text:
void TBuiltIns::initialize()
{
	//
	// Initialize all the built-in strings for parsing.
	//
	TString BuiltInFunctions;
	TString BuiltInFunctionsVertex;
	TString BuiltInFunctionsFragment;
	TString StandardUniforms;

	{
		//============================================================================
		//
		// Prototypes for built-in functions seen by both vertex and fragment shaders.
		//
		//============================================================================

		TString& s = BuiltInFunctions;

		//
		// Angle and Trigonometric Functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("float radians(float degrees);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  radians(vec2  degrees);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  radians(vec3  degrees);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  radians(vec4  degrees);"));

		s.append(TString("float degrees(float radians);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  degrees(vec2  radians);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  degrees(vec3  radians);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  degrees(vec4  radians);"));

		s.append(TString("float sin(float angle);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  sin(vec2  angle);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  sin(vec3  angle);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  sin(vec4  angle);"));

		s.append(TString("float cos(float angle);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  cos(vec2  angle);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  cos(vec3  angle);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  cos(vec4  angle);"));

		s.append(TString("float tan(float angle);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  tan(vec2  angle);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  tan(vec3  angle);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  tan(vec4  angle);"));

		s.append(TString("float asin(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  asin(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  asin(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  asin(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float acos(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  acos(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  acos(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  acos(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float atan(float y, float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  atan(vec2  y, vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  atan(vec3  y, vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  atan(vec4  y, vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float atan(float y_over_x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  atan(vec2  y_over_x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  atan(vec3  y_over_x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  atan(vec4  y_over_x);"));

		//
		// Exponential Functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("float pow(float x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  pow(vec2  x, vec2  y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  pow(vec3  x, vec3  y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  pow(vec4  x, vec4  y);"));

		s.append(TString("float exp(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  exp(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  exp(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  exp(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float log(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  log(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  log(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  log(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float exp2(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  exp2(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  exp2(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  exp2(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float log2(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  log2(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  log2(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  log2(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float sqrt(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  sqrt(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  sqrt(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  sqrt(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float inversesqrt(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  inversesqrt(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  inversesqrt(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  inversesqrt(vec4  x);"));

		//
		// Common Functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("float abs(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  abs(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  abs(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  abs(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float sign(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  sign(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  sign(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  sign(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float floor(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  floor(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  floor(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  floor(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float ceil(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  ceil(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  ceil(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  ceil(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float fract(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  fract(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  fract(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  fract(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float mod(float x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  mod(vec2  x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  mod(vec3  x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  mod(vec4  x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  mod(vec2  x, vec2  y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  mod(vec3  x, vec3  y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  mod(vec4  x, vec4  y);"));

		s.append(TString("float min(float x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  min(vec2  x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  min(vec3  x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  min(vec4  x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  min(vec2  x, vec2  y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  min(vec3  x, vec3  y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  min(vec4  x, vec4  y);"));

		s.append(TString("float max(float x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  max(vec2  x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  max(vec3  x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  max(vec4  x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  max(vec2  x, vec2  y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  max(vec3  x, vec3  y);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  max(vec4  x, vec4  y);"));

		s.append(TString("float clamp(float x, float minVal, float maxVal);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  clamp(vec2  x, float minVal, float maxVal);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  clamp(vec3  x, float minVal, float maxVal);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  clamp(vec4  x, float minVal, float maxVal);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  clamp(vec2  x, vec2  minVal, vec2  maxVal);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  clamp(vec3  x, vec3  minVal, vec3  maxVal);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  clamp(vec4  x, vec4  minVal, vec4  maxVal);"));

		s.append(TString("float mix(float x, float y, float a);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  mix(vec2  x, vec2  y, float a);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  mix(vec3  x, vec3  y, float a);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  mix(vec4  x, vec4  y, float a);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  mix(vec2  x, vec2  y, vec2  a);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  mix(vec3  x, vec3  y, vec3  a);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  mix(vec4  x, vec4  y, vec4  a);"));

		s.append(TString("float step(float edge, float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  step(vec2  edge, vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  step(vec3  edge, vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  step(vec4  edge, vec4  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  step(float edge, vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  step(float edge, vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  step(float edge, vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float smoothstep(float edge0, float edge1, float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  smoothstep(vec2  edge0, vec2  edge1, vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  smoothstep(vec3  edge0, vec3  edge1, vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  smoothstep(vec4  edge0, vec4  edge1, vec4  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  smoothstep(float edge0, float edge1, vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  smoothstep(float edge0, float edge1, vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  smoothstep(float edge0, float edge1, vec4  x);"));

		//
		// Geometric Functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("float length(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("float length(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("float length(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("float length(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float distance(float p0, float p1);"));
		s.append(TString("float distance(vec2  p0, vec2  p1);"));
		s.append(TString("float distance(vec3  p0, vec3  p1);"));
		s.append(TString("float distance(vec4  p0, vec4  p1);"));

		s.append(TString("float dot(float x, float y);"));
		s.append(TString("float dot(vec2  x, vec2  y);"));
		s.append(TString("float dot(vec3  x, vec3  y);"));
		s.append(TString("float dot(vec4  x, vec4  y);"));

		s.append(TString("vec3 cross(vec3 x, vec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("float normalize(float x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  normalize(vec2  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  normalize(vec3  x);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  normalize(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("float faceforward(float N, float I, float Nref);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  faceforward(vec2  N, vec2  I, vec2  Nref);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  faceforward(vec3  N, vec3  I, vec3  Nref);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  faceforward(vec4  N, vec4  I, vec4  Nref);"));

		s.append(TString("float reflect(float I, float N);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  reflect(vec2  I, vec2  N);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  reflect(vec3  I, vec3  N);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  reflect(vec4  I, vec4  N);"));

		s.append(TString("float refract(float I, float N, float eta);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  refract(vec2  I, vec2  N, float eta);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  refract(vec3  I, vec3  N, float eta);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  refract(vec4  I, vec4  N, float eta);"));

		//
		// Matrix Functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("mat2 matrixCompMult(mat2 x, mat2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("mat3 matrixCompMult(mat3 x, mat3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("mat4 matrixCompMult(mat4 x, mat4 y);"));

		//
		// Vector relational functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("bvec2 lessThan(vec2 x, vec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 lessThan(vec3 x, vec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 lessThan(vec4 x, vec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 lessThan(ivec2 x, ivec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 lessThan(ivec3 x, ivec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 lessThan(ivec4 x, ivec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 lessThanEqual(vec2 x, vec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 lessThanEqual(vec3 x, vec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 lessThanEqual(vec4 x, vec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 lessThanEqual(ivec2 x, ivec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 lessThanEqual(ivec3 x, ivec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 lessThanEqual(ivec4 x, ivec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 greaterThan(vec2 x, vec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 greaterThan(vec3 x, vec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 greaterThan(vec4 x, vec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 greaterThan(ivec2 x, ivec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 greaterThan(ivec3 x, ivec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 greaterThan(ivec4 x, ivec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 greaterThanEqual(vec2 x, vec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 greaterThanEqual(vec3 x, vec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 greaterThanEqual(vec4 x, vec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 greaterThanEqual(ivec2 x, ivec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 greaterThanEqual(ivec3 x, ivec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 greaterThanEqual(ivec4 x, ivec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 equal(vec2 x, vec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 equal(vec3 x, vec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 equal(vec4 x, vec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 equal(ivec2 x, ivec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 equal(ivec3 x, ivec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 equal(ivec4 x, ivec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 equal(bvec2 x, bvec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 equal(bvec3 x, bvec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 equal(bvec4 x, bvec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 notEqual(vec2 x, vec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 notEqual(vec3 x, vec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 notEqual(vec4 x, vec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 notEqual(ivec2 x, ivec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 notEqual(ivec3 x, ivec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 notEqual(ivec4 x, ivec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 notEqual(bvec2 x, bvec2 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 notEqual(bvec3 x, bvec3 y);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 notEqual(bvec4 x, bvec4 y);"));

		s.append(TString("bool any(bvec2 x);"));
		s.append(TString("bool any(bvec3 x);"));
		s.append(TString("bool any(bvec4 x);"));

		s.append(TString("bool all(bvec2 x);"));
		s.append(TString("bool all(bvec3 x);"));
		s.append(TString("bool all(bvec4 x);"));

		s.append(TString("bvec2 not(bvec2 x);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec3 not(bvec3 x);"));
		s.append(TString("bvec4 not(bvec4 x);"));

		//
		// Texture Functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("vec4 texture2D(sampler2D sampler, vec2 coord);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4 texture2DProj(sampler2D sampler, vec3 coord);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4 texture2DProj(sampler2D sampler, vec4 coord);"));

		s.append(TString("vec4 textureCube(samplerCube sampler, vec3 coord);"));

		//
		// Noise functions.
		//
	//	s.append(TString("float noise1(float x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("float noise1(vec2  x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("float noise1(vec3  x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("float noise1(vec4  x);"));

	//	s.append(TString("vec2 noise2(float x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec2 noise2(vec2  x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec2 noise2(vec3  x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec2 noise2(vec4  x);"));

	//	s.append(TString("vec3 noise3(float x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec3 noise3(vec2  x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec3 noise3(vec3  x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec3 noise3(vec4  x);"));

	//	s.append(TString("vec4 noise4(float x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec4 noise4(vec2  x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec4 noise4(vec3  x);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec4 noise4(vec4  x);"));

		s.append(TString("\n"));
	}
	{
		//============================================================================
		//
		// Prototypes for built-in functions seen by vertex shaders only.
		//
		//============================================================================

		TString& s = BuiltInFunctionsVertex;

		//
		// Geometric Functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("vec4 ftransform();"));

		//
		// Texture Functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("vec4 texture2DLod(sampler2D sampler, vec2 coord, float lod);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4 texture2DProjLod(sampler2D sampler, vec3 coord, float lod);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4 texture2DProjLod(sampler2D sampler, vec4 coord, float lod);"));

		s.append(TString("vec4 textureCubeLod(samplerCube sampler, vec3 coord, float lod);"));

		s.append(TString("\n"));
	}
	{
		//============================================================================
		//
		// Prototypes for built-in functions seen by fragment shaders only.
		//
		//============================================================================

		TString& s = BuiltInFunctionsFragment;

		//
		// Texture Functions.
		//
		s.append(TString("vec4 texture2D(sampler2D sampler, vec2 coord, float bias);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4 texture2DProj(sampler2D sampler, vec3 coord, float bias);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4 texture2DProj(sampler2D sampler, vec4 coord, float bias);"));

		s.append(TString("vec4 textureCube(samplerCube sampler, vec3 coord, float bias);"));

	//	s.append(TString("float dFdx(float p);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec2  dFdx(vec2  p);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec3  dFdx(vec3  p);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec4  dFdx(vec4  p);"));

	//	s.append(TString("float dFdy(float p);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec2  dFdy(vec2  p);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec3  dFdy(vec3  p);"));
	//	s.append(TString("vec4  dFdy(vec4  p);"));

		s.append(TString("float fwidth(float p);"));
		s.append(TString("vec2  fwidth(vec2  p);"));
		s.append(TString("vec3  fwidth(vec3  p);"));
		s.append(TString("vec4  fwidth(vec4  p);"));

		s.append(TString("\n"));
	}
	{
		//============================================================================
		//
		// Standard Uniforms
		//
		//============================================================================

		TString& s = StandardUniforms;

		//
		// Depth range in window coordinates
		//
		s.append(TString("struct gl_DepthRangeParameters {"));
		s.append(TString("    float near;"));        // n       // FIXME: highp
		s.append(TString("    float far;"));         // f       // FIXME: highp
		s.append(TString("    float diff;"));        // f - n   // FIXME: highp
		s.append(TString("};"));
		s.append(TString("uniform gl_DepthRangeParameters gl_DepthRange;"));

		s.append(TString("\n"));
	}

	builtInStrings[EShLangFragment].push_back(BuiltInFunctions.c_str());
	builtInStrings[EShLangFragment].push_back(BuiltInFunctionsFragment);
	builtInStrings[EShLangFragment].push_back(StandardUniforms);

	builtInStrings[EShLangVertex].push_back(BuiltInFunctions);
	builtInStrings[EShLangVertex].push_back(BuiltInFunctionsVertex);
	builtInStrings[EShLangVertex].push_back(StandardUniforms);
}

void TBuiltIns::initialize(const TBuiltInResource &resources)
{
	TString builtIns;

	// Implementation dependent constants
	char builtInConstant[80];

	sprintf(builtInConstant, "const int  gl_MaxVertexAttribs = %d;", resources.maxVertexAttribs);
	builtIns.append(TString(builtInConstant));

	sprintf(builtInConstant, "const int  gl_MaxVertexUniformVectors = %d;", resources.maxVertexUniformVectors);
	builtIns.append(TString(builtInConstant));

	sprintf(builtInConstant, "const int  gl_MaxVaryingVectors = %d;", resources.maxVaryingVectors);
	builtIns.append(TString(builtInConstant));

	sprintf(builtInConstant, "const int  gl_MaxVertexTextureImageUnits = %d;", resources.maxVertexTextureImageUnits);
	builtIns.append(TString(builtInConstant));

	sprintf(builtInConstant, "const int  gl_MaxCombinedTextureImageUnits = %d;", resources.maxCombinedTextureImageUnits);
	builtIns.append(TString(builtInConstant));

	sprintf(builtInConstant, "const int  gl_MaxTextureImageUnits = %d;", resources.maxTextureImageUnits);
	builtIns.append(TString(builtInConstant));

	sprintf(builtInConstant, "const int  gl_MaxFragmentUniformVectors = %d;", resources.maxFragmentUniformVectors);
	builtIns.append(TString(builtInConstant));

	sprintf(builtInConstant, "const int  gl_MaxDrawBuffers = %d;", resources.maxDrawBuffers);
	builtIns.append(TString(builtInConstant));

	builtInStrings[EShLangFragment].push_back(builtIns);
	builtInStrings[EShLangVertex].push_back(builtIns);
}

void IdentifyBuiltIns(EShLanguage language, TSymbolTable& symbolTable)
{
	//
	// First, insert some special built-in variables that are not in
	// the built-in header files.
	//
	switch(language) {

	case EShLangFragment: {
			symbolTable.insert(*new TVariable(NewPoolTString("gl_FragCoord"),                   TType(EbtFloat, EvqFragCoord,   4)));   // FIXME: mediump
			symbolTable.insert(*new TVariable(NewPoolTString("gl_FrontFacing"),                 TType(EbtBool,  EvqFrontFacing, 1)));
			symbolTable.insert(*new TVariable(NewPoolTString("gl_FragColor"),                   TType(EbtFloat, EvqFragColor,   4)));   // FIXME: mediump
			symbolTable.insert(*new TVariable(NewPoolTString("gl_FragData[gl_MaxDrawBuffers]"), TType(EbtFloat, EvqFragData,    4)));   // FIXME: mediump
			symbolTable.insert(*new TVariable(NewPoolTString("gl_PointCoord"),                  TType(EbtFloat, EvqPointCoord,  2)));   // FIXME: mediump

		}
		break;

	case EShLangVertex:
		symbolTable.insert(*new TVariable(NewPoolTString("gl_Position"),    TType(EbtFloat, EvqPosition,    4)));   // FIXME: highp
		symbolTable.insert(*new TVariable(NewPoolTString("gl_PointSize"),   TType(EbtFloat, EvqPointSize,   1)));   // FIXME: mediump
		break;
	default: break;
	}

	//
	// Next, identify which built-ins from the already loaded headers have
	// a mapping to an operator.  Those that are not identified as such are
	// expected to be resolved through a library of functions, versus as
	// operations.
	//
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("not",              EOpVectorLogicalNot);

	symbolTable.relateToOperator("matrixCompMult",   EOpMul);

	symbolTable.relateToOperator("equal",            EOpVectorEqual);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("notEqual",         EOpVectorNotEqual);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("lessThan",         EOpLessThan);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("greaterThan",      EOpGreaterThan);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("lessThanEqual",    EOpLessThanEqual);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("greaterThanEqual", EOpGreaterThanEqual);

	symbolTable.relateToOperator("radians",      EOpRadians);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("degrees",      EOpDegrees);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("sin",          EOpSin);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("cos",          EOpCos);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("tan",          EOpTan);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("asin",         EOpAsin);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("acos",         EOpAcos);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("atan",         EOpAtan);

	symbolTable.relateToOperator("pow",          EOpPow);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("exp2",         EOpExp2);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("log",          EOpLog);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("exp",          EOpExp);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("log2",         EOpLog2);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("sqrt",         EOpSqrt);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("inversesqrt",  EOpInverseSqrt);

	symbolTable.relateToOperator("abs",          EOpAbs);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("sign",         EOpSign);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("floor",        EOpFloor);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("ceil",         EOpCeil);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("fract",        EOpFract);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("mod",          EOpMod);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("min",          EOpMin);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("max",          EOpMax);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("clamp",        EOpClamp);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("mix",          EOpMix);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("step",         EOpStep);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("smoothstep",   EOpSmoothStep);

	symbolTable.relateToOperator("length",       EOpLength);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("distance",     EOpDistance);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("dot",          EOpDot);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("cross",        EOpCross);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("normalize",    EOpNormalize);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("faceforward",  EOpFaceForward);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("reflect",      EOpReflect);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("refract",      EOpRefract);

	symbolTable.relateToOperator("any",          EOpAny);
	symbolTable.relateToOperator("all",          EOpAll);

	switch(language)
	{
	case EShLangVertex:
		break;
	case EShLangFragment:
	//	symbolTable.relateToOperator("dFdx",         EOpDPdx);     // OES_standard_derivatives extension
	//	symbolTable.relateToOperator("dFdy",         EOpDPdy);     // OES_standard_derivatives extension
	//	symbolTable.relateToOperator("fwidth",       EOpFwidth);   // OES_standard_derivatives extension
		break;
	default: assert(false && "Language not supported");
	}
}

void IdentifyBuiltIns(EShLanguage language, TSymbolTable& symbolTable, const TBuiltInResource &resources)
{
	//
	// First, insert some special built-in variables that are not in
	// the built-in header files.
	//
	switch(language) {

	case EShLangFragment: {
			// Set up gl_FragData.  The array size.
			TType fragData(EbtFloat, EvqFragColor,   4, false, true);
			fragData.setArraySize(resources.maxDrawBuffers);
			symbolTable.insert(*new TVariable(NewPoolTString("gl_FragData"),    fragData));
		}
		break;

	default: break;
	}
}

const char* GetPreprocessorBuiltinString()
{
	static const char *PreprocessorBuiltinString = "";

	return PreprocessorBuiltinString;
}


As a Baptist Church we practice "Believer's Baptism" and we do it by full emersion in water. While other Christian traditions practice other forms of Baptism, for us, the significance of Baptism as a believer is important.
and can remind you of the promise that you have made to Jesus. It's a physical action which has a spiritual significance and it's so exciting to be part of.
Today Michelle will be Baptised and for us at HBC this is a time of great celebration. Michelle is not simply doing something that has been "coming for a while", she is taking a significant step of obedience to Jesus as a next step in her journey of faith—a journey which has brought her to accept Jesus as her Lord and Saviour. Praise God! This is a statement about the transformation that God has been working in her life...and wants to work in all our lives!
So take notice! I believe this is the tip of an iceberg that God has for His transforming power to sweep over Hawera. We can be part of that transformation by building the Kingdom of God and being faithful to our calling—let's do it!
Lord, we pray that you will work with transforming power in and through us, and that we may see transformation throughout this community and the world—Amen.


I am of the opinion that the author of Police Beat went overboard in the April 30th issue of the Forecaster. It is disappointing to read the public humiliation of a local parent. I understand that the arrest is public information, but was it necessary to portray this mother of three in this manner? I just find it unnecessary to try to hide a callous commentary as humor. I am the first person who enjoys a good laugh but clearly this was only a display of despicable writing.
Finally, shame on the staff and the management at Bernie's for allowing this situation to get out of hand.


HOLLY, Mich. – Can he make it three in a row?
JoJo Helberg has demolished track records at the past two stops for the Trufuel Must See Racing Xtreme Sprint Series, and he next faces the daunting .686-mile oval at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis on Saturday night, June 9. Helberg, of Rohnert Park, Calif., blistered Winchester Speedway with a new record on May 20, and three days later repeated his feat at Anderson Speedway.
A recent test at Lucas Oil Raceway brought encouraging results, Helberg said.
The "World's Fastest Short Track Cars" will join the popular CRA Late Model Series for the AAA Insurance Night of Speed, taking to the famed oval track for a full program of time trials, heat races, and a 25-lap feature race.
Set to challenge Helberg is popular Massachusetts racer Bobby Santos III, who recently captured the Hall of Fame Classic on May 19 at Lucas Oil Raceway. Santos has enjoyed red-hot success at the track over the past few seasons, and will make his first 2012 appearance with the Xtreme Sprint Series.
Xtreme Sprint Series point leader Jacob Wilson of Crawfordsville, Ind. will attempt to maintain his place atop the standings. Wilson has faced tight competition thus far in 2012 from Helberg, Brian Olson, Mike Larrison, and Jason Cox. Recent race winners Jason Blonde and Troy DeCaire also hope to continue their recent strong performances.
Fans will be treated to a special bonus with the addition of a Cruise-In and car show that has been added to the program. More than 100 of the finest cars in Central Indiana will be on exhibit, shined and polished by members of local auto clubs.
The sprint car portion of the event will be broadcast at a later date on FSN and ComCast Sports Net Chicago.
More information is available at www.mustseeracing.com and www.lucasoilraceway.com.


This beautiful fairy has magic butterfly wings and she loves fashion. She created for herself some magical pieces of clothes and accessories an now she needs you to choose the best look for her. Have fun and use your mouse to dress up this beautiful fairy. Enjoy playing this fun fantasy dress up game!


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text:
The imperative of decolonizing Indian education
Jyotirmaya TripathyNovember 2, 2018
Seemingly mindless Hindi movies often drop, albeit unknowingly, pearls of wisdom and offer insights into the working of society. While watching one such experiment titled Yamla, Pagla, Deewana, I came across a typical sardarji character, an aspiring politician named Joginder Singh (played to perfection by Anupam Kher) looking for a Canada based NRI to marry his sister, who will not only keep his sister happy, but more importantly can boost his own fluctuating political career. In a meeting between the prospective bridegroom Paramvir Singh (played by Sunny Deol) and Joginder, the latter tries to convince Paramvir to join him in a political rally the next day and assure the public that he will use his contacts to obtain Canadian visa for one member from each family. Joginder pacifies a visibly agitated and mystified Paramvir saying that all he is required to do is speak something/anything in English and that will give Joginder an edge over his rival. Hearing his prospective brother-in-law speaking in English, people will see the politician as a mythical hero with power and authority: 'Hamare India me na, jab koi angrezi me baat karta he, log samajhte hain ki o sab sachi bata raha he' (In India, when one speaks in English, people believe that he is telling the truth).
What happens in the rally is even more incredible. After being invited to the stage to promise Canadian visa to those present, Paramvir decides to expose the politician and declares that he cannot guarantee any visa to anybody and that he is not authorized to do so. The only problem is that he does so in English, and in the chaos of clapping and sloganeering the people only hear the words they were waiting for, i.e. visa and imagine that Paramvir is promising the same. They start chanting 'visa' 'visa' thereby confirming Joginder's earlier claim that English carries truth.
The story has implications for our contemporary academic architecture that betrays similar domination of one discourse over another. The presumably honest Paramvir is the well-meaning young academic who thinks he can use English to expose falsehood, but naïve enough not to understand its inbuilt associations of power and truth, thanks to our colonial mentality. Joginder is like our academic administrator, Chairman of some research forum/funding agency or an established academic who exactly knows how to use this language and coopt contrarian voices to advance his ideology. The villagers represent the innocent, gullible students or even naïve teachers/researchers who get lured to the discourse thinking it to be liberating but in the process are forced to sacrifice their agency to be counted as scholars/academics.
Education as site of colonial domination
The successful ascription and investment of truth into Western discourse through English language was the strategy of the colonial administration to create mimic men. Readers know the origin of English education in India and the negative image of India as imagined by Macaulay's Minutes and his conviction that Hindus have false history, false astronomy, false medicine and false religion. One would expect the reversal of this logic after independence or a revival of indigenous knowledge systems and ways of knowing (with reasonable modifications). Unfortunately that did not happen; our postcolonial education continued with colonialist reason that Hindus and Indians have a false religion, which will crumble anytime under its own contradictions. Though we have heard ad nauseam that colonial hangover pervades judiciary, police, administrative services etc., very few have questioned or even engaged with the colonial legacies of Indian education (most pronounced in humanities and social sciences). The reason for this absence is not difficult to find. Academics, scholars and intelligentsia are the ones who generally question and expose this colonial hangover. They are paid to do this and have the training to produce knowledge in terms of papers, books, and articles or through teaching. Often this exercise is carried out through academic cartels and coteries.
After independence, Nehru was the colossus and his world-view contributed to this slavish mentality in no small measure. Based on Nehru's notorious idea that 'there is only one way traffic in time', our post-independence academic apparatus was designed to advance the idea that there is no glory in Indian past, that we should constantly strive to move forward and that we must consciously denigrate everything India stood for. Nehruvian understanding of society left no room for any organic engagement with India's traditions; rather it created a complex of academics, intellectuals, publishing houses and funding agencies who in the name of advancing knowledge demonized Indian cultural values. It is a shame that even today the home page of University Grants Commission (UGC) traces its origin to colonialism and asserts its continuity: "The present system of higher education dates back to Mountstuart Elphinstone`s minutes of 1823, which stressed on the need for establishing schools for teaching English and the European sciences. Later, Lord Macaulay, in his minutes of 1835, advocated 'efforts to make natives of the country thoroughly good English scholars' ".
It is very demeaning that modern independent India fondly traces its roots to Elphinstone who had argued that "Divide et impera (divide and rule) was the old Roman motto and it should be ours". Similarly, in a letter to his father Macaulay had boasted, "No Hindoo, who has received an English education, ever remains sincerely attached to his religion… It is my firm belief that, if our plans of education are followed up, there will not be a single idolator among the respectable classes in Bengal thirty years hence…I heartily rejoice in the prospect." What is striking is that English (and by extension the colonizing West) was not just any other language or geography, but a carrier of power, science, modernity, progress, development, innovation etc. For mimic men, English language and its reference point Europe was the repository of everything futuristic that can create a brave new world of opportunities and material salvation.
This establishes that Indian education (through UGC as its gate-keeper) is not only a derivative institution, but a slavish one too and self-deprecating as well. At a local level, it was the Nehruvian objective such as 'national integration, social justice, secularism, the democratic way of life, international understanding and a scientific approach to the problems of society' which offered Jawaharlal Nehru University its philosophical foundation. There was no room for India's cultural and spiritual values because that would have meant an India that existed as a cultural and spiritual entity before colonialism, something which Nehru did not believe in.
Colonial residues in contemporary education
Why is it that independence did not bring any break with colonial tradition or made any attempt to interrogate colonial residues in education that not so long ago aimed at controlling Indian mind and harvesting Indians' souls? Why do we still continue to produce knowledge on Indian society and culture that will make Macaulay pat his own back (let peace be upon him)? Why didn't the knowledge producing institutions such as universities and research centers evaluate their relevance in contemporary times? Why did they continue replicating colonial stereotypes of Indians being a divided people or Hindus being petty minded, and went lengths to fund research that cast India as the background of civilization? Also why did they revel in representing India as caste-ridden, unredeemably patriarchal and perennially divided by language, ethnicity and religion, something missionaries and colonial administrators had done earlier to divide and rule?
Perhaps this is due to what may be called internal colonialism or what Prof. Balagangadhara calls 'colonial consciousness', which makes Indian education no different from colonial objectives. If colonialism brought about a way of talking about Indian culture framed through caste, gender violence etc., our postcolonial academics did not attempt to transcend that pit fall and instead replicated the same. This is not to say that Indians before colonialism were living in a Golden Age or that India was Edenic in charm. But it was not a fit case for a dystopia either, as our eminent historians make us believe. Though life before colonialism was temporal and subject to vagaries of time as well as cultural encounters, it had not become the entry condition for knowledge.
The Kothari commission report emphasized the need for the economic and cultural development of the country, but unfortunately added that all this will be directed to realize a socialist pattern of society. Later, those who controlled academic institutions such as Nurul Hasan (trained in School of Oriental and African Studies which may have made him internalize Orientalism) mentored generations of ideologically driven academics such as Irfan Habib, Romila Thapar and many more. It was Hasan who founded Indian Council of Historical Research and Indian Council of Social Science Research, which became the source of institutional knowledge as well as legitimacy.
These historians established that total control over people comes not by prescribing the future, but by controlling the past. Left historians and other intellectuals successfully created an idea of independent India that is a vulgar replica of European nation-states, and where the majority community must be subjected to shame. It is no surprise that some such historians were card-carrying members of various Left parties and drew their academic objectivity from that ideology. Arun Shourie has taken pains (in his book Eminent Historians) to explain the machinations of these historians to represent India as a mere geographical expression and how millions of rupees were spent to produce a negative picture of India. But the positive development is that the report of National Policy on Education 2016 reiterates the role of education "in inculcating values, and to provide skills and competencies for the citizens" and "enabling our children and youth to become world citizens, with their roots deeply embedded in Indian culture and traditions." This is a welcome change, but the new emphasis involves decades of investment in identifying and grooming scholars who will dedicate themselves towards this mission.
How to decolonize education?
Coming out of the old framework is not easy, but not impossible. First, it involves an acknowledgement that our cultural narratives, to the extent possible, must be independent of colonial categories. Prof. Balagangadhara is bang on when he says this can be realized when one knows what is preventing him to know what he is or what India is. This epistemic violence (Western frameworks mediating our understanding) must not be fought with physical violence; it has to be pedagogical where arguments will be made on the basis of facts and viable premises rather than by truisms; this should also involve the openness for new evidence rather than fossilized catch phrases of yester years. Secondly, these facts should be interpreted in light of the contemporary vision of India and what a historical event means in the present time; that will make knowledge production democratic and engender an openness to encourage commoners to be inscribed as subjects of history. This rewriting is an integral part of writing history, as pointed out by the current ICHR Chairman Arvind Jamkhedkar, because every writing and research emerges on the platform of existing knowledge.
That does not mean throwing facts to the wind, but inhaling new life to those facts so as not to alienate a majority chunk of our people, nor gloss over specific violent periods so as not to offend a particular community. This becomes very crucial particularly in the field of history, which in independent India has been used only to advance both academic and political careers. This does not mean an unqualified return to our past, something which is definitionally unknowable; so multiple narratives must be allowed to flourish and be accorded due respect. The authoritative discourse as in India's research complex, like English language in the beginning of this essay, and its truth claims must be vetted against new vernacular narratives. Those vernacular narratives have a logic of their own and make tremendous sense to real people (if not academics) and these centrifugal forces must be encouraged.
Michel Danino offers an interesting metaphor when he compares Hinduism to a big ancient banyan tree, which has some deadwood owing to thousand years of its journey but still has the capacity to nourish us. Our education should help us reimagine ourselves and our place vis-à-vis that much-derided, yet comfort giving banyan tree, because its roots are still strong and can provide shade to millions. We don't have to be uncritical apologists for a pure Indian past, but we don't have to be ashamed of it either. Academics would do well to recognize that the knowledges they produce about people are constructs the same way they dismiss everything as constructs. It is not too difficult to understand that society and people are not mere data; they have a vibrancy and life autonomous of what academics think.
Featured Image: Scroll
Jyotirmaya Tripathy
Jyotirmaya Tripathy is Professor in the faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras.
Webinar: Exploring Balagangadhara's Thoughts On Indian Culture
Mulshankar- April 30, 2020
The Ineptitude of the Post-Colonials: A response to Dr. Shalini Sharma
Prakash Shah- November 10, 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Valerie Butler column: Hospital proposal for Isle of Wight is an opportunity for more equitable health care in Virginia
Isle of Wight Region
By Valerie Butler
The Virginia Department of Health's staff recommendation in late October to deny a local health system's application to build a hospital in Isle of Wight County was based on an incomplete understanding of local needs. For those familiar with the lack of equitable access in Virginia's health care system, it was just another example of how disconnected policymakers in Richmond are from the communities they affect.
For too long, residents in Isle of Wight and Surry counties have lived with the dangers of inadequate access to a hospital. Rural roads, traffic and lifts at the James River Bridge are among the many impediments that make it difficult for our residents to reach hospital care when minutes matter.
VDH staff members claim there is a surplus of beds in our region and that residents in our community live within a 30-minute drive of them. This is the kind of explanation rural Virginians have come to expect from state officials who are unfamiliar with local conditions.
A desktop analysis of regional hospitals does not account for the fact that the so-called "surplus" of hospital beds is concentrated on the eastern side of the Elizabeth River. It also does not accurately reflect travel times to the closest hospitals.
Just ask the EMS professionals who make the drive daily. Patrick Humphries, an Isle of Wight fire-rescue chief, told WTKR that depending on where people are picked up, "it can take close to an hour" to get them to a hospital. Others have pointed out the inordinate resources that must be devoted to transporting patients to far-away facilities, only to be diverted to others even farther away.
Furthermore, there is a significant number of minority and elderly residents in rural parts of Isle of Wight and Surry counties. These vulnerable populations are most at risk because of the lack of proximity to a hospital. This is unacceptable.
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need to be prepared for medical emergencies and provided clear evidence of the racial disparities that exist in our health care system. We cannot continue to neglect the health and well-being of these communities by failing to allow adequate access to high-quality medical services.
This year, Janice Underwood, Virginia's chief diversity, equity and inclusion officer, emphasized the importance of broadening the definition of health equity as part of the ONE Virginia Plan. She pointed out factors leading to a disparity in mortality rates for rural Virginians, particularly the African American population. Inadequate access to health care and transportation were among the key factors.
The commonwealth, Underwood said, serves "as a case study for the entire nation in how we have expanded the definition of health equity among, and social determinations of health to, diverse populations around Virginia."
That bold vision demands more action. If Virginia seeks to serve as a case study for expanding health equity, it can start by understanding the challenges people in Isle of Wight and Surry counties face — and that a solution exists in plain sight, if only regulators in Richmond will approve it.
Riverside Health System has proposed a $100 million investment in Isle of Wight to build a hospital that is desperately needed. The proposal has been met with overwhelming community support. Thousands of people wrote letters in support of Riverside's application for the state's required Certificate of Public Need.
The governing boards of Isle of Wight and Surry counties, and the towns of Smithfield and Windsor all passed resolutions of support. Our state legislators have advocated for the proposal. Every police and EMS leader in the region affirmed the need for a local hospital and supported Riverside's application. Yet VDH staff members in Richmond recommended denial.
There still is time for state officials to do the right thing. An informal fact-finding conference is scheduled for Dec. 10, and then State Health Commissioner M. Norman Oliver will have an opportunity to approve Riverside's application. He must take it.
The people with the most at stake in the communities most directly affected have been unequivocal in demonstrating their need and support for Riverside's plan. We hope it will be built. And we hope officials in Richmond will listen and help.
Valerie Butler is president of the Isle of Wight NAACP and serves as a member of the Smithfield Town Council. Contact her at: IOWNAACP7079@gmail.com
Janice Underwood
Health Board
Williams: Gov. Youngkin's "critical race theory" order is the epitome of systemic racism. Leave MLK out of it.
As he settles into office, Gov. Glenn Youngkin looks an awful lot like one of those "inherently divisive concepts" he seeks to ban from the cl…
Jean Snyder column: Remembering Goldie Brangman, the nurse anesthetist who helped save Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was at a Harlem event for the launch of his first book, "Stride Toward Freedom," when he was stabbed in the ch…
John A. Ragosta column: A nod to religious freedom and American diversity
Sunday is Religious Freedom Day, celebrating the adoption of Thomas Jefferson's Statute for Religious Freedom and his vision for religious lib…
Chap Petersen and Babur Lateef column: It's time to figure out the endgame for schools
By Chap Petersen and Babur Lateef
David S. Kerr column: Stemming the 'Great Resignation' in Virginia education
As a former member of my county school board and as an instructor at Virginia Commonwealth University, the current crisis in education — namel…
Richard Kyte: Tolerance of profanity is a cultural failing
Commentary: We should not be complacent about the way the words we use shape our perception of the world around us.
Catherine Baab-Muguira column: How reading Poe can improve your mental health
Children's books traffic in nonstop peril, yet don't prepare us for the very real dangers we face as adults — genuine spine tinglers like your…
Shannon Kellogg column: How Virginia built a future in the cloud
When many Americans hear "tech industry," they think of Silicon Valley. But in Virginia, we should be reminded of something much closer to hom…
Rebekah M. Compton column: Allow nurse practitioners to be a permanent solution to health care access
On Jan. 10, in response to a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases, then-Gov. Ralph Northam issued a 30-day emergency order to increase Virginia's …
Glenwood Burley column: Invest in Richmond's finest to renew their spirits
Decades ago, members of the Richmond Bureau of Police were proclaimed by the citizens of metropolitan Richmond as "Richmond's Finest." We prou…
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North Carolina: New parking lot at Havelock horse trail offers easy access for riders
Havenews.com - Full Article
By Bill Hand
Thirteen miles of horse trails now have four acres of parking at the Pine Cliff Recreation Area.
Following a year of grading and gravelling the Back Country Horsemen of the Croatan (BCHC) – a nonprofit group that maintains the horse trails in the Croatan National Forest celebrated the opening of their new parking lot with a day of riding by horsemen and women who finally have a good place to park their occasionally very large trailers.
The new parking lot was opened Saturday morning with a ribbon cutting by Jeff Kincaid, recreation director at the Croatan National Forest, followed by a celebratory ride of the trails by roughly 20 horsemen.
"We are very excited to have our parking lot done," Katherine Taylor, a member and rider said.
President Edward Lloyd added, "It's been a long time coming..."
http://www.havenews.com/news/20170325/new-parking-lot-at-havelock-horse-trail-offers-easy-access-for-riders
Posted by Endurance.Net at 10:07 AM No comments:
Oregon may sell a state forest that's no longer profitable
HCN.org - Full Article
Elliott State Forest shows the difficult balance between profit and conservation.
Anna V. Smith
Last month on Valentine's Day, the members of Oregon's State Land Board sat side-by-side at a table under fluorescent lights, facing an expectant crowd. They were about to take a consequential vote on whether to sell 82,500 acres of public land. It was the culmination of a decades-long fight over how the state should manage the Elliott State Forest's lush, emerald stands of old fir and western hemlock, and more specifically, how it should balance its mandate to make money off the forest with conservation goals, like protecting threatened birds and salmon.
The three members of the land board represented three schools of thought on the matter: Gov. Kate Brown wanted the state to keep the forest in public hands. Secretary of State Dennis Richardson thought the state should sell because it needed the money. That left state Treasurer Tobias Read with the tie-breaking vote. A conservation-friendly Democrat, Read felt stuck.
The Elliott State Forest is a special type of state land, which is managed to earn money for public schools. The land board has an obligation under the state constitution to make sure the forest turns a profit — and the Elliott was losing money. And so on Feb. 14, Read cast a loveless vote to move forward with selling the Elliott. "I certainly care about this place," Read says of Oregon's oldest state forest. "But I also take seriously the responsibility that we have to the Common School Fund. That's the oath I took."
Oregon's once-booming timber economies have flagged since the 1990s because of housing busts and weak export markets, as well as a shift in how Oregonians value forests. The public at large no longer sees its forests merely as timber farms, but as ecological havens for imperiled wildlife and as places to recreate. The Elliott, for instance, is laced with cold rivers filled with coho salmon, and occupied by elusive marbled murrelets, which nest in its old-growth trees. It's also a place where people hike, fish and hunt. The loss of public access if the forest is sold has been raised by groups like Backcountry Hunters and Anglers, who cast the fight over the future of the Elliott as part of a larger struggle over public lands...
http://www.hcn.org/articles/oregon-looks-to-sell-a-state-forest-thats-no-longer-profitable?utm_source=wcn1&utm_medium=email
Posted by Endurance.Net at 9:22 AM No comments:
Representatives, senators from Utah lead charge in Congress to repeal Obama-era BLM planning rule
Moabtimes.com - Full Article
by Molly Marcello
The Times-Independent
Congress has passed a resolution to repeal "Planning 2.0" — a resource management planning rule for the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) developed during the Obama administration. Proponents of the rule, which had not yet been fully implemented, said it allowed additional opportunity for public input in planning efforts and considered more reasonable multiple-use objectives. Those in favor of its repeal argue the opposite, saying Planning 2.0 would have "devalued" local input and threatened to further restrict traditional western industries.
All members of Utah's congressional delegation lent their support to the repeal, which currently awaits President Donald Trump's signature. The bill was co-sponsored in the U.S. House of Representatives by Utah Reps. Jason Chaffetz, Rob Bishop, Mia Love and Chris Stewart.
"The rule centralizes the resource management plan process in Washington, D.C., which devalues input from state and local governments as well as their stakeholders who know our lands and have expertise in managing them," said Jennifer Scott, communications director for Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-Utah).
But that viewpoint is confounding to many proponents of Planning 2.0, especially as its language mandated earlier and more frequent public involvement in planning efforts as well as ensured opportunities for other federal agencies, local governments, and stakeholders to be involved in decisions on land use...
http://www.moabtimes.com/view/full_story/27386239/article-Representatives--senators-from-Utah--lead-charge-in--Congress-to-repeal-Obama-era-BLM-planning-rule?instance=secondary_three_leftcolumn
Trail Runners Join the Fight for Public Lands
Outsideonline.com - Full Article
A new initiative called Run Wild wants to give runners a platform to make their voices heard
By: Martin Fritz Huber
Last week the Trump administration presented a budget proposal for 2018 that featured significant cutbacks to a number of government agencies. Among a host of other reductions, one proposed cut would give the Environmental Protection Agency its smallest operating budget since its inception in 1970. Against this backdrop of shifting national priorities, a new grassroots initiative called Run Wild is hoping to engage the trail-running community in the fight to protect public lands.
Run Wild's website went live earlier this month, and the founders are still figuring out what the specifics of the fledgling project's activism will look like. At present, the emphasis is on getting the word out, growing its network, and advocating for increased appreciation of the roughly 640 million acres of national heritage that all Americans collectively own. The organization, which has ten cofounders, has partnered with the Wilderness Society, a nonprofit that has been on the front lines of the conservation movement since 1935. The collaboration with the Wilderness Society gives Run Wild access to a network of experts keeping a vigilant eye on legislation related to public lands.
"I think for a lot of trail runners, the connection between protected land and their sport is rather obvious, and there is an innate appreciation for that land," says Emily Peterson, a Run Wild cofounder, environmental philanthropy consultant, and Salomon brand ambassador who lives in the Bay Area...
https://www.outsideonline.com/2166796/trail-runners-join-fight-public-lands
Just Say "WHOAA" to Park Closures
ELCR.org - Full Article
June 11, 2013, by ELCR
By Jennifer M. Keeler for ELCR
As the nation's economy continues to struggle, cities across the country face unprecedented budget woes and difficult decisions as to how limited public funds will be spent. But a recent budget proposal in St. Louis County, Missouri laid the groundwork for nothing less than a political soap opera worthy of its own afternoon television time slot. Amidst public outrage, the organized and efficient mobilization of a local horseman's group played a vital role in preserving the very venues all local citizens depend upon and treasure.
The Wildwood Horse Owners and Acreage Association (WHOAA) was organized in 2005 with a mission to preserve the agricultural lifestyle in Wildwood, a city located on the western edge of St. Louis County, through public education and land conservation. With an area of about 66 square miles (2nd largest city in Missouri by land area) and a population of close to 35,000 people, Wildwood has traditionally been an area for horse lovers and was originally established with an eye towards preserving farms and green space as city sprawl approached. But since 1980, agricultural land has been disappearing in Wildwood at the rate of four acres a day, and WHOAA's vision is for Wildwood to remain a haven for equestrians and those with a love of the land. As of December 2008, WHOAA was incorporated as a not-for-profit corporation in Missouri and joined the Equine Land Conservation Resource as a Conservation Partner.
An Idea is Born
The idea for the forming of WHOAA originated from a dispute over construction of an indoor arena. A local horsewoman purchased several lots in a horse-friendly community in Wildwood and proceeded to build an arena for her personal use. Suddenly, once-cordial neighbors objected. As tensions escalated, the city council proposed a new ordinance to place dramatic limits on the building of equine barns and related structures. Paula Sewell, owner of a small farm in Wildwood with her husband David, was caught by surprise. "We had no idea this was going on. One of our neighbors just happened to overhear this during a meeting," Sewell explained. "We couldn't let this happen! So I began contacting other area horsemen asking them for support, attended city and council meetings, and even coordinated protests which attracted widespread media coverage. At first the city council didn't want to listen to us but ultimately we were able to work with the council for a more reasonable solution regarding restrictions on new construction of agricultural buildings. We were darn lucky that we caught this..."
https://elcr.org/just-say-whoaa-to-park-closures/
How Congress Is Rolling Back Public Input On Public Lands
MensJournal.com - Full Article
by Emily J. Gertz
A congressional move to rescind the Bureau of Land Management's "Planning 2.0" rule is on its way to President Trump's desk. The Senate voted on March 7 to approve H.J. Res. 44, which passed in February, to overturn the rule.
Developed by the BLM over the past four years, Planning 2.0 updates the agency's 24-year-old process for planning and approving mining, drilling, grazing, and other business activities on nearly 250 million acres of public lands in 12 western states, including Alaska. The revamped planning process gave the public — including hikers, fishermen, hunters, and other outdoors sports enthusiasts — an earlier opportunity to comment on how a parcel of public land should be used. But not for long.
The $650 billion outdoor recreation sector needs healthy wilderness, wetlands, and waterways to prosper, but "won't have the say at the front of the process that we were hoping for" if President Trump signs away Planning 2.0, says Jessica Wahl, spokesperson for the Outdoor Industry Association. "It really matters at the front end. It avoids litigation. It helps land managers understand all the stakeholders and where our assets are..."
http://www.mensjournal.com/adventure/articles/how-congress-is-rolling-back-public-input-on-public-lands-w472369
Three Words Every Equestrian Should Know…
June 6, 2013, by ELCR
by Deb Balliet, CEO
We see it everywhere we go. On a road you drive every day for work, it may happen so gradually that it's not even noticed at first. Other times its appearance can be shocking, perhaps noticed when visiting an area you haven't seen for some time. A cluster of houses suddenly sprouts from land where you remember horses grazing, or a cross-country course where you once competed has been bulldozed to make way for a shopping plaza.
There was a time when equestrians did not need to be concerned about development, but as the U.S. population has grown and cities and towns expand, most regions of the country are experiencing "sprawl". In many communities, the rate of sprawl even exceeds the rate of population growth. This expansion consumes staggering amounts of acreage, which directly threatens the land equestrians need for growing hay, raising and training horses, competition sites, boarding stables, youth riding camps and academies, trails, and recreational riding spaces. Protecting these spaces for equine use requires horse lovers to be not only aware of the issues, but knowledgeable about how expansion and development works, as well as actively involved in the decision-making processes about how land will be used in the future.
What exactly is "Land Use Planning"?
Land use planning is an important activity that assists a community grow and function in the manner that is needed and desired by its residents. As the population in a community changes, there is a need to plan for future land uses. For instance, your hometown's population may have doubled in the last ten years. These residents need places to live and shop, and traffic snarls on narrow roads have become commonplace. Public health, safety, and education are also key planning issues. Through land use planning, your town's leaders will try to address current needs (such as through construction of a new bypass, fire station, or water treatment plant) while also looking to the future to plan the direction the community is going (e.g. will the population continue to grow? Where could new houses and businesses be built? Will a larger school be needed? What land should be preserved as open space? etc. etc.). The outcome of these plans is typically articulated through a series of planning guidelines and zoning regulations...
https://elcr.org/three-words-every-equestrian-should-know/
Giving Our Trails a Voice in Washington, D.C.
PNTS.org - Full Article
We Hike the Hill
Over 100 individuals representing over 40 trail organizations from throughout the country traveled to Washington, D.C. this February to "Hike the Hill". Now in its 20th year, Hike the Hill® is a joint effort between the Partnership for the National Trails System and the American Hiking Society aimed at increasing congressional and Federal agency leader awareness of funding and authorities needed to sustain the National Trails System (NTS).
During our week in D.C., we met with agency partners, congressional staff, and members of Congress to discuss the opportunities for and the threats facing our NTS.
Congressional Support
There are many pieces of legislation that aid or threaten our national trails. The year ahead will prove critical to our NTS. Some of main issues or pieces of legislation we discussed while in Washington are as follows:
• Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) (HR 502):
This is one of the most well-known bi-partisan issues that relates to the NTS. The LWCF provides funding that allows for protection and completion of crucial sections of trails. Revenue from offshore drilling for oil and gas helps to fund various conservation projects with no cost to tax-payers. The LWCF is only authorized until September 30, 2018 and will expire then unless Congress re-authorizes the program. We believe, however, that LWCF should be permanently authorized and fully funded at $900 million annually. There is currently a bill (HR 502) in support of the LWCF in the house, but no similar bill in the Senate.
• Wildfire Disaster Funding:
We believe that the federal government should budget for the suppression of wildfire disasters by treating wildfires like other U.S. disasters such as floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, etc. Currently, more than 50% of the US Forest Service budget is being spent to fight unprecedented wildfires. This takes money away from other important functions such as maintaining national forests and trails.
• Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (FLTFA)
This bi-partisan act would restore the authority to facilitate the sale of unneeded federal land by the Bureau of Land Management in order to provide funding to purchase high-priority land for conservation and outdoor recreation.
• BLM 2.0
BLM Planning 2.0 makes land use planning more accessible to the public, more responsive to the changing conditions on public lands, and more efficient. Despite its benefits, Congressional Review Act (CRA) resolutions were introduced in both the House of Representatives and the Senate to prohibit its use moving forward.
• North Country National Scenic Trail Route Adjustment
These bipartisan bills authorize the relocation of the North Country National Scenic Trail along the north shore of Lake Superior and across the Arrowhead of Minnesota to rejoin the existing trail in the Chippewa National Forest. They also authorize extending the trail from the New York-Vermont border to connect with the Long Trail and Appalachian National Scenic Trail in Vermont. These bills repeat bills introduced, but not passed, in the previous Congress.
• National Scenic Trails Parity Act
We expect bills to be introduced that repeat bills introduced, but not passed, in the previous Congress to designate the Ice Age, New England, and North Country National Scenic Trails as units of the National Park System. The other three national scenic trails—Appalachian, Natchez Trace, and Potomac Heritage Trails—administered by the National Park Service (NPS) are units of the National Park System. These bills would instruct the NPS to treat all six of these trails the same within the structure of the National Park System.
Increased Funding
Furthermore, we believe that greater federal funding for the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, and USDA Forest Service's trails programs will help leverage our ability to care for, connect, and protect our NTS.
In 2016 alone, for every federal dollar provided the return on investment equaled 1.5:1—thanks to volunteer stewardship of the trails. In total, over 1,000,000 hours of volunteer service were documented within the NTS, which equates to a value of over $24,256,000.
Additionally, private contributions from the national trails organizations for the NTS totaled over $13,184,000. However, as incredible as these contributions are, they are not enough to fully develop and sustain our trails. Full funding of the LWCF and greater funding for the agencies' trail programs by Congress will help to provide means to close missing links, protect high-priority recreational and historic areas, and fund additional maintenance and necessary resources to already existing trails...
http://pnts.org/new/hike-the-hill-2017/
ELCR to Conduct National Survey of Local Advocacy and Horse Land Conservation Organizations
ELCR.org
Equine Land Conservation Resource is pleased to announce that we will be conducting a national survey of local organizations working on equine advocacy and land related issues, in partnership with the University of Kentucky's Community and Economic Development Initiative of Kentucky (CEDIK), as part of our ambitious three-year strategic plan.
But we can't do this without you!
In order to ensure we receive comprehensive feedback from across the country, we need your assistance to make certain we have included a wide range of local equine advocacy and horse land conservation organizations. You can help: click here to review the list of organizations already identified to be included in the survey. If you know of other local equine or conservation related organizations that would be appropriate to include in this survey, please send us a message here or email agates@elcr.org.
The ground breaking comprehensive survey will reveal important information about survey respondents such as mission, existing partnerships, historical activities, model organizations, best practices, successes and failures as well as common issues and challenges shared among respondents. ELCR will also utilize the results of the survey to inform and fine-tune our educational programming and resources and technical assistance services in order to better support local advocacy and conservation efforts.
"Recognizing that conservation is a local issue, we couldn't be more excited about the national survey," says ELCR Executive Director, Holley Groshek. "We know there are many outstanding local efforts across the country with regard to equine advocacy and the conservation and protection of horse lands. We look forward to identifying these success stories and best practices to share within our national network while developing a better understanding of how ELCR can best use its resources to support local equine advocacy and land conservation efforts."
Any local equine or conservation organizations working on equine advocacy or land related issues that would like to be included in the national survey should contact Abby Gates at agates@elcr.org no later than March 24, 2017. The list of organizations already identified for inclusion in the survey can be viewed here.
Day One: Secretary Zinke expands access to public lands
Wyominbusinessreport.com - Full Article
WBR Staff
WASHINGTON – Today, on his first day on duty, Department of the Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke (pronounced ZINK-ee) issued two secretarial orders which expand access to public lands and increase hunting, fishing, and recreation opportunities nationwide. These orders deliver on promises made by both President Donald J. Trump and Secretary Zinke to expand access to America's public lands. The action was hailed by representatives from sportsmen, conservation, and recreation organizations.
"Outdoor recreation is about both our heritage and our economy. Between hunting, fishing, motorized recreation, camping and more, the industry generates thousands of jobs and billions of dollars in economic activity," said Zinke. "Over the past eight years however, hunting, and recreation enthusiasts have seen trails closed and dramatic decreases in access to public lands across the board. It worries me to think about hunting and fishing becoming activities for the land-owning elite. This package of secretarial orders will expand access for outdoor enthusiasts and also make sure the community's voice is heard..."
http://www.wyomingbusinessreport.com/newsletter_pm/day-one-secretary-zinke-expands-access-to-public-lands/article_11a2f01a-ff90-11e6-93b1-33bef91f50f4.html
'No trespassing'? No thanks. Idaho rallygoers hope public lands stay in public hands
IdahoStatesman.com - Full Article
By Nicole Blanchard
nblanchard@idahostatesman.com
Sean Jones wasn't planning on bringing his elk bugle call to the public lands rally at the Idaho statehouse on Saturday. But its trumpeting sound rang out across Jefferson Street and the south steps of the capitol building in harmony with the raucous applause and cheers of the more than 2,000 Idahoans gathered in the chilly morning drizzle.
Jones, like so many other outdoor lovers, was at the rally because he's an avid hunter, rafter and hiker. Like he does on most outdoor adventures, he brought his gear bag, an elk antler strapped to the bungee cord on the back of the pack and the triumphant-sounding elk call conveniently at hand.
"I want to have access," said Jones, echoing a theme that dominated the rally. "I've seen far too many 'no trespassing' signs when I'm out hunting."
Jones said he has emailed and called Idaho legislators to let them know he opposes the potential transfer of public lands to the state or private hands. He wasn't impressed with their responses.
"Particularly Raul Labrador," said Jones. (Rep. Labrador has led pushes for pilot programs that would give states control over federal lands.)
How did the lawmakers respond?
"The typical argument that lands are mismanaged," said Jones. "But we know the forest managers, the BLM, the people making decisions (about Idaho lands) actually live here."
Some attendees said they felt the current political climate led to the massive turnout, one of the largest in the West on the issue. (Though, speaker Yvette Tuell, a member of the Shoshone-Bannock tribe pointed out, it's not a new fight.) Some attendees carried signs that alluded to the Trump administration — one warning the government to "keep your (tiny) hands off my public lands," and others calling out members of President Donald Trump's cabinet, like newly confirmed Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke and head of the EPA Scott Pruitt.
Though Zinke, a former Montana congressman, has said he opposes the transfer of federal lands, some at the rally said they take little comfort in the politician's words.
"I don't trust anybody in office right now," said Carolyn Blackhurst, who was at the gathering with her husband, an avid angler.
Closer to home, Utah Republican Rep. Jason Chaffetz drew the ire of outdoorsmen when he introduced a bill asking the Interior Secretary to sell or dispose of more than 3.3 million acres of public land, legislation that Boise hunter Kevin Braley called "disturbing." After public outcry, Chaffetz withdrew the proposal.
"I think politicians don't fully understand the groundswell of opposition (to transferring public lands)," said Braley, who attended a similar rally at the statehouse several years ago. At that time, Braley said, the gathering was mostly made up of hunters.
Hunters, anglers, hikers, rafters and more are not optimistic about what would happen to their ability to recreate if Idaho had control of lands, either. They say it's not worth the risk to hope the state keeps their interests in mind.
Many protesters said the state simply doesn't have the money to maintain Idaho's land — 62 percent of the state is federally owned. One major wildfire or lawsuit, protesters said, and the most attractive option to Idaho could be to sell off their beloved lands...
Read more here: http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/environment/article136492703.html#storylink=cpy
Public Lands Advisor for BCHA to Speak at AERC Convention
Randy Rasmussen the Public Lands Advisor for Back Country Horsemen of America and co-author of the National Forest System Trails Stewardship Act (HR845 & S1110) will be speaking on Friday, March 10, 2017, at 9am at the AERC National Convention in Grapevine (Dallas), Tx.
Randy has worked many years in trails advocacy and is a wealth of knowledge. He will also be attending the Trail Advocacy Meeting at 1pm on Saturday, March 11, 2017, at the convention. This meeting is for all AERC State Trail Advocates, AERC Trail Masters, and all attendees with an interest in trail advocacy. Please attend.
Monica Chapman
AERC Trails and Land Management Committee Chair
Lexington, Ky. – March 2, 2017 – Equine Land Conservation Resource (ELCR) is pleased to announce that it will be conducting a national survey of local organizations working on equine advocacy and land related issues, in partnership with the University of Kentucky's Community and Economic Development Initiative of Kentucky (CEDIK), as part of its ambitious three-year strategic plan. The strategic plan is available at www.elcr.org/strategic-plan/.
The ground breaking comprehensive survey will reveal important information about survey respondents such as mission, existing partnerships, historical activities, model organizations, best practices, successes and failures as well as common issues and challenges shared among respondents.
"Recognizing that conservation is a local issue, we couldn't be more excited about the national survey," said ELCR Executive Director, Holley Groshek. "We know there are many outstanding local efforts across the country with regard to equine advocacy and the conservation and protection of horse lands. We look forward to identifying these success stories and best practices to share within our national network while developing a better understanding of how ELCR can best use its resources to support local equine advocacy and land conservation efforts."
ELCR will also utilize the results of the survey to inform and fine-tune its educational programing and resources and technical assistance services in order to better support local advocacy and conservation efforts. Any local equine or conservation organization working on equine advocacy or land related issues that would like to be included in the national survey should contact Abby Gates at agates@elcr.org no later than February 24, 2017. Anyone interested in exploring opportunities to sponsor the national survey should contact Holley Groshek at hgroshek@elcr.org.
About the Equine Land Conservation Resource (ELCR): ELCR builds awareness of the loss of lands available for horse-related activities and facilitates the protection and preservation of those lands. We work to ensure America's equine heritage lives on and the emotional, physical and economic benefits of the horse-human relationship remains accessible. ELCR serves as an information resource and clearinghouse on conserving horse properties, land use planning, land stewardship/best management practices, trails, liability and equine economic development. For more information about the ELCR visit www.elcr.org or call (859) 455-8383
For additional information, contact:
Holley Groshek, Executive Director
Equine Land Conservation Resource
Phone: 859-455-8383 /Email: hgroshek@elcr.org
www.ELCR.org
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North Carolina: New parking lot at Havelock horse ...
Oregon may sell a state forest that's no longer pr...
Representatives, senators from Utah lead charge in...
How Congress Is Rolling Back Public Input On Publi...
ELCR to Conduct National Survey of Local Advocacy ...
Day One: Secretary Zinke expands access to public ...
'No trespassing'? No thanks. Idaho rallygoers hope...
Public Lands Advisor for BCHA to Speak at AERC Con...


The Nartheciaceae is a family from Dioscoreales Order, splits from Liliopsida Class. It is a family among about 406 families in Magnoliophyta or Flowering Plants Division. The family consists of 5 genera and about 35 species.


10. Portrait of Ginevra de' Benci (1474-1476): Ginevra de' Benci is a portrait painting of the 15th-century Florentine aristocrat Ginevra de' Benci (born c. 1458).
I always liked St John's picture. It's creepy but it's definitely trying to tell us something.
it's brilliant! l love his works! If you have can please check out my pastel painting of Monalisa thanks.


Definition: A device installed on a conductor to determine if current exceeded the indicator's current rating. Fault indicators sense using use the magnetic field induced by load current.
Installation of Cooper Eaton Outage Advisor Fault Indicator.


text:
Michael Menna, DO
Board-certified in emergency medicine by the American Board of Emergency Medicine
Attending physician at White Plains Hospital in White Plains, NY
Works on the front line taking care of the most critically ill patients that are present in the emergency room
Dr. Michael Menna is currently an active attending emergency medicine physician at White Plains Hospital in White Plains, New York. He also spends time working at an urgent care center taking care of less acute conditions in addition to a telemedicine company that provides care to patients across the country.
Dr. Menna received a Bachelor of Science degree from State University College at Geneseo. He earned his medical degree from New York College of Osteopathic Medicine. Dr. Menna completed his residency in emergency medicine at Mount Sinai Beth Israel in New York City, where he served as chief resident. He is board-certified in emergency medicine by the American Board of Emergency Medicine.
A Word From Michael Menna, DO
I am thrilled to be involved with Verywell in helping to provide everyone with access to accurate medical information so people can become more educated in their own medical care. I am passionate about emergency and urgent care medicine. There has been a tremendous increase in the number of emergency and urgent care visits year after year, causing emergency medicine to become one of the fastest-growing specialties in medicine. We are taking care of more and more patients on a daily basis that really need our help.
Verywell is a caring and trusted partner that provides comprehensive, actionable, and medically reviewed information to assist you in understanding your health and wellness concerns. Our medical review team is comprised of leading board-certified physicians in the fields of cardiology, oncology, neurology, internal medicine, gastroenterology, psychiatry, gynecology and obstetrics, rheumatology, pulmonology, dermatology, and pediatrics. To provide our readers with the most thorough and accurate content, Verywell strongly believes that all of these specialties must work together.


Where's Flushing? It might seem that no-one can agree on its boundaries. The Post Office, for example, divides Queens up into five "towns" which existed at the time New York City was consolidated. They are Long Island City, Jamaica, Floral Park, Far Rockaway, and Flushing. By that definition, Flushing ranges just about all of Northeastern Queens. Such a wide area glosses over the uniqueness of more cohesive neighborhoods within this area.
In fact, until 1998 all zip codes which started with 113 were labelled Flushing, which gave Flushing an area the size of Boston! A campaign led by the Queens Tribune and two area legislators reversed this, and we have the more neighborhood-friendly system we have today.
Looking to find Condos, Co-ops, Real Estate, or Property In Flushing For Sale?
Judy Markowitz and her expert staff can assist you. Let the Energized Realty Group help you find the property which suits your needs.
It can claim to be a birthplace of religious freedom in the new world--the Flushing Remonstrance, signed there on December 27, 1657, protested religious persecution and led to the decision of the Dutch West India Company to allow Quakers and others to worship freely.
It was the site of the first commercial tree nurseries in North America, the most prominent being the Prince, Bloodgood, and Parsons nurseries. Much of the northern section of Kissena Park, former site of the Parsons nursery, still contains a wide variety of exotic trees. The naming of streets intersecting Kissena Boulevard on its way toward Kissena Park celebrates this fact (Ash Street, Beech, Cherry ...Poplar, Quince, Rose). Flushing also supplied trees to the Greensward project, now known as Central Park in Manhattan.
Flushing was a forerunner of Hollywood, when the young American film industry was still based on the east coast. Decades later, the RKO Keith's movie palace would host vaudeville acts and appearances by the likes of Mickey Rooney, The Marx Brothers and Bob Hope. In 1921, Anne Francis Robbins was born in Flushing. She would later be known as Nancy Davis and, finally, Nancy Reagan, wife of Ronald Reagan.
What is now Flushing Meadows Park was the site of New York City's two world's fairs. Among the innovations presented to the world from Flushing were the television in 1939 (the broadcast was a speech by Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Ford Mustang in 1964.
The USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing, originally consisting of Louis Armstrong Stadium (originally the Singer Bowl, a leftover from the '64 World's Fair), is the home of the US Open and successor of Forest Hills.
Flushing is, in fact, truly a melting pot, with some estimates of its Asian-American citizens alone at 55% of its population, which varies depending on the source and definition of Flushing's boundaries. Using the New York City Department of Planning Census Tract (the smaller boundaries as shown on our map) puts the population at 140,000, other sources at 200,000-plus.
Get off at the last stop on the No. 7 train and you're smack in the middle of Flushing's Main Street district, (Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue). This is considered New York's first or second largest Chinatown, depending on your source and, rare for New York's outer boroughs, it has a true downtown feel.
Mass Transit: No. 7 train to Main Street (30-35 minutes), LIRR from Main Street to Midtown (30 minutes); also bus QM2 runs express to midtown.
For renters: Typical one-bedroom apartments go for $1,100 (private home) to $1,200 (bldg.); two-bedroom apartments go for $1,400-$1,500 (bldg); three-bedroom apartments go for $1,600-$1,700 (bldg).
For buyers: One-family homes go for $530,000-$760,000. Two-family homes go for $850,000 to $1 million.
Flushing Chinatown has one of the largest Chinese culture centers of New York City. There are different ethnic restaurants and lots of shopping from major department stores to small boutiques.
Before European settlement, northeastern Queens was inhabited by the Matinecoc Native Americans, a tribe of Algonquian-speaking people.
The town of Flushing was first settled in 1645 under charter of the Dutch West India Company and was named after the city of Vlissingen, in the southwestern Netherlands. It is said that the name Vlissingen means "salt meadow" and that the name was given as a nod to the tidal waters of Flushing Meadows. Pronunciation was corrupted to "Flushing" by the town's English-speaking inhabitants.
The town was inhabited mostly by British settlers, including John Bowne, who would later become a leader in the movement to stop the harassment of local Quakers, prohibited by Governor Peter Stuyvesant from worshipping openly. Remnants of the Dutch period include the John Bowne House on Bowne Street, and the Flushing Quaker Meeting House on Northern Boulevard. Flushing was occupied by British troops for most of the revolution. The 1785 Kingsland Homestead, originally the residence of a wealthy Quaker merchant, now serves as the home of the Queens Historical Society.


text:
www.1001TopWords.com
Making Your Own News
Getting a press release published in a newspaper or magazines can be one of the best ways to publicize your business. First, though, you need a good story ? and that can be the hard part.
Here's a basic rule of public relations for you, though: if you don't have a good news story to tell, you create one. Here's how to do it:
1. Throw a Launch Party
It doesn't matter if your business is a few months old, or just newly opened: if you haven't thrown a launch party, it's time to do it. Invite everyone you can think of to your party: invite the local councilors and MPs, members of your local business community, your friends, family and prospective customers - and, of course, the media.
2. Run a Competition
Just as everyone loves a story, you'll find that there are very few people who can resist a freebie. By running a competition, you'll be able to tap into that opportunistic streak all of us have ? and promote your business at the same time.
3. Give something away for free
I know, I know ? when your business is new, you want to hold onto every last penny. The very idea of giving something away for free is anathema to you! But trust me ? freebies not only help you get into the local media, they also help bring in more business.
By offering freebies, you do two things:
* Generate goodwill towards your business
* Gain media exposure
The media couldn't care less if you're selling something (even at a substantial discount) ? that's why they have an advertising section. Once you start giving it away though ? that's when they'll sit up and take notice.
Again, giving away freebies will cost you money: but the interest generated by the offer will last long after it ends, and there's a good chance that the people who missed out on the freebie will decide to try out the product anyway.
4. Get sponsored in an unusual way
As any PR-person will tell you, sponsorship doesn't just benefit the charity you're raising money for: if you're a small business owner, it can be of great benefit to you as well. Cynical? Well, probably. There's no getting away from the fact, though, that being sponsored to do something, whether it's a charity hike, sponsored silence or a walk halfway round the world will give you a better chance of seeing your business name in the paper.
5. Sponsor someone else
If you don't fancy being sponsored yourself, then try sponsoring someone else. Local clubs, sports teams and organizations are always on the lookout for extra cash, and while you may not be able to spring for a sponsorship deal with your local premiership club, sponsoring your local kids' football team will earn you goodwill ? and your business name on eleven shirts for a year!
6. Piggy-back on someone else's press release
We've already discussed politicians and how media savvy they are. The same goes for many other organizations and businesses, who are just as desperate for publicity as you are. It makes sense to get to know the PR people working for these organizations. Say your business is in a health-related industry, and you find out that your local hospital is about to put out a press release about an issue affecting them. Why not contact the hospital press officer and ask if you can help? You may be surprised at how willing they are to have your voice of support quoted on their press release ? and that means getting your business in the media.
This article is an excerpt from "PR Power: How to Write a Killer Press Release ? and make sure it gets published!", Amber McNaught's popular new ebook. Buy it at http://www.hotigloo.co.uk/prpower.htm
Amber also offers an affordable press release writing and distribution service.
How To Make Time For Public Relations
"Don't say you don't have enough time. You have exactly the same number of hours per day that were given to Helen Keller, Pasteur, Michalangelo, Mother Theresa, Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Jefferson, and Albert Einstein."
Do I Really Need a Publicist?
Are you hesitating about hiring a publicist or, if you haveone, do you stop before writing that final zero on the monthlycheck, and think "I can do that myself." Suuure, you can!
Media Training - Essentials for ALL Office Professionals
Often the first point of contact the media has with an organisation is with the front desk or receptionist. Although designated people within a company may have the training and skills needed to interact with the media, the first point of contact within an organisation can make or break a journalists perception of the company and may impact on how they report about your business.
If I Were Coaching You
If I were coaching you as a business, non-profit or association manager on how to get the biggest bang for your public relations dollar, I would sum it up for you this way.
Grandma Says...
Southern grandmothers have often said, "there are only three times a respectable person's name should be in the paper: when you are born, when you are married, and when you die."�This is the one area in which I part company with my grandmothers. Publicity is more critical today for the success of a business than it has ever been. �Why do I believe it's critical? Let's review what publicity ? particularly publicity in business and trade publications - can do for your business.�Provides Neutral Third-party Endorsement. Even though many think the media are biased, consumers still cling to the belief that people who are quoted by the media have something worthwhile to say. �Boosts Your Competitive Advantage. Positive publicity confirms for your customers that they made the smart choice when they elected to use your products or services. �Enables Referrals. Your "smart" customers become evangelists by handing out articles about you to their business contacts. �Shortens Your Sales Cycle. Media coverage often does a better job of explaining what you do than an ad can. So, readers will have a level of knowledge about you before you meet. �Builds Your Marketing Library. Print and web-based articles can become excellent marketing material that costs little to develop.�Positions You. Publish or perish is the academic motto. Experts from outside the world of academia also know that by being quoted by the media they can improve their position as industry experts. �Builds Value. For every speaker like Tom Peters earning thousands of dollars for appearances, there are hundreds who are paid a pittance for speaking engagements. Can you guess the difference? �As you can see, there are a wide variety of reasons for you to be publicizing yourself and your business. Just this once, don't listen to Grandma. Go get your name in the paper.
Advertising Is Dead. Long Live PR
Although I still believe there is a place for advertising as a brand maintenance or brand affirmation tool, I am convinced that to build a brand today, you need PR. At one time advertising did build brands. But this was in a simpler America. That America, sadly, is no more.
Doubt PRs Clout? Dont!
Done right, it helps modify the behaviors of your most important target audiences, and that can spell S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L.
Why Not PR That Gets Real Results?
And not results you can measure only in terms of magazine circulation, TV audience numbers, or news release pickups.
Public Relations Primer, Part II: Five Dos
1) Package your story. Two critical elements will help you do this: Knowledge and Creativity.
How to Make Publicity Work for Your Business: Six P.R. Strategies to Use Right Now
Public Relations (or P.R.) is a wonderful, yet often overlooked marketing tool. P.R. is an intangible ? making it a tough sell for many P.R. professionals. It is our job to sell the concept and show the client how it will enhance marketing efforts and, in many cases, replace costly or one-off advertising. Public relations is just that ? relating to the public. Every outward communication should be carefully executed and the mission of the company should never be compromised. How do your customers find you? How does the public perceive your business? These points can be incorporated into a P.R. strategy that maintains consistent messages to your customers, thereby keeping your company top of mind and, in turn, growing your business.
Media Training: How To Speak During a Media Interview
For Financial Planners, Marketing and Publicity Is About You
For financial planners, getting publicity, in the end, isn't about having contacts in the media.
Publicity - What to Say to a Reporter
You can have dozens of marvelous ideas to get free publicity, but nothing will happen unless you pick up the phone and call a reporter.
Managers: A Key to Your Survival
Most business, non-profit and association managers live to tell about it only IF they achieve their operating objectives. Very little wriggle room there.
PR Going According to Plan?
Think carefully! You're a department, division or subsidiary manager for a business, non-profit or association and you really need to achieve your operating objectives.
Public Relations: Why it Works
The short answer is, it works best when its fundamental premise is the guide, which insures that the primary focus of your public relations program is the behaviors of your most important outside audiences. Not less urgent matters like personalities, communi- cations tactics or administrative concerns.
How Managers Hit PR Paydirt
As a business, non-profit or association manager, you'll know it's PR paydirt when you're able to persuade your key external stakeholders to your way of thinking, then move them to take actions that lead to your department, division or subsidiary's success.
Creating Your Online News Room: How To Build a Site The Media Will Love
From time to time, people ask me how public relations has changedduring the two decades in which I've been seeking publicity.� Myanswer:� technology.� Twenty years ago, the fax machine was anewfangled novelty.� Our primary means of communicating withjournalists was the telephone and the US Mail.� The advent of e-mail and the web has made life easier in many regards and tougherin others� - namely, thanks to hordes of clowns with money makingschemes and software that "blasts" press releasesindiscriminately to reporters, it's become very hard to get youre-mails through to spam-weary reporters.
Media Training: Three Reasons to (Almost) Always Stay On-The-Record
The words are pop culture heroes.
How To Get Radio-Active PR For Your Non-Profit Cause-Part One
"We are in the communications business, the business of conveying messages to the human brain," said the late David Sarnoff, founder and president of RCA. "No man is wise enough to know which avenue to the brain is best. Therefore, the sensible idea is to make all avenues available for carrying the message."
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