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By really - United States - Denver
Today, I realized my boyfriend's right hand gets more action in a week than I do in a month. FML
Late term
Alexa, play "Cannonball" by The Breeders
By lynn - Australia - Bongaree
Today, my new roommate woke me up at noon to bitch about my "selfish sleeping habits" and how they ruin her ability to invite anyone over. I work the graveyard shift at the hospital. FML
By Anonymous - United Kingdom - Gloucester
Today, it was my wedding day. My new husband and I, for a laugh, did our first dance to LMFAO's "I'm sexy and I know it" with stupid moves and everything. 200 guests. Nobody laughed. FML
By blindsparrow - United States - Dublin
Today, I went out to get milk from the garage fridge for my mom. The moment I stepped out, my foot settled on the neighbor's boa, who likes to escape. After my mom finally opened the door to my frantic shouting, she spotted the snake, slammed the door, and locked both of us outside. FML
Today, I orgasmed in front of someone for the first time. Too bad it was my dad who didn't knock before coming in. FML
By Getmeout - United States - Hartfield
Today, while sitting in my Forensic Psychology class, my professor listed all of the main traits that indicate someone may very well be a sociopath. Every single trait described my fiancé perfectly. FML
Today, I was accused of shop-lifting by an old lady in a supermarket. Having proven myself innocent, I tried to storm off to show my displeasure at the situation. In my haste to make a dramatic exit, I tried to go out of the entrance and walked straight into the automatic door. FML
Today, I received a ticket for not having my headlights on. The cop who pulled me over had a broken headlight. FML
Today, after wondering why I've never met my father, I asked my mom if I was the product of a one night stand. She replied with, "Well, technically he didn't spend the night." FML
By microtech - United States
Today, at the microbiology lab, I discovered that the guy who took the shift before me didn't sterilize the work space very well. I am now blowing chunks from both ends from a very nasty strain of E. Coli. My company blames me. FML
By shinymcface
Today, I went to the bathroom at work and there was a reed diffuser placed on the tank of the toilet. As I sat down, my hair knocked it off and the reed diffuser landed behind me, spilling the scented oil into my butt crack and vagina, burning me completely. I only had to work 6 more hours. FML
By notmyrealname123 - Canada - Kitchener
Today, I found my cat downstairs with a squirrel dangling from his mouth. When I saw this, I yelled at my cat to put it down. He did. Turns out the squirrel was still alive and run. I had to spend the next three hours chasing it out of my house. FML
By aces10 - United States
Today, I was talking to my mom about my younger brother getting his girlfriend pregnant. She asked me how old I was when I first had sex. I'm a 21 year old virgin. FML
By sophiae123 - United States - Cadillac
Today, my parents threatened to take away my college funds. Why? Because I complained about my 10 pm curfew during break as a freshman in college. FML
By randomguy - United States - Saylorsburg
Today, I woke up after my pregnant fiancée punched me in the face. Apparently, I rolled over in my sleep and knocked her out of bed. She is still pissed about it. FML
By Anonymous - 16/10/2020 16:58
Proportional response
Today, our house caught fire. While trying to help my mom get to safety, the word "fuck" accidentally escaped my mouth. Once we were safe, she said I was grounded for swearing. I'm 19. FML
By KillahCam - United States
Today, my ten year-old brother told me that his thirteen year-old friend took one of my bras and two pairs of my underwear a few weeks ago. Apparently he took them out of my room, put them on, and has been sleeping with them ever since. He's coming to give them back tomorrow. FML
By chynna - United States - Evansville
Today, I paid $325 to have the vet tell me that my 19-year-old cat ISN'T dying, she just had anxiety shits because we were gone on vacation for so long. FML
By Chocolaty - Australia - Geelong
Today, I spiced things up by lying on the bed and pouring melted white chocolate on myself. I called out to my fiancé to come in. He was 'checking' his favourite scene in Batman vs Superman and couldn't hear me. I was stuck unable to move for ten minutes until he finally heard me. FML
Today, I learned that walking on the sidewalk does not mean that you will not be hit by a car. FML
By Local Welsh
Today, my husband's cousin told me it's a tradition that I should have sex with the eldest male cousin (him) as a rite of passage, and I probably don't know this being of foreign origin. I emigrated here and met my husband when we were 6. FML
By keeks_25 - Canada
Today, I was serving a family at the restaurant where I work. When I went to ask the little girl what she wanted, I was tongue-tied and got "cutie" and "hun" mixed up and ended up asking, "What can I get for you, cuntie?" FML
By apparentfatty - Canada
Today, I found out that my husband thinks I'm fat when I caught him slipping diet pills into my morning smoothie. FML
Today, some idiot introduced my grandmother to yoga pants. FML
Today, I woke up, showered, and began brushing my teeth. When I started to brush my tongue I gagged, like usual, and threw up a little. What's unusual? I threw up a cockroach. FML
Today, my husband left his cellphone unlocked so I decided to go through it. I found 10 texts threads from 10 different women, one of them from my 18 year old sister who was sending him nude pictures. FML
Phew, glad it wasn't me
By thisreallysucks2 - United States
Today, I texted my boyfriend to see if he wanted to finally have sex today. His response was "Can't, Platinum just came out." I didn't know what that meant so I searched "Platinum 3-22-2009" on Google. I found out he's talking about a new Pokémon game. FML
By grosstoenail - Canada - Courtice
Today, while I selling merch at a festival, a volunteer lost her toenail. Not only did she immediately show me, but she then took a picture and showed everyone coming up to my station. I lost sales because she wouldn't leave. FML
By mysterygurll1234567 - United States
Today, I was fired from my job. The reason? My boss didn't feel comfortable paying his son's girlfriend. FML
Today, I was hanging out at a friend's house. Her adorable 5 year old sister came up, gave me a hug, and said, "You're fat. When are you going home?" FML
Today, I decided to dress up a little to go out to the bar. I put on a nice shirt, some leggings and heels. When I walked out the door my dad said that I looked like a whore. When I got to my boyfriends house I told him what my dad had said and he replied "I'd have to agree with him." FML
By Lana - Austria
Today, while sitting at my desk at work, a co-worker asked for my help. It was only after I had walked over to his desk, bent over, answered his question, and walked back to my stall, that I felt a breeze. My tube top had slid down across my breasts, revealing my bra to the entire office. FML
By foreseeingabreakup - United States
Today, I had to explain in great detail why it is inappropriate for my boyfriend to grab at my vagina in public. He did it again twenty minutes later. FML
By mothtal - Bulgaria
Today, my boyfriend picked me up to take me on a date. Just as we were about to drive away, my dad ran out of the house in his underwear and started yelling that he'd kill my boyfriend if I wasn't back home within the hour. FML
By corey - United States
Today, I went to ask my boss for a raise. He laughed at me and said, "That's hilarious because I was going to ask you if you could take a pay cut!" FML
By JJ - United Kingdom - Southampton
Today, I, a vampire-pale girl, went on a blind date with a very dark-skinned young man. We got on like a house on fire, and everything was going smoothly until we leant in for the kiss. I was wearing makeup and no setting spray. He came away with half his face smudged snow white. FML
By Zizi - Norway - Mosj?en
Today, I got punched in the face, had hair ripped out of my skull and broke a tooth on the pavement when I fell. Some guy mistook me for someone else. FML
Today, while I was putting up Christmas lights, my younger brother wouldn't stop pestering me. It seems he hadn't forgotten the time I gave myself an electric shock last year, and he wanted to see if I'd do it again. FML
By Big Baby
Today, I was awoken by my wife patting my head and talking in her sleep, asking, "Who is this? Who am I touching?" She then rolled over and farted on me. FML
By takeshi
Today, I took my girlfriend to a restaurant we both like. By the end of the date, we were fighting and she angrily broke up with me. To make things worse, I got food poisoning. She didn't. FML
Today, I yet again heard a friend say "YOLO" as if it's a word. It was so annoying that I had to restrain myself from punching him in the face and offering him the chance to suck on one of my turds, since apparently "YOLO." FML
By zedjaleaf1 | 11
#6612378 - Sunday 22 May 2016 16:40
So does that make him his own right hand man.
Send a private message 194 2 Reply
By ragnarok1540 | 39
Pull out your vibrator and give his hand some real competition ...
In all seriousness, talk to him and see if you can work on the relationship. See if he can start using all that hand action on you, and start some mutual fun time.
By Lordosa | 9
Maybe you should act and change those stats up, not depend on him....
Earl_KarmasBitch | 28
If OP isn't initiating at least half as often as they want sex, this is absolutely a YDI.
InfiniteSunshine | 32
I agree she shouldn't completely depend on him, the guy shouldn't be the one relied on to initiate all the time. However, she shouldn't be the one doing all the initiating either. It should be balanced, it can be frustrating when it's just one partner making the effort all the time.
Doing it all isn't good either. But I don't think there is anything wrong with the partner who wants it more, initiating more.
zimbosmurf | 8
#6612703 - Monday 23 May 2016 0:11
Sorry, #24, but in most Male/female-relationships, "he" will always be ready to have sex.
In most cases it's "she" who sends negative or mixed signals. So, unless this is one of the rare cases where "he" actually is the limiting factor, if she wants to have sex, maybe she should watch her body language?
#42, That is an unsupported stereotype of male/female relationships which has no true or scientific backing. It has actually been proven that females want sex just as much as males, there's just different conditions/reasons in which women want sex. These "cases" aren't as rare as you think, I've even been there myself, with my ex, I was constantly initiating with no reciprocation. So I know from experience how frustrating it can be, and kind of makes you feel unwanted, which can eventually just mess with your sex life all together. This is why I said there shouldn't be just one person doing all the initiating, and I mean that in general for any case. I would have said the exact same thing if the roles were reversed. Even if guys are always "ready" for sex, it doesn't mean the girl should always initiate just because of that.
Considering the fact that the OP is complaining about it, and the boyfriend's hand is getting more action than her, it seems as though he is the limiting factor in this case. So they should probably sit down and talk through everything to see if they can compromise and come up with a situation that satisfies both of them.
xMaeLA | 24
Horse shit, I'm always the one to initiate sex, and it's damned frustrating when its not reciprocated.
Honestly makes one feel like they're not enough. :/ at least, IMO.
TheFriskyBadger | 4
The sad thing is that I do instigate almost every day. He agrees and seems into it, says he has stuff to do, then an hour later he's back at it again in the bedroom
By pjsr | 32
It's tough to compete with the unlimited variety and quantity of porn. Get a real man who will live with you in the real world where two people meet each other's needs.
So if a man doesn't want as much sex as his partner wants, he's not a real man? So what does that make a woman who turns down her partner then?
tomvertigo | 17
It's also just as likely that OP doesn't ever initiate or express their need or wants. Don't guy the guy down just because you can.
DanielleinDC | 32
No, but if he'd rather masturbate than engage in sex with his partner, that is a problem. I'd like to know if OP initiates and gets turned down or if she has been conditioned to think that it's up to the guy. Either way, there should be a bit of balance between how often he masturbates and how often he has sex with his girlfriend.
And OP, get yourself a vibrator.
I was actually OP, and I do instigate almost every day, I make hints, and sometimes I just flat out tell him when I want to have sex. He seems responsive enough and he agrees and gets kinda excited about it, then finds something else he has to do and I wait all day and then I find him masturbating in the bedroom while I've been waiting for him to be ready all day. It really makes me feel like maybe he doesn't find me attractive anymore. I've tried talking to him about it, but I don't think he's actually absorbing what I say, because nothing changes
pjsr | 32
#6613988 - Tuesday 24 May 2016 19:56
So, OP, is he masturbating to porn? I still find it hard to believe a guy would rather pleasure himself often instead of partnered sex. Occasionally, yes. Often, no - not unless he's getting off to porn, where you don't have to do anything or ever work through disappointments or trying to please a partner.
BrotherPhil | 32
#6616044 - Friday 27 May 2016 11:44
Maybe you could try catching him and joining in? Someone (possibly Oscar Wilde) said that sex is a poor substitute for masterbation - maybe it doesn't be either or?
By chefty722 | 9
You're probably his beard and he's just thinking of all the guys sexier than you. That's what I did before I came out of the closet.
RoboCunnilingus | 23
You jumped straight there, huh?
StormfrontX33_fml | 24
Any partner, regardless of orientation, can have some sort of general disinterest in interactive sex.
By Futacy | 29
You should take his right hand and let it feel you up. I'm sure that would make him jealous.
By FranklyYes | 9
Do you mean masterbation or fingering?
Pleonasm | 34
Xkillz302 | 10
#6613658 - Tuesday 24 May 2016 5:20
she means him touching himself and not paying attention to her
By trucker2 | 33
Buy him a pair of gloves with the fingers cut out- that way he knows what all his bitches look like in mini skirts.... And find you the real McCoy
whysobeachy | 37
I'm having difficulty understanding your comment. If, by "bitches", you mean women, I fail to see how women look like fingers.
trucker2 | 33
A man wanking his junk in driving gloves- Rosie Palm and her five sisters in mini skirts... Old joke
Saw off the right-hand problem solved
He'll just use the left.
Damn what's that country song.... Earls gotta Die... Sorry 11
It's okay. I'm sure there are lots about truckers too.
By ssnow_fml | 20
Walk around naked more often, that should change those stats


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Entertainmentpete davidsonDrew BarrymoreMartha Stewart
Drew Barrymore Pushes Martha Stewart To Date Pete Davidson Until... Awkwardness
The lifestyle doyenne uttered a double entendre about the former "Saturday Night Live" star that perked up the host.
Oct 26, 2022, 03:24 PM EDT | Updated Oct 26, 2022
Drew Barrymore tried persuading Martha Stewart to date Pete Davidson on Tuesday, but she lingered a tad long on the subject for Stewart's taste. (Watch the video below.)
Stewart declared on "The Drew Barrymore Show" that she's been single for about 30 years and "not proud of it." That led to a game in which the host presented the lifestyle doyenne with several dating scenarios. Stewart indicated her level of approval with a red, yellow or green flag.
Stewart held up green flags at the possibility that her date has as many tattoos as Pete Davidson and is actually Pete Davidson. Barrymore mentioned there was internet chatter about the two dating. (Twitter had fun after they were photographed holding hands at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner in April.)
"He's dated so many women," Stewart told Barrymore. "I'm not saying that's bad. That's good. And he's sort of cute."
Barrymore continued her lighthearted prodding. Stewart, 81, said the 28-year-old funnyman is a good guy who "knows how to get in and get out," prompting a suggestive look from Barrymore.
The host continued that "age is not a thing" for Davidson, who's romanced Ariana Grande, Kate Beckinsale and Kim Kardashian. "He's like my lost son," Stewart said.
Barrymore pressed further before Stewart hit her with an "OK, what else" ― as in, let's move on.
Sorry, internet, Stewart and Davidson probably aren't happening. At least, according to the former.
pete davidsonDrew BarrymoreMartha Stewart
Martha Stewart Reveals Deaths Of Her Pet Peacocks Alongside Sultry Marvin Gaye Song
Martha Stewart Wishes Some Friends Would Die So She Could Date Their Husbands
Martha Stewart Mourning Death Of Pet Cat Mistakenly Killed By Her 4 Dogs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sit in the room with the door open, and feed treats to your dog, then get up and leave, allowing the dog to leave with you. Do this several times a day so the room becomes a fun place to be. Do this several times a day so the room becomes a fun place to be. how to find out your mouse sensitivity Sit in the room with the door open, and feed treats to your dog, then get up and leave, allowing the dog to leave with you. Do this several times a day so the room becomes a fun place to be. Do this several times a day so the room becomes a fun place to be.
Over time, your dog's average elapsed sit speed time would decrease, perhaps to two seconds, as he realized that only faster sits get clicked, and deliberately tried to sit faster to make you click more often.
B+ How To Teach Your Puppy To Roll Over Get Your Dog to Listen to You Now! Proven Training Method, Hands Off Dog Training.


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Home > CR Reviews
Lunch Hour Comix
Creators: Robert Ullman
Publishing Info: Alternative Comics, 64 pages, $4.95,
Ordering Numbers: 1891867865 (ISBN)
On the evidence of the work provided here, Robert Ullman has become a more effective cartoon artist than the last mini-comics of his I've read. Every entry in this short cartoon diary proves readable on one level or another, and fewer of his outright shortcuts are on display in ways that distract. Ullman's art is full of fat, pleasurable lines and flattering, stylized figures. The best work in Lunch Hour Comix, a series of comics done as an immediate reaction to a daily event, traffic in short observations as opposed to experiences processed through the artist as a character. There's a no-fuss feel to the entries about dog poop or the one that simply shows his new house that is sorely missing when we get to see how Ullman feels. Those strips seem posed and affected in a way the others don't.
In addition, sometimes the moment selected greatly disappoints. There's no better contrast as to the cartoonist's strengths and weaknesses when you have one page with a really evocative drawing of a polling place and then the next page has a burning flag saying "Fuck You, America!" The first provides a unique perspective and injects a certain peaceful feeling into the right to vote; the second just seems silly and strident. Lunch Hour Comix also feels incredibly slight as a publication, like this was a project Ullman kind of ratcheted down from much grander beginnings. It would have made a fine mini, and although it's nice to now how much the cartoonist's skill set has improved I'm not sure I needed a whole book of this stuff to figure that out.


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WND MEDIA
Ex-Fox reporter left due to Drudge-like conservatism
'Right-wing hosts drowned out straight journalism'
Published: 06/24/2019 at 10:24 PM
(THE HILL) — Former Fox News reporter Carl Cameron said Monday that he left the network favored by conservatives because "right-wing hosts drowned out straight journalism with partisan misinformation."
Cameron made the remarks in a promotional video about why he joined Front Page Live, a website whose goal is, in part, to serve as an antidote to the conservative Drudge Report.


text:
Why doesn't Grammarly work in Google Docs?
Grammarly doesn't work with Google Docs. If you have the Grammarly extension on your browser, there is a little x over the icon. Is this due to some disagreement between the companies, or some competing product Google may have?
google-docs spell-check
StarSweeperStarSweeper
Or maybe there's just some incompatibility with Grammary and the way Google has implemented Google Docs. This is probably something to ask the Grammarly developer. – ale Aug 22 '17 at 12:37
According Grammarly Support, it doesn't support at this point, but you can use their online app to check it. I think they will support in near future.
Reynold BhatiaReynold Bhatia
It can be considered difficult to rewrite the code that allows Grammarly to work on sites like Google Docs. When you "Inspect Element" on the Google Docs text area, you'll find that it's not actually a <textarea> element. In fact, it's multiple wrappers of divs with one that is triggered to listen on key events to allow input.
The issue that I believe Grammarly faces is that the engineers are unsure of the best solution to target these "fake" text areas.
TheBrennyTheBrenny
I think TheBrenny is onto something there. There is a way to get access to the content itself and edit it but it's difficult and would have a pretty big delay. You can take a look at add-ons API for google docs and on the "Things you can't do" section, it somewhat says this. Google addons Documentation
Also for docs events, if you wanted to do it directly from there you can only read document open events. Google addons triggers
They could, however, import the document right into the Grammarly editor and edit from there. You would not be able to do the collaborative editing but you would be able to update the document in google drive periodically (every second.) I actually think that would work pretty well personally. Write the whole thing out in Grammarly and then do all the layout work in docs.
Ben ByersBen Byers
I'm not 100 percent sure on this but I think it's likely because Grammarly would have to get permission from Google to run on Google Docs which is a live-saving kind of word platform. If you're writing an email or a YouTube comment, that doesn't save live which is why Grammarly can run on it. That's my best guess.
JeremyJeremy
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Symptoms in an infected animal include unusual behaviour, aggressiveness, excessive drooling and paralysis.
Symptoms in humans appear about 20 - 60 days after being bitten by a rabid animal. Deep or multiple bites, particularly to the head and neck, result in symptoms appearing sooner. An early symptom is tingling, pain or intense itchiness at the bite site, even when the wound has healed. Other early symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue and behavioural changes.
If a person has been bitten by a rabid animal, the disease can be prevented by an injection of rabies immune globulin and a course of vaccinations. This must preferably be given within 48 hours to be effective.
Dogs should be vaccinated against rabies every three years.


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POV: Google Desktop Search Results Redesign
Google has rolled out changes to the way that search results are displayed on desktop. These changes were launched on mobile in May last year but are now visible on desktop search results.
It's a well-known fact that Google often tweaks and changes how the paid and organic results look on a SERP, as part of an ongoing test and learn program. However, the latest change rolled out could possibly be described as the most radical change yet, and a departure from the usual direction of making paid ads as prominent and attractive as possible.
Search ads used to be marked with an 'Ad' label in green, inside a green box, next to the URL, also in green. They are now marked by a small, grey/black bolded 'Ad' next to the URL, which is also grey/black. The position has also been changed, with the 'Ad' label and URL previously under the headline text, whereas now it is found above the headline text.
Organic search results have also changed, a 'favicon' (a small logo / icon) has been added - it sits where the 'Ad' label sits for paid results. Crucially, it's clear that Paid and Organic results are becoming more difficult to distinguish by the non-trained eye.
Initial reaction has not been entirely favourable, with many industry watchers pointing out that ads are now harder to identify. This, however, seems to be precisely the point. According to Google, the design is intended to present 'domain names and brand icons prominently' to put branding 'front and center, helping you better understand where the information is coming from'. The new design was launched for mobile in 2019 but has been spotted on desktop over the last week and Google announced the desktop roll out on Twitter on the 13th January.
Site owners can define a brand logo as the 'favicon' to be shown in search results but it must follow particular guidelines to qualify. This will give marketers another element to consider when optimising sites for organic search. Whether it will affect CTRs and site rankings without 'favicons' is unclear. Based on early data it appears that CTRs on ads have already increased, according to a report in Digiday. This could be due to consumers finding it harder to tell the difference between paid and organic results now that the favicon and ad icons are a similar size.
It seems that Google has shifted direction on how Paid and Organic results are shown on a results page. Whilst these changes have sparked a reaction amongst marketers and consumers, only time will tell whether it really affects CTRs and website traffic for many advertisers and brands. We will be keeping an eye on our Paid and Organic performance results related to this change; and advising clients accordingly.


text:
Music professor receives SEC Faculty Achievement Award
by Camie Williams
Milton Masciadri
Milton Masciadri, Distinguished University Professor in the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences' Hugh Hodgson School of Music, has been named UGA's recipient of the 2016 Southeastern Conference Faculty Achievement Award.
The award, which is administered by provosts at the 14 universities in the SEC, recognizes professors with outstanding records in teaching and scholarship who serve as role models for other faculty and students. Winners receive a $5,000 honorarium.
"Dr. Masciadri has inspired students and audiences here on campus as well as in nearly two dozen countries on four continents," said Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost Pamela Whitten. "His extraordinary instruction and performances build bridges of understanding through the universal language of music and highlight the global impact of the arts."
Born in Montevideo, Uruguay, Masciadri is a third-generation double bass player who began his professional performance career at age 17. He joined the UGA faculty in 1984 and was the first professor in the fine arts to be named a University Professor in 62 years when he received the title in 2010.
Masciadri has performed as a soloist or chamber musician in more than 250 concerts in Europe, Asia, South America and North America and taught classes around the globe, including holding master classes and seminars at prestigious music schools such as the Juilliard School of Music, Paris Conservatory, Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, the Moscow Conservatory, Milan Conservatory and Sydney Conservatorium of Music.
He is the coordinator of two study-abroad programs in Italy and director of the Georgia International Double Bass Symposium, which has welcomed bassists from throughout the world to UGA for more than two decades. In 1998, Masciadri was named a UNESCO Artist for Peace. In 2015, he was awarded the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts from the World Cultural Council.
Columns Inside UGA


text:
Q: How to test a Spring Boot REST API with multiple parallel requests I am writing integration tests for a REST API. I would like to test the application with multiple parallel requests. Can I do it programmatically?
Below is my Test class
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@ExtendWith({SpringExtension.class,MockitoExtension.class})
@SpringBootTest
@ActivePRofiles("test")
@ContextConfiguration(classes = MyConfiguration.class)
public class MyControllerTest {
    @Resource(name = "products")
    public Map<String,String> products;

    @Autowired
    MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Autowired
    WebAplicationContext webApplicationContext;

    @Mock
    SomeService someService;
    ...
    ...
    @Test
    public void testMethod() {
        ...
        ...
        MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(requestBuilder).andReturn();
        ...
        assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK.value(),result.getResponse().getStatus());
    }
    ...
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (sometimes called Predator B) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operations, developed by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI) primarily for the United States Air Force (USAF). The MQ-9 and other UAVs are referred to as Remotely Piloted Vehicles/Aircraft (RPV/RPA) by the USAF to indicate ground control by humans.

The MQ-9 is the first hunter-killer UAV designed for long-endurance, high-altitude surveillance. In 2006, Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force General T. Michael Moseley said: "We've moved from using UAVs primarily in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance roles before Operation Iraqi Freedom, to a true hunter-killer role with the Reaper."

The MQ-9 is a larger, heavier, more capable aircraft than the earlier General Atomics MQ-1 Predator and can be controlled by the same ground systems.  The Reaper has a 950-shaft-horsepower (712 kW) turboprop engine (compared to the Predator's  piston engine). The greater power allows the Reaper to carry 15 times more ordnance payload and cruise at about three times the speed of the MQ-1. The aircraft is monitored and controlled by aircrew in the Ground Control Station (GCS), including weapons employment.

In 2008, the New York Air National Guard 174th Attack Wing began the transition from F-16 piloted fighters to MQ-9A Reapers, becoming the first fighter unit to convert entirely to unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) use. In March 2011, the U.S. Air Force was training more pilots for advanced unmanned aerial vehicles than for any other single weapons system. The Reaper is also used by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the militaries of several other countries.

The USAF operated over 300 MQ-9 Reapers as of May 2021, with 16 additional units authorized by the FY2021 Congressional budget. Several MQ-9 aircraft had been retrofitted with equipment upgrades to improve performance in "high-end combat situations", and all new MQ-9s would have those upgrades. 2035 is the projected end of the service life of the MQ-9 fleet.

The average unit cost of an MQ-9 is estimated at $ million

Development

Origins
The General Atomics "Predator B-001", a proof-of-concept aircraft, first flew on 2 February 2001. Abraham Karem is the designer of the Predator. The B-001 was powered by an AlliedSignal Garrett TPE331-10T turboprop engine with . It had an airframe that was based on the standard Predator airframe, except with an enlarged fuselage and wings lengthened from  to . The B-001 had a speed of  and could carry a payload of  to an altitude of  with an endurance of 30 hours.

The company refined the design, taking it in two separate directions. The first was a jet-powered version; "Predator B-002" was fitted with a Williams FJ44-2A turbofan engine with  thrust. It had payload capacity of , a ceiling of  and endurance of 12 hours. The USAF ordered two airframes for evaluation, delivered in 2007. The first two airframes delivered with prototypes B-001 and B-002 (now in the USAF museum at Wright-Patterson AFB). B-002 was originally equipped with the FJ-44 engine but it was removed and a TPE-331-10T was installed so that the USAF could take delivery of two aircraft in the same configuration.

The second direction the design took was the "Predator B-003", referred to by GA as the "Altair", which has a new airframe with an  wingspan and a takeoff weight of approximately . Like the Predator B-001, it is powered by a TPE-331-10YGD turboprop. This variant has a payload capacity of , a maximum ceiling of , and an endurance of 36 hours.

In October 2001, the USAF signed a contract for an initial pair of Predator Bs (001 and 002) for evaluation. Designated YMQ-9s due to their prototype role, they were delivered in 2002. The USAF referred to it as "Predator B" until it was renamed "Reaper". The USAF aimed for the Predator B to provide an improved "deadly persistence" capability, flying over a combat area night-and-day waiting for a target to present itself, complementing piloted attack aircraft, typically used to drop larger quantities of ordnance on a target, while a cheaper RPV can operate almost continuously using ground controllers working in shifts, but carrying less ordnance.

Operation

MQ-9 Reaper crews (pilots and sensor operators), stationed at bases such as Creech Air Force Base, near Las Vegas, Nevada, can hunt for targets and observe terrain using multiple sensors, including a thermographic camera. One claim was that the onboard camera is able to read a license plate from  away. An operator's command takes 1.2 seconds to reach the drone via a satellite link.

The MQ-9 is fitted with six stores pylons. The inner stores pylons can carry a maximum of  each and allow carriage of external fuel tanks. The mid-wing stores pylons can carry a maximum of  each, while the outer stores pylons can carry a maximum of  each. An MQ-9 with two  external fuel tanks and  of munitions has an endurance of 42 hours. The Reaper has an endurance of 14 hours when fully loaded with munitions.

The MQ-9 carries a variety of weapons including the GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bomb, the AGM-114 Hellfire II air-to-ground missiles, the AIM-9 Sidewinder, and the GBU-38 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM). Tests are underway to allow for the addition of the AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missile.

By October 2007, the USAF owned nine Reapers, and by December 2010 had 57 with plans to buy another 272, for a total of 329 Reapers. Critics have stated that the USAF's insistence on qualified pilots flying RPVs is a bottleneck to expanding deployment. USAF Major General William Rew stated on 5 August 2008, "For the way we fly them right now"—fully integrated into air operations and often flying missions alongside manned aircraft—"we want pilots to fly them." This reportedly has exacerbated losses of USAF aircraft in comparison with US Army operations. In March 2011, U.S. Department of Defense Secretary Robert Gates stated that, while manned aircraft are needed, the USAF must recognize "the enormous strategic and cultural implications of the vast expansion in remotely piloted vehicles..." and stated that as the service buys manned fighters and bombers, it must give equal weight to unmanned drones and "the service's important role in the cyber and space domains."

 the USAF had taken delivery of 287 out of 366 MQ-9 Reapers on contract with General Atomics. The total program quantity is set at 433, including Foreign Military Sales.

In 2013, the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) sought the ability to pack up an MQ-9 in less than eight hours, fly it anywhere in the world aboard a C-17 Globemaster III, and then have it ready to fly in another eight hours to support special operations teams at places with no infrastructure. MQ-1 and MQ-9 drones must fly aboard cargo aircraft to travel long distances as they lack the refueling technology or speed to travel themselves; the C-17 is large enough to carry the aircraft and support systems and can land on short runways. Pilots traveling with the Reaper will use the ground control station to launch and land the aircraft, while most of the flying will be done by US-based pilots.

Testbed and upgrades
In November 2012, Raytheon completed ground verification tests for the ADM-160 MALD and MALD-J for integration onto the Reaper for an unmanned suppression of enemy air defenses capability. On 12 April 2013, a company-owned MQ-9 equipped with a jamming pod and digital receiver/exciter successfully demonstrated its electronic warfare capability at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Yuma, performing its mission in coordination with over 20 participating aircraft. A second electronic warfare test, fitted with the Northrop Grumman Pandora EW System, was conducted on 22 October 2013 with other unmanned aircraft and Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowlers, showing effectiveness in a multi-node approach against a more capable IADS.

In 2011, the U.S. Missile Defense Agency (MDA) reported its interest in using the Reaper and its MTS-B sensor to provide firing quality data for early interception of ballistic missile launches. The MDA is exploring concepts to use the UAV's EO/IR sensor to achieve "launch-on-remote" capabilities with missile interceptors before detection by Aegis radars.  At least two aircraft would be needed to triangulate a target to provide high-fidelity data. The MTS-B includes short and mid-wave IR bands, optimal for tracking launch and rocket burn.

In 2013, the MDA terminated plans to build a follow-on to the two orbiting Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS) satellites due to near-term costs, opting to continue testing the Reaper for ballistic missile target discrimination. The MDA planned to test the improved MTS-C sensor, which adds a long-wave IR detector optimized for tracking cold bodies such as missiles and warheads after booster burnout, or plumes and exhaust. The goal is to use data from multiple high-flying UAVs to provide an offboard cue to launch an SM-3 missile from an Aegis ship. Two Reapers demonstrated their ability to track ballistic missiles using their MTS-B EO/IR turret during a test in late June 2016.

In June 2015, a study by the USAF's Scientific Advisory Board identified several improvements for operating the Reaper in contested airspace; adding readily available sensors, weapons, and threat detection and countermeasures could increase situational awareness and enable riskier deployments. Suggestions included a radar warning receiver (RWR) to know when it's being targeted, air-to-air and miniature air-to-ground weapons, manned-unmanned teaming, multi-UAV control, automatic take-offs and landings, and precision navigation and timing systems to fly in GPS-denied areas. Another idea was redesigned ground control stations with user-friendly video game-like controllers and touchscreen maps to access data without overwhelming operators.

In October 2015, Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for ISR Robert Otto suggested redesigning the MQ-9's GCS to be operated by one person for most missions rather than two (to fly and work the sensors) to simplify operations and reduce manpower requirements by hundreds of sensor operators. Introducing an auto-land capability would also reduce the Reaper's manpower requirements to staff launch and recovery teams. Automatic take-off and landing capabilities are already present in the RQ-4 Global Hawk and MQ-1C Gray Eagle, and are planned to be provided to the MQ-9 in 2017.  The Air Force requires the manually loaded Reaper to operate from a runway at least  long, but automated take-offs and landings would enable it to operate from a  runway.

In April 2017, an MQ-9 Block 5 flew with a Raytheon ALR-69A RWR in its payload pod to demonstrate the aircraft's ability to conduct missions in the proximity of threat radars and air defenses, the first time this capability was demonstrated on a remotely piloted aircraft. In September 2020, a Reaper was flown carrying two Hellfire missiles on each of the stations previously reserved for 500 lb bombs or fuel tanks. A software upgrade doubled the aircraft's capacity to eight missiles.

Pentagon wants to upgrade MQ-9 Reaper with directed-energy weapons such as low-powered laser and high-powered microwave beams. A high-field optical module to act on the human nervous system is also under consideration.

In September 2020, GA-ASI conducted captive carry tests of the Sparrowhawk small UAS on the MQ-9, with the Reaper itself acting as a drone mothership. The MQ-9B Sky Guardian will be able to carry up to four Sparrowhawks upon the sUAS's entry to service.

Design

A typical MQ-9 system consists of multiple aircraft, ground control station, communications equipment, maintenance spares, and personnel. A military flight crew includes a pilot, sensor operator, and Mission Intelligence Coordinator. The aircraft is powered by a  turboprop, with a maximum speed of about  and a cruising speed of .

With a  wingspan, and a maximum payload of , the MQ-9 can be armed with a variety of weaponry, including Hellfire missiles and  laser-guided bomb units. Its endurance is 30 hours when conducting ISR missions, which decreases to 23 hours if it is carrying a full weapons load. The Reaper has a range of  and an operational altitude of , which makes it especially useful for long-term loitering operations, both for surveillance and support of ground troops.

The Predator and Reaper were designed for military operations and not intended to operate among crowded airline traffic. The aircraft typically lack systems capable of complying with FAA See-And-Avoid regulations. In 2005, requests were made for MQ-9s to be used in search and rescue operations following Hurricane Katrina but, as there was no FAA authorization in place at the time, it was not used. On 18 May 2006, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a certificate of authorization allowing MQ-1 and MQ-9 UAVs to fly in U.S. civil airspace to search for survivors of disasters.

An MQ-9 can adopt various mission kits and combinations of weapons and sensors payloads to meet combat requirements. Its Raytheon AN/AAS-52 multi-spectral targeting sensor suite includes a color/monochrome daylight TV, infrared, and image-intensified TV with laser rangefinder/laser designator to designate targets for laser guided munitions. The aircraft is also equipped with the Lynx Multi-mode Radar that contains synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that can operate in both spotlight and strip modes, and ground moving target indication (GMTI) with Dismount Moving Target Indicator (DMTI) and Maritime Wide-Area Search (MWAS) capabilities.

The Reaper was used as a test bed for Gorgon Stare, a wide-area surveillance sensor system. Increment 1 of the system was first fielded in March 2011 on the Reaper and could cover an area of ; increment 2, incorporating ARGUS-IS and expanding the coverage area to , achieved initial operating capability (IOC) in early 2014. The system has 368 cameras capable of capturing five million pixels each to create an image of about 1.8 billion pixels; video is collected at 12 frames per second, producing several terabytes of data per minute.

In January 2012, General Atomics released a new trailing arm design for the Reaper's main landing gear. Benefits include an over 30% increase in landing weight capacity, a 12% increase in gross takeoff weight (from  to ), a maintenance-free shock absorber (eliminating the need for nitrogen pressurization), a fully rejected takeoff brake system, and provisions for automatic takeoff and landing capability and Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) field upgrades. In April 2012, General Atomics announced possible upgrades to USAF Reapers, including two extra  fuel pods under the wings to increase endurance to 37 hours. The wingspan can also be increased to , increasing endurance to 42 hours.

The USAF has bought 38 Reaper Extended Range (ER) versions, carrying external fuel tanks (which don't affect weapon capacity), the heavy-weight landing gear, a four-bladed propeller, a new fuel management system which ensures fuel and thermal balance among external tank, wing, and fuselage fuel sources, and an alcohol-water injection (AWI) system to shorten required runway takeoff length. These features increase endurance from 27 to 33–35 hours, while the company is still pitching the lengthened wing option. The Reaper ER first flew operationally in August 2015.

The aircraft also has the sensor ball replaced with a high-definition camera, better communications so ground controllers can see the higher quality video, software to enable automatic detection of threats and tracking of 12 moving targets at once, and the ability to "super ripple" fire missiles within 0.32 seconds of each other.

On 25 February 2016, General Atomics announced a successful test flight of the new Predator-B/ER version. This new version has had the wingspan extended to , increasing its endurance to 40 hours. Other improvements include "short-field takeoff and landing performance and spoilers on the wings which enable precision automatic landings. The wings also have provisions for leading-edge de-ice and integrated low- and high-band RF antennas."

Operational history

U.S. Air Force

On 1 May 2007, the USAF's 432nd Wing was activated to operate MQ-9 Reaper as well as MQ-1 Predator UAVs at Creech Air Force Base, Nevada. The pilots first conducted combat missions in Iraq and Afghanistan in the summer of 2007. On 28 October 2007, the Air Force Times reported an MQ-9 had achieved its first "kill", successfully firing a Hellfire missile against Afghanistan insurgents in the Deh Rawood region of the mountainous Oruzgan province. By 6 March 2008, according to USAF Lieutenant General Gary North, the Reaper had attacked 16 targets in Afghanistan using  bombs and Hellfire missiles.

On 17 July 2008, the USAF began flying Reaper missions within Iraq from Balad Air Base. It was reported on 11 August 2008 that the 174th Fighter Wing would consist entirely of Reapers. By March 2009 the USAF had 28 operational Reapers. Beginning in September 2009, Reapers were deployed by the Africa Command to the Seychelles islands for use in Indian Ocean anti-piracy patrols.

On 13 September 2009, positive control of an MQ-9 was lost during a combat mission over Afghanistan, after which the control-less drone started flying towards the Afghan border with Tajikistan. An F-15E Strike Eagle fired an AIM-9 missile at the drone, successfully destroying its engine. Before the drone impacted the ground, contact was reestablished with the drone, and it was flown into a mountain to destroy it. It was the first US drone to be destroyed intentionally by allied forces.

By July 2010, thirty-eight Predators and Reapers had been lost during combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, another nine were lost in training missions in the U.S. In 2010, the USAF conducted over 33,000 close air support missions, a more-than-20 percent increase compared with 2009. By March 2011, the USAF had 48 Predator and Reaper combat air patrols flying in Iraq and Afghanistan compared with 18 in 2007.

As of March 2011, the USAF was training more pilots for advanced unmanned aerial vehicles than for any other single weapons system. In 2012, the Reaper, Predator and Global Hawk were described as "... the most accident-prone aircraft in the Air Force fleet."

In October 2011, the USAF began operating Reapers out of Arba Minch Airport in Ethiopia for surveillance-only operations in Somalia. In 2012, both Reapers and Predators were deployed in Benghazi, Libya after the attack that killed the US ambassador in that city. In February 2013, the U.S. stationed a Predator at Niamey to provide intelligence for French forces during Operation Serval in Mali; it was later replaced by two MQ-9 Reapers. In April 2013, one of these Reapers crashed on a surveillance flight due to mechanical failure.

On 22 October 2013, the USAF's fleets of MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper UAVs reached 2,000,000 flight hours. The RPA program began in the mid-1990s, taking 16 years for them to reach 1 million flight hours; the 2 million hour mark was reached just two and a half years later.

The high demand for UAVs has caused Air Combat Command to increase pilot output from 188 in 2015 to 300 in 2017 at Holloman.

On 13 November 2015, the Pentagon reported that an MQ-9 had killed ISIL member Mohammed Emwazi, popularly known as "Jihadi John", who was responsible for executing several Western prisoners.

In 2015, a record number (20) of USAF drones crashed; investigators identified three parts of the starter-generator that were susceptible to breakdowns, but could not determine why they were failing. Col. William S. Leister informed Pentagon officials that investigators from the USAF, General Atomics and Skurka had investigated the problem for more than a year. The team, he said, had identified "numerous manufacturing quality issues" yet had been unable to determine the exact cause of the failures.

On 2 October 2017, U.S. Central Command stated that an MQ-9 had been shot down by Houthi air defense systems over Sanaa in western Yemen the previous day.  The aircraft took off from Chabelley Airport in Djibouti, and was armed.

On 18 September 2018, the USAF announced that an MQ-9 armed with an air-to-air missile successfully shot down a smaller target drone in November 2017. The drone was operated by the 432nd Wing. While the destruction of a target drone is a routine USAF exercise, this event was the first instance of a Reaper destroying a small, maneuvering aerial target.

On 6 June 2019, Houthis shot down a US MQ-9 Reaper over Yemen. According to United States Central Command, it was shot down by an SA-6 surface-to-air missile that was enabled with Iranian assistance. On 21 August 2019, another unarmed MQ-9 was shot down by Houthis over Dhamar, Yemen, by a Yemini made Fater-1 missile, an improved SA-6.

On 23 November 2019, a US MQ-9 Reaper was shot down by a Pantsir system operated by the Libyan National Army or Wagner Group over Tripoli, Libya. According to journalist David Cenciotti, the drone was lost after being jammed by Russian Wagner militias working in support of the Libyan National Army.

On 3 January 2020, a US MQ-9 missile strike at Baghdad International Airport killed Qasem Soleimani, the commander of the Iranian Quds Force, and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, the deputy commander of Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces.

On 18 August 2020, US Department of Defense announced that two US MQ-9 Reapers had crashed in a mid-air collision over Syria. However, claims from local media said that at least one drone might have been shot down by Syrian Opposition rebel fighters or Turkish forces.

In April 2021, U.S. and Polish militaries have agreed on a long-negotiated plan to increase the American presence in Poland with two units of MQ-9 Reapers deployed by the USAF.

On 14 July 2022, a MQ-9 Reaper operated by the 25th Attack Group crashed during a training mission in Romania. The MQ-9 drones have been deployed to the Romanian 71st Air Base in 2021, starting their operational flights on 1 February 2021.

On 14 March 2023, one of two intercepting Su-27 fighters of the Russian Federation collided with an MQ-9 Reaper flying in international airspace over the Black Sea. In a statement, US Air Force Gen. James Hecker, commander of the United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa, stated, "At approximately 7:03 am (CET), one of the Russian Su-27 aircraft struck the propeller of the MQ-9, causing U.S. forces to have to bring the MQ-9 down in international waters. Several times before the collision, the Su-27s dumped fuel on and flew in front of the MQ-9 in a reckless, environmentally unsound and unprofessional manner. This incident demonstrates a lack of competence in addition to being unsafe and unprofessional." Russia says it will attempt to retrieve the drone.

The US government claimed that it was prepared for such an outcome. John Kirby, National Security Council Coordinator for Strategic Communications, said that "their ability to exploit useful intelligence will be highly minimised". While the US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Mark A. Milley said that there were "mitigating measures" to ensure that Russia obtained no access to valuable tech. He also confirmed that the US would look for the drone as well; however, the water in which it crashed was  deep. While Brigadier General Pat Ryder claimed that drone was "unflyable and uncontrollable" and it likely damaged the Su-27 during the collision. The US has since released footage over the Black Sea.

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) initially expressed interest in a production version of the B-002 turbofan-powered variant, but instead leased an unarmed Reaper variant, which carries the GA-ASI company name "Altair".  Altair is one of the first three "Predator-B" airframes. The other two airframes, known as "Predator-B 001" and "Predator-B 002", had a maximum gross weight of .

The Altair differs from these models in that it has an  long wingspan ( greater than early and current MQ-9s). The Altair has enhanced avionics systems to better enable flights in FAA-controlled civil airspace and demonstrate "over-the-horizon" command and control capability from a ground station. These aircraft are used by NASA's Earth Science Enterprise as part of the NASA ERAST Program to perform on-location science missions.

In November 2006, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center obtained an MQ-9 (and mobile ground control station), named Ikhana, for the Suborbital Science Program within the Science Mission Directorate. In 2007, Ikhana was used to survey the Southern California wildfires, supporting firefighter deployments based upon the highest need. The California Office of Emergency Services requested NASA support for the Esperanza Fire, and the General Atomics Altair was launched less than 24 hours later on a 16-hour mission to map the fire's perimeter. The fire mapping research is a joint project with NASA and the US Forest Service.

The NASA Ikhana was used to survey the descent of the Orion Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) module on its first test mission 5 December 2014. The aircraft loitered at , used its IR camera to detect the capsule, then switched to the optical camera to observe its descent through parachute deployment and landing in the Pacific Ocean.

U.S. Homeland Security

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operated nine MQ-9s in August 2012.  Two were based in North Dakota at Grand Forks Air Force Base, four were based in Arizona, at Fort Huachuca and one was based at the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas. These aircraft were equipped with GA-ASI's Lynx synthetic aperture radar and Raytheon's MTS-B electro-optical infrared sensors.

The CBP also had two maritime MQ-9s called Guardians, based at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida and Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas. The Guardians were equipped with the SeaVue marine search radar; their electro-optical infrared sensor was optimized for maritime operations. The CBP operates one MQ-9 Guardian jointly with the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) out of land-based stations in Florida and Texas.

The United States Department of Homeland Security initially ordered one Predator B for border protection duty, referred to as MQ-9 CBP-101. It began operations 4 October 2005 and crashed in the Arizona desert on 25 April 2006.  The US's NTSB determined that the crash's most likely cause was pilot error by the ground-based pilot, inadvertently shutting down the UAV's engine by failing to follow the checklist. During its operational period, the aircraft flew 959 hours on patrol and played a role in 2,309 arrests. It also contributed to the seizure of four vehicles and  of marijuana.

A second Predator B, called "CBP-104" (initially referred to as "CBP-102"), was delivered in September 2006 and commenced limited border protection operations on 18 October 2006. The president's FY2006 emergency supplemental budget request added $45 million for the program and the FY2007 Homeland Security Appropriations Bill added an additional $20 million. In October 2006, GA-ASI announced a $33.9 million contract to supply two more Predator B systems by the fall of 2007. On 16 February 2009, the program was further expanded to include patrols of the Canada–US border.

On 14 October 2013, an MQ-9 began patrolling the Manitoba portion of the U.S.-Canada border. The UAV is based at Grand Forks Air Force Base and will watch the -long border. The drone will not carry weapons and needs permission to enter Canadian airspace. U.S. authorities fear that drug smugglers, migrants, and terrorists may exploit the long border. The use of the unmanned surveillance aircraft is an enhancement of the partnership between U.S. and Canadian agencies.

In January 2014, Customs and Border Protection grounded its UAVs temporarily after an unmanned aircraft was ditched off the coast of California by the operator due to a mechanical failure on 27 January 2014.

On 29 May 2020, during the George Floyd protests, CBP flew an unarmed Predator B drone above Minneapolis to watch protesters. The agency said it was at the request of federal law enforcement in Minneapolis.

Other users

Belgium
In January 2018, the Belgian Ministry of Defence reportedly decided on the MQ-9 to fulfill its medium-altitude long-range UAV requirement. Ministry officials stated that a request for information had been sent to potential suppliers of the system, and that they had received responses from all of them. In October 2018, Belgium confirmed its selection of the MQ-9B SkyGuardian variant, adding that it would be considered a "reconnaissance" asset, suggesting it will not be used to carry weapons. In March 2019, the US Department of State approved the sale of four MQ-9B SkyGuardian UAVs to Belgium for $600 million, pending approval by US Congress. In July 2022, work began on adapting the Florennes Air Base to host, fly and maintain the planes.

Dominican Republic
The Predator UAV "Guardian" has been used by the Dominican Republic, under U.S. supervision and funding, against drug trafficking from mid-2012.

France
On 31 May 2013, French Defense Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian confirmed the order of two MQ-9 Reapers, to be delivered by the end of 2013. It was chosen to replace the EADS Harfang and was picked over the Israeli Heron TP. On 27 June 2013, the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress of a possible Foreign Military Sale to France for 16 unarmed MQ-9s, associated equipment, ground control hardware, and support, worth up to $1.5 billion total. On 26 August 2013, France and the US Department of Defense concluded the deal for 16 Reapers and 8 ground control stations, with French operators beginning training.

On 24 September 2013, France's first pair of MQ-9 pilots conducted a two-hour training sortie at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico.  Both French pilots had prior UAV experience and went through a five-week ground-based training course and 5 hours on a flight simulator before the first flight. Two additional crews were also receiving instruction at the facility. General Atomics is due to deliver two Reapers and one ground control station to the French Air Force by the end of 2013. On 26 November 2013, France declared that six pilots in three teams were operational, following 100 hours on flight simulators and 4 flights. French MQ-9s were first put into action in January 2014 at Niamey Air Base in Niger for border reconnaissance in the Sahel desert.

On 16 January 2014, France's first MQ-9 flight occurred from Niger. The first two Reapers to enter French service are designated Block 1 and use U.S. equipment; further orders are to be modified with European payloads such as sensors and datalinks. On 31 March 2014, French Air Force Reapers accumulated 500 flight hours in support of Operation Serval. In July 2014, a French MQ-9 helped to locate the wreckage of Air Algérie Flight 5017, which had crashed in Mali.

Germany
Germany made a request to purchase five Reapers and four ground control stations, plus related support material and training. The request, being made through the Foreign Military Sales process, was presented to Congress through the Defense Security Cooperation Agency on 1 August 2008 and is valued at US$205 million. However, Germany did not go through with this procurement for the time being and decided to lease the IAI Heron offered by IAI and Rheinmetall instead, initially for the duration of one year, representing a stop-gap measure before a long-term decision on a MALE-system is being made.

Greece
On 21 April 2022, a well-known Greek military journalist revealed in an interview that the Hellenic Air Force is discussing the purchase of three MQ-9 UCAVs along with the Israeli Heron TPs. Given that the US Air Force has long been operating MQ-9s from Larissa Air Base, Greece has some past experience with it from joint exercises. On 5 July 2022, the Hellenic Parliament approved the acquisition of 3 MQ-9B SeaGuardian UAVs along with two ground stations. On 28 July 2022, the Greek Minister of Nation Defence, Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos, confirmed the acquisition of the three UAVs.

India
In June 2017, the US State Department approved the sale of 22 drones to India, costing around $2–3 billion. As of February 2020, a deal to purchase 30 drones with 10 drones for each of the three Indian armed services, was expected to be signed by the end of the fiscal year. In November 2020, the Indian Navy began operating two leased MQ-9B SeaGuardians. The lease agreement was valid for one year and has been extended subsequently. The drones are deployed at the Naval Air Station Rajali located in Tamil Nadu. and it had logged close to 3,000 hours covering over 14 million square miles of operating area by August 2022. In February 2022, it was reported that Indian Navy had put the deal on the backburner and was instead looking at more indigenous options from the DRDO as well as upgrading its current fleet of IAI Heron drones. On 27 February 2022, PTI reported that the procurement for the 30 armed Predator B drones – 10 each for the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force is in the advanced stage and disputed earlier reports of the deal being put on the backburner with India reportedly providing "good feedback" on the SeaGuardians already on lease.

Italy
On 1 August 2008, Italy submitted a FMS request through the Defense Security Cooperation Agency for four aircraft, four ground stations and five years of maintenance support, all valued at US$330 million. Italy ordered two more aircraft in November 2009. On 30 May 2012, it was reported that the U.S. planned to sell kits to arm Italy's six Reapers with Hellfire missiles and laser-guided bombs. However Gen. Alberto Rosso has expressed frustration at American delays in integrating additional weapons onto the platform and suggested that Italy may have to seek UAS alternatives. Italian Reapers were used:
 in Libya, since 10 August 2011, as part of its contribution to NATO's Operation Unified Protector (flew about 300 hours)
 in Kosovo, since 13 March 2012 inbound NATO KFOR "Joint Enterprise" operation
 on "Mare Nostrum" mission (Mediterranean sea, migrants search and rescue operation) by October 2013
 into Afghanistan theater by January 2014 (to replace Predator A+).

On 3 November 2015, the U.S. approved a deal covering weapons integration onto Italy's Reaper aircraft, which would make it the first country outside the UK to weaponize the drone.  The potential for increased contribution to NATO coalition operations improved operational flexibility, and enhanced survivability for Italian forces prompted the request.

On 20 November 2019, an Italian Air Force MQ-9 was shot down by a Pantsir system operated by the Libyan National Army or Wagner Group, near the city of Tarhuna, Libya. The Libyan National Army claimed to have shot down the drone that, based on the initial reports, was thought to be a Turkish operated drone, supporting the opposed Government of National Accord. The Italian Defense confirmed the loss stating the cause of the crash is under investigation.

Netherlands
On 19 June 2013, General Atomics and Fokker Technologies signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to offer the MQ-9 Reaper to the Dutch government for their need of a MALE UAV. The MOU recognizes that Fokker will assist in maintenance and support of the aircraft in the Netherlands if a deal goes through.

On 21 November 2013, the Dutch Minister of Defense announced that the Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF) has selected the MQ-9 Reaper Block-V as its new MALE UAV. The new MALE UAV 306 squadron will be based at Leeuwarden Air Base. In July 2018 the Dutch government signed a Letter of Acceptance for the acquisition through the Foreign Military Sales process.

The Dutch MQ-9 is to have the Synthetic Aperture Radar with the Maritime Search option and also a special ground search radar with more range and electronic sensors to detect ground radar and signals.  The RNLAF bought four ground stations (two at Homebase, two at forward operating base) and four MQ-9s Block-V. The aircraft are to reach full operational status in 2023. Four more systems are planned. The decision was also made to arm the Reapers.

Spain
On 6 August 2015, the Spanish Ministry of Defence announced it would buy four Reaper surveillance aircraft with two ground control stations for €25 million ($27 million) in 2016, costing €171 million over five years.  General Atomics will partner with Spanish Company SENER to deliver unarmed versions to Spain, making it the fifth European country to order the Reaper.  In addition to selecting the Reaper, Spain is interested in the joint German-French-Italian project to develop a European MALE UAV.

The Defense Department cleared the purchase on 6 October 2015.  Spain selected the Reaper over the Heron TP to perform homeland security, counter-insurgency, and counter-terrorism operations. The Spanish government agreed to purchase the system on 30 October. The Reaper was selected over the Heron TP mainly for commonality with NATO allies who also use the airframe.  Although Spain's immediate priority is for surveillance, they will eventually try to weaponize the platform.  The first two aircraft and first GCS is planned for delivery in 2017, with the third aircraft in 2018 when they achieve IOC, and the last in 2020 achieving full operational capability (FOC).

United Kingdom

On 27 September 2006, the U.S. Congress was notified by the Defense Security Cooperation Agency that the United Kingdom was seeking to purchase a pair of MQ-9A Reapers. They were initially operated by No. 39 Squadron from Creech Air Force Base, Nevada, later moving to RAF Waddington. A third MQ-9A was in the process of being purchased by the RAF in 2007. On 9 November 2007, the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) announced that its Reapers had begun operations in Afghanistan against the Taliban. In April 2008, following the crash of one of the UK's two Reapers, British special forces were sent to recover sensitive material from the wreckage before it was blown up to prevent the enemy from obtaining it. By May 2011, five Reapers were in operation, with a further five on order.

The second RAF squadron to operate five Reapers is No. XIII Squadron, which was formally activated and commissioned on 26 October 2012. No. 39 Squadron personnel were planned to gradually return to the UK in 2013 and in time both squadrons would each operate five Reapers from RAF Waddington. In April 2013, XIII Squadron started full operations from RAF Waddington, exercising control over a complement of 10 Reapers, at that point all based in Afghanistan.

Five Reapers can provide 36 hours of combined surveillance coverage in Afghanistan with individual sorties lasting up to 16 hours. A further five vehicles increases this to 72 hours. In total, RAF Reapers flew 71,000 flight hours in Afghanistan, and dropped 510 guided weapons (compared to 497 for Harrier and Tornado).

In April 2013, it was revealed that the MoD was studying the adoption of MBDA's Brimstone missile upon the MQ-9. In December 2013, several successful test firings of the Brimstone missile from a Reaper at Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake to support integration onto RAF Reapers. Nine missiles were fired at an altitude of 20,000 ft at distances of  from the targets; all nine scored direct hits against static, accelerating, weaving, and fast remotely controlled targets.

In 2014, the MoD decided that its Reaper fleet will be brought into the RAF's core fleet once operations over Afghanistan cease.  Procurement of the MQ-9A was via an urgent operational capability requirement and funded from the Treasury reserve, but induction into the core fleet will have them funded from the MoD's budget. The Reapers were retained for contingent purposes, mainly to perform intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), until its replacement enters service around 2018. On 4 October 2015 David Cameron announced that the RAF would replace its existing fleet of 10 Reapers with more than 20 of the "latest generation of RPAS", named as "Protector",

In an April 2016 document, the MoD revealed that Protector will be a version of the MQ-9B SkyGuardian, formally known as Certifiable Predator B (CPB), made to fly in European airspace, to be acquired from 2018 to 2030. In July 2018, it was announced that this aircraft will be designated Protector RG Mk 1 in RAF service, and is to be delivered in 2023.

On 16 October 2014, the MoD announced the deployment of armed Reapers in Operation Shader, the UK's contribution to the United States-led military intervention against Islamic State, the first occasion the UK had used its Reapers outside Afghanistan. The number of aircraft out of the RAF's 10-plane fleet was not disclosed, but it was expected that at least two were sent; more were dispatched as the UK drew down from Afghanistan. RAF Reapers' primary purpose is to provide surveillance support and situational awareness to coalition forces. On 10 November 2014, the MoD reported that an RAF Reaper had conducted its first airstrike against Islamic State forces, firing a Hellfire missile at militants placing an IED near Bayji.

RAF Reapers based at RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus conducted one surveillance mission over Syria in November 2014, four in December 2014, and eight in January 2015. On 7 September 2015, Prime Minister David Cameron announced that two Islamic State fighters from Britain had been killed in an intelligence-led strike by an RAF Reaper near Raqqa, Syria, the first armed use of RAF assets in Syria during the civil war. By January 2016, RAF Reapers had flown 1,000 sorties in support of Operation Shader. Compared to operations in Afghanistan, where RAF Reapers fired 16 Hellfire missiles in 2008, 93 in 2013, and 94 in 2014, in operations against ISIL, 258 Hellfires were fired in 2015.

United Arab Emirates
On 10 November 2020, the US State Department approved the sale of up to 18 MQ-9Bs to the UAE pending approval by Congress.

Taiwan
On 3 November 2020, the US State Department approved the sale of 4 MQ-9B, along with Control Stations and Embedded Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigations Systems (EGI) with Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) to Taiwan.

Japan
On 15 October 2020, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems conducted validation flights of the SeaGuardian UAV for the Japan Coast Guard (JCG). The test flight was conducted at a Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) air base in Hachinohe. Both the JCG and JMSDF have expressed interest in acquiring SeaGuardian UAVs in order to conduct more ocean surveillance.

On 15 March 2023, the JMSDF will acquire a MQ-9B SeaGuardian for trials as part of its Medium-Altitude, Long-Endurance (MALE) RPAS Trial Operation Project.

Morocco
After the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement in 2020, the US is to approve the sale of four MQ-9B SeaGuardians to Morocco.

Potential operators

Finland
Finnish Defence Forces is doing test flights with the MQ-9.

Poland
The Polish Ministry of National Defense announced on 28 February 2022 that it plans to purchase an unspecified number of MQ-9 Reaper drones.

Cancelled acquisitions

Australia
In September 2006, the General Atomics Mariner demonstrator aircraft was operated by the Australian Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTO) in an exercise designed to evaluate the aircraft's ability to aid in efforts to stem illegal fishing, drug running and illegal immigration. The Mariner operated from Royal Australian Air Force bases Edinburgh, South Australia and Learmonth, Western Australia in conjunction with a Royal Australian Navy Armidale class patrol boat, the Joint Offshore Protection Command, and the Pilbara Regiment.

In February 2015, it was announced that six RAAF personnel had been sent to Holloman AFB, New Mexico and Creech AFB, Nevada to undergo training.

In August 2015, it was revealed that Australians had begun flying MQ-9s over Syria, the first time Australia expanded operations past Iraq during the Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.  Five RAAF personnel were embedded with the USAF 432nd Operations Group, which flies armed Reapers, performing operational duties with the unit as MQ-9 system pilots and sensor operators.

In November 2018, the Defence Minister Christopher Pyne announced that Australia would purchase 12 to 16 MQ-9s. In November 2019, Australia announced the selection of the MQ-9B for its armed Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE) RPAS requirement under Project Air 7003.

In April 2021, the State Department approved a possible Foreign Military Sale to the Government of Australia of 12 MQ-9B Reapers and related equipment for an estimated cost of $1.651 billion.

The Australian Government canceled the planned Reaper acquisition in March 2022. The funding intended for the project was redirected to expanding the Australian Signals Directorate.

Variants

SeaGuardian
A navalized Reaper, named Mariner, was proposed for the U.S. Navy's Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) program.  It had an increased fuel capacity for an endurance of up to 49 hours. Variations included one for aircraft carrier operations with folding wings for storage, shortened, reinforced landing gear, an arresting hook, cut-down or eliminated ventral flight surfaces and six stores pylons for a total load of 3,000 pounds (1,360 kilograms). The Northrop Grumman RQ-4N was selected as the BAMS winner.

US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operates two maritime variants of the MQ-9, known as Guardians. The U.S. Coast Guard evaluated the Guardian, including performing joint operations with CBP. CBP and the Coast Guard operate one MQ-9 Guardian jointly out of land-based stations in Florida and Texas.

General Atomics continued with the Naval Reaper concept, turning it into the SeaGuardian. It has an endurance of more than 18 hours and can mount an eight-hour patrol at a radius of . A key part of its mission set is the Leonardo Seaspray 7500E V2 AESA radar mounted as a centerline pod with inverse synthetic aperture radar that can spot surface targets including ships, submarine periscopes, and people during search and rescue operations.

General Atomics studied testing a sonobuoy launch capability from the Guardian in 2016 to demonstrate its ability to carry them, control them, and send information back to the ground station over a SATCOM link. In November 2020, a company-owned Reaper carried out a trial releasing sonobuoys, then processing information from them to track a training target. This led to the creation of an anti-submarine warfare package for the SeaGuardian, the first self-contained ASW package for a UAS. The package comprises podded sonobuoy dispenser systems (SDS), using a pneumatic launch system to launch 10 A-size or 20 G-size buoys from each pod, and a sonobuoy management and control system (SMCS); the aircraft can carry up to four pods.

MQ-9 Block 5
On 24 May 2012, General Atomics conducted the successful first flight of its upgraded MQ-9 Block 1-plus Reaper. The Block 1-plus version was designed for increased electrical power, secure communications, automatic landing, increased gross takeoff weight (GTOW), weapons growth, and streamlined payload integration capabilities. A new high-capacity starter generator offers increased electrical power capacity to provide growth capacity; a backup generator is also present and is sufficient for all flight-critical functions, improving the electrical power system's reliability via three independent power sources.

New communications capabilities, including dual ARC-210 VHF/UHF radios with wingtip antennas, allow for simultaneous communications between multiple air-to-air and air-to-ground parties, secure data links, and an increased data transmission capacity. The new trailing arm main landing gear allows the carriage of heavier payloads or additional fuel. Development and testing were completed, and Milestone C was achieved in September 2012.  Follow-on aircraft will be redesignated MQ-9 Block 5. On 15 October 2013, the USAF awarded General Atomics a $377.4 million contract for 24 MQ-9 Block 5 Reapers. The MQ-9 Block 5 flew its first combat mission on 23 June 2017.

SkyGuardian

International demand for a MALE RPAS capable of being certified for operation within civilian airspace drove General Atomics to develop a version of the platform known by GA-ASI as MQ-9B SkyGuardian, previously called Certifiable Predator B, to make it compliant with European flight regulations to get more sales in European countries. In order to fly over national airspace, the aircraft meets NATO STANAG 4671 airworthiness requirements with lightning protection, different composite materials, and sense and avoid technology.

Performance changes include a  wingspan that has winglets and enough fuel for a 40-hour endurance at . Features include High Definition EO/IR Full Motion Video sensor, De/Anti-Icing System, TCAS, and Automatic Take-Off & Land. The system also includes a completely redesigned & modernized integrated ground control station with 4 crew stations.

On 28 November 2019, the Australian Government announced the selection of the General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI) MQ-9B SkyGuardian as its preferred version of the Predator B for the RAAF's Project AIR 7003 MALE armed remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) requirement.

The SeaGuardian is a proposed version of SkyGuardian but also fitted with Multimode 360 Maritime Surface Search Radar and automatic identification system (AIS).

Protector
In April 2016, the United Kingdom announced that it intended to place an order for the Certifiable Predator B as part of its Protector MALE UAV program for the Royal Air Force. According to the 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review, the Royal Air Force will operate at least 20 Protector systems by 2025, replacing all of the ten MQ-9A Reapers.

On 15 July 2018, a GA-ASI Company-owned MQ-9B SkyGuardian was flown from the United States to RAF Fairford in the UK for the first transatlantic flight of a MALE UAV. It was displayed at the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT) air show, where the aircraft was given markings of No. 31 Squadron. This followed an announcement by the RAF's Chief of Air Staff that No. 31 Squadron would be the first RAF Squadron to operate a similar version of the MQ-9B aircraft, to be known as the Protector RG Mark 1 (RG1), starting in 2023. In July 2020, the Ministry of Defence signed a contract for three Protector UAVs with an option on an additional thirteen aircraft. It was announced in September 2021 that No. XIII Squadron will become the second Protector squadron.

Protector will be able to carry up to 18 Brimstone 2 missiles or Paveway IV bombs.

Operators

 French Air and Space Force (Armée de l'air et de l'espace)
 Cognac – Châteaubernard Air Base, Charente
Escadron de Drones 1/33 Belfort

 Indian Navy – 2 on lease since Nov. 2020.
INS Rajali, Tamil Nadu

 Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare)
Amendola Air Base, Province of Foggia
 32° Stormo
28° Gruppo
Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily
 32° Stormo
61° Gruppo Volo

 Japan Coast Guard - At least one SeaGuardian in operational use since October 2022.

 Royal Netherlands Air Force – 4 on order as of 2020, 4 more to be ordered in 2022
 Leeuwarden Air Base, Friesland
No. 306 Squadron

 Spanish Air and Space Force
Talavera la Real Air Base, Extremadura
 ALA 23
 233 Escuadrón

 Royal Air Force – 10 ordered with 9 in active service. 1 more ordered in March 2021.
 RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire
No. XIII Squadron
 No. 54 Squadron (Operational Conversion Unit)
Creech Air Force Base, Nevada
No. 39 Squadron

 United States Air Force
Air Combat Command
 49th Wing (Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico)
6th Attack Squadron
16th Training Squadron
9th Attack Squadron
 29th Attack Squadron
 53d Wing (Eglin Air Force Base, Florida)
 556th Test and Evaluation Squadron (Creech Air Force Base, Nevada)
 432nd Wing (Creech Air Force Base, Nevada)
 11th Attack Squadron
 15th Attack Squadron
 20th Attack Squadron (Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri)
 22nd Attack Squadron
 50th Attack Squadron (Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina)
 89th Attack Squadron (Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota)
 482nd Attack Squadron (Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina)
 489th Attack Squadron
United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa
 31st Expeditionary Operations Group
 Detachment 1 (71st Air Base, Romania)
 52nd Expeditionary Operations Group
 Detachment 2 (12th Air Base, Poland)
 Air Force Special Operations Command
 27th Special Operations Wing (Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico)
 33d Special Operations Squadron
 58th Special Operations Wing (Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico)
 551st Special Operations Squadron
 Air National Guard
107th Attack Wing (Niagara Falls Air Force Base, New York)
136th Attack Squadron
 174th Attack Wing (Hancock Field Air National Guard Base, New York)
138th Attack Squadron
 111th Attack Wing (Horsham Air Guard Station, Montgomery, Pennsylvania)
103rd Attack Squadron
 118th Wing (118 WG) (Berry Field, Nashville, Tennessee)
105th Attack Squadron
 132nd Wing (Des Moines Air National Guard Base, Des Moines, Iowa)
124th Attack Squadron
 147th Attack Wing (147 ATKW) (Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base, Houston, Texas)
111th Reconnaissance Squadron
163d Attack Wing (March AFB, California)
 196th Attack Squadron
 160th Attack Squadron
178th Wing (Springfield-Beckley Air National Guard Station, Springfield, Ohio)
188th Wing (188 WG) (Ebbing Air National Guard Station, Fort Smith, Arkansas)
184th Attack Squadron
110th Wing (Battle Creek Air National Guard Base, Battle Creek, Michigan)
172d Attack Squadron
Air Force Reserve Command
919th Special Operations Wing (Duke Field, Florida)
2nd Special Operations Squadron
 U.S. Customs and Border Protection
 Sierra Vista, Arizona
 Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota
 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida
 Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas

Specifications (MQ-9A)

See also

References

This article contains material that originally came from the web article Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Greg Goebel, which exists in the public domain.

External links

 MQ-9 Predator Factsheet on U.S. Air Force site
 General Atomics Aeronautical Systems YMQ-9 Reaper – National Museum of the United States Air Force
 MQ-9 "Reaper" Predator B UAV Defense-Update.com
 General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (Predator B), Designation-Systems.net

Q-09 Reaper
Airborne military robots
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Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
2000s United States attack aircraft
2000s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
War on terror
Synthetic aperture radar
Aircraft first flown in 2001
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States

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