text:
Synthetic plastic polymer
"PVC" redirects here. For other uses, see PVC (disambiguation).
poly(1-chloroethylene)
Polychloroethylene
Abbreviations PVC
CHEBI:53243
MeSH Polyvinyl+Chloride
(C2H3Cl)n
Appearance white, brittle solid
Solubility in alcohol insoluble
Solubility in tetrahydrofuran slightly soluble
−10.71×10−6 (SI, 22 °C)
Threshold limit value (TLV)
10 mg/m3 (inhalable), 3 mg/m3 (respirable) (TWA)
Elongation at break
Notch test
2–5 kJ/m2
Glass Transition Temperature
82 °C (180 °F)
100 °C (212 °F) to 260 °C (500 °F)
Effective heat of combustion
17.95 MJ/kg
Specific heat (c)
0.9 kJ/(kg·K)
Water absorption (ASTM)
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage
40 MV/m
Polyvinyl chloride (colloquial: polyvinyl, vinyl; abbreviated: PVC) is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer (after polyethylene and polypropylene). About 40 million tons of PVC are produced each year.
PVC comes in two basic forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible. The rigid form of PVC is used in construction for pipe and in profile applications such as doors and windows. It is also used in making bottles, non-food packaging, food-covering sheets, and cards (such as bank or membership cards). It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely used being phthalates. In this form, it is also used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, imitation leather, flooring, signage, phonograph records, inflatable products, and many applications where it replaces rubber. With cotton or linen, it is used in the production of canvas.
Pure polyvinyl chloride is a white, brittle solid. It is insoluble in alcohol but slightly soluble in tetrahydrofuran.
Discovery[]
PVC was synthesized in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann after extended investigation and experimentation. The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of vinyl chloride that had been left on a shelf sheltered from sunlight for four weeks. In the early 20th century, the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical company Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer thwarted their efforts. Waldo Semon and the B.F. Goodrich Company developed a method in 1926 to plasticize PVC by blending it with various additives. The result was a more flexible and more easily processed material that soon achieved widespread commercial use.
Production[]
Polyvinyl chloride is produced by polymerization of the vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), as shown.
About 80% of production involves suspension polymerization. Emulsion polymerization accounts for about 12%, and bulk polymerization accounts for 8%. Suspension polymerization affords particles with average diameters of 100–180 μm, whereas emulsion polymerization gives much smaller particles of average size around 0.2 μm. VCM and water are introduced into the reactor along with a polymerization initiator and other additives. The contents of the reaction vessel are pressurized and continually mixed to maintain the suspension and ensure a uniform particle size of the PVC resin. The reaction is exothermic and thus requires cooling. As the volume is reduced during the reaction (PVC is denser than VCM), water is continually added to the mixture to maintain the suspension.
The polymerization of VCM is started by compounds called initiators that are mixed into the droplets. These compounds break down to start the radical chain reaction. Typical initiators include dioctanoyl peroxide and dicetyl peroxydicarbonate, both of which have fragile oxygen-oxygen bonds. Some initiators start the reaction rapidly but decay quickly, and other initiators have the opposite effect. A combination of two different initiators is often used to give a uniform rate of polymerization. After the polymer has grown by about 10 times, the short polymer precipitates inside the droplet of VCM, and polymerization continues with the precipitated, solvent-swollen particles. The weight average molecular weights of commercial polymers range from 100,000 to 200,000, and the number average molecular weights range from 45,000 to 64,000.
Once the reaction has run its course, the resulting PVC slurry is degassed and stripped to remove excess VCM, which is recycled. The polymer is then passed through a centrifuge to remove water. The slurry is further dried in a hot air bed, and the resulting powder is sieved before storage or pelletization. Normally, the resulting PVC has a VCM content of less than 1 part per million. Other production processes, such as micro-suspension polymerization and emulsion polymerization, produce PVC with smaller particle sizes (10 μm vs. 120–150 μm for suspension PVC) with slightly different properties and with somewhat different sets of applications.
PVC may be manufactured from either naphtha or ethylene feedstock. However, in China, where there are substantial stocks, coal is the main starting material for the calcium carbide process. The acetylene so generated is then converted to VCM which usually involves the use of a mercury-based catalyst. The process is also very energy intensive with much waste generated.
Microstructure[]
The polymers are linear and are strong. The monomers are mainly arranged head-to-tail, meaning that there are chlorides on alternating carbon centres. PVC has mainly an atactic stereochemistry, which means that the relative stereochemistry of the chloride centres are random. Some degree of syndiotacticity of the chain gives a few percent crystallinity that is influential on the properties of the material. About 57% of the mass of PVC is chlorine. The presence of chloride groups gives the polymer very different properties from the structurally related material polyethylene. The density is also higher than these structurally related plastics.
Producers[]
About half of the world's PVC production capacity is in China, despite the closure of many Chinese PVC plants due to issues complying with environmental regulations and poor capacities of scale. The largest single producer of PVC as of 2018 is Shin-Etsu Chemical of Japan, with a global share of around 30%. The other major suppliers are based in North America and Western Europe.
Additives[]
The product of the polymerization process is unmodified PVC. Before PVC can be made into finished products, it always requires conversion into a compound by the incorporation of additives (but not necessarily all of the following) such as heat stabilizers, UV stabilizers, plasticizers, processing aids, impact modifiers, thermal modifiers, fillers, flame retardants, biocides, blowing agents and smoke suppressors, and, optionally, pigments. The choice of additives used for the PVC finished product is controlled by the cost performance requirements of the end use specification (underground pipe, window frames, intravenous tubing and flooring all have very different ingredients to suit their performance requirements). Previously, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were added to certain PVC products as flame retardants and stabilizers.
Plasticizers[]
Most vinyl products contain plasticizers which are used to make the material softer and more flexible, and lower the glass transition temperature. Plasticizers work by increasing the space and act as a lubricant between the PVC polymer chains. Higher levels of plasticizer result in softer PVC compounds and decrease tensile strength.
A wide variety of substances can be used as plasticizers including phthalates, adipates, trimellitates, polymeric plasticizers and expoxidized vegetable oils. PVC compounds can be created with a very wide range of physical and chemical properties based on the types and amounts of plasticizers and other additives used. Additional selection criteria include their compatibility with the polymer, volatility levels, cost, chemical resistance, flammability and processing characteristics. These materials are usually oily colourless substances that mix well with the PVC particles. About 90% of the plasticizer market, estimated to be millions of tons per year worldwide, is dedicated to PVC.
Phthalate plasticizers[]
The most common class of plasticizers used in PVC is phthalates, which are diesters of phthalic acid. Phthalates can be categorized as high and low, depending on their molecular weight. Low phthalates such as DEHP and DBP have increased health risks and are generally being phased out. High-molecular-weight phthalates such as DINP, DIDP and DOP are generally considered safer.
Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate[]
While di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) has been medically approved for many years for use in medical devices, it was permanently banned for use in children's products in the US in 2008 by US Congress; the PVC-DEHP combination had proved to be very suitable for making blood bags because DEHP stabilizes red blood cells, minimizing hemolysis (red blood cell rupture). However, DEHP is coming under increasing pressure in Europe. The assessment of potential risks related to phthalates, and in particular the use of DEHP in PVC medical devices, was subject to scientific and policy review by the European Union authorities, and on 21 March 2010, a specific labeling requirement was introduced across the EU for all devices containing phthalates that are classified as CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction). The label aims to enable healthcare professionals to use this equipment safely, and, where needed, take appropriate precautionary measures for patients at risk of over-exposure.
DEHP alternatives, which are gradually replacing it, are adipates, butyryltrihexylcitrate (BTHC), cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid diisononylester (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate, polymerics and trimellitic acid, and 2-ethylhexylester (TOTM).
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was a common plasticizer for PVC but is being replaced by higher molecular weight phthalates.
Metal stabilizers[]
Liquid mixed metal stabilisers are used in several PVC flexible applications such as calendered films, extruded profiles, injection moulded soles and footwear, extruded hoses and plastisols where PVC paste is spread on to a backing (flooring, wall covering, artificial leather). Liquid mixed metal stabiliser systems are primarily based on barium, zinc and calcium carboxylates. In general liquid mixed metals like BaZn and CaZn require the addition of co-stabilisers, antioxidants and organophosphites to provide optimum performance.
BaZn stabilisers have successfully replaced cadmium-based stabilisers in Europe in many PVC semi-rigid and flexible applications.
In Europe, particularly Belgium, there has been a commitment to eliminate the use of cadmium (previously used as a part component of heat stabilizers in window profiles) and phase out lead-based heat stabilizers (as used in pipe and profile areas) such as liquid autodiachromate and calcium polyhydrocummate by 2015. According to the final report of Vinyl 2010, cadmium was eliminated across Europe by 2007. The progressive substitution of lead-based stabilizers is also confirmed in the same document showing a reduction of 75% since 2000 and ongoing. This is confirmed by the corresponding growth in calcium-based stabilizers, used as an alternative to lead-based stabilizers, more and more, also outside Europe.
Tin-based stabilizers are mainly used in Europe for rigid, transparent applications due to the high temperature processing conditions used. The situation in North America is different where tin systems are used for almost all rigid PVC applications. Tin stabilizers can be divided into two main groups, the first group containing those with tin-oxygen bonds and the second group with tin-sulfur bonds.
Heat stabilizers[]
One of the most crucial additives are heat stabilizers. These agents minimize loss of HCl, a degradation process that starts above 70 °C (158 °F). Once dehydrochlorination starts, it is autocatalytic. Many diverse agents have been used including, traditionally, derivatives of heavy metals (lead, cadmium). Metallic soaps (metal "salts" of fatty acids) are common in flexible PVC applications, species such as calcium stearate. Addition levels vary typically from 2% to 4%. Tin mercaptides are widely used globally in rigid PVC applications due to their high efficiency and proven performance. Typical usage levels are 0.3 (pipe) to 2.5 phr (foam) depending on the application. Tin stabilizers are the preferred stabilizers for high output PVC and CPVC extrusion. Tin stabilizers have been in use for over 50 years by companies such as PMC organometallix and its predecessors. The choice of the best PVC stabilizer depends on its cost effectiveness in the end use application, performance specification requirements, processing technology and regulatory approvals.
Properties[]
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PVC is a thermoplastic polymer. Its properties are usually categorized based on rigid and flexible PVCs.
Flexible PVC
g/cm3
1.3–1.45 1.1–1.35
W/(m·K)
0.14–0.28 0.14–0.17
4,500–8,700 31–60
1,450–3,600 10.0–24.8
Flexural strength (yield)
Coefficient of thermal expansion (linear)
mm/(mm °C)
5×10−5 —
Vicat B
65–100 Not recommended
Ω m
Surface resistivity
Mechanical[]
PVC has high hardness and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties enhance with the molecular weight increasing but decrease with the temperature increasing. The mechanical properties of rigid PVC (uPVC) are very good; the elastic modulus can reach 1500–3,000 MPa. The soft PVC (flexible PVC) elastic limit is 1.5–15 MPa.
Thermal and fire[]
The heat stability of raw PVC is very poor, so the addition of a heat stabilizer during the process is necessary in order to ensure the product's properties. Traditional product PVC has a maximum operating temperature around 140 °F (60 °C) when heat distortion begins to occur. Melting temperatures range from 212 °F (100 °C) to 500 °F (260 °C) depending upon manufacture additives to the PVC. The linear expansion coefficient of rigid PVC is small and has good flame retardancy, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) being up to 45 or more. The LOI is the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as a percentage, that will support combustion of a polymer and noting that air has 20% content of oxygen.
As a thermoplastic, PVC has an inherent insulation that aids in reducing condensation formation and resisting internal temperature changes for hot and cold liquids.
Electrical[]
PVC is a polymer with good insulation properties, but because of its higher polar nature the electrical insulating property is inferior to non-polar polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene.
Since the dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent value, and volume resistivity are high, the corona resistance is not very good, and it is generally suitable for medium or low voltage and low frequency insulation materials.
Chemical[]
PVC is chemically resistant to acids, salts, bases, fats, and alcohols, making it resistant to the corrosive effects of sewage, which is why it is so extensively utilized in sewer piping systems. It is also resistant to some solvents, this, however, is reserved mainly for uPVC (unplasticized PVC). Plasticized PVC, also known as PVC-P, is in some cases less resistant to solvents. For example, PVC is resistant to fuel and some paint thinners. Some solvents may only swell it or deform it but not dissolve it, but some, like tetrahydrofuran or acetone, may damage it.
Applications[]
PVC is used extensively in sewage pipes due to its low cost, chemical resistance and ease of jointing
Pipes[]
Roughly half of the world's PVC resin manufactured annually is used for producing pipes for municipal and industrial applications. In the private homeowner market, it accounts for 66% of the household market in the US, and in household sanitary sewer pipe applications, it accounts for 75%. Buried PVC pipes in both water and sanitary sewer applications that are 100 mm (4 in) in diameter and larger are typically joined by means of a gasket-sealed joint. The most common type of gasket utilized in North America is a metal reinforced elastomer, commonly referred to as a Rieber sealing system. Its lightweight, low cost, and low maintenance make it attractive. However, it must be carefully installed and bedded to ensure longitudinal cracking and overbelling does not occur. Additionally, PVC pipes can be fused together using various solvent cements, or heat-fused (butt-fusion process, similar to joining high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe), creating permanent joints that are virtually impervious to leakage.
In February 2007 the California Building Standards Code was updated to approve the use of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe for use in residential water supply piping systems. CPVC has been a nationally accepted material in the US since 1982; California, however, has permitted only limited use since 2001. The Department of Housing and Community Development prepared and certified an environmental impact statement resulting in a recommendation that the commission adopt and approve the use of CPVC. The commission's vote was unanimous, and CPVC has been placed in the 2007 California Plumbing Code.
Electric cables[]
PVC is commonly used as the insulation on electrical cables such as teck; PVC used for this purpose needs to be plasticized. Flexible PVC coated wire and cable for electrical use has traditionally been stabilised with lead, but these are being replaced with calcium-zinc based systems.
In a fire, PVC-coated wires can form hydrogen chloride fumes; the chlorine serves to scavenge free radicals and is the source of the material's fire retardancy. While hydrogen chloride fumes can also pose a health hazard in their own right, it dissolves in moisture and breaks down onto surfaces, particularly in areas where the air is cool enough to breathe, and is not available for inhalation. Frequently in applications where smoke is a major hazard (notably in tunnels and communal areas), PVC-free cable insulation is preferred, such as low smoke zero halogen (LSZH) insulation.
Construction[]
"A modern Tudorbethan" house with uPVC gutters and downspouts, fascia, decorative imitation "half-timbering", windows, and doors
PVC is a common, strong but lightweight plastic used in construction. It is made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers. If no plasticizers are added, it is known as uPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride) or rigid PVC.
uPVC is extensively used in the building industry as a low-maintenance material, particularly in Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. In the US and Canada, it is known as vinyl or vinyl siding. The material comes in a range of colors and finishes, including a photo-effect wood finish, and is used as a substitute for painted wood, mostly for window frames and sills when installing insulated glazing in new buildings; or to replace older single-glazed windows, as it does not decompose and is weather-resistant. Other uses include fascia, and siding or weatherboarding. This material has almost entirely replaced the use of cast iron for plumbing and drainage, being used for waste pipes, drainpipes, gutters and downspouts. uPVC is known as having strong resistance against chemicals, sunlight, and oxidation from water.
Double glazed units
Signs[]
Polyvinyl chloride is formed in flat sheets in a variety of thicknesses and colors. As flat sheets, PVC is often expanded to create voids in the interior of the material, providing additional thickness without additional weight and minimal extra cost (see closed-cell PVC foamboard). Sheets are cut using saws and rotary cutting equipment. Plasticized PVC is also used to produce thin, colored, or clear, adhesive-backed films referred to simply as vinyl. These films are typically cut on a computer-controlled plotter (see vinyl cutter) or printed in a wide-format printer. These sheets and films are used to produce a wide variety of commercial signage products, including car body stripes and stickers.
Clothing[]
Black PVC trousers
Main article: PVC clothing
PVC fabric is water-resistant, used for its weather-resistant qualities in coats, skiing equipment, shoes, jackets, aprons, patches and sports bags.
PVC fabric has a niche role in speciality clothing, either to create an artificial leather material or at times simply for its effect. PVC clothing is common in Goth, Punk, clothing fetish and alternative fashions. PVC is less expensive than rubber, leather or latex, which it is used to simulate.
Healthcare[]
The two main application areas for single-use medically approved PVC compounds are flexible containers and tubing: containers used for blood and blood components, for urine collection or for ostomy products and tubing used for blood taking and blood giving sets, catheters, heart-lung bypass sets, hemodialysis sets etc. In Europe the consumption of PVC for medical devices is approximately 85,000 tons each year. Almost one third of plastic-based medical devices are made from PVC. The reasons for using flexible PVC in these applications for over 50 years are numerous and based on cost effectiveness linked to transparency, light weight, softness, tear strength, kink resistance, suitability for sterilization and biocompatibility.
Flooring[]
See also: Sheet vinyl flooring and Vinyl composition tile
Flexible PVC flooring is inexpensive and used in a variety of buildings, including homes, hospitals, offices, and schools. Complex and 3D designs are possible, which are then protected by a clear wear layer. A middle vinyl foam layer also gives a comfortable and safe feel. The smooth, tough surface of the upper wear layer prevents the buildup of dirt, which prevents microbes from breeding in areas that need to be kept sterile, such as hospitals and clinics.
Wire rope[]
PVC may be extruded under pressure to encase wire rope and aircraft cable used for general purpose applications. PVC coated wire rope is easier to handle, resists corrosion and abrasion, and may be color-coded for increased visibility. It is found in a variety of industries and environments both indoor and out.
PVC has been used for a host of consumer products. One of its earliest mass-market consumer applications was vinyl record production. More recent examples include wallcovering, greenhouses, home playgrounds, foam and other toys, custom truck toppers (tarpaulins), ceiling tiles and other kinds of interior cladding.
PVC piping is cheaper than metals used in musical instrument making; it is therefore a common alternative when making instruments, often for leisure or for rarer instruments such as the contrabass flute.
Chlorinated PVC[]
Main article: Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
PVC can be usefully modified by chlorination, which increases its chlorine content to or above 67%. Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, (CPVC), as it is called, is produced by chlorination of aqueous solution of suspension PVC particles followed by exposure to UV light which initiates the free-radical chlorination. The reaction produces CPVC, which can be used in hotter and more corrosive environments than PVC.
Health and safety[]
Degradation[]
Degradation during service life, or after careless disposal, is a chemical change that drastically reduces the average molecular weight of the polyvinyl chloride polymer. Since the mechanical integrity of a plastic depends on its high average molecular weight, wear and tear inevitably weakens the material. Weathering degradation of plastics results in their surface embrittlement and microcracking, yielding microparticles that continue on in the environment. Also known as microplastics, these particles act like sponges and soak up persistent organic pollutants (POPs) around them. Thus laden with high levels of POPs, the microparticles are often ingested by organisms in the biosphere[citation needed].
However there is evidence that three of the polymers (HDPE, LDPE, and PP) consistently soaked up POPs at concentrations an order of magnitude higher than did the remaining two (PVC and PET). After 12 months of exposure, for example, there was a 34-fold difference in average total POPs amassed on LDPE compared to PET at one location. At another site, average total POPs adhered to HDPE was nearly 30 times that of PVC. The researchers think that differences in the size and shape of the polymer molecules can explain why some accumulate more pollutants than others. The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus effectively degrades plasticized PVC. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was grown on PVC in a mineral salt agar. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinus tigrinus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus sydowii can effectively degrade PVC.
Phthalates, which are incorporated into plastics as plasticizers, comprise approximately 70% of the US plasticizer market; phthalates are by design not covalently bound to the polymer matrix, which makes them highly susceptible to leaching. Phthalates are contained in plastics at high percentages. For example, they can contribute up to 40% by weight to intravenous medical bags and up to 80% by weight in medical tubing. Vinyl products are pervasive—including toys, car interiors, shower curtains, and flooring—and initially release chemical gases into the air. Some studies indicate that this outgassing of additives may contribute to health complications, and have resulted in a call for banning the use of DEHP on shower curtains, among other uses. Japanese car companies Toyota, Nissan, and Honda eliminated the use of PVC in car interiors since 2007.
In 2004 a joint Swedish-Danish research team found a statistical association between allergies in children and indoor air levels of DEHP and BBzP (butyl benzyl phthalate), which is used in vinyl flooring. In December 2006, the European Chemicals Bureau of the European Commission released a final draft risk assessment of BBzP which found "no concern" for consumer exposure including exposure to children.
EU decisions on phthalates[]
Parts of this article (those related to this section) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
Last update: 2008 (November 2016)
Risk assessments have led to the classification of low molecular weight and labeling as Category 1B Reproductive agents. Three of these phthalates, DBP, BBP and DEHP were included on annex XIV of the REACH regulation in February 2011 and will be phased out by the EU by February 2015 unless an application for authorisation is made before July 2013 and an authorisation granted. DIBP is still on the REACH Candidate List for Authorisation. Environmental Science & Technology, a peer-reviewed journal published by the American Chemical Society states that it is completely safe.
In 2008 the European Union's Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) reviewed the safety of DEHP in medical devices. The SCENIHR report states that certain medical procedures used in high risk patients result in a significant exposure to DEHP and concludes there is still a reason for having some concerns about the exposure of prematurely born male babies to medical devices containing DEHP. The Committee said there are some alternative plasticizers available for which there is sufficient toxicological data to indicate a lower hazard compared to DEHP but added that the functionality of these plasticizers should be assessed before they can be used as an alternative for DEHP in PVC medical devices. Risk assessment results have shown positive results regarding the safe use of High Molecular Weight Phthalates. They have all been registered for REACH and do not require any classification for health and environmental effects, nor are they on the Candidate List for Authorisation. High phthalates are not CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction), neither are they considered endocrine disruptors.
In the EU Risk Assessment the European Commission has confirmed that di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) pose no risk to either human health or the environment from any current use. The European Commission's findings (published in the EU Official Journal on 13 April 2006) confirm the outcome of a risk assessment involving more than 10 years of extensive scientific evaluation by EU regulators. Following the recent adoption of EU legislation with the regard to the marketing and use of DINP in toys and childcare articles, the risk assessment conclusions clearly state that there is no need for any further measures to regulate the use of DINP. In Europe and in some other parts of the world, the use of DINP in toys and childcare items has been restricted as a precautionary measure. In Europe, for example, DINP can no longer be used in toys and childcare items that can be put in the mouth even though the EU scientific risk assessment concluded that its use in toys does not pose a risk to human health or the environment. The rigorous EU risk assessments, which include a high degree of conservatism and built-in safety factors, have been carried out under the strict supervision of the European Commission and provide a clear scientific evaluation on which to judge whether or not a particular substance can be safely used.
The FDA Paper titled "Safety Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Released from PVC Medical Devices" states that critically ill or injured patients may be at increased risk of developing adverse health effects from DEHP, not only by virtue of increased exposure relative to the general population, but also because of the physiological and pharmacodynamic changes that occur in these patients compared to healthy individuals.
Lead[]
Lead had previously been frequently added to PVC to improve workability and stability. Lead has been shown to leach into drinking water from PVC pipes.
In Europe the use of lead-based stabilizers was gradually replaced. The VinylPlus voluntary commitment which began in 2000, saw European Stabiliser Producers Association (ESPA) members complete the replacement of Pb-based stabilisers in 2015.
Vinyl chloride monomer[]
Main article: Vinyl chloride
In the early 1970s, the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride (usually called vinyl chloride monomer or VCM) was linked to cancers in workers in the polyvinyl chloride industry. Specifically workers in polymerization section of a B.F. Goodrich plant near Louisville, Kentucky, were diagnosed with liver angiosarcoma also known as hemangiosarcoma, a rare disease. Since that time, studies of PVC workers in Australia, Italy, Germany, and the UK have all associated certain types of occupational cancers with exposure to vinyl chloride, and it has become accepted that VCM is a carcinogen. Technology for removal of VCM from products has become stringent, commensurate with the associated regulations.
Dioxins[]
Main article: Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
PVC produces HCl upon combustion almost quantitatively related to its chlorine content. Extensive studies in Europe indicate that the chlorine found in emitted dioxins is not derived from HCl in the flue gases. Instead, most dioxins arise in the condensed solid phase by the reaction of inorganic chlorides with graphitic structures in char-containing ash particles. Copper acts as a catalyst for these reactions.
Studies of household waste burning indicate consistent increases in dioxin generation with increasing PVC concentrations. According to the EPA dioxin inventory, landfill fires are likely to represent an even larger source of dioxin to the environment. A survey of international studies consistently identifies high dioxin concentrations in areas affected by open waste burning and a study that looked at the homologue pattern found the sample with the highest dioxin concentration was "typical for the pyrolysis of PVC". Other EU studies indicate that PVC likely "accounts for the overwhelming majority of chlorine that is available for dioxin formation during landfill fires."
The next largest sources of dioxin in the EPA inventory are medical and municipal waste incinerators. Various studies have been conducted that reach contradictory results. For instance a study of commercial-scale incinerators showed no relationship between the PVC content of the waste and dioxin emissions. Other studies have shown a clear correlation between dioxin formation and chloride content and indicate that PVC is a significant contributor to the formation of both dioxin and PCB in incinerators.
In February 2007, the Technical and Scientific Advisory Committee of the US Green Building Council (USGBC) released its report on a PVC avoidance related materials credit for the LEED Green Building Rating system. The report concludes that "no single material shows up as the best across all the human health and environmental impact categories, nor as the worst" but that the "risk of dioxin emissions puts PVC consistently among the worst materials for human health impacts."
In Europe the overwhelming importance of combustion conditions on dioxin formation has been established by numerous researchers. The single most important factor in forming dioxin-like compounds is the temperature of the combustion gases. Oxygen concentration also plays a major role on dioxin formation, but not the chlorine content.
The design of modern incinerators minimises PCDD/F formation by optimising the stability of the thermal process. To comply with the EU emission limit of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 modern incinerators operate in conditions minimising dioxin formation and are equipped with pollution control devices which catch the low amounts produced. Recent information is showing for example that dioxin levels in populations near incinerators in Lisbon and Madeira have not risen since the plants began operating in 1999 and 2002 respectively.
Several studies have also shown that removing PVC from waste would not significantly reduce the quantity of dioxins emitted. The EU Commission published in July 2000 a Green Paper on the Environmental Issues of PVC" The Commission states (on page 27) that it has been suggested that the reduction of the chlorine content in the waste can contribute to the reduction of dioxin formation, even though the actual mechanism is not fully understood. The influence on the reduction is also expected to be a second or third order relationship. It is most likely that the main incineration parameters, such as the temperature and the oxygen concentration, have a major influence on the dioxin formation". The Green Paper states further that at the current levels of chlorine in municipal waste, there does not seem to be a direct quantitative relationship between chlorine content and dioxin formation.
A study commissioned by the European Commission on "Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of principal competing materials" states that "Recent studies show that the presence of PVC has no significant effect on the amount of dioxins released through incineration of plastic waste."
End-of-life[]
The European waste hierarchy refers to the five steps included in the article 4 of the Waste Framework Directive:
Prevention: preventing and reducing waste generation.
Reuse and preparation for reuse: giving the products a second life before they become waste.
Recycle: any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes composting and it does not include incineration.
Recovery: some waste incineration based on a political non-scientific formula that upgrades the less inefficient incinerators.
Disposal: processes to dispose of waste be it landfilling, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification and other finalist solutions. Landfill is restricted in some EU-countries through Landfill Directives and there is a debate about incineration. For example, original plastic which contains a lot of energy is just recovered in energy instead of being recycled. According to the Waste Framework Directive, the European Waste Hierarchy is legally binding except in cases that may require specific waste streams to depart from the hierarchy. This should be justified on the basis of life-cycle thinking.
The European Commission has set new rules to promote the recovery of PVC waste for use in a number of construction products. It says: "The use of recovered PVC should be encouraged in the manufacture of certain construction products because it allows the reuse of old PVC ... This avoids PVC being discarded in landfills or incinerated causing release of carbon dioxide and cadmium in the environment".
Industry initiatives[]
In Europe, developments in PVC waste management have been monitored by Vinyl 2010, established in 2000. Vinyl 2010's objective was to recycle 200,000 tonnes of post-consumer PVC waste per year in Europe by the end of 2010, excluding waste streams already subject to other or more specific legislation (such as the European Directives on End-of-Life Vehicles, Packaging and Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment).
Since June 2011, it is followed by VinylPlus, a new set of targets for sustainable development. Its main target is to recycle 800,000 tonnes per year of PVC by 2020 including 100,000 tonnes of "difficult to recycle" waste. One facilitator for collection and recycling of PVC waste is Recovinyl. The reported and audited mechanically recycled PVC tonnage in 2016 was 568,695 tonnes which in 2018 had increased to 739,525 tonnes.
One approach to address the problem of waste PVC is also through the process called Vinyloop. It is a mechanical recycling process using a solvent to separate PVC from other materials. This solvent turns in a closed loop process in which the solvent is recycled. Recycled PVC is used in place of virgin PVC in various applications: coatings for swimming pools, shoe soles, hoses, diaphragms tunnel, coated fabrics, PVC sheets. This recycled PVC's primary energy demand is 46 percent lower than conventional produced PVC. So the use of recycled material leads to a significant better ecological footprint. The global warming potential is 39 percent lower.
Restrictions[]
In November 2005 one of the largest hospital networks in the US, Catholic Healthcare West, signed a contract with B. Braun Melsungen for vinyl-free intravenous bags and tubing.
In January 2012 a major US West Coast healthcare provider, Kaiser Permanente, announced that it will no longer buy intravenous (IV) medical equipment made with PVC and DEHP-type plasticizers.
In 1998, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) arrived at a voluntary agreement with manufacturers to remove phthalates from PVC rattles, teethers, baby bottle nipples and pacifiers.
Vinyl gloves in medicine[]
Plasticized PVC is a common material for medical gloves. Due to vinyl gloves having less flexibility and elasticity, several guidelines recommend either latex or nitrile gloves for clinical care and procedures that require manual dexterity and/or that involve patient contact for more than a brief period. Vinyl gloves show poor resistance to many chemicals, including glutaraldehyde-based products and alcohols used in formulation of disinfectants for swabbing down work surfaces or in hand rubs. The additives in PVC are also known to cause skin reactions such as allergic contact dermatitis. These are for example the antioxidant bisphenol A, the biocide benzisothiazolinone, propylene glycol/adipate polyester and ethylhexylmaleate.
Sustainability[]
PVC is made from fossil fuels, including natural gas. The production process also uses sodium chloride. Recycled PVC is broken down into small chips, impurities removed, and the product refined to make pure PVC. It can be recycled roughly seven times and has a lifespan of around 140 years.
In Europe, the VinylPlus Progress Report reports that 771,313 tonnes PVC were recycled in 2019. The report also covers all five sustainability challenges that the sector has set for itself covering controlled loop management, organochlorine emissions, sustainable use of additives, sustainable use of energy and raw materials and sustainability awareness. The Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), for example, after initially rejecting PVC as material for different temporary venues of the London Olympics 2012, has reviewed its decision and developed a policy for its use. This policy highlighted that the functional properties of PVC make it the most appropriate material in certain circumstances while taking into consideration the environmental and social impacts across the whole life cycle, e.g. the rate for recycling or reuse and the percentage of recycled content. Temporary parts, like roofing covers of the Olympic Stadium, the Water Polo Arena, and the Royal Artillery Barracks, would be deconstructed and a part recycled in the VinyLoop process.
See also[]
Chemistry portal
Chloropolymers
Plastic pressure pipe systems
Polyvinyl fluoride
Polyvinylidene chloride
Polyvinylidene fluoride
PVC clothing
PVC fetishism
Vinyl roof membrane
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Ishtiaq Ali, Muhammad (2011). Microbial degradation of polyvinyl chloride plastics (PDF) (PhD). Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 76.
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Halden, Rolf U. (2010). "Plastics and Health Risks". Annual Review of Public Health. 31: 179–194. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714. PMID 20070188.
Directive 2005/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 14 December 2005. Official Journal of the European Union. 27 December 2005
Vinyl shower curtains a 'volatile' hazard, study says. Canada.com (12 June 2008). Retrieved on 6 October 2011.
Bornehag, Carl-Gustaf; Sundell, Jan; Weschler, Charles J.; Sigsgaard, Torben; Lundgren, Björn; Hasselgren, Mikael; Hägerhed-Engman, Linda; et al. (2004). "The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case–Control Study". Environmental Health Perspectives. 112 (14): 1393–1397. doi:10.1289/ehp.7187. PMC 1247566. PMID 15471731.
Phthalate Information Center Blog: More good news from Europe. phthalates.org (3 January 2007)
Yu, Byong Yong; Chung, Jae Woo; Kwak, Seung-Yeop (2008). "Reduced Migration from Flexible Poly(vinyl chloride) of a Plasticizer Containing β-Cyclodextrin Derivative". Environmental Science & Technology. 42 (19): 7522–7. Bibcode:2008EnST...42.7522Y. doi:10.1021/es800895x. PMID 18939596.
Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks. (PDF) . Retrieved on 6 October 2011.
Plasticisers and Flexible PVC information centre – Diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Didp-facts.com (13 April 2006). Retrieved on 28 January 2016.
"Safety Assessment ofDi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)Released from PVC Medical Devices" (PDF).
"China's PVC pipe makers under pressure to give up lead stabilizers". Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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Bibliography[]
Titow, W. (1984). PVC Technology. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85334-249-6.
External links[]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polyvinyl chloride.
The European PVC Portal (European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers)
Polyvinyl Chloride International Chemical Safety Cards—CDC/NIOSH
The Vinyl Council of Canada
US Vinyl Institute
Health issues of plastics and polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs)
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text:
2017 Big Ten Championships: Day 2 Up/Down Report
Olympic gold medalist Lilly King is the top seed in tonight's women's 200 IM at the Big Ten Championships. King and the Hoosiers are looking to keep pace with the Michigan Wolverines. Archive photo via Mike Lewis/Ola Vista Photography
2017 Big Ten Women's Swimming & Diving Championship
Event PageLive Stream Psych Sheet
More 2017 Big Ten Women's Swimming & Diving Championship
Lilly King Named 2017 Big Ten Swimmer of the Championships
Indiana sophomore Lilly King has been named the 2017 Big Ten Swimmer of the Championships after winning all three of her individual events, plus the 400 medley relay, in addition to swimming the fastest 100 yard breaststroke ever.
2017 Big Ten Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap – Michigan Wins The Title
The Michigan team took their second title in two years tonight at the conclusion of the Big Ten Women's Swimming Championships
Gia Dalesandro Sets B1G Record, Wins 4th B1G 2Fly Title in 4 Years
Gia Dalesandro just finished off her perfect record in the Big Ten Conference with her fourth conference championship in as many years in the 200 fly. Her performance tonight was a Big Ten record 1:53.67.
Lilly King Blasts #2, Kierra Smith #5 All-Time 200 Breast at B1Gs
Lilly King and Kierra Smith both swam top-five all time performances tonight in the 200 yard breaststroke at the Big Ten Conference Championships.
2017 Women's Big Ten Championships: Day 4 Up/Mid/Down Report
2017 B1G WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIPS Wednesday, February 15th to Saturday, February 18th | Prelims 11am | Finals 6:30pm Purdue University, West…
by Morgan Priestley 6
February 16th, 2017 Big Ten, College, News, Previews & Recaps
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2017 B1G WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIPS
Wednesday, February 15th to Saturday, February 18th | Prelims 11am | Finals 6:30pm
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Eastern Time Zone)
Defending Champions: Michigan Wolverines (results)
Psych Sheet
Live Stream via Big Ten Network
Building off their record-setting performance in the 800 free relay last night, the Michigan Wolverines put together a strong Thursday morning session that included three A-finalists in the 500 freestyle, including Big Ten record holder G Ryan. Neck-and-neck with the Wolverines are the Indiana Hoosiers, who placed six swimmers in the top 16 of the 200 IM, with superstar Lilly King holding the top seed after prelims. Wisconsin is also within striking distance, behind the star power of Cierra Runge and Chase Kinney.
Minnesota and Ohio State are looking to stay within striking distance of the top two teams. The Buckeyes have plenty of star power, but may have a hard time competing for a team title without the same depth. Minnesota is coming off a great session last night that included a Big Ten record in the 200 medley relay, and will also benefit more than any other squad on the boards; the Golden Gophers have three divers in tonight's A-final.
(Ups/Mids/Downs) 500 Free 200 IM 50 Free Diving Total Prelims point estimate Current point total TOTAL point estimate
Michigan 3/0/0 2/1/1 1/1/1 0/2/1 6/4/3 228.125 114 342.125
Indiana 0/2/2 2/4/0 0/1/2 2/0/0 4/7/4 225.25 108 333.25
Wisconsin 2/1/2 1/2/0 2/1/0 0/0/2 5/4/4 206.875 110 316.875
Minnesota 0/1/0 0/0/2 1/1/1 3/1/0 4/3/3 161.625 118 279.625
Ohio State 1/2/1 1/0/0 1/3/0 0/0/0 3/5/1 156 102 258
Northwestern 1/0/0 1/0/0 1/1/0 1/0/0 4/1/0 118.25 80 198.25
Purdue 1/0/1 0/0/4 0/0/2 0/2/0 1/2/7 87.75 92 179.75
Penn State 0/2/2 0/0/0 1/0/0 0/0/1 1/2/3 69.25 74 143.25
Iowa 0/0/0 1/0/0 0/0/1 0/1/1 1/1/2 49.875 78 127.875
Rutgers 0/0/0 0/0/0 0/0/1 1/1/1 1/1/2 49.875 74 123.875
Nebraska 0/0/0 0/0/1 0/0/0 1/1/0 1/1/1 45.25 74 119.25
Michigan State 0/0/0 0/0/0 1/0/0 0/0/2 1/0/2 35.125 58 93.125
Illinois 0/0/0 0/1/0 0/0/0 0/0/0 0/1/0 14.75 74 88.75
Note: Ups refer to swimmers in the A final, who can finish no lower than 8th barring a DQ; Mids refer to swimmers in the B final, who can finish no higher than 9th and no lower than 16th (again, barring a DQ on the low end); and Downs refer to swimmers in the C final, who can finish no higher than 17th and no lower than 24th (again, barring a DQ on the low end)*Does not include tonight's 400 medley relay
« 2017 SEC Championships: Day 3 Prelims Live Recap
2017 Ivy Women Day 2 Up/Mid/Down Report: Harvard, Yale Soar Ahead »
Cierra Runge
Lilly King
EasyBreezy
You have MSU 1 finalist in the consolation but that should be given to Wisconsin.
***In the 500
tallswimmer
Somthing's off with the "total" math – looks like it doesn't include diving… do the points?
Refresh your page, let me know if it's fixed. Had to do a quick update after diving results came in and may not have come through in the original post
About Morgan Priestley
A Stanford University and Birmingham, Michigan native, Morgan Priestley started writing for SwimSwam in February 2013 on a whim, and is loving that his tendency to follow and over-analyze swim results can finally be put to good use. Morgan swam competitively for 15+ years, primarily excelling in the mid-distance freestyles. While …
More from Morgan Priestley
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California Ends Texas Streak, Wins 6th NCAA Title in Program History
WATCH: Texas Two-Step, Shebat & Katz #2/#3 Performers in 200 Back All-Time
2019 Men's NCAA Championships: Cal Dominates Day 4 Up/Down
Lanza Moves to #7 All Time, First IU Butterfly Title Since Spitz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


PREPARING to make my favorite apple pie recipe tomorrow for the Cook family!
PACKING the warmest clothes I can find to head into the cold zones of Colorado.
BRAINSTORMING about what I will be creating for Christmas this year.
LOVING being back on Lake Erie and watching the way the colors and waves change from day to day.
GROWING my hair out and playing around with big curls and a center part.
MAKING this Squash, Chickpea, and Red Lentil Stew in the Crockpot.


text:
Pilot charged for buzzing boaters on Horsetooth Reservoir
Pilot charged for buzzing boaters on northern Colorado reservoir
Pilot charged for buzzing boaters on Horsetooth Reservoir before crashing
In honor of his late wife, this man wants you not to drink and drive
"I have three boys and a beautiful baby girl. This will affect them for the rest of their lives. Please be responsible and take care of one another."
Author: Ryan Haarer
Published: 12/30/2018 9:22:08 PM
Updated: 7:35 AM MST December 31, 2018
If you or anyone you know even thinks about driving after drinking, Brett Shaw hopes you remember his wife Sancy, killed in a Christmas Eve crash.
She and their 6-year-old daughter Charlee were hit on Interstate 70 near Genesee when a woman in a pickup truck lost control and crossed over the median. Colorado State Patrol said alcohol and marijuana may have contributed to the woman losing control. She also died. Charlee's now at Children's Hospital Colorado.
RELATED: Victims identified in I-70 Christmas Eve crash
RELATED: 2 women killed, 6-year-old seriously injured in I-70 Christmas Eve wreck
"I have seen the pictures of our family suburban. I've seen medical pictures of my daughter. She should not be here," said Shaw, in the lobby of the hospital he has spent so much time in over the last week. "She may never be able to speak again based on the area of the brain that was damaged so severely, but Lord willing, she's going to live."
Shaw said he is still trying to wrap his head around how to move forward with Charlee and his three boys. More immediately, he's finding positivity in the message he can spread ahead of New Year's Eve.
"There's nothing wrong with going out and celebrating life, celebrating the end of the year, beginning of the new year, a new start," he said. "There's nothing wrong with that. But we have the opportunity before we go to make a conscious decision to be safe. To plan ahead. To take care of one another. Be advocates for life."
Shaw said that Sancy, a teacher who loved the outdoors, embodied that mentality, which added to the difficulty of telling his boys their mother was gone. He said the hardest conversation he's ever had to have came on Christmas morning.
"She raised four amazing, God-loving kids. She leaves us with hearts full of joy and laughter. She leaves with us a sense of selflessness a sense of hard work, perseverance. A love of life," he said.
As many spend the next day coming up with their new-year resolutions, Shaw said he wants to remind all of us of what's important. That a genuine, 'I love you' and a kiss before running out the door, like the one he had on Christmas Eve, is a simple thing that can help us grow closer to the ones we love.
"Our time on this earth is unknown. Tomorrow could be my last day. Please don't take your loved ones for granted.," he said. "I can sit here, with confidence, and say my wife and I had an extremely loving, caring, respectful relationship that enabled us to grow and flourish."


Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt's financial performance representation contains (1) the actual 2012 average gross sales of certain Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt Stores in operation during the entire 2012 calendar year (Part I, below); (2) certain adjusted average annual expenses of affiliate-owned Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt Stores in operation as of December 31, 2o12 (Part II, below); and (3) the adjusted 2012 operating results of 2 affiliate-owned Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt Stores (Part III, below).
The financial performance representation in this Part I contains the actual 2012 average annual gross sales of 76 franchisee-owned Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt Stores and 3 affiliate-owned Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt Stores that were open during the entire 2012 calendar year.
These 79 outlets represent approximately 37% of the total 215 outlets open for business as of December 31, 2012. Outlets that were not in operation for all of 2012 have been excluded from the financial performance representation as their partial year performance is not indicative of the performance one would reasonably expect to see over an entire calendar year.
Orange Leaf has also excluded those outlets that were opened under its predecessor, OT Franchising, Inc., because these predecessor outlets operate under materially different conditions than a typical franchised outlet, such as from locations that would not meet the company's current standards for an acceptable location based on size, demographics, or type of building.
The actual average gross sales numbers do not reflect the costs of sales, operating expenses, or other costs or expenses, that must be deducted from revenue to obtain net income or profit.
The financial performance representation in this Part II contains certain average annualized expenses of the 14 affiliate-owned Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt Stores open for business as of December 31, 2012.
In calculating the reported averages, Orange Leaf excluded from each expense category for a given month, the expense of any outlet that experienced an unusual cost savings. For example, if an outlet negotiated a significant rent reduction for the first three months of its lease, Orange Leaf excluded that outlet's rent expense from the average for those three months.
Orange Leaf also excluded the management fee expense that each of these outlets pays to a general manager that oversees operations at multiple locations, a fee that would not be experienced by a typical franchisee.
In addition, if an outlet opened during 2012, Orange Leaf has annualized their expenses to provide an estimate of what that outlet would have experienced had it been opened for the entire 12 months ending December 31, 2012.
The financial performance representation in this Part III contains the adjusted operating results of 2 affiliate-owned Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt Stores since their inception in May 2011. These results are based on the internally-prepared financial statements of these affiliates and have not been audited.
Orange Leaf has excluded franchised outlets because it does not receive reliable expense reports for franchised outlets.
Orange Leaf has only included information for these 2 affiliate-owned outlets because these outlets have been operated under its current POS system for their entire existence, and therefore have the most complete and uniform set of operation data of all Orange Leaf affiliate-owned outlets. In addition, these outlets have the most typical operating conditions of all affiliate-owned outlets.
These 2 outlets represent 14% of the 14 total affiliate outlets open for business as of December 31, 2012 and they represent 0.93% of the 215 outlets open for business as of December 31, 2012.
Because these affiliates do not pay Royalty Fees and Advertising Fees at the same rate as a franchisee-owned outlet, Orange Leaf has adjusted the results to include what these outlets would have paid for Royalty Fees and Advertising Fees if they had been franchised outlets paying at the current rates.
Maybe little off subject…. but do you have anything on WABA Grill?
No, not yet. I'm not familiar with WABA Grill, but I'll try to see what I can find.
They seem to be growing pretty fast in the west coast along with flame broiler…..
Man… you provide a great service…. Much appreciated.
Thanks for your kind words 🙂 Let me see if I can their FDD or some other information on the company. Will also visit their website to learn more.


text:
London Calling #4
Yes, Prime Minister
Hosted by James Delingpole, Toby Young
Hosts Created with Sketch.
Subscribe with:
This week, our intrepid correspondents from across the pond take on the increasingly controversial race for Prime Minister in the U.K. (including a few thoughts about long shot Rory Stewart). Also, Parkland survivor Kyle Kushov is un-admitted to Harvard, and Oberlin College loses a big court case.
Subscribe to London Calling in Apple Podcasts (and leave a 5-star review, please!), or by RSS feed. For all our podcasts in one place, subscribe to the Ricochet Audio Network Superfeed in Apple Podcasts or by RSS feed.
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EtCarter
Thanks again. Excellent !
https://ricochet.com/podcast/london-calling/yes-prime-minister/#comment-4513857
June 17, 2019, at 4:46 PM PDT
Joe D.
You don't think Nigel Farage has a shot at becoming PM?
June 18, 2019, at 6:59 AM PDT
Joe D. (View Comment):
Maybe Baron Farage of Doggerland.
June 18, 2019, at 10:08 AM PDT
WilliamDean
Appetizing Standards Authority!? I don't even want to know.
Max Ledoux
He's not a Tory, so he has no shot of being PM this time around.
June 19, 2019, at 12:06 PM PDT
DHMorgan
An "Offense Archaeologist."
How long before this is offered to academic underachievers as an undergraduate degree at some loopy university?
jamesdelingpole
James Delingpole is a blogger, writer, columnist, and general irritant, who writes mainly these days for Breitbart, the Spectator, and Die Weltwoche.
Toby Young
toadmeister
Toby Young is a British journalist and educationalist. Young is the author of How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, the tale of his stint in New York as a contributing editor at Vanity Fair magazin…[more]


Posted December 8, 2010, 1:00 p.m.
Today, the Church celebrates the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. This is another of those inexplicable pinch-points between Catholics and Protestants, so let's take a look at what we are really celebrating today and why.
The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception is one of those things that is very much misunderstood by many non-Catholics (and even by many Catholics). It is not the belief that Jesus was conceived in Mary's virginal womb—that's the doctrine of the Virgin Birth of Jesus Christ (it's true, but it's a different dogma). It's also not some belief that Mary was conceived virginally like Jesus was; I'm not sure where that explanation comes from, but it's completely false and yet depressingly common.
Mary was a human being—nothing more, nothing less. She had a mother and father who were married, had marital relations, and conceived her in the traditional way. Extra-Biblical writings from the early Church identify her parents as Anne and Joachim. The only thing that made Mary different was a grace (gift) from God: from the moment of her conception, she was protected from the stain of original sin. She was a pure vessel, spotless enough to carry God Himself in her womb.
This put her in very select company. Before her, only Adam and Eve had been born without sin . . . and they messed things up pretty good by giving-in to temptation and falling away from God. When Mary was tempted in her life, however, she didn't go against God . . . which makes her unique even among this very exclusive company. Her assent to God's will was a necessary part of God's plan to bring redemption to the world; a fitting way for God to begin undoing the evils brought into the world through Adam and Eve's sin.
Protestants often raise several issues with these and other Marian doctrines of the Church.
They say that we worship Mary though worship is something reserved only to God. If this were true, it would be a valid condemnation. Fortunately for us Catholics, it isn't true at all. We adore Mary because she was chosen for special favor and responsibility by God, just the same as we adore the countless saints who have served God in the world. It's not unlike how secular society venerates historical figures like Abraham Lincoln. The fact that we really like Abraham Lincoln, that we erect statues and monuments in his honor, that we study him and his life, and that we respect him does not mean that we worship him.
We pray to Mary just like we pray to other saints not because they should be worshiped or because we think they are gods . . . we do it because the saints are part of the communion of saints (professed by all Christians since antiquity in the Apostles' and Nicene creeds). The saints in the Church Triumphant (Heaven) can pray for us just like I can pray for you and you can pray for me. We don't believe that the communion of believers breaks apart at death; on the contrary, that communion gets stronger as saints make it to heaven and are blessed to reside in the presence of God.
Many also criticize our focus on Mary because they think it takes something away from God—as if recognizing the greatness of certain worthy people could somehow diminish our recognition of the greatness of God. Does building a monument to Abraham Lincoln take something away from George Washington? No, of course not. Likewise, praising God's servants in the world does not diminish our praise of God. If anything, our attention to God's worthy servants in the world past and present—like Mary—can help point our own lives toward God. People, after all, learn best by example.
Lastly, and most troubling, we are criticized for aspects of our Marian dogmas (like the Immaculate Conception) on the basis that they 'aren't Scriptural.' One of the central battle-cries of the Protestant reformation was 'sola scriptura,' or 'by scripture alone.' If it wasn't spelled out in the the Bible, then it wasn't thought to be a worthy part of the faith and it was rejected. This argument, however, is applied very unevenly.
While Protestantism quickly abandoned the Marian dogmas, apocryphal tales of Jesus not recorded in the four Gospel accounts (like Saint Veronica's wiping his face with her veil on the way to his execution), and more, other 'non-Scriptural' doctrines remained. Almost all Protestant Christians still profess a belief in the Trinity—the mystery that God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit are three persons in one God—despite the doctrine being found nowhere in Holy Scripture. There are hints toward it, for sure, and it can be inferred from the Scripture, but it's never clearly spelled out. The doctrine was defined in the Church's early days and became a key part of our tradition. If we were to apply the doctrine of 'sola scriptura' here consistent with how it is applied elsewhere, we would need to abandon our belief in the Trinity.
The unevenness doesn't stop there. There are also many doctrines—most importantly the real presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist, and the necessity of receiving him in this way as his people—that actually are explicitly defined in Scripture and get rejected anyway by many 'sola scriptura' Christians. If you don't believe that the Holy Eucharist is the presence of Jesus Christ—body, blood, soul, and divinity—you might want to read John 6, the four Gospel accounts of the Last Supper, etc. The whole doctrine is there, plain as day, even if we read from a 'sola scriptura' perspective.
Anyway, yes, the Immaculate Conception of Mary is not explicitly spelled out in Scripture . . . but we can infer it easily by the hints found throughout the New Testament, just like we can infer the mystery of the Trinity. Consider some of what we know of Mary from what is explicitly recorded in Scripture. . . .
She was a young woman, betrothed to Joseph, who was approached by the angel Gabriel. The angel's greeting to her is traditionally rendered, "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with you!" (Luke 1:28; RSV). The angel of God refers to Mary, a woman, as being full of grace. Even Protestant translations that tend to tone-down potentially Mariological verses still call her "you who are highly favored" (NIV).
Gabriel presented her with God's plan, that she would bear a child even though she was yet unmarried and a virgin: "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God. . . . For with God nothing will be impossible" (Luke 1:35 & 37; RSV). She had the opportunity here to accede to God's will or reject it. She chose to submit herself entirely to God saying, "Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord; let it be done to me according to your word" (Luke 1:38; RSV).
When Mary visited her cousin Elizabeth, she was greeted: "Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb! And why is this granted me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? For behold, when the voice of your greeting came to my ears, the babe in my womb leaped for joy. And blessed is she who believed that there would be a fulfilment of what was spoken to her from the Lord" (Luke 1:42-45; RSV). Blessed are you among women, she is called. The mother of my Lord. Blessed is she who believed. Yet again, Mary is singled out (in Scripture!) as uniquely and specially blessed.
Then Mary responds, "My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoices in God my Savior, for he has regarded the low estate of his handmaiden. For behold, henceforth all generations will call me blessed; for he who is mighty has done great things for me, and holy is his name" (Luke 1:46-49; RSV). Once again, all generations will call me blessed.
And all of this is just from one chapter of one Gospel account! There is much more.
Consider that Mary was Jesus's sole human parent. Most likely, Christ's humanity was almost completely shared with Mary's. We can assume that Jesus's DNA was basically identical to Mary's, since there was no human father. She is the single direct source of Christ's humanity (while God, of course, is the single source of his divinity). Would God permit his son to share his humanity with somebody who wasn't spotless before him?
Never once in all Scripture did Jesus contradict his mother's wishes, which implies that her desires were always in-tune with God's (and, thus, without sin). At the Wedding at Cana—the beginning of Jesus's public ministry—Mary came to her son and asked for his help because they had run out of wine. Jesus said that, "My hour has not yet come" (Luke 2:4; RSV) . . . but when his mother told the servants to "Do whatever he tells you" (Luke 2:5; RSV)—more unmitigated obedience to God—Jesus works his first recorded miracle and turns water into wine. Jesus Christ himself could not deny the pure wishes of His Immaculate mother.
So you see, the dogma of the Immaculate Conception—that Mary was set apart in a special way from everybody else in history—is, indeed, scriptural . . . at least as much as other doctrines like the Trinity that aren't explicitly stated but rather implied by the Scripture, defined by the Church, and handed down through tradition.
If the traditions of the Church have no validity, then there is no Trinity. If we can't trust the doctrines of the Church, then we don't know if Jesus was God, man, both, or neither. In fact, if the traditions of the Church aren't to be trusted, then there is no Scripture at all for 'sola scriptura' Christians to fall back on . . . after all, the various books and letters of the New Testament Canon were collected, translated, endorsed, and approved by authority of the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) after Christianity had already been around for almost three centuries. Yes, it was the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church professed in the Apostles' and Nicene creeds that gave birth to the Scripture, not the other way around.
But if the traditions of the Church are to be trusted—and I believe they are—then we can trust the Scripture, trust the dogmas, and trust that Mary, the Mother of God ('Theotokos'), was conceived without the stain of original sin by the grace of God. It is this grace of God that we celebrate today . . . a sign of the immense generosity and love that he bestowed on Mary, his worthy and obedient handmaid.
Amen. Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee.


text:
Before I leave This Disgusting Board....Look At this!
Billy Shatine
14 Sep 2021 01:46	- 14 Sep 2021 11:07	#393411 by Billy Shatine
"Below are data, scientific judgments, and new studies and analyses that present compelling evidence against mass COVID vaccination. This is all we can do right now to fight vaccine dystopia and nourish the needed revolution."
This is what I find it impossible to deal with relative to Ketchim in particular! Why is ketchim singing the praises of the vaccination program and its success?
The vaccines are clearly bio weapons against the people. Any blind person can see that! So why is Ketchim in such total support of killer vaccines?
does Ketchim hate white people who so far are bearing the brunt of the vaccines? is that it then! hate of white people and in glee over the fact that they are being poisoned?
But Kethim claims that he has also taken the vaccines...that he is double jabbed and so fully vaccinated.
so if indeed ketchim is double jabbed I cant even use the argument that white people first, but that they will eventually get around to everyone including him. Indeed they are already around and here for everyone alread including double-jabbed him - ketchim!
so what is actually going on with ketchim then? Does he actually sincerely believe in the vaccines efficacy despite all the evidence to the contrary?
Last edit: 14 Sep 2021 11:07 by Billy Shatine.
14 Sep 2021 11:09	#393430 by Billy Shatine
alethonews.com/2021/09/14/youre-liable-f...euro-mps-are-warned/
You're liable for vaccine harm, Euro MPs are warned
TCW Defending Freedom – September 14, 2021
DOCTORS yesterday warned Euro MPs that they will be held personally responsible for harm and death caused by Covid vaccines.
Doctors for Covid Ethics, a group of doctors and scientists from 30 countries, sent letters to all European Parliament members giving notice of liability.
They sent the same letter to Emer Cooke, executive director of the European Medicines Agency.
Their action came as the parliament resumed business with a debate on health and prevention of disease, which will be voted on today.
The notice, served with supporting documentation, read: 'The rush to vaccinate first and research later has left you in a position whereby Covid-19 vaccination policy is now entirely divorced from the relevant evidence-base.
'As you consider your next steps in mandating a vaccine that is contra-indicated by science, we draw your attention to recently published Freedom of Information requests, which reveal gross negligence in the Covid vaccine authorisation process, including misleading the Commission on Human Medicines as to whether any independent verification of vaccine trial data had occurred.'
Doctors for Covid Ethics describes itself as an organisation of hundreds of doctors and scientists from all corners of the globe.
Another Effective Natural Medication For Covid Emerging
alethonews.com/2021/09/13/current-curcumin-studies/
By Dr. Joseph Mercola | September 13, 2021
Curcumin is the major biologically active polyphenolic compound of turmeric and gives the spice its yellow color. Recent research shows the biological activity of curcumin reduces the severity of COVID-19. The results rank curcumin in the top five substances of 25 tested when used early to reduce illness and death from COVID.1
Turmeric is a perennial plant in the ginger family and found native to southern India and Indonesia.2 Like ginger, it is the underground rhizome that is used in cooking and for medicinal purposes. Traditionally, it was used in Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.3
The cosmetic and fabric industry has also found uses for turmeric, having been used to dye fabric for more than 2,000 years.4 According to Linus Pauling Institute,5 evidence continues to mount showing that curcumin can exert antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities.
Clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the compound as an adjuvant or as a treatment for patients with several types of cancer, including pancreatic, lung, prostate and colorectal cancers. The variety of positive health benefits found with curcumin may be a result of its highly pleiotropic capability, or ability of interacting with a variety of molecular targets.6
In the current environment, researchers have been studying anti-inflammatory compounds in an effort to reduce the severity of COVID-19. After multiple studies, curcumin outranks zinc, quercetin, melatonin and remdesivir, which ranked 24 out of the 25 substances.7
www.investmentwatchblog.com/in-israel-th...ecord-heights-again/
In Israel, the most triple-vaccinated country in the world, daily new COVID-19 cases are at record heights again
After bringing daily infections down to little more than a dozen a day in June, Israel has been battling to control a resurgence of COVID-19 in what has been its fourth wave of infections since the start of the global pandemic.
On Sunday, several ministers were overheard prior to a cabinet meeting saying that some coronavirus-related restrictions were only aimed at incentivizing vaccination, rather than driving down morbidity.
Israel and Singapore: The 2 most vaccinated countries on Earth! Explosions of Covid [/b19. In the case of Israel~! Repeated Covid 19! surges
VAX ATTACKS: Singapore seeing chronic illness explosion after reaching 81 percent vaccination rate
www.cracknewz.com/2021/09/vax-attacks-si...-seeing-chronic.html
A massive spike in new "cases" of the Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19) has struck Singapore, one of the most "fully vaccinated" countries on earth with about an 81 percent compliance rate, according to the latest data.
Surging infections due to mass injection are stymieing efforts to reopen the country as "fully vaccinated" residents flood hospitals in desperate need of oxygen and other treatments.
Over the weekend, the number of patients requiring oxygen in Singapore doubled, showing that the injections they call "vaccines" are failing to provide the promised protection against Chinese Germs.
Compared to most other nations, Singapore was exceptionally quick to accept the Fauci Flu shots. Its residents lined right up and rolled up their sleeves, only to now face the consequences of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and other spike protein damage.
Injection rates have plateaued, reports indicate, as the vast majority of Singapore has taken all of the currently available shots pushed by the government. To now be seeing this spike in new infections and hospitalizations has some people questioning how and why this is happening.
"Infections over the weekend were more than a combined 1,000 cases, a tenfold increase from a month ago," reported Reuters.
Way To Go Nicki Minaj
www.stationgossip.com/2021/09/candace-ow...aj-accidentally.html
Candace Owens: Nicki Minaj 'accidentally stumbled upon the ministry of truth' and she's not playing
Conservative podcaster and Fox News contributor Candace Owens backed rapper Nicki Minaj, who blasted MSNBC host Joy Reid in a Twitter back-and-forth Monday for defending Americans' right to choose if they want to get the COVID-19 vaccine.
Host Tucker Carlson introduced the segment with a clip featuring Reid and guests who supported "skepticism" of the vaccine last year when they were being developed under the guise of then-President Donald Trump's "Operation Warp Speed."
He also highlighted a September 2020 tweet in which Owens voiced doubts about any vaccines approved by the Food & Drug Administration, which Minaj picked up on.
The "Candace" host began by saying it's "good for her" not to bend to the media pressure to conform automatically to some of the same people who once doubted the vaccines to now supporting them unequivocally that Joe Biden is in office and they are being pushed by a Democrat president.
"These are the people, by the way, that when they're running, they go around and get [celebrities] to endorse them," Owens said. "They try to get them to speak on behalf of them and Nicki Minaj is not playing that game."
The clap back by Minaj has allowed Americans to see what media elitists really think about celebrity allies, said Owens, following bylines that attacked the international star for supposedly being uneducated regarding the vaccines.
www.cracknewz.com/2021/09/congress-and-a...ges-exempt-from.html
Congress and all judges EXEMPT from mandatory Covid vaccination Executive Order because they know the clot shots are deadly
Resident Biden has signed an Executive Order that requires all federal executive branch workers to be vaccinated, except the House, Senate, himself, and all judges. The elitists enforcing everything Covid keep saying they can't make anyone take the jabs, but you're fired from your government job if you don't, and they're not taking them because they cause massive heart strain (myocarditis) and blood clotting in your blood vessels and organs. Only stupid peons get the clot shots, not people who are trying to rob the country for all its worth, destroy all medical choice, and dismantle the constitution. The elite exempt themselves from the deadly, dirty Covid clot shots (they take saline jabs for show).
The demented Left wants all American conservatives and natural health advocates to join the dementia bandwagon, and get the clot shots that destroy your heart and brain, sometimes overnight. It's not happening. Vaccination for Covid has come to a screeching halt, and that's why the CCP/Biden Regime has resorted to forcing federal employees, military members and every employee at every corporation to succumb, or else.
The Biden Regime and the Leftist judges have been cozying up to the VIC, the vaccine industrial complex, since before they stole the election. This dates back. So it should come as no surprise that the Executive Order for clot shots excludes them. The only jabs they're taking "on TV" or for some shilling CNN press video are saline shots. Surely Congress would never allow the President to sling vaccines on all government workers and forget to exempt them.
'The great American walkout' begins: Biden's overreaching move is focus of mass event
www.cracknewz.com/2021/09/the-great-amer...-walkout-begins.html
A call has been issued for Americans to take a stand against vaccine mandates by walking out of their jobs or schools.
On Thursday, President Joe Biden said he would draft executive orders forcing all employers with more than 100 workers to institute vaccine mandates, as well as imposing them on federal workers and federal contractors.
According to a news advisory provided to The Western Journal, "The Great American Walkout" kicked off Saturday with a San Diego news conference "to announce the launch of a nationwide peaceful protest of Police Officers, Fire Fighters, Medics, Educators and Parents who are all greatly concerned with President Biden and multiple other state Governor's recent calls for nationwide COVID-19 vaccine mandates."
The advisory noted the mandates "will affect 100 million Americans including all federal workers and contractors, accompanied by a requirement that large companies must impose vaccines or regular invasive testing for employees."
Who Are the Super Spreaders!!!!????
Best Believe They are the Vaccinated. They are Indeed the Super Duper Spreaders!!
CDC admits that "fully vaccinated" Americans are super-spreaders carrying deadly variants and high viral loads
08/01/2021 / By Ethan Huff / Comments
Bypass censorship by sharing this link:
www.afinalwarning.com/540140.html
It is official: The biggest public health threat right now are "fully vaccinated" people, whom the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now warns are super-spreaders polluting society with Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19) "variants."
Nothing the CDC did this past year helped bring the "case" count down, nor did the agency save any lives. To the contrary, by pushing face masks and Fauci Flu shots, the CDC took people's lives, all the while depriving the public of information about how to support their immune systems naturally.
We tried to tell everyone and were ridiculed repeatedly. To give him credit, so did former President Donald Trump, who early on revealed that existing off-patent medications like ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) would have done the job without the need for medical fascism and injections.
Unfortunately, Trump decided to go all-in with the deep state by proudly taking ownership of "Operation Warp Speed." Since that time, the former president has been aggressively promoting his vaccine, calling himself the "father" of the Chinese Virus injection.
We know some of our readers do not like to hear this, but Trump has declared it with his own lips, which makes him no better than Tony Fauci, Rochelle Walensky, or any of the other medical fascists telling us all that we need to get injected in order to buy, sell, and keep a job.
alethonews.com/2021/09/15/shockingly-cdc...ths-as-unvaccinated/
Shockingly, CDC Now Lists Vaccinated Deaths as Unvaccinated
While public health officials and mainstream media claim the COVID-19 pandemic is now "a pandemic of the unvaccinated,"1 we now know this claim is based on highly misleading statistics.
In a July 16, 2021, White House press briefing,2 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention director Dr. Rochelle Walensky claimed that "over 97% of people who are entering the hospital right now are unvaccinated." A few weeks later, in an August 5, 2021, statement, she inadvertently revealed how that statistic actually came about.3
As it turns out, the CDC was looking at hospitalization and mortality data from January through June 2021 — a timeframe during which the vast majority of the U.S. population were still unvaccinated.4
But that's not the case at all now. The CDC is also playing with statistics in other ways to create the false and inaccurate impression that unvaccinated people make up the bulk of infections, hospitalizations and deaths. For example, we now find out the agency is counting anyone who died within the first 14 days post-injection as unvaccinated.
Not only does this inaccurately inflate the unvaccinated death toll, but it also hides the real dangers of the COVID shots, as the vast majority of deaths from these shots occur within the first two weeks.5 Now their deaths are counted as unvaccinated deaths rather than being counted as deaths due to vaccine injury or COVID-19 breakthrough infections!


text:
/**
 */
package org.wso2.developerstudio.datamapper.impl;

import java.util.Collection;

import org.eclipse.emf.common.notify.Notification;
import org.eclipse.emf.common.notify.NotificationChain;
import org.eclipse.emf.common.util.EList;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.EClass;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.InternalEObject;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.impl.ENotificationImpl;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.impl.EObjectImpl;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.util.EObjectContainmentEList;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.util.EObjectContainmentWithInverseEList;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.util.InternalEList;
import org.wso2.developerstudio.datamapper.Concat;
import org.wso2.developerstudio.datamapper.DataMapperPackage;
import org.wso2.developerstudio.datamapper.InNode;
import org.wso2.developerstudio.datamapper.OutNode;

/**
 *
 * An implementation of the model object 'Concat'.
 *
 *

 * The following features are implemented:
 *

 *
{@link org.wso2.developerstudio.datamapper.impl.ConcatImpl#getDelimiter Delimiter}

 *

 *

 *
 * @generated
 */
public class ConcatImpl extends OperatorImpl implements Concat {
	/**
	 * The default value of the '{@link #getDelimiter() Delimiter}' attribute.
	 *
	 *
	 * @see #getDelimiter()
	 * @generated
	 * @ordered
	 */
	protected static final String DELIMITER_EDEFAULT = null;
	/**
	 * The cached value of the '{@link #getDelimiter() Delimiter}' attribute.
	 *
	 *
	 * @see #getDelimiter()
	 * @generated
	 * @ordered
	 */
	protected String delimiter = DELIMITER_EDEFAULT;

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	protected ConcatImpl() {
		super();
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	protected EClass eStaticClass() {
		return DataMapperPackage.Literals.CONCAT;
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	public String getDelimiter() {
		return delimiter;
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	public void setDelimiter(String newDelimiter) {
		String oldDelimiter = delimiter;
		delimiter = newDelimiter;
		if (eNotificationRequired())
			eNotify(new ENotificationImpl(this, Notification.SET, DataMapperPackage.CONCAT__DELIMITER, oldDelimiter, delimiter));
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public Object eGet(int featureID, boolean resolve, boolean coreType) {
		switch (featureID) {
			case DataMapperPackage.CONCAT__DELIMITER:
				return getDelimiter();
		}
		return super.eGet(featureID, resolve, coreType);
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public void eSet(int featureID, Object newValue) {
		switch (featureID) {
			case DataMapperPackage.CONCAT__DELIMITER:
				setDelimiter((String)newValue);
				return;
		}
		super.eSet(featureID, newValue);
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public void eUnset(int featureID) {
		switch (featureID) {
			case DataMapperPackage.CONCAT__DELIMITER:
				setDelimiter(DELIMITER_EDEFAULT);
				return;
		}
		super.eUnset(featureID);
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public boolean eIsSet(int featureID) {
		switch (featureID) {
			case DataMapperPackage.CONCAT__DELIMITER:
				return DELIMITER_EDEFAULT == null ? delimiter != null : !DELIMITER_EDEFAULT.equals(delimiter);
		}
		return super.eIsSet(featureID);
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @generated
	 */
	@Override
	public String toString() {
		if (eIsProxy()) return super.toString();

		StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer(super.toString());
		result.append(" (delimiter: ");
		result.append(delimiter);
		result.append(')');
		return result.toString();
	}

} //ConcatImpl

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub