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Fourth full-page Illustration for Dickens's A Christmas Carol in Prose: being a ghost story of Christmas, Ticknor and Fields (Boston), 1869.
For seven years, ever since Ebenezer Scrooge, the surviving business partner, acquired Jacob Marley's house, the solitary bachelor has taken the front-door knocker for granted as he returns from his warehouse at the end of each working day. As usual, he has taken out his door key and proceeded to place it in the lock when suddenly he encounters Marley's face superimposed upon the knocker.
Marley's face. It was not in impenetrable shadow as the other objects in the yard were, but had a dismal light about it, like a bad lobster in a dark cellar. It was not angry or ferocious, but looked at Scrooge as Marley used to look: with ghostly spectacles turned up on its ghostly forehead. The hair was curiously stirred, as if by breath or hot-air; and though the eyes were wide open, they were perfectly motionless. That, and its livid colour, made it horrible; but its horror seemed to be, in spite of the face and beyond its control, rather than part of its own expression.
Unfortunately Eytinge's realisation has a slightly cartoonish look because he has made Marley's face congruent with the scale of the knocker, and the umbrella which Scrooge carries in the midst of a cold-snap strikes a false note. Although Scrooge has his key (mentioned specifically in the text) in his left hand as he reaches for the door-handle with his right, neither key hole nor door nob is evident, and the town house's door is but imperfectly sketched in, with no hint of an area yard in front of the house.


Frank Britton and Jamie Ogden remain standing after hours of dancing in Marathon '33 at The American Century Theater, beginning July 27.
The American Century Theater will present June Havoc's Marathon '33, July 27 – Aug. 25, 2012 at Gunston Theatre II in Arlington. TACT Artistic Director Jack Marshall is the show's director, and Tom Fuller is the musical director.


text:
Reading: Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Full Text (EN)
Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
J Gordon Millichap
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, US
Vitamin A levels were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of a total of 78 patients having idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH;n=20), elevated pressure of other causes (E-ICP;n=19), and normal pressure (N-ICP;n=39), in a study at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
Keywords: Vitamin A, Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension, Retinol-binding Protein
How to Cite: Millichap, J.G., 2002. Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Pediatric Neurology Briefs, 16(11), pp.85–85. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-11-5
Published on 01 Nov 2002
Vitamin A levels were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of a total of 78 patients having idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH;n=20), elevated pressure of other causes (E-ICP;n=19), and normal pressure (N-ICP;n=39), in a study at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. Higher CSF vitamin A levels found in some patients with IIH were significantly correlated (p=0.036) when compared with control E-ICP and IIH patients. Higher levels were marginally significantly associated with female gender (p=0.094) and younger age (p=0.069). Multivitamin use was not associated with the levels of vitamin A. High vitamin A levels in patients with IIH and high average vitamin A levels in patients with breakdown of the blood-brain barrier are suggestive of a toxic effect of CSF retinol on the arachnoid granulation resorption mechanism in IIH. [1]
COMMENT. Some patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension have significantly higher levels of vitamin A in the CSF than patients with normal pressure or those with increased pressure due to other causes. Serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) and retinol are also elevated in some patients with IIH [2]. Vitamin A may have a specific transport mechanism into the CSF, and it becomes toxic when the level exceeds the RBP binding capacity. Study of patients with breakdown of the blood-brain barrier may elucidate the transport mechanism of CSF vitamin A and pathogenesis of IIH.
The role of vitamin A intoxication in the pathogenesis of IIH is discussed in an editorial by Fishman RA. [3]. It is speculated that vitamin A increases CSF volume and pressure by an effect on aquaporins present in membranes of the choroid plexus that control CSF secretion.
Warner, JE, Bernstein, PS, Yemelyanov, A, Alder, SC, Farnsworth, ST and Digre, KB (2002). Vitamin A in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with and without idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ann Neurol Nov 200252(5): 647–650, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10377 [PubMed]
Jacobson, DM, Berg, Q, Wall, M, Digre, KB, Corbett, JJ and Ellefson, RD (1999). Serum vitamin A concentration is elevated in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology Sep 199953(5): 1114–1118, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.53.4.877 [PubMed]
Fishman, RA (2002). Polar bear liver, vitamin A, aquaporins, and pseudotumor cerebri. Ann Neurol Nov 200252(5): 531–533, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10389 [PubMed]
Millichap, J.G., 2002. Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Pediatric Neurology Briefs, 16(11), pp.85–85. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-11-5
Millichap JG. Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Pediatric Neurology Briefs. 2002;16(11):85–. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-11-5
Millichap, J. G. (2002). Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Pediatric Neurology Briefs, 16(11), 85–85. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-11-5
Millichap JG, 'Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension' (2002) 16 Pediatric Neurology Briefs 85 DOI: http://doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-11-5
Millichap, J Gordon. 2002. "Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension". Pediatric Neurology Briefs 16 (11): 85–85. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-11-5
Millichap, J Gordon. "Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension". Pediatric Neurology Briefs 16, no. 11 (2002): 85–85. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-11-5
Millichap, J. G.. "Vitamin A and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension". Pediatric Neurology Briefs, vol. 16, no. 11, 2002, pp. 85–85. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-11-5
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2023 Most Affordable Online Colleges for Aviation Degrees
By the OnlineU team | Updated 9/21/2022
An online bachelor's degree in aviation is designed to provide an excellent foundation for students with a strong interest in the aviation industry. For students who are not aiming to become pilots, many institutions offer programs that cover aviation management and maintenance, which keeps students within the aviation field without having to go to flight school. Some topics covered in an online Bachelor's in Aviation include aviation history, aviation management, and risk factors. Graduates of an online bachelor's in aviation may pursue careers like Air Traffic Controller, Pilot, or Human Resources Manager or continue their education by getting a master's degree in aviation or aerospace engineering.
Explore the most affordable online bachelor's degrees in aviation below. View our methodology for details about rankings or learn more about us. You can also check out our overall list of the most affordable online degrees for some inspiration.
Find an Online Degree: ADVERTISEMENT
All tuition numbers were manually collected and verified
Annual Tuition
# 1 #1 Middle Georgia State University Macon (GA) $3,410
# 2 #2 Eastern New Mexico University - Main Campus Portales (NM) $6,624
# 3 #3 Hampton University Hampton (VA) $9,000
# 4 #4 Southern Illinois University - Carbondale Carbondale (IL) $9,645
# 5 #5 Lynn University Boca Raton (FL) $9,950
# 6 #6 University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh Oshkosh (WI) $10,800
# 7 #7 Kansas State University Manhattan (KS) $11,250
# 8 #8 LeTourneau University Longview (TX) $11,400
# 9 #9 University of North Dakota Grand Forks (ND) $13,049
# 10 #10 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide Daytona Beach (FL) $13,410
Middle Georgia State University
Macon (GA)
Annual Tuition: $3,410
Middle Georgia State University (MGA) is a medium-sized, public institution offering an online Bachelor of Science in Aviation Science and Management - Management that requires 120 credit hours. The management track in this program exposes students to aviation and airport management topics. Graduates may pursue careers like an airfield operations specialist, airline manager, or human resources manager in the field of aviation.
At MGA, online students complete their coursework virtually in an asynchronous format on Brightspace, a learning management platform. The university's remote student support includes a writing center, counseling, and academic advising. The program's admission requirements are a high school diploma or GED and a minimum high school GPA of 2.0.
Financial Aid Recipients: 91%
Average SATs: 880 -1090
Undergrad Online Enrollment: 1,852
Graduate Online Enrollment: 268
School Type: Nonprofit
School Accreditation: SACS COC
Eastern New Mexico University - Main Campus
Portales (NM)
At Eastern New Mexico University - Main Campus (ENMU), a public institution with a medium-sized student population, prospective students can pursue two online aviation bachelor's degrees: (1) a Bachelor of Applied Arts and Science in Aviation Science and (2) a Bachelor of Science in Aviation Science. Each of these require students to finish 120 credit hours. Both degree programs cover the basics of aviation science, which is necessary for specific career opportunities in the aviation industry. Sample coursework includes History of Aviation, Airport Operations, and Theory of Flight.
ENMU facilitates asynchronous and synchronous online learning through the popular platform, Canvas. Online students can also access the school's online library, academic advising, and tutoring services. An application, FAFSA application, official transcripts, and ACT/SAT scores are required for admission.
School Accreditation: HLC
Hampton (VA)
Hampton University (Hampton Online) is a medium-sized, private, and nonprofit institution offering an online Bachelor of Science in Aviation Management - Airport Administration. Requiring 120 credit hours, this program prepares students to assume managerial positions in airports. Some of the program's coursework includes Weather & Climate, Introduction to Airport Systems, and Aviation Management.
Students at Hampton Online complete coursework on Blackboard. Online student support includes tutoring, counseling, and IT help. The program's admission requirements are an application, official high school transcripts, a letter of recommendation, and an essay.
Undergrad Online Enrollment: 346
Carbondale (IL)
Southern Illinois University - Carbondale (SIU - Carbondale) is a medium-sized, public institution offering an online Bachelor of Science in Aviation Technologies, which totals 120 credit hours. Prospective students can expect to take core and specialization courses, technical or career electives, and participate in an internship or cooperative experience. The program's specializations include Aircraft Maintenance, Aviation Electronics (Avionics), Helicopter Maintenance, and Aviation Maintenance Management.
At SIU - Carbondale, online students complete coursework — which is delivered asynchronously and synchronously — on Brightspace. Remote students can also access tutoring, a writing center, and SIU's online library. Interested students must submit an application and official transcripts.
Average SATs: 1030 -1250
Lynn University
Boca Raton (FL)
Lynn University (Lynn) is a medium-sized, private, nonprofit institution that offers several online degrees in aviation: a Bachelor's of Science in (1) Aviation Management, (2) Aviation Security, Aviation Operations, Professional Pilot, and Air Traffic Control. All programs are 120 credit hours except for the professional pilot bachelor's degree, which is 122 credit hours total. These online degrees help prepare students for various career opportunities in aviation. All programs are offered throughout the year.
At Lynn, online students complete coursework asynchronously via Canvas, allowing them to work at their own pace. Additionally, remote student support includes IT assistance and an online library. Admission requirements are an application, a personal statement, and official transcripts.
University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh
Oshkosh (WI)
Annual Tuition: $10,800
The University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh (UW Oshkosh) is a medium-sized, public institution offering an online Bachelor of Applied Studies in Aviation Management that requires 120 credit hours. This remote program helps students develop leadership and communication skills to help them become industry leaders in the field of aviation. Sample coursework includes Transformative Leadership, Aviation Law, and Airline Management.
At UW Oshkosh, online coursework is delivered on Canvas in asynchronous and synchronous formats. Online students can also access tutoring services, a writing center, and academic advising. The program's admission requirements are an application and official high school transcripts.
Manhattan (KS)
At Kansas State University (K-State) — a large, public institution — students interested in aviation can pursue a Professional Aviation Bachelor's Degree through K-State Online. Requiring 120 credit hours, this online degree's curriculum combines business and leadership courses with an emphasis in aviation. The program's curriculum includes courses that range from Air Carrier Operations and Aviation Law to Supervisory Management.
K-State Online facilitates asynchronous and synchronous online learning through the platform, Canvas. Distance learners can also access tutoring, academic advising, and K-State's online library. The program's admission requirements are a cumulative high school GPA of 3.25 or higher, official transcripts or GED equivalent, and ACT/SAT scores.
Graduate Online Enrollment: 1,425
LeTourneau University
Longview (TX)
LeTourneau University (LeTU) is a small, private, nonprofit institution offering two online bachelor's in aviation degrees: (1) a Bachelor of Science in Aviation Management and (2) a Bachelor of Science in Aviation Studies. Each requires 122 credit hours. The first program offers four concentration options: (1) Aircraft Dispatch, (2) Homeland Security, (3) Maintenance, and (4) Professional Pilot. The second program includes core courses like Aviation Safety Factors, Financial Analysis for Managers, and Business Ethics.
At LeTU, remote students complete their coursework in an asynchronous format on Blackboard. Additionally, support for online learners includes academic advising, a virtual library, and career services. Each bachelor's program has the same admission requirements: an application, high school diploma or GED, and ACT/SAT scores.
Financial Aid Recipients: 100%
Grand Forks (ND)
The University of North Dakota (UND) is a public institution with a medium-sized student population. UND offers an online Bachelor of Science in Aviation Safety and Operations requiring 120 credit hours. The program delivers a comprehensive curriculum designed to help students succeed in aviation careers. Sample coursework includes Aviation Safety Analysis, Risk Management, and Human Factors.
UND facilitates asynchronous and synchronous online learning on Blackboard. Remote students can access tutoring, writing help, and tech support. To apply, students must first complete 14 units of high school core courses and provide their official transcripts.
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide
Daytona Beach (FL)
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide (Embry-Riddle) is a medium-sized, private, nonprofit institution offering several online aviation programs: (1) a Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics, (2) Bachelor of Science in Aviation Business Administration, and (3) Bachelor of Science in Aviation Maintenance. All of these programs require 120 credit hours to complete, covering the different aspects of the aviation industry, such as management, flight, and maintenance. Sample coursework includes Human Factors in Aviation Safety, Business Statistics, and Aviation Safety.
At Embry-Riddle, online students complete coursework on Canvas in asynchronous and synchronous formats, depending on the course. Fully remote students can access career services, tutoring, and an online library. Each program's general admission requirements include an application and either official transcripts or GED scores.


Kristi has more than fifteen years of Human Resources and Labor Relations experience at the management level, previously serving as the Director of Human Resources at the City of Pasadena and before that, for the City of Tustin. She brings a unique perspective to the collective bargaining process and has successfully negotiated with a variety of unions and employee associations including AFSCME, LIUNA, SEIU, IBEW, IUOE, OCEA, and Police, Fire and Management Associations. As a member of Liebert Cassidy Whitmore's Management team, Kristi contributes to LCW's long and short-range strategic plans.
Through the use of assessments, Kristi assists clients in the areas of talent acquisition, employee development, teambuilding, conflict resolution, increased emotional intelligence and relationship awareness, employee engagement, succession planning, and leadership effectiveness. Kristi is certified in several assessment tools including Harrison Assessments, Total SDI, and The Leadership Circle.
Kristi is a past president of the Public Employer Labor Relations Association of California (PELRAC) and has been active with its national parent organization, NPELRA. She served as a member of the Employer Relations Policy Committee for the League of California Cities from 2008-2010 and was president of the League's Employee Relations department in 2010. She has been engaged in a variety of professional organizations throughout her career including: the International Public Management Association (IPMA-HR) and its Southern California chapter (SCPMA), the Association of Workplace Investigators (AWI), and the Southern California Public Labor Relations Council (SCPLRC).
Kristi received her Bachelor's Degree from California State University, Fullerton and her Master's Degree in Public Administration from California State University, Long Beach. She holds a Human Resources Management certificate from the University of California, Irvine and is an IPMA-HR Certified Professional.
City of Rancho Mirage - The Rancho Mirage Employees Association.
Oxnard Harbor District (Port of Hueneme) - SEIU, Local 721.
City of Port Hueneme - SEIU, Local 721.
City of Monterey Park - Police Officers Association, Police Mid-Management Association and SEIU, Local 721.
Housing Authority of the County of Santa Clara - SEIU, Local 521.
City of Vallejo - Firefighters Association ( IAFF) and Confidential, Administrative, Managerial, and Professional Association (CAMP).
City of Fountain Valley - Police Officers Association, Police Management Unit, General Employees Association, Municipal Employees Associations, Firefighters Association, and Professional & Technical Employees.
City of Ridgecrest - UFCW (General Employees).
City of Covina - MOU Audits for AFSCME, Police Association, Police Management Association, and Police Supervisors of Covina.
City of Monterey Park - MOU Audits for Fire Fighters Association, Fire Management Association, and Police Captains Unit.
City of Cotati - Personnel Rules Audit.
LACERA - Equal Pay Act Audit.
Housing Authority of Santa Clara County - Employee Handbook and Personnel Rules Audit.
County of Santa Barbara - Civil Service Rules Revisions.
City of Manhattan Beach - Personnel Rules & Regulations Audit.
City of Beverly Hills - Classification and compensation review.
City of Ontario - Human resources consulting including classification and compensation reviews.
Kedren Community Health Center - Executive recruitment and selection services and human resources consulting.
City of South Gate - Police department performance evaluation form revisions.
It's that time of the year when we begin to negotiate labor agreements set to end on June 30th. Have you started your preparations for the negotiating process? One critical step in labor negotiations is costing your existing MOU. What do we mean when we say "costing?" It means you should be able to identify what each item in the MOU costs on a fiscal year basis and thereby determine the total cost of the contract to your agency.
When it comes to labor negotiations, costing labor contracts is critical. Long gone are the days of generalized estimates related to labor costs.
Show Me the Money! Before You Can Spend It, Do You Know What It Costs?


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February carbon dioxide levels average 400ppm for first time
March 8, 2015 3.03pm EDT
Paul Krummel, Paul Fraser, CSIRO
Paul Krummel
Research Group Leader, CSIRO
Paul Fraser
Honorary Fellow, CSIRO
Paul Krummel receives funding from MIT, NASA, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Department of the Environment, & Refrigerant Reclaim Australia.
Paul Fraser receives funding from Refrigerant Reclaim Australia.
CSIRO provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation AU.
For the first time, the February monthly average carbon dioxide levels at the Mauna Loa Observatory have passed 400ppm. NOAA/Wikimedia Commons
The US government's greenhouse gas monitoring site at Mauna Loa in Hawaii has confirmed that its average recorded carbon dioxide levels for February topped 400 parts per million (ppm) – the first time that this has been seen in a northern winter month.
Back in May 2013, the Hawaiian site recorded daily levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide at 400 ppm for the first time. Last year the average hit 400 ppm in April, and remained above this level for three months.
So this year, reaching 400 ppm as part of the seasonal ebb and flow of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as early as February is another milestone.
It is likely Mauna Loa's yearly average will reach 400 ppm this year, as CO2 concentrations climb upwards.
The unit of measurement for carbon dioxide is parts per million (molar) of dry air, or ppm for short. For every million molecules of the gas mixture that makes up dry air, about 400 of them presently are carbon dioxide molecules.
Mauna Loa is one of three key sites identified by the World Meteorological Organisation for long-term carbon dioxide measurements, with a record that started in 1956. The other northern hemisphere site is Alert in Nunavut, Canada (which has been recording since 1975). The third site is in the Southern Hemisphere, at the Cape Grim Air Baseline Air Pollution Monitoring Station in north-west Tasmania, Australia (see below).
It's all uphill from here
As the graph below shows, CO2 concentrations have climbed relentlessly over the past 200 years. Air and ice measurements allow us to trace the dramatic rise in carbon dioxide levels from about 280 ppm before the start of the industrial era around the year 1800, to a global average of 397 ppm in 2014. That's an increase of 42%, largely due to human activities.
Ice measurements show the rise of CO2 since 1800. CSIRO
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations also oscillate throughout the year, reaching a peak in mid-spring in both hemispheres. This is due to the terrestrial vegetation waxing and waning along with the seasons, and is more pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere due to a greater land mass.
During the productive growing phase from mid-spring through summer, vegetation removes considerable CO2 from the atmosphere, while it returns CO2 to the air during cooler months due to ongoing respiration and vegetation decomposition. This phenomenon creates the seasonal cycle in the atmosphere's CO2 concentration, which can be seen in the graph below showing the last five years of Mauna Loa CO2 data.
Monthly mean Mauna Loa CO2 concentration for the last five years. CSIRO
What we are seeing at present in the Mauna Loa February measurements are observations fluctuating around 400 ppm. These will return to sub-400 ppm levels later this year (August) when the above-mentioned absorption by vegetation – what's known as the "annual carbon dioxide drawdown" – will affect Northern Hemisphere atmospheric CO2 levels.
However, by November 2015, Mauna Loa monthly average CO2 concentrations will remain above 400 ppm for the foreseeable future.
In the Southern Hemisphere, average annual levels of carbon dioxide are measured at the Cape Grim Air Baseline Air Pollution Monitoring Station in north-west Tasmania. This is the third key site identified by the World Meteorological Organisation for long-term carbon dioxide measurements, with a record starting in 1976.
Cape Grim is a key international monitoring facility, operated by the Bureau of Meteorology, and is where much of CSIRO's international global atmospheric research is centred. Measurements have been made here since 1976.
CSIRO has also measured Southern Hemispheric carbon dioxide over the past 2000 years in air trapped in Antarctic surface ice - called firn - and deeper ice cores, shown in the figure above.
While the northern hemisphere heads towards peak carbon dioxide levels in mid-spring, Cape Grim is heading towards the late-summer/autumn trough in concentrations so are currently recording daily values of around 396 ppm. We expect Cape Grim to reach the 400 ppm milestone for the first time during 2016, most likely around the middle of the year.
Cape Grim will likely record CO2 levels permanently above 400 ppm in 2016. CSIRO
Why are southern hemisphere carbon dioxide levels lower?
Carbon dioxide is currently rising at just over 2 ppm each year.
The annual mean carbon dioxide level at Mauna Loa is expected to exceed 400 ppm in 2015, with Cape Grim expected to exceed 400 ppm in mid-2016 and stay above 400 ppm thereafter, although if the current growth rate of 2 ppm per year accelerates then Cape Grim may reach this milestone earlier.
Cape Grim baseline CO2 measurements in Feb 2015 averaged almost 396 ppm for the month.
There is a clear difference between levels of carbon dioxide measured in the Southern and Northern hemispheres, because industrial and other population-based sources of carbon dioxide emissions are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere.
From measurement to action
Carbon dioxide is one of the primary greenhouse gases. Others include methane, nitrous oxide and synthetic gases, predominantly refrigerants. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are rising mainly because of the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
Increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to climate change. The amount of warming produced by a given rise in greenhouse gas concentrations depends on feedback processes in the climate system, such as the water vapour response. This both amplifies, by water vapour, and dampens, by cloud formation, the temperature increase due to these long-lived greenhouse gases.
Over half of the carbon dioxide input to the atmosphere is absorbed by natural sinks in the land plants and oceans.
Land and ocean carbon dioxide sinks respectively removed 30% and 24% of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions over the period 2000-2008. This constitutes a massive natural ecosystem service helping to mitigate humanity's emissions.
To have a 50:50 chance of keeping human-induced average global warming below 2C, it will be necessary to stop almost all carbon dioxide emissions before cumulative emissions reach one trillion tonnes of carbon.
The world has already emitted more than half of this quota since the industrial revolution. At current accelerating growth rates for the combustion of fossil fuels, the rest will be emitted by the middle of this century.
Cape Grim measurements of carbon dioxide are publicly available at http://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/.
Paul Krummel will be on hand for an Author Q&A session between 3pm and 4pm tomorrow (March 10). Post your questions about atmospheric carbon dioxide monitoring in the comments section below.
Carbon dioxide measurements


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What is the British Champions Series?
All good things, as they say, must come to an end.
Each year, the flat racing season culminates in October as the ground begins to soften and temperatures outside plummet, replacing the short sleeves of summer meetings with the overcoats and bobble hats that signal the beginning of winter in the UK.
And what better way to bring the curtain down on the campaign than with British Champions Day, in which the best horses of all race lengths descend on Ascot to see who will be crowned the finest around.
It is a meeting which acts as the culmination of the British Champions Series, with the Ascot showpiece acting as the 'final' of each of flat racing's five different divisions.
With more than £4 million in prize money available on the day, you can see why connections are keen to get their horses into the mix for honours. But there's more than just cold hard cash on the line: trophies and titles is really what gets the juices flowing of the best in British racing.
The British Champions Day was devised as a way to celebrate the end of the season in one place; before, the key races were held at separate meetings at Ascot and Newmarket, which rather diluted the prestige of the occasion.
What of the British Champions Series itself? Below we breakdown each of the categories and show what is at stake in each division throughout the flat racing season.
The Sprinters
2yo+ Races
3yo Races
Prize Fund Total (2019)
The fastest horses in the west (and north, south and east) take each other on in a six-race series that proves without question who is the quickest over five and six furlongs.
Five of the races are available to three-year-olds and up, so there's not much nuance here: it is simply the speediest horse that will prevail.
There are a half-dozen qualification races before the British Champions Series concludes with the Sprint Stakes on Champions Day:
King's Stand Stakes (Ascot, June)
Commonwealth Cup (Ascot, June)
Diamond Jubilee Stakes (Ascot, June)
July Cup (Newmarket, July)
Nunthorpe Stakes (York, August)
Haydock Sprint Cup (Haydock, September)
The One Milers
The specialists have an interesting schedule in that they tend to be kept apart until British Champions Day, where they battle it out in the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes – the richest one-mile race in Europe.
The one-mile category gets underway with a pair of races aimed solely at three-year-olds: the 2000 Guineas and the St James's Palace Stakes. Subsequently, the next two races in the British Champions Series are for four-year-olds and older: the Lockinge and Queen Anne Stakes.
The female of the species gets a chance to shine in the Sun Chariot Stakes, while all ages and genders meet in the Sussex Stakes.
So, the six qualification races are:
2,000 Guineas (Newmarket, May)
Lockinge Stakes (Newbury, May)
Queen Anne Stakes (Ascot, June)
St James's Palace Stakes (Ascot, July)
Sussex Stakes (Goodwood, July)
Sun Chariot Stakes (Newmarket, October)
The British Champions Series for the one-mile brigade concludes with the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes, which is worth a cool £1.1 million to the winner.
The Fillies & Mares
One of the categories of the British Champions Series is open only to fillies and mares.
This is a series of six races held over a mile or longer, and in which horses aged four, five and older take each other on.
Kicking off with the one-mile 1000 Guineas early in May, the series ends on British Champions Day with the aptly-named Fillies & Mares Stakes in October.
The six qualifying races are:
1000 Guineas (Newmarket, May)
Epsom Oaks (Epsom, June)
Coronation Stakes (Ascot, June)
Falmouth Stakes (Newmarket, July)
Nassau Stakes (Goodwood, August)
Yorkshire Oaks (York, August)
The Middle Distance Runners
A category that sits between the one-mile mark and the stayers, the Middle Distance bracket is one of the most fiercely contested of the British Champions Series.
It features many of the finest flat racers around, and in 2019 racegoers have been thrilled by the battles waged between Enable, Crystal Ocean, Japan and a cast of exciting others.
The six qualification races are:
Coronation Cup (Epsom, June)
Epsom Derby (Epsom, June)
Prince of Wales' Stakes (Ascot, June)
Eclipse Stakes (Sandown, July)
King George VI Stakes (Ascot, July)
Juddmonte International Stakes (York, August)
The Middle Distance category culminates with the Champions Stakes at Ascot.
This is a bracket in which owners tend to be a tad cannier with where they enter their horses, which is perhaps why the six feature races in 2019 have seen five different winners. The close scheduling between the Champion Stakes and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe has also been a problem in the past.
The Stayers
The Long Distance category brings together the best big-lunged horses around in a British Champions Series bracket dedicated to races of one mile, six furlongs in length or longer.
This category features six individual races:
Yorkshire Cup (York, May)
Gold Cup (Ascot, June)
Goodwood Cup (Goodwood, August)
Lonsdale Cup (York, August)
Doncaster Cup (Doncaster, September)
St Leger Stakes (Doncaster, September)
On British Champions Day, the series concludes with the Long Distance Cup.
This is a category dominated by Stradivarius in recent times, the incredible two-time Stayers' Million winner who looks unbeatable with Frankie Dettori in the saddle.
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Robert Pattinson Lands in Australia Amid Kristen Stewart Breakup Rumors
Looking good Mr. Pattinson!
With his guitar in hand, a smiley Robert Pattinson was photographed Thursday at the Melbourne airport. Keeping it casual after his flight in from LAX, the 26-year-old "Twilight Saga" star was photographed catching a flight to Adelaide, Australia. So, what is he doing in the land down under?
Rob is getting to work on the film "The Rover" co-starring Aussie actor Guy Pearce. The movie is a futuristic Western set in the Australian desert and Pattinson has described this script as "really tough" but "one of the best [he's] read."
But is Rob going through a really tough time in his personal life also? The Sun reports that Pattinson broke up with Kristen Stewart over the weekend telling her they would be better off with friends. Well, sources tell omg! that this report is "definitely not true."
Even more evidence the story is bogus? Insiders assured omg! that Sunday night Rob and Kristen looked relaxed and more comfortable than ever together at Tina Fey and Amy Poehler's private Golden Globes after-party.
While Kristen Stewart has work commitments of her own in the coming months — she is still attached to the comedy "Focus" (despite Ben Affleck dropping out). Don't be surprised if the 22-year-old actress pops up to visit her beau in Australia at some point though.
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One unusual offering the Lakewinds co-op is an online shopping facility, giving you the option of picking your groceries up at the co-op or delivery. This feature is available to both members and non-members. In-store pick-up is only available at the Minnetonka location.


You might recall that the US did not sign the Kyoto Treaty. The US Conference of Mayors did, though. Yep, in an Agenda 21 move, 1,054 US mayors have signed onto an agreement, the Climate Protection Campaign, that meets or exceeds the Kyoto Protocols, repudiates sprawl and enforces smart growth, and pushes carbon trading.
I took a look at the Kyoto signers to see which country had reduced its greenhouse gases the most. Which one was it?
Latvia. One of the smallest countries in the world, Latvia clings to the edge of the former Soviet Union and has the distinction of being the 3rd poorest country in the European Union. Their citizens live in concrete housing blocks where their hot water is shut off most of the time. What else is Latvia known for? Human rights abuses.
So, what does this tell you? That if you're a poor nation, one of the poorest, and you control your citizens with an iron fist you'll have the pleasure of reporting to your masters that you have met or exceeded their goals.


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Crooks, Low & Connell, S.C. Attorneys at Law
Attorney Kevin P. Crooks
Attorney Robyn J. De Vos
Attorney David G. Casey
Attorney Kristen E. Lonergan
Attorney Tara M. Guelzow
Attorney James E. Low (Retired)
Attorney James B. Connell (Retired)
Attorney Patrick L. Crooks (1934-2016)
Family & Divorce Law
Business & Employment Law
Understanding Insurance Subrogation
Categories: personal injury
In many personal injury cases, a plaintiff who is seeking to recover damages will have incurred significant medical costs during the treatment of their injuries. This may include time in an emergency room, hospital stays, physical therapy, chiropractic care, or the cost of inpatient treatment.
Depending on a plaintiff's available insurance policies, if he or she has any, some or all of these costs may be paid by a health insurer or by their own auto insurer. For example, a plaintiff may have his or her auto insurance pay for his or her deductible, before health insurance kicks in to pay the rest.
When the plaintiff later files a personal injury lawsuit against the at-fault driver (or tries to settle the claim pre-suit), he or she is entitled to go after all the damages incurred as a result of the incident. At the same time, insurers who paid the plaintiff's medical bills may claim they have a right to recover the expenses that they paid on behalf of the plaintiff. This is known as a subrogation right and it is an important part of personal injury lawsuits.
The Collateral Source Rule in North Central Wisconsin
When a plaintiff files a personal injury claim or lawsuit, he or she will likely have damages that were paid directly by the plaintiff, and damages that were paid by other third parties. Under the collateral source rule, plaintiffs are entitled to seek recovery for all of these damages, even if they did not directly pay for them.
Specifically, the collateral source rule holds that a plaintiff's recovery in a lawsuit should not be diminished by payments that the plaintiff may have received from other sources, such as an insurer, or even by discounts that insurer negotiated with various health care providers. A jury is instructed to award all damages that it finds related to the incident, without regard for who might have paid for those damages. Further, in recognition of the fact that a plaintiff generally pays insurance premiums to receive the benefit of coverage for certain bills, a defendant is prohibited from taking advantage of that fact and asking a jury to lower the damages in the amount of discounts received or payments made by other parties.
For example, if a plaintiff had a $5,000 surgery, but $2,000 was paid by an insurer and the procedure was discounted by $500, the plaintiff would still be entitled to recover the full $5,000.
Subrogation Rights
Part of the reason for the plaintiff's right to recover full damages–regardless of who paid–is that after any recovery of damages, plaintiffs are often contractually and legally obligated to repay the third-party insurance provider that paid their bills. Again, this is known as subrogation. The idea behind subrogation is that if a person is injured due to someone else's negligence, and a health insurance provider pays that injured person's bills, that health insurance provider was technically harmed, too. Therefore, Wisconsin Law says that the health insurance provider may have a right to seek compensation for the manner in which they have been harmed.
Subrogation rights are not inherent. Instead, they are set forth by statute, or in a contract. Programs such as Medicare and Medicaid that pay for an individual's health care needs have a statutory subrogation right to subrogation. So do workers' compensation programs and certain employer-sponsored health insurance funds that fall within the purview of ERISA.
In addition, most health and auto insurers include subrogation rights in the contracts that they sign with their insureds so that they can recover health expenses they pay.
As a practical matter, these types of third parties can assert a subrogation right in two ways. First, they can sue the defendant directly to recover for the expenses incurred. More often, however, the party will be included in the plaintiff's lawsuit, and will then seek recovery from the damages that the plaintiff receives.
This means that the third-party may claim to have a subrogation lien that requires the plaintiff to pay the entity the portion of recovery that it is entitled to upon successful settlement of the lawsuit or a jury verdict.
The Made-Whole Doctrine
There is one important caveat to a subrogation right, known as the made-whole doctrine. The made-whole doctrine is set forth in Wisconsin common law, and holds that where a plaintiff is not made whole by the settlement or verdict that he or she receives, parties with subrogation rights may be prohibited or limited in their right to recover from the plaintiff.
For example, perhaps the plaintiff was severely injured in a car crash, and incurred $75,000 in medical bills, the bulk of which were paid by his or her health insurer. However, when the plaintiff goes to make a claim against the insurance company for the at-fault driver, he or she learns that policy has limits of $25,000. The plaintiff's own policy for Underinsured Motorist's (UIM) coverage has limits of $50,000, but a clause that says the $50,000 will be reduced by any amounts received by the at-fault party. In this situation, the health insurer may have a lien in excess of the total amount available, which in this case would be $50,000. In this situation the plaintiff may be able to claim that he or she will not be made whole by a settlement for $50,000, and the health insurer may not be able to recover the full amount paid from the plaintiff's settlement.
Subrogation can play an important role in settling a personal injury case. The party making a subrogation claim may argue that the plaintiff has been made whole by the settlement, while the plaintiff disagrees. In these cases, a plaintiff who is represented by an attorney can usually negotiate a discount on the subrogation amount owed in order to bring the case to a resolution. When this is not possible, Wisconsin courts can hold a special hearing, known as a Rimes hearing, to determine whether the plaintiff has been made whole, and whether subrogation is appropriate.
Plaintiffs seeking negotiate amounts owed to third parties through the made-whole doctrine should know that the doctrine does not always apply: it depends on the statutory subrogation rights at play, in addition to the language of any contract in place with the entity that paid the bills.
Disclaimer: This Article Is Not Legal Advice.
Never rely on an article for legal advice as the law frequently changes, information may not be accurate, there may be exceptions to a rule, and reliance may be detrimental. Always consult one of our experienced attorneys for competent, current, and accurate legal advice.
Wisconsin Attorneys Helping You Evaluate Your Claims and Recovery In Light of Subrogation
Even in personal injury cases with clear-cut liability and damages, subrogation can sometimes take up a substantial amount of any settlement or jury verdict. Subrogation claims are more difficult to negotiate after a jury verdict, as subrogation carriers will claim the jury verdict is the right amount to make the plaintiff whole. Therefore, in cases with significant subrogation claims, plaintiffs must carefully evaluate the value of their claims in light of those subrogation rights in determining whether to settle the case or proceed to trial.
At Crooks, Low, and Connell, S.C., our personal injury attorneys can help you analyze the damages that you have in a personal injury claim and what subrogation rights might exist with third parties. For more information or to schedule a consultation, contact us online or at (715) 842-2291.
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View full sizeYfat Yossifor | The Bay City TimesAndy Reed, owner of Reed Recording Co. in Bay City, works on mixing a track for a client.
BAY CITY — There's an entire world inside Andy Reed's headphones.
It's a world where little black sliding bars and turning knobs replace musical instruments, and a few clicks of a mouse can sharpen any flat.
For many, music is a hobby, perhaps even a passion, but for Reed, music is much more. As the owner of Reed Recording Co., the 34-year-old Bay City native has turned music into a career. He tours nationally with the Verve Pipe, and recently released his solo album as An American Underdog. When he's not playing music, he's in his home-based recording studio, making melodies with other musicians.
For Reed, however, it all worked out. He's in his state-of-the-art underground studio — one his dad helped finish — six days a week, recording singles for hobbyists and full-length albums for professional bands. The small space is made homier with the presence of Reed's slippered feet and his loyal assistant, Cocoa.
Despite the German shorthair dog and the choice of footwear, Reed has laid down tracks for local bands such as Maybe August, The Banana Convention and Jeff Yantz, and has recorded The Verve Pipe, which is known nationally.
One by one, Reed mixes in drum beats and bass lines, adjusts the volume on the standout voice of the recording and even adds backup singers.
"After three years, I still have that feeling of guilt for charging people for something I enjoy," Reed said.
Though he's been recording others for three years, he's been a part of the Great Lakes Bay music scene for much longer. For 15 years, he played five nights a week with Jedi Mind Trip, giving a few guitar lessons in between.
Reed's clientele grew organically through friends and word of mouth, and he's been able to remain true to his focus on melodic singer-songwriter tunes. Between recording regular customers and the occasional one-timers, he stays pretty busy.
"Seeing the enjoyment is so cool," Reed said.