PITTSBURGH (AP) -- Cy Young Award winner Doug Drabek of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a homer yesterday, tripling his salary to an arbitration record $3,335,000.
Drabek, the first of three Pirates seeking $3 million in arbitration, was offered $2.4 million. He also rejected a $2.7 million offer two days before Wednesday's hearing before arbitrator Raymond Goetz.
"We're delighted . . . but we thought we clearly won," said Drabek's agent, Randy Hendricks. "The Pirates were respectful and cordial in negotiations, but they came in with a low-ball figure. This represents the flow of the market."
Drabek, 28, becomes the fourth-highest-paid pitcher in baseball behind Roger Clemens, Dave Stewart and Bob Welch. He is the first Pirate and the 38th player to make $3 million.
Drabek won $1.1 million in arbitration last year, when he was 22-6 with a 2.78 ERA for the National League East champions. He was a near-unanimous choice for the Cy Young Award, receiving 23 of a possible 24 first-place votes.
Only last Saturday, California Angels first baseman Wally Joyner became the first player to top $2 million in arbitration.
Drabek's record may not last long, however. Outfielder Bobby Bonilla and the Pirates argued their case yesterday, and Bonilla is asking for $3,475,000. NL Most Valuable Player Barry Bonds, who is seeking $3.25 million from the Pirates, will have his hearing today in Chicago.
Drabek becomes the highest-paid player in Pirates' history, topping left-hander Zane Smith's four-year, $10.6 million deal.
The Hendricks brothers -- Randy and Alan -- also negotiated Clemens' record $21.5 million contract with the Boston Red Sox last week, but said they didn't use that deal to argue Drabek's case.
"The [Pirates'] number was just too low, considering the evolving changes in this business," Randy Hendricks said.
Pirates president Carl Barger, a crusader in holding the line against baseball's skyrocketing salaries, said he was disappointed.
"Doug is deserving of a generous salary . . . but this is another example of the unchecked escalation of salaries that's currently plaguing our industry," Barger said. "We thought we made a generous offer."
The Pirates must pay $11 million in raises if they lose their four arbitration cases -- or more than their 1989 payroll. Second baseman Jose Lind's hearing is next week.
Bonilla, who can become a free agent after 1991, has rejected a four-year, $15.5 million offer. The Pirates reportedly increased that offer in an unsuccessful effort to prevent today's hearing.
The Pirates' case against Bonilla received a substantial blow when first baseman Glenn Davis of the Baltimore Orioles avoided arbitration by signing for $3,275,000.
"It certainly doesn't do us any good," Barger said.
"Sometimes I get the feeling I'm going to aberration hearings insteadof arbitration hearings," general manager Larry Doughty said.
Since last Friday, the Hendricks brothers have negotiated Kelly Gruber's $11 million, three-year contract with the Toronto Blue Jays and Chuck Finley's $2.5 million, one-year contract with California.
The four deals total $38,356,000 over nine years, an average of $4,261,778 per season.


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Will Smith Disciplines Justin Bieber By Controlling His Life – Scientology To Follow?
BY Sean O'Brien on March 28, 2013 | Comments: Leave Comments
Related : Justin Bieber, Scientology, Will Smith
We know that Justin Bieber and Will Smith's son, Jaden Smith, are friends. We know this because when Justin had a huge birthday party, you know – the one that ended in a huge fight and made Biebz whine like a small child – Jaden was reportedly there. In fact, some reports claim that the fight was caused by Jaden's presence, as he was still under-age and the club didn't want him in there. While we won't know exactly what went on there, it seems that Justin and Jaden are still tight. So tight, in fact, that Jaden's father, Mr. Movie Star Will Smith, has now taken to trying to fix Justin's image.
The National Enquirer, the most reliable and truthful of all tabloids [that was sarcasm, by the way], has now claimed that Will Smith had taken the out-of-control Bieber under his wing after his mom reached out for help. A source tells the Enquirer, "Pattie has been struggling to figure out what's the best course of action, and she realized that Will could be just what the doctor ordered. Justin and Will's son Jaden are close friends, and he was with both of them in London in March, when Jaden was the opening act for some of Justin's shows."
The source added, "Will started making Justin adhere to a strict curfew and limited his computer and TV time. Will also makes sure he doesn't stay out too late and that he steers clear of shady characters and overaggressive groupies."
Ok, then. So Will's basically become Justin's new dad? Well, as implausible it is, it wouldn't be the worst thing for the kid considering that his own parents clearly don't give a damn about his antics as long he keeps bringing in the dough. However, as much as this story would help Justin if it's true, it's highly unlikely it is. Will has enough on his plate with his own career and life, not to mention his two teenaged kids that have their own fair share of trouble.
I think the major difference between Jaden and Justin, apart from the fact that Jaden is a well-behaved boy, is that Jaden's able to be a lot more low-key about his partying than Justin. Part of that is down to Justin being a lot more famous, sure, but a lot of it also down to the simple fact that the Biebz. Just. Loves. The. Attention. He can't not be the center of whatever's going on, and his ego is slowly starting to get out of control. Right now, his bodyguards are able to keep him in check, but what happens when he figures he can do whatever he wants and fires them?
Photo Credit: FameFlynet
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Selena Gomez and Justin Bieber Break-Up DETAILS – Fans Shocked Reaction
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Justin Bieber's Management Insist On Rehab and Rest For Troubled Teen Star – Report
Did Justin Bieber Hook Up With Prostitutes While He Was Smoking Weed In Amsterdam Over The Weekend?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Creed Taylor Produced
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Remembering Grover Washington, Jr.
By cathcam December 17, 2020 KUDULeave a Comment on Remembering Grover Washington, Jr.
Just 5-days after celebrating his 56th birthday, Grover had a heart attack in the green room, after performing and recording four songs for "The Saturday Early Show", at CBS Studios in New York City. He was pronounced dead at 7:30pm that day, December 17th, 1999, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital in New York City.
I hadn't planned to mark his passing, especially after writing a detailed celebration of Grover, to mark his born/birth day. In an online forum, not Facebook, they were taking selections for top-3 albums released on KUDU. Mine were:
Idris Muhammad – Turn This Mutha Out
Hank Crawford – I Hear A Symphony
Grover Washington, Jr. – Inner City Blues
However, I couldn't resist throwing in a wildcard choice. Mine was Thus Spoke Z – Evolution – Acid Jazz – released in 1996, officially the last release on KUDU. I put it on to listen again to the track "Nightshade (Thus Spoke Z Remix)" . And straight away, the haunting sax of Grover and Donald Harrison came drifting through. And here I am, remembering Grover's passing.
Grover's work on the Thus Spoke Z album was typically of much of what he was doing at the time, helping others, mentoring and developing talent. His death was a massive shock to his family and friends, but also to the music and people of his adopted home Philadelphia. Rather than my normal posts, I'll just provide a YouTube embed, of Grover's last recording at CBS.
Genius comes in many forms, remembering Grover Washington, Jr, his wife Christine, and especially his children Grover and Shana as well as his extended family.
Jet Magazine, Janury 10th, 2000 P16
Update: 12/17/20 22:02. Minor tidyup and formatting.
Update: 12/18/20 11:42 name cleanup for family.
Grover Washington Jr.Thus Spoke Z
The Grover Washington Birthday Playlist
Happy Born Day: Hank Crawford
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Got Tendulkar out in 190s, but umpire turned it down fearing the crowd: Steyn
18 May, 2020, 08:40 am
Last modified: 18 May, 2020, 08:46 am
Sachin Tendulkar becomes third most admired sportsperson in the world
Legendary pace duo of Wasim and Waqar pick between Tendulkar and Lara
'They didn't want to play': Steyn feels Bangladesh were the most disappointing team in the T20 World Cup
Steyn fumes as CSA congratulates Ngidi on winning IPL title but leaves out du Plessis and Tahir
Sachin Tendulkar shares viral video of six-year old leg-spinner from Barishal
Umpire Ian Gould turned down an LBW appeal, saying he wanted to "make it back to the hotel."
Sachin Tendulkar scored his maiden ODI double century against South Africa in 2010 but fast bowler Dale Steyn claims he had the batsman dismissed close to the magical number. Steyn revealed Tendulkar was batting somewhere around the 190-run mark, when he went up for an LBW shout, but on-field umpire Ian Gould turned it down, saying he wanted to "make it back to the hotel."
"Tendulkar scored the first double hundred in ODI cricket, and it was against us in Gwalior. And I actually remember – I think I got him out lbw when he was about 190-odd. Ian Gould was the umpire, and he gave him not out," the South Africa quick said during the Sky Sports Cricket Podcast with James Anderson.
"And I was like, 'Why, why did you give him not out!? That's so dead.' And he was like, 'Mate, look around – if I gave him out, I won't make it back to the hotel.'"
However, contrary to Steyn's claims, the scorecard from the game shows that the fast bowler bowled 31 balls to Tendulkar without any LBW shout . When Tendulkar was in his 190s, he faced just three deliveries from Steyn, all of which were played with the bat.
Tendulkar went on to become the first man in the history of cricket to score an ODI double, in the second match of the series in Gwalior on February 24. His unbeaten 200 was the bedrock of India's formidable 401/3, a target which South Africa fell short of by 153 runs.
The last of Tendulkar's 51 Test centuries came against South Africa in Capetown, 2011. In that very innings, Tendulkar faced Steyn with his tail-up, calling it "one of the best spells he had faced". Similarly, Steyn explained what it was like bowling to Tendulkar, especially in front of a packed Indian crowd.
"He was so good, and very rarely got out lbw," added Steyn. "And, like Jimmy said, you just didn't want to bowl a bad ball to him. Especially in a place like India. You bowl a bad ball, and he hits you four - he's on nought and he hits you for four in Mumbai (Tendulkar's home town), it feels like the world is closing in on you. He's only on four not out, he may as well have been on 500
"You feel like, 'maybe I could bring the pace down a little bit and really focus on getting the ball in the right place for as long as I possibly can'. You just didn't want to bowl a bad ball. You just hope one will do something off the seam or he's got an off day, and it goes in your favour."
Dale Steyn / Sachin Tendulkar


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The Philadelphia Union promote responsible drinking and positive fan behavior at Talen Energy Stadium. The Union Fan Code of Conduct and details of the Union alcohol management plan that appear below ensure that fans have a safe and fun experience.
Fan Outreach
Alcohol Service Policies
Age to Check ID: 40 and younger
Max Alcohol Drinks: 2/person/ possession
Liquor Sold: Yes
Bottles: Sold with caps off
Cans: Yes, opened
Cut-off Policies
Concession Stands: At the 70th minute
Hawkers: At the 70th minute
Clubs/Suites: At the 70th minute
Tailgating Policies:
Time Lots Open: 5 Hours Before Kickoff
Prohibited Items: Glass containers
Permitted Items: Tailgating items, food and beverage
Text Messaging System:
ZipWhip is the text messaging service available to guests at Talen Energy Stadium. A guest may call for assistance during events by sending a text message from their cell phone. The text message is received by a stadium representative and the appropriate assistance is dispatched from the Event Command Post. If necessary, the stadium representative may have a dialogue with the guest through the exchange of text messages. By using the ZipWhip system, guest will be able to report issues and concerns ask for information and call for assistance in a fast, easy and convenient way.
Text Number: (610) 859-3101
Alcohol Management at Talen Energy Stadium is not currently conducted by TEAM Coalition.
Philadelphia Union and Talen Energy Stadium work with TEAM COALITION to promote safe consumption of alcohol. Fans can pledge to be a designated driver during the season at the Guest Services desk behind Section 113.
For more information please visit Guest Services, located behind Section 113.
Major League Soccer is committed to creating a safe, comfortable and enjoyable soccer experience for all guests in and around our stadiums. MLS fans have a right to expect an environment where:
Fans are encouraged to cheer, sing, and otherwise support their team while remaining respectful and courteous to their fellow patrons, referees, opposing team fans and players.
Fans enjoy the soccer experience free from fighting, *thrown objects, attempts to enter the playing field, political or inciting messages, and disorderly behavior, including foul, sexist, racial, obscene or abusive language or gestures.
Fans comply with requests from stadium staff regarding stadium policies and emergency response procedures.
Fans promptly and carefully return the ball to a stadium staff member or the ball kid on the sidelines in the event that a soccer ball enters the stands.
Alcoholic beverages are consumed in a responsible manner and only by those of legal age.
Fans conduct themselves in a lawful manner to avoid incidents in the stadium and in the parking lots.
Fans are not permitted to wear away team colors in the River End.
Any flags, banners, or tifo must be pre-approved by the Philadelphia Union & Talen Energy Stadium management. Please contact Fan Services at 877-21-UNION or FanServices@philadelphiaunion.com at least 48 hours before a game to make an appointment for banner approval.
Only credentialed members of the Sons of Ben are permitted on the capo stands in front of section 137.
*NOTE: The use of confetti as an expression of fan enthusiasm is prohibited, but will be kept under review. Streamers are prohibited. FAILURE TO ABIDE BY THIS CODE OF CONDUCT IS SUBJECT TO SANCTIONS, INCLUDING EJECTION, BANISHMENT AND ARREST.
PLEDGE TO FANS
Major League Soccer values the support of every one of its fans. MLS pledges to protect a fan's right to:
Watch the game in a safe, clean and healthy environment.
Be treated in a courteous, consistent and professional manner.
Be treated with dignity and respect by other spectators attending the game and those organizing the event.
'Support' his or her team, provided that the support is in good taste and neither adversely impacts the event experience of fellow spectators nor negatively impacts the game.
Expect displays of good sportsmanship.
Expect timely and accurate information related to the game.
Guests will be ejected from Talen Energy Stadium for violating the fan code of conduct.
Recent MLS News
RHIR Sweepstakes Winners from Toronto FC, Seattle Sounders FC Celebrate 2019 MLS Cup
Major League Soccer, TEAM at the 2019 MLS All-Star Game
Atlanta United FC Designated Driver Wins Trip to MLS Cup™
Responsible Mexico Supporters Rewarded in Houston
Major League Soccer, Heineken and TEAM at the 2018 MLS All-Star Game


Mountain Region – Towns and Villages that are Troubled Spots as Identified by Angus Farbairn, Sword of the Band of the Red Hand.
Lewes – a walled and embattled town on the western edge of the mountain valley. Upriver from Lewes are a number of abandoned ruins. Prospectors travel upriver to search for gold. There are abandoned mines from the empire times upriver and into the mountains. However, few are willing to risk it anymore. Prospectors reluctantly talk of terrible creatures and "worse things" around the ruins and spreading outwards. A contingent of Red Hands is normally stationed here to deal with threats that wander down from upriver. All but the support staff have been pulled out to deal with the threat from Gwynedd. The Red Hand quartermaster can tell you that there 2 nameless ruined villages and the ruins of the town, Verinsgate, upriver. The standing stone circle to the northeast of Verinsgate has the name of "The Devil's Gate". Red Hand patrols rarely see any activity or are entirely wiped out (strong patrols that stick to the open areas are generally safe; no one knows what happened to the missing patrols….).
Valen – related to the above threat is Valen's situation. Recently, a small group of trades and business people started to re-establish a settlement at Valen. They are worried about the ruins upriver from them being a source of abominations. The ruins they are worried about are connected to the ones upstream from Lewes (they form a large arc). The new settlers have not seen any notable threats yet; however, they are rightfully worried why no one has settled in this spot before…..
Penshurst – an isolated community that has been plagued over the years with deformed creatures wandering out of the mountains and nearby forest. The people of Penshurst are the most enthusiastic supporters of the Red Hand in the entire realm. They root out any deformities due to magic, even among their own children. Deformed children quietly vanish or are banished. Deformed creatures and plants are killed and burned. Red Hand patrols scour the area and eliminate magical abominations; but these return. There are rumours of a "Forbidden Keep" or fortress upriver. The people around Penshurst avoid any discussion, questions, etc. that involve the "Forbidden Keep". It is a topic that 'does not exist'. Red Hand patrols have never entered the keep. Apparently, there have been sightings of it; however, encounters and threats of being cut off has prevented any confirmation or exploration….
Camber and Der's Mine – This area is important for its gold production. Lately, the production has dramatically declined. Both places (Camber supports the Mine) have seen a dramatic increase in violence and other disruptions to the peaceful production of gold in these communities – claims of theft, abuse, and general disorder. In addition, the miners claim there is a creature in the mine that kills the unwary and makes mining dangerous or even fatal. The gold trade is especially important due to rising prices of outside goods levied by the pirates of Daradurn.
Sainsbury – refugees from the north report of ancient looking structures and caves in the mountains to the north; but anyone who investigated has disappeared. The refugees report all kinds of unprecedented threats and abominations.
Durindale – it's been cut-off since the loss of Daradurn to the pirates and their burning of Rosedale (to show the Mountain region that the pirates were not to be messed with and they could strike upriver easily). Re-establishing contact with Durindale is a must. They had an on-going battle with abominations from both the forested hills to their north and south. Durindale is a base for fur traders and prospectors….
Daradurn – it has become a pirate base and is strangling trade with the Mountain region. The pirates know the Mountain region has to trade through the port (cut off to the west and north – eastwards trade too unpredictable, dangerous, and long). Daradurn had been the Mountain region's main outlet to the outside world. The port has strong defenses (the pirates took it over by trickery and stealth). These same pirates demonstrated their resolve and power by destroying Rosedale and enslaving the population. This measure helped to cow the local population of Daradurn – who are very abused by the pirates – and to discourage any moves against the pirates' hold of Daradurn….


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Executive Director | 26 years industry experience
Matt is a portfolio manager on the Global Fixed Income team. He re-joined Morgan Stanley in 2014 and has 26 years of investment experience. Prior to re-joining the firm, Matt managed the Municipal Valuation Rates group and was a senior taxable municipal bond analyst for the BVAL group at Bloomberg. Previously, he worked for the Customized Fixed Income group at MSIM (formerly Miller, Anderson & Sherred) in trading and portfolio management roles. Matt received a B.A. in business management and business administration from Lycoming College and an M.B.A. in financial institutions management from St. Joseph's University.
Matthew is a member of the
Global Fixed Income Team
Strategy Name
Core Fixed Income Strategy
Invests in a mix of U.S. denominated investment-grade securities, particularly U.S. government, corporate and securitized assets.
Invests in U.S. denominated investment-grade securities (government, corporate, and securitized) and may invest opportunistically in non-investment-grade and non-U.S. bonds and currencies.
Government Bond Strategy
Seeks a high level of income through value-oriented investing in U.S. government securities.
U.S. Limited Duration Strategy
Invests in U.S. government, corporate bonds, asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities with maturities less than five years.
U.S. Long Duration Strategy
Invests in U.S. government and investment-grade corporate debt securities with at least 10 years to maturity.
U.S. Short Duration Strategy
Invests primarily in U.S. government securities and investment-grade corporate bonds with maturities less than three years.
Global Fixed Income Bulletin
December's unequal, even seemingly random, bond market performance reinforces our thesis there are few themes that investors can latch onto.
Normalization Continues
In many ways, October was a continuation of the developments that started in September. Yet the Global Fixed Income Team now believes fixed income markets have reached a fork in the road: Either data will get better as geopolitical risks recede, or we will return to trade war concerns and deteriorating economic fundamentals.
Reversal Month
What three principle reasons led to the sell-off in September and how have they impacted our positioning? The Global Fixed Income Team discusses.
View All Insights by Matthew
May not represent all Team Members.
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All investing involves risks, including a loss of principal. Alternative investments are speculative and involve a high degree of risk. These investments are designed for investors who understand and are willing to accept these risks. Performance may be volatile, and an investor could lose all or a substantial portion of his or her investment.
Please refer to the strategy detail page for important information on the strategy, including additional risk considerations.
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Past performance of any product described on this site is not a reliable indication of future performance.
© Morgan Stanley | Investment Management (Australia) Pty Limited ACN 122040037


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Seidensekretion umfasst die Produktion von Seidekomponenten und deren Sekretion durch ein Tier. Bekannt sind die Seide-Produktion der Seidenraupen. Entsprechendes feinfaseriges Material kann von den meisten Larven der Insekten, von einigen Spinnentieren und von manchen Muscheln durch Spinndrüsen oder durch ein Epithel ausgeschieden werden. Seide ist je nach Aushärtungsgrad eine biologische Kittsubstanz oder eine zähelastische Faser. Sie besteht zu einem großen Anteil aus biopolymeren Strukturproteinen. Perlmutt der Muschelschalen enthält ebenfalls Seidenbestandteile.

Homologe und analoge Entwicklungen
Die ersten Anlagen zur Seidenproduktion sind bei den gemeinsamen Vorfahren von Weichtieren und Gliedertieren zu suchen. Im Verlauf der weiteren Evolution resultierte daraus eine Heterogenität von Lösungen, die noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt ist.

Während die wesentliche Seidenkomponente, das Seidenprotein mit mehreren polaren Wiederholungssequenzen und in β-Faltblatt-Konformation, vermutlich homolog ist, haben sich die Seide-produzierenden Gewebe aus ursprünglichen ektodermalen Anlagen mehrmals parallel entwickelt. Dies gilt ebenfalls für die Klasse der Insekten.

Auf Basis der verschiedenen anatomischen Gegebenheiten, des molekularen Aufbaus der Seidenkomponenten und der Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Insektengruppen wurden 23 unterschiedliche Wege für die Evolution der Seidenproduktion bei Insekten bestimmt.

Seideproduzierende Tiere
Einige Tierbezeichnungen verweisen mit Namenselementen wie Netz, Seide, spinnen oder weben direkt auf die Verwendung endogen erzeugter Fäden:
 Netzspinnen
 Radnetzspinne
 Spinner (mehrere Schmetterlingsfamilien)
 Spinnen
 Spinnmilben
 Seidenspinnen
 Seidenspinner
 Weberameisen
 Webspinnen

Aber: Weberknechte haben keine Seiden- oder Spinndrüsen, sondern Stinkdrüsen. Webervögel produzieren ebenfalls keine Fäden, sondern verflechten gefundenes Nistmaterial kunstvoll.

Zwei rezente Tiergruppen können entweder Seide oder Seidenkomponenten produzieren, oder sie besitzen den Seidendrüsen homologe Organteile: Mitglieder der Weichtiere (Tierstamm Mollusca) und der Gliederfüßer (Tierstamm Arthropoda).

Weichtiere
Viele Schalenweichtiere (Unterstamm Conchifera) einschließlich einiger Kopffüßer (wie Perlboote) bilden Schalen, deren innerste Schicht (das Hypostracum) im Wesentlichen aus Perlmutt besteht, welches Seidenproteine enthält.

Muscheln (Klasse Bivalvia, beispielsweise Miesmuscheln) produzieren Muschelseide (Byssus), um sich anzuheften, oft nur im Juvenilstadium. Byssus ist der Seide der Insekten im Aufbau homolog; es enthält die Seidenproteine Fibroin und Sericin.

Gliederfüßer
Die meisten Klassen der Gliederfüßer haben zahlreiche Mitglieder, die zur Produktion von Seide bzw. der Seideproteine Fibroin und Sericin zumindest in bestimmten Altersformen befähigt sind. Von einigen ist die Expression von Seidenproteinen nicht bekannt, oft aber können bei ihnen Organstrukturen erkannt werden, die Seidendrüsen homolog sind:

Tausendfüßer
In der Klasse der Tausendfüßer (Myriapoda) produzieren viele Arten seidenähnliche Sekrete, die außerhalb des Körpers aushärten, z. B. Doppelfüßer.

Krebstiere
Eine Produktion von Seidenkomponenten durch Krebstiere (Crustacea) ist kaum bekannt.

Manche Flohkrebse (Amphipoda), z. B. Crassicorophium bonellii tragen Seidendrüsen an ihren Füßen.

Die meisten sessilen Rankenfußkrebse bilden eine Art Zement, um sich anzuheften. Diese Absonderung ist Seidensekreten homolog.

Insekten
Viele Insektenlarven können Seide produzieren, meist um sich während der Verpuppung in einem Kokon zu schützen.

Von Pollenwespen wurde bekannt, dass eine oder mehrere Arten im Gegensatz zu allen anderen untersuchten Insekten als Adulttiere Seide in ihren Munddrüsen produzieren und damit Nester in trockenem Sand bauen können.

Kieferklauenträger
Unter den Spinnentieren können nur Mitglieder der Ordnungen der Webspinnen, Spinnmilben und Pseudoskorpione Seide produzieren und daraus Seidenfäden bilden, häufig um daraus Wohnbauten oder Fanggeräte zu bilden. Von anderen Ordnungen der Spinnentiere (z. B. Weberknechte) sind keine Seidensekrete bekannt. Von neun Familien der Spinnmilben (Prostigmata, Acariformes) ist bekannt, dass sie Seide produzieren können, z. B. Tetranychus.

Von Pfeilschwanzkrebsen (Limulidae) sind keine Seidenprodukte bekannt. Jedoch bestehen anatomische Homologien ihrer opisthosomalen Segmente 4 und 5 mit den Spinndrüsen der Spinnentiere.

Anatomische Strukturen zur Seidensekretion
Die Seide-produzierenden Gewebe haben sich aus ursprünglichen ektodermalen Anlagen mehrmals parallel entwickelt.

Die beiden ältesten Fossilfunde von Spinndrüsen stammen aus dem mittleren Devon und sind 386 bzw. 374 Millionen Jahre alt. Sie sind der früheste Beleg für seidenproduzierende Tiere. Diese Spinndrüsen werden der Webspinne Attercopus fimbriunguis zugerechnet.

Nicht alle Organe aller Seide produzierender Tiere sind näher untersucht. Daher werden nur einige gut bekannte anatomische Strukturen exemplarisch dargestellt:

Bei Schalenweichtieren
Schalenweichtiere verschiedener Ordnungen sezernieren die Seidenbestandteile des Perlmutts durch ihr Epithel.

Bei Byssus produzierenden Muscheln sitzen Seidendrüsen in deren Fuß.

Bei Flohkrebsen
Marine Flohkrebse (Crassicorophium bonellii) tragen Seidendrüsen an ihren Füßen, die fädige Sekrete abgeben.

Bei Insekten
Die bekannten Spinndrüsen der meisten Insekten(larven) enthalten in der Ultrastruktur ähnliche Zellen und bestehen aus einem meist vielfach gewundenen Schlauch zur Produktion der Seidenkomponenten, dessen hinteres Ende durch eine Spinnwarze oder -düse die flüssig-klebrige Seide absondert. Der Faden erhärtet rasch nach Austritt, auch bei wasserlebenden Formen.

Die Seide-produzierenden Gewebe der Insekten entwickelten sich aus homologen ektodermalen Anlagen mehrmals parallel. Sie gingen aus mindestens vier unterschiedlichen Ausgangsgeweben im Laufe der Phylogenese hervor:
 Epidermale Zellen in Verbindung mit dem Borstenorgan
 Akzessorische Drüsen der Geschlechtsorgane
 Malpighische Gefäße der Larven
 Labialdrüsen der Larven von Amphiesmenoptera (d. h. Schmetterlinge und Köcherfliegen)

Bei den Raupen der Schmetterlinge und den Larven der Köcherfliegen kann die Labialdrüse zu Spinndrüsen umgewandelt sein, mit denen sie Seidenfäden spinnen können. Die Seidenspinnerraupe ordnet den Seidenfaden um sich herum an, indem sie mit rhythmischen Kopfbewegungen gegenwirkt.

Auch die Larven mancher Hautflügler produzieren Seide mit ihren Labialdrüsen. Ob diese jedoch homolog den Amphiesmenoptera oder parallel entstanden sind, ist ungeklärt.

Opisthosomaldrüsen der Webspinnen

Die gemeinsamen Vorfahren der Webspinnen besaßen 4 Seidendrüsenpaare an ihren 4. und 5. opisthosomalen Segmenten. Während bei rezenten Spinnen solche opisthosomalen Anhänge fehlen, sind homologe Strukturen bei Pfeilschwanzkrebsen (Limulus) vorhanden.

Bei den seideproduzierenden Webspinnen befinden sich 4 bis 6 Seidendrüsen oder Spinndrüsen (je 2 oder 3 Paare) auf der abdominalen Unterseite im vierten und fünften Hinterleibssegment. Sie können unterschiedliche Seidentypen für unterschiedliche Aufgaben (Leimfäden, Kokon, Fesselfäden) bereitstellen. Diese Drüsen sind äußerlich als verdickte Spinnwarzen erkennbar. Die Spinnwarzen sind auf dem gut beweglichen Hinterleib äußerst beweglich, wobei die Muskulatur Beugung und der Hämolymphdruck Streckung bewirkt. Die Spinnwarzen können auch gespreizt werden, um "Seidenkleckse" als Verankerungspunkte für den Faden zu bilden.

Viele Webspinnen können ihren Spinndrüsen beim Austritt des Seidenfadens unterschiedlich gestaltete Spinnspulen vorlagern. Dies sind winzigen Öffnungen, welche aus feinen Röhrchen bestehen (bei manchen cribellaten Spinnen nur 10 nm Durchmesser). Eine Spinnwarze kann mit mehreren verschiedenen Spinnspulen besetzt sein für die Produktion unterschiedlich dicker Fäden für verschiedene Anforderungen (z. B. für Abseilfäden, Klebefäden, Alarmfäden, Kokons).

Die Spinnplatte einiger Fangwollweber (eine plattenartig umgewandelte Spinnwarze, Cribellum genannt) kann bis zu 50.000 Spinnspulen tragen. Am Metatarsus (letztes Beinglied) des vierten Beinpaares sitzt bei vielen cribellaten Spinnen ein kammähnliches Calamistrum, mit dem ihre sehr feine Seidenwolle gekämmt werden kann. Diese anatomischen Strukturen (Cribellum und Calamistrum) kommen nur bei cribellaten Spinnen vor.

Ecribellate Spinnen besitzen neben ihren Spinndrüsen leimproduzierende Drüsen, mit denen Fäden eingeleimt werden, die dann als besonders klebrige Fangfäden dienen.

Haftsekret an Füßen von Vogelspinnen
Zu Vogelspinnen der Gattung Aphonopelma wurden zusätzliche Spinndrüsen an deren Tarsen berichtet, welche die Haftung verbesserten. Dem steht jedoch entgegen, dass diese Beobachtung falsch sei und die vermeintlichen Spinnspulen tatsächlich Chemosensoren seien. Die Veröffentlichungen sind kontrovers.

Spinnapparat der Pseudoskorpione
Pseudoskorpione besitzen Spinndrüsen in ihren Cheliceren (Mundwerkzeuge).

Physiologie der Seidensekretion

Bereitstellung der löslichen Komponenten
In den Seidendrüsen werden die Bestandteile der Seide in einer wässrigen Salzlösung bereitgestellt. Die Seidenbestandteile liegen solange als wässrige Lösung in der Drüse vor, bis das Sekret ausgepresst wird.

Damit die für die festen Quervernetzungen verantwortlichen Bereiche der Seidenproteine nicht bereits in den Seidendrüsen verklumpen, werden sie zunächst als Präkursor synthetisiert, welche in der wässrigen Form gehalten werden können. "Regulationsbereiche" am C-terminalen Ende des Eiweißmoleküls überdecken diejenigen Bereiche, welche miteinander in Kontakt treten könnten, um dann Quervernetzungen zu bilden. Polare Bereiche des Moleküls sind nach außen gewandt, lipophile Bereiche nach innen. So wird eine gute Löslichkeit im wässrigen Milieu gewährleistet.

Auspressen und Verfestigung
Bei Auspressen durch die Spinndrüsenöffnungen wird Salz zurückgehalten und die Seidenproteine als dünner klebrig-flüssiger Faden sezerniert. Infolge der Reduzierung der Salzkonzentration können sich die Seidenproteine aneinanderlagern und Quervernetzungen aufbauen, aus diesen Molekülverbänden entstehen feste Seidenfibrillen. Je nach Funktion können verbleibende Salze den Faden länger klebrig lassen oder bei sehr niedrigen Salzrückständen eine rasche Aushärtung erfolgen. Die Austrittsöffnung (Spinnspule) bestimmt die Fadendicke.

Beim Austreten der Proteine aus der Seidendrüse finden sie eine erheblich verminderte Salzkonzentration und veränderte -zusammensetzung vor. Die beiden Ionenbindungen der Regulatorbereiche werden instabil, die Moleküle verändern ihre Faltung und die molekularen Kontaktbereiche werden entblößt. Durch die Strömung im engen Spinnkanal treten außerdem starke Scherkräfte auf, wodurch sich die Moleküle einander nähern. Die langen Eiweißketten werden anhand ihrer polaren Cluster parallel zueinander ausgerichtet. Nun liegen die für die Quervernetzung verantwortlichen Bereiche direkt nebeneinander, ein stabiler Seidenfaden entsteht. Die produzierten Fäden sind durch die spezielle molekulare Anordnung der beteiligten Aminosäuren sehr zugfest und gleichzeitig hochelastisch.

Molekularer Aufbau der Seide

Insekten- und Spinnenseide
Die Hauptbestandteile der Seide von Seidenspinnern sind die beiden Strukturproteine Fibroin und Sericin, die in der Seide des Seidenspinners im Verhältnis 7:3 auftreten, ohne größere Massenanteile weiterer Komponenten. Die besonders stabilen Eigenschaften der Seide erklären sich vor allem aus dem molekularen Aufbau des Seidenproteins Fibroin, welches den Hauptanteil der Seide ausmacht. Es ist ein langkettiges Faserprotein (ein β-Keratin). Sericin bildet eine Matrix, in der sich die langen Fibroinmoleküle noch kurz nach dem Auspressen bewegen und aneinander lagern können. Bei Spinnen existieren die verwandten Proteine Spidroin 1 und Spidroin 2.

Forschungsstand
Insekten- und Spinnenseide nur einiger Organismen wurden bisher untersucht und nur wenige Bestandteile molekular charakterisiert. Manche Vorgänge können auch nur für einen einzigen Organismus beschrieben sein. Die spärlichen Erkenntnisse müssen daher meist stellvertretend für die noch nicht näher analysierte Seidenproduktion anderer Organismen stehen.

Die Anordnung der molekularen Komponenten der Spinnenseide wird auch mittels Röntgenstrukturanalysen untersucht. Sie zeigen, dass Spinnenseide aus geordneten (kristallinen) und ungeordneten (amorphen) Bereichen besteht. Die Kristallite rufen die Streubeiträge (Bragg-Peaks) auf dem Detektor hervor. Ungeordnete Bereiche sind als ringförmiger Streuuntergrund zu sehen (amorphe Halo). Die Auswertung eines solchen Röntgenstreubildes ermöglicht es – unter anderem mit Hilfe der Millerschen Indizes – Form, Ausdehnung und Orientierung der Kristallite zu bestimmen.

Struktur des Fibroins

Die Struktur des Seidenproteins Fibroin ergibt sich aus der mehrfachen Faltung und Ausrichtung in vier Strukturebenen.

 Die Primärstruktur des Fibroins sind mehrere polare Wiederholungssequenzen. Die vorherrschend sich wiederholende Sequenz der Aminosäuren im Fibroin der Insekten ist Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala. Die Aminosäuresequenz des Spinnen-Fibroins wurde beschrieben mit Polyalanin-Clustern von 8 bis 10 Alaninresten neben glycinreichen Clustern von 24–35 Aminosäureresten.

 Fibroin ist ein β-Keratin. Die im Seidenfaden vorherrschende Sekundärstruktur ist das antiparallele β-Faltblatt. Diese Faltblatt-Stapel aus mehreren Clustern bilden kristalline Molekülbereiche.

 Die Tertiärstruktur des Fibroins besteht aus zwei identischen Untereinheiten, welche sich parallel aneinander lagern, aber gegengerichtet. Diese Anordnung wird durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen und hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Untereinheiten stabilisiert.

 In der Quartärstruktur werden kristalline Bereiche parallel aneinander ausgerichteter Fibroinmoleküle durch intermolekulare Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen in ihrer Lage zueinander stabilisiert. Hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Faserproteinen tragen weiter zur Stabilisierung des Seidenfadens bei.

Fibroin des Seidenspinners kann in mindestens drei Konformationen vorkommen, woraus unterschiedliche Qualitäten des Seidenfadens resultieren: Seide I, II und III. Seide I ist der natürliche Zustand des Fadens, Seide II findet sich im gespulten Seidenfaden. Seide III bildet sich in wässrigem Zustand an Grenzflächen.

Glanz
Die Fibroin-Moleküle ordnen sich bei Austritt aus der Seidendrüse im Seidenfaden parallel (paarige β-Faltblätter) an. Zwischen dafür vorgesehenen Bereichen bilden sich feste Quervernetzungen aus. Der Glanz der Seide beruht auf Reflexion des Lichtes an diesen mehrfachen molekularen Parallelschichtungen. Diese optisch aktive Struktur wird aber nicht für den irisierenden Glanz des Perlmutt verantwortlich gemacht, sondern dessen schichtweiser Feinaufbau.

Additive
In der Insektenseide sind neben Faserproteinen auch lösliche (löslich in Propylenglycol oder Glycerin) Skleroproteine sowie weitere Anteile enthalten:

Spinnenseide enthält zur Gestaltung von Behausungen häufig antimikrobiell wirksame Komponenten. Oft sind der Seide Pheromone beigemischt, was eine Art- oder Geschlechtererkennung erlaubt. Fangfäden sind oft mit klebenden Zusatzstoffen oder Leimtröpfchen bestückt. Der Feuchthaltung von Seide oder Klebsubstanzen dienen Salze, welche Luftfeuchtigkeit adsorbieren.

Muschelseide

Byssus ist aufgrund seines Ursprungs in bivalven Mollusken anders aufgebaut als Seiden aus Arthropoden. Byssus enthält mindestens neun charakterisierbare Proteine.

Seide der Flohkrebse
Die seidigen Fäden der Flohfußkrebse bestehen aus Mucopolysacchariden und Proteinen. Diese besitzen einen hohen Grad an β-Faltblatt Sekundärstrukturen mit einem deutlichen Gehalt an polaren Aminosäuren.

Zement der Rankenfußkrebse
Die Seidenbestandteile des Zementes der Rankenfußkrebse (z. B. Megabalanus rosa) enthalten unlösliche Proteine, reich an polaren Aminosäuren. Daraus wurde das fibroinähnliche Protein Mrcp-20k (M. rosa cement protein mit einer molaren Masse von 20 kDa) charakterisiert, welches aus sechs Wiederholungsclustern von je etwa 30 Aminosäuren aufgebaut ist. Das codierende Gen enthält 902 Basenpaare, das Präkursor-Protein besteht aus 202 Aminosäuren (20.357 Da), einschließlich einer cysteinreichen Signalsequenz von 19 Aminosäuren. Das funktionale Zementprotein enthält jedoch kein Cystein und keine Disulfidbindungen.

Beständigkeit
Seide ist gegen Umwelteinflüsse wie Temperaturänderungen, Sonneneinstrahlung (UV-Licht), mechanische Belastung (Wind) und Niederschlag (Regen, Tau) viele Stunden, oft Tage beständig. Staub kann die Haftfähigkeit rasch herabsetzen. Es gibt Enzyme, die Seidenproteine abbauen, ihre Wirkung ist jedoch eher gering und erfordert in aller Regel eine wässrige Umgebung. Der Verschliss historischer Seidenprodukte kann mittels Röntgenmikroskopie anhand der Mikrobeugung einer Raster-Synchrotronstrahlung analysiert werden. Mikroben, insbesondere Pilze, können Gespinste abbauen.

Funktionen der Seidensekretion
Seide ist ein hoch zähelastisches Material mit sehr geringem Eigengewicht. Sie ist viermal belastbarer als Stahl und kann in der Länge um das Dreifache gedehnt werden, ohne zu reißen.

Bei Weichtieren
Muscheln nutzen das Seidensekret (Byssus genannt), um sich auf festem Untergrund durch Haftfäden anzuheften, insbesondere in der Brandungszone. Feigenmuscheln spinnen Netze aus Byssusfäden und können damit feste Gegenstände fixieren.

Bei vielen Gliedertieren

Eikokon
Spinnen und viele andere Gliedertiere umhüllen mit feiner Seide ihre Eier zur Bildung eines Eikokons. Meist dient eine festere Seide als Außenschutz. Weibliche Wolfsspinnen führen ihren Eikokon bei der Jagd mit.

Abseilen
Schmetterlingsraupen vieler Spanner und die meisten Webspinnen können sich an ihrem Seidenfaden abseilen. Beim Klettern ziehen viele Webspinnen einen Faden hinter sich her, der beim Absturz zum Abseilen genutzt wird. Zum Häuten verwenden die meisten Webspinnen ebenfalls einen Spinnfaden zum Abseilen aus der alten Haut (siehe auch: Webspinnen#Wachstum und Häutung).

Flugfaden
Spinnen (Araneae), Spinnmilben (Tetranychidae) und die Larven vieler Nachtfalter (Lepidoptera) produzieren einen Flugfaden (), an dem sich z. B. die jungen Spinnen im Spätsommer (Altweibersommer) im Wind forttragen lassen (Luftplankton). Charles Darwin berichtete 1832 in seinem Tagebuch, 100 km vor der Küste Südamerikas hätten sich unzählige kleine Spinnen in der Takelage seines Forschungsschiffes verfangen.

Bei Insektenlarven
Viele Insekten produzieren als Larven Seide, um daraus einen Kokon als Schutzhülle für ihre Verpuppung zu bilden. Der Kokon des Seidenspinners besteht aus einem einzigen bis zu 900 m langen Faden.

Schaben und Fangschrecken (zusammen gelegentlich als Oothecaria bezeichnet) legen ihre Eipakete in fest aushärtenden Kokons (Ootheken) ab, in denen die Eier untrennbar miteinander verklebt sind. Ootheken sind ziemlich widerstandsfähig gegen Fressfeinde und gegen mechanische oder chemische Einwirkungen.

Daneben kommen weitere Funktionen der Seidensekretion vor:
 Schmetterlingsraupen vieler Zahnspinner und Pflanzenwespenlarven, z. B. Gespinstblattwespen, bilden gemeinsam ein Gespinst aus Seidenfäden, um sich vor Beutegreifern (z. B. Singvögeln) zu schützen. Einige Arten aus diesen Gruppen bauen kunstvolle Schutznester aus Seide, die als Schlupfwinkel für Ruheperioden dienen (z. B. Prozessionsspinner).
 Wasserlebende Larven der Köcherfliegen kleben mit ihrem Seidensekret artspezifisch Substratpartikel (Sand, Steinchen oder Pflanzenmaterial) zu einem Köcher zusammen, der als transportable Körperhülle dient, welche sie auch zur Verpuppung nutzen. Andere Köcherfliegen bauen Driftnetze oder Fangnetze ähnlich Spinnennetzen quer zur Wasserströmung, um Nahrungspartikel aufzufangen. Andere spinnen Sicherheitsfäden, um zu verhindern, selbst abgedriftet zu werden.
 Weberameisen nutzen das Sekret ihrer Larven, um Blätter durch Nähte zu einem Nest verbinden.

Bei Webspinnen

Spermatophore
Wie viele andere Gliedertiere verwenden Spinnenmännchen oft größere Samenpakete (Spermatophoren) zur Übertragung an das Weibchen, da ihnen ein Penis fehlt. Zur Umhüllung der Spermatophoren dient meist Spinnenseide.

Viele Webspinnenmännchen produzieren in Seide gebündelte Spermapakete.

Klebende Fanggeräte

Viele Webspinnen können ihre Beute mit klebender Seide fesseln.

Viele Webspinnen produzieren außerdem Fanggeräte aus Spinnenseide.

Radnetze sind aus verschiedenen Fadentypen unterschiedlicher Stärke und Klebkraft zusammengesetzt. Stabile nichtklebende Fäden bilden das Netzgrundgerüst und werden beim Bau zuerst angelegt. Eine nichtklebende Hilfsspirale gibt die Struktur vor. Darauf wird die eng gezogene Fangspirale aus Klebefäden angebracht.

Zitterspinnen und Kugelspinnen bauen unregelmäßige Raumnetze, aus welchen mit Leimtröpfchen besetzte Fangfäden hängen.

Ecribellate Spinnen verwenden leimbesetzte Fangfäden.

Nichtklebende Fanggeräte
Trichterspinnen lauern in einem mit Seide ausgekleideten Bodentrichter auf Beute.

Falltürspinnen und Gliederspinnen lauern in ihrer Wohnröhre auf Berührungssignale ihrer Alarm- und Stolperfäden.

Tapezierspinnen bauen einen meist gut getarnten Fangschlauch und lauern in ihrer Wohnröhre.

Die feine Fangwolle der cribellaten Spinnen besitzt keine Klebkraft, wird aber zur Erzeugung sehr wirkungsvoller Fallen genutzt: Die Grundkonstruktion besteht aus starken Achsfäden, auf die die äußerst feine Fangwolle aufgebürstet wird, in welche sich Beutetiere heillos verstricken.

Wurfnetzspinnen benutzen Wurfnetze. Manche Spinnen (z. B. Dinopsis) besitzen nur winzige Netze zum Einfangen ihrer Beute wie mit einem Kescher.

Wohnbaue
Viele Webspinnen kleiden ihre Wohnhöhlen mit ihrer Seide aus oder bauen damit freie Wohngespinste.

Wasserbewohnende Wasserspinnen halten mit ihren Unterwassergespinsten einen Luftvorrat, welchen sie zuvor portionsweise in ihren Körperborsten dorthin transportierten. Verbrauchter Sauerstoff der Luftblase regeneriert sich aus dem Wasser, denn die Luftblase fungiert als "physikalische Kieme" oder Plastron. Umgekehrt gibt das Plastron Kohlendioxid an das Wasser ab.

Seide zur Kommunikation
Bei einigen Radnetzspinnen dürfen sich paarungswillige Männchen erst nähern, nachdem sie über Zupfsignale eine spezifische Vibration ausgelöst haben. Springspinnen und Lycosoidea nutzen Seide und deren Vibrationen ebenfalls für Balz und Kommunikation.

Bei Pseudoskorpionen
Pseudoskorpione legen 5 bis 7 mm große Gespinstnester für Ruhephasen und zur Überwinterung an. Für die Eiablage legen weibliche Pseudoskorpione Gespinste oder spezielle mehrkammrige Brutkammern an.

Bei Spinnmilben
Spinnmilben benutzen ein Gespinst, um sich darin auf der Unterseite von Pflanzen zu behausen, z. B. Tetranychus, oder um sich vom Wind treiben zu lassen. Cunixidae und Bdellidae produzieren Gespinste zur Eiablage und bilden Fangnetze aus Seide, manchmal auch für ihre Spermatophoren oder für Markierungen bei der innerartlichen Kommunikation.

Nutzung durch den Menschen

Menschen verwenden oder verwendeten Seide von Maulbeerspinner, Tussa, Webspinnen (z. B. der Kreuzspinnen) oder der im Mittelmeer lebenden Edlen Steckmuschel (Pinna nobilis L.), um daraus Seidengarne durch Spinnen zu gewinnen, zur Herstellung von Textilgeweben, Seilen oder schusshemmender Kleidung.

Die Haltung der Seidenraupen und Gewinnung der Rohseide wird als Serikultur bezeichnet und soll seit 4800 Jahren betrieben werden. Sie produziert etwa 95 % aller Naturseiden.

Gewebe aus Muschelseide oder Steckmuschelwolle werden als Byssus bezeichnet, jedoch wird die Bezeichnung auch für Leinengewebe und Byssos für Baumwollgewebe verwendet. Byssos-Gewebe ist feiner als Seide, wegen seiner Haltbarkeit und der aufwändigen Gewinnung war es sehr wertvoll und vor allem im Mittelalter unter hohen Würdenträgern sehr begehrt.

Fossile Belege
Fossilfunde von Seidenprodukten sind selten. Fossilierungsexperimente mit Seide zeigten jedoch, dass Tuffbildung durch Seide von Wasserinsektenlarven möglich ist, insbesondere im Winter durch Köcherfliegen, im Sommer durch Kriebelmücken.

In Bernstein wurden vereinzelt Seidenfäden, auch mit anhaftenden Leimtröpfchen bzw. eingeschlossener Beute, aus Spinnnetzen der frühen Kreidezeit (etwa 130, 110 und 40 Millionen Jahre alt) gefunden.

Einzelnachweise

Anatomie (Wirbellose)
Arachnologie
Wikipedia:Artikel mit Video

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Labour market and earnings >
Patterns of working time, Labour force survey
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One in ten work on Sundays
akutidord, Patterns of working time, Labour force survey, working time, shift work, rotas, night work, evening work, saturday work, sunday workEmployment , Labour market and earnings
As from 2018 the statistics is published with Labour force survey.
of the employees work outside regularly outside ordinary hours
Employees (15-74 years), by pattern of working time in the main job. Per centPublished 20 February 2017
1Regularly work outside Monday to Friday from 6 am to 6 pm.
Employees, total
Ordinary hours
Outside ordinary hours1
Employees (15-74 years), by patterns of working time, sex and age. In the main job. 1 000 and per cent
1Since the questions on work hours are only directed to a part of the LFS sample, a different weight is used, and the total number of employees differ somewhat from figures published earlier.
Employees, total1
2 463 318 1 667 478 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 665 148 1 167 350 67.6 46.6 70.0 73.3
798 170 501 127 32.4 53.4 30.0 26.7
580 105 379 95 23.5 33.0 22.7 20.0
Not shift work
218 65 121 32 8.9 20.3 7.3 6.7
1 268 160 856 252 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
892 86 611 194 70.3 53.9 71.4 77.1
377 74 245 58 29.7 46.1 28.6 22.9
111 28 66 17 8.8 17.6 7.7 6.8
Download table in ExcelDownload as CSV-fileExplanation of symbols
Employees (15-74 years), by patterns of working time, working time schedules, sex and working hours. In the main job. Per cent
2Either shift work or at least one regularly working time schedule outside ordinary hours.
100.0 100.0 100.0
Combinations of working time schedules outside ordinary hours2
Working the combination of Saturday, Sunday, evening and night
Working the combination of Saturday, Sunday and evening
Working the combination of Saturday, evening and night
Working the combination of Saturday and evening
Working the combination of evening and night
Working the combination of Saturday and Sunday
Working other combinations including night work
Working other combinations not including night work
Employees (15-74 years), by patterns of working time, conditions of appointment and sex. In the main job. Per cent
Conditions of appointment
Temporary position
Employees (15-74 years), by patterns of working time and industry. In the main job. Per cent
100.0 67.6 23.5 8.9
Primary industry, manufacturing and quarrying
Electricity, water supply, sewerage, waste management
100.0 86.7 8.1 5.2
Wholesale and retail trade: repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
100.0 53.4 27.0 19.5
Accommodation and food service activities
Information and communication
Financial, insurance, adm. and support service act
Public adm., defence, soc. security
Human health and social work activities
Other service activities
Employees (15-74 years) working outside ordinary hours (Monday-Friday 6 am to 6 pm) in their main job, by working schedule, regularity, sex and age. 1 000
Employees (15-74 years) working outside ordinary hours (Monday-Friday 6 am to 6 pm) in their main job, by working schedule, regularity, sex and age. 1 0001
1An individual may have multiple working schedules.
845 386 453 621 247 370 877 315 551 356 97 255
162 109 52 96 56 39 156 87 67 49 14 34
111 59 52 85 37 47 113 44 68 50 13 36
172 73 98 127 45 81 187 58 126 80 21 58
256 93 161 202 71 129 270 79 188 121 31 88
70 47 22 42 25 17 68 38 29 26 8 17
131 52 78 104 42 61 141 43 96 78 18 59
434 195 237 312 113 198 434 159 271 138 41 97
The statistics on patterns of working time from the Labour force survey shows the number of employees working outside ordinary hours, either as shift work or not shift work. Work outside ordinary hours is work on Saturdays, Sundays, evenings and nights.
Concepts and definitions are in accordance with recommendations given by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and EU/Eurostat.
According to the international recommendations persons above a specified age should be classified by their attachment to the labour market in a specified, short period, either a day or a week. In the Norwegian LFS the reference period is one week, and the sample of persons are classified in relation to their situation in that reference week.
Employed persons are persons aged 15-74 who performed work for pay or profit for at least one hour in the reference week, or who were temporarily absent from work because of illness, holidays etc. Conscripts are classified as employed persons. Persons engaged by government measures to promote employment are also included if they receive wages.
Unemployed persons are persons who were not employed in the reference week, but who had been seeking work during the preceding four weeks, and were available for work in the reference week or within the next two weeks (in 1996-2005 one should be available within two weeks following the time of interview, and until 1996 one should be able to start working in the reference week).
Persons in the labour force are either employed or unemployed. The remaining group of persons is labelled not in the labour force . Man-hours worked include all actual working hours, i.e. including overtime and excluding absence from work.
Settled/usual working hours refer to the weekly number of working hours determined by the working contract. Absence from work because of illness, holidays etc. is not subtracted, and overtime is not included. Employees, whose settled working hours vary from week to week, give information on both the actual reference week as well as the average of their settled working hours per week (in the tables published the average numbers are normally used). For employees without contract on working hours, for self-employed and for unpaid family workers, data on their usual weekly working hours are used (as an average of their actual working hours during the last 4 weeks).
Full-time/part-time distinction is based on the settled/usual working hours. Part-time: 1-36 hours, with exception of persons with 32-36 hours who classify themselves as full-time employed.
Full-time: 37 hours and over, and the cases mentioned above. For persons with more jobs, the working hours in the main and the second job are summarized.
Overtime is defined as working hours which exceed the contractual working hours for full-time employees, conducted during a specified reference week. The overtime may be compensated by payment or by time off, or be without any compensation. Up to 2006 these questions were included in the survey only during the 2nd quarter each year. As from 2006 onwards they are included each quarter.
A major revision of the LFS in 2006 led to a significant break in the time-series for overtime, i.e. lower estimates than published earlier. This was mostly due to changes in the questionnaire concerning working time.
Statistics on overtime include employees working full-time only. For persons with more jobs, the working hours in the main and the second job are summarized in order to classify them as either part- or full-time workers, as in LFS statistics generally.
For those with more jobs, overtime hours in the main job only are included. By calculating the overtime hours as a share of the total number of man-hours worked among full-time employees, the working hours in the second job are, however, included in the denominator. Persons temporarily absent from work are included in the denominator while calculating the share of employees working overtime, mainly to avoid seasonal variations.
Employees who just had an occasional job in the reference week, and on-call workers, are not asked about overtime, but they are included in the denominator if they were full-time employed in the reference week.
As from 2007 imputation is used concerning the overtime variables in case of proxy interviews and partial non-response.
Involuntary part-time employment comprises part-time employed persons seeking longer settled/usual working hours by registering at the Employment Offices, advertising, contacting present employer etc., and who were able to start with increased working hours within a month.
Permanence of the job
The employees are asked whether they have a permanent job (a work contract of unlimited duration) or a temporary job (a work contract of limited duration). If the person has more than one job, only the main job is classified by permanence.
There are two kinds of working arrangements/working hours outside ordinary daytime (Monday to Friday from 6 am to 6 pm).
Shift work is usually understood as working time outside normally working hours. What counts in the survey as shift work is based on the evaluation of the respondent. For respondents who have not answered the question on shift work, the value is imputed based on the answers they have given with regard to evening, night, Saturday and Sunday work.
Working hour arrangements , not shift work. This refers to work on evenings, nights, Saturdays and Sundays which is not shift work. Evening work is defined as work between 6 pm and 10 pm. Night work is between 10 pm and 6 am. Respondents who report that they work on one or more of these working time schedules outside ordinary hours are also asked about the frequency of this kind of work during a four week period. This is done for each of the working time schedule separately. Based on this, the work outside regularly hours is divided into the categories "regularly" or "sometimes". For evening and night work, the respondent must have this kind of work on at least half of their working days in the four week period to be defined as having regularly evening work and/or regularly night work. For work on weekends, they must work 2-4 Saturdays and/or 2-4 Sundays during the four week period to be defined as having regularly Saturday and/or Sunday work. The respondents who have these kinds of working schedules, but more seldom than indicated above, are defined as sometimes having this kind of work.
Working hour arrangements outside ordinary daytime are based on the contract for the employees, and on usual working time pattern for the self-employed. Up to 2006 these questions were included in the survey only during the 2nd quarter each year. As from 2006 onwards they are included each quarter, but only for ¼ of the sample, and the results are published once a year: Labour force survey. Patterns of working time.
Course participation refers to job related courses which the respondent was paid to attend. Only courses received during a period of four weeks are included. Up to 2006 these questions were asked only during the 2nd quarter each year. As from 2006 onwards they are included each quarter to the whole sample. Labour force survey. Education and training.
As from 2006 the definition of age was changed from completed years at the end of the year to completed years at the time of the reference week.
The persons are classified by marital status as unmarried, married and previously married according to information given by the respondents. Previously married includes widows, widowers, separated and divorced persons. In the tables married women include cohabitants.
The industrial classification is in accordance with the Standard Industrial Classification (NOS D 383), which is based on the EU-standard of NACE Rev. 2.
The occupational classification is in accordance with Standard Classification of Occupations (NOS C521), which is based on ISCO 88 (COM).
The educational classification is in accordance with the Norwegian Standard Classification of Education (NOS C617).
Name: Patterns of working time, Labour force survey
Topic: Labour market and earnings
Division for Labour Market Statistics
County and the whole country.
Quarterly and annual, but monthly publishing of some key figures seasonally adjusted (averages of the last 3 months). Quarterly figures are normally published 5 weeks after the end of the quarter.
The quarterly data files are sent to Eurostat. Tables are sent each month/quarter/year to Eurostat, OECD, ILO and IMF, as well as to the Nordic Yearbook.
The basic material (survey results from the interviewers) as well as the statistical files (on the basis of revision and estimation procedures) are stored.
The main purpose of the survey is to provide data on employment and unemployment, and data on the labour force participation in different sections of the population. The Norwegian LFS started in 1972. For information about the history of the survey, and about breaks in the time-series, please cf. Labour Force Survey 2001 (NOS C748).
The surveys give information to the Labour Market Authorities and other users about the situation on the labour market, and provide data for labour force research and forecasts, as well as for international organizations and mass media.
The results from the LFS are used in the National Accounts Statistics.
For statistics at regional levels (counties and municipalities), the Registerbased Employment Statistics are recommended. These statistics also give figures on employees who are immigrants.
Statistics Norway also produces statistics on selected industries based on data from the establishments, containing figures on employment, compensation of employees, value of production and capital formation etc. These statistics contain more detailed information about each industry than it is possible to give from the LFS and the National Accounts Statistics.
Statistics on unemployed persons at the Employment Offices and government measures to promote employment are compiled by the Directorate of Labour on the basis of registers of unemployed persons and applicants for work.
The figures on unemployment based on the LFS differ from the figures on unemployed persons registered at the Employment Offices. The LFS-figures also include unemployed persons not registered at the Employment Offices, some of the participants in government measures to promote employment and some of the disabled persons. On the other hand, some of the registered unemployed are not classified as unemployed in the LFS, on the basis of the information given on seeking and availability for work. The results from the LFS are used in the National Accounts Statistics. For statistics at regional levels (counties and municipalities), the Registerbased Employment Statistics are recommended. These statistics also give figures on employees who are immigrants. Statistics Norway also produces statistics on selected industries based on data from the establishments, containing figures on employment, compensation of employees, value of production and capital formation etc. These statistics contain more detailed information about each industry than it is possible to give from the LFS and the National Accounts Statistics. Statistics on unemployed persons at the Employment Offices and government measures to promote employment are compiled by the Directorate of Labour on the basis of registers of unemployed persons and applicants for work. The figures on unemployment based on the LFS differ from the figures on unemployed persons registered at the Employment Offices. The LFS-figures also include unemployed persons not registered at the Employment Offices, some of the participants in government measures to promote employment and some of the disabled persons. On the other hand, some of the registered unemployed are not classified as unemployed in the LFS, on the basis of the information given on seeking and availability for work. As from 2006 persons on lay-off (until 3 months) are no longer classified as unemployed, but as employed persons (temporarily absent from work) in the LFS, while they still are classified as unemployed in the registerbased statistics. However, if the period of lay-off exceeds 3 months, they are classified as unemployed in the LFS as well.
The Population and Housing Censuses (each 10th year) give statistics on employment during the last 12 months, in addition to the situation in a specified reference week. As from 2001 onwards employment data based on administrative registers are used. Statistics on labour conflicts and working days lost are compiled by Statistics Norway on the basis of information supplied mostly by the labour and employers's organizations. The Surveys of Level of Living (by Statistics Norway) give information on physical working environment as well as organizational working conditions.
The Population and Housing Censuses (each 10 th year) give statistics on employment during the last 12 months, in addition to the situation in a specified reference week. As from 2001 onwards employment data based on administrative registers are used. Statistics on labour conflicts and working days lost are compiled by Statistics Norway on the basis of information supplied mostly by the labour and employers's organizations. The Surveys of Level of Living (by Statistics Norway) give information on physical working environment as well as organizational working conditions.
The Statistics Act §§ 2-2 and 2-3.
Council Regulation (EC) nos 577/98, 1991/2002 and 2257/2003, and Commission Regulation nos 1575/2000, 1897/2000, 2104/2002, 430/2005 and 377/2008.
The total population aged 15-74 is covered by the LFS. Up to 2006 the group was 16-74, and age defined as completed years at the end of the year. As from 2006 age is defined as completed years at the time of the reference week. Observation unit: person.
The main source for the LFS is quarterly, representative sample surveys based on interview by telephone.
Inhabitants in all municipalities are randomly selected, on the basis of a register of family units. The sample consists of about 12 000 family units (24 000 persons) each quarter. Each family member aged 15-74 participates in the survey, answering questions about their situation during a specified reference week. As from 1996 each family participates in the survey 8 times during a period of 8 quarters (before 1996: 4 times during 6 quarters). Up to 1996 a two stage sampling procedure was applied. For more information, please cf. Labour Force Survey 2001 (NOS C748).
Interview by telephone. Information from previous interviews are used while asking about any changes in the situation, instead of the same, comprehensive data collection every time. For the coding of industry, information from some registers is also used. Demographic data are collected from the Central Population Register, and data on education are based on a register of individual data collected by Statistics Norway from the educational institutions (but questions are also asked to get more updated information).
The respondent is usually the same person as the observation unit (but proxy interviews are done if it is not possible to get in contact with the observation unit; 14-15 per cent of the interviews are done by asking near family members). Data are collected weekly, i.e. the LFS is a continuous survey (all weeks are covered). Up to 1st quarter 1996 (from 2nd quarter 1988) the survey was based on one reference week each month, and in previous years on one week each quarter. Participation in the survey is compulsory, but compulsory fines are not used.
As the data collection is made by use of computer-assisted interviews, some procedures for electronic control of the registration of answers are included in the questionnaire, for example concerning the number of working hours during the reference week. In some cases the interviewers become a "warning" by recording an answer, in other cases maximum or minimum values have been set beforehand.
Person is the unit for analysis.
The absolute figures from the LFS are presented as estimated figures for the total population aged 15-74. The accurate number of persons in the population being represented by one person in the sample, the inflation factor, varies, with 170 on an average for quarterly figures. The estimation is done by a poststratification method using information from the Central Population Register, the Register of Employees and the Tax Register. Seasonally adjusted data are calculated by using the X12ARIMA method. For more information see Seasonal adjustment of LFS.
Most of the time-series from the LFS are comparable over time. Breaks in the series up to 2001 are described in the publication Labour Force Survey 2001 (NOS C748).
The concepts in LFS are defined in accordance with international recommendations, cf item 4.1, to ensure comparability among the countries.
As from 2006 the LFS was revised, mainly to be in accordance with the EU-requirements based on new ILO recommendations. Some definitions and parts of the questionnaire were changed, and some new variables were added. As from 2006 age is defined as completed years at the time of the reference week, instead of completed years at the end of the year, as earlier. Moreover the lower age limit to be covered by the survey was lowered from 16 to 15, in accordance with the surveys in other countries.
These changes from 2006 led to breaks in the time-series for the LFS estimates. The revised survey gives some lower estimates for unemployment (1 000 persons as an annual average for 2006) and some higher estimates for employment (8 000 in 2006). A break in the time series also occured for the estimates of actual working hours per week and man-hours worked. For more information, please cf. http://www.ssb.no/aku_en/. Quarterly data for 2006 are published according to both the revised and the unrevised LFS, in order to improve the comparability for the figures between 2006 and 2005. The breaks in the time-series were most significant for figures divided by age groups.
In all surveys errors may occur in connection with both the collection and the processing of data. The use of proxy interviews (asking near family members instead of the observation unit) often increase the problems of measurement. As an average the employment is underestimated because of proxy interviews.
The response rate is about 85 per cent. Correction for total non-response is done in the estimating procedure. Partial non-response is adjusted for some variables.
The estimates from the LFS are based on a sample of family units. Somewhat different results might have been obtained if a different sample or if a complete census had been taken using the same questionnaires, interviewers, processing, etc. as those actually used in the LFS. The uncertainty introduced by sampling is called the sampling error or standard deviation of the estimates.
If the reader wants an indication of the size of the standard deviation for quarterly figures and annual averages, see the table below. Changes between two surveys will usually have the same absolute uncertainty as the two figures which are compared.
Size of the standard deviation
Quarterly figures
Annual averages
Absolute figures
As per cent of estimated value
In 2016, 10 per cent of employees worked regularly on Sundays, i.e. at least two Sundays in a four-week-period. In addition, 15 per cent worked on Sundays sometimes. The share of employees working Sundays either regularly or sometimes has been stable at around 25 per cent during the past ten years.
Labour force survey
The purpose of the Labour Force Survey is to provide information on the development in...
Statistics Norway's Information Centre


You can connect to the positive and negative leads to one of two pads as shown in the image below.
Wiring diagrams showing how to connect the LEDs on the SR-02 7 LED Round Assembly in series and in parallel.
Connecting to the on-board thermistor for the SR-02 7 LED Round Assembly.


text:
Il campionato mondiale giovanile di rugby 2014 (2014 IRB Junior World Championship) fu il 7º campionato mondiale giovanile di rugby, competizione internazionale di rugby a 15 per squadre nazionali under 20.
L'evento, organizzato dall'International Rugby Board, si tenne in Nuova Zelanda dal 2 al 20 giugno 2014. La squadra vincitrice è stata l'Inghilterra che ha sconfitto in finale il Sudafrica con il punteggio di 21 a 20.

Formula
La formula previde la disputa di tre gironi all'italiana di sola andata con classifica finale aggregata: di conseguenza il successivo seeding nella fase a playoff non dipendeva dalla posizione nel girone ma dai punti conquistati. Le quattro squadre meglio piazzate nel seeding disputarono i posti dal primo al quarto, le quattro ultime per i posti dal nono al dodicesimo, posizione questa che comporta la retrocessione nel Trophy; le altre quattro disputarono gli incontri per i posti dal quinto all'ottavo.

Sedi
Per il campionato mondiale sono stati utilizzati tre stadi, uno a Pukekohe e due nella città di Auckland, tra i quali l'Eden Park dove si è disputata la finale

Squadre

Fase a gironi

Girone A

Classifica girone A

Girone B

Classifica girone B

Girone C

Classifica girone C

Classifica aggregata e seeding

Fase Finale

Posti dal 9º al 12º

Semifinali

Finale per l'11º posto

Finale per il 9º posto

Posti dal 5º all'8º

Semifinali

Finale per il 7º posto

Finale per il 5º posto

Posti dal 1º al 4º

Semifinali

Finale per il 3º posto

Finale

Collegamenti esterni

 2014


text:
NYT Fiction
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Ielts Speaking - Practical Ielts Strategies
by James Campbell
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The Final Frontiersman
The Final Frontiersman (eBook)
by James Campbell (Author)
116,597 Words
The inspiration for The Last Alaskans—the eight-part documentary series on the Discovery Channel! Called "[one of] the greatest life-or-death-tales ever told" (Esquire), James Campbell's inimitable insider account of a family's nomadic life in the unshaped Arctic wilderness "is an icily gripping, intimate profile that stands up well beside Krakauer's classic [Into the Wild], and it stands too, as a kind of testament to the rough beauty of improbably wild dreams" (Men's Journal).
Hundreds of hardy people have tried to carve a living in the Alaskan bush, but few have succeeded as consistently as Heimo Korth. Originally from Wisconsin, Heimo traveled to the Arctic wilderness in his feverous twenties. Now, more than three decades later, Heimo lives with his wife and two daughters approximately 200 miles from civilization—a sustainable, nomadic life bounded by the migrating caribou, the dangers of swollen rivers, and by the very exigencies of daily existence.
In The Final Frontiersman, Heimo's cousin James Campbell chronicles the Korth family's amazing experience, their adventures, and the tragedy that continues to shape their lives. With a deft voice and in spectacular, at times unimaginable detail, Campbell invites us into Heimo's heartland and home. The Korths wait patiently for a small plane to deliver their provisions, listen to distant chatter on the radio, and go sledding at 44° below zero—all the while cultivating the hard-learned survival skills that stand between them and a terrible fate.
Awe-inspiring and memorable, The Final Frontiersman reads like a rustic version of the American Dream and reveals for the first time a life undreamed by most of us: amid encroaching environmental pressures, apart from the herd, and alone in a stunning wilderness that for now, at least, remains the final frontier.
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Released: November 1, 2007
Categories: Biographies & Memoirs, Travel
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text:
Park Narodowy Terra Nova (ang. Terra Nova National Park, fr. Parc national Terra-Nova) – park narodowy położony w północno-wschodniej części prowincji Nowa Fundlandia i Labrador, w Kanadzie. Park został utworzony w 1957, na powierzchni 400 km². Nazwa parku pochodzi od portugalskiej nazwy Nowej Fundlandii. Krajobraz parku składa się głównie z lesistych wzgórz, skał, bagien i stawów.

Fauna
Na terenie Parku Narodowego Terra Nova występuje wiele gatunków ssaków, migrujących ptaków oraz wiele gatunków morskich.

Turystyka
Park posiada dwa kempingi, oraz dobrze rozwiniętą sieć szlaków turystycznych. Na terenie parku można uprawiać m.in.: narciarstwo, kajakarstwo, canoing.

Zobacz też
 park narodowy
 Parki narodowe w Ameryce Północnej

Linki zewnętrzne

Terra Nova


Along the foothills of the Western Himalayas, nestling sheltered under the snowy massifs of the Dauladhar range, lies a 180 km long fertile ribbon of land bordered on the east and the west by the Beas and the Ravi rivers and to the south by the dusty plains of the Punjab. This valley is fed by numerous cold water streams that cascade down from the northern snows, bringing down rich silt, and the fresh breath of the mountains. Vegetation here is unusually lush and the meadows and forests are breathtaking in their beauty. This is a land of plenty and its people are the children of innocence.
Through this irresistibly beautiful valley runs the least known of India's narrow gauge mountain railway - the Kangra Valley Railway - arguably the most aesthetically satisfying rail journey of any kind in all of India. Built to assist the construction of the UhI hydroelectric project, it opened to traffic in 1927, and today traverses 164 km on a realigned route from its broad gauge interchange at Pathankot (1,100 feet altitude) to its terminus at Jogindernagar (3,758).
The KVR is an ecological delight, a line of unmatched beauty. Although it experiences some rugged terrain employs only to tunnels through, its entire length. Once it enters the scenically unsurpassed Kangra valley, it blends seamlessly with the terraced rice fields and spans successive ridges without burrowing. It seems to blend with the terrain as it snakes its sinuous way through the gorges, the shallow bowls and the jagged ridges. There is no feeling of a railway pitted against the elements, or of any conflict between the will of man and that of nature. Amidst this idyllic land of plenty and peace, the KVR meanders unnoticed along the very foothills of the Dauladhar range, not rustling a leaf as it winds its way through the unusually lush vegetation. The stations here are amongst the prettiest in India: Baijnath, the site of one of the twelve ancient jyotirlingam Shiva temples; Palampur, the tea capital of north India; and Ajhu a scenic village that could match anything in Switzerland.
The line's entire passage is so delightfully understated that a great many regular traveller who have stepped off their coaches for a thousand cups of tea at Pathankot station, have failed to notice the twin tracks of the KCR's broad gauge interchange sitting unpretentiously at the eastern edge of Platform No. 1! Entirely in keeping with its unassuming nature, the KVR's exit from Pathankot is equally muted. It exits quick succession nearly one kilometer long Chakki bridge, bringing home the ruggedness or the terrain to the as yet unaware traveler. The first 20 km to Nurpur Road are quickly crossed and the tracks run along the main road of Pathankot - Mandi as they sweep beneath the derelict walls of the once famous Nurpur fort, now abandoned.
Nurpur fort is witness to one of the KVR's major climbs as the railway gains 500 feet of altitude in a mere 9 km, bursting through to the first of the summits at Talara. The topography now changes. The rocky steppes give way to the first of the rice fields. Several stations are crossed in quick succession, and several times, the train plunges into narrow gorges spanned by high masonry bridges only to emerge into another cultivated rice field bowl dotted with slate - roofed white hill homes. Jawanwals Shehr ( 45 km), Nagrota ( 62km) and Guler (72 km) are all small settlements lying off arterial roads, serviced well by the KVR alone. East of its stiff climbs, and soon encounters the Banganga Bridge, the subject of one of the great romantic railway constriction stories.
In 1927, during the constriction of this bridge, soon after the 250 - foot long main girder had been temporarily erected on staging piers ready for final installation, down came a 22 - foot flash flood which moved the staging piers and dislocated the girder by several feet. The engineers disassembled the girder and piers, hauled them to their correct alignment and re-assembled the girder, readying it for installation.
Three weeks later, another torrential downpour5 followed by a flash flood swept the staging piers again. It is said that this tie around, the girder was saved from being washed away by single mooring chain! Romance, of course, is to be found in the fact that the bridge was still erected in time for the inauguration of the KVR.
Past Banganga Bridge, the KVR continues its steep ascent and the squeal of the wheels is ceaseless as the train relentlessly fights it way up the grade. It is a massive effort that does not end till Jwalamukhi appears, 83 km from Pathankot. Jwalamukhi is a characteristic Himalayan pilgrim town - a bedlam o rapid turnaround traffic, glitzy and cheap religious souvenirs, to say nothing of the cacophonic blast of bad music. Baneath all this however, is another reality, an ancient temple antedating the rise of classical Hinduism; a primal experience, before reason, before thought. If up - market lodgings are not a paramount objective, Jwalamukhi is a great place to break journey for a day in the mid - seasons.
Dhundni tunnel, 250 feet long, appear two kilometers north of jwalamudhi and it is only a prelude to something mote impressive. Seven km later, the 1,075-foot long Daulatpur tunnel plunges into the craggy mountain. The line seems to peak somewhere within the innards of Daultpur tunnel because suddenly, as the tracks emerge back into the light, the squeal of the wheels gives way to a more pleasant gliding swish.
Somewhere in the innards of that granite - lined burrow, something far more important has occurred. Daulatpur tunnel marks a symbolic transition between KVR in its manifestation as an idyllic river - valley railway. Suddenly, the line receives, an imperceptible, quite subtle, aesthetic boost. Not two km short of Kangra (94km), we come upon the four - storey 10 - arch masonry bridge, undoubtedly the most photographed spot on the Kangra Valley Railway.
Weighing 230 tons, work began on this first of India's steel arch bridges on December 10, 1927 and was completed in six weeks - well ahead of schedule. In order to safeguard the workers who were bolting the bridge sections together, the railways suspended a cotton rope net beneath the steelworks across the entire stretch of the Nullah. No one fell off the bridge during construction but the workers were terrorized by a suspected man - eating leopard throughout, to say nothing of the marauding troops of monkeys who raided the camp from time to time, forcing the workers to have a security contingent active at all times to beat back the invaders!
The 15 km stretch between Kangra and Nagrota sees the KVR cross the valley's main watercourse and now run along the lowest slopes of the Dauladhar themselves. When Nagrota (2,285 feet altitude appears, the air is cooler already and the vistas to the south are splendid in their expansive generosity. The KVR now reveal the core of its personality. The KCR is a railway without conflict, without a thought of aggression, subtle beyond compare, and a study in seamless integration. It traverses the edges of the valley, tiptoeing around obstacles, meandering through the lush rice fields, spanning watercourses with minimum masonry work, circumventing difficulty, avoiding conflict, and forswearing violence.
Philosohically speaking, the two narrow gauge railway in north India - the Kangra Valley and the Kalka Shimla - are conceptual bipolarities. They are like the Yin and Yang of the Tao of Engineering. If the KSR is masculine aggressive, resolute and combative, the KVR is feminine passive, flexible and conciliatory. The KVR is formlessly subtle, almost Zen Buddhist in its effortless march to its goal. In this sense, the KVE anticipated the ecological movement by 70 years, and is a lesson to every infrastructure planner today.
Palampur station appears 127 km from palampur. At a 3.245feet altitude, the station is found at some distance from this sylvan retreat, but the KVR changes nothing of its pleasant easy personality as it runs another 14 km eastwards through sparkling dewy terraced rice fields to Paprola station. Paprola station, are 3,240 feet altitude , is to me one of the prettiest in India. The concrete - edged platform is unpaved, the green and yellow hutlike station building is something to spend the retirement years in, the red bougainvillea grow in profusion along the buildings and wild yellow and red roses bloom along the cutting and embankments on both approaches to the station.
The severest gradient on the line 1 in 19 for 700 feet - is experienced immediately east of Paprola station. This is the steepest gradient for any pure adhesion line on the Indian Railways and even the powerful ZDM - 3 engines cannot pull more than four coaches up this section. Before steam was withdrawn, double heading was standard operating procedure. The railway now enters its prettiest section yet, passing effortlessly through Bhir gorge to its 4,025feet summit at Ajhu station 152 km from Pathankot.
I do not have words to describe the magically real 23 km section between Paprola and Jogindernagar. The railway glides smoothly through swaying rice fields witness to the mesmerizing dance of the Gods as gentle winds sweep across the cast landscape, touching all that lives with a gentle rhythm. The settlements here consist of the characteristic slate - roofed whitewashed , double storey, half timber cottages of the Kangra Valley, each unique in some small way, yet part of the same essential heritage. Most villages are located scenically amidst the terraced fields, frequently by the side of valley brooks which gurgle in delight. When the KVR sweeps around a shallow ravine cone last time and spans a curved girder bridge for one last time before sweeping into Jogindernagar station, the traveler's cup of delight is all but full and overflowing.
The origins of the Kangra Valley Railway are to be found in events occurring towards the closing years of the 18th century. British experience with the political placidity of the land led to thoughts of long term residence in the decades after the wars of 1857. Thus, substantial English settlements sprung up at Dharamshala, at Dalhousie and at Palampur as the colonists sought to escape from the heat and dust of the Indian plains. Tea plantations appeared, followed by extensive commerce and ultimately, English government. Logistics however remained an Achilles heel.
The fledging tea industry in and around Palampur could never quite make out a business case for the development of a railway into this valley. But this changed dramtically in 1925 when the Punjab government investigated the Uhl hydroelectric scheme and proposed the construction of a metre gauge tramway from Mukerian to Shanon. The Government of India had no objection to the scheme in any fundamental sense, but the Railway Board introduced several changes. Given the gauge chosen for the Shimla line, it now suggested a new 2 feet -6 inch alignment interchanging at Pathankot and connecting a number of pilgrim and European centers. Construction began the Kangra Valley Railway in May 2nd, 1926 and was completed in less than three years at a cost of Rs 2.96 crores.
The KCR has never had a separate locomotive list gut records reveal a variety of motive power on these iron rails, as the North Western Railway shuffled its locomotive roster repeatedly to best service this unique line. Old photographs and loco- shed records reveal that the 12-wheel tender.


A RARE MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LIMESTONE FONT. LATE 14TH/EARLY 15TH CENTURY.
THE HEXAGONAL FONT CARVED TO EACH FACE WITH WINGED ANGELS, QUATREFOILS AND GOTHIC TRACERY. EACH FACET TERMINATING WITH A PROJECTING HEAD. THE TWO SECTIONAL STAND ALSO WITH QUATREFOIL AND TRACERY CARVING AND STANDING ON A STEPPED BASE.
PROVENANCE- Removed from a garden in Frognal, London. Formerly the property of J.Y.McPeake, who was one of William Randolph Hearst~s agents in England. McPeake, an Irishman, was originally recruited by Hearst to publish the English version of Good Housekeeping. First published in 1922 it was an immediate success and ultimately enabled Hearst to purchase St Donat~s castle in Wales in 1925. Hearst used McPeake to purchase a number of pieces for him including a marble Cupid and Psyche from the historic auction of the Hope Antiquities.
(12) Taylor Coffman, Hearst as Collector: the First Fifty Years, Summerland CA, 2003, p. 73; G. Waywell, The Lever and Hope Sculptures, Berlin, 1986, cat. no. 29, p. 87.
40" HIGH X 30" WIDE.