRC Subject Index for a complete listing.
Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate.
Gift of Ferd Johnson, 1967.


I recently stumbled across Oh Lucy!, a movie that bounces back and forth between Tokyo and southern California, which sounded familiar...and I loved it.
I had no idea what to expect beyond what I saw in the trailer and beyond my love of Japan and Japanese culture. The story is fresh, surprising, poignant...just lovely, beautifully written by first time feature writer/director Atsuko Harayanagi. Josh Harnett is terrific, and Shinobu Terajima and Kaho Minami should win awards for their sometimes hilarious, sometimes heart rending portrayal of estranged sisters. Koji Yakusho (remember Tampopo? That's him) is always a pleasure, even in a small role, and relative newcomer Shioli Kutsuna (now in Dead Pool 2) is going to be a star. You don't have to love Japan to love this movie (though it won't hurt, either)--it's just a beautiful human story for anyone. Highly recommended.
Being an easy sell for stories involving Japan, I also recently watched The Outsider, with Jared Leto playing an American inducted into a yakuza family in post-war Japan. This one I can't recommend. Despite some solid performances that rose above the material (Tadanobu Asanobu, who you might know from the various Thor movies, and Shioli Kutsuna again) and good cinematography, the story was cliched, contradictory, and incoherent; the protagonist a dull cipher. Too bad, too, because Jared Leto is a talented actor, and could have done a lot had this smart premise been better written.
My second Earphones Award--this one for Zero Sum. Thanks AudioFile Magazine, I love narrating the audiobooks!
I've been reading Marc MacYoung since 1989, when I stumbled across his first book—Cheap Shots, Ambushes, and Other Lessons—in a Paladin Press catalogue. I was a Career Trainee the CIA at the time, and MacYoung's emphasis on thinking like the opposition, situational awareness, and various stages of alertness all tracked perfectly with Agency counter-terror training. I've been playing around with martial arts since I was about 15, but I'd never come across a civilian instructor who even touched on this stuff, let alone knew it at least as well as the paramilitary instructors at CIA. Suffice it to say, I was hooked.
And I still am. MacYoung's latest—What You Don't Know Can Kill You—co-written with firearms instructor Jenna Meek, is essential reading for anyone who recognizes that your problems might be far from over after you've physically defended yourself. "Self-defense" is a tricky and surprisingly poorly understood legal concept, and MacYoung and Meek deal with it crisply and clearly, with plenty of case studies and hypotheticals. The book is a fast read, and having just finished it, I feel I have a much more solid idea of how, where, and why doing too much to defend yourself can be as dangerous as doing too little.
I should add that in the course of addressing the ins and outs of legal self-defense claims, and how getting them wrong can put you in prison or in the ground, the authors have also managed to put together a good primer on different types of violence (social, asocial resource predators, asocial process predators) and on various cost-effective counters.
If you've invested significant time and money in self-defense training, whether empty-handed or with weapons, I'd strongly recommend that you spend a few more bucks and a few more hours reading this book. Any self-defense system that doesn't integrate the concepts MacYoung and Meek cover will be dangerously incomplete. It would be a shame to figure that out when it's too late—especially when you have the opportunity to figure it out so easily right now.
Also recommended: Survive a Shooting, by Alain Burrese. I got to read a pre-release copy recently and the book is comprehensive, practical, and well organized. It goes without saying that it's a terrible shame that a book like Survive a Shooting is needed, but the need obviously exists, and I'm glad Burrese has addressed it.
Bonus: while covering the specific topic, Burrese also offers smart, cost-effective strategies that will help keep you safer in the world generally.


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Сінтерклаас () або Сінт-Ніколаас () — легендарна постать, заснована на святому Миколаї, покровителю дітей. Інші голландські назви фігури включають De Sint («Святий»), De Goede Sint («Добрий святий») і De Goedheiligman («Добрий святий чоловік»). Багато нащадків і однорідних слів «Sinterklaas» або «Saint Nicholas» іншими мовами також використовуються в Нідерландах, сусідніх регіонах і колишніх голландських колоніях.

Свято Сінтерклаас відзначає день іменин Святого Миколая 6 грудня. Свято відзначається щорічно даруванням подарунків напередодні Святого Миколая (5 грудня) у Нідерландах і вранці 6 грудня, у День Святого Миколая, у Бельгії, Люксембурзі, західній Німеччині, північній Франції (Французька Фландрія, Лотарингія, Ельзас і Артуа) та Угорщина. Традиція також відзначається на деяких територіях колишньої Нідерландської імперії, включаючи Арубу.

Сінтерклаас є одним із джерел популярної різдвяної фігури Санта-Клауса.

Цифри

Сінтерклаас

Сінтерклаас заснований на історичній постаті святого Миколая (270—343), грецького єпископа Міри в сучасній Туреччині. Його зображують літнім, ставним і серйозним чоловіком із сивим волоссям і довгою густою бородою. Він одягнений у довгу червону накидку або ризу поверх традиційної білої єпископської альби та іноді червоної палантини, одягає червону митру та каблучку з рубінами, а також тримає золотистий жезл — довгий церемоніальний пастухий жезл із химерним закрученим верхом.

Він традиційно їздить верхи на білому коні. У Нідерландах останнього коня звали Амеріго, але він був «відпущений на пенсію» (тобто помер) у 2019 році та замінений новим конем на ім'я Озоснел («ох, як швидко»), після уривка у відомій пісні Сінтерклааса. У Бельгії коня називають Slecht weer vandaag, що означає «сьогодні погана погода» або Mooi weer vandaag («гарна погода сьогодні»).

Сінтерклаас носить велику червону книгу, в якій записується, чи була кожна дитина хорошою чи неслухняною за минулий рік.

Чорний Піт

Сінтерклаасу допомагає Чорний Піт, чорношкірий помічник, одягнений у мавританське вбрання. Чорний Піт вперше з'явився як безіменний слуга Святого Миколая в Sint-Nikolaas en zijn knecht («Святий Миколай і його слуга») в опублікованому в 1850 році амстердамським шкільним учителем Яном Шенкманом друці; однак ця традиція, здається, сягає принаймні початку ХІХ століття. Барвиста сукня Чорного Піта заснована на шляхетному вбранні XVI століття з фрезаю (мереживним коміром) і шапкою з пір'ям. Зазвичай його зображують із сумкою, де містяться цукерки для дітей, які він розкидає. Ця традиція, імовірно, походить від історії про те, як Святий Миколай врятував трьох молодих дівчат від проституції, кинувши золоті монети у вікно вночі, щоб заплатити за придане.

Традиційно він також носив березовий прутик, мітлу сажотруса, виготовлену з вербових гілок, якою били дітей, які були неслухняними. У деяких зі старих пісень Сінтерклааса згадується про неслухняних дітей, яких клали в сумку Чорного Піта та відвозили до Іспанії. Ця частина легенди стосується часів, коли маври здійснювали набіги на європейське узбережжя, аж до Ісландії, щоб викрасти місцеве населення в рабство. Цю якість можна знайти в інших супутниках Святого Миколая, таких як Крампус і Пер Фуеттар. Однак у сучасній версії свята Сінтерклаас Чорний Піт більше не несе лозину, і дітям більше не кажуть, що їх відвезуть до Іспанії в сумці Піта, якщо вони були неслухняними.

З роками було додано багато історій, і Чорний Піт перетворився на цінного помічника для розсіяного святого. У сучасних адаптаціях для телебачення Сінтерклаас розробив Чорного Піта для кожної функції, наприклад головний Піт (Hoofdpiet), навігаційний Піт (Wegwijspiet) для навігації пароплавом з Іспанії до Нідерландів, Подарунковий піт (Pakjespiet) для обгортання всіх подарунки та Акробатичний Піт, щоб лазити по дахах і димоходах. Традиційно кажуть, що обличчя Чорного Піта чорне, тому що він мавр з Іспанії. Сьогодні деяким дітям кажуть, що його обличчя почорніло від сажі, бо він повинен лізти через димарі, щоб доставити подарунки для Сінтерклааса.

Починаючи з 2010-х років, традиції, пов'язані зі святом Сінтерклаас, стають предметом все більшої кількості редакційних статей, дебатів, документальних фільмів, протестів і навіть насильницьких сутичок на фестивалях. Деякі великі міста та телевізійні канали тепер відображають лише персонажів Чорних Пітів із плямами сажі на обличчі, а не повністю чорними обличчями, так званих roetveegpieten («Піт із сажею») або schoorsteenpieten («Піт із димаря»). У опитуванні 2013 року 92 відсотки голландської громадськості не сприймали Чорного Піта як расизм або не асоціювали його з рабством, а 91 відсоток був проти зміни зовнішності персонажа. У подібному опитуванні 2018 року від 80 до 88 відсотків голландської громадськості не сприймали Чорного Піта як расизм, а від 41 до 54 відсотків були задоволені модернізованою зовнішністю персонажа (поєднання сажі і обличчя). Опитування, проведене в червні 2020 року, показало падіння підтримки збереження зовнішності персонажа без змін: 47 відсотків опитаних підтримали традиційний вигляд, порівняно з 71 відсотком у подібному опитуванні, проведеному в листопаді 2019 року. Прем'єр-міністр Марк Рютте під час парламентських дебатів 5 червня 2020 року заявив, що він змінив свою думку з цього питання і тепер має більше розуміння для людей, які вважають зовнішність персонажа расистською.

Святкування

Прибуття з Іспанії

Свята традиційно починаються щороку в середині листопада (перша субота після 11 листопада), коли Сінтерклаас «прибуває» на пароплаві до визначеного приморського міста, нібито з Іспанії. У Нідерландах це відбувається щороку в іншому порту, тоді як у Бельгії це завжди відбувається в місті Антверпен. Пароплав кидає якір, потім Сінтерклаас висаджується і проходить вулицями на своєму коні, вітаючи дітей, які підбадьорюють і співають традиційні пісні Сінтерклааса. Його помічники Чорні Піти кидають у натовп цукерки та маленькі, круглі, схожі на пряники, печиво крайднотени або пепернотени. Захід транслюється в прямому ефірі національним телебаченням Нідерландів та Бельгії.

Після цього національного прибуття інші міста святкують своє власне intocht van Sinterklaas (прибуття Сінтерклааса). Місцеві прибуття зазвичай відбуваються пізніше в ту ж суботу національного прибуття, наступного дня (неділю) або через вихідні після національного прибуття. Туди, куди не дістається човен, Сінтерклаас прибуває потягом, конем, кінним екіпажем або навіть пожежною машиною.

Кажуть, що Сінтерклаас походить з Іспанії, можливо тому, що в 1087 році половина мощей святого Миколая була перевезена до італійського міста Барі, яке пізніше увійшло до складу іспанського Неаполітанського королівства. Інші припускають, що мандарини, які традиційно асоціюються зі святим Миколаєм, призвели до помилкової думки, що він був родом з Іспанії. Ця теорія підтверджується голландським віршем, задокументованим у 1810 році в Нью-Йорку та забезпеченим англійським перекладом:

Голландська
Sinterklaas, goedheiligman!
Trek uwe beste tabberd an,
Reis daar mee naar Amsterdam,
Van Amsterdam naar Spanje,
Daar Appelen van Oranje,
Daar Appelen van granaten,
Die rollen door de straten.

Українська
Святий Миколаю, добрий святий чоловік!
Одягни свій найкращий стрій,
Поїдьте з ним до Амстердама,
Від Амстердама до Іспанії,
Де яблука яскраві апельсина,
Там яблука граната,
Вони котяться вулицями [...]
Представлений тут текст походить із брошури, яку Джон Пінтард опублікував у Нью-Йорку в 1810 році. Це найдавніше джерело, в якому згадується Іспанія у зв'язку з Сінтерклаасом. Пінтард хотів, щоб Святий Миколай став покровителем Нью-Йорка, і сподівався встановити традицію Сінтерклааса. Очевидно, йому допомогла голландська громада в Нью-Йорку, яка надала йому оригінальний голландський вірш про Сінтерклааса. Строго кажучи, у вірші не стверджується, що Сінтерклаас походить з Іспанії, а що йому потрібно поїхати до Іспанії, щоб зібрати апельсини та гранати. Тож зв'язок між Сінтерклаасом та Іспанією проходить через апельсини, які дуже цінувалися у ХІХ столітті. Пізніше зв'язок з апельсинами втратився, а Іспанія стала його батьківщиною.

Період до свята Святого Миколая

За кілька тижнів між приїздом і 5 грудня Сінтерклаас відвідує школи, лікарні та торгові центри. Кажуть, що вночі він їздить верхи на своєму біло-сірому коні по дахах, доставляючи подарунки вихованим дітям через димохід. Традиційно неслухняні діти ризикували бути спійманими Чорним Пітом, який для цього мав при собі джутовий мішок і вербову лозину.

Перед тим, як лягти спати, діти залишають по одному черевику біля камінної труби вугільної печі чи каміна (або в сучасні часи поблизу радіатора центрального опалення чи дверей). Вони залишають туфлю з морквою або сіном і поруч миску з водою «для коня Сінтерклааса». Також діти співають пісеньку Сінтерклааса. Наступного дня вони знаходять у своєму взутті цукерку або маленький подарунок.

Типові ласощі Сінтерклааса традиційно включають мандарини, пернот, спекулаас (іноді з начинкою з мигдалевої пасти), банклеттер (випічка з начинкою з мигдалевої пасти) або шоколадну букву (перша буква імені дитини, зроблена з шоколаду), шоколадні монети, суїкербест (фігурки у вигляді тварин із цукристих виробів), марципанові фігурки. Нові ласощі включають імбирне печиво або фігурку Сінтерклааса, виготовлену з шоколаду та загорнуту в кольорову алюмінієву фольгу.

Святвечір і День святого Миколая
У Нідерландах Святий Миколай, 5 грудня, став головним приводом для дарування подарунків під час зимових свят. Вечір називається Sinterklaasavond («вечір Сінтерклааса») або Pakjesavond («вечір подарунків», або буквально «вечір пакунків»).

Увечері 5 грудня батьки, родина, друзі чи знайомі вдають, що діють від імені «Сінтерклааса» або його помічників, і вводять дітей в оману, нібито «Сінтерклаас» справді дарував їм подарунки. Це можна зробити за допомогою «знайденої» записки, яка пояснює, де сховані подарунки, ніби Чорний Піт відвідав їх і залишив у них мішок із рогожі з подарунками. Іноді сусід стукає у двері (прикидаючись Чорним Пітом) і залишає мішок надворі, щоб діти взяли його; це залежить від сім'ї. Коли приходять подарунки, вітальня прикрашена ними, як на Різдво в англомовних країнах. 6 грудня «Сінтерклаас» спокійно вирушає, і всі гуляння закінчуються.

У Південних Нідерландах і Бельгії більшості дітей доводиться чекати до ранку 6 грудня, щоб отримати свої подарунки, а Сінтерклаас розглядається як свято майже виключно для дітей. Туфлі наповнені віршем або списком побажань для Сінтерклааса та морквою, сіном або кубиками цукру для коня ввечері п'ятого числа, а в Бельгії часто поруч ставлять пляшку пива для Чорного Піта і чашку кави для Сінтерклааса. Крім того, у деяких регіонах, коли дітям настає час відмовитися від соски, вони кладуть її в черевик («зберігання Сінтерклаасом»), а наступного ранку її замінюють шоколадом.

Подарунок часто творчо маскують, упаковуючи його в жартівливий, незвичний або персоналізований спосіб. Це називається сюрприз.

Вірші Сінтерклааса зазвичай супроводжують подарунки з особистим повідомленням для одержувача. Зазвичай це гумористичний вірш, який часто дражнить одержувача через загальновідомі погані звички чи інші недоліки характеру.

Останніми роками під впливом північноамериканських ЗМІ та англосаксонської різдвяної традиції, коли діти досягають віку, коли їм розповідають про «велику таємницю Сінтерклааса», деякі люди переходять на Святвечір або Різдво для дарування подарунків. Старші діти в голландських сім'ях, де діти занадто дорослі, щоб більше вірити в Сінтерклааса, також часто святкують Різдво з подарунками замість pakjesavond. Замість того, щоб такі подарунки приносив Сінтерклаас, члени родини зазвичай малюють назви для події, подібної до Таємного Санти. Однак через популярність його «старшого двоюрідного брата» Сінтерклааса Санта-Клауса рідко можна побачити в Нідерландах і Бельгії.

історія

Дохристиянська Європа

Якоб Грімм, Гелен Аделін Гербер та інші провели паралелі між Сінтерклаасом і його помічниками та Диким полюванням Водана або Одіна, головного бога серед германських народів, якому поклонялися в Північній і Західній Європі до християнізації. Верхом на білому коні Слейпнірі він літав у повітрі як ватажок Дикого Полювання, завжди супроводжуваний двома чорними круками, Гугінном і Мунінном. Ці помічники слухали людей, так само як Чорний Піт, біля димаря — який на той час був просто дірою в даху — щоб розповісти Водану про хорошу та погану поведінку смертних. Історик Ріта Геск'єр стверджує, що певні дохристиянські елементи, ймовірно, збереглися у вшануванні святого Миколая. Дійсно, здається очевидним, що традиція містить низку елементів, які не є церковними за походженням.

Середньовіччя
Сінтерклаасфест виник у середні віки. Свято було водночас приводом для допомоги бідним, кладучи їм гроші в черевики (що перетворилося на вкладення подарунків у дитяче взуття), і диким бенкетом, подібним до карнавалу, який часто призводив до костюмів, перекидання «догори дриґом» повсякденні ролі, та масове публічне пияцтво.

У ранніх традиціях у День Святого Миколая студенти обирали одного зі своїх однокласників «єпископом», який правив до 28 грудня (Дня Невинних), і іноді вони розігрували події з життя єпископа. У міру того, як фестиваль перемістився на вулиці міста, він став більш жвавим.

XVI—XVII століття
Під час Реформації в Європі XVI—XVII століть протестантські реформатори, такі як Мартін Лютер, змінили святого, хто приносить подарунки, на Немовля Христа або Маленького Ісусика і перенесли дату дарування подарунків з 6 грудня на Святвечір. Деякі протестантські муніципалітети та священнослужителі забороняли святкування Святого Миколая, оскільки протестанти хотіли скасувати культ святих і поклоніння святим, водночас зберігаючи свято принесення подарунків серед зими.

Після успішного повстання переважно протестантських північних провінцій Нідерландів проти правління римо-католицького короля Іспанії Філіпа II, нові кальвіністські регенти, міністри та клерикали заборонили святкування Святого Миколая. Нова незалежна Нідерландська Республіка офіційно стала протестантською країною та скасувала публічні католицькі свята. Проте, свято Святого Миколая в Нідерландах ніколи повністю не зникало. В Амстердамі, де публічні свята Святого Миколая були дуже популярними, такі основні заходи, як вуличні ринки та ярмарки, підтримувалися людьми, які втілювали Миколая в червоному одязі замість єпископської накидки та митри. Уряд Нідерландів зрештою терпів приватні сімейні святкування Дня Святого Миколая, як це видно на картині Яна Стіна «Свято Святого Миколая».

ХІХ століття
У ХІХ столітті святий вийшов із схованки, і свято одночасно стало більш секуляризованим. Сучасна традиція Сінтерклааса як дитячого свята, ймовірно, була підтверджена ілюстрованою дитячою книжкою Sint-Nicolaas en zijn knecht («Святий Миколай і його слуга»), написаною в 1850 році вчителем Яном Шенкманом (1806—1863). Дехто каже, що він представив зображення Сінтерклааса, який розносить подарунки біля димаря, катається по дахах будинків на сірому коні та прибуває з Іспанії на пароплаві, що на той час було захоплюючим сучасним винаходом. Можливо, ґрунтуючись на тому факті, що святий Миколай історично є покровителем моряків (багато церков, присвячених йому, побудовано біля гаваней), Шенкман міг бути натхненний іспанськими звичаями та уявленнями про святого, коли він зобразив його прибуття через води в своїй книзі. Шенкман представив пісню Zie ginds komt de stoomboot («Погляньте туди, пароплав прибуває»), яка досі популярна в Нідерландах.

У версії Шенкмана середньовічні фігури фіктивного диявола, які згодом змінилися на східних або мавританських помічників, вперше були зображені чорним африканцем і названі Zwarte Piet (Чорний Піт).

Друга Світова війна
Під час німецької окупації Нідерландів (1940—1945) багато традиційних віршів Сінтерклааса були переписані, щоб відобразити поточні події. Королівські ВПС (RAF) часто відзначали. У 1941 році, наприклад, Королівські ВПС скинули коробки з цукерками над окупованими Нідерландами. Один класичний вірш, який став сучасним, був таким:

Голландська
Sinterklaas, kapoentje,
Gooi wat in mijn schoentje,
Gooi wat in mijn laarsje,
Dank U Sinterklaasje

Версія часів Другої світової війни
R.A.F. Kapoentje,
Gooi wat in mijn schoentje,
Bij de Moffen gooien,
Maar in Holland strooien!

Українська
Сінтерклаас, каплунець,
Кинь щось у моє взуття,
Кинь мені щось у чобіток,
Дякую тобі, Сінтерклаасе

Версія часів Другої світової війни
R.A.F. каплунець,
Кинь щось у моє взуття,
Кинь [бомби] в Краутс
Але посипай в Голландії!
Це варіація однієї з найвідоміших традиційних рим Сінтерклааса, де «RAF» замінює «Sinterklaas» у першому рядку (два вирази мають однакові метричні характеристики в першому та другому, а також у третьому та четвертому рядках) . Голландське слово kapoentje (маленький пройдисвіт) є традиційним для рими, але в цьому випадку воно також натякає на каплуна. Другий рядок прямо з оригінальної рими, але в третьому та четвертому рядках RAF заохочують скидати бомби на Moffen (лайка для німців, як «krauts» англійською) та цукерки над Нідерландами. Багато віршів Сінтерклааса того часу відзначали брак їжі та предметів першої необхідності, а також те, що німецькі окупанти забрали все цінне; інші висловлювали захоплення голландським Опором.

Спочатку Сінтерклаас супроводжував лише один Чорний піт (або іноді два), але відразу після звільнення Нідерландів канадські солдати організували вечірку Сінтерклааса з багатьма Чорними Пітами, і відтоді це стало звичаєм, кожен Піт зазвичай мав свій власний виділене завдання.

Сінтерклаас у колишніх голландських колоніях
На Кюрасао заходи Сінтерклааса у голландському стилі організовувалися до 2020 року. Костюми Чорних Пітів були фіолетовими, золотими, синіми, жовтими та оранжевими, але особливо чорними та темно-чорними. Прем'єр-міністр Івар Ас'єс негативно відгукнувся про цю традицію. У 2011 році уряд Герріта Шотте погрожував відкликати грант на голландську традицію після того, як було заарештовано кюрасаонського активіста Квінсі Гаріо, коли він протестував у Дордрехті проти використання фігури Чорного Піта. З 2020 року на Кюрасао свято Сінтерклаас більше не відзначається на національному рівні, а його замінили на День захисту дітей 20 листопада.

Події Сінтерклааса у голландському стилі також були організовані в Суринамі. У 1970 році суринамський драматург Ежен Дренте задумав персонажа Ґуду Ппа («Батько багатства» у Сранантонго) як постколоніальну заміну Сінтерклааса. Замість білої людини Ґуду Ппа був чорним. Його помічники символізували різні етнічні групи Суринаму, замінивши Чорного Піта. Незважаючи на те, що його пропагував військовий режим у вісімдесятих, Ґуду Ппа так і не прижився.  У 2011 році опозиційний член парламенту та колишній президент Рональд Венеціан закликав до офіційної заборони Сінтерклааса, оскільки він вважав Чорного піта Піта ознайкою расизму. З 2013 року у Суринамі свято Сінтерклаас 5 грудня було замінено Кіндердагом («Днем захисту дітей»).

Товариство Святого Миколая в Нью-Йорку святкує свято 6 грудня і до цього дня. У регіоні долини Гудзон у Нью-Йорку Сінтерклаас щорічно відзначається в містах Райнбек і Кінгстон через голландську спадщину регіону. Він включає переправу Сінтерклааса через річку Гудзон, а потім парад.

Сінтерклаас як джерело для Санта-Клауса
Сінтерклаас є основою для північноамериканської фігури Санта-Клауса. Часто стверджують, що під час Війни за незалежність США жителі Нью-Йорка, колишнього голландського колоніального міста (Нью-Амстердам), заново винайшли свою традицію Сінтерклаас, оскільки Святий Миколай був символом неанглійського минулого міста. У 1770-х роках газета New York Gazetteer зазначала, що свято «Святого Клауса» відзначалося «нащадками стародавніх голландських сімей своїми звичайними святами». У дослідженні «дитячих книг, періодичних видань і журналів» Нового Амстердама вчений Чарльз Джонс не знайшов згадок про Святого Миколая чи Сінтерклааса. Не всі вчені згодні з висновками Джонса, які він повторив у книзі в 1978 році. Говард Г. Хагеман з теологічної семінарії Нью-Брансвіку стверджує, що традиція святкування Сінтерклааса в Нью-Йорку існувала в ранньому поселенні долини Гудзона. Він погоджується, що «не може бути жодних сумнівів, що до того часу, коли відродження Святого Миколая відбулося з Вашингтоном Ірвінгом, традиційне святкування Нових Нідерландів повністю зникло». Проте в оповіданнях Ірвінга помітно містилися легенди про перших голландських поселенців, тож, хоча традиційна практика, можливо, вимерла, Святий Миколай Ірвінга, можливо, був відродженням того сплячого голландського фольклору. У своїй редакції «Історії Нью-Йорка» 1812 року Ірвінг вставив послідовність снів із зображенням Святого Миколая, який ширяє над верхівками дерев у літаючому візку.творіння, яке інші згодом одягнуться як Санта-Клаус.

У Нью-Йорку двома роками раніше Джон Пінтард опублікував брошуру з ілюстраціями Александра Андерсона, в якій він закликає зробити Святого Миколая покровителем Нью-Йорка та започаткувати традицію Сінтерклааса. Йому, очевидно, допомагали голландці, тому що він включив у свій памфлет старовинний голландський вірш Сінтерклааса з англійським перекладом. У голландській поемі Святий Миколай згадується як «Sancta Claus». Зрештою, його ініціатива допомогла Сінтерклаасу з'явитися як Санта-Клаусу під час святкування Різдва, яке повернулосязвільнений від єпископського сану та узчерез Англію, а пізніше Німеччину знову в Європу.

Під час Реформації в Європі XVI—XVII століть багато протестантів змінили дарувальника з Сінтерклааса на Дитятко Христа або Маленького Ісусика. Так само змінилася дата дарування подарунків з 5 або 6 грудня на Святвечір.

Сінтерклаас у художній літературі
У сцені у фільмі 1947 року «Диво на 34-й вулиці» голландська дівчина впізнає Санту в універмазі Macy як Сінтерклааса. Вони розмовляють голландською і співають пісню Сінтерклааса, поки вона сидить у нього на колінах.

Санта_клаус зображений як Сінтерклаас у фільмі 1985 року «Одне чарівне Різдво»: він і його дружина мають голландський акцент, і вона називає його Ніколасом. Замість ельфів його помічниками є «різдвяні янголи» — померлі люди всіх національностей.

Сінтерклаас був темою ряду голландських романів, фільмів і телесеріалів, в основному орієнтованих на дітей. Дитячі фільми на тему Сінтерклааса включають «Кінь Вінкі» (2005) і продовження «Де кінь Вінкі?» (2007).

До фільмів на тему Сінтерклааса, орієнтованих на дорослих, належать драма Makkers Staakt uw Wild Geraas (1960), яка отримала нагороду «Срібний ведмідь» на 11-му Берлінському міжнародному кінофестивалі; романтична комедія Все любов (2007) та її бельгійський ремейк Zot van A. (2010); і фільм жахів Діка Мааса «Сінт» (2010).

Клуб сінтерклааса — це мильна опера на тему Сінтерклааса, орієнтована на дітей. Популярний телевізійний серіал виходить з 1999 року та має кілька побічних серіалів. З 2001 року «новинна» програма Сінтерклааса, орієнтована на дітей, щодня транслюється на голландському телебаченні під час святкового сезону Sinterklaasjournaal. Голландсько-бельгійський серіал Nickelodeon Slot Marsepeinstein транслюється з 2009 року.

Значна частина першої половини «Війни подарунків» Орсона Скотта Карда присвячена традиції Сінтерклааса, включаючи розділ 4 «Напередодні Сінтерклааса» та 5 «День Сінтерклааса».

У четвертому епізоді телесеріалу «Бібліотекарі» («Опівнічна поїздка Санти») Санта (Брюс Кемпбелл) є «безсмертним аватаром», який існував у багатьох різних втіленнях протягом історії. Після отруєння омелою він ненадовго перетворюється на Сінтерклааса, використовуючи свою магію, щоб робити трюки та змушувати іграшки з'являтися на взутті людей, перш ніж відновити контроль над своїм поточним втіленням.

Сінтерклаас також з'явився в Sesamstraat, голландській версії «Вулиці Сезам».

Пов'язані святкові образи
Інші святкові фігури, засновані на Святому Миколаї, відзначаються в деяких частинах Німеччини та Австрії (Sankt Nikolaus); Угорщині (Mikulás); Швейцарія (Samichlaus); Італії (San Nicola в Барі, Південний Тіроль, Альпійські муніципалітети та багато інших); частині Боснії та Герцеговини, Хорватії та Сербії (Sveti Nikola); Словенії (Sveti Nikolaj або Sveti Miklavž); Греції (Агіос Ніколаос); Румунії (Moș Nicolae); Албанії (Shën Kolli, Nikolli), Україні та інших.

Дивіться далі:

Див. також

 Супутники Святого Миколая
 День Святого Миколая

Джерела

Примітки

Бібліографія

Посилання

Середньовічні легенди
Культура Нідерландів
Свята грудня
Культура Бельгії
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Articles with hAudio microformats


Most of us know we should be recycling, but do you really know what can be recycled or what facilities are available?
Glass: Every parish provides a glass recycling service.
in St Helier, you will need to take your glass bottles and jars to a glass bank but all other parishes provide a household collection either monthly or weekly. Contact your Parish Hall for details. Once collected, the glass is crushed and reused as a building material on the La Collette Reclamation Site.
Paper: Did you know that greeting cards, envelopes and catalogues can be recycled along with your newspapers and magazines? Several parishes provide a household collection for paper but if your Parish doesn't yet provide this service there are paper recycling banks situated all over the island.
Batteries: The average household uses 21 batteries a year, all of which can be recycled. Batteries contain heavy metals which shouldn't be incinerated. Battery banks are situated in each Parish and students can use the battery banks available in their schools.
Plastic Bottles: All types of household bottles (drink bottles, detergent bottles and cosmetic bottles) can be recycled in the plastic bottle banks. Remember that only plastic bottles are collected for recycling at the moment so please don't put any pots, tubs or packaging in the plastic bottle banks as these won't be recycled.
packaging can all be recycled in the can recycling banks. Cans will be sorted into steel and aluminium and then sent to a recycler to be melted down. Cans can be recycled again and again, saving energy and resources every time so they are an important thing to recycle.
contain hazardous substances and heavy metals which shouldn't be incinerated. Please don't leave these goods out for collection with your rubbish. Bring them to the Household Recycling Centre at Gate 4 Bellozanne and they will be sent for specialist recycling.
Textiles: Unwanted clothes, shoes and bedding shouldn't be thrown away. Take things to your nearest charity shops or sell things at your local car boot sale.
aren't in good condition can still be recycled using any of the The Salvation Army textile banks.
Garden Waste: Your grass cuttings and hedge trimmings can be transformed into quality compost for your garden. Home composting kits are available from most garden centres for just £10. If you don't have space to home compost, take your garden waste to The States of Jersey household green waste reception (Bellozanne).


Brett studies in Middle school in his town.
Brett Atkinson was born on the 24th of February, 2000, in South Dakota. He is a regular fellow who is raised up in a usual family. He started with some musical attempts, later passed on to live broadcasting and giving funny monologues. In real life Brett is a funny and friendly guy who enjoys studies and has a lot of companions.
Father: his name is not broadcast.
Mother: his mother's name is not given.
Siblings: Brett is the only kid in his family.
Wives and kids: Brett is too young to have any.
Brett is concentrated on his career as an entertainer.
Brett's net worth is estimated at $ 200 Thousand.
Place of living: Brett lives in Sizzling Springs.
Cars: Brett doesn't possess any.
Is Brett interested in further education?
Brett is planning to study at a University though he hasn't chosen what exactly it would be.
What other spheres of interests does Brett have?
Brett is interested in journalism and he wants to promote himself in this sphere later.


text:
Zambia's power utility upbeat on ending power cuts
0 Comment(s) Print E-mail Xinhua, December 13, 2019
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LUSAKA, Dec. 12 (Xinhua) -- Zambia's power utility on Thursday expressed optimism that the current power deficit the country was facing will come to an end.
Patrick Mwila, Director for Strategy and Corporate Affairs, said power imports from South Africa as well as the commencement of electricity supply by the country's sole coal-power plant, Maamba collieries Limited, have resulted in some reduced levels of power cuts.
He told reporters that despite the current electricity shortage standing at 810 megawatts, the situation was likely to improve following the rains which may result in increased water levels in the country's hydropower reservoirs.
According to him, the country's electricity generation had reduced significantly following poor rains adding that the power utility was currently implementing power projects expected to be completed next year which will boost generation.
The power utility expects to add more than 700 megawatts of electricity to the national grid by next year after commissioning new power plants.
Zambia has suffered power cuts due to overreliance on hydropower plants whose water levels have ebbed significantly following poor rains.
Last month, the country began importing 300 megawatts of electricity from South Africa but the power utility said it was facing challenges in importing the full amount of electricity because it has to compete with other countries such as Zimbabwe which were also importing electricity from South Africa. Enditem
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For the 47th anniversary of the best science fiction movie 2001 A Space Odyssey. All flat. Showing the black 'icon' monolith and crescent.
En iyi bilimkurgu filmi 2001 Bir Uzay Macerasının 47. yıldönümü için ikonik Siyah Monolit ve hilalli posteri.


text:
Tech Giant Apple Honored for Helping Preserve Historic NYC Structures
The company received the award for 'marrying modern technology with distinguished architecture.'
NEW YORK (AP)--Apple is being recognized for its contribution to preserving historic structures in New York City.
The New York Landmarks Conservancy has named Apple the recipient of its 2016 Chairman's Award.
The nonprofit group is honoring the company for its contribution to preserving, restoring, and repurposing notable historic structures.
It cited Apple for "marrying modern technology with distinguished architecture."
Apple has stores in four historic buildings: in Grand Central Terminal, in the Upper East Side and SoHo historic districts, and in the historic meatpacking district.
The award recognizes exceptional organizations and companies that demonstrate dedication to protecting the city's architectural heritage.
Apple is to receive the award at the conservancy's luncheon on March 9.
--Associated Press


text:
#ifndef JSON_H_
#define JSON_H_

#ifdef __cplusplus
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#define JSON_MAX_TOKEN            20 /* We expect no more than max tokens */
#define JSON_STRING_BUFFER_SIZE   50 /* For JSON string manipulation if needed */

int json_parser(char *json_string, uint8_t len);
int jsoneq(const char *json, jsmntok_t *tok, const char *s);
void json_service(void);
void json_string_received(char * buffer, uint8_t len);
uint8_t json_parser_is_busy(void);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif /* JSON_H_ */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Welcome to another week of frugal tips, recipes, crafts, and decorating projects. Last week, 121 links were shared at Fabulously Frugal Thursday. If you're here for the first time, welcome! If you're a seasoned contributor, we love seeing you again!
Thanks for linking to my post on Saving Mon on Gas. Hope your readers can learn some money saving tips they might not have known about.
How exciting to see my post on preserving fresh asparagus is being featured on the hop this week. I was pleasantly surprised at how quickly canning that asparagus went. And RancherMan & I love asparagus so it's now a treat we can enjoy throughout the year. Love the hop, thanks for hosting!
Thank you for hosting the party, Barb!
LOL I love the notes! How did you do that!
Barb, just want to let you know how much I appreciate you featuring 10 Ways to Save Big Money Using Your Library at Fabulously Frugal Thursday this week.
You had so many wonderful tips that I hadn't thought of!
Love the 5 Ways to Celebrate! Thanks for posting!
Thanks for hosting this week, actually my first time here. I now follow your social media and have linked back to your blog. Please join us for Weekends Are Fun!!
Welcome! I'll pop over and link up! Stop by Sunday night at 6:30 for the start of our Motivation Monday linky party!


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Email marketing is a great way to promote your company. These pointers are a fantastic way to make your business get noticed and also stay related out there.


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text:
Scandalous Women
"Well-Behaved Women don't make History" Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
Praise for Scandalous Women
Delia Bacon, The Woman Who Hated Shakespeare
In England in 1854, a thin, sickly, middle-aged woman sits in a tiny room, night after night, writing feverishly, with very little light and no heat. She is on a mission, indeed she has spent the past several years working on a thesis that she hopes will shock the literary world. Instead when her book is published, it is dismissed by critics, and rejected by readers. This is the true story of a woman who lost her mind and her health trying to prove that Shakespeare was not the author of the 37 plays that bear his name. Her name was Delia Bacon.
It somehow seems fitting to write about Delia Bacon on Shakespeare's birthday. After almost five hundred years, we still know little more about him then we did a hundred years ago. The mystery surrounding Shakespeare makes him ripe for those who believe, like Delia Bacon, that a man from a small town with very little education, could write the greatest plays known to man.
From the beginning, it seemed as if Delia Bacon was surrounded by bad luck. She was born on the Ohio frontier, on February 2, 1811 (An Aquarius, the sign of original and unusual thinkers), one of six children to a missionary father of Puritan stock. When she was 6 after her father, the Reverend David Bacon went broke, the family moved to Hartford, CT where he promptly died. All six children were promptly farmed out to friends of the family. Delia was lucky enough to attend a private school run by Catharine Beecher, the sister of Henry Ward Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Beecher was one of the foremost teachers in America in the early 19th century. From the beginning, Delia seemed to be marked out for greatness. Catherine Beecher recalled that her 'homeless daughter of the Western missionary was preeminently one who would be pointed out as a genius; and one, too, so exuberant and unregulated as to demand great pruning and restraint." She had one fatal flaw however, a 'morbid sensitivity to criticism' (Banvard's Folly, page 238).
After leaving school, she tried without success, to open her own private school with her older sister. For four years, in New York, Connecticut, and finally New Jersey, she tried and failed to revive the school. There was never sufficient funds and she suffered increasingly from ill-health. She and her sister both came down with malaria, later on Delia was nearly killed by an outbreak of cholera. For the rest of her life, she would struck down for days suffering recurrences of the malaria as well as severe migraine headaches. Still Delia soldiered on. At the age of 20 she wrote and published a book of short stories, called Tales of the Puritans, and at 28 a play, The Bride of Fort Edward, written in blank verse. She also won $100 for her short story "Love's Matyr" from the Philadelphia Saturday Courier, beating out a little known writer from Baltimore named Edgar Allen Poe. The writing career not really taking off, at the same time, she began a modestly successful career lecturing before women's groups on literature.
She also became involved during this time in a disasterous love affair with a younger man, the Reverand Alexander MacWhorter. She was living in a boardinghouse in New Haven when she met MacWhorter, the son of a wealthy family in New Jersey. He was 23 to her 36. There were many witnesses to state that MacWhorter was the one to do the chasing, and Delia, while at first aloof, finally succumbed to the attentions of the much younger man.
Her family was worried about his attentions, and let it be known that they were engaged. When MacWhorter found out, he swiftly changed his tune. In a classic example of He Said/She Said, MacWhorter later claimed that she chased him, sending letters, while Delia claimed that it was MacWhorter who made all the advances. It was a sticky situation because MacWhorter was studying under Nathaniel Taylor at Yale, and Taylor was also close friends with Delia's brother, Leonard Bacon who was also a minister in the Congregationalist Church. Matters came to a head when Delia accused him of making advances, while MacWhorter threatened to make her letters public unless she withdrew the accusation. Taylor was caught in the middle.
Her brother Leonard demanded that MacWhorter, who had applied for a license to preach in the vicinity, be brought before the Congregational Ministerial Association. There was a trail before a jury of 23 ministers. MacWhorter put up a strong defense. He claimed that Delia had ensared his 'unsophisticated affections.' (Wallace, Nymphos and other Maniacs, pg. 281) and that he had never made a declaration of affection. Her brother claimed that MacWhorter had led Delia on, and never had any intention of marrying her. When the jury arrived at their verdict, 11 ministers had found for Delia and 12 for MacWhorter.
Delia became completely disallusioned by men. It was around this time that Delia her investigations into Shakespeare's plays became more pronounced. Ironically, MacWhorter had supported her beliefs about Shakespeare, they had spent hours discussing the authorship of the plays. The more about him she read, and the more she read the plays, the more she became convinced that Shakespeare was a hoax and a fraud. She became fanatical about the whole thing, much to her family's dismay. She had met Samuel Morse in New York while he was teaching art at NYU. It was Morse who told her about Bacon's ciphers that he had used during his diplomatic work. This little fact sparked her idea that the Shakespeare plays were written in a code to hide their political philosophies.
Fortunately or unfortunately, depending upon how you want to look at it, through Elizabeth Peabody, who also happened to be Nathaniel Hawthorne's sister-in-law, she met Ralph Waldo Emerson. She somehow managed to convince Emerson of her theory and it was with his support that she was able to travel to England in 1853 to find definitive proof. Emerson advised her in his first letter to her that, "So radical a revolution should be proclaimed with great compression in the declaration and the real grounds rapidly set forth, a good ground in each chapter, and preliminary generalities quite omitted. For there is immense presumption against us which is to be annihilated by battery as fast as possible." (Collins, page 240).
He led her to a wealthy friend, Charles Butler who offered to pay her way for a year in England to do research. Emerson's support also encouraged Putnam's magazine to give her a series of assignments reporting upon her research. Delia was delighted. She told Emerson: 'Confirmations of my theory, which I did not expect to find on this side of the water, have turned up since my last communication to you...Be assured, dear sir, there is no possibility of a doubt as to the main points of my theory." (Wallace, pge. 272)
Emerson also gave her letters of introduction to his good friend, historian Thomas Carlyle, author of The French Revolution, as well as several others who would pave the way for her in England.
Delia wasn't the first person to believe that Shakespeare wasn't the author of the plays, a friend of David Garrick named Herbert Lawrence wrote a book in 1771 called The Life and Adventures of Common Sense, A Historical Allegory in which he put forth the notion that Shakespeare had plagiarized his plays from something called the Commonplace Book. In 1811, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the poet and opium addict, delivered a series of lectures on Shakespeare and Milton in which he questioned Shakespeare's authorship, as did Benjamin Disraeli years later. And then in 1848, a man named Joseph C. Hart wrote a book called the Romance of Yachting in which he talked about a trip he took where he spent time reading Shakespeare and came to the conclusion that the Bard of Avon was a hoax. But these were voices crying out in the wilderness. No one had come up with any solid proof that anyone had written the plays, or a concrete theory until Delia Bacon.
Delia's revolutionary theory was that it was Walter Raleigh, Edmund Spenser and Francis Bacon, as part of a secret Elizabeth society (whose members also included Sir Philip Sidney, Lord Buckhurst, the Earl of Oxford, and Lord Paget. Dan Brown has nothing on this woman) who wrote the plays credited to "that wretched player" Shakespeare. Their purpose, Delia claimed, was to promote radical political philosophies for which they felt that they couldn't afford to assume the responsibility. She argued that William Shakespeare was no more than a 'vulgar, illiterate...deerpoacher' and 'Lord Leicester's stableboy.' She later wrote to Hawthorne "There was no man dead or alive, that really on the whole gave me so much cause of offense with his contradictions. He appeared to be such a standing disgrace to genius and learning, that I had not the heart o ask anybody to study anything." But it was Sir Francis Bacon that Delia was particularly keen on as the chief writer of the plays.
Unfortunately, Delia did not undertake any hard research on the subject at any of the major London museums and libraries, even though Thomas Carlyle suggested that she consult original Shakespearean resources. But Delia never took him up on his offer. The letter to the British Museum lay unopened in a drawer. She did however make a pilgrimage to Sir Francis Bacon's grave. She had the idea of convincing someone to open his grave to see if she could find original papers backing up her theory. When that didn't work, Delia decided that all the evidence she needed was in the plays themselves.
She spent two years in isolation working on her book, reading and re-reading the plays, in particular King Lear, Macbeth and Coriolanus (I'm not quite sure why these 3 plays in particular) hunting for clues left by Francis Bacon. By this time, she had run out of money, living in an unheated room, often not knowing where her next meal was coming from. Her article in Putnam's appeared in January 1856, almost 3 years after her arrival in London. As far as she was concerned, the lack of a historical record of the life of Shakespeare was proof enough for her.
"The two or three historical points we have, or seem to have, at length, succeeded in rescuing from the oblivion to which this man's own time consigned him... and constitute, when put together, precisely that historic trail which an old, defunct, indifferent, fourth-rate play-actor naturally leaves behind him."
Putnam's Magazine dropped her after the one issue, concerned about her lack of research and her increasing monomania, not to mention the negative feedback that they had received from readers. Delia was wounded, but she needed the $55 that they sent her in order to live. She finally wrote to the American consul in Liverpool who just happened to be Nathaniel Hawthorne. She poured out her heart to him, her theories, her hopes and problems. Hawthorne was used to getting letters from Americans who needed help getting out of jail, who ended up on hard times, but he recognized her name from Elizabeth Peabody's letters. He immediately took over and paid her debts and read her essays.
They finally met in June of 1856. Hawthorne praised the parts of the book she had sent him and asked her when she would address the historical documentation. Delia confidently tapped a volume of Bacon's letters. Bacon finally published, thanks to Hawthorne, the fruits of her labor in The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded. He even generously wrote a foreward for the book, even though he didn't believe in her theories for a minute. Delia was furious that Hawthorne had written in the foreward that he didn't believe her theories. His disbelief in the theory was an attack on her as far as she was concerned, they were one in the same. She cut him off without a word and never spoke to him again. However Hawthorne proved to be a true friend to Delia. He paid out of his own pocket to the publisher for the losses of her book, and wrote an essay called "Recollections of a Gifted Woman," in the January 1863 issue of The Atlantic Monthly.
While she waited for publication, she became obsessed with the idea of trying to open Shakespeare's tomb because she was certain Francis Bacon had hidden proof of the plays' authorship in the grave. This despite the warning engraved on the slab:
Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare,
To digg the dvst encloased heare!
Blest be ye man yt spares thes stones,
And curst be he yt moves my bones.
Still, Delia would come into the church at night with a lantern, and just stare at the altar. The vicar became so concerned that he actually for a moment considered letting her into the grave. Fortunately for everyone, Delia became ill and gave up her request. Possibly she had doubts at what she might find. Her brother begged her to come home, writing to Hawthorne that he believed that she had been verging on the edge of insanity for at least six years but Delia refused to leave England.
Finally the day came when the 682 page book was published. In the book, she alleged that Shakespeare couldn't have written the plays because he was ignorant and unschooled, that he lacked the knowledge of the law, sports, court that appeared in the plays, that lines in the plays paralleled those written by Spenser, Oxford and Bacon. The book was savaged by critics, and read by no one, although later on, Mark Twain claimed to be impressed by it, and Walt Whitman, Henry James and others came to believe in her theories. But it was too late for Delia, her mental state worsened, she slipped in and out of fevers (presumably her malaria returning and untreated), she became suicidal and actually began to believe that she was related to Sir Francis Bacon (they were not) and she was ultimately committed to an asylum, first by the mayor of Stratford-on-Avon and after her return to the United States by her brother. She died a year later in 1859.
Hawthorne noted after her death that "no author ever hoped so confidently as she; none ever failed more utterly."
Nowadays, the idea that Shakespeare was not the author of the plays is not a new theory. There are societies devoted to the Earl of Oxford as the author, Sir Francis Bacon, even a theory that the playwright Christopher Marlowe wrote them (the fact that he was murdered before most of the plays were written does not deter fans of this theory). But it was Delia Bacon who can claim to be the grandmother of the theorists. Although she wasn't the first to believe that the plays were written by others, she was the first to really put her theories to the test. Unfortunately the effort took her sanity, and she never lived to see the great debate that still rages on.
Banvard's Folly: Thirteen Tales of People Who Didn't Change the World - Paul Collins
The Nympho and other Maniacs - Irving Wallace
Prodigal Puritan: A life of Delia Bacon - Vivian Constance Hopkins
Delia Bacon's book The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspere Unfolded can be found here thanks to Project Gutenberg. (Let me know if you can get through it!)
Posted by Elizabeth Kerri Mahon at 1:40 PM
Labels: Delia Bacon
Bearded Lady said...
Sheesh...And I thought high school kids hated Shakespeare. Sounds like Delia really had an ax to grind with the bard. I had never heard of her. I wonder if her failures with men fueled this drive to prove Shakespeare a hoax. It seems like a very negative subject to research your whole life.
Very interesting post! Someone should write a Dan Brown style of novel on the subject.
Elizabeth Kerri Mahon said...
Bearded Lady, I do think that Delia took out her anger against McWhorter out on Shakespeare. From everything I read, she was maniacal in her fanaticism that Shakespeare was a hoax. It was irrational in the extreme. I also think her recurrent bouts with malaria and the migraines probably contributed to her madness. She loved the plays themselves, but could never wrap her mind around someone who didn't have an Oxbridge education writing the plays.
Oh what a wonderful post. I wait with anticipation for each new one you do, and link to my site so my readers can benefit from your dedicated improvement of women's history. thanks so much for another great biography.
Thanks, Sherry. Delia Bacon is probably one of the most interesting characters that I've come across since I've started the blog. On the one hand, I feel incredibly sorry for her, and on the other hand, I just want to tell her to snap out of it. Its a shame that her story isn't more well-known. I hope that people come away thinking that she was more than just a crackpot!
Eliza Knight said...
This was fabulous! It's amazing that there is still so much speculation and nobody knows. What do you think?
When I was doing some research on Elizabeth I, I found several books with theories saying that Shakespeare was her son...interesting, but I am doubtful.
Eliza, that's hysterical that people think that Shakespeare was her son. What did they think, that she farmed him out to Stratford? Is Leicester supposed to be the father?
I personally believe that Shakespeare wrote the plays that bear his name. Ben Jonson knew Shakespeare and helped to put together the First Folio. Its entirely possible for Shakespeare to have self-educated himself for the things that he might not have known. And let's face it, he cribbed most of his plots from other sources because he was a working playwright who had to produce. I can't imagine Bacon and Edmund Spenser doing that, or having the time.
But I give her credit for helping to revive the debate.
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From its opening sentence--"Scandalous Women isn't history, it's herstory," Mahon sets a tone of whimsical accessibility that will be appealing to some and repellent to others. Most of the historical women covered here are discussed largely in the context of the men in their lives, from Anne Boleyn to Frida Kahlo to the brilliant mathematician and physicist Emilie du Chatelet, who is first identified as "Voltaire's Mistress." This is Feminist History for Dummies, with a snappy no-frills style that allows the author to cover ground and bring in lesser known females like Carry Nation, president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union in 1900, who busted bars to bits with an axe and inspired others to do the same. As a crash course in women's history, readers could do worse.
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