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910 F. 2d 680 - Myatt v. Hannigan
910 F2d 680 Myatt v. Hannigan
30 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1185
Elton John MYATT, Petitioner-Appellant,
Robert HANNIGAN and The Attorney General of the State of
Kansas, Respondents-Appellees.
United States Court of Appeals,
Tenth Circuit.
David J. Gottlieb, Director of the Kansas Defender Project, Lawrence, Kan., for petitioner-appellant.
Gregory G. Hough, Asst. Atty. Gen., Topeka, Kan., for respondents-appellees.
Before SEYMOUR, MOORE and EBEL, Circuit Judges.
EBEL, Circuit Judge.
Petitioner-appellant Elton John Myatt appeals from a dismissal by the United States District Court for the District of Kansas on his petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254. There are two issues raised in this appeal: (1) whether Kansas' child hearsay statute, Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 60-460(dd), on its face violates the Sixth Amendment right of confrontation; and (2) whether, even if Kansas' child hearsay statute is constitutional on its face, the admission of hearsay statements in this case violated appellant's right of confrontation.
Appellant was convicted after a bench trial of committing indecent liberties with a minor. The facts leading to his conviction are as follows. Appellant was dating the victim's mother since January 1981. Although he did not live with the mother, he did have sexual relations with her and occasionally would spend the night at her home. The mother left her three children alone with appellant at various times.
In mid-September 1982, both appellant and the mother contracted gonorrhea. In the first week of October 1982, the mother's six-year-old daughter was diagnosed as having gonorrhea. When questioned, the girl told a caseworker and a police investigator that appellant had touched her in the vaginal area.
Appellant was charged with committing indecent liberties with a minor. After waiving his right to a jury, he received a bench trial. Both the state and appellant stipulated that the child was "disqualified" from testifying (Tr. at 46), and she did not testify at trial. Instead, the trial court allowed the caseworker and police investigator to testify about their conversations with the child pursuant to Kansas' child hearsay statute, Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 60-460(dd). The trial court convicted appellant and sentenced him to fifteen years imprisonment.
After conviction, appellant appealed to the Kansas Court of Appeals, raising eight issues, including the constitutionality of the Kansas child hearsay statute. The court of appeals dismissed his claims in an unpublished opinion. Appellant then appealed to the Kansas Supreme Court. That court held, among other things, that Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 60-460(dd) is constitutional on its face and that it was properly applied by the trial court in the instant case. State v. Myatt, 237 Kan. 17, 697 P.2d 836 (1985). Appellant then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas, arguing that the child hearsay statute is unconstitutional on its face and that, even if it is not unconstitutional, the introduction of the hearsay statements in this case violated appellant's Sixth Amendment right of confrontation. The district court, without holding a hearing, agreed with the Kansas Supreme Court that the hearsay statute is constitutional on its face and that appellant's Sixth Amendment right of confrontation had not been infringed. We affirm.
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be confronted with the witnesses against him." This right of confrontation has been applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 1067, 13 L.Ed.2d 923 (1965).
The right of confrontation is deep-rooted in Western legal culture. Coy v. Iowa, 487 U.S. 1012, 1015-16, 108 S.Ct. 2798, 2800, 101 L.Ed.2d 857 (1988). By allowing criminal defendants to cross-examine witnesses and by allowing the trier of fact to evaluate the credibility of those witnesses, the right of confrontation promotes both the reliability of criminal trials and the perception of fairness in our criminal justice system. Lee v. Illinois, 476 U.S. 530, 540, 106 S.Ct. 2056, 2061, 90 L.Ed.2d 514 (1986). Therefore, the Supreme Court consistently has recognized that "the right of confrontation and cross-examination is an essential and fundamental requirement for the kind of fair trial which is this country's constitutional goal." Pointer, 380 U.S. at 405, 85 S.Ct. at 1068.
If the Confrontation Clause were taken literally, it might mean that no out-of-court statements could be admitted against a criminal defendant unless the defendant had the opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. However, the right of confrontation in the Sixth Amendment has never been regarded as absolute. It has long been recognized that in certain cases the right must give way to competing interests in the criminal trial process. See, e.g., Mattox v. United States, 156 U.S. 237, 243, 15 S.Ct. 337, 339, 39 L.Ed. 409 (1895) ("But general rules of law of this kind, however beneficent in their operation and valuable to the accused, must occasionally give way to considerations of public policy and the necessities of the case."); see also McCormick on Evidence Sec. 252 at 750-51 (3d ed. 1984). Thus, the Supreme Court has "attempted to harmonize the goal of the Clause--placing limits on the kind of evidence that may be received against a defendant--with a societal interest in accurate factfinding, which may require consideration of out-of-court statements." Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 182, 107 S.Ct. 2775, 2782, 97 L.Ed.2d 144 (1987).
In an attempt to reconcile those competing interests, the Supreme Court has held that in order for the prosecution to introduce out-of-court statements by witnesses who do not testify at trial, the prosecution generally will be required to establish both "unavailability" of the declarant and that the hearsay evidence bears "adequate indicia of reliability." Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65-66, 100 S.Ct. 2531, 2538-2539, 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980). Because hearsay rules and the Confrontation Clause are designed to protect similar values and stem from the same roots, reliability will be presumed where "the evidence falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception." Id. Otherwise, the prosecution must show that the hearsay evidence bears "particularized guarantees of trustworthiness." Id.
Appellant contends that Kansas' child hearsay statute is unconstitutional on its face because it fails to require "adequate indicia of reliability" or "particularized guarantees of trustworthiness" as mandated by the Supreme Court in Roberts.1 We disagree.
Kansas' child hearsay statute, Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 60-460(dd), provides in pertinent part:
Evidence of a statement which is made other than by a witness while testifying at the hearing, offered to prove the truth of the matter stated, is hearsay evidence and inadmissible except:
(dd) Actions involving children. In a criminal proceeding ... a statement made by a child, to prove the crime ..., if:
(1) The child is alleged to be a victim of the crime ...; and
(2) the trial judge finds, after a hearing on the matter, that the child is disqualified or unavailable as a witness, the statement is apparently reliable and the child was not induced to make the statement falsely by use of threats or promises.
Appellant argues that the phrase "apparently reliable" in the statute is not the same as "adequate indicia of reliability" or "particularized guarantees of trustworthiness" as required by Roberts. Any doubt about the meaning of the words "apparently reliable" has been resolved by the Kansas Supreme Court. That court held, in appellant's direct appeal of his conviction, that those words incorporate the Roberts requirements:
[T]he [Kansas] legislature intended to incorporate the Roberts standard for admissibility into this statute [Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 60-460(dd) ]. Through the use of the words "apparently reliable" it is implicit that the judge must find the evidence contains "particularized guarantees of trustworthiness" since the new statute is not a "firmly rooted hearsay exception."
State v. Myatt, 237 Kan. 17, 25, 697 P.2d 836, 843 (1985). We are bound to accept that interpretation of Kansas law. See Ewing v. Winans, 749 F.2d 607, 609 (10th Cir.1984) ("Federal courts must accept a state court's interpretation and application of its constitution and laws unless they are inconsistent with fundamental principles of liberty and justice."), limited by, Martinez v. Sullivan, 881 F.2d 921, 926 n. 2 (10th Cir.1989) (modifies Ewing to the extent that it is inconsistent with holding that determinations of unavailability and good faith effort to obtain a witness are mixed questions reviewed de novo).
Appellant next argues that the Kansas Supreme Court has rendered the child hearsay statute unconstitutional by interpreting it to include a presumption that child hearsay statements are reliable. Appellant refers to a statement by the Kansas Supreme Court that "[i]t is also beginning to be recognized that a child's statements about sexual abuse are inherently reliable." Myatt, 237 Kan. at 22, 697 P.2d at 841. We do not read that Kansas Supreme Court's language as creating a presumption of reliability. On the contrary, the Kansas Supreme Court went on in its opinion to state specifically that "[t]he determination of reliability and trustworthiness must be made on a case-by-case basis." Id. at 25, 697 P.2d at 843. Thus, the Kansas Supreme Court properly required that child hearsay statements possess adequate indicia of reliability, which must be established on a case-by-case basis, before those statements may be admitted under Kansas' child hearsay statute.
Appellant also challenges the constitutionality of Kansas' child hearsay statute based upon the failure of the statute to require corroborating evidence in order for child hearsay statements in sex abuse cases to be deemed reliable. We reject this challenge because the United States Supreme Court recently has held that, for purposes of the Confrontation Clause, the existence of corroborating evidence is not to be considered in determining the reliability of proffered hearsay. See Idaho v. Wright, --- U.S. ----, ----, 110 S.Ct. 3139, 3150, 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (June 27, 1990) ("hearsay evidence used to convict a defendant must possess indicia of reliability by virtue of its inherent trustworthiness, not by reference to other evidence at trial").
Appellant also argues that Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 60-460(dd) is unconstitutional because it allows hearsay statements of an incompetent witness to be admitted into evidence. The statute requires that the child be "disqualified or unavailable as a witness" as a condition to admitting the child's hearsay statements. In Wright, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that the Confrontation Clause "erect[s] a per se rule barring the admission of prior statements of a declarant who is unable to communicate to the jury at the time of trial." Wright, --- U.S. at ----, 110 S.Ct. at 3151. Although the child's inability to testify may be relevant to whether the hearsay statements are reliable, in each case the reliability of the statements must be determined from the totality of the circumstances surrounding the statements. Id. at ---- - ----, 110 S.Ct. at 3150-51. Therefore, although Kansas' child hearsay statute permits the admission of hearsay statements of a child unable to testify at trial, the statute is not unconstitutional on its face.
Here, before trial both sides stipulated that the child was "disqualified" from testifying pursuant to Kan.Stat.Ann. Sec. 60-417 (1983), which provides in pertinent part:
A person is disqualified to be a witness if the judge finds that (a) the proposed witness is incapable of expressing himself or herself concerning the matter so as to be understood by the judge and jury either directly or through interpretation by one who can understand him or her, or (b) the proposed witness is incapable of understanding the duty of a witness to tell the truth.
The record does not show whether the child was disqualified under subsection (a) or subsection (b). We are troubled by the possibility that the child was disqualified pursuant to subsection (b) because the inability of the child to understand her duty to tell the truth would severely tend to undermine the reliability of her statements. However, in this case the child's statements were not introduced until after a psychiatrist who had interviewed the child four times testified that the child knew the difference between right and wrong and that her statements were reliable. (Tr. at 49-51.) The psychiatrist's testimony thus counteracts the possible detrimental effect of the statutory disqualification in this case, and the record therefore supports disqualification pursuant to subsection (a).III.
Appellant argues that even if the child hearsay statute is constitutional on its face, the hearsay statements admitted against him in this case violated his right of confrontation because they were not reliable. We disagree.
In evaluating the reliability of the hearsay statements, we presume that the factual findings of the Kansas Supreme Court are correct. 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254(d); Sumner v. Mata, 449 U.S. 539, 546-47, 101 S.Ct. 764, 768-69, 66 L.Ed.2d 722 (1981). However, the conclusion by that court that the hearsay statements are reliable is a mixed question of law and fact, and hence is reviewed de novo. See Haggins v. Warden, Fort Pillow State Farm, 715 F.2d 1050, 1055 (6th Cir.1983) ("whether the admission of the child's statements violated the confrontation clause ... [is a] determination[ ] of law, subject to collateral review by the federal courts"), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1071, 104 S.Ct. 980, 79 L.Ed.2d 217 (1984); cf. Sumner v. Mata II, 455 U.S. 591, 597, 102 S.Ct. 1303, 1306, 71 L.Ed.2d 480 (1982) (the ultimate question of the constitutionality of identification procedures is not subject to a presumption of correctness under Sec. 2254); Martinez v. Sullivan, 881 F.2d 921, 925-26 (10th Cir.1989) (determination of unavailability of a witness is a mixed question of fact and law, reviewed de novo), cert. denied --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 740, 107 L.Ed.2d 758 (1990).
At trial, the judge held a hearing to determine whether the child's hearsay statements were sufficiently reliable under Kansas' child hearsay statute and under Roberts. The judge concluded that the statements were reliable, based on the testimony of a psychiatrist who specialized in child psychiatry. (Tr. at 72-73.) The psychiatrist had interviewed the child four times and had used anatomically correct dolls to help the child explain what had happened. (Tr. at 48, 51.) He also had talked with the child's foster parents and teacher. (Tr. at 50.) The psychiatrist testified that, in his opinion, the child was capable of accurately telling what happened, she knew the difference between right and wrong, her statements were reliable, and she had not been induced to make a false statement. (Tr. at 49-51.) Although there were some inconsistencies in the child's story, we do not find that they rise to the level of negating the finding of reliability of the child's testimony.2
Considering the record as a whole and the careful procedures followed by the trial court in conducting an evidentiary review of the reliability and trustworthiness of the child's hearsay statements before it was received into evidence, we conclude that here there were "adequate indicia of reliability" and sufficient "particularized guarantees of trustworthiness" to satisfy the Sixth Amendment requirements for introduction of such evidence as interpreted by Ohio v. Roberts.
The judgment of the district court dismissing appellant's petition for a writ of habeas corpus is AFFIRMED.
Here, both sides agree that Kansas' child hearsay exception is not "firmly rooted" and hence is not presumptively reliable under Roberts
The inconsistencies relied upon by appellant focus particularly upon uncertainties as to when the indecent liberties occurred, statements that the child allegedly made to family members that appellant did not commit the offense, and statements that appellant was never completely alone with the child. However, the evidence did show that appellant was with the child in the absence of other adults. Although her two siblings may have been with the victim, they were both younger than she was and hence the presence of the siblings could not have been expected to provide any deterrence. The uncertainty of the date of the incident does not sufficiently impair trustworthiness to make her testimony inadmissible. As the Kansas Supreme Court stated, "It seems reasonable that, although a young child may not clearly comprehend the meaning of dates and time, the child will be well aware of, and remember, sexual acts inflicted upon her person." Myatt, 237 Kan. at 27, 697 P.2d at 844; see also, e.g., United States v. Dorian, 803 F.2d 1439, 1444-45 (8th Cir.1986) (the contradictions in the child's statements did not render them untrustworthy). And, the child's recanting of her statement to family members is not atypical in sex abuse cases. See Note, The Testimony of Child Victims in Sex Abuse Prosecutions: Two Legislative Innovations, 98 Harv.L.Rev. 806, 807 (1985)


They made beds and cleaned toilets. They shined shoes, dusted jackets, cooked meals and washed dishes.
Yet the Pullman porters created history in the face of adversity and racial prejudice. They helped form the foundation for the black middle class, and became instrumental in the civil rights movement.
Follow two former porters as they travel from their homes in Seattle to Oakland, Calif., where they were honored by Amtrak and the A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum for their years of service.??Troy Walker worked for the Santa Fe Railroad and Amtrak from 1944-1971. Walker was promoted from a dining car waiter to a lounge car attendant and finally a supervisor, when he retired after 37 years of working on the railroad.??The son of a Pullman porter, Thomas H. Gray worked on the Santa Fe Railroad from 1955-1959. Gray was able to work as a chair car attendant for four summers while earning his college degree. He went on to work for Boeing for 32 years.
For more than a century, Pullman porters were a part of luxury American train travel until the pressures of jet and car travel started the demise of high-end sleeper cars about 40 years ago. Now the last generation of porters — who played a critical role in African-American history — is rapidly dying off.
In 2001, the A. Philip Randolph Museum compiled a national registry of black railroad employees who worked for the railroad from the late 1800s to 1969, which could be useful for historians and genealogists.
"There are a thousand people on this list — as we mark it up, it's not looking like the same list anymore," said Hank Ernest, who is coordinating the publicity for Amtrak. Asked how many they had found, he said, "Double digits."??For his book "Rising From the Rails," Larry Tye interviewed about two dozen former Pullman porters, so called because they worked for the Pullman Company, which made sleeper cars. "The youngest were in the 80s at that time, and the oldest were in their early 100s," he recalled. In between the time he did the interviews and when his book came out in 2004, he estimates a third of those men died. Another third have died since then, he estimates.
"The fact they are disappearing is taking with them a piece of American history," Mr. Tye said.
At its peak, the Pullman Company was the largest single employer of black men in the United States — employing 20,000.
The Pullman porters laid the groundwork for the civil rights movement by forming the first black labor union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, under the leadership of A. Philip Randolph in the 1920s. The union gave leadership, money and venues to the civil rights movement, he said.
The Pullman Company, which made sleeper cars, was at one time the largest employer of black men in the United States.
"If Martin Luther King was the father of the civil rights movement, then A. Philip Randolph was the grandfather of the civil rights movement," Mr. Tye said.
The Pullman porters also played an important role in the great black migration, since they were the only blacks who regularly moved between the South and the North. By carrying copies of black newspapers like The Chicago Defender and The Pittsburgh Courier, they offered Southern blacks in small towns a glimpse of what life was like in the big cities.
The porters were also playing a critical role in gaining an economic foothold for their descendants. "They are — to a disproportionate extent — the father, the grandfathers, the uncles of the black professional class today," Mr. Tye said.
A number of the most prominent black figures have Pullman porters in their lineage, he said: William E. Kennard, a former chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, who had a Pullman porter grandfather; Thurgood Marshall, the Supreme Court justice who had a Pullman porter father; and former Mayor Willie Brown of San Francisco, who also had a father who worked as a porter.
Using those meager wages, Pullman porters made substantial contributions to their home communities. For example, in the late 1800s, a Pullman porter built and supported a school that educated hundreds of black children in Covington, Ga.
The Pullman porters were the inspiration of George Pullman, which is why the Pullman porters were often referred to as George, regardless of their real names.
He had decided that he was looking for the perfect servant to signify the luxury train experience. "Who better to hire than ex-slaves?" Mr. Tye said. "They were brilliantly attentive. They were incredibly inexpensive to hire." Not only were they servants, they provided entertainment, as they were organized into choruses, orchestras or bands.
The porters largely settled in cities that were major rail stops — Chicago, Boston, Washington, New York — but they can be found anywhere the railroads ran. "We found pockets of them in Nebraska, in Omaha," said Mr. Ernest, who works for Images USA.
"They will look at you and have a great conversation, because back then that's what they had to do," he said.


AP Goyal Shimla University has started a medical centre to provide 24X7 medical facilities for students and staff . One female matron and a nurse will be stationed on campus for any consultation, medical inspection and first aid. The medical centre is well equipped for providing first aid facilities and for prescribing medicine in emergency.
To provide immediate medical attention to the ailing students university has tie-ups with Tenzin Hospital, Panthaghati. We have two ambulances to take the sick to the hospital.
He is over all in-charge for all the necessary medical arrangements.


Debra Irizarry, M.D., is a board-certified, fellowship-trained plastic surgeon who specializes in breast reconstruction at Heart of the Rockies Regional Medical Center. She works in tandem with Karen Johnson, MD, FACC, to provide top quality surgical care and reconstruction for breast-cancer patients. To learn more about Dr. Irizarry, click here.
Michele Streeter, M.D., of HRRMC Ear, Nose & Throat, is board certified in otorhinolaryngology by the American Osteopathic Board of Otorhinolaryngology. She specializes in head and neck surgery as well as facial, plastic and reconstructive surgery. Click here to learn more about Dr. Streeter.
Jason Rovak, M.D., of Hand Surgery Associates PC, is a board-certified, fellowship-trained plastic and reconstructive surgeon with a subspecialty in hand and microvascular surgery. He is available to see patients at the HRRMC Medical Clinics in Salida. To learn more about Dr. Rovak, click here.


Writing YARA rules based on executable code within malware can be a tedious task. An analyst cannot simply copy and paste raw executable code into a YARA rule, because this code contains variable values, such as memory addresses and offsets. The analyst has to disassemble the code and wildcard all the pieces in the code that can change between samples. mkYARA aims to automate this part of writing rules by generating executable code signatures that wildcard all these little pieces of executable code that are not static.
We are aware there are several similar projects (1,2) out there that attempt to solve a similar problem. However, in our experience, these implementations can be quite fragile and error prone. mkYARA leverages the Capstone disassembler library to wildcard executable code in a generic manner. For now mkYARA only supports x86 and x86-64, but with some extra development effort into the Capstone library this functionality could be expanded into other instruction sets.
The mkYARA source can be found on GitHub and an installable pip package is available. This pip package comes with a standalone tool which you can use to generate YARA rules based on executable code. There is also an IDA Pro plugin available which you can use to highlight pieces of code and generate rules directly from that position.


Dog Bed With Stairs – Dog owners know the special feeling of joy that comes from snuggling with her dog on the bed. As much as the dogs want to jump up for a hug, the distance between the bed and the floor can be a challenge for older dogs or small. To help your four-legged friend, to build him a ladder so you can climb into bed with ease.
Before starting the construction of the steps, take some key measures. Find the distance from the ground to the top of your mattress. This will be the height of your dog bed with stairs. Then measure your dog. The length of her legs and body will determine how high to make each step, and width to the general staircase. Measure its forelegs, and then add 2-3 inches. This will be the height of its steps. The length of its body, more than 4 to 6 inches is the width of the stairs, to ensure you can turn around comfortably on the steps.
Once you buy your sheets of foam, you will have to be cut to size. Stack foam height between the dog bed with stairs and floor. Using a serrated knife, cut the entire stack of cards to the correct width. Based on the size of your dog, determine the depth of the first ladder, usually between 4 to 12 inches.


This was a solo show as part of BOAA 2018 (The Biennale of Australian Art), the largest ever showcase of living Australian artists.
Perspective was a video projection and still images.
"Perspective" was a reminder to myself. In a world where everyone is shouting from social media about their highs and lows, I feel at times we lack the slow steady pace of consistency. The creation of this work was as much a challenge for myself as I asked of the viewer in watching. The projection seems as though nothing is happening, yet one drop at a time, the glass fills without seeing the droplets enter. In creating this work, each of the 5379 drops it took to fill the glass reminded me that calm does not mean stagnancy as much as turbulence does not mean progress. The apparent stillness of the video was actually movement and the turbulant images on the wall were frozen in stillness.


All paid apps and scripts on MyFiredBrain is only to preview app's functionality and features. We do not have intended to harm software EULA and policy. Apk provided by us is especially for developers who want to test the application. If you are a normal user and like the application or game then please co-operate and purchase it from the developer of the app.
If any application on MyFiredBrain is against the software copyright then contact us to remove the app. Don't complaint DMCA directly.


We are half way through the year, half way through the summer and 2017 is flying by! Remember that health/fitness/diet/workout goal you made about 7 months ago? If you have fallen off the wagon just a bit, this is the perfect time to pick that back up!
Here's an upper-body (with some lower-body sprinkled in) workout that will help you restart that 2017 goal you've kinda forgotten about!


Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) Initial Installation Playback and Evaluation Facility | Applied Informatics and Research Inc.
Applied Informatics and Research Inc. (AIRINC) is pleased to announce that they have been authorized by Transport Canada to evaluate the post flight recording for any new Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) installation in Canada. This authorization extends to all Honeywell, L-3 and Universal Avionics CVR installations.
AIRINC is an Approved Maintenance Organization (AMO) and software development services company specializing in Flight Data Analysis. Their expertise includes: Flight Data Monitoring (FDM/FDA/FOQA) for an expansive Canadian customer base; Digital Flight Recorder readout, playback and full Return-to-Service; computer animation; economic and performance analysis including Greenhouse Gas monitoring and mathematical analysis which they provide to their customers worldwide.
AIRINC is a Transport Canada certified AMO (42-13), and has been in the flight data analysis business since 2007. The company is based in Ottawa, Canada.


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STYLE IN ANCIENT EGYPT
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Archeologists and historians have explored many fascinating facts about Ancient Egypt, thanks to survived artifacts left by this extraordinary civilization.
The ubiquity and abundance of beauty products bring a big question. On the one hand, it is likely that the Egyptians had a strong admiration for a superficial look, much as most of us today. Possibly, they even set the standards for our modern perception of beauty. On the other hand, many of those "beauty products" had important practical qualities. Most of the jewelry pieces carried religious significance. Moreover, indulgent finery, makeup, wigs, and jewelry represented the owner's social status.
"The more I try to understand what the Egyptians themselves understood as 'beautiful'", says Egyptologist Joyce Tyldesley, "the more confusing it becomes because everything seems to have a double purpose. When it comes to ancient Egypt, I don't know if 'beauty' is the right word to use."
Whether you want to derive an inspiration for your next designs, explore fashion history or develop your personal fashion sense, exploring Ancient Egyptian style will give you a lasting feeling of sensual and exotic sense. Learn about the ancient Egyptian clothing and see how modern trends continuously draw inspiration from the Egyptians.
Herodotus called the robes worn by both genders in Ancient Egypt kalasiris. Material and cut changed over time, though the fabric of choice was mainly linen.
The women's kalasiris covered one or both shoulders. The top had different lengths from below the breasts up to the neck, the bottom usually reached the calves or even the ankles. Some had short sleeves or women wore short robes or shawls over their shoulders. Some dresses were sleeveless. They were made from a rectangular piece of linen twice the desired dress length. An opening for the head then was cut at the center. The fabric then was folded in half and its sides were stitched leaving openings for the arms. They were often worn with a belt which held together the folds of cloth.
Sleeved Kalasiris
Old Kingdom Dress Style
A robe that ended below the breasts had two shoulder straps that held the dress up and covered chest. The straps were knotted or fastened with a pin or buckle.
It must be noted that the Ancient Egyptians did not regard a bare breast as immodest. Bare-breasted clothing was common for both reach and poor women. There are various pieces of Ancient Egyptian art with party scenes depicting women, probably dancers, wearing nothing but panties and jewelry. In the Old Kingdom, there were circular capes designed to cover and decorate breasts.
Majority of daily garments were not embellished, though pleating was used since the Old Kingdom when some gowns of rich Egyptians had horizontal pleats. Sometimes women's dresses were embroidered with beads.
The Ancient Egyptian Party Scene
Painting in the tomb of the Queen Nefertari
The fashion of Ancient Egypt changed in the period of the Middle Kingdom when patterned colorful collars became fashionable making the overall style more elaborate.
New Kingdom women's fashion changed due to the introduction of new dye fixatives that allowed to produce more colorful linen. The basic tube dress remained but dresses were decorated by an elaborate pleated and fringed robe which was worn over the gown.
Wealthy Egyptian women also decorated their dress with embroidery, sequins, feather and different types of stones. The fine, almost transparent linen was accompanied by pieces of jewelry which covered different parts of their body.
During the time of the New Kingdom, when Egypt spread its political power east into Asia, Egyptian fashion changed dramatically. With the influence of trade and ideas from the East, Egyptian style became more diverse; it started changing more frequently and received some notes of an eastern flavor.
Members of the upper classes wore layers of fine, almost sheer kilts and long- and short-sleeved shirts that tied at the neck. They also draped themselves in billowing robes of fine linen that stretched from neck to ankle and were tied at the waist by a sash. The better quality garments were heavily pleated, and some were ornamented with colored fringe.
Detail of Tutankhamun's sash
Scientists are quick to admit that this splendid civilization was the pioneer of high fashion. One example of this is the bead-net dress,👇🏽 an opulent garment that the wealthy Egyptian women wore during festivities. As its name suggests, the gown was made with several thousand faience beads of different colors attached in a variety of geometrical patterns. The dress was worn along with beaded collars (usekh) and headdresses.
Dresses made of beads were traditionally worn over kalasiris. This one of survived masterpieces of Ancient Egyptian fashion design. So far, arachaelogists have found twenty such dresses, all of which are kept in museums around the globe.
Bead-net dress, Giza, 2551-2528 BC, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
One of such dresses (below) was unearthed in 1923/24 inside 5th/6th Dynasty tomb near the city of Qau. The dress is currently kept in Petrie Musem of Egyptian Archaeology in London.
The discovery of these types of Egyptian gowns and Egyptomania present at that time highly influenced Art Deco fashion in 1920s.
Qau beaded dress (left), Marion Wulz, 1920s (right)
The oldest garment worn by men was a kilt called shendyt, that was made of a rectangular piece of cloth (usually linen) wrapped loosely around the hips, leaving the knees open. As a rule, it was wrapped around the body from right to left so that the edge of the skirt would be in the front. The kilt was knotted, or fastened with a buckle at the waist.
This garment was the typical male clothing for all classes from royalty to peasants, though the quality of the fabric and the specific style differed according to one's purchasing capabilities. Some of the more expensive kilts had bias-cut edges, pleated panels, or fringed edges, and were made of softer and thinner linen.
The length of those kilts varied, being short (above knees) during the Old Kingdom and reaching the calf in the period of the Middle Kingdom when it was often supplemented with a sleeveless shirt or a long robe. By that time, it became fashionable to have the kilt longer and wider or to wear it with an inverted stiffened box pleat that appeared as an erect triangular front piece. Long cloaks were also worn by the men during cool weather. Even though fashion changed over time, the basic kilt stayed the standard garb for scribes, servants, and peasants.
Kilt with an erected front
Clothing was not cheap and in the hot Egyptian climate, people tried to wear as little as possible. Poor men and ones doing physical labor wore a loincloth or, if they were working in the river, nothing at all. A loincloth was also used as an underwear worn under kilts.
Children usually did not wear clothing during the summertime and wore wraps and cloaks in winter. After reaching 6 years of age, they began dressing the same way as adults.
New Kingdom loincloth of Maiherperi Egypt
In the New Kingdom, the pleats were mostly vertical, but the arrangement of pleating could be complex. For example, a Middle Kingdom piece of clothing displays three different types of pleating: one part is pleated with pleats that were a few centimeters apart from each other, another one is with very narrow pleats and a third part is chevron-patterned, with horizontal and vertical pleats crossing each other. How the pleats were made is unknown, but it is generally believed to have been very labor intensive.
Tutankhamun's tomb kept various pieces of clothing: kilts, tunics, shirts, aprons, sashes, socks, head-dresses, scarves, caps, gauntlets and gloves, some of them with soft linen linings, others with separate index and middle fingers and an opening for the thumb. Underwear in the form of a triangular loincloth was also found.
Learn about the ancient Egyptian clothing and see how modern trends continuously draw inspiration from the Egyptians.
The gods would have to be dressed as well. This was the duty of a few servants that were allowed to enter the temple, where the god's statue was. Nesuhor, commander of the fortress at Elephantine under Apries, took care that the temple of Khnum had all the priests necessary to serve the needs of the god:
I appointed weavers, maid-servants, and launderers for the August wardrobe of the great god and his divine ennead.
– Statue of Nesuhor, Louvre
Tarkhan dress, 5000-year-old garment, UCL Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology
Egyptians were skilled at the art of weaving. In fact, today the world's oldest woven dress is the Tarkhan Dress, originally made in 3,482 BC in Egypt.
Egyptian fashion depended on the materials that were available in Egypt at that time. Cotton was not grown in Egyptian climate. It was introduced only in the Roman period as an import from India. There were no wool-bearing sheep either.
The weather was often hot and dry and fabrics used to sew clothing had to reflect this. Most outfits were made of linen – a fabric woven from the fibers of the flax stem. Different grades were produced based on the desired end product. The finest and softest thread was produced from the youngest plant.
Small amounts of silk were brought by trade to the eastern Mediterranean probably as early as the second half of the second millennium BCE. The fragments of silk have been discovered in Egyptian tombs.
Some of the rich also wore animal fibers, but animal materials were not popular. The Egyptians believed that those fabrics weren't clean. They were a taboo in sanctuaries and temples. Pharaohs and some priests, as servants of gods, were the only exceptions that were allowed to wear these and have been depicted on the walls of tombs wearing leopard skins and lions' tails.
After the weaving was done, linen could be left with its natural color. It could also be sun bleached to produce a beautiful white cloth that was very popular in Egyptian fashion. Not only was white a good color to wear in the extreme heat, it also symbolized purity.
Various herbal dyes were occasionally applied before weaving linen to produce red, yellow, brown or blue thread. Since linen didn't take dye well, The Egyptians harvested green flax and wove green linen from it. Green clothing was a status symbol because the color was strongest when new.
The pigments from the tomb of Perneb (circa 2650 B.C.), which was presented to Metropolitan Museum of New York City in 1913, were examined by Maximilian Toch. The American paint manufacturer and chemist found that the red pigment proved to be iron oxide, hematite; a yellow consisted of clay containing iron or yellow ochre; a blue color was a finely powdered glass; and a pale blue was a copper carbonate, possibly azurite; green was malachite; black was charcoal or boneblack; gray – a limestone mixed with charcoal.
Even though dyeing pigments were known in the Old Kingdom, more elaborate colorful fashion became popular only in the New Kingdom.
Egyptian blue, calcium copper silicate
Sandals appear on some of the earliest pharaonic images. On both faces of the Narmer palette (c.3100 B.C.E.), for example, the king is depicted barefoot but followed by his sandal-bearer (below image 1).
Besides practical use for protecting feet, sandals were often associated with purity. For example, the Book of the Dead 125 required the deceased to be 'pure and clean…shod with white sandals' before they could recite the spell. Hence white sandals were part of a ritual. They were shown on the Tutankhamun's feet on the wall of his tomb where he was depicted between Anubis and Hathor. (below image 2)
Wealthy people could afford sandals made of leather that had straps between the first and second toes and across the instep. Often the Egyptians walked barefoot and wore sandals on special events or when their feet could possibly get hurt. Some sandals had pointed tips which were turned upwards. The cheapest shoes were affordable for everyone but the very poorest. The common Egyptians' sandals were made of woven palm or papyrus.
Tutankhamun had at least 42 pairs of sandals with him inside his comb.
Tutankhamun's footwear as displayed in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo
The Egyptians were obsessed with cleanliness and believed that hair could make a person less clean. Majority of men shaved their faces and priests were obliged to shave their whole bodies. Upper-class men and women often shaved their heads and wore wigs made of human hair, occasionally supplemented by plant fiber or the wool of sheep.
These wigs were not just black or brown. Blond wigs were also made.They had vegetable-fiber padding on the underside. The wigs were very expensive and time-consuming to create. One of The Ancient Egyptian wig that has survived consists of:
120,000 individual hairs
300 strands (groups of hairs)
The same with other ancient Egyptian 'beauty products' wigs had a practical purpose. They helped to reduce the risk of lice. These heavy wigs might have been worn mostly during festivals and ceremonies, like in 18th century Europe.
The wig would be raised on small pads to let a flow of air between the scalp and the hair and, for sure, they never turned grey or bald.
The sidelock of youth
Kids had their heads shaved too, except for one or two locks at the side of the head. These tresses were referred as "sidelocks of youth", a hairstyle worn by the god Horus when he was a child.
This traditional style was worn by both boys and girls until they reached puberty. Then the locks were cut off and the young men adopted the same hairstyle as the men – short or shaved.
The young girls kept their hair long, which they dressed as braided ponytails or plaits. Sometimes a fringe was cut. Their hair was carefully curled and at times adorned with jewelry, hair bands, and beads.
Women who kept their own hair would try to enhance its natural color by rubbing in a mixture of oil and the boiled blood of a bull or a black cat.
Both men and women in Ancient Egypt wore eyeshadow, usually blue and green, and black eyeliner, khol. Make-up kits found in tombs were kept inside chests and included highly-polished copper or bronze mirrors, small pots and jars of makeup and a variety of applicators.
To line eyes and eyebrows the Ancient Egyptian used brushes and pencils made of a reed. There are siltstone palettes, carved in the shape of animals, which were used for grinding minerals such as green malachite and kohl.
Eye make-up was not just a fashion, it also protected against eye-infections that were common in Egypt. Recent scientific research suggests that the lead-based mineral at its base had anti-bacterial properties when mixed with moisture from the eyes. In addition, the thick application of kohl around the eyes helped against excessive glare from the sun.
Cosmetic makers used red ochre with oil to make red lip balm. Ochre was used as a blush too. Malachite was used for green paint and galena for dark gray one. They also used henna to redden their lips and nails.
Cosmetic box of the Cupbearer Kemeni,
the Middle Kingdom,ca. 1814–1805 BCE, Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Egyptians, both men, and women used perfume as a deodorant. They believed that bad odors caused disease and good ones chased them away. There is a theory, that the Ancient Egyptians wore cones of perfume mixed with animal fat on their heads at feasts. When the cones melted, they released fragrances into the air.
At ceremonies, men wore garlands of flower and spread powdered perfume on their beds so their bodies would absorb the scent during the night. Flower petals were scattered on the floor and perfumed water poured from orifices in statues.
Wealthy women used different perfumes for different parts of their anatomy. Cleopatra used an oil of roses and violets on her hands. She anointed her feet with an oil of iris, hyacinth and orange blossoms mixed with honey and cinnamon.
They were highly sensual people, and a cornerstone theme of their religion was fertility and procreation. This sensuality is reflected by two New Kingdom love poems: "Your hand is in my hand, my body trembles with joy, my heart is exalted because we walk together," and "She is more beautiful than any other girl, she is like a star rising . . . with beautiful eyes for looking and sweet lips for kissing" (after Lichtheim 1976: 182).
Children also wore makeup, including kohl.
In Ancient Egypt, tattoos had a decorative and protective function. There is an evidence that, during the period of the New Kingdom, dancers and prostitutes used to tattoo their thighs with images of the dwarf deity Bes, who warded off evil, as a precaution against venereal disease.
Many blue faience figurines from the Middle Kingdom display dotted geometric patterns across their stomachs and thighs, suggesting that the Ancient Egyptians also took up tattooing.
Today, studies of Egyptian mummies found that they also had similar tattoos. The best known is that of Amunet, priestess of the goddess Hathor at Thebes. She was found at Deir el-Bahari in 1891. The priestess has diamond shapes made of small dots tattooed on her right thigh, as well as tattoos on her arms and all over her stomach. Egyptologists believe that those tattoos relate to fertility and honor of the goddess Hathor.
The pectoral was a piece of jewelry worn on the chest. It masked the hollow between the breasts – which often took the shapes of falcons and scarabs.
The usekh was a large collar which partially hid the shoulders and chest.
Jewelry was made of gold and silver and inlaid with precious gems.
Usekh of princess Neferuptah, 12th Dynasty
Egyptian gold sandals and toe stalls, c. 1479–1425 BC
Egyptian broad collar of Senebtisi, c. 1850–1775 BC
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Thanks for this post. Very interesting!
Love this account of fashion and makeup from ancient Egypt,
Unsurprisingly, there's a lot of parallels between ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek makeup and fashion. The Greeks also used a lot of kohl around the eyes. Did you know that gold was also super common for jewellery and hair accessories in ancient Greece? Gold was rare in ancient Greece, and so it served as a status symbol for the wealthy. Like ancient Egypt, young girls in Greece kept their hair long, however when they got married they started to wear it up – it acted as a symbol of marital status.
In case your readers want to learn more about style in ancient Greece, we recently posted a piece on this topic:
https://makeupscholar.com/greek-goddess-makeup/
Thanks again for this super interesting breakdown of style in ancient Egypt,
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Dragonfly nymphs are aquatic and must climb out of the water in order to moult in to the final, more familiar, adult form. The wing buds are clearly visible as two flat structures on the back of this dragonfly exuviae (moulted skin).
The word Exopterygota refers to the development of the wings outside the body. Insects that develop in this way are said to show incomplete metamorphosis.
In the orders of insects which make up the Exopterygota, the larvae are usually called nymphs. After one or two moults, developing wings can start to be seen in sheaths on the outside of the nymphs.
Then there comes a time when they stop growing, moult again and become adults (also known as an imago). They become sexually mature in this final, adult stage.
In one order of insects, the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) there is also a sub-imago stage, just before the final adult stage. Nymphs of some orders of Exopterygota, including mayflies, live in water and crawl out of the water to achieve the land living sub-imago and adult stages.


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Planet to Present at Needham 25th Annual Growth Conference on January 10th, 2023
SAN FRANCISCO- Planet Labs PBC (NYSE: PL), a leading provider of daily data and insights about Earth, today announced that Ashley Johnson, CFO, and COO at Planet, will present at the 25th Annual Needham Growth Conference on January 10th, 2023, at 3 p.m. Eastern Time in New York City. The "fireside chat" will be moderated by Ryan Koontz, Managing Director at Needham & Company, LLC.
If interested in attending in person, we recommend reaching out to your Needham contact to learn more and register.
If you would like to join the webcast, please register at the following link: https://wsw.com/webcast/needham128/pl/1887244
A replay of the presentation will be available for 90 days on Planet's investor relations webpage at https://investors.planet.com.


To become of the Wyoming Chapter, you must be a member of the National RLI.
Membership with the Chapter is automatic when the Chapter is notified you have become a member of the RLI.
Dues paid to the National Association of REALTORS® (NAR), Wyoming Association of REALTORS® (WAR) or a local association does not constitute membership in RLI at any level.
Wyoming Chapter members cover all areas of the state and their networking goes beyond that! For a roster of the members of the Wyoming Chapter and to view their profile, click here.


The Sky's Weekly Bible Study: "Why do bad things happen to good people"
Joel often gets a chance to answer sincere questions that people have after our Revival Meetings. I thought it would be good to take a moment and get some of them on video so that others who are searching for answers could be helped by them as well.
Powerful message! Thanks Joel. It surely has given me a greater perspective on my walk with Christ, my Lord and Savior.


The extended digital edition comes in mp3 format on a single USB flash drive. All files are named and tagged by number and subject name so they will appear labelled in the correct order however you choose to play them.
Click here for a full Digital Edition tracklisting.
Version 4.00 CDs now available for the 2019 Sergeants' & Inspectors' exams.
Julianna continues to offer her popular CD audio crammer course for the 2019 exams for those candidates who prefer the CD format. This edition comprises 10 discs containing nearly 13 hours of subject matter, covering the 'Hot Topics' that frequently appear on the exam and the trickier parts of the law that often catch out exam candidates.
Click here for a full CD Edition tracklisting.
Updated recordings, including new material on the Policing & Crime Act 2017, changes to Bail and Firearms, the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 and Ivey v. Genting Casinos Ltd. (2017) on Dishonesty. Also new material on Modern Slavery, Racially and Religiously Aggravated Offences, Exclusion of Admissible Evidence, Communications Offences, Sporting Offences, Hostage Taking, Conspiracy, Attempts, Inadvertence & Mistake, and Duress by Threats & Circumstances.


Product prices and availability are accurate as of 2019-04-19 04:23:51 BST and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on http://www.amazon.com/ at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
Mizzle Blue â"¢ are proud to offer the fantastic Alien Workshop Dyrdek EXP 7.7 Skateboard Deck Complete Independent Trucks Spitfire Wheels 53mm Abec 7 Bearings Jessup Grip.
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"Parents' Rights," At the Expense of Kids' Safety
Like its predecessors, the Trump administration is promoting the wrong child-welfare policies.
Naomi Schaefer Riley
The problem with child-welfare agencies, says David Kelly, a key official at the federal Children's Bureau, is that they are too focused on rescuing children, and should instead be working on "strengthening communities." Kelly is wrong—the system is failing to rescue the kids that it's supposed to be helping—and his recommended approach is likely to distract child-welfare agencies from their most important function.
A civil servant who began working at the Children's Bureau during Barack Obama's administration, Kelly opened a recent talk to a group of "parents' rights" advocates and child-welfare attorneys by recycling the canards regularly repeated by child-welfare officials. The current system, he said, is "perfectly designed to bring more and more children into care and do little to help the parents or their families. It's perfectly designed to perpetuate and exacerbate the trauma, disproportionality, disparity, dependency, and harmful intergenerational cycles of family destruction. It is perfectly designed to devalue families and undermine communities."
In fact, child-welfare workers are trained to keep kids with their families at all costs. "Family reunification" has been the name of the game for decades. In New York City, for instance, according to a report last year from the Department of Investigation, the majority of child-maltreatment incidents (which include cases of abuse and severe neglect) occurred while foster kids were visiting their biological parents. In Pennsylvania, a recent report found that two-thirds of the children who were murdered, or who experienced a near-fatality as a result of abuse or neglect, were involved with the local social-services agency prior to or at the time of the incident. Arizona reported that 56 percent of the 79 children who died from maltreatment in that state in 2017 came from families with prior involvement with a child protective-services agency.
The system regularly sends kids to live with immediate family members known to have been guilty of abuse or neglect—or to live with extended family, even if those family members have had no prior contact with the child, live across the country, or exhibit dysfunctions (like substance abuse) of their own. Talk to any child-welfare worker, and he or she will tell you how much harder it is to remove a child from a home than simply to offer "preventive services" to the family, such as anger-management or parenting classes. Family-court judges would rather give parents three more months, six more months, even another year to clean up their acts. Terminating parental rights is a protracted process, and parents get every opportunity to "redeem" themselves.
Kelly parrots the common complaint about "disproportionality" and "disparities" in child welfare, where black children get removed from their family homes at a greater rate than white children. But he fails to acknowledge that these disparities have more to do with racial differences in poverty, education, and family structure than with systemic bias. According to data from the Department of Health and Human Services, the incidence of physical abuse for a child living with a single parent and a "partner" is 19.5 per 1,000—almost twice that of children living with unmarried biological parents or a parent married to a nonbiological parent, and almost ten times as high as for children living with married biological parents. Since 70 percent of all births to black women occur outside of marriage, compared with only 29 percent of all births to white women, it follows that black children are in more danger of abuse.
The point of Kelly's speech, though, was to tell his audience the "good news": thanks to last year's "Family First" law, states can now use Title IV-E foster-care funding for more "preventive services." He explained: "If we're going to change what the country thinks about child welfare and what it's intended to do, if we're going to change the language, we need to stop mythologizing vulnerable families. We need to let go of the system that was designed to rescue children and construct a system that's designed to promote health and well-being for all families."
Never mind that few programs have been shown to "promote health and well-being for all families"—a problem now tripping up states that want to use this new funding stream. And what evidence exists that government could achieve such a goal, or that it should even try? If we expand the child-welfare system's mission to promotion of health and well-being for all families, we will expand state authority to intrude into every household, even safe, functional ones. Let's leave promotion of family well-being to religious and other social institutions, and let government handle the serious cases where children's lives are in danger—a task at which government's performance already leaves much to be desired.
Naomi Schaefer Riley is a senior fellow at the Independent Women's Forum and a resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute.
Photo: asiseeit/iStock
Seen But Not Heard
Naomi Schaefer Riley Child-welfare agencies generally know when kids are in dangerous home situations, but all too often, they lack the will to remove them.
Children First
Naomi Schaefer Riley Faith-based foster-family agencies should be allowed to place kids according to their principles.
Family Court Tragedy
Naomi Schaefer Riley, Brian C. Anderson 10 Blocks Podcast
Returning Due Process to Campus
KC Johnson The latest federal court decision in a campus sexual assault case is a reminder that accused students deserve a fair hearing.
Reimagining Legal Education, Part 2
Mark Pulliam Not all experiments will be successful, especially if the premises are unsound.
Giving In to Big Corn
Colin A. Carter, Henry I. Miller Consumers will suffer the hangover from the feds' ethanol binge.
Child-welfare agencies generally know when kids are in dangerous home situations, but all too often, they lack the will to remove them. Naomi Schaefer Riley March 13, 2019	Public safety


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Q: Is a function continuous on a closed interval and positive at every rational positive everywhere? "If $f$ is continuous on $[0,1]$ and if $f(x)$ is positive for each rational $x$, then does it follow that f is positive at all $x$?"
I'm not sure if I'm missing something major here. My textbook tells me that while $f$ can be zero at certain points, it must be nonnegative everywhere. That makes no sense to me.
Can't we define a piecewise function like $$f(x) = \begin{cases}x + 1&x\in[0,1]\\|x|&x\in\mathbb Q\setminus[0,1]\\-|x|&x\notin[0,1]\cup\mathbb Q\end{cases}$$
Such a function would indeed be continuous on the interval $[0,1]$, would be positive for every rational, and would be negative at an infinite number of points.

A: If $x \in [0,1]$ then there exist rationals numbers $r_n$ converging to $x$. By continuity $f(x)=\lim f(r_n)$ and $f(r_n) >0$ for  all $n$. Hence $f(x) \geq 0$. The book is right and your example is not valid. Your function is not continuous.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Features ·A.I.
Scientists are partnering with Nissan, GM, and Toyota to break up those annoying 'phantom' traffic jams using A.I. and cruise control
BYIan Mount
December 6, 2022, 1:00 PM UTC
CIRCLES researchers follow I-24 traffic via a video system.
Michael Todd—Vanderbilt University
On first glance, the mid-November traffic on Nashville's Interstate 24 looked like any other morning rush hour—too many cars packed onto a roadway at one time. But if you could access data inside every car, you'd notice that some weren't speeding up and slowing down as aggressively as the rest. They were driving at a consistent speed instead of rushing to close the gap with the car in front of them. By doing so, they were avoiding much of the aggressive breaking and acceleration common in congested traffic. Under even closer examination, the calmer cars seemed to influence those behind them, turning the staccato rhythm of rush hour into a more constant flow.
The 100 "influencer" vehicles on the interstate were part of a test by CIRCLES, a consortium of universities, government and automakers like Nissan, GM and Toyota aiming to pair existing cruise control technology with A.I. and auto data connections to reduce the instabilities in traffic flow, known as "phantom jams," that cause all sorts of problems on the road.
Specially-equipped cars sit in a parking lot in Nashville on Nov. 17, 2022. In a study, the cars' cruise control was modified to react to the overall flow of traffic using artificial intelligence.
Mark Humphrey—AP
According to New York State's Department of Transportation, so-called 'Jack-rabbit' starts and breaking can increase fuel consumption by 40%—but such aggressive driving only cuts travel time by 4%. Research in Belgium in the 1990s found that during rush hour each car's fuel consumption and CO2 emissions increased by 20% to 45%. And a meta-analysis of accident data published in 2021 found that there was a 36% increase in crash injury risk during the morning commute.
Once the Tennessee data is crunched over the coming months, Alexandre Bayen, the UC Berkeley professor of electrical engineering and computer science who is leading the effort, expects it to show that introducing even a small number of connected, A.I.-powered vehicles—less than 5% of the total—to the traffic flow will cut energy consumption by 10%.
"You're not going to get faster, you're not going to get there slower, you're going to get there at the same average speed except instead of doing stop, go, stop, go, you'll just go at the average speed," says Bayen, "which is much better experience, way better for energy, and also has been shown to create less accidents."
Why are there so many bad drivers?
Researchers in traffic studies point to a seminal Japanese experiment published in 2008 that showed, in controlled circumstances, how human habit forms "phantom jam" congestion. In the experiment, researchers put 22 vehicles on a 230-meter circular track and had them all start by driving clockwise at 30 km/h with uniform spacing. Within moments, the smooth flow breaks down, and some vehicles are forced to stop until the traffic jam clears.
The upshot is clear: Humans habit makes us inherently bad at driving in crowds.
Human reactions naturally suffer a slight delay, Bayen says. When we see we're approaching the car in front of us, we break a hair too late. If traffic is sufficiently dense, the driver behind us must break even harder, and the chain reaction continues backward. When the car in front speeds up, our instinct is to rush forward to fill the gap, which starts the process again.
It would be far better, CIRCLES researchers suggest, if instead of speeding up and then hitting the breaks, we find an ideal speed based on the number of vehicles on the road and stick to it.
And so, with a $3.5 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy and several others from the National Science Foundation, CIRCLES set out in March 2020 to deploy technology to break human's bad driving habits.
The mathematic principle behind traffic jams
Around the same time as the Japan ring road experiment, fluid dynamics experts and mathematicians at MIT discovered that the same equations that govern an explosion's detonation waves apply to the spreading effect of stop-and-go driving. They called the waves set off by sudden breaking events "jamitons."
"Small perturbations grow into these nonlinear traveling waves that travel backwards along the highway," says Benjamin Seibold, one of the experts who's now a mathematics professor at Temple University and part of the CIRCLES group. "Cars run into them—a sudden drop in velocity in the car ahead—and you have to brake as well. And then you slowly speed up out of them again."
Informed by these mathematical models, Seibold and his colleagues posited that inserting a driver immune to sudden acceleration and deceleration could avoid or eliminate the waves.
To test their theory, the researchers repeated the Japanese experiment, only this time, they waited until phantom jams began to develop and then activated a control car inside the loop. By making it travel at the desired velocity when it was safe and slowing down when necessary, the control vehicle dampened slow-and-speed waves among more than 20 other cars.
With the control car in place, fuel consumption dropped 39.8%, excessive braking events fell from 8.58 per vehicle per kilometer to 0.12, and with a higher average speed—cars are not stuck in jams—the number of cars that passed around the circle increased 14.1%.
"The only question that was left—which is a big one—is yes, you demonstrated this in a parking lot, where you had a single lane, you've isolated dynamics on the flow, you don't have on ramps, you don't have multiple lanes or lane switching, you don't have trucks intermixed with other vehicles," Seibold says. "So will it actually work on the highway?"
Welcome to Nashville.
Ending traffic jams without fully self-driving cars
Perhaps what most excites traffic engineers about the system tested by CIRCLES is that it uses existing technology and doesn't require the much-heralded and as yet undelivered fully autonomous driving known as "Level 5." Many cars produced over the last decade already come equipped with adaptive cruise control, the system whereby the driver sets a target speed and then the car slows automatically when it senses it's getting too close to the car in front.
The innovation of the CIRCLES system is that it sends real-time traffic data to an A.I. controller added to the adaptive cruise control system. The cars receive an overall speed plan from the cloud and then use A.I. to determine which actions to take in their local traffic conditions.
The A.I. can modify the target speed itself based on traffic conditions ahead. Under the system, even with a gap in front, your car may decide to stay at a gentle 40 mph instead of speeding to 50 mph—especially if there is a phantom jam a quarter mile down the road. Your car's actions would slow the aggressive behavior of drivers behind you, avoiding further waves of phantom jams. In theory, you would arrive in the same time, just without the stress, wasted gas, and extra emissions of herky-jerky driving.
"It could mean that your vehicle sometimes might choose a little bit of a bigger gap than you would do as a human driver," says Seibold, "You still get generally to your destination at the same time."
Testing traffic jam solutions in the real world
With the 100 "influencer" car experiment in Nashville complete, CIRCLES researchers will now crunch the video data from 300 pole-mounted ultra-HD cameras on the six-mile stretch of I-24 that Bayen calls the "best instrumented freeway in the world." The analysis will determine how much fuel use and emissions fell during the experiment, with the aim of finding the regulatory and automaker support to apply the pilot to the real world.
A researcher prepares a vehicle for the CIRCLES experiment, outfitting it with A.I. and communication-enabled adaptive cruise control tech.
There is of course still much to be perfected in designing the controls for this new take on semi-automated driving. Set the speed too slow with big gaps between cars and drivers will pass you, making the exercise pointless. Set it too high and too-small gaps invite accidents.
Sharon Hornstein, a senior researcher in the global control and learning systems group at GM, which took part in the experiment, says there are lingering questions about how the experiment will work with different locations, road structures, and traffic conditions, and whether automobiles' existing connectivity is enough to scale up CIRCLES' solution. Still, she says, "It's encouraging to see that a smart extension of adaptive cruise control system seems to be able to improve traffic behavior and energy consumption."
Fortune covers the world of innovation in Breakthrough. You can read previous Breakthrough columns here.


My name is Kenny Lee Taylor and I am a proud graduate of Pemberton Towbship High School - class of 1983. My parents graduated from pemberton in 1956 and my grandfather graduated from Pemberton (as a Cornhusker) in 1932. This year marks my 25th year teaching Middle School at HFMS. I am married to Debbie and we have a daughter - Kate Alice who is a freshman at Kutztown University. Kate is a member of the Kutztown Golden Bear Field Hockey team so our falls are filled up with attending Field Hockey Games. Other interests include riding motorcycles off road as a member of the South Jeresy Enduro Riders. I am the trail Boss for the Curly Fern Enduro which takes up my winter and spring time. Summers find me working as a Blueberry Farmer in Soutth Jersey. I work at Diamond Blueberry in Hammonton and as my dad says that's when I go to work as we work 7 days a week 10-15 hours a day from the last day of school untill mid August. I have been involved in the blueberry business all my life and I look forward to that busy time to recharge my teaching batteries and plan for a new school year. My family also loves Disney and try to visit or cruise often. One of my favorite quotes comes from Walt Disney - "If you can dream it, you can do it.
My classroom theme is for my students to "Think about Things You Usually Don't Think About" meaning I want my students to observe the world around them and ask questions.


Oh, on ie i can see double baner ,can you set no-repeat?
Thanks for letting me know Tyler. I dont know how to set no repeat?
i can probably fix by using just one image ..will try.
This is for the no-repeat thing, works when I tested it.
Yep im an addict hehe.
but it changed the forum graphics in weird ways?? I downloaded the file and edited it in dreamweaver, deleted the block at line 53 then pasted it in, from Popits post. Minor edit so it looked right. Then on upload it went weird? so replaced the file with a backup i created.
I dont understand why it changes the whole forum, when i only edited that header block? I used the original stylesheet directly downloading it from the webspace?
However dreamweaver is throwing up java errors on boot, so will do a reinstall and then try again.
Hm.. Can you give a screenshot on how the whole forum changes?
I also understand Tylers first problem now, didn't see it in firefox at first (Firefox seems to be removing the bad code), but when i load the page in internet explorer i get the same issue.
We are missing a file "phpBB3/styles/black_pearl/imageset/sitelogo_small.png"
If you want to select an small logo image, I think you have to go to the ACP, select the Styles tab and then choose Black Pearl and then ImageSet. The image used for the logo is probably Main Logo which looked to have an unspecified image. I have specifically set it to no image so the Missing Image cross should not be there anymore.
Im not sure exactly? but i think i edited the black pearl style header which also had a logo image on the left corner. Ive also fixed the repeat thing as per advice from Tyler and Popit.
So is it all ok now?
Why have you got the sponge avatar Astro???
So you don't want an additional image at the top left then?
I didn't have an avatar so I just picked one at random when Johnny was trying to get them to work again to see if I could figure out why they weren't working.


suppose /a -> /usr/bin, and /b -> /usr/bin/b. torsocks will error on /a/b, but /b will simply fail to apply torsocks (I think). I have a patch for this, will clean up and submit some time in the next few days hopefully.
As this patch touches some paths that are only executed on macos I'll give it a round of testing later today.
ERROR: /lib/torsocks/libtorsocks.so does not exist! Try re-installing torsocks.
It should actually be /usr/local/lib/torsocks/... in my case.
how odd. I know that the full path in autotools should be @prefix@/@libdir@, but in this patch I literally expanded the existing definition. did the old version work for you?
Not sure what you mean by the "old version" but torsocks always works out from git repo for me as it is the only thing I use (master branch).
OK, I reverted the SHLIB changes and fixed a typo.
I've merged 96e57d8ddc9339f4 upstream (from your repo).


Jawbreaking and eye catching! Variscite slabs are mixed with small lapis lazuli beads and strung on an India style silk - gold thread tassel in royal blue. Variable length!
Chunky pieces of natural white coral (coral stems) hold a large black flower pendant of rhinestone beads. Very modern design.
the rhinestone pendant is made from dark silver colored metal with pavé set black and white rhinestones. Small spacers in between the coral stems are silver. exceptional toggle clasp!


Anne Whitehurst Gyrfalcon is beautiful! Glad you got that one to go through, Gary!
From the "Nunn Guy" New Yard Bird: #135 Three Long-billed Curlew in our burn scar.
Judy Sanborn I am so thrilled to join this group! Thanks for hosting it, Gary.


text:
United States: Citrix v. Workspot: District Court Strikes Equitable Defenses Based On Knowingly False Statements
by Stanley M. Gibson
Jeffer Mangels Butler & Mitchell LLP
As the district court, explained the "case present[ed] the Court with a disturbing and unfortunate situation. Puneet Chawla, Defendant Workspot, Inc.'s ("Workspot") co-founder, former Chief Technology Officer ("CTO"), and former member of the Board of Directors, sent harassing and threatening email messages to executives of Plaintiff Citrix Systems Inc. ("Citrix"), and posted additional messages to intend sites. In connection with opposing Citrix's motion for a preliminary injunction and temporary restraining order ("PI Motion"), Workspot then filed a declaration from Mr. Chawla, which contained knowingly false statements, including denials of Chawla's harassing conduct. At a December 2018 hearing denying Citrix's PI Motion, the Court imposed monetary sanctions on Workspot, which ultimately totaled $271,963. The Court also ordered limited, expedited discovery relating to the sanctionable conduct and authorized Citrix to move for additional sanctions after the completion of that discovery."
Citrix then moved for additional sanctions, including additional monetary sanctions, jury instructions and the striking of Workspot's equitable defenses. Although the district court denied the additional monetary sanctions and jury instructions, the district court did strike Workspot's equitable defenses.
In making this determination, the district court stated that "discovery established that Workspot (1) failed to timely investigate Citrix's claims about Chawla and other harassing conduct, (2) failed to notify Citrix or the Court in a timely manner after it learned of Chawla's actions, (3) seemingly chose not to examine its own network logs because purportedly "it would not be helpful," and (4) allowed Chawla himself to image an MS Surface Pro laptop in his possession, which he did not do until December 7, after taking it on travel to India, all of which Workspot's counsel admitted "was not good in hindsight." Generally, discovery revealed that while Workspot took steps to investigate Citrix's allegations, "it did not respond with the full diligence, cooperation, and candor the Court would expect."
The district court also noted that it is axiomatic that "[h]e who desires equity must be willing to do equity." Freck v. IRS., 37 F.3d 986, 989 (3d Cir. 1994); see also Keystone Driller Co. v. Gen. Excavator Co., 290 U.S. 240, 241 (1933) ("He who comes into equity must come with clean hands."); Bein v. Heath, 47 U.S. 228, 247 (1848) ("The equitable powers of this court can never be exerted on behalf of one who has acted fraudulently, or who by deceit or any unfair means has gained an advantage.").
The district court concluded that Workspot came to the court with unclean hands: "Workspot, by submitting and relying on the false Chawla Declaration, has come to this Court with 'unclean hands.' It would offend notions of equity for Workspot to prevail on any equitable defense moving forward. See, e.g., Leor Expl. & Prod, LLC v. Aguiar, 2010 WL 3782195, at *1, 13 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 28, 2010), on reconsideration in part, 2011 WL 4345294 (S.D. Fla. 15, 2011) (affirming magistrate judge's order striking defenses because defendant violated court's order and hacked plaintiffs privileged emails); see also Greatbatch Ltd v. AVX Corp., 179 F. Supp. 3d 370, 386 (D. Del. 2016) (granting sanction of removing issue of damages and patent validity and instructing jury to assume infringement), aftd, 813 F. App'x 609 (Fed. Cir. 2020).
The district court then summed up by explaining that "[s]triking these equitable defenses will, the Court hopes, serve as a deterrent to any future litigant who may consider filing a false declaration in any court, as well as those who would respond to the discovery that they filed a false declaration with the far from ideal approach exhibited here."
Citrix Systems, Inc. v. Workspot, Inc., Case No. 18-588-LPS (D. Del. Sept. 25, 2020)
Originally Published by Jeffer Mangels, November 2020
Stanley M. Gibson
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Mahatma Ghandi has been quoted as saying, "I like your Christ. I do not like your Christians. Your Christians are so unlike your Christ." Snopes.com can't find a clear source that he ever actually said this. However, it has become a clarion call to Christians who want to be known for who they really are and not for whom the media or critics try to say that they are.
I recently saw an editorial posted on Facebook that seeks to claim who Christians really are. The author admits to having been lost, but now found and forgiven; stumbling along the way and needing God's guidance; being weak and needing God's strength; having failed and needing divine help to clean up the messes; being quite flawed and trusting God's love in spite of those flaws; having heartaches upon heartaches, and leaning into God for comfort; being a sinner and needing God's grace.
That is, a life of faith is a humble life. It's a life dependent not on self, but on God. It is trusting God in the darkness, waiting for the light to shine again. It is living through the struggles of life, and putting hope in God's future. It doesn't mean being like Christ (who was human and divine, and without sin), but rather following Christ with humility.
I see this humility in the Christians that gather at Underwood Hills Church. I see this humility in the worshipper who shared that her son has had three DUIs and asking for others to pray for her son and for her. I see this humility in the ex-offenders (who are church members) who give thanks to God and to the congregation for walking with them as their lives transformed. I see this humility in church leaders willing to share with one another the heartaches in their families, leaning on each other for comfort and understanding. I see this humility in the church member living with bipolar disorder, openly sharing with others the pain of this illness. I see this humility in the other church members who love and support her just the same.
So, I invite you to Underwood Hills Church. None of us are perfect; none of us are strong; none are without pain; none of us are proud. We are people seeking God's grace, walking with one another, and following Christ with humility. Come and experience loving acceptance.


text:
Subdivision Music
"Let It Grow" (1 month ago)
Techno, Deep House
info@subdivisionmusic.com
Demo submission form:
subdivisionmusic.com
subdivisionmusic1
subdivisionmusicofficial 6
Born a handful of years ago and as the brainchild of NYC Producer/DJ Roger Silver, Subdivision Music is on a quest to release quality electronic music, specializing in spiritually conceived melodic techno and groove driven electronica. In its inaugural year in 2015, Subdivision released its first track 'Beams,' a 2-song EP with the title track "Beams" providing an effervescent backdrop of melodic and seductive melodies, with the more upbeat 'There and Back,' offering a solid groove-based angelic overtone, with a pounding bass line and a sultry breakdown. Its notable single, "Is It Too Late" featuring the vocals of Christina Novelli and remix by the talented west coast producer DAVI has garnered the support of many noted producers while being included on more than 50 Spotify playlists.
Turning the inherently mechanical into a journey remains the challenge of today's modern dance music, and reflects the Roger Silver experience, whether referring to his original productions, Burning Man sets, residencies at various NYC venues, weekly broadcasts on his Living Room Sessions webcast or with his globally syndicated radio show, "Silvercast". This transformation of sound lies as the cornerstone of Roger's creativity and delivery promise to his listeners. Roger adds "My brand of music is forever expanding on the listening experience of the listener. The tracks I chose and its arrangement are choreographed to create a vibe and energy which hopefully invokes feelings of euphoria, escapism and warmth. My goal is to create that special connection with the listener so that by the end of the music experience he or she is in a better place than when the music began. In a nutshell this is all that matters to me."


Rental vehicle excess travel insurance is something to look out for when purchasing travel insurance especially if you are planning to go on a self-drive trip.
Self-driving when travelling overseas is fun and allow you to truly experience the country without restriction of time and places of visit. Good thing that the Singapore driving licence is recognised worldwide and allow for the holder to be able to rent a vehicle and self-drive when travelling oversea.
If you are intending to do that, you should make sure that your travel insurance has got your rental vehicle covered too.
Rental vehicle excess cover is only applicable to the premier travel insurance plans. This excess cover provides protection to the adult insured person if he/she rents or hires a car or a campervan from a licensed rental agency.
The rented vehicle is usually protected and insured by the rental agency with a motor vehicle insurance in their country, however, such insurance may include an excess or deductible which is payable by the person renting the vehicle.
Such excess is payable should the person renting meets an accident. With rental vehicle excess cover included in your travel insurance, your insurer will pay for the excess required for the claim.
So if you are planning to go on a self-driving oversea trip, check and compare the available rental vehicle excess travel insurance plans in Singapore to help get yourself covered for such unforeseen situation.


text:
Search - Fair Game: My Life as a Spy, My Betrayal by the White House (Audio CD) (Abridged)
Fair Game My Life as a Spy My Betrayal by the White House - Audio CD - Abridged
Author: Valerie Plame Wilson
An unvarnished account of the personal and international consequences of speaking truth to power — On July 6, 2003, four months after the United States invaded Iraq, former Ambassador Joseph Wilson's now historic op-ed, "What I Didn't Find in Africa," appeared in The New York Times. A week later, conservative pundit Robert Novak... more » revealed in his newspaper column that Ambassador Wilson's wife, Valerie Plame Wilson, was a covert CIA agent. The public disclosure of that classified information spurred a federal investigation and led to the trial and conviction of Vice President Dick Cheney's chief of staff, Scooter Libby, and the Wilsons' civil suit against top officials of the Bush administration. Much has been written about the "Valerie Plame" story, but Valerie herself has been silent, until now. Some of what has been reported about her has been frighteningly accurate, serving as a pungent reminder to the Wilsons that their lives are no longer private. And some has been completely false -- distorted characterizations of Valerie and her husband and their shared integrity.
Valerie Wilson retired from the CIA in January 2006, and now she sets the record straight, providing an extraordinary account of her experiences, and answers many questions that have been asked about her covert status, her responsibilities, and her life. As listeners will hear, the CIA still deems much of the detail of Valerie's story to be classified. And as a public service, an afterword, drawn from the public record by national security reporter Laura Rozen, provides a context for Valerie's own account.
Read by the author. Abridged: 6 sound discs (ca. 7 hr.) « less
Edition: Abridged
2.8 stars, based on 15 ratings
Publisher: Simon & Schuster Audio
Reviews: Member | Amazon | Write a Review
Top Member Book Reviews
Carol V. (CarolR) reviewed Fair Game: My Life as a Spy, My Betrayal by the White House (Audio CD) (Abridged) on 4/12/2011 + 66 more book reviews
Helpful Score: 2
This is a fascinating story by a woman who was betrayed by the highest members of the government that employed her. In accordance with the terms of her initial employment she had to submit her manuscript to the CIA before it could be published. In this version, the information redacted by the CIA is indicated by an audible tone. This somewhat irritating, like trying to have a phone conversation that is continually breaking up. What becomes more irritating is when you realize that what is being deleted is something like the date of her initial service, and the positions that she had held. At the end is a long, helpful Afterward, based upon information that has become public, but was still considered "secret" by the CIA.
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Kimberly S. reviewed Fair Game: My Life as a Spy, My Betrayal by the White House (Audio CD) (Abridged) on 12/29/2011 + 3 more book reviews
This audio CD is annoying because the CIA blocked out certain portions of her story, so for each detail left out they have inserted an audible tone. I couldn't get past disc #1. However, if you are willing to give it a try, it is stuck on my bookshelf.
Marie L. (fencerchica) reviewed Fair Game: My Life as a Spy, My Betrayal by the White House (Audio CD) (Abridged) on 5/23/2011 + 47 more book reviews
"Fair Game" is divided into three major parts which are all necessary for the reader/listener to make sense of it: introduction, main body, and afterward.
In the introduction, Mrs. Wilson provides some background on the unusual format of the main body of her book. She explains that her contractual obligations (as affirmed by a lawsuit won by the CIA) prohibit her from disclosing material deemed confidential by the Agency. This is despite the fact that all the material in question had long since been made public in major media outlets such as the NY Times. Because a coherent presentation of her story requires discussion of these (now extremely public) facts, this effort by the CIA to close the barn doors after the horses had run out was really just an attempt to thwart her ability to publish her side of the story. In the end, Mrs. Wilson decided to simply publish her manuscript with the CIA redactions in place, so although the story becomes a bit framented at times, the reader/listener can plainly tell what kind of ridiculous political game was going on with these redactions.
In the main body, as noted, Mrs. Wilson discusses her training and early experiences as a young CIA agent, the activities of herself and her husband during the scandal concerning the falsely alleged Nigerian yellowcake transfer to Iraq, and the political fallout afterwards as the Office of the Vice President sought to discredit and profesionally ruin the Wilsons.
The most helpful part of the book is actaully the lengthy and exciting afterword by reporter Laura Rozen. Not bound by Mrs. Wilson's CIA contractual obligations, Ms. Rozen goes back and proceeds to fill in all the blanks left in the main body portion of the book. The story unfolds at a dizzying and thrilling pace and leaves the reader in a state of shock that this kind of horrifying corruption and double-dealing could go on in our supposedly fair and transparent society.
Diana P. (statue86) reviewed Fair Game: My Life as a Spy, My Betrayal by the White House (Audio CD) (Abridged) on 4/24/2008 + 19 more book reviews
Fascinating story of betrayal, read by the author.
Read All 5 Book Reviews of "Fair Game My Life as a Spy My Betrayal by the White House Audio CD Abridged"
Biographies & Memoirs >> Memoirs
Tags Iraq War