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Deseret Peak Utah Temple > Latest News
Deseret Peak Utah Temple
May 23, 2021 – Scott Taylor: How a hasty exit from a temple groundbreaking is emblematic of faithful service
May 15, 2021 – Deseret Peak Utah Temple Construction Underway
March 25, 2021 – Temple CUP clears planning commission
February 28, 2021 – How a tiny Utah community fought off an LDS Church housing project and lost a temple
January 21, 2021 – How moving the Tooele temple halted a recount battle
January 19, 2021 – Church of Jesus Christ renames temple planned for Tooele Valley, announces new location
January 19, 2021 – Tooele residents check out new Latter-day Saint temple site
January 19, 2021 – Tooele Valley Temple Relocated and Renamed
Building the Steeple for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple
Framing of the steeple for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple in Tooele continues to grow higher. The four corner beams of the main shaft have been positioned and secured atop the frame for the pedestal. Each wall of the steeple will hold a narrow stained-glass window that will be backlit at night. On the east side of the building, metal frames have been installed for the arched doorways featured in the entrance portico.
Framing for Steeple Pedestal Begins on the Deseret Peak Utah Temple
Heavy framing of all three floors of the Deseret Peak Utah Temple is finished, and the first four columns of the steeple pedestal have been secured. Installation of the steel floor decks is progressing at various stages on all three levels. The foundation walls have been waterproofed and the majority have been backfilled. Steel framing has begun on the portico arches at the entrance to the building.
Framing the Second Level of the Deseret Peak Utah Temple
Heavy framing of the Deseret Peak Utah Temple is progressing quickly with the majority of the ground level completed and numerous steel columns reaching the second level. Curbing has been poured for the south parking lot, but it is not yet paved. The temple is located in Tooele, which was first settled by three pioneer families on September 4, 1849. The city was incorporated three years later.
Structural Framing of the Deseret Peak Utah Temple Underway
Construction of the Deseret Peak Utah Temple has moved above ground with the assistance of a skyscraping crawler crane that is lifting heavy metal beams and columns that are being bolted together and fastened to the concrete foundation to form the steel superstructure of the building. The 70,000-square-foot temple and a 20,000-square-foot meetinghouse are rising on the west side of Tooele.
Final Basement Walls Poured for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple
A boom pump delivers concrete across the foundation of the Deseret Peak Utah Temple to pour the final walls for the partial basement that will sit under the northwest corner. Work continues on pouring the footings for the main level and the walls for the mechanical enclosure. The parking lot curbing is in place for the south lot, and a crane has arrived on the north lot that will be used to hoist structural steel and other materials. Excavation for the meetinghouse has become more defined.
Deseret Peak Utah Temple Foundation Progress
Construction of the Deseret Peak Utah Temple foundation is making headway. Along with the forming of pouring of footings, several basement walls have been installed, and work has begun on an elevator shaft and support for the baptismal font. The basement will be located under the northwest corner of the main level, providing a space for mechanical equipment, storage, and an office and workshop for the temple facilities manager.
Forming the Deseret Peak Utah Temple Footings
Crews are forming the footings for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple, starting with the partial basement. The forms will be filled with concrete and steel to create a firm foundation. The temple and meetinghouse complex sits in the northwest corner of Tooele, just south of a private golf course and up the road from Clarke N Johnsen Junior High.
Building a New Road South of the Deseret Peak Utah Temple Site
On the south side of the Deseret Peak Utah Temple site in Tooele, heavy machinery is preparing the subbase for a new road that will intersect with 400 West. On the east side of the property, the chain-link fencing is coming down, which will be replaced with a more substantial construction barrier. The temple footprint has been carved out of the soil, and deeper excavation for the partial basement in the northwest corner is underway.
Excavation for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple Begins
Heavy machinery arrived at the Deseret Peak Utah Temple site in Tooele this week, and excavation efforts have officially begun. The first phase of the project moved overhead power lines underground and prepared the property for major construction. Okland Construction is the general contractor, which recently completed the Pocatello Idaho Temple and is currently building the Taylorsville Utah Temple—both the same general floor plan as the Deseret Peak temple.
Signage Posted at the Deseret Peak Utah Temple Site
A black privacy screen and construction signage has been attached to the chain link fence that surrounds the Deseret Peak Utah Temple site. Over the past couple of months, contractors have been busy digging utility trenches and installing electrical transformers so that overhead power lines can be moved underground. More trailers have been delivered to the property as the time draws near for major construction.
Making Utility Runs at the Deseret Peak Utah Temple Site
Since last month's groundbreaking was held for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple in Tooele, work has been focused on digging utility trenches and installing underground concrete utility vaults inside the chain-link fence that surrounds the perimeter of the property. Additional equipment arrives regularly including construction trailers, mounted generator, and large dumpster.
Ground Broken for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple
A beautiful spirit descended upon Utah's Tooele Valley this morning at the groundbreaking service for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple. Elder Brook P. Hales of the Quorum of the Seventy presided at the event. In his site dedicatory prayer, he asked: "Please bless all that will live in this temple district that they will feel the godly power of this sacred edifice." About two hundred Church members and invited guests attended at the temple site on Saturday morning under blue skies. The three-story temple will be approximately 70,000 square feet. A 20,000-square-foot meetinghouse will also be built on site in the northwestern section of Tooele. Elder Hales prayed, "Help us that through the Atonement of our Savior, Jesus Christ, we might be prepared and worthy to enter Thy sacred house to receive the blessings of exaltation available for ourselves and for our ancestors."
Preparing for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple Groundbreaking
The site for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple has been beautifully prepared for this Saturday's groundbreaking event, which will be streamed live for those who wish to participate online. Attendance at the temple site is strictly by invitation. The street leading to the site (400 West) will be closed to both vehicular and pedestrian traffic during the service, and drones should not be flown near the property either before or during the proceedings. The Deseret Peak Utah Temple will join five other temples under construction in Utah and two more that are under renovation.
Deseret Peak Utah Temple Conditional Use Permit
Following a public hearing on Wednesday, March 24, the Tooele City Planning Commission voted unanimously to approve an application for a conditional use permit for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple site. The permit allows for the 17-acre site at the west end of 2400 North to be used for construction of the 70,000-square-foot temple and a 20,000-square-foot meetinghouse with plentiful parking and landscaping.
Deseret Peak Utah Temple Groundbreaking Announced for May
Ground will be broken for the Deseret Peak Utah Temple, located west of the intersection of 2400 North and 400 West in Tooele, in May 2021. Elder Brook P. Hales of the Quorum of the Seventy will preside. The three-story, 70-000-square-foot temple and a 20,000-square-foot meetinghouse will be constructed at the site. Due to state and local guidelines, attendance at the event will be limited to invited guests only. Video and photographs of the service will be distributed to the media and public after the groundbreaking has been held.
New Name and Location Announced for the Tooele Valley Utah Temple
The Tooele Valley Utah Temple will now be known as the Deseret Peak Utah Temple and be constructed west of the intersection of 2400 North 400 West in Tooele. The change comes in response to circumstances at the previously announced location and opportunities at the new location. The exterior and interior designs for the 70,000-square-foot temple remain the same, and an adjacent 20,000-square-foot meetinghouse will still be constructed. Project leaders will immediately begin the process of obtaining approvals from the local government.
First Presidency Statement Issued on Tooele Valley Utah Temple Project
This afternoon, the First Presidency issued the following statement regarding the Tooele Valley Utah Temple: "We acknowledge the efforts of those who have raised questions and sincere concerns about the Tooele Valley Temple project, including the residential development surrounding the temple. There is a sincere desire on the part of the Church to avoid discord in the community. Therefore, regardless of the outcome of a pending signature-gathering effort, we have determined to withdraw our rezoning request for the residential portion of the temple project. We look forward to working with local officials and community members to determine next steps to move forward with the construction of the temple. We hope those from all viewpoints on this matter will treat one another with kindness, civility, and Christlike love."
Repeal of Rezoning Sought for Residential Development in Erda
Over 1,600 of the required 2,445 signatures have been gathered and verified on petitions for a referendum to repeal the rezoning approved by Tooele County commissioners for the subdivision proposed for the Tooele Valley Utah Temple and a surrounding higher-density planned community. Petition sponsors emphasize that they are not against the temple but that they would like to retain the low-density one-acre zoning. If enough signatures are gathered, however, it could delay construction for at least a year since June 2021 is the earliest time that the rezoning could be placed on a ballot. The outcome of that vote could ultimately alter plans for the temple and the surrounding development.
Groundbreaking Committee Formed for the Tooele Valley Utah Temple
A groundbreaking committee that has been organized for the Tooele Valley Utah Temple is preparing for a ceremony at the end of August, but a referendum by Tooele County residents could delay the service or even alter plans for the temple according to Church officials interviewed by the Tooele Transcript Bulletin. If enough signatures are gathered to place the rezoning for the temple development on a ballot, the groundbreaking will be delayed for certain. The outcome of that potential vote could ultimately alter construction plans.
Renderings Released for Planned Residential Community in Tooele Valley
Renderings have been released ahead of a public hearing by the Tooele County Planning Commission where an application to rezone the 167 acres surrounding the Tooele Valley Utah Temple will be considered. Residential development is proposed for the area including single-family homes, 55+ active adult communities, and large open spaces. "We are committed to developing a vibrant neighborhood where people of different ages and income levels will enjoy living within walking distance of the temple. The temple's timeless architecture and manicured grounds will be a beautiful, enduring central feature of the community for all who will live there, regardless of religious affiliation," said Ashley Powell, managing director of Investment Properties.
Interior Renderings of the Tooele Valley Utah Temple Released
The interior design planned for the Tooele Valley Utah Temple has been revealed in a series of renderings showing a sealing room, the Celestial Room, an endowment room, the baptistry, and the recommend desk. "These beautiful renderings depict the care and attention to detail that will go into the construction of this house of the Lord," said Brent Roberts, managing director of the Church's Special Projects Department. "We believe this will be a place where Latter-day Saints in the Tooele Valley and beyond can go to obtain peace and divine direction in their lives."
Concept Plan for the Tooele Valley Utah Temple
A concept plan for the Tooele Valley Utah Temple has been submitted with a rezoning application for the 167 acres of Church-owned property in Erda, Utah, where the temple and an adjoining meetinghouse will be constructed. Several housing developments and open spaces have been proposed for the property surrounding the temple grounds. The temple is anticipated to be similar in size and dimensions to the Pocatello Idaho Temple. A question-and-answer meeting was recently held with Tooele-area priesthood leaders and representatives from Church headquarters. No groundbreaking date has been scheduled, but it may be held as early as this fall.
Tooele Valley Utah Temple to Be Constructed in Erda
The location of the Tooele Valley Utah Temple has been officially announced as northwest of the intersection of Erda Way and Highway 36 in the community of Erda. The temple will be a three-story building of approximately 70,000 square feet with an adjacent 20,000-square-foot meetinghouse. Once detailed plans have been finalized, interior and exterior renderings will be released. Project leaders will soon begin work with government officials and will submit public documents in the coming months. No groundbreaking date has been announced.
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text:
using MasterDevs.ChromeDevTools;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
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{
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	///
	[CommandResponse(ProtocolName.DOM.PerformSearch)]
	public class PerformSearchCommandResponse
	{
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		/// Gets or sets Unique search session identifier.
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	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Hankering for History
Hanker: To have a strong, often restless desire, in this case for–you guessed it–history!
History Now
1001 Things Everyone Should Know About American HistoryA review of items listed in "1001 Things Everyone Should Know About American History," by historian John A. Garraty.
Inventions, per se
Mythconceptions
The History of…The History of… People, Places, and Things. The who, what, when, where, why, and how of historical events!
Presidents and Sex Scandals
7 years ago Grant Oster
Kay Summersby and Dwight Eisenhower
1 Presidents and Their Sex Scandals–A Long Running Tradition
1.1 Bill Clinton
1.2 John F. Kennedy
1.3 Dwight Eisenhower
1.4 Warren Harding
1.5 Grover Cleveland
Presidents and Their Sex Scandals–A Long Running Tradition
Presidents and their Sex Scandals
I mean, really? Does anyone believe this stuff?
That being said, it wouldn't be the first President of the United States to partake in a sexual relationship leading to a national scandal.
Anyone living today–and old enough to be surfing the web to read this–remembers the following:
"I did not have sexual relations with that woman." – Bill Clinton
This affair, with Monica Lewinsky, led to President Bill Clinton being impeached by the House of Representatives. (He was later acquitted by the Senate.) His career came to a stand still; however, it did launch the career of his wife, Hillary Clinton. In fact, in a video by Youtube sensation Philip Defranco, while covering the previous nights coverage of the 2013 Golden Globes, he referred to him as "Hillary Clinton's husband." Any other former president would have been recognized by name, but his scandal lowered his status to that below his wife's.
But surely there were more infidelities–scandal's of presidents past?
Yep, and here they are! Having started with President Clinton, we will now work backwards in time through some of my favorite sex scandals.
Who do you think you were fooling, Kennedy? The most famous of your ladies was Marilyn Monroe, but let's face it. America was well aware of all the others. During John F. Kennedy's presidency, reporter R.W. Apple, Jr. of the New York Times observed a beautiful woman being escorted in the president's suite. He took the information to the editor and was told, "Apple, you're supposed to report on political and diplomatic policies, not girlfriends. No story." It was a time when the President of the United States was invincible, and the media was uninterested in getting on his bad side. The story was squashed, but the infamy of his sexcapades rivals his assassination.
While Eisenhower was a General during World War II, he was driven by Kay Summersby. Spending so much time with her, he couldn't help but fall in love. As the writers at Guyism: What Guy's Need to Know put it, "how could a man like him resist the romantic overtures of a temptress who was obviously proficient at working a stick like his driver, Ms. Summersby?" (I know, crude.) The affair went on for years, but if you want a full description of their love-making, check out: Past Forgetting: My Love Affair with Dwight D. Eisenhower . That's right, six years after his death, Kay Summersby published a tell-all book about their relationship.
Warren Harding
President Harding was powerful, but not powerful enough to keep his private love life out of the court system. President Harding was involved in two major sex scandals. The first of these was with Carrie Phillips, the wife of one of his friends. Along with their sex came lots and lots of love letters. Where are these letters now? Sealed by the courts. However, you won't have to wait long. An article in The Blade, a Toledo, Ohio, newspaper from December 30, 1971, states that the love letters will be sealed until 2014. Unfortunately, this would not be the worst of it. Four years after the death of President Harding, Nan Britton, published a book entitled, The President's Daughter , which not only told of their romps, but–you guessed it–accused him of fathering her child.
Grover Cleveland and Maria Crofts Halpin
President Cleveland's sex scandal started long before his presidency, but I deem it worth mentioning because it did affect his chances of becoming President. Before Grover Cleveland became president he had relations with a Maria Halpin. She accused him of fathering her bastard child, and Cleveland didn't deny it. Poor Maria Halpin became such a heavy drinker, Cleveland had her committed to a mental hospital and sent his child to an orphanage. Maria Halpin was released from the institution and Cleveland gave her $500 to disappear. (Roughly $10,000 dollars in 1880 money.)
What I find most interesting about this is how it almost cost him the presidency. While campaigning, the story became widely know and often crowds followed Grover Cleveland and chanted,
Ma, ma, where's my pa? Gone to the White House, ha ha ha!
Somehow with all this…Grover Cleveland became President twice, both in 1885 and 1893.
Tags: Politics presidents Scandal
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2 thoughts on "Presidents and Sex Scandals"
standup2p says:
What about Poppy & Jennifer Fitzgerald?
The Use of Humidifiers in Museums
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1 year ago Esther Elizabeth Suson

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My Review: It is not often I am left speechless after finishing a book, but right now I don't know what to say to give this book the praise it rightly deserves. This is an incredibly powerful and thought provoking book about racism, prejudice, preconceptions and above all family. Jodi Picoult's research and attention to detail is present throughout. From midwifery to working in McDonalds, her descriptions are so minute that at times you forget you are reading a story and think you're being educated. This book is breathtaking and therefore I am delighted to put it in my Top 10 books of 2016.
About the Author: Jodi Picoult is the author of twenty-three novels, including the #1 New York Times bestsellers Leaving Time, The Storyteller, Lone Wolf, Between the Lines, Sing You Home, House Rules, Handle with Care, Change of Heart, Nineteen Minutes, and My Sister's Keeper. She lives in New Hampshire with her husband and three children.


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New York, NY & Santa Monica, CA – May 24, 2017 – Mediaocean, the leading provider of end-to-end media management workflow software and VideoAmp, the leading provider of linear TV planning and optimization software, announced a new partnership which creates a fully integrated linear TV planning and optimization solution for the upfront and scatter markets for agencies and brands.
This groundbreaking partnership will drastically improve the methods available to brands and their agencies to optimize committed network television buys, which are often the most strategic portion of a brand's budget.
With the massive increase of OTT services, social video, and VOD, agencies and brands are already managing significant digital budgets programmatically with data and modern software. They have not had the ability to manage premium upfront television buys with the same precision. This partnership will allow Mediaocean clients using VideoAmp to automatically pull/push optimized linear TV plans from Spectra – Mediaocean's traditional media management platform used by all major holding company agencies. Agencies and brands will be able to select first and third party digital audiences (or segments), alongside traditional TV audiences, and optimize schedules for a single brand or a portfolio of brands, while forecasting against GRPs, eCPMs, or conversions. Beyond the power of applying data and automation, this partnership creates a more connected workflow, eliminates manual and dual data entry, and constantly informs execution systems in an interactive and iterative way.
"For the first time, agencies and brands are able to take their massive commitments made in the upfront and allow for programmatic optimization and targeting across brands using Mediaocean's and VideoAmp's software,' said Ramsey McGrory, Chief Revenue Officer, Mediaocean. "This partnership will empower agencies to optimize their brands' committed linear TV, VOD and digital video buys together for far greater ROI and efficiency. This is an important step toward converging linear and digital buying completely, and we're happy to launch this with VideoAmp."
"The agency holding companies and brands are looking to leverage their unique first and third party data, alongside traditional audiences, for linear TV investment planning and optimized campaign management," said Jay Prasad, Chief Strategy Officer, VideoAmp. "This will drive massive increases in return on ad spend (ROAS) for brands, by leveraging data in their upfront commitments. This partnership represents a critical step in extending TV buys to digital using a common denominator data source for targeting and measurement, all using automated methods."
Mediaocean and VideoAmp expect the fully automated API integrated solution in Q4 this year. Send an email to converge@videoamp.com or converge@mediaocean.com to learn more. Both companies will be at the Cannes Lions Festival June 17-24.
ABOUT VIDEOAMP
VideoAmp is the world's first integrated TV operating system to enable advertisers and media owners to transact seamlessly across devices. Our software and data solution enables advertisers to plan, buy, and measure the success of de-duplicated and precisely targeted campaigns that reach linear TV, VOD, OTT, desktop, and mobile audiences. VideoAmp can access premium broadcast TV spots that reach 23 of the top 25 TV markets that cover 85% of US TV HHs or roughly 96 million US TV HHs, as well as nearly 1 billion OTT impressions monthly. Founded in 2014, VideoAmp is headquartered in Los Angeles, with offices in New York, San Francisco, Chicago, and the Netherlands. VideoAmp is backed by European TV giant RTL Group and six other top venture capital firms. For more information, visit www.videoamp.com or follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.
ABOUT MEDIAOCEAN
Mediaocean is the world's leading media software company that automates every aspect of the advertising workflow - from planning, buying and selling, to analyzing and optimizing, to invoicing and payments. Mediaocean's open cross-media platforms power $140 billion in global media budgets, have unmatched reach and bridge traditional and digital media. Mediaocean serves more than 80,000 users across agencies, advertisers, broadcasters and publishers worldwide. The company employs 900 people worldwide and is part of the Vista Equity Partners portfolio of software companies. Mediaocean is headquartered in New York with ten offices worldwide. Learn more at www.mediaocean.com, or connect with Mediaocean on LinkedIn, Facebook or Twitter.


text:
How to Set New Year's Resolutions for Your Business
by Murry Englard, CPA | Nov 19, 2021 | Entrepreneurship, Murry Englard
When the new year starts, everyone sets resolutions for themselves. But if you own a business, it's also essential to set New Year's resolutions for your business as well. But what New Year's resolutions can you set for your business, and how do you...
How to Put People First in Your Business
Free SEO Tools to Take Advantage of for Your Startup
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Murry Englard
Taxes & Accounting
Murry Englard, CPA © 2023


Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham and Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA), organized a workshop on 'Urban Engineering, Construction Automation and Sustainability' to discuss the challenges Indian cities face in terms of disaster resilience, transportation, green cover, sustainability, construction, and design. Dozens of experts in urban engineering and infrastructure assembled at a workshop. Dr. Sreevalsa Kolathyar, Assistant Professor (SG), Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore Campus, said, "I would rate the disaster resilience of Indian cities as four out of ten. While India performs well in post-disaster management, we are strategically not as well prepared to face a disaster".


In Alfred Hailstone's book 'Centenary', written in 1957, 100 years after the formation of the Bucks Constabulary, wrote "The Special Constabulary is now an integral part of the Police Force, having become an organised body only in recent times. Until the outbreak of the First World War it was the practice of the police authority to enrol specials as and when required. During the war they were organised into companies on military lines with captains, lieutenants and sergeants. Some were in uniform for which they themselves paid. In 1920 the Special Constabulary was completely re-organised on the present day lines. They excelled themselves and in a message to them in June 1945, the Home Secretary said "..........you have responded loyally to all the many calls which have been made upon you. You have given generously of your time and energy..............." Today, the Bucks Special Constabulary plays a most important part in the service of the police give to the county, with members in every town and almost every village. They are always ready and willing to augment the regular force whenever they are needed"
This photograph was found in a charity shop in 2010 in Wendover by David Price a retired police officer and was labelled 'Wendover Local Police Force'. On the back of the photograph there was some notes that included the name Mrs Pearce, the remainder of the notes referred to the framing of the picture, there was also the number 367. This information was circulated, by email, to retired police officers which resulted in a number of replies from various retired police officers and from the information received and by a process of elimination some of the officers, in the photograph, were named. The photograph is from around the time of the Second World War (1939 – 1945) and is mainly of Special Constables, although there is one War Reserve Constable (part collar number 46- ) and one Regular Police Constable.
Middle row - SC Benning (Senior), N/K, SC Daniels, SC J. Pierce, SC Goodson, SC Chaping, N/K PC 277 Leonard Preston.
The little summerhouse on The Crescent , Haversham was used during the war as H.Q. for the A.R.P., Frank Woolley, the Home Guard and the Special Constabulary, my father Joe Brightman and Bert Pooley and Mr (Sgt.) Tattam, who had a sweet shop in Wolverton opposite the Railway Works main entrance, were Specials during and after the War. Their pay in 1940 was 5/- a week plus 3/- War Duty allowance. And of course a free uniform, which had to be handed back in at end of Police Service. One of dad's last jobs was directing traffic at Silverstone car races.
My father finished with a Police Long Service Medal in 1961. This was soon after I was fined 30/- for speeding at 40m.p.h through the village on my A.J.S. motorbike. There was the shame of having ones name reported in the local paper, and dad being a Special. I think that was the last straw for him and he resigned soon afterwards! But he received a nice letter from the Chief Constable thanking him for his services over the last 22 years!
Francis Drage had a Fruit and Veg Shop at 4 High Street , Stony Stratford.
This photograph was taken outside Stony Stratford Police Station around 1950.
Albert Simms was born in 1888 and joined the Special Constabulary in 1930.
He married in 1914 and lived in Calverton, he was a Butcher by trade working in Stony Stratford.
He died shortly after this photograph was taken.
PC 453 Colin Pemberton first left as you look at the photograph SC Albert Simms is seventh from the left and Police Sergeant 246 George Heaps is first on the right.


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text:
The Alternative Biennial
Without ferreting out the factors that make these peculiar occurrences happen, I may say from the word go that there's a clear-cut overspill of artistic contents, their forms, their expositional structures; a genuine uptick in the number of disciplinary exchanges that allows for the making of a piece in which the artist does not only rely on materials, tools and traditional techniques, but also on statistics, sociology, anthropology and cinema on his quest for expressing far more of what has been expressed up to now. I mean, the making of a more complex artistic speech as long as reality and life become increasingly more complex, too. The number of events dealing with art promotion and marketing are progressively on the rise. On top of the list –together but not closely knit- stand the biennials, the auctions and the fairs, each and every one of them with features, spaces, domains of their own, of course. However, today we see how they benefit from one another, even in the midst of their structural and conceptual differences. There are moments when they share methods to lure the public and experts in a completely unbiased atmosphere. To top it all off, new events have to be added to the overall picture of the arts, like artist residence programs, scholarships, workshops, specialty festivals, international projects that here and there magnify the presence of artists in and from any part of the world. We're therefore at the threshold of a complicated problem, a hard nut to crack, to comprehend and to demonstrate, in which the artist's new attitude toward his ongoing reality and that of the arts is paramount. If we were to page down the origin of all this, we wouldn't hesitate to say that it all began back in 1917 thanks to French artist Marcel Duchamp's gesture of placing a white porcelain urinal signed with his penname in a New York art gallery. His gesture triggered –perhaps without a complete coincidence and with no immediate repercussions- a genuine turning point in the history of art: from that moment onward, nothing would ever be the same. This attitude unleashed a piecemeal response by other artists against the "establishment" until it evolved, by the hand of varied modalities, into a reaction even against the alternative and the dissonant for years and decades to come. Today, the knowledge of material reality and the individuals –owed to breakthroughs in science, technology, communications- is within the reach of nearly all human beings, not only of artists, yet the latter ones take on the sentiment that everything can be changed, that everything is inclined to transformations beyond the boundaries imposed by institutions and society. That spells out the nonstop reaction not only in the specific creative environment, but also, for example, against the traditional expositional way of artworks outside the closed spaces of galleries and the need to reach out to the total framework of the city in a bid to get to the pedestrian, the citizen and those who remain uncaring to the arts. This attitude leads to unsuspected paths in the historic relationships between artistic expressions and individuals, and in recent years it has given way to one of the most interesting and controversial expressions of contemporary art: the so-called relational esthetics or behavioral art that's spreading everywhere like a prairie fire with countless variations under its belt. If, on the other hand, we bear in mind the artist's capacity to take in the information that gravitates around him through the ears, the skin, the nose, not only through the eyes, the plot thickens. It puts critics and historians before the need of recognizing ways of expression through the use of these senses when it comes to making esthetic speeches. The multitude of problems we all must be worried about –especially today's creators everywhere- turns those creators, whether we like it not, into more than mere artists; it turns them into other intellectuals nearly up to par with philosophers, essayists, sociologists, scholars and writers. We're thus before an individual willing to contribute to the current thinking, to engage in the public debate about any topic, leaving behind those times when artists used to heed only the beauty; to the pure creation of forms, to the description of nature and society. His attitude now is, therefore, more critical than in past times, driven this time around by the awareness of a more hands-on, active role rather than a passive one. It'll be misleading to spell out the possibilities open to today's artists and the arts. Suffice it to say they are far more complex and numerous than when they reached the first halls in the 18th century or after the grand opening of the world's first International Arts Biennial in the city of Venice in the late 19th century –precisely in 1895. How can we then show, see, touch what's going on around us and, at the same time, in so many different parts? How can we contribute to make the public further understand the speediness of the changes going on in the realm of arts as well as the emergence of proposals and trends, or the sense of certain institutions linked to today's teaching, or the meaning of the different scales of the symbolic creation? The traditional mortar-and-brick gallery doesn't seem to do the trick in such major endeavor, nor the museum, regardless of its rich heritage, tradition and history, not to mention the art fair, so fleeting in space and time. This is then the Biennial's showtime as a possible, feasible alternative, and in it the figure of the curator, the centerpiece for the articulation of the event's complex framework. Without going into details on the appearance and significance of this new kind of intellectual, this individual showed up for the first time back in the 1980s to take up the slack of the contemporary art system that not even curators and collectors, historians and gallery owners, critics and scholars, so plentiful in so many places and major cities, had achieved. The Biennial came to stay as a real fact, to show every other year and for one, two and up to three months, a good deal of the art system whose underpinnings, processes ad perspectives are accruing in geometrical proportions, unlike other cultural expressions like cinema, literature, dance, the performing arts, music and architecture, that are bound to arithmetical progression. Despite the fact that the Biennial takes a lot of flak for being a hegemonic, global and dominating –as some people say- "model" for the multiple and comprehensive exhibition of artworks, no other tool has come in handy so far to replace it. The emergence and development of new nations and the corresponding increase of their symbolic creations laid bare that Venice was not good enough to "show" what was going on. In the mid 20th century, on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean and aloof from the Old World, the Sao Paolo Biennial took place, maybe as an copycat of the Italian harbinger, yet with a marked interest in going one better since its kickoff edition in 1951. Its regional influence became a fact because a few years later similar events in Medellin, San Juan and Cali during the 1970s, and Havana, Cuenca, Santo Domingo and Lima in the 80s, jumped on the Biennial's bandwagon, together with others in faraway places like Sydney, Istanbul, Cairo, Dakar, Lyon and Liverpool. In the course of the 1990s and through the 2000s, Mercosur, Kwangju, Bhutan, Sharjah, Prague, Moscow, Seville, Valencia and Ushuaia came on strong. And make no mistakes about it; as we speak, new biennials are probably brewing in some other cities on the face of the earth. In a humble, low-profile fashion –not aiming that high at the world sceneother events of this kind popped up in Latin America, especially in Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela with their local artistic creations acting as driving forces behind their biennials. In Central America and based on the same principle, the Arte Paiz Biennial emerged in Guatemala in 1978 under the sponsorship of a name-like private foundation that almost immediately made a splash in other similar institutions across the area –entrepreneurial, banking- until it spilled over to the rest of the region's countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama, Nicaragua, Honduras, in an effort to rekindle its traditional scenarios and win a larger cultural space in the region. While this was going on in our mainland and on ours islands, in the distance the city of Venice was enhancing its cultural space with the organization of parallel film and architecture biennials and engaging in the resizing of its historic Arts Biennial, this time around going beyond the enclosed boundaries of the national pavilions through the addition of parallel events that, in some editions, peaked 34 in all with little more than 500 participating artists. From a gigantic international showcase of arts, designed to "keep us posted" on the latest developments and mostly secluded in the Castello Gardens area, the Venice Biennial turned out a humongous visual show around the entire city. These biennials that came afterwards, however, didn't cling faithfully to the Italian showcase model, though they did pay heed to the parallel events and special exhibits, some of historic and essay-oriented character. The times demanded a kind of event closer to the need for bigger intellectual configuration based on the invitation to boldface names of historiography and critique, academic institutions and promoters amid eyebrow-raising questions about that Venetian model. This prompted them to give their own events a certain reflexive nature. That is, the Biennial as a space and meeting ground for the discussion and confrontation of ideas –not only for the exhibition of artworks- and perfect setting for a number of projects capable of moving the public opinion by raising awareness on the very nature of the arts, culture and society. Works, artistic projects, either formally clustered or in progress, panned out to be extraordinary means for the transformation of notions on art itself, its outreach, territories, ways of integrating or inserting in other walks of life, assimilating the crisscrossing with other disciplines, enthralling wider sectors of the public. In the heart of this ideological and cultural context, the Havana Biennial came into being. Virtually from its very beginning, this event took on these necessary foundations that were in many people's speech. Its stepped-up development prompted a milestone in its third edition back in 1989 as the event set the tone for the deepening of those foundations and shifted onto a path far more promising than in other parts of the planet. The Havana Biennial gave birth to a new thinking on this kind of international event, even though it didn't have so much of an influence on the many humbler national biennials in so many Latin American cities for they couldn't understand their role as communication bridges among artists, institutions and the public, the mustering axes of thinking, the broad cultural spaces, the recapping exercises and, above all, their contribution to the collective memory of each and every country and the world as a whole due to their repercussions on the social and political life. There's a point in saying that a majority of national assets in our region showed up in tough times as a result of intense local conflicts, when violence was in full swing, when military dictatorships, extreme poverty, illiteracy, corruption, missing people and kidnappings were rampant. These conditions kept them somehow away from the changes that were sweeping the world of the arts. And to add insult to injury, the widespread lack of regional interest in culture at that time shed much light on the scarce significance of their particular contexts. Today, a few decades later from that first biennial in the continent, we understand that keeping most of the biennial events up and running was possible due to the support of private entities, hardworking companies, individual promoters and groups that fight against all odds. With their achievements and shortcomings, virtues and mistakes in each and every one of their host nations, we may wonder, however, is there a better space than an art biennial to capture every other year the fast-paced advance of the arts, their varied expressions, the lines of reasoning that tag along with them? The Biennial is destined to play that gathering, rallying role of individuals and social sectors toward a common goal in which actions wielded by the artistic and intellectual communities come together, both locally and globally, even though Central America and South America still can't find an adequate, effective fitting definition for their mega-events in the field of visual arts. Beyond the contexts that brought them to life then and those that rule today –as-a-matter-of-factly much better than those in the past- our specialized institutions act in an overall fragmented way, subordinated to their exclusive interests and unable to see the extraordinary potential this event has for culture and memory in their many different levels. In the 1990s, for instance, Venezuela used to host nearly ten regional biennials, almost one for each state, plus many others that were held in other countries of the region. The curious thing is that most of them never merged into those battlefields where the main struggles for both spiritual and intellectual enlightenment are waged: their short-lived media hype is barely limited to reporting winning artists and backing up the sponsors' own PR campaigns. That's it, perhaps just a tad more. The academic field, the research institutions, historians, critics, curators, renowned artists, art students, remain on the sidelines. However, Latin America is now in better conditions to put up with the development of cultural events for there's far more regional, continental awareness on the whole as a group or community of nations; there's a more active role for the part of social sectors that used to be marginalized in the past by the ruling power; banks are being founded at a continental level and leagues of southern nations are rising; regional economic blocs are emerging and the historical ties with Europe and the United States are being reconfigured. Today's biennials, no matter the level they might have, should therefore reflect these fundamental changes that are going on because in each and every one of our countries there are intellectuals formed as critics and curators, as historians and researchers, sufficiently informed about all happenings in the universe of contemporary art. With more reasoning than enthusiasm, time has come to call them for action as agents of change, figures ready to take on the challenges of these times and speak out with their own voices, our voices, as communities, peoples and nations within this universal concert. A curator is in a position to shed public light on the complex artistic expressions that we're experiencing today without downplaying the works and art projects that are the very essence of a Biennial or any other similar event in the first place. The Biennial is a challenge for people involved in it. The biggest challenge we're facing today. A choice and a risk to support a hefty and rewarding relationship with the public from an esthetical viewpoint since every edition puts a multiplicity of cultural, moral, social, political values at stake in which, by the way, there's no room for the market's overblown figures and wishful thinking that are increasingly putting the biennials in harm's way with each passing day. The market has become a space for the sanctioning and sanctification of artworks and artists alike over any other type of value, even over history. It's known that the market has reenergized collector's lust, both public and private, sales and auctions, and has dragged countless cities on the planet into the new stock markets where people go to either directly or through the Internet. The fair, the market's elegant and satisfactory face, has managed to assimilate the biennial model for its own benefit to expose itself as a truly cultural place –the way the biennials are actually like- when indeed it's all about a different kind of value, a mere financial performance in which the collector is the star of the show and the true fund. This is not about demonizing the market because it's been in the global art system for over 400 years now, chalking up results with mastery and efficiency because it knows how to melt into fast-developing economies whose main components are mostly seen as goods. Fairs are distinguished responses that certain power circles give to the contemporary visual culture. With increasingly larger turnouts and influence, these commercial events become genuine short-time shows that sometimes blur the biennials since some of them manage to reel in over 5,000 people for the opening night and average 120,000 visitors in four days. By moving from booth to the next, whether you're a potential buyer or not, you're definitely trying the zapping culture originated and promoted day after day on television and you may also sort of gauge quite quickly a specific area of contemporary art like in no other event of its kind. The Biennial, for its part, goads curious, indifferent or forewarned spectators into broader reflection, making them ask questions to themselves when they eye a humble, traditional work or in the face of a complex project in progress, in its structure. In the same breath, they know about panels, roundtables, lectures, discussions that blaze new trails for artistic thoughts and put on performances in several locations, video sessions, city-related actions. Such a bunch of activities takes time, attention for an adequate appreciation and enjoyment. It can be visited in a hurry, but the distance between the venues and locations will prevent visitors from doing so. Cuba boasts a modest but longstanding experience since the opening edition of the Havana Biennial in 1984. With peaks and valleys in the editions that came later, this event model has allowed a legit contact with symbolic creations from roughly all parts of the globe on the basis of a notion of visual culture as esthetic enjoyment and reflective drill. Unfortunately, the latter is the missing element in most of the biennials taking place in our continent. To put it this way, a "provincial" approach to this global-character phenomenon still prevails. Despite our going through hard times, our societies and nations appear eager, more than never before, to cope with all kinds of challenges in the continent. Culture rises as one of the most treasured tools we can count on to face those tough times because their wealth stands tall above our historic and daily hardships that many government try to get over in a bid to find the right way of leaving the colonial and republican backwardness behind –still hanging over our heads- and put us on the road to the modernization, peace, welfare and democratization that we need. The visual arts are destined to chip in a modest contribution of their own to this effort from the realm of contemporary culture. Their ability to arouse provocations in the esthetical and ideological fields is one of the most effective methods to acquire certain awareness of the phenomenon: artists and part of the public do know that… but not in the same extent. The biennials point to that humanist scope of rock-solid social implications; the art market doesn't. That's why it's necessary to max out this main event of our visual cultures together with others in different spheres, and not to yield to opulence and the power of money that today attempt to rule and direct so many aspects of our lives.
Next publication Cariebbean Art, THE LAST DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY


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Articles > Acoustics, Noise & Vibration Control
Hush Acoustics provides 'best ever' soundproofing in Isle of Man
High performing sound insulation solutions from Hush Acoustics have delivered outstanding results in material change of use conversion project on the Isle of Man.
The project on involved upgrading the floors in a building that had previously been converted from a bar to offices in the 1990s, but which was now being redeveloped into residential.
The property owner sought to convert the office space into four flats and tasked chartered architect Andrew Bentley with the project. He immediately identified that the separating floors and walls would need to achieve significantly higher levels of insulation to prevent nuisance sound transmission between individual properties.
Under the building regulations covering the Isle of Man, which are consistent with Approved Document E in England & Wales, the separating floors would have to achieve an airborne sound transmission level of greater or equal to 43db and, for impact sound transmission, no higher than 64db.
Following a comprehensive consultation period by Hush Acoustics soundproofing experts, it was apparent that the existing acoustic flooring design fitted during the bar-to-offices conversion was inadequate due to flaws in several areas. This meant a complete redesign of the floors was required to bring them up to an acceptable standard.
As part of the original conversion, an acoustic floor was installed to help reduce the noise from one office to another. This floor consisted of a resilient bar ceiling system and an acoustic floor, which used a metal top hat type solution, a foam joist strip and chipboard.
However, with insufficient sealing, air gaps and poor installation of the acoustic flooring and resilient bar ceiling system, assumptions that this existing construction would fail to meet the required standard for domestic dwellings were confirmed in testing.
Hush Acoustics and Andrew Bentley, who have worked together very successfully on previous projects on the Isle of Man, collaborated to develop a specification for upgrading the separating floor construction.
The solution came with the Hush MF Ceiling System. This creates a suspended ceiling, separated from the existing structure using the Hush Acoustic Hangers, allowing for Hush-Slab 100 sound absorber slabs to be fitted into the void created. Two layers of 15mm Soundbloc plasterboard were then installed onto the suspended ceiling's metal frame.
Key to the success of the new acoustic system was the quality of the installation, which the Hush Acoustics team – as with all projects – offered guidance on to the installation contractor. This was important from a fire safety perspective too, with a fire specialist also engaged to ensure all gaps, junction details and products were installed and sealed correctly.
The result is a collection of flats benefiting from soundproofing levels not normally seen in conversion projects of this kind. The airborne sound insulation levels for the floors tested in various rooms ranged from 50db to 67db (minimum level to pass test is 43db) and for impact sound it was between 38db and 50db (must be below 64db).
Andrew Bentley, project architect, comments: "With commercial-to-residential conversions so important in maintaining a good supply of housing, it is no surprise that more building owners are undertaking such projects.
"But the acoustics need a specific focus, which is why the solution provided by Hush Acoustics will play an important role in contributing to the flats being quiet and comfortable long term.
"The test results were so good that the acoustician who carried out the testing of the completed installation said it was the best results he had ever seen.
"In the lounge of one of the flats, there was virtually no background noise detected despite sound of 107db being generated in the lounge of the flat directly above – that's a noise level almost as loud as you would experience at a rock concert."
Hush Acoustics,
44 Canal Street,
South Sefton,
Merseyside,
L20 8QU
Visit Hush Acoustics' website


Fuel Cell POM-based catholyte | Effects on Performance inc. Temp.
Chemically regenerative redox cathode (CRRC) polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are attracting more interest as a platinum-free PEFC technology. These fuel cells utilise a liquid catalyst or catholyte, to perform the indirect reduction of oxygen, eliminating the major degradation mechanisms that plague PEFC durability. A key component of a CRRC PEFC system is the catholyte. This article reports a thorough study of the effect of catholyte concentration and temperature on CRRC PEFC system performance for H7PV4Mo8O40 and Na4H3PV4Mo8O40, two promising polyoxometalate (POM)-based catholytes. The results suggest 80°C and a catholyte concentration of 0.3 M provide the optimum performance for both H7PV4Mo8O40 and Na4H3PV4Mo8O40 (for ambient pressure operation).
For decades, PEFCs have been promoted as the future replacement for power generation via fossil fuel combustion for both transport and stationary applications (1, 2). Despite the recent dominance of lithium-ion batteries in the 'electrochemical power' sector, hydrogen PEFCs are beginning to make a market impact, for example, with the launch of the Toyota Mirai and the increasing uptake of PEFCs in the materials handling sector (3, 4). In addition, governments are beginning the transition to a hydrogen economy, with Germany having the most ambitious target of 400 hydrogen refuelling stations by 2023 (5). However, issues around cost and durability have plagued PEFC development and continue to inhibit their widespread commercialisation (6).
The main cause of the cost and durability issues with conventional PEFCs is the direct four-electron reduction of oxygen at the cathode (Equation (ii)). Due to relatively slow kinetics (1, 7), high Pt loadings are required to catalyse the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), increasing the cost of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) (8). Up to 80% of the Pt in a conventional fuel cell can be on the cathode. Furthermore, the large overpotential required to induce the oxygen reduction reaction (even with high Pt loading) typically results in a 200 mV drop in operating voltage at relatively low current densities of ~0.2 A cm–2 (9). The presence of air at the cathode is also the key component in the major mechanisms of fuel cell degradation, including chemical degradation of membranes via peroxide species (10, 11) and voltage transients at cell start-up and shut-down that oxidise the catalyst's carbon support (12, 13).
An alternative solution to the problem of cost and durability is the CRRC PEFC, illustrated in Figure 1. These systems utilise the indirect reduction of oxygen and resemble a hybrid of a fuel cell and flow battery (14). The anode is essentially identical to that of a conventional PEFC, with hydrogen gas oxidised to protons and electrons at a catalyst (Pt) coated membrane. At the cathode, a catholyte (Cath) is reduced at a two-phase liquid | electrode boundary. With facile kinetics, this electrochemical reaction utilises a low cost porous graphite electrode, replacing the requirement for Pt. The reduced catholyte (H-Cath) then travels to an air bubbling device called the 'regenerator', where oxygen is reduced to water and the catholyte is returned to its original oxidised state. Consequently, gaseous air never enters the cathode, eliminating the major PEFC degradation mechanisms. In addition, the catholyte ensures the membrane remains well hydrated, allowing the use of dry hydrogen.
A key component of a CRRC PEFC system is the catholyte, a redox active electrolyte that reacts with dioxygen in its reduced form. To maximise the cell operating voltage the catholyte should: (a) possess a high redox potential in its oxidised state, as close to 1.23 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode as possible; and (b) display fast regeneration kinetics (i.e. the chemical reaction between oxygen and the reduced catholyte) to ensure the catholyte is highly oxidised when leaving the regenerator. Tolmachev and Vorotyntsev recently published a thorough review of CRRC PEFCs (14), with a focus on all catholyte chemistries researched since the CRRC concept was first proposed by Posner in 1955 (15). At present, three aqueous catholyte chemistries dominate CRRC research and development. These are P-V-Mo POMs that utilise V4+/5+ redox chemistry (16–18); Fe2+/3+ systems with organic ligands selected to enhance the rate of the re-oxidation reaction (19); and an adaptation of the Otswald process exploiting NO/NO3– redox chemistry (20). Table I lists the best CRRC PEFC performance obtained to date with the three different catholyte chemistries. Transient peak power refers to the performance of the cell whereas steady state peak power is associated with the whole CRRC system (i.e. regenerator + cell) (16). Given the US Department of Energy (DOE) 2020 target for peak power in transportation PEFCs is 1000 mW cm–2 (21), the data in Table I suggests CRRC PEFCs could soon compete with conventional fuel cells.
In terms of power density, the most promising catholyte formulations are the POMs: H7PV4Mo8O40 for transient operation and Na4H3PV4Mo8O40 for steady state operation (18). Furthermore, these catholytes are associated with excellent durability. Using 0.3 M Na4H3PV4Mo8O40 in a single cell CRRC PEFC system, Ward et al. recently reported 200 hours operation (at constant current) with negligible loss in performance (18). Indeed, a similar system was almost commercialised by ACAL Energy Ltd, UK, who achieved over 10,000 hours operation on an automotive test cycle without any significant signs of degradation (22). In their fully oxidised forms, the vanadium and molybdenum POM constituents have oxidation states +5 and +6, respectively. Upon electrochemical reduction in the cell, vanadium(V) is reduced to vanadium(IV) whilst the molybdenum remains unchanged (23). As such, a reduction level of 100% corresponds to a catholyte where the vanadium and molybdenum have oxidation states +4 and +6, respectively (the reduction of molybdenum occurs at lower potentials). Under most operating conditions, the catholytes are partially reduced, with a mixture of vanadium(V) and vanadium(IV). Upon contact with oxygen, the vanadium(IV) is chemically oxidised to vanadium(V) and O2 is reduced to water, regenerating the catholyte for its next visit to the cell.
Little is known regarding the effect of concentration and temperature on CRRC PEFC systems using H7PV4Mo8O40 and Na4H3PV4Mo8O40 catholytes, with 0.3 M and 80°C the only reported parameters (18). Matsui et al. studied the effect of concentration and temperature on the performance of a similar catholyte, H6PV3Mo9O40 (24). They found a concentration of 0.3 M and a system temperature of 80°C gave the best performance. However, the two values were the limits of their test matrix and the cell performance achieved was relatively poor compared to a study with the same catholyte (16). In this article, we report the study of a larger temperature-concentration matrix using the best CRRC catholytes in the literature, H7PV4Mo8O40 and Na4H3PV4Mo8O40. Catholyte concentration ranges from 0.2 M to 0.45 M and temperature from 40°C to 90°C (at ambient pressure). High temperature operation (i.e. above 80°C) is desirable as it has been shown to improve peak power density in both conventional fuel cells and flow batteries (25, 26). In addition, operating PEFCs above 80°C provides heat management and CO tolerance benefits (27).
A brief description of the experimental equipment and procedures is provided below, with more details in the Supplementary Information.
H7PV4Mo8O40 catholyte (HV4) synthesis followed the 'Metallomax' procedure (28) using the reagents: deionised water (with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm); vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5) powder (99.2%, Alfa Aesar, UK); Mo powder (99.9%, Alfa Aesar, UK); phosphoric acid (H3PO4) (85.0%, Sigma Aldrich, UK); and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) (99.5%, Alfa Aesar, UK). Na4H3PV4Mo8O40 catholyte (NaV4) was produced from HV4 by the addition of NaOH (98%, Alfa Aesar, UK). Catholyte concentration was determined gravimetrically using 25 ml glass density jars and pre-determined density vs. concentration calibration curves. Adjustment was achieved by either deionised water addition or heating and evaporation as required. The matrix of concentrations and temperatures studied (for both HV4 and NaV4) is given in Table II.
The cell components and build procedure (single cell, 5 × 5 cm active area) were identical to that reported previously (16), apart from the membrane electrode assemblies. The latter were NR212 membranes with a 'standard' anode catalyst coating (0.3 mg Pt cm–2) and a naked cathode side (supplied by Ion Power GmbH, Munich, Germany). Although this is a thicker membrane than the previously used Gore Primea (resulting in poorer fuel cell performance), it was found to be robust to large temperature variations and gave more repeatable results.
The CRRC test rig and experimental procedures were identical to those reported previously (16). All cell tests were conducted using a catholyte flow rate of 140 ml min–1 and air flow rate of 1 l min-1 (into the regenerator at ambient pressure). The anode hydrogen pressure was 1 bar and the cell was operated 'dead-ended' with occasional hydrogen purge events to remove excess water. The cell temperature was controlled using heating rods (RS, UK) inserted in the steel end plates whilst the catholyte temperature was controlled with a CAST-X 300 inline heater (Cast Aluminum Solutions, USA). An HCP-803 potentiostat (Bio-Logic, France) was used for all cell current-voltage (I–V) curves, monitoring open circuit voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. All cell tests were repeated for a range of catholyte reduction levels apart from impedance measurements, which were only conducted with catholytes at reduction levels corresponding to fuel cell open circuit voltage values of 800 ± 25 mV (see the Supplementary Information for more details). All cell and rig components displayed good chemical compatibility with the POM catholytes and no degradation of components was observed throughout testing.
Catholyte conductivity and pH were measured using a pHenomenal CO1300L conductivity meter (VWR International, UK) and 827 pH Lab pH meter (Metrohm, UK). Catholyte redox potentials were measured using a mercurous sulfate reference electrode and a JP945 graphite rod (Merson UK) as a working electrode. Fully oxidised samples of all catholytes were submitted for 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis (more details in the Supplementary Information).
Aqueous solutions of H3+x PVx Mo12–x O40 where x > 1 contain a mixture of species in dynamic equilibrium (29–32). Typically, the vanadium is present in keggin anions or in its free form of VO2+ (vanadium(V)). Likewise, if the POM is reduced, vanadium(IV) can exist as keggin-bound or free VO2+. To provide an indication of the speciation in the catholytes, fully oxidised samples underwent 31P NMR analysis. Example spectra are given in the Supplementary Information. Peak analysis followed that of Pettersson and co-workers (30, 31), from which it was possible to estimate concentrations of different species: VO2+ (Free V); PV1Mo11O40 keggins (V1-keggin); PV2Mo10O40 keggins (V2-keggin); PV3Mo9O40 keggins (V3-keggin); PV4Mo8O40 keggins (V4-keggin); and free phosphate (phosphate). Figure 2 illustrates the 31P NMR speciation results for Na4H3PV4Mo8O40 and H7PV4Mo8O40 across a range of concentrations at 298 K.
POM speciation plays a key role in the regeneration reaction. Reduced keggins containing three or more vanadium centres are the only species that react with oxygen at an appreciable rate (34–36). Thus, higher concentrations of V3 and V4-keggins are favourable and Figure 2 suggests NaV4 should undergo faster regeneration than HV4.
Thus, all the redox couples in the catholytes are pH sensitive and their redox potentials should increase as the pH decreases (i.e. a Nernstian relationship). This agrees with the trends observed in Figures 3(b) and 3(d) – both catholytes are acids, so concentration has a strong effect on pH, leading to a positive correlation between proton concentration and redox potential. However, the subtle changes in pH with temperature do not follow the general decline in redox potential as temperature increases, suggesting speciation effects may play a role. The conductivity results in Figures 3(e) and 3(f) are expected. Increasing temperature results in faster moving ions whilst increasing catholyte concentration increases the number of ions in the solution. Thus, increasing concentration should have a positive effect on cell performance, increasing the catholyte redox potential (and consequently cell OCV) and reducing the cell ohmic resistance, whereas the case for temperature is more complicated.
Figures 4(a) and 4(b) illustrate the transient cell performance of 5% reduced HV4 for a range of catholyte concentrations at 80°C (the same trends were observed for a range of reduction levels). Note, the peak power densities are smaller than the previously reported value of 1.078 W cm–2 for 0.3 M HV4 at 80°C because of the thicker membrane (18). The current density-voltage (i–V) curves in Figure 4(a) show a considerable improvement in performance on increasing HV4 concentration from 0.2 M to 0.3 M, which translates to a 25% increase in peak power. In addition, there is a noticeable increase in the maximum current density. However, the gains from further increasing catholyte concentration are much smaller, with a 6% increase in peak power achieved for the 0.3→0.45 M transition. Given the latter corresponds to a 50% increase in catholyte cost, the extra power gained may not be economical. In addition, there is little change in the maximum current density on increasing the catholyte concentration from 0.3 M to 0.45 M. This suggests a limiting current was not achieved at 0.2 V for the higher catholyte concentrations and, therefore, the performance of the cell can be considerably improved.
The impedance results in Figures 4(c) and 4(d) provide insights into the cause of the performance benefits gained by increasing concentration. The area specific high frequency resistance (HFR) values obtained at 0.35 A cm–2, 0.6 A cm–2 and 1 A cm–2 (8.75 A, 15 A and 25 A) in Figure 4(c) all show an increase in cell ohmic resistance as the catholyte concentration increases – the opposite of that expected from the conductivity results in Figure 3(f). The reason for this is unclear, but may be linked to VO2+ and VO2+ species occupying sites within the membrane. The Nyquist plots (at 0.6 A cm–2) in Figure 4(d) show the total cell resistance (the low frequency intercept) decreasing with concentration. Although not shown, the larger arcs on the right were found to vary with catholyte flow rate (the smaller arcs on the left were unaffected), suggesting those arcs are associated with impedance due to catholyte mass transport. Therefore, the left arcs must be related to anode impedance and/or catholyte kinetics. As catholyte concentration increases, there is a sharp decrease in the size of the right arc, consistent with the expected decrease in concentration voltage loss (i.e. cathode mass transport). This is accompanied by a subtle decrease in the left arc, most likely caused by an increase in the cathode exchange current. However, there is also an increase in cell ohmic resistance which diminishes the improvements gained by increasing concentration. As such, increasing the concentration beyond 0.3 M results in relatively minor performance improvements.
The corresponding situation for 5% reduced NaV4 is illustrated in Figure 5 (the same trends were observed for a range of reduction levels). Note the transient cell performance is poor compared to HV4 due to the large difference in open circuit voltages (18). Figures 5(a) and 5(b) suggest the best cell performance is obtained with 0.3 M NaV4. As before, there is a significant increase in limiting current and peak power density on increasing the NaV4 concentration from 0.2 M to 0.3 M. However, a further increase in concentration has a detrimental effect on performance. The Nyquist plots in Figure 5(d) show the right-hand arc, associated with catholyte mass transport, decreasing in size as catholyte concentration increases, as seen with HV4. However, unlike HV4, the cell ohmic resistance (Figure 5(c)) is lowest for the 0.3 M catholyte concentration, leading to the best observed performance. Comparing Figures 4(c) and 5(c), the increase in HFR from 0.2 M to 0.45 M catholyte concentration is much larger for HV4 than for NaV4. One reason for this could be differing amounts of free vanadium(IV), which could occupy membrane sites, displacing protons. Due to differences in pH, the concentration of VO2+ in reduced HV4 will be much larger than NaV4, for the same reduction level (38). Conversely, more vanadium(IV) will be keggin bound (i.e. anionic) in reduced NaV4 than in reduced HV4 (38).
Figures 6(a) and 6(b) illustrate the effect of temperature on the performance of a CRRC fuel cell using 0.3 M HV4 catholyte (5% reduced). At low current density, the i–V curves show the positive effect of temperature on reaction kinetics, with smaller activation losses as the temperature increases. However, at higher current densities, operation above 80°C has a detrimental effect on performance. For the temperatures studied (40–90°C), the cell peak power density ranges from 692 mW cm–2 to 860 mW cm–2, corresponding to a 24% power increase (from 40°C to 90°C). In a study with a conventional PEFC and fully humidified H2 and air, Song et al. found raising cell temperature from 40°C to 100°C increased peak power from ~500 mW cm–2 to ~800 mW cm–2, a 60% increase (25). This suggests the CRRC PEFC in Figure 6 is quite robust to temperature and cold starts would not be as problematic as in conventional PEFCs.
The HFR results in Figure 6(c) show cell ohmic resistance continuously decreases with increasing temperature, even at 90°C. Thus, although the fuel is dry hydrogen, the membrane drying observed in other temperature studies with PEFCs is not present here due to the aqueous cathode (39). Rather, temperature has the expected positive effect on ohmic resistance via increasing the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes. The Nyquist plots in Figure 6(d) provide insights into the performance trends in Figures 6(a) and 6(b). As observed, increasing temperature from 40°C to 70°C reduces all three sources of voltage loss: the right-hand arc (catholyte mass transport) and left-hand arc (associated with kinetics) are both dramatically reduced in size and cell ohmic resistance also decreases. On moving from 70°C to 80°C, the two arcs remain similar in shape and size, the main difference being the shift to a lower HFR, hence lower overall cell resistance. However, on increasing to 90°C, there is a significant growth in the left-hand arc, which more than offsets the decrease in HFR. Thus, the overall cell resistance increases and the cell performs worse than at 80°C. Although not shown, the left-hand arc has been found to increase when the anode is poisoned, suggesting anode kinetics can affect its shape. In this case, Figure 6(d) would agree with other studies of high temperature conventional PEFCs, where increasing temperature was found to decrease electrochemical Pt surface areas and exchange current densities (25, 40, 41). Thus, high temperature CRRC PEFC performance may be limited by anode kinetics.
The effect of temperature on NaV4 catholyte performance was similar to that for HV4. The power density curves for 0.3 M NaV4 (25% reduced) over a temperature range of 40–90°C are shown in Figure 7(a), along with HFR results in Figure 7(b). As with HV4, 80°C gave the best performance and cell ohmic resistance decreased over the whole temperature range. Thus, no membrane drying was observed and the reduction in performance on moving to 90°C operation can be tentatively attributed to a decrease in the total area of the Pt | electrolyte | hydrogen 3-phase boundary on the anode.
Following the method of Gunn et al. (16), regeneration sweeps were performed with reduced catholytes over the range of conditions in Table II (see the Supplementary Information for more details). Using data generated from these experiments, the rate of the regeneration reaction (i.e. the rate of vanadium(IV) oxidation) can be expressed as a 'regeneration current' (16). Figure 8 illustrates regeneration currents evaluated at different reduction levels for HV4 and NaV4 over the concentration/temperature matrix investigated. As observed previously, regeneration currents for NaV4 noticeably exceed those for HV4 (at the same conditions) due to the difference in pH of the two catholytes (18). For both catholytes, concentration has a relatively minor effect on the rate of the regeneration reaction, with varying direction. In general, for high levels of reduction, increasing catholyte concentration has a positive effect on the regeneration current, whereas the opposite occurs for low reduction levels. Increasing temperature appears to benefit catholyte regeneration apart from the fastest reactions (i.e. currents greater than ~35 A) where increasing to 90°C is detrimental.
Zhizhina et al. studied the regeneration of 0.2 M H7PV4Mo8O40 at various levels of reduction over a range of temperatures (40–90°C) in 1 atm O2 (37). The researchers used a basic shaking method to mix gas and liquid. The maximum volumetric regeneration current they measured was approximately 400 A l–1, recorded at 90°C for 68% reduced catholyte. This corresponds to ~80 A l–1 for the same reaction in air. In the CRRC system, 65% reduced 0.2 M HV4 produced a regeneration current of ~30 A. Given the volume of catholyte in the regenerator is ~250 ml, this corresponds to a volumetric current of ~120 A l–1, which is similar in magnitude to that recorded by Zhizhina et al., the increase likely caused by the better liquid-gas mixing (37). For reduction levels greater than 50%, Zhizhina et al. found the rate of regeneration, w, could be described by Equation (vii), where k is an apparent rate constant, [VIV] is the concentration of vanadium(IV) in the reduced catholyte, [H+] is the concentration of protons, p O2 is the partial pressure of oxygen, R is the universal gas constant and T is temperature (37).
Equation (vii) suggests increasing the temperature and concentrations of oxygen and reduced catholyte all have a positive effect on the rate of regeneration, as expected. The negative dependence on proton concentration is less obvious and arises from POM-speciation effects. Only keggin-bound vanadium(IV) can reduce molecular oxygen. Decreasing the pH favours the formation of VO2+ (38) and thus, results in slower regeneration kinetics. Equation (vii) also explains the trends in Figure 8. Increasing the catholyte concentration for a given reduction level increases both vanadium(IV) and proton concentration (see Figure 3(e)). In addition, increasing the reduction level increases catholyte pH. So, the positive effect of increasing catholyte concentration is only observed at the highest reduction levels. Regarding temperature, the trends in Figures 8(c) and 8(d) agree with the exponential term in Equation (vii), apart from some of the results at 90°C. The latter is caused by the effect of temperature on oxygen solubility. When the kinetics are fast, the reaction can be limited by the mass transport of dissolved oxygen. In this case, increasing temperature may have a negative effect on the regeneration rate by decreasing oxygen solubility. This appears to be the case for regeneration currents over 35 A, corresponding to 140 A l–1, at 90°C. Note, this negative effect of temperature was not observed by Zhizhina et al. because their (comparative) volumetric currents were significantly lower than 140 A l–1 (37).
For many applications, fuel cells are required to perform at a given power for a prolonged time. In this case, transient cell performance results, like those in Figures 4–7, are misleading for CRRC PEFCs. The true steady state performance of CRRC PEFC systems is often not reported. It corresponds to the cell operating voltage when the regeneration current equals the cell current. In this case, the redox potential of the catholyte entering the fuel cell does not change, resulting in a constant cell operating voltage (providing the cell is durable). Figure 9 illustrates the measured steady state cell voltage at 1 A cm–2 for both HV4 and NaV4 catholytes at all the conditions in Table II. The highest steady state cell voltage of 0.47 V is achieved by 0.45 M NaV4 at 90°C. Reducing the concentration and temperature to 0.3 M and 80°C, respectively, only results in a 10 mV drop in cell voltage, which is tiny considering the difference in cost between 0.3 M and 0.45 M catholyte. Thus, 0.3 M and 80°C appear to be the optimum parameters for NaV4. The same is true for HV4. However, in this case temperature has a greater effect on performance, with much larger variations in cell voltage observed across the matrix of conditions. The reason for this is the relatively low regeneration currents achieved with HV4, making the system more sensitive to temperature. Thus, 0.3 M NaV4 produces better steady state performance than 0.3 M HV4 and is more robust to changes in temperature.
Using the method of Gunn et al. (16), the steady state peak power densities were estimated from the transient cell performance and regeneration results for each catholyte in Table II. The results are summarised in Figure 10 and show NaV4 outperforms HV4 at all conditions. For both catholytes at 0.3 M concentration, increasing temperature improves steady state peak power up to 80°C, after which performance diminishes (Figure 10(a)). Likewise, Figure 10(b) suggests 0.3 M is the optimum temperature for both NaV4 and HV4 catholytes.
Although there are subtle differences in how temperature and concentration affect the regenerator and cell performance of HV4 and NaV4 catholytes, in terms of the overall CRRC system, the results are identical: 0.3 M and 80°C result in the optimum steady state performance for both HV4 and NaV4 catholytes (at ambient pressure). No meaningful benefit in system performance can be obtained from further increasing catholyte concentration. Likewise, increasing the temperature beyond 80°C appears to be detrimental for both HV4 and NaV4. Surprisingly, the CRRC PEFCs could operate with dry hydrogen at 90°C and ambient pressure with no evidence of membrane drying. However, the step from 80°C to 90°C operation was detrimental for both cell and regenerator performance. The latter was attributed to oxygen solubility issues whilst the former was linked to anode kinetics. Thus, high temperature operation may yield benefits at pressures above 1 atm. This will be explored in future work.
This study was part funded by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) Innovation Fund. The authors also thank Dr Corinne Wills (Newcastle University, UK) for the NMR analysis and Dr Natasha Gunn (University of Chester), Dr Matthew Herbert (University of Chester), Joshua Denne (Advanced Propulsion Centre, UK) and Nadine Uwigena (University of Chester) for their help and advice.
David B. Ward is a Leading Research Fellow at the University of Chester, UK. His interests lie in the study and development of environmentally considerate engineering technologies and practices. David graduated in 2001 with a PhD from the Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK. He spent several years working as a Senior Engineer for a research and development (R&D) start-up, ACAL Energy Ltd, developing a high efficiency gas liquid oxidation reactor for a novel hydrogen proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell engine. David continues to advance this work with respect to both fuel cells and water treatment applications.
Trevor J. Davies was a Senior Lecturer at the University of Chester and led the Electrochemistry Research Group from 2014 to 2018. His research interests include electrolysers, fuel cells, flow batteries and sensors. Trevor completed his PhD in Chemistry in 2005 at the University of Oxford, UK. Before joining Chester in 2014, he was a fuels scientist at Shell, UK, and subsequently led the cathode development programme at ACAL Energy Ltd, UK. Trevor recently left the University of Chester to join INOVYN's Electrochemical Technology Business.


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Big in the US where it is exported to in huge quantities this hot sauce is unfortunately hard to find in the UK - so snap it up while you can.
Sent some of this stuff by work collegues in Mexico, and since then ive been looking for it everywhere, it is amazing stuff, hot, yes but the flavour is amazing too and the heat isnt too overpowering i dont think..
very very tasty sauce, you can use it direcly on your food, cause of the right hotness quantity! strongly recommended!..


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New build ice breaking hull completed at Heddle Shipyards Hamilton yard
It was with great pride that on June 4th, Heddle Shipyards delivered its most recent new build project, the Kearl Lake small ice breaking hull. In partnership with Hike Metals from Wheatly, Ontario, Heddle Shipyards was awarded the hull portion of the new build ice class work boat for use in the oil sands tailings ponds. The hull has been delivered to Hike Metals, where they will complete the fit out and final delivery.
The partnership is a testament to how competing interests can collaborate and achieve a mutual benefit.. Hike Metals has proved an excellent partner to work with and we hope to build on this already strong relationship. In the highly competitive world of ship repair and construction it is important that co-operation exists within the industry. It is well known that the big shipyards in this country are maxed out with large federal procurement contracts and it is important for the smaller yards to band together in order to keep Canadian ship building in Canada.
The project marks another milestone for Heddle Shipyards as the company continues to build on a strong vessel construction reputation and position itself for bigger and more complex build projects. Hot on the heels of the Kearl Lake build is another new build currently underway in the Hamilton fabrication facility. A forty-foot, self propelled pontoon barge is slated to launch at the end of June and will be delivered to the clients in Georgian Bay in July.
© 2020 Heddle Shipyards | Where Water Meets Mettle


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Home > Interviews & Media > A moment with Dr Caminer: Medical Z-Bra: Dr David Caminer discusses his views on post-operative bras.
A moment with Dr Caminer: Medical Z-Bra: Dr David Caminer discusses his views on post-operative bras.
Dr. Caminer values the importance of post-operative compression for his patients. Regarding compression following a breast procedure Dr. Caminer always puts his patient's into a post-operative bra. "Everyone gets a post-operative bra and I choose to use the Medical ZBra for this" says Dr. Caminer.
Considering his standard of practice, Dr. Caminer states "as soon as the operation is finished we put them into a ZBra. Usually in the operating theatre so I know the bra is put on correctly with the drains coming out where I like them". This is uniformly Dr. Caminer's practice ensuring the post-operative bra compliments his surgical techniques and results.
Dr. Caminer believes in ensuring correct compression of the breasts, in particular in keeping them in a natural neutral position "I like the ZBra to be worn so the implants get supported. I especially like them to wear the ZBra at night" says Dr. Caminer who feels that this is especially important in preventing implant rotation when using anatomical implants. Dr. Caminer adds regarding the importance of ensuring the correct positioning of the implants "The ZBra is not giving undue restrictions in different areas to put the pocket out. It supports the breasts".
Dr. Caminer does not base his choice of post-operative garment on price. Rather than using cheaper sports or Lycra bra for his patients, Dr. Caminer chooses to use the Medical ZBra, affirming, "I have control of the style, I know the compression. Rather than people going and choosing their own bra I feel more comfortable saying that these are the bras we recommend. I know they are not going to be too tight and so I feel more at ease recommending a bra I know".


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Home→Zionism→Zionism and the Holocaust→Zionists during the Holocaust: A studied indifference
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Zionists during the Holocaust: A studied indifference
Aldeilis (EN) Posted on 20. February 2005 by Administrator 20. February 2005
Book Review in Jerusalem Post, 30. Nov. 1991 (excerpts)
Hamillion Hashvi'i (The Seventh Million): The Israelis and the Holocaust, by Tom Segev, Jerusalem, Domino Press, Keter, 548 pp. NIS 45.90
Book review by Gilla Eisenberg
How die the Zionist leaders relate to the Holocaust and to European Jews during and after WWII? How was the catastrophe perceived in the Yishuv, and later in the newborn State? What reception awaited the survivors arriving in the Promised Land? How did Israeli society choose to safeguard the memory of the Holocaust?
Tom Segev – a historian and columnist at Ha'aretz – has worked for over two years to answer these questions, digging into various archives and unearthing much unpublished material. The overall picture that emerges is a far cry from the awe and respect on might suppose this event would elicit.
The Zionist leadership, whether Mapai or Herut [Labor or Right-wing Revisionist – E.D.], behaved with incredible disregard for the events in Europe: the fate of their European brethren was important only insofar as it served the Zionist cause; in later years, the Holocaust, its consequences, its memory, were exploited without any qualms in political infighting by major Israeli parties.
To flesh out his provocative thesis, Segev lines up a number of 'affairs' which bitterly divided the country, and shows the way the Holocaust was used and abused by political figures like Ben-Gurion and Begin. Most of the facts are known and, though Segev does reveal some new elements, it is his assembling of different events which proves so troubling.
Zionists from all sides adopted a 'pragmatic' attitude during the war in regard to the rescue of European Jews. Since they were quite powerless at that time [see entries on Zionism in the United States during World War II for contrary evidence], they tended simply to negate the extent of the catastrophe. Segev refuses to go into the question of whether or not all was done by the Jewish leaders in Mandatory Palestine that could be done. Nevertheless, the documents he produces show clearly that the fate of the Jews under Nazi domination was never a priority for Ben Gurion. He was a man dedicated to one cause: the establishment of a Jewish state. He put all his strength into this task.
More shocking is the way the survivors were treated on their arrival in the Promised Land. Regarded with undisguised contempt, they weren't even given the chance to speak about their experiences: this kind of testimony was considered 'demoralizing'. Moshe Sharett declared that they were 'undesirable human material'.
Ben-Gurion and his associates couldn't reconcile the image of the crushed Jewish victims of Nazism with the new Jew that Zionist ideology had tried to set up: the proud pioneer-soldier. On the other hand, the leaders of the Jewish Agency and of Mapai realized that the Holocaust powerfully buttressed the reasons for their work. These two contradictory reactions may explain the ambiguity which characterized the relation of the Israelis to the event and to the survivors.
Some rituals inflicted on Israeli youth border on the grotesque: Segev witnessed some shocking scenes when he travelled to Poland to participate with groups of adolescents in the 'March of the Living', now a must in Holocaust education. He is deeply troubled by the fact that the lesson taught is one of mistrust of the outside world, of aggressiveness and narrow nationalism. The memory of Holocaust should have instilled respect for democratic values and human rights, and reinforced the struggle against racism.
A harsh piece of self-criticism, The Seventh Million offers interesting revelations and sometimes controversial conclusions. It will no doubt provoke passionate debate. Members of the new generation, who were taught mainly the heroic deeds of the founding fathers, will discover that the mythic figures of the Zionist enterprise were great men who also made great mistakes. So far, it seems, Israeli society has not yet learned how to cope with the Holocaust – with its survivors and with the preservation of its memory – in an appropriate and dignified manner.
(The Seventh Million will be published in English early in 1992 by Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, New York)
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