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Giampiero Valè
Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Italy
Daniela Marone
Cereal Research Centre, CRA-CER, Italy
Xianchun Xia
Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Morten Lillemo
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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Front. Plant Sci., 27 July 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01212
QTL Analysis and Nested Association Mapping for Adult Plant Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Two Bread Wheat Populations
Yan Ren1, Weixiu Hou1, Caixia Lan2, Bhoja R. Basnet2, Ravi P. Singh2, Wei Zhu3, Xiyong Cheng1, Dangqun Cui1 and Feng Chen1*
1Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
2International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, Mexico
3Shangqiu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shangqiu, China
CIMMYT wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines Francolin#1 and Quaiu#3 displayed effective and stable adult plant resistance (APR) to Chinese Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici isolates in the field. To elucidate their genetic basis of resistance, two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations of their crosses with Avocet, the susceptible parent, were phenotyped in Zhengzhou and Shangqiu in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons. These populations were also genotyped with SSR (simple sequence repeat markers) and DArT (diversity arrays technology) markers. Two common significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) on wheat chromosomes 1BL and 4BL were detected in both populations by joint and individual inclusive composite interval mapping, explaining 20.3–28.7% and 9.6–15.9% of the phenotypic variance in Avocet × Francolin#1 and 4.8–11.5% and 10.8–18.9% in Avocet × Quaiu#3, respectively. Additional QTL were mapped on chromosomes 1DL and 5BL in Avocet × Francolin#1 and on 2DL and 6BS in Avocet × Quaiu#3. Among these, QPm.heau-1DL is probably a novel APR gene contributing 6.1–8.5% of total phenotypic variance. The QTL on 1BL corresponds to the pleiotropic multi-pathogen resistance gene Yr29/Lr46/Pm39, whereas the QTL on 2DL maps to a similar region where stripe rust resistance gene Yr54 is located. The QTL identified can potentially be used for the improvement of powdery mildew and rust resistance in wheat breeding.
Powdery mildew (PM), caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a significant disease of common wheat worldwide, reported to have caused yield losses of up to 34% (Alam et al., 2011). Since the 1980s, PM has been widespread across large areas of China, and is currently a major disease in the Northern, Yellow and Huai wheat growing regions. On average, 7.0 million ha of wheat planting areas were affected annually by PM in China from 2010 to 2015 (National Agro-technical Extension and Service Center (NAESC), 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015). Growing resistant cultivars is the most cost effective and environmentally safe approach to manage the disease (Gurung et al., 2009).
Resistance to PM in wheat is of two main types, viz. race specific and race non-specific. The former is usually effective against certain Bgt isolates, but ineffective to others. These types of genes usually exhibit resistance through the whole growth cycle of wheat and cause various degrees of hypersensitive foliar reactions in a gene-for-gene interaction (Flor, 1942; Hsam and Zeller, 2002). Race-specific resistance genes were widely applied in Chinese wheat breeding because of their high level of effectiveness through all growth stages of the crop. However, these genes are known to break down readily due to the selection of pathogen isolates with matching virulence genes. In contrast, race non-specific resistance is often quantitatively inherited. It usually shows resistance at the adult plant stage, hence, it is also called adult plant resistance (APR), and is more durable than the race specific resistance. So far, 82 PM resistance genes have been formally cataloged on 54 loci (McIntosh et al., 2017), but most of them are race specific and are easily overcome by new Bgt isolates (Leath and Murphy, 1985; Limpert et al., 1987; Li et al., 2014). Consequently, breeders have paid more attention to the development of wheat cultivars with APR to PM. So far, only three wheat PM resistance genes, Pm38, Pm39, and Pm46, are known to be race non-specific and confer partial resistance. These three genes also show pleiotropic effects on resistance to stripe rust, leaf rust, and stem rust (William et al., 2003; Spielmeyer et al., 2005; Herrera-Foessel et al., 2011). Moreover, Pm38 and Pm46 have been cloned (Krattinger et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2015). The multi-pathogen resistances conferred by Pm38 and Pm46 encode a putative ABC transporter and a hexose transporter (Krattinger et al., 2009; Risk et al., 2012; Moore et al., 2015), respectively. These pleiotropic APR genes are valuable in wheat breeding for their broad effectiveness and potential durability.
In addition, over 120 PM resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified using molecular markers in wheat (Li et al., 2014; Hao et al., 2015). However, some of these QTL might be the same due to their chromosomal location at approximate vicinity. Marone et al. (2013) developed a high-density integrated map for the projection of PM resistance genes, and identified 24 MQTLs containing 2–6 initial QTLs on 15 chromosomes through a QTL meta-analysis. The chromosomes 2B and 7A showed abundant PM resistance loci. Li et al. (2014) constructed an integrated linkage map using mapped QTL with PM and leaf rust resistance based on wheat consensus maps, and found eight resistance QTL clusters on chromosomes 1A (2 QTL clusters), 2A (2 QTL clusters), 3A, 4A, 5A, and 5B, respectively. Overall the A genome contained more PM resistance QTL than the B and D genomes.
Francolin#1 and Quaiu#3 are high yielding spring wheat lines developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), and have been widely used as parents in the CIMMYT wheat breeding program. They do not carry effective seedling resistance genes to PM as they displayed high infection type (IT) against Chinese Bgt isolates E09 and E20 at seedling stage (IT = 3 based on the 0–4 scale). However, the two lines exhibited stable resistance to those isolates at the adult plant stage, indicating the presence of typical APR to PM. QTL analysis for APR to stripe rust and leaf rust in Francolin#1 and Quaiu#3 were previously analyzed by Lan et al. (2014) and Basnet et al. (2014), respectively. However, the genetic basis of resistance to PM in the two parents remains unknown. The objectives of our study were to: (1) investigate the genetic basis of PM resistance in Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3, and (2) identify and characterize the major APR loci for PM resistance in these populations through joint and individual inclusive composite interval mapping approach.
In the present study, 196 and 195 F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from Avocet-YrA × Francolin#1 and Avocet-YrA × Quaiu#3 crosses, respectively, were used to understand the genetic basis of resistance to powdery mildew. Francolin#1 (Waxwing*2/Vivitsi) and Quaiu#3 (Babax/Lr42//Babax*2/3/Vivitsi) displayed moderate levels of stable resistance to powdery mildew at the adult plant stage. Whereas, Avocet-YrA (hereafter termed Avocet for simplicity), an Australian reselected line that lacks the resistance gene YrA, was susceptible to currently prevalent Chinese Bgt isolates E09 and E20 at all growth stages.
Greenhouse Test
Seedling tests of Francolin#1, Quaiu#3, Avocet and all RILs were conducted in greenhouse using the prevalent Chinese isolates E09 and E20 in 2014 and 2016. About 15 seeds of each entry were sown in 10 × 10 × 10 cm plastic pots where three seeds of susceptible cultivar Jingshuang 16 were also included as controls. Seedlings were uniformly dust inoculated with fresh conidiophores on two-leaf stage. Infection types (IT) were scored 7–10 d after inoculation based on the improved 0–4 scale standard following Wang et al. (2005).
Two RIL populations were hand-sown (~70 plants per line) in a 1.5 m long single row at Zhengzhou and Shangqiu in Henan province, China during the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons. Every 12th row was planted with the susceptible variety Jingshuang 16 as controls and spreader rows. Inoculations on spreader rows were carried out using two prevalent Chinese isolates E09 and E20 at the early jointing stage at Zhengzhou and Shangqiu. Disease severity was evaluated at the filling stage when the susceptible check (Jingshuang 16) reached 80% severity and the second scoring was done 4–5 days after the first evaluation. Maximum disease severity (MDS) on RILs was used in all statistical analyses and QTL mapping. The field data from the 2014–2015 cropping season at Shangqiu was not used due to poor PM development.
Genetic and Statistical Analyses
To preliminarily estimate the number of PM resistance genes in two RIL populations using Mendelian segregation analysis, the RILs in each population were classified into two phenotypic categories following Lillemo et al. (2006); resistant (R), and susceptible- intermediate (SI). A line was considered R when it had a similar disease score as the resistant parent ± one standard deviation; otherwise, the line was classified into SI. The goodness-of-fit to the expected segregation ratios for two, three, four and five independent genes were tested using Chi squared (χ2) analysis. Moreover, the minimum number of PM resistance genes was also determined using the Wright's method (1968): n = D2/4.27σg2, where D = the phenotype range of the F5lines multiplied by the narrow sense heritability. Narrow sense heritability of PM was calculated using the following formula: h2 = σg2/(σg2 + σe2), where σg2 = (σL2 –σe2)/r; in this formula, σg2= genetic variance, σL2= variance of the F5 lines, σe2= error variance, and r = number of replicates.
Map Construction and QTL Mapping
In total, 520 and 450 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were screened on the parents of Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3, respectively. Polymorphic SSR markers were then used to genotype the entire populations. In addition, 141 lines of Avocet × Francolin#1 and 181 lines of Avocet × Quaiu#3 were genotyped with 518 and 361 diversity array technology (DArT) markers, respectively.
Genetic linkage groups were constructed with the statistical software QTL IciMapping V4.1 (http://www.isbreeding.net/). A logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 5.0 was set to make the linkage groups. To finalize the linkage map, marker ordering and ripping were performed using RECORD and COUNT algorithms, respectively. Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) was used to detect the QTL based on MDS in each environment and the means of MDS (MMDS) over all environments. LOD scores for declaring significant QTL were calculated from 1,000 permutations at the P = 0.05 level. A walk speed of 1.0 cM was chosen for all QTL detection. After ICIM analysis, a consensus map was constructed with QTL IciMapping V4.1 using the "CMP" tool. "nnTwoOpt" and "SAD" were used to measure linkage algorithm and criteria. Subsequently, a joint inclusive composite interval-mapping (JICIM) program (Li et al., 2011) with a stepwise regression probability of 0.001 was employed for QTL detection. The LOD threshold was calculated by 1,000 permutations at the P = 0.05 level. In both cases, QTL effects were estimated as the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) and additive effects explained by the QTL.
PM Evaluation in the Field
Francolin#1 and Quaiu#3 were susceptible to Chinese Bgt isolates E09 and E20 at the seedling stage, but showed resistance at the adult plant stage. The RILs from both populations were also susceptible in seedling stage. Final MDS of Francolin#1 and Quaiu#3 were 9.8–22.7 and 26.8–31.7% across three environments, respectively, whereas it ranged from 48.3 to 78.3% for the susceptible parent Avocet over three environments. The frequency distributions of PM severity for RILs exhibited continuous variation in both populations and transgressive segregations for both increased resistance and susceptibility (Figure S1), indicating polygenic inheritance of APR to PM in both parents. Genetic analyses by Mendelian segregation analysis (Table S2) and Wright's method (Table S3) indicated the presence of 3–4 and 2–3 APR genes conferring resistance to powdery mildew in Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3 populations, respectively.
Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) for PM severities for Avocet × Francolin#1 RILs was between 0.70 and 0.73 across three environments. Highly significant correlation (r = 0.63–0.85) for MDS were also observed in the Avocet × Quaiu#3 population across environments. ANOVA for both populations also showed significant variance (P < 0.0001) among lines, environments and line × environment interactions (Table S1).
Linkage Maps Construction
A total of 647 polymorphic SSR and DArT markers were used to construct the genetic linkage map in Avocet × Francolin#1 population, spanning 779 cM, 1,442 and 450 cM in the sub-genomes A, B, and D, respectively (Table S4). Twenty-four linkage groups were developed, covering all chromosomes of wheat. Meanwhile, 463 polymorphic SSR and DArT markers were used for construction of genetic linkage map in Avocet × Quaiu#3 population, covering a total of 2628.2 cM in all linkage groups (Table S4). Twenty-six linkage groups were developed, representing all chromosomes.
QTL Analysis in Avocet × Francolin#1 Population
Four QTL for PM resistance were detected in the Avocet × Francolin#1 population (Table 1, Figure 1). The resistance genes mapped on chromosomes 1BL, 1DL, and 5BL were derived from wheat line Francolin#1, whereas the one on chromosome 4BL was from Avocet. The large-effect QTL QPm.heau-1BL, flanked by molecular markers wPt-1770 and wPt-9028, was detected in all three environments. It explained 26.1, 20.3, 21.2, and 28.7% of phenotypic variance in Zhengzhou 2014, Zhengzhou 2015, Shangqiu 2015, and MMDS, respectively (Table 1, Figure 1A). The second consistently detected QTL with larger effect, QPm.heau-4BL, was located on chromosome 4BL between wmc413 and wPt-9067, explaining 9.6, 10.7, 15.1, and 15.9% of phenotypic variance in the three environments and MMDS, respectively (Table 1, Figure 1C). The third QTL QPm.heau-5BL, located between DArT markers wPt-2607 and wPt-1895 on 5BL, explained 10.9, 6.2, and 7.0% of the phenotypic variance in two environments and MMDS, respectively (Table 1, Figure 1D). The fourth QTL, QPm.heau-1DL, mapped in the marker interval of wPt-5721-wPt-1865, was also detected in all three environments and for MMDS, explaining 6.8, 6.1, 8.5, and 8.3% of the phenotypic variance, respectively (Table 1, Figure 1B).
Table 1. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew detected in Avocet × Francolin#1 RIL population through bi-parental analysis.
Figure 1. LOD contours for quantitative trait loci (QTL) to powdery mildew on chromosomes 1BL, 1DL, 4BL, and 5BL identified by inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) in the Avocet × Francolin#1 population (A–D), and on chromosomes 1BL, 2DL, 4BL, and 6BS in the Avocet × Quaiu#3 population (E–H). The significant LOD thresholds were based on 1,000 permutations. Positions (in cM) of molecular markers along chromosomes are shown on the vertical axes using cumulated genetic distances.
QTL Analysis in Avocet × Quaiu#3 Population
Four QTL for APR to PM were found in the Avocet × Quaiu#3 population (Table 2, Figure 1). The resistance genes on 1BL and 4BL were mapped at proximately chromosomal positions to those identified in the Avocet × Francolin#1 population. The largest effect resistance QTL was located on chromosome 4BL, flanked by SSR markers wPt-7062 and gwm495, explaining from 10.8 to 18.9% of phenotypic variance across three environments as well as MMDS (Table 2, Figure 1G). The second QTL QPm.heau-1BL in the marker interval wPt-668027-csLV46G22 explained 4.8, 11.5, 8.3, and 6% of phenotypic variance in Shangqiu 2014, Zhengzhou 2015, and Shangqiu 2015 and MMDS, respectively (Table 2, Figure 1E). The third QTL, QPm.heau-6BS located in the interval wPt-2587-wPt-3581 on chromosome 6BS, explained from 7.2 to 9.4% of the phenotypic variances in two environments and MMDS (Table 2, Figure 1H). The fourth QTL, QPm.heau-2DL, was between wPt-667054 and wPt-667485, explaining 6.7 and 4.2% of the phenotypic variance in Zhengzhou 2015 and Shangqiu 2015, respectively (Table 2, Figure 1F).
Table 2. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew detected in Avocet × Quaiu#3 RIL population through bi-parental analysis.
QTL for PM Resistance with JICIM
Joint inclusive composite interval mapping (JICIM) detected five consistent QTL on chromosomes 1BL, 2DL, 4BL, 5BL, and 6BS in two environments as well as MMDS in the two populations (Table 3, Figure 2). The resistance loci on chromosomes 1BL, 4BL, and 5BL were common in both populations, whereas QTL on chromosomes 2DL and 6BS were only detected in the Avocet × Quaiu#3 population. The QTL mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4B was from the susceptible parent Avocet, explaining from 3.9 to 13.1% of phenotypic variances. The second QTL was positioned on 1BL, around the near-diagnostic marker csLV46 and csLV46G22, which explained 5.2–12.9% of phenotypic variances. A third QTL with significant effects in both populations was located on 5BL between DArT markers wPt-4628 and wPt-3503. The QTL on chromosomes 2DL and 6BS were only detected in the Avocet × Quaiu#3 population, explaining 4.4–8.7% and 4.3–6%, respectively, of the phenotypic variances in two environments.
Table 3. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew detected by joint inclusive composite interval mapping (JICIM) in the two nested association mapping (NAM) populations (Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3).
Figure 2. LOD contours for QTL to powdery mildew on chromosomes 1B, 4B, and 5B in the wheat nested association mapping (NAM) population by Joint inclusive composite interval mapping (JICIM).
Effect of QPm.heau-1BL and QPm.heau-4BL in Two Populations
Based on the closely linked flanking markers, PM severity distributions were observed among the RILs from the Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3 crosses in the presence or absence of two consistent loci, QPm.heau-1BL and QPm.heau-4BL. RILs with QPm.heau-4BL displayed mean MDS of 38.5% and 35.6% in the Francolin#1 and Quaiu#3 populations, respectively, whereas the mean severities were 53.9 and 53.3% for RILs lacking QPm.heau-4BL, respectively (Table 4). In Francolin#1 population, a significant MDS reduction of 12.2–16.3% was observed in RILs with QPm.heau-4BL, compared with those without resistance allele across three environments as well as MMDS (Table 4). A significant effect was also found in Quaiu#3 population with a mean PM reduction of 13–21.1% for RILs carrying resistance allele at QPm.heau-4BL locus (Table 4). QPm.heau-1BL also showed a significant effect on PM at the adult plant stage in both populations. A mean MDS reduction of 16.7–24.6 and 10.7–18.9% was observed in Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3 RILs with QPm.heau-1BL, respectively, compared to RILs without this locus (Table 5).
Table 4. t-tests for the comparison of mean maximum disease severity in Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3 RILs when QPm.heau-4BL was either absent or present.
Quantitative and qualitative genetic analyses showed that about three to four PM resistance genes conferred partial resistance in Francolin#1 and Quaiu#3 derived RIL populations, respectively. These results corroborated the QTL mapping results. Avocet contributed a consistent QTL in both mapping populations. Most of the QTL identified through bi-parental QTL analyses were also identified by JICIM with the exception of one minor locus on chromosome 1DL from Francolion#1, indicating JICIM was a powerful method for QTL analysis in nested association mapping populations due to an improvement of linkage maps.
The QTL on chromosome 1BL was common in both populations. It was closely linked to the diagnostic marker csLV46 or csLV46G22 for known PM APR gene Pm39. However, there is only one common marker between the genetic linkage groups on chromosome 1BL for the two populations (Figures 1A,E). Due to the limited number of SSR and DArT markers at present, only three other poorly fit common markers were finally added to the linkage map on 1BL for Avocet × Francolin#1 population, which might lead to the long distance between the markers csLV46 and csLV46G22 on the joint linkage map. PM QTL at the same position on 1BL was reported in Massey (Liu et al., 2001) and its derivative USG3209 (Tucker et al., 2007). The gene Pm39 is known to have pleotropic effects on leaf rust, stripe rust and stem rust (Lillemo et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2013; Kolmer et al., 2015). Previous studies on leaf rust and stripe rust resistance in the two populations have shown that the chromosome 1BL QTL explained 23.0–44.5% and 6.0–43.6% for leaf rust and stripe rust severity variations in Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3, respectively (Basnet et al., 2014; Lan et al., 2014), indicating that this locus should be the known pleiotropic APR gene Lr46/Yr29/Pm39 based on its effect on multiple diseases. Moreover, our study shows that the genetic background of the host genotype profoundly influences the expression of Pm39; the phenotypic variance attributed to QPm.heau-1BL was 20.3–26.1% in Avocet × Francolin#1 population compared to 4.8–11.5% in the Avocet × Quaiu#3 population.
QPm.heau-1DL, derived from wheat line Francolion#1, was located on the distal region of chromosome 1DL based on the genetic map of USG3209/Jaypee-1D (http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/cgi-bin/GG3/report.cgi?class=marker;query=∗5721∗; name = XwPt5721-1D). The LOD curves indicated that this locus had stable effects on PM resistance across all three environments, and explained 6.1–8.5% of the phenotypic variance. Keller et al. (1999) detected a QTL (QPm.sfr-1D) for PM resistance in Swiss winter wheat Forno, flanked by RFLP markers psr168 and glk558b, explaining 8.1–13.7% of phenotypic variances. Bougot et al. (2006) also identified a QTL for PM resistance on chromosome 1D in the French winter wheat line RE9001. It was closely linked with SSR marker gwm160 with a PVE of 12.6% in a single environment. These QTLs should be different from QPm.heau-1DL based on more than 20 cM genetic distance between them (Somers et al., 2004; He et al., 2011; Marone et al., 2013). Thus, it was supposed that QPm.heau-1DL was a novel QTL for APR to PM.
QPm.heau-2DL, mapped on the distal end of chromosome 2DL, was closely linked to the DArT marker wPt-667054 and co-located with Yr54 for stripe rust resistance in Quaiu#3 (Basnet et al., 2014). Keller et al. (1999) detected a QTL, QPm.sfr-2D, on chromosome 2DL within the marker interval psr932-psr331 explaining 8.2–12.2% of phenotypic variances in the Swiss spelt wheat cultivar Oberkulmer. It seems that the QTL from Oberkulmer is located more proximal on chromosome 2DL than QPm.heau-2DL (Somers et al., 2004; https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3/). Börner et al. (2002) detected a minor QTL for PM resistance from the synthetic wheat W7984 on 2DL and it was flanked by markers glk588 and ksuD23. This QTL was possibly the same as QPm.heau-2DL based on genetic map (http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3/). In addition, two PM QTLs at the distal of chromosome 2DL were also detected to be close to marker gwm301 in the Swedish winter wheat Folke and German spring wheat Naxos (Lu et al., 2012; Lillemo et al., 2012; Windju et al., 2017). Therefore, known stripe rust gene Yr54, which has only a slight effect in seedlings and a moderate effect in adult plants, could be linked to 2DL QTL, or may have pleiotropic effect on powdery mildew resistance. However, fine mapping and/or cloning of Yr54 will be necessary to resolve it.
A QTL from Avocet was identified in both populations in the current study. This QTL was located between wPt-6209 and barc20 on the long arm of chromosome 4B in the same location as QTL for PM resistance in the winter wheat Forno (Keller et al., 1999), synthetic hexaploid wheat W7984 (Börner et al., 2002), Italian wheat Strampelli (Asad et al., 2013) and the Israeli wheat cultivar Oligoculm (Liang et al., 2006) based on an integrated map developed by Marone et al. (2013). The same QTL contributed by Avocet has shown significant effects on stripe rust and leaf rust in the cross Avocet × Pavon in two seasons (1998–1999 and 1999–2000). Although our two populations were also tested for stripe rust and leaf rust in previous studies (Lan et al., 2014; Basnet et al., 2014), the LOD curves at the same location were far from being significant, which is in agreement with finding by Lillemo et al. (2008). Contribution of the 4BL QTL from Avocet explains the RILs showing transgressive segregation for both increased resistance and susceptibility (Figure S1).
Bougot et al. (2006) identified a QTL, QPm.inra-5BL.2, in the French wheat cultivar Courtot in the marker interval of gwm604-gwm790. However, this QTL was more than 40 cM away from QPm.heau-5BL based on Somers et al. (2004). Keller et al. (1999) reported a QTL for PM severity on chromosome 5BL in the Swiss spelt cultivar Oberkulmer between psr580b and psr143. It was ~30 cM from QPm.inra-5BL.2 (He et al., 2011) and came closer to the terminal end of chromosome, indicating the difference from QPm.heau-5BL. Recently, Asad et al. (2013) identified QPm.caas-5BL.1 and QPm.caas-5BL.2 in the Italian wheat cultivar Strampelli, flanked by gwm335-barc331 and barc331-wmc537, respectively, which fall within the interval of QPm.heau-5BL in the present study. Furthermore, QPm.heau-5BL was also located in the region corresponding to QPm.inra-5BL.1 on chromosome 5B (Bougot et al., 2006; Marone et al., 2013). Lu et al. (2009) detected a significant QTL for stripe rust resistance in a similar chromosomal position corresponding to QPm.caas-5BL.2, but QPm.heau-5BL did not show significant effect on stripe rust (Lan et al., 2014).
Keller et al. (1999) found a QTL within the AFLP marker interval of psr167b-psr964 on the long arm of chromosome 6B in winter wheat Forno, which should differ from QPm.heau-6BS based on the wheat consensus map. Lan et al. (2009) identified a QTL conferring resistance to PM on chromosome 6BS in Chinese winter wheat Bainong 64 on the same position as QPm.heau-6BS. The former explained 10.3–13.2% of total phenotypic variance in PM severity in different environments, which is similar to QPm.heau-6BS in the present study. In addition, a PM QTL at a similar position on chromosome 6BS was also detected in the Swedish winter wheat Folke (Lillemo et al., 2012).
In this study, two consistent QTL, QPm.heau-1BL and QPm.heau-4BL, were detected in two populations based on ICIM and JICIM. Furthermore, we were able to identify another locus (QPm.heau-5BL) in both populations using JICIM. The detection of QPm.heau-5BL is most probably attributed to the higher mapping power of JICIM.
In this study, we detected six QTL conferring APR to PM across environments, including QPm.heau-1BL (Pm39), QPm.heau-1DL, QPm.heau-2DL, QPm.heau-4BL, QPm.heau-5BL, and QPm.heau-6BS. QPm.heau-1DL is likely to be a novel QTL for resistance to PM. Besides Pm39, QPm.heau-2DL might be another co-located/pleotropic resistance gene in wheat, which maps to same position as Yr54. The closely linked molecular markers for each QTL would be of great significance for QTL pyramiding from the parents Francolin#1 and Quaiu#3 in the future. It may be even better to use RILs that have shown significantly higher level of resistance than the parents.
YR carried out the experiment and wrote the manuscript. WH, WZ, XC, and DC participated in field trials. CL, BB, and RS performed SSR and DArT genotyping and revised the paper. YR and FC designed the study. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Thanks to Prof. Kehui Zhan for providing help in field trials. This project was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFD0101802), Henan Major Science and Technology Project (161100110500) and Henan Science and Technology Innovation Outstanding Youth Funding (174100510001) of China. CL acknowledges support from the International Foundation for Science (C/5147-1), the Australian Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) and the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program (ACRCP).
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.01212/full#supplementary-material
Figure S1. Frequency distribution of Avocet × Francolin#1 (A) and Avocet × Quaiu#3 (B) recombinant inbred lines (RILs) for powdery mildew maximum disease severities (MDS) in three environments. ZZ14, Zhengzhou 2014; ZZ15, Zhengzhou 2015; SQ14, Shangqiu 2014; SQ15, Shangqiu 2015.
Table S1. Analysis of variance for maximum disease severity values for RILs generated from Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3 crosses.
Table S2. Estimated number of resistance genes conferring adult plant resistance to powdery mildew in 196 Avocet × Francolin#1 and 195 Avocet × Quaiu#3 F5recombinant inbred lines (RILs) based on Mendelian segregation analysis.
Table S3. Range and mean maximum disease severities for parents and Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3 F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), and narrow-sense heritability estimates during 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons at Zhengzhou and Shangqiu, as well as the estimated minimum number of segregating resistance genes using the Wright method.
Table S4. summary of the main features of the wheat linkage maps in Avocet × Francolin#1 and Avocet × Quaiu#3 populations.
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Lan, C. X., Rosewarne, G. M., Singh, R. P., Herrera-Foessel, S. A., Huerta-Espino, J., Basnet, B. R., et al. (2014). QTL characterization of resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust in the spring wheat line Francolin#1. Mol. Breed. 34, 789–803. doi: 10.1007/s11032-014-0075-6
Leath, S., and Murphy, J. P. (1985). Virulence genes of the wheat powdery mildew fungus, Erysiphe graminis f. sp. Tritici in North Carolina. Plant Dis. 69:905.
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Li, Z. F., Lan, C. X., He, Z. H., Singh, R. P., Rosewarne, G. M., Chen, X. M., et al. (2014). Overview and application of QTL for adult plant resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew in wheat. Crop Sci. 54, 1907–1925. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.02.0162
Liang, S. S., Suenaga, K., He, Z. H., Wang, Z. L., Liu, H. Y., Wang, D. S., et al. (2006). Quantitative trait loci mapping for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat. Phytopathology 96, 784–789. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-96-0784
Lillemo, M., Asalf, B., Singh, R. P., Huerta-Espino, J., Chen, X. M., He, Z. H., et al. (2008). The adult plant rust resistance loci Lr34/Yr18 and Lr46/Yr29 are important determinants of partial resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat line Saar. Theor. Appl. Genet. 116, 1155–1166. doi: 10.1007/s00122-008-0743-1
Lillemo, M., Bjørnstad, A., and Skinnes, H. (2012). Molecular mapping of partial resistance to powdery mildew in winter wheat cultivar Folke. Euphytica 185, 47–59. doi: 10.1007/s10681-011-0620-x
Lillemo, M., Skinnes, H., Singh, R. P., and Ginkel, M. V. (2006). Genetic analysis of partial resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat line Saar. Plant Dis. 90, 225–228. doi: 10.1094/PD-90-0225
Limpert, E., Felsenstein, F. G., and Andrivon, D. (1987). Analysis of virulence in populations of wheat powdery mildew in Europe. Phytopathology 120, 1–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1987.tb04408.x
Liu, S. X., Griffey, C. A., and Maroof, M. A. S. (2001). Identification of molecular markers associated with adult plant resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat cultivar Massey. Crop Sci. 41, 1268–1275. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2001.4141268x
Lu, Q. X., Bjørnstad, Å., Ren, Y., Asad, M. A., Xia, X. C., Chen, X. M., et al. (2012). Partial resistance to powdery mildew in German spring wheat ¡®Naxos' is based on multiple genes with stable effects in diverse environments. Theor. Appl. Genet. 125, 297–309. doi: 10.1007/s00122-012-1834-6
Lu, Y. M., Lan, C. X., Liang, S. S., Zhou, X. C., Liu, D., Zhou, G., et al. (2009). QTL mapping for adult plant resistance to stripe rust in Italian common wheat cultivars Libellula and Strampelli. Theor. Appl. Genet. 119, 1349–1359. doi: 10.1007/s00122-009-1139-6
Marone, D., Russo, M. A., Laidò, G., Vita, P. D., Papa, R., Blanco, A., et al. (2013). Genetic basis of qualitative and quantitative resistance to powdery mildew in wheat: from consensus regions to candidate genes. BMC genomics 14:562. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-562
McIntosh, R. A., Dubcovsky, J., Rogers, W. J., Morris, C., and Xia, X. C. (2017). Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat: 2017 Supplement. Available online at: http://shigen.nig.ac.jp/wheat/komugi/genes/macgene/supplement2017.pdf
Moore, J. W., Herrera-Foessel, S., Lan, C. X., Schnippenkoetter, W., Ayliffe, M., Huerta-Espino, J., et al. (2015). A recently evolved hexose transporter variant confers resistance to multiple pathogens in wheat. Nat. Genet. 47, 1494–1498. doi: 10.1038/ng.3439
National Agro-technical Extension and Service Center (NAESC) (2010). Epidemic characteristics of wheat stripe rust in China in 2010 and its control strategies. China Plant Prot. 30, 32–35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6820.2010.03.013
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National Agro-technical Extension and Service Center (NAESC) (2012). Epidemic characteristics of wheat stripe rust in China in 2012 and its control strategies. China Plant Prot. 2, 43–46. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6820.2012.02.014
National Agro-technical Extension and Service Center (NAESC) (2014). Epidemic characteristics of wheat stripe rust in China in 2014 and its control strategies. China Plant Prot 2, 47–52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6820.2014.02.013
Risk, J. M., Selter, L. L., Krattinger, S. G., Viccars, L. A., Richardson, T. M., Buesing, G., et al. (2012). Functional variability of the Lr34 durable resistance gene in transgenic wheat. Plant Biotechnol. J. 10, 477–487. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00683.x
Singh, R. P., Herrera-Foessel, S. A., Huerta-Espino, J., Lan, C. X., Basnet, B. R., Bhavani, S., et al. (2013). "Pleiotropic gene Lr46/Yr29/Pm39/Ltn2 confers slow rusting, adult plant resistance to wheat stem rust fungus," in Proceedings Borlaug Global Rust Initiative, 2013 Technical Workshop (New Delhi), 17.1.
Somers, D. J., Isaac, P., and Edwards, K. (2004). A high-density microsatellite consensus map for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 109, 1105–1114. doi: 10.1007/s00122-004-1740-7
Spielmeyer, W., McIntosh, R. A., Kolmer, J., and Lagudah, E. S. (2005). Powdery mildew resistance and Lr34/Yr18 genes for durable resistance to leaf and stripe rust cosegregate at a locus on the short arm of chromosome 7D of wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111, 731–735. doi: 10.1007/s00122-005-2058-9
Tucker, D. M., Griffey, C. A., Liu, S., Brown-Guedira, G., Marshall, D. S., and Maroof, M. A. S. (2007). Confirmation of three quantitative trait loci conferring adult plant resistance to powdery mildew in two winter wheat populations. Euphytica 155, 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s10681-006-9295-0
Wang, Z. L., Li, L. H., He, Z. H., Duan, X. Y., Zhou, Y. L., Chen, X. M., Lillemo, M., and Singh, R. P. (2005). Seedling and adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew in Chinese bread wheat cultivars and lines. Plant Dis. 89, 457–463. doi: 10.1094/PD-89-0457
William, M., Singh, R. P., Huerta-Espino, J., Ortiz Islas, S., and Hoisington, D. (2003). Molecular marker mapping of leaf rust resistance gene Lr46 and its association with stripe rust resistance gene Yr29 in wheat. Phytopathology 93, 153–159. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.2.153
Windju, S. S., Malla, K., Belova, T., Wilson, R. C., Dieseth, J. A., Alsheikh, M. K., et al. (2017). Mapping and validation of powdery mildew resistance loci from spring wheat cv. Naxos with SNP markers. Mol. Breed. 37, 61. doi: 10.1007/s11032-017-0655-3
Wright, S. (1968). Evolution and Genetics of Populations, Vol. 1: Genetic and Biometric Foundations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., powdery mildew, molecular marker, QTL, JICIM
Citation: Ren Y, Hou W, Lan C, Basnet BR, Singh RP, Zhu W, Cheng X, Cui D and Chen F (2017) QTL Analysis and Nested Association Mapping for Adult Plant Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Two Bread Wheat Populations. Front. Plant Sci. 8:1212. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01212
Received: 09 May 2017; Accepted: 27 June 2017;
Published: 27 July 2017.
Giampiero Valé, Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA CER)-Vercelli, Italy
Xianchun Xia, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Daniela Marone, Cereal Research Center (CREA CER)-Foggia, Italy
Morten Lillemo, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
Copyright © 2017 Ren, Hou, Lan, Basnet, Singh, Zhu, Cheng, Cui and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Feng Chen, chf0088@163.com
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text:
Q: Update specific attributes on a Core Data entity While updating a record in an entity, is there any way to keep an attribute as immutable, i.e. I would like to update all other attribute values except a particular attribute?

A: The short answer is yes, you can.
Update only the attributes you are interested in and do a save. The keys you don't touch will not be updated.
Suppose you have an entity with two attributes: attribute1 and attribute2.
If you modify attribute2 and perform a save, attribute1 will remain as before.
[yourObj setValue:@"SOME_NEW_VALUE" forKey:@"attribute2"];

or
yourObj.attribute2 = @"SOME_NEW_VALUE";

if you have created subclasses for your entities.
But, my question is: are you trying to achieve something specific?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We reinforce addictions by giving into them, but what is there to do when we get that "itchy" feeling? Learning to Stay Present shares insights for peacefully refraining from the "urge to scratch." In this recording from a live event with Pema Chodron, she discusses the ineffable quality known in the Buddhist tradition as shenpam a pre-emotional feeling that arises in us, brings discomfort, and often leads to unskillful, habitual reactions.
The reason we meditate, teaches Pema Chodron, is because something is bothering us. Yet the root of suffering and the root of happiness are one and the same: the mind. On Working Directly with the Mind, she offers pithy instructions on taming a wild mind, and becoming fully present with all of our experiences.
Shamatha-vipashyana is a profound form of meditation that illuminates and purifies the obstacles to spiritual realization. Tibetan Buddhists today regard it as both the foundation and the pinnacle of the awakened life. With Pema Chodron, you'll learn the nuances of this subtle and deeply rewarding practice in this accessible introduction and guided meditation into the experience of pure meditation.
A profound transformation can occur just by training your attention in awareness - a practice sweeping the country with its capacity to decrease stress, cultivate inner calm, and expand wisdom and creativity. Clinical psychologist and meditation teacher Tara Brach has been at the forefront of mindfulness-based therapy since its inception, and here offers a traditional loving-kindness meditation with a neurologically-based relaxation technique known as "smiling yoga".
The perfect listen at the perfect time!
American-born Tibetan Buddhist nun Pema Chodron shares the gift of tonglen, a powerful breath-based meditation practice for transmuting the suffering within ourselves and in those around us into the energy of compassionate awareness. It's one of the most effective ways to begin bringing the benefits of the inner spiritual life into the world.
I always love the teachings by Pema Chodron, she never disappoints, always just what I need. I really enjoyed this meditation.
Please do yourself a favor and get these instructions. Tonglen is a powerful and very healing practice. Pema presents them in a most down to earth and even humorous approach, as is her way.
A bite sized morsel of teaching. Good even if you know the material. Can listen to the whole thing before work!


text:
Richmond Raceway Announce Team Ready to Call the Action Over the Toyota Spring Race Weekend
As the countdown to the Toyota Spring Race Weekend continues, Richmond Raceway announces the team that will be the voices of Richmond on April 20-21. Fans will hear some familiar and new voices as part of the track's spring public address (PA) team calling the action around America's Premier Short Track.
Returning for his 13th year, Richmond track announcer Joey Self will once again be the lead voice at the track. Joining him in the booth in April will be Motor Racing Network (MRN) personalities Dillon Welch, Kim Coon, and Heather DeBeaux.
Self is a long-time figure in the Richmond PA booth having announced race weekends at the track for the past 12 seasons, along with other duties at Martinsville Speedway for 15 seasons. Self-started on PA at several Commonwealth racing venues, including Virginia Motor Speedway (Jamaica, Va.) and Motor Mile Speedway (Radford, Va.). The Warsaw, Va., native is the host of the "Roanoke Valley's Morning News" on WFIR, and Saturday and Sunday host on WSLQ in Roanoke, Va.
Kim Coon will make her return to the Richmond PA team after her successful first season in 2017. Coon joined MRN as a Social Media Reporter in 2015. She reports from pit road during the network's Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series qualifying shows, and interacts with fans via social media and on the air during MRN's race coverage. As Miss Sprint Cup from 2011 to 2014, Coon helped to activate the series sponsor's strategic plan through social media, broadcast channels and trackside events. Coon's background includes marketing and public relations experience with Charlotte, N.C.-based agencies in the years preceding her stint with Sprint.
Lending their voices to the Richmond PA team for the first time will be Dillon Welch and Heather DeBeaux.
Dillon Welch is an auto racing announcer and Emmy-award winning television feature producer. He graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Digital Sports Production from Ball State University in 2016. Now residing in Charlotte, N.C., he can be heard and seen on the Motor Racing Network, NBC Sports Network and Fox Sports 1 on select ARCA Racing Series telecasts in 2018. Born in Indianapolis, Ind., he grew up at the race track and began driving racecars at age seven. He still competes to this day in select dirt midget races throughout the year.
Motorsports reporter Heather DeBeaux started her NASCAR career in 2009 working as an emcee for the SPEED Channel. She began pit reporting in 2014 covering the K&N West series for Fox Sports 1. Since then she has covered variety of motorsports including Global Rallycross, ARCA, and American Flat Track. Currently she serves as pit reporter for the NASCAR K&N West series and American Flat Track on NBCSN.
The spring Richmond PA team will help share the action on the track when both the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series and NASCAR Xfinity Series return to Richmond "under the lights."
Richmond Raceway 2018 NASCAR Season
The Toyota Spring Race Weekend returns "under the lights" for the ToyotaCare 250 NASCAR Xfinity Series Dash4Cash race and TOYOTA OWNERS 400 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race on April 20-21. The third annual Track Takeover driven by AAA will allow fans on the historic Richmond track prior to the TOYOTA OWNERS 400 on April 21 from 3 p.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Richmond's Fall Race Weekend, presented by Who's Your Driver, will make history with the grand opening of the DC Solar FanGrounds part of the Richmond Raceway Reimagined infield redevelopment project, along with hosting the Go Bowling 250 NASCAR Xfinity Series Playoff race and the Federated Auto Parts 400 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Playoff race on Sept. 21-22. To learn more about Reimagined, visit richmondracewayreimagined.com.
Tickets for the Toyota Spring Race Weekend and Fall Playoff Race Weekend, presented by Who's Your Driver, are available for purchase in-person at the Richmond Ticket Office, via phone at 866-455-7223, or online at richmondraceway.com.
Stay connected to Richmond Raceway on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat and YouTube, and by downloading the Richmond Raceway mobile app for Apple or Android.
3-Time Cup Champion & Co-Owner of Stewart-Haas Racing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home Somaliland Ambassador Bashe Urges Youth to Focus More on National Development
Ambassador Bashe Urges Youth to Focus More on National Development
Somtribune Staff Writer
Somaliland leading diplomat Bashe Omar Awil urged the country's youth to play a bigger role in nation-building.
In a passionate note, Bashe whose last posting was as Republic of Somaliland's representative to Kenya asked the youth of Somaliland not to be swayed by tribalism which he said has weakened their ability to play a significant role in business, education, and leadership.
"You are the youth and the strength of our country, and you are capable of making progress. Tribal circumstances have weakened your ability to play a significant role in business, education, and leadership," he said.
"First of all, the youth are the leaders of a country or a nation being the spine of that nation," Bashe wrote.
However, while Bashe said tribalism has interfered with some youth's vision, it is not of their creation but has been inherited from previous generations.
"It (tribalism) is something that has been around for generations, inherited from older generations. But it is up to for you to fight against any tribal discrimination and being used by tribal chiefs for own interests," Bashe said.
"In general, I urge you young people to focus on your goals for a better future in this world and in the hereafter, and to stay away from the scourge of tribalism that has crippled the development of our society and country," he said.
Ambassador Bashe
Somaliland Youth
Previous articleWitnesses: Ethiopian Military Airstrikes Hit Tigray Capital
Next articleThe U.S. Should Recognize Somaliland
http://somtribune.com
Close to 18 Years Ago and Another House of Commons Debate on Somaliland – A Verbatim Transcript
Somaliland's President Bihi Lands at Addis to Take Up Bilateral Issues with PM Abiy Ahmed
Chinese Naval Fleets Set to Deploy in Gulf of Aden for 'Escort' Duties
Somaliland Supreme Court Endorses Constitutionality of Opening Political Associations


Forget the guinea pig. How about adopting a 1,500-pound dairy cow for your classroom mascot? Don't worry about finding a pen big enough to hold her. The photos and stories we'll send you about her life on the farm will make her "come alive" for your students!
Here is an opportunity to use the "Discover Dairy" Lesson Series to create a year-long discovery for your students to explore where their food comes from. Once you complete and submit the enrollment form below, your classroom will be registered to "Adopt a Cow." Registrations for each academic year are due by October 10th, and you'll receive your introductory kit with details about your cow in November. You'll find out what her name is, when her birthday is, where she lives and how the farmer takes care of her. We'll also send photos of the cow, bookmarks and activity sheets for the students, and a poster to hang up. Then, in January and March, you'll receive updates about your dairy cow and the dairy farm where she lives. At the conclusion of the program, you will have the chance to chat live with your adopted calf!
Each update will include suggestions on components of "Discover Dairy" that you can incorporate into your classroom to learn more about the dairy farm. You'll also receive more photos and stories about your cow and how she is growing on the farm where she lives. After reading the update, you and your students can e-mail questions back to us about the cow and her lifecycle. We'll keep you posted on her progress. It's just one more way to "Discover Dairy" in your classroom!
Discover Dairy is an initiative of the American Dairy Association North East, Center for Dairy Excellence, Midwest Dairy Council and the Pennsylvania Dairy Promotion Program, and, funded in part by the Center for Dairy Excellence Foundation of Pennsylvania.


Notice to guest thinking of signing up here.
This kind of foolishness will not be tolerated here.
This forum is here to Help and provide assistants to would be Amateur radio opperators and new ones alike.
So if you come here to stir the pot"
Hi I'm new to all this, My name is John, (Jackpot) Many years ago I was involved in the CB craze in Australia.
I am now looking at getting my ameteur licence.
Also can you download the handbook from the web?


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After replying to the message, you will be issued with a receipt number. A copy of the message will be stored in your Mail – Sent items.
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text:
package com.xeiam.xchange.okcoin.service.polling;

import java.io.IOException;

import com.xeiam.xchange.Exchange;
import com.xeiam.xchange.okcoin.FuturesContract;
import com.xeiam.xchange.okcoin.dto.trade.OkCoinOrderResult;
import com.xeiam.xchange.okcoin.dto.trade.OkCoinTradeResult;

public class OkCoinTradeServiceRaw extends OKCoinBaseTradePollingService {

  /**
   * Constructor
   *
   * @param exchange
   */
  protected OkCoinTradeServiceRaw(Exchange exchange) {

    super(exchange);
  }

  public OkCoinTradeResult trade(String symbol, String type, String rate, String amount) throws IOException {

    OkCoinTradeResult tradeResult = okCoin.trade(apikey, symbol, type, rate, amount, signatureCreator);
    return returnOrThrow(tradeResult);
  }

  public OkCoinTradeResult cancelOrder(long orderId, String symbol) throws IOException {

    OkCoinTradeResult tradeResult = okCoin.cancelOrder(apikey, orderId, symbol, signatureCreator);
    return returnOrThrow(tradeResult);
  }

  public OkCoinOrderResult getOrder(long orderId, String symbol) throws IOException {

    OkCoinOrderResult orderResult = okCoin.getOrder(apikey, orderId, symbol, signatureCreator);
    return returnOrThrow(orderResult);
  }

  public OkCoinOrderResult getOrderHistory(String symbol, String status, String currentPage, String pageLength) throws IOException {

    OkCoinOrderResult orderResult = okCoin.getOrderHistory(apikey, symbol, status, currentPage, pageLength, signatureCreator);
    return returnOrThrow(orderResult);
  }

  /** OkCoin.com Futures API **/

  public OkCoinTradeResult futuresTrade(String symbol, String type, String price, String amount, FuturesContract prompt, int matchPrice)
      throws IOException {

    OkCoinTradeResult tradeResult = okCoin.futuresTrade(apikey, symbol, prompt.getName(), type, price, amount, matchPrice, signatureCreator);
    return returnOrThrow(tradeResult);
  }

  public OkCoinTradeResult futuresCancelOrder(long orderId, String symbol, FuturesContract prompt) throws IOException {

    OkCoinTradeResult tradeResult = okCoin.futuresCancelOrder(apikey, orderId, symbol, prompt.getName(), signatureCreator);
    return returnOrThrow(tradeResult);
  }

  public OkCoinOrderResult getFuturesOrder(long orderId, String symbol, String currentPage, String pageLength, FuturesContract prompt)
      throws IOException {

    OkCoinOrderResult orderResult = okCoin.getFuturesOrder(apikey, orderId, symbol, "0", currentPage, pageLength, prompt.getName(), signatureCreator);
    return returnOrThrow(orderResult);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Chris Charabaruk wrote: Why is it all the way in Mississauga this year?
Because the cost of conference space in Toronto, and near to the airport in particular, was prohibitively expensive. We felt the Admiral Inn was a good location as it is located right off the QEW, is very near to the Clarkson GO transit station and is accessible by Mississauga Transit.
Where is it you would be coming from?
Pickering, by public transit. The transit cost for me is close to $25 and it's two to two and a half hours each way.
Hopefully there'll be someone else in Durham Region who'll be able to give me a lift both ways, but with the way finances are for me to the end of the year, if there isn't I won't be able to make it.
Chris Charabaruk wrote: Pickering, by public transit. The transit cost for me is close to $25 and it's two to two and a half hours each way.
Yeah, maybe you can take transit part of the way and maybe you can carpool with someone the other half of the trip.
brain wrote: Unless the dear old Uncle Sam denies my Visa, I'm coming.
You need a table, yes Jim? Apologies if you've asked already. I'm a bit scattered at the moment.
I've got my hotel booked. I plan on driving up from West Lafayette on Friday and returning Monday.
So what time does the Event start and end?
Analog-X64 wrote: So what time does the Event start and end?
I thought that information was on the World of Commodore webpage but it appears to have been lost in one of the edits (I'll add the info later). The event officially starts at 10am and ends at 10pm with a dinner break between 6-6:30pm until 8-8:30pm.
Golan Klinger wrote: I thought that information was on the World of Commodore webpage but it appears to have been lost in one of the edits (I'll add the info later). The event officially starts at 10am and ends at 10pm with a dinner break between 6-6:30pm until 8-8:30pm.


text:
namespace woff2 {

static const uint32_t kWoff2Signature = 0x774f4632;  // "wOF2"

const unsigned int kWoff2FlagsContinueStream = 1 << 4;
const unsigned int kWoff2FlagsTransform = 1 << 5;

// TrueType Collection ID string: 'ttcf'
static const uint32_t kTtcFontFlavor = 0x74746366;

static const size_t kSfntHeaderSize = 12;
static const size_t kSfntEntrySize = 16;

struct Point {
  int x;
  int y;
  bool on_curve;
};

struct Table {
  uint32_t tag;
  uint32_t flags;
  uint32_t src_offset;
  uint32_t src_length;

  uint32_t transform_length;

  uint32_t dst_offset;
  uint32_t dst_length;
  const uint8_t* dst_data;

  bool operator<(const Table& other) const {
    return tag < other.tag;
  }
};

// Size of the collection header. 0 if version indicates this isn't a
// collection. Ref http://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/otff.htm,
// True Type Collections
size_t CollectionHeaderSize(uint32_t header_version, uint32_t num_fonts);

// Compute checksum over size bytes of buf
uint32_t ComputeULongSum(const uint8_t* buf, size_t size);

} // namespace woff2

#endif  // WOFF2_WOFF2_COMMON_H_


MEMBERS of a Clydebank knitting group have spent time working on hand-made creations for a recent event.
Dalmuir Library Knit and Natter Group knitted various sea creatures, flowers and pompoms to create displays at Bowling Harbour's Springfest event that took place on Saturday 30 March.
The group have previously spent their time making "trauma teddies" to donate to children needing comfort during difficult times.
Members meet every Wednesday, from 10am-2pm in Dalmuir Library.


Considering the wide variety of brands marketing their drain cleaners, it can turn out to be quite puzzling when it comes to choosing one of them that you deem appropriate for home usage. Taking this into consideration, we have highlighted a few of the prominent features and factors that you must consider before choosing any particular drain cleaning system. The below-mentioned information will certainly help a great deal in letting you make an informed decision. Without further ado, let's take a closer look at a range of such features and factors which are to be taken into consideration.
Before choosing a drain cleaner, it is indispensable to make sure that you have taken a good look at the reasons why you need it in the first place. For instance, you may want to make use of the drain cleaner because of the clogged drains, or perhaps, you are looking forward to getting rid of the persisting problem of choked drains. Remember that if clogged drains are the issue, you must make sure that the drain cleaner that you are opting for is powerful enough.
Why Did It Get Clogged?
Another major factor that contributes to the selection of drain cleaner is the reason behind the clogging. For instance, if it's your bathroom drain that has been clogged, it may be because of the hair which has been stuck inside. Under such circumstances, you are going to need a drain cleaner, a strainer, as well as a drain brush. If on the other hand, it's your kitchen sink that has been clogged, it is perhaps because of the food particles getting stuck in the pipe. Therefore, depending on the reasons behind clogging, you are going to have to choose a particular kind of drain cleaner.
Next in line is the list of chemicals which are being used with the chosen drain cleaner. Remember that if an excessive amount of harsh chemicals is being used, it will end up being harmful to the drain pipes. Therefore, it is a commendable option to choose the organic options available in the market in order to keep it gentle for the pipes as well as safe for your children.


Andy Warhol (1928 - 1987) was born in Mc Keesport, Pennsylvania and he is amongst the greatest artist and visual innovators as he succeeded in propelling the "ready-made" to the summit of 20th century art. After working in advertising, Warhol took part in the very first Pop Art exhibition in 1962, prefaced by Pierre Restany, French Art Critic at the Sidney Janis Gallery in New York, an exhibition entitled "The New Realism". The artist would select a photo in a magazine, send it to the printer where the picture would be blown up onto a silk screen. He then chose one or two colors for use in developing the proofs several times over, thanks to his "little helping hands", a strange "population" that occupied the Warhol's Factory studio.
Warhol was also famous for directing films; in one, he zoomed in on a kiss for several, long minutes. His short stint in performance art, a genius yet to be equalled, would bring Warhol fame and glory. Color played a major role throughout his repeated series of portraits of stars and Coca Cola bottles; Warhol had created his own unique style.
For Warhol, succeeding in business was also an art. He became, without a doubt, one of the most important artists - and he still is today. The life and works of Warhol acted as catalysts to his very own myth. He predicted the consumer society as well as globalization. The Pope of a certain American civilization, rich and famous, Andy Warhol has since become a legend. In recent years, numerous retrospectives and exhibitions have paid tribute to Warhol contributing to an increase in his already high market value.
Andy Warhol used a range of mediums for creating art, including painting by hand, fashion, film, writing and music, but he is best known for his silkscreen printing technique. Before moving on to use photographs later in his career, Warhol originally based these prints on his own drawings.


text:
Adrian Peterson Injury: Vikings Head Trainer Cautions September 9 Return May Not Happen
By Chris White@uzworm May 9, 2012, 10:20am CDT
Share All sharing options for: Adrian Peterson Injury: Vikings Head Trainer Cautions September 9 Return May Not Happen
Adrian Peterson, after tearing his ACL in the final game of the 2011/2012 season, has made some great strides in trying to get ready for a quick return to the team, perhaps by the opening day of the 2012/2013 season. Indeed, September 9, the date of the Vikings opening game against Jacksonville, has been the day he's been hawking as the date of his glorious return.
Of course, he's not the one in charge of that and the man who is, Vikings Head Trainer Eric Sugarman, has quickly tempered the optimism of that return date.
"He'll keep throwing that out there. And good for him," Sugarman said. "That's great. That's obviously our goal, to get him playing the first game. But only if he's functionally safe to do it. This is our franchise. We can't be foolish about this."
Peterson and Sugarman will hold a press conference on Wednesday to update the progress of Peterson's rehab, and Peterson might even do some rehab drills to show how far he's come in his recovery. It still won't mean an automatic return on the first day of the year for the Vikings' star back.
For more on Adrian Peterson and the Minnesota Vikings, check out The Daily Norseman. More news and analysis on the NFL in general can be found at SB Nation's NFL hub.
Adrian Peterson Injury Seems To Be A Thing Of The Past
Adrian Peterson Injury Not Completely Healed, But Leg Is 'Getting Better'
Adrian Peterson Injury: Running Back Could Be Healthy By September 9


Minds that work at Supramind simply love technology! It gives them a high that is indescribable by words. Hence, we proudly call ourselves the top website development company. For us developing a website is not putting together some tags to make a few things functional. It's truly like a painting where the canvas is laid out a blueprint is first outlined, followed by adding some shapes that structure the webpages and finally breathing in life with vibrant tags and designs that make your unique and optimized website come alive into the virtual world ready to meet your consumers. For us web development is pure joy to communicate your goals to your audience in most user friendly and marketing friendly manner.
What makes is different from other website development agencies?
Our short introduction into what website development means to us would have given insight into how we approach our craft of web development. However, we do know our techie jargons and all that is needed to makes these fab website come to life. So here is all that we offer and if you don't see something on the list, then simply write to us and our creatively techie team will get back ASAP with all the possibilities of making that thing happen for you.
Content Management Systems: We create and customize every form of CMS (Content management systems). Having experience with over 75 clients in this domain, we know how important it is to integrate your CMS correctly in your website. We don't even want to count the list of horrendous things that would happen otherwise, simply because they don't happen when we are involved. Our experts are hands-on every technology and deliver optimum results.
Booking Systems: The world that goes online where even your Pizza is now booked online and delivered at home, we deliver flawless booking systems. This aspect of website development services is handles with extra care and completely customized based on unique requirements of your business. In addition, it is easy to use, so that your team won't have hard time working on its back end.
E-Commerce: This is our key specialty. We simply love the challenges that ecommerce website bring with them when it comes to developing an online shopping website. Right from design, development, payment gateway integration, cart creation, email integration and so on, we deliver in each front.
Custom PHP: PHP may be the easiest coding language available today, but its customization is not easy if you haven't had some experience before. This cause many things to go wrong, but not when it is our experts doing it. We provide custom PHP services in ways that you need.
Troubleshooting: It is part of our website development package. We don't just create a website and leave it alone. We create and install all possible troubleshooting mechanisms needed depending upon what is the kind of usage you are expecting.
Security: Installation of SSL and also other security softwares that are needed to fight the internet-based malware are take care by us.
Easy on pocket: Our website development offerings in India are affordable and packages are customizable. We don't believe in looting our clients as we are looking for long term relationships with them. Hence, we always offer competitive pricing.
SEO optimized: Being an integrated digital agency is a boon for our clients as we ensure each website that we create is SEO optimized from the day it is launched.


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Created at the initiative of the city, is an original event which takes place in February and which aims to make the capital discover in an offbeat way to allow spectators to live an unique experience.
Reservations are only online, the place is kept secret and is unveiled only on the ticket. The rule of the game is to choose an experience without knowing who is the organizer or where it happens. The number of places is limited and you have to be on the lookout because tickets are snapped up in just a few hours!
"I would like my works to be as alive as life ...", confided this great sculptress of the roaring twenties. Arriving in Paris in Protected content , she studied in Montparnasse and became associated with Soutine, Zadkine, and Modigliani. From Protected content , she became the darling of the All-Paris, who asked for portraits in which she excelled. In the house-workshop that was built in Protected content the architect Auguste Perret, you will be fascinated by her sculptural universe. Surrounded by her works, it is all her sensitivity, her fragility and her talent that you will approach closely.
Forbidden pictures and real-time videos during the visit.


text:
New Titles Coming To Disney Plus In January 2022
Posted on January 2, 2022 January 2, 2022 by Emily Murray | Leave A Comment
Disney At HomeDisney NewsDisney Services
One of the best aspects of Disney's streaming service, Disney+, is that there are always new movies and series being made available to subscribers. During the first month of 2022, Disney+ is adding a collection of titles that are sure to excite subscribers. Some of these movies and shows may be familiar to viewers and some are brand new. Here are some of the offerings being added to Disney+ in January 2022.
1. Marvel's Eternals – January 12th
There are 10 people on the Eternals team (Photo: IMDB).
Eternals was one of the films added to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2021. The superhero film follows a race of immortal beings who live on Earth. The Eternals are shown to have significantly contributed to the shaping of history, civilizations, and innovation. Starring Gemma Chan, Richard Madden, Angelina Jolie, Salma Hayek, Kit Harington, Kumail Nanjiani, and Bryan Tyree Henry, Eternals was released in theaters in November 2021 and will be making its way to Disney+ on January 12th.
2. "Betty White Goes Wild" – January 14th
Betty White is a world record holder for being the longest television performer at 70 years (Photo: National Geographic).
In celebration of the late Betty White's 100th birthday, a special called "Betty White Goes Wild" is premiering on Disney+. This National Geographic special follows White as she explores the San Diego Zoo to learn more about big cats and their challenges in the wild. White's documentary is being added to the service on January 14th, 2022, just 3 days before what would have been her 100th birthday.
3. "The World According To Jeff Goldblum" Season 2 – January 19th
Jeff Goldblum has starred in films like Jurassic Park and Independence Day (Photo: Disney Plus).
This Disney+ original series shows a variety of experiences through the eyes of actor Jeff Goldbum. Each episode takes a familiar topic, like dogs, fireworks, and birthdays, and hope to explore how it contributes to large astonishing connections, fascinating science and history, and big ideas. The first season of "The World According To Jeff Goldblum" was released with the launch of Disney+ in 2019 and the second season will premiere on January 19th, 2022.
4. "The Book Of Boba Fett" – Wednesdays in January
The Book of Boba Fett was teased in the season finale of the second season of The Mandelorian (Photo: IMDB).
"The Book Of Boba Fett" is a Star Wars adventure series that follows the iconic bounty hunter as he returns to Tatooine. This show is a spinoff of the service's widely popular series "The Mandalorian" and both are directed by Jon Favreau. While "The Book Of Boba Fett" technically premiered in 2021 at the end of December, episodes are being released weekly this month and into February on Wednesdays.
5. The Ice Age Adventures Of Buck Wild – January 28th
There are 6 films in the Ice Age Franchise (Photo: IMDB).
The Ice Age Adventures Of Buck Wild is a continuation of the prehistoric themed franchise that began in 2002. Crash and Eddie, a pair of opossum brothers, are seeking out a place of their own but end up trapped in an underground cave. The brothers are rescued by a dinosaur-hunting weasel named Buck Wild. They group has to face the dinosaurs that now fill the Lost World.
What are looking forward to watching on Disney+ this month? Let us know in the comments!
Emily Murray
For as long as Emily can remember, Disney has played a huge role in her life. Her infatuation with Disney resulted in many hours spent rewatching Toy Story and creating multiple powerpoints to convince her parents to book yet another vacation to the "Most Magical Place on Earth". In 2015, Emily followed one of her dreams and moved to Orlando, Florida where she spent just over five years working for the mouse in three separate roles. Emily is passionate about writing and using words creatively and concisely. She loves to make others laugh and hopes to sprinkle a little bit of magic into everything she does.
Missing Disney This Summer? Try These Tropical Disney Recipes
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Since early-2020 Disney's two water parks, Typhoon Lagoon and Blizzard Beach have been closed due to the coronavirus… Read More »


text:
/*
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package com.facebook.presto.elasticsearch;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import org.elasticsearch.client.Client;
import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Settings;
import org.elasticsearch.transport.Netty4Plugin;

import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;

import static com.google.common.io.MoreFiles.deleteRecursively;
import static com.google.common.io.RecursiveDeleteOption.ALLOW_INSECURE;

public class EmbeddedElasticsearchNode
        implements Closeable
{
    private final File elasticsearchDirectory;
    private final AtomicBoolean running = new AtomicBoolean();

    private ElasticsearchNode node;

    public static EmbeddedElasticsearchNode createEmbeddedElasticsearchNode()
    {
        return new EmbeddedElasticsearchNode();
    }

    EmbeddedElasticsearchNode()
    {
        try {
            elasticsearchDirectory = File.createTempFile("elasticsearch", "test");
            elasticsearchDirectory.delete();
            elasticsearchDirectory.mkdir();
        }
        catch (IOException e) {
            throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
        }

        Settings setting = Settings.builder()
                .put("cluster.name", "test")
                .put("path.home", elasticsearchDirectory.getPath())
                .put("path.data", new File(elasticsearchDirectory, "data").getAbsolutePath())
                .put("path.logs", new File(elasticsearchDirectory, "logs").getAbsolutePath())
                .put("transport.type.default", "local")
                .put("transport.type", "netty4")
                .put("http.type", "netty4")
                .put("http.enabled", "true")
                .put("path.home", "elasticsearch-test-data")
                .build();
        node = new ElasticsearchNode(setting, ImmutableList.of(Netty4Plugin.class));
    }

    public void start()
            throws Exception
    {
        if (running.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
            node.start();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void close()
            throws IOException
    {
        if (running.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
            node = null;
            deleteRecursively(elasticsearchDirectory.toPath(), ALLOW_INSECURE);
        }
    }

    public Client getClient()
    {
        return node.client();
    }
}


Glamping (glamorous camping) often calls for debate.
You see, some people just don't get the point in parting with their dosh for what is essentially "camping". Their argument is along the lines of: why not just go to a hotel for a similar price? Those unfortunate souls obviously haven't been glamping yet, or at least, they haven't stumbled across any super-luxe glamping spots.
Melding the wonders of nature with some wicked luxuries, here's our list of glamping spots in Australia that are totally worth the splurge.
Love this? Head to out sun-soaked sister site, Metropolist for more great costal content!
Nightfall Wilderness Camp has nailed glamping with the perfect combination of secluded wilderness and wholesome luxuries. In summer, you can open your canvas walls (don't worry, there's still mesh for the bugs) to relish in the surrounding rainforests. While in winter you can keep it intimately closed, spending your eves relaxing in the free-standing bath or curling up around the fireplace. Pretty awesome, right? Next there's the finer details of each tent… elements like hand-carved stone basins, smooth wire-brushed timber floors, and lush organic bedding. If you want to go next-level luxury glamping, you can even opt for complete organic catering which basically means more time to enjoy the private natural spa-pools, lazy hammocks, explorations into the tangled forest, or—wait for it—an outdoor massage by the creek. Pure bliss.
The Grove in Byron is known mostly as a damn fine events venue. Set on 42 acres with views of the hinterland, a 15-metre swimming pool, and purpose-built fire bunker, these pristinely manicured grounds indeed make for a picture-perfect spot. Turns out, you can also glamp on the site. Luxurious teepees decorated in a fashion that can only be described as characteristically "Byron" (think: macrame wall hangings, flowers, and vintage rugs), make for the perfect weekend escape or romantic getaway in a superb location.
Surrounded by three national parks and a multitude of natural wonders, Paperbark Camp is the ultimate bush hideaway. Each of the 12 safari-style tents sit amongst soaring eucalypts and (you guessed it) paperbark trees, perfectly elevated to catch the breeze coming in from the bay. Opting for sustainability you won't find air conditioning, TVs or power points in your tent but—with wrap-around verandahs, an open-air ensuite, and (if you book the deluxe or king) an uber luxurious free-standing bathtub—you won't need them. Don't worry, if you suffer smartphone separation anxiety, you can recharge (and simultaneously nab yourself a divine meal) at the epic on-site treetop restaurant, The Gunyah Restaurant.
Fancy swimming with a Whale Shark or Humpback on your next glamping adventure? Ningaloo Reef is Australia's largest fringing coral reef spanning 260km. It's 1,200km from Perth, which makes it basically in the middle of nowhere, but it's well worth the hike. For a less adrenaline-pumping experience, there's also incredible snorkelling, kayaking, and loads of walks. As for the glamping bit, Sal Salis's huge wilderness tents are designed to blend with the environment. They're carefully placed on raised platforms in the sand dunes and have something super special very few others can boast about… epic ocean views.
It's all about the little things that make your stay, well, cosy, with Cosy Tents. Their fully-furnished European canvas tents have extras like bluetooth speaker systems, bottled water, BBQ cooking facilities, charging stations, and (most importantly) hot showers. They're located just minutes from Daylesford, which could easily be dubbed one of Victoria's cutest towns and is in fact home to Australia's largest concentration of mineral springs. With art galleries, delicious food, quaint architecture, and an abundance of natural spas, you'll be able to glamp by night and pamp by day at this stunning spot.
Okay, so let's be frank for a second. You don't exactly hear "Boonah" and think "ideal holiday destination". Nonetheless we totally rate this bush retreat. Located on the secluded (and stunning) Boonah Scenic Rim,Ketchup's Bank Glamping is real bush glamping. You even get your own rudimentary private bush kitchen and campfire complete with a billy and cast iron campfire oven. And when you're not getting your outback on, there are loads of walks and wildlife to take in.
Haggerstone Island Resort the crème de la crème of glamping. You literally need a private charter from Cairns to get to this secluded little gem of an island. The beach hut may not be a tent, but with very few walls, and literally made from driftwood, we decided it's close enough. Your hut is your own private tropical oasis right on the beach, surrounded by palm trees and hammocks. Once you're there, you'll want and need for nada. Absolutely all meals and adventures (like snorkelling, jet-boating, and fishing) are included. The only optional extra is a helicopter joy flight to check out some of the waterfalls on the island. This is casual, barefoot beach-hut style glamping at its very best. Looking to pop the question soon? This may be just the place.
We couldn't help but include a Sunny Coast favourite! Based in Noosa, Pitch Luxury Camping can set up your dream glamping holiday at just about any campsite or private property on the Sunshine Coast. Do you need… Dog-friendly? Beachfront? Remote? The ability to party into the night? You tell them what you're after from your campsite and they'll give you their recommendations. Then they'll get about setting up your luxurious five-metre tent and plush it out with all the creature comforts you'd like. They've also got a long list of optional extras like firewood, private toilets and showers, separate pop-up kitchen and dining tents, and… if you want to go all out… even a private chef or butler service! Hot damn, this can get as fancy as you wish.


text:
Q: Boost undefined symbol when building .so library with CMake I'm building a shared library (.so) on Linux with CMake which uses Boost 1.75.0.
In CMakeLists.txt, Boost is added the following way:
find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS system chrono filesystem date_time log iostreams program_options)

and added to the target:
target_link_libraries(mytarget PUBLIC ${Boost_LIBRARIES})

CMake finds Boost, so no problem here.
Boost is linked as a static library. When I list the linked object files, I get the correct libraries:
-- LIB_FILES: ...;/path/to/boost/debug/lib/libboost_filesystem.a;...

The library compiles and links without error.
However, when I use a simple function of the library, I get the following error:
undefined symbol: _ZNK5boost10filesystem16filesystem_error4whatEv

This symbol is indeed undefined in the library:
$ nm -g libmytarget.so | grep _ZNK5boost10filesystem16filesystem_error4whatEv
                 U _ZNK5boost10filesystem16filesystem_error4whatEv

The demangled name is boost::filesystem::filesystem_error::what() const, which is defined in boost/filesystem/exception.hpp as
namespace boost
{
  namespace filesystem
  {
    class BOOST_FILESYSTEM_DECL filesystem_error : public std::exception
    {
    public:
      virtual const char * what() const throw();
...

Note that my code does not call this method.
The symbol is defined in libboost_filesystem.a, which is used by the linker, as a symbol in the text (code) section:
$ nm -g /path/to/boost/debug/lib/libboost_filesystem.a | grep _ZNK5boost10filesystem16filesystem_error4whatEv
00000000000003fa T _ZNK5boost10filesystem16filesystem_error4whatEv

My question:
I don't understand how it is possible that this symbol is undefined in the compiled library, when it is present in the statically linked lib (file libboost_filesystem.a), which is recognized and used by the linker.

A: Enabling INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION in CMake solved the problem:
set_target_properties(mytarget PROPERTIES INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION TRUE)

Now, the symbol is properly linked:
$ nm -g libmytarget.so | grep filesystem_error4what
00000000001cfe22 T _ZNK5boost10filesystem16filesystem_error4whatEv

But I still don't know what's going on behind the scenes and why this error pops up in the first place.


Bike and Roll's most popular tour! Enjoy the car-free lakefront trail and explore Chicago's beaches, parks, lagoons, and the gorgeous Lincoln Park Zoo and Conservatory (free admission). This tour offers a diverse mix of nature and attractions. Top sights include: The Chicago Lakefront, Navy Pier, North Avenue Beach, Lincoln Park Zoo and Conservatory. Easy riding and kid-friendly, great fun for the whole family!
Guided tour includes comfort bicycle and helmet.
Available: Daily, May–September; Friday, Saturday, Sunday only, April & October; Departs at 10:00am.
Approximately 2-3 hours - 8 miles - Easy ride.
Departure point: Navy Pier - 600 East Grand Avenue, Chicago IL 60601.
Trailer carriages or baby seats available for children.
Children of all ages are able to participate. However, if the child does not want to ride, there are Child Seats, Tag-Along carriers, and Wagons available to rent directly from the shop upon arrival.
Tour may be cancelled if the weather makes for dangerous riding conditions. If we are unable to reschedule the tour, we will issue a full credit or refund.


text:
ICAWPI
International Campaign Against War on the People in India
Stop all attacks against the people!
Int'l Campaign
Solidarity Statements
Last updateWed, 25 Sep 2013 1pm
Delhi University teacher Saibaba says he is a vict
Condemn Indian State's Heinous Raid on Activist
Press Conference in Professor GN Saibaba's House -
Arundhati Roy on attacks on GN Saibaba...
CONDEMN THE RAID OF THE HOUSE OF PROF. GN SAIBABA...
Retract the Renewal of Ban on RDF in AP...
BackYou are here: News India West Bengal Police Shoot on Sight - and We're All Targets
West Bengal Police Shoot on Sight - and We're All Targets
According to the two women wearing the white clothes of mourning, Lalmohan Tudu was a well-loved husband and son, a man who only wanted to help his village. They say the farmer, a tribal rights activist, was seized near his home by police who then shot him dead in a nearby paddy field.
But police say the 50-year-old was a dangerous rebel, the head of a Maoist front group that was terrorising the area. He was killed, they insist, in an exchange of fire after his group attacked a police patrol.
"They had been hunting him since last June," said his wife, Lakhimani, stunned and hushed, as she sat outside the family home where chickens pecked in the dust. "He had tried to come to the house that day but he was kidnapped that night. We heard gunshots and feared the worst. We never found out what had happened until the next morning when we heard his body was in the morgue."
The killing of Mr Tudu is a snapshot from the frontline of what the Indian government has called its very own "war on terror". Across a swath of remote rural India, away from the busy cities that boast an economic growth rate of 8 per cent, thousands of paramilitaries and armed police are readying to launch a major military operation against an enemy Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has termed the "single biggest threat to the country's security". So-called Maoist rebels who have been fighting the authorities off and on for four decades stand in the way of economic development and want to overthrow the state, authorities say. The military assault, Operation Green Hunt, the government warns, will be a "long and bloody war".
Yet campaigners and activists, among them the Booker prize-winning novelist Arundhati Roy, describe the military operation as the latest in a series of enforced land grabs conducted by the state against India's indigenous tribal people. The proposed "development" the government talks about, is not for the benefit of the local people but for Indian and international corporations securing valuable mineral resources located on tribal, or adivasi, land. The Maoists, they say, have come to the aid of the some of India's most oppressed.
But what a journey into the tribal heartlands and inquiries into the death of Mr Tudu suggests is that the truth may be more complex than either side cares to admit.
The dusty hamlet of Narcha lies 130 miles west of Calcutta, a journey along often single-track, pot-holed roads that takes more than five hours. On the way to the small farming community, set amid fields of potatoes and rice, the vehicle leaps and shakes. In the small communities on route, there are heavily guarded police and paramilitary compounds, with machine-gun posts set behind sandbags and razor-wire. Narcha is just a couple of miles from the town of Lalgarh, which in June 2009 was thrust into the headlines after villagers rose up and protested against police atrocities there. Men were beaten, women were raped and at least one person was blinded, say activists, in a security crackdown after a roadside bomb attack by Maoists on the convoy of West Bengal's chief minister who had just inaugurated the opening of a steel plant an hour away. Although the bomb did not harm the minister, the state responded with a vicious crackdown.
At that point, Mr Tudu, a former police constable, was appointed as one of the leaders of the People's Committee against Police Atrocities (PCAPA), an organisation that villagers in Narcha say was set up simply to protect themselves and which had no links to the Maoist rebels long active in the area. Lalgarh was declared a "liberated zone" and the police stationed there dared not move from their base.
"We formed our own committee and did not get help from anybody," said Labu Kisku, a close friend and neighbour of Mr Tudu. "We formed it against the torture. The committee could not influence anyone to become Maoist. In the eyes of the police, the chickens and cows are Maoists. In this way [Tudu] was described as a Maoist leader." Mr Tudu's mother, Dhanmani, added: "He was a good man, sociable. That is why he was elected."
In Lalgarh, as elsewhere in what the government calls India's terrorist-infested areas, the precise interface between the Maoists - more properly the banned Communist Party of India (Maoist) but also referred to as Naxalites - and the tribals, is a grey area.
Much of the leadership of the Maoists, whose 40-year insurgency has lead to the deaths of an estimated 6,000 police, political rivals and civilians, is made up of urban, educated ideologues who recruit their fighters from among the tribal population in states such as Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Jharkhand and Bihar. Ms Roy said: "About 100 per cent of armed Maoists are tribals, but that is not to say that all tribals are Maoists."
But campaigners say that in the government's efforts to demonise anyone who speaks out against Operation Green Hunt, its opponents are labelled "Maoist sympathisers". On the ground, it is even more perilous. Sujato Bhadra, a Kolkata-based activist who heads the Association of People's Democratic Rights and who has been investigating the death of Mr Tudu, said: "There is a shoot-on-sight order against the Maoists but nobody knows what a Maoist is. [Police say] everybody is a Maoist, everyone is a suspect. Everyone is under a tremendous threat of death."
A report in Tehelka magazine said Mr Tudu was a moderate member of the tribal committee. Yet last year the group launched its own military wing, with one committee member telling journalists: "We started off with a democratic movement and wanted to resolve all issues through dialogue with the state government. But if both the centre and the state government unleashes terror on innocent villagers through the security forces in the name of flushing out Maoists, we are left with no choice than to opt for armed struggle."
In many of the places where Maoists are active, including Lalgarh, ordinary villagers say they feel trapped between the insurgents and the security forces, unsure which way to turn. At the same time, support for the insurgents appears strongest in those very areas lacking in infrastructure and the provision of basic services such as schools and clinics. Campaigners say even the government's own research has concluded that one of the root causes of support for the insurgents is poverty. In a highly publicised speech last week, the senior official at the home ministry, Gopal Pillai, said: "If you have a vacuum someone will fill it up. It has been the Naxals for huge parts of the country where government has not reached."
Yet Saroj Giri, a professor of political science of the University of Delhi, said while the central government spoke of the need for development in such areas, ensuring it happened were different things. "Locally, the police are very hawkish," he said. "India wants to give a good impression to the world and talks about the need for development [in these areas]. But there is a large discrepancy between what central ministers say and what is happening on the ground."
In recent weeks, Koteswar Rao, the leader of the Maoists in the Lalgarh region and a man better known by his nickname Kishenji, offered the government a ceasefire. This followed an attack by insurgents on a paramilitary camp in the town of Shilda, 20 miles from Lalgarh, in which 24 young soldiers were killed. The government has so far rejected the ceasefire. Activists say the government does not want a ceasefire and that it prefers a military solution.
Back in Narcha, the family of Lalmohan Tudu, beset by grief and fear, have not been able to hold a proper funeral. For seven days the police declined the requests of relatives to return the corpse of the father of three and the family performed a traditional ritual with Mr Tudu's body replaced by that of a dead chicken.
The police deny the family's story. The local superintendent, Manoj Verma, said his officers had repeatedly tried to have his family collect the body. "They did not want it," he said. This is tribal custom."
Last week, with friends, Mr Tudu's widow asked for the return of her husband's body in the police station. Two hours later, the family emerged having signed a document that said they did not, after all, want the corpse. A relative said the police had told them the body had decomposed, the family had come under "indirect pressure" and felt forced to give up its request. Asked why she had allowed police to dispose of her husband's body, Mrs Tudu said resignedly: "What could I do?"
(The Independent, March 8)
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