1. What is a good source of energy?
→ It produces a lot of heat per unit mass.
→ It does a huge amount of work per unit mass.
→ It is easily accessible.
→ It is easy to store and transport.
→ It produces less amount of smoke.
2. What is a good fuel?
3. If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and why?
1. What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?
→ Burning of coal and petroleum produces a lot of pollutants causing air pollution.
→ Fossil fuels release oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, etc. that cause acid rain, which affects the soil fertility and potable water.
→ Burning of fossil fuels produce gases such as carbon dioxide that causes global warming.
2. Why are we looking at alternate sources of energy?
Fossil fuels which are traditionally used by human beings everywhere as an energy sources are non-renewable sources of energy. These sources of energy are limited and will disappear after some time. They are being consumed at a large rate. Therefore, we should conserve the energy sources. Hence, we should look for alternate sources of energy.
3. How has the traditional use of wind and water energy been modified for our convenience?
Earlier, the windmills were used to harness wind energy to do mechanical work such as lifting/drawing water from a well. Today, windmills are used to generate electricity.In windmills, the kinetic energy of wind is harnessed and converted into electricity.
Water energy which was used for transportation before is now a good source to generate electricity. Dams has been constructed on river for generating electricity. Waterfalls were used as a source of potential energy which was converted to electricity with the help of turbines.
1. What kind of mirror – concave, convex or plain – would be best suited for use in a solar cooker? Why?
A concave mirror is used in a solar cooker as it uses heat of the sunlight to cook food. The mirror focuses all the incident sunlight at a point. The temperature at that point increases, thereby cooking and heating the food placed at that point.
2. What are the limitations of the energy that can be obtained from the oceans?
The forms of energy that can be obtained from the ocean are tidal energy, wave energy, and ocean thermal energy. There are several limitations in order to harness these energies.
→ Tidal energy depends on the relative positioning of the Earth, moon, and the Sun.
→ High dams are required to be built to convert tidal energy into electricity.
→ Very strong waves are required to obtain electricity from wave energy.
→ To harness ocean thermal energy efficiently, the difference in the temperature of surface water (hot) and the water at depth (cold) must be 20ºC or more.
3. What is geothermal energy?
Geothermal power plants use heat of the Earth to generate electricity. This heat energy of the Earth is known as geothermal energy.
4. What are the advantages of nuclear energy?
→ Large amount of energy is produced per unit mass.
→ It does not produce smoke. It is a clean energy.
→ Fission of one atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy released by burning of one atom of carbon.
→ Fusion of four hydrogen atoms produces huge amount of energy approximately equal to 27 MeV.
1. Can any source of energy be pollution-free? Why or why not?
No source of energy can be pollution-free. Every source of energy has some type of pollution. For example, the wastes of nuclear reaction are very dangerous to the environment.
2. Hydrogen has been used as a rocket fuel. Would you consider it a cleaner fuel than CNG? Why or why not?
Hydrogen gas is cleaner than CNG. CNG contains hydrocarbons. Therefore, it has carbon contents. Carbon is a form of pollutant present in CNG. On the other hand, hydrogen is waste-free. The fusion of hydrogen does not produce any waste. Hence, hydrogen is cleaner than CNG.
1. Name two energy sources that you would consider to be renewable. Give reasons for your choices.
→ Sun: The energy derived from the Sun is known as solar energy. Solar energy is produced by the fusion of hydrogen into helium, fusion of helium into other heavy elements, and so on. A large amount of hydrogen and helium is present in the Sun. The Sun has billions years more to burn. Therefore solar energy is a renewable source of energy.
→ Wind: Wind energy is derived from fast blowing air. Wind energy is harnessed by windmills in order to generate electricity. Air blows because of uneven heating of the Earth. Since the heating of the Earth will continue forever therefore wind energy will also be available forever.
2. Give the names of two energy sources that you would consider to be exhaustible. Give reasons for your choices.
→ Coal: It is produced from dead remains of plants and animals that remain buried under the earth's crust for millions of years. It takes millions of years to produce coal. Industrialization has increased the demand of coal. However, coal cannot replenish within a short period of time. Hence, it is a non-renewable or exhaustible source of energy.
→ Wood: It is obtained from forests. Deforestation at a faster rate has caused a reduction in the number of forests on the Earth. It takes hundreds of years to grow a forest. If deforestation is continued at this rate, then there would be no wood left on the Earth. Hence, wood is an exhaustible source of energy.
2. Which of the following is not an example of a bio-mass energy source?
3. Most of the sources of energy we use represent stored solar energy. Which of the following is not ultimately derived from the Sun's energy?
4. Compare and contrast fossil fuels and the Sun as direct sources of energy.
Fossil fuels are energy sources, such as coal and petroleum, obtained from underneath the Earth's crust. They are directly available to human beings for use. Hence, fossil fuels are the direct source of energy. These are limited in amount. These are non-renewable sources of energy because these cannot be replenished in nature. Fossil fuels take millions of years for their formation. If the present fossil fuel of the Earth gets exhausted, its formation will take several years. Fossil fuels are also very costly.
On the other hand, solar energy is a renewable and direct source of energy. The Sun has been shining for several years and will do so for the next five billion years. Solar energy is available free of cost to all in unlimited amount. It replenishes in the Sun itself.
5. Compare and contrast bio-mass and hydro electricity as sources of energy.
Bio-mass and hydro-electricity both are renewable sources of energy. Bio-mass is derived from dead plants and animal wastes. Hence, it is naturally replenished. It is the result of natural processes. Wood, gobargas, etc. are some of the examples of bio-mass.
Hydro-electricity, on the other hand, is obtained from the potential energy stored in water at a height. Energy from it can be produced again and again. It is harnessed from water and obtained from mechanical processes.
(a) A windmill requires wind of speed more than 15 km/h to generate electricity from wind energy also large numbers of windmills are required to get feasible output which covers a large area.
(b) Very strong ocean waves are required in order to extract energy from waves.
(c) Very high tides are required in order to extract energy from tides. Also, occurrence of tides depends on the relative positions of the Sun, moon, and the Earth.
(a) The source of energy that replenishes in nature is known as renewable source of energy. Sun, wind, moving water, bio-mass, etc. are some of the examples of renewable sources of energy.
The source of energy that does not replenish in nature is known as non-renewable source of energy. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. are some of the examples of non-renewable sources of energy.
(b) Exhaustible sources are those sources of energy, which will deplete and exhaust after a few hundred years. Coal, petroleum, etc. are the exhaustible sources of energy.
Inexhaustible resources of energy are those sources, which will not exhaust in future. These are unlimited. Bio-mass is one of the inexhaustible sources of energy.
Yes. The options given in (a) and (b) are the same.
8. What are the qualities of an ideal source of energy?
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a solar cooker? Are there places where solar cookers would have limited utility?
Solar cooker uses Sun's energy to heat and cook food. It is inexhaustible and clean renewable source of energy. It is free for all and available in unlimited amount. Hence, operating a solar cooker is not expensive.
Disadvantage of a solar cooker is that it is very expensive. It does not work without sunlight. Hence, on cloudy day, it becomes useless.
The places where the days are too short or places with cloud covers round the year, have limited utility for solar cooker.
10. What are the environmental consequences of the increasing demand for energy? What steps would you suggest to reduce energy consumption?
Industrialization increases the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are easily accessible sources of energy that fulfil this demand. The increased use of fossil fuels has a harsh effect on the environment. Too much exploitation of fossil fuels increases the level of green house gas content in the atmosphere, resulting in global warming and a rise in the sea level.
It is not possible to completely reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. However, some measures can be taken such as using electrical appliances wisely and not wasting electricity. Unnecessary usage of water should be avoided. Public transport system with mass transit must be adopted on a large scale. These small steps may help in reducing the consumption of natural resources and conserving them.


Thank you so much to Titan Football Head Coach Michael DiGrigoli for understanding the value to teach the players this life saving skill that everyone needs to learn.
Thank you Samantha Alexandria Molina and her amazing staff at the aquatics facility.
Thank you @Naples Children & Education Foundation – Naples Winter Wine Festivalfor making this program possible in Collier County.
– Children who qualify for free or reduced school lunch programs are 63 percent less likely to have good swimming ability.
– If parents have no/low swimming ability, there's a high likelihood their children won't have good swimming skills (78 percent for African-American children, 62 percent among Hispanic/Latino children and 67 percent for Caucasian children).
– Children who know how to be safer around water are 3.7 times more likely to have good swimming ability.


text:
Major U.S. airlines step up cleanliness in hopes of calming travelers' coronavirus fears
Anything a passenger is served, touches, or breathes in is getting heightened scrutiny
Gary Guthrie Reporter
Photo (c) Animaflora - Getty Images
The coronavirus looms no larger than in the travel world. According to a new poll released Wednesday by the Global Business Travel Association (GBTA), the virus could potentially cost the industry $46.6 billion per month.
Nearly every major airline has offered travelers waivers on existing bookings to waylay some of the trepidation, but flight loads are still lagging behind the norm.
In hopes of restoring some confidence and getting folks back on their airplanes, American Airlines, Delta Airlines, and Southwest Airlines are making it known that they're going the extra mile by thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting anything a traveler may come in touch with.
At the top of its declaration on cleanliness, American wants to reaffirm the flying public that its "cleaning practices have always met or exceeded all CDC guidelines." The airline says it's scrubbing down its aircraft with an EPA-approved disinfectant, as well as taking additional time on the ground to give each plane a 30-point cleaning package every day.
The things travelers come in contact with the most -- like tray tables and armrests -- are also getting a more thorough cleaning. The air that passengers breathe is also getting added scrutiny.
"Most of our aircraft are equipped with High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters that provide a complete air change approximately 15 to 30 times per hour, or once every two to four minutes," the company said, noting that its HEPA filter's complete air change is similar to the standard for hospitals.
As far as inflight dining and beverage service is concerned, all catering equipment on international flights is getting extra sanitation and disinfection. That includes tableware, dishes, glassware, and utensils. Anything that's not used gets discarded.
American seems to have thought of everything. It says even the headphones it passes out are being sanitized.
Delta's efforts are on par with American's. In addition to consulting with the CDC, Delta has also called in the World Health Organisation (WHO) to ensure that it meets or exceeds the agency's precautions related to the coronavirus.
One interesting procedure that caught ConsumerAffairs' eye is Delta's deployment of "fogging." The airline says that starting in February, when the coronavirus was in its infancy, it began using a fogging technique with an EPA-registered disinfectant on in-bound flights from Asia destined for the airline's U.S. gateways (Atlanta, Detroit, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Portland and Seattle).
"We are working rapidly and have sourced additional machines to expand fogging to inbound international flights, prioritizing trans-Atlantic inbound flights from markets with reported coronavirus cases," the airline noted.
Southwest Airlines says that it, like Delta and American, is following recommendations from the CDC and WHO, as well as using HEPA filters and cleaning, sanitizing, and disinfecting the aircraft cabin every night.
It also says that each of its aircraft is "tidied" between flights "in accordance with an established program aimed at providing a clean and inviting cabin environment."
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Gary Guthrie
Gary Guthrie covers technology and travel for the ConsumerAffairs news team. Prior to ConsumerAffairs, he was a programming consultant for radio and TV stations in some 20 markets around the U.S., as well as a presentation developer for the likes of Jack Daniel's, Procter & Gamble, AT&T, and Columbia University.
Pine-Sol approved by FDA as an effective disinfectant for COVID-19
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Trump approves $8.3 billion to tackle coronavirus
Cruise ship carrying passengers with possible coronavirus infections remains at sea

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Little Dun Fell, June 2021
Little Dun Fell boulders looking north to Cross Fell
Continuing my theme of upland lichens, Caz Walker and I visited Little Dun Fell in the Pennines on 7/6/21 hoping to acquaint ourselves with the arctic-alpine species that have been found there, as well as to see how they are doing. We approached from a friends' house in Eden valley fellside, so quite a trek with 11 miles total and 600m of ascent! We saw a ring-tail hen harrier on the way up, along with a couple of curlews and golden plover, though perhaps there should have been more. There weren't very many flowers but a red admiral butterfly perched on the rocks at the summit of Little Dun Fell (which is just inside the Moor House NNR). The boulders also hid several bits of flotsam including two fluorescent rucksack waterproof covers and that not so rare species Plastic pepsicola.
Little Dun Fell and Great Dun Fell
Little Dun Fell, Great Dun Fell and Cross Fell are on the Pennine Way in Cumbria with tops at over 840m: a layer of hard acidic gritstone, interbedded with other sedimentary rocks, showing as outcrops on the sides of Cross Fell and a boulder field just to the north of the summit of Little Dun Fell. Great Dun Fell sports a "golf ball" radar station – a landmark visible from afar on the west, and looks like a modern art installation close up.
The altitude and geology of these windswept tops provides a suitable home for various arctic-alpine lichen species that are more usually found on the tops of Scottish hills. Most of the lichen records are from some time ago, though Allan Pentecost visited Cross Fell summit in 2016. The last lichen records for Little Dun Fell in the British Lichen Society database are from 1979 at a BLS field trip which spent a week in the Penrith area (1). Some notable records have a 6 figure grid reference while others just have a hectad reference.
Caz had seen a few of the target species on trips in Scotland with the BLS montane group. We should also recognise other montane specialists that we've seen in the Lake District fells. We made a good list of species, re-finding some of the rarities and adding one more. However, Umbilicaria proboscidea was missing, having been described as locally frequent at Little Dun Fell in 1979. We also didn't see Arctoparmelia incurva which had been present then, but we could have missed it this time.
We re-found nationally scarce Allantoparmelia alpicola on quite a few boulders – tiny contorted and convex lobes. In addition we found two small appressed species that look a bit like Cetrarias. Cetrariella commixta was there previously, but Melanelia hepatizon is new for this top, though found west of Cross Fell in 1990 by Simon Davey. The M. hepatizon had pseudocyphellae on the lobe margins and the surface of the thallus; not present on the upper cortex of the C. commixta. More definitively, in M. hepatizon the white medulla is K+ yellow while in C. commixta it is K-. Note that the algal layer will turn greeny yellow during the test.
We also found Parmeliopsis ambigua on a boulder. This is mainly on acid barked trees, but it was found here in 1979 and there are a few other saxicolous records for Cumbria, with some of these on headstones in graveyards. It is yellow grey with globose soralia testing yellow with K. We wanted this to be Arctoparmelia incurva but that is KC+ pink and has different shaped lobes.
Schaereria cinereorufa was also present, with the uniseriate globose spores confirming it later.
In the turf, slightly surprisingly, was good old Bilimbia sabuletorum which we wouldn't expect in an acid environment. However there is basic rock in the area.
Bilimbia sabuletorum
Fifty metres closer to the actual summit there are two fenced exclosures, erected in 1954. The 1979 BLS trip report says that these had taller vegetation inside, with Cetraria islandica and Cladonia arbuscula having increased their cover to form large cushions. The exclosures are still there with intact fences, but we saw neither of those species in a quick look, though we did see Cladonia ciliata. The inside vegetation is indeed slightly taller, but not a lot, so the extremes of weather do stop dominant species even with no grazing or trampling. I don't think the two lost species were present outside of the exclosures in 1979, presumably due to grazing or historic burning. But any chance of recolonisation now seems to have gone. Update: We did see Cetraria islandica on a later visit to nearby Great Dun Fell and Cross Fell.
There's a similar old exclosure at Cow Green Reservoir (also in Moor House NNR) that we visited on 29/7/20. The growth there was similarly slightly higher inside, and had bushy C. islandica along with Common twayblade and Cloudberry. So, it feels like the Little Dun Fell exclosures aren't doing very well, even with grazers excluded. A long term study of the Moor House vegetation plots, 2015 (3), says that "during the period that Moor House has been protected as a nature reserve the vegetation quality has declined in spite of reductions in grazing pressure." The study reports Little Dun Fell as having the highest numbers of sheep (at 5.8 per hectare average between 1954 -1998) but says that "overall, removal of sheep grazing had few positive effects and many negative ones". It doesn't reach any definitive conclusion as to what's going on but speculates that "it is possible that this reflects a continuing late-twentieth century impact of atmospheric pollution". Increased temperatures from climate change won't help.
That report also says, "What is of particular concern are the reductions in the probability of occurrence of liverworts and lichens." "Biotic homogenisation has now been detected in Great Britain at the countrywide-scale (Smart et al. 2006) and within alpine communities (Britton et al. 2009 (4)), and it is possible that this reflects a continuing late-twentieth century impact of atmospheric pollution". A paper from Mitchell in 2017 (6) echoes these findings: less specialist species are invading the highest refuges for alpine species of various taxa. The combination of warming and nutrient loads in most uplands is therefore reducing biodiversity.
It would be good to check out more of these Pennine tops to get a better overview of the situation, so, as usual, a repeat visit is required, ideally with less of a walk-in. In particular it would be lovely to check the only English record of Umbilicaria hyperborea on Cross Fell, in the database for 1979 following its finding by Rod Corner in 1977 (2).
Re-finding existing records is great to build up your knowledge – and check the state of play on the ground. The distribution lichen maps for Cumbria are online here, and I can provide full records – and the BLS records officer is happy to provide database snapshots for other parts of the country. It's also good to visit new areas – and thinking about the geology and vegetation can suggest where to look.
Coppins & Gilbert (1981). Field Meeting near Penrith. Lichenologist 13(2): p193
Corner (1978). Umbilicaria hyperborea discovered in England. Lichenologist 10: p134
Milligan, Rose & Marrs (2015). Winners and losers in a long-term study of vegetation change at Moor House NNR: Effects of sheep grazing and its removal on British upland vegetation.
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82709587.pdf
Britton et al (2009) Biological Conservation 142/8 p1728-1739
Biodiversity gains and losses: Evidence for homogenisation of Scottish alpine vegetation
Britton et al (2016)
Climate, pollution and grazing drive long-term change in moorland habitats
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/avsc.12260
Mitchell et al (2017). Biological Conservation 212 p327-336
Forty years of change in Scottish grassland vegetation: Increased richness, decreased diversity and increased dominance
← Smardale Trip report 25/5/21 → Roudsea trip report 27/6/21


text:
Audiobooks > Science Fiction > Action & Adventure > Star Trek: Coda: Book 3: Oblivion's Gate
Download Star Trek: Coda: Book 3: Oblivion's Gate Audiobook
Author: David Mack Narrator: Robert Petkoff Publisher: Simon & Schuster Audio Audio Length: 17 hours Series:The Star Trek: Coda Trilogy Release Date: November 2021 Format: Unabridged Audiobook Delivery: Instant Download ISBN: 9781797129488
The crews of Jean-Luc Picard, Benjamin Sisko, Ezri Dax, and William Riker unite to prevent a cosmic-level apocalypse—only to find that some fates really are inevitable.
THEIR MOST DAUNTING MISSION WILL BE THEIR FINEST HOUR.
The epic Star Trek: Coda trilogy comes to a shattering conclusion as the Temporal Apocalypse forces Starfleet's greatest heroes to make the greatest sacrifices of their lives.
™, ®, & © 2021 CBS Studios, Inc. STAR TREK and related marks and logos are trademarks of CBS Studios, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
David Mack is the New York Times bestselling author of more than thirty novels and novellas, including the Star Trek Destiny and Cold Equations trilogies. Beyond novels, Mack's writing credits span several media, including television, film, short fiction, magazines, newspapers, comic books, computer games, radio, and live theater. Mack resides in New York City with his wife, Kara.
Robert Petkoff is an actor and audiobook narrator who has won a prestigious Audie Award and multiple AudioFile Earphones Awards. He has appeared on Chappelle's Show, Law & Order, and Quantum Leap. His Broadway credits include Sir Robin in Spamalot, Perchik in Fiddler on the Roof, and Tateh in Ragtime.


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text:
silk trade trains
The silk trains are a fascinating paragraph in railway history. They certainly were much more than myth but the aura that surrounds them sometimes makes it difficult to tie down facts. Canadian Pacific held a commanding hand in this game as its ships ( the Empresses of ... ) were the fastest on the Pacific run, Vancouver was a day nearer the Orient than American ports, and CPR [Canadian Pacific] owned its own tracks for a greater distance across the continent than any other railway. Its apparent US partner to New York the ultimate destination, was the New York Central. The result was significantly faster times from the Orient to New York. It is true that Prince Rupert is closer to the Orient than other North American ports but the references I turned up make no mention of it as being a factor in the trade. Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Portland and Vancouver were players in the game. Weber (below) quotes statistics on raw silk imports (from 1924 to 1933) by the Silk Association of America Inc in New York but Port Rupert is not listed as a port of arrival
CPR [Canadian Pacific] had an early start in the game in the mid-, late-1880s after the opening of regular transcontinental service in 1886. Early shipments were in baggage cars on the transcontinental trains, subsequently shipments grew to the point where full trains were used, and CPR actually built some special steel "through baggage" cars for the service. Canadian National entered the picture after its creation in 1923 and is the only line serving Port Rupert, but I have not seen any reference to silk trains originating there. Prince Rupert is one of those places which always seems to be on the point of "taking off". Maybe this time But ...
Webber, Bernard. Silk Trains. Word Works Publications. Kelowna B.C. 1993. ISBN 0-9696187-1-9
Cote, Jean-G. "Steam Hauled Silk Trains". Canadian Rail. August 1976.
Barnoe, Mike "Canadian Silk Trains". Canadian Railway Modeller. Nov/Dec 1996
Kennedy, W.G. "Car for the Silk Express". Model Railroader. Feb 1965
[from the R&LHS Newsgroup]
A significant part of the "business plan" for the original Transcontinental Railroad (Central and Union Pacific) was "land bridge" traffic between the Orient and Europe. But the Suez Canal opened in September 1869 and nearly all of the expected European traffic went that way. Except high-value, time-sensitive items such as tea and (raw) silk.
This high value, high speed traffic was a regular feature on the transcontinental route for years. Southern Pacific built special "tea and silk cars" in 1904, one of which is preserved by the California State Railroad Museum.
As other, more northern transcontinental routes were completed, they picked up part of this trade. Northern Pacific, Canadian Pacific, Great Northern and others. Such trains were still a feature through the 1920s. I'm not sure just when the last silk train (or for that matter tea train) ran, but I suspect the introduction of nylon (and other oil and synthetic based cloths) had a lot to do with it, as did air shipments of goods.
Interesting now that through containerization the Oriental-European land bridge traffic has become a major business, although the high-speed tea and silk traffic are now long gone (at least gone from the rails).
Kyle K. Wyatt
Curator of History & Technology
111 "I" Street
My work address is: kwyatt@parks.ca.gov
My personal address is: kylewyatt@aol.com
posted from CPRR Discussion Group at 10:02 AM
I just had an opportunity to look at the Central Pacific's 1878 annual report, and find the following tonnages for tea and silk:
Silk - in 1877 1,300,100 lbs ; in 1878 1,529,560 lbs
Silk Worm Eggs - in 1877 82,600 lbs ; in 1878 137,650 lbs
Tea - in 1877 18,403,520 lbs ; in 1878 16,431,380 lbs
It is interesting to note that the tonnage figures for tea in each year are more than double those of any other single commodity – except wool, which is itself more than double that of tea.
[The] ... Central and Southern Pacific also operated Tea Trains – generally using the same cars, and often also operated in the same train with silk (at least in the 19th century). Was the tea (and perhaps also the silk) just for US consumption, or was some of it transshipped to Europe? I suspect the latter.
As late as 1903-1904 Southern Pacific built special wooden ventilated baggage cars that they called "Tea & Silk Cars". (They were called "Fruit & Silk Cars" before the 1906 formation of Pacific Fruit Express.) These new cars replaced the earlier ventilated "Passenger Fruit Cars" in tea and silk service. I know of some SP steel baggage cars (in the 1920s?) that also had end vents added, which I suspect were for the same service.
... The silk was transported in raw form as unwashed skeins. It was NOT silkworms. Some of the silk was in fabric form.
... The reasons for speedy shipments were – high insurance costs charged for every hour the silk was in a railway's hands based on the value of the shipment – interest rates on the letters of credit used to finance the operation – silk prices varied widely on the National Silk Exchange so shipper's wanted to get to market ASAP before the price dropped too far.
... Silk train operations ceased around 1935 solely because the price of silk dropped from ca. $7.50/pound to ca. $1.25 due to the financial crash of 1929. Railway freight rates were too high for the lower value product, so silk was then shipped by sea from Yokohama to NYC via the Panama Canal in NYK Ships (the NYK line was owned by the Japanese Government). Nylon was introduced to the market in 1940, so it was not a factor in the demise of silk trains. Viscose rayon and cellulose acetate were introduced to the market in the early 1920's, and creamed off the lower range of the silk market – but were never effective competition at the top end of the silk market – their properties just couldn't hack it against silk. ...
—Alan Vanderpool
[from the R&LHS Newsgroup.]
From: kylewyatt@aol.com
Thanks for the added Silk Train info.
Early press accounts of the trains in the 1870s appear to indicate that live silk worms (in cocoons) were being transported, at least for part of the load. (From memory, I seem to recall accounts of some mixed loads, including cocoons and raw silk both.) Speculating, transit times and conditions at sea might have had some negative effects on raw silk as opposed to that with the worm still present – and these problems may have been subsequently overcome. Note – this is pure speculation.
The Central Pacific/Southern Pacific cars that the silk was shipped in were all ventilated (not refrigerated). And I don't recall any provision for heating. What shipping conditions are optimal for raw silk?
In the Central Pacific/Southern Pacific accounts, the cargos on the trains typically were both silk and tea. In fact a special group of cars constructed by the Southern Pacific shops in 1904 were officially called Tea & Silk Cars. I've always wondered about the tea part of those shipments. What was the destination (US or Britain, or?) and what justified the high speed for the tea?
From: "Alan Vanterpool" avtpool@shaw.ca
Subject: Silk Trains
How were CPRR silk trains despatched – as extras, as second sections to fast mail trains, or as second second to passenger expresses, or other? Was the phrase "with right over all other trains" included in the train order? Were locomotive changes made very rapidly at divisional points? If so, was this operation included in the train orders?
—Alan Vanterpool
From: "Kevin Bunker" mikadobear45@yahoo.com
In the very limited interval when silk trains still ran on the Espee [Southern Pacific, "SP"], I recall seeing a few special instructions somewhere in documents at California State Railroad Museum Library (SP Books of Rules, perhaps?) that demanded these trains run as extras with rights over all other trains. This would suggest that these trains, when pausing for crew changes at division points, would also have swapped engines with normally advance-arranged protection motive power in the same manner as mail trains and hot passenger trains: the replacement power would have already been fueled, watered and spotted with its engine crew aboard on an adjacent track for rapid substitution, after which only a static air brake test would be needed before the train could get underway again.
I have been gone from CSRM staff for some years now, so there may have been historic documents that have come to light since governing silk train operations. It would take some diligence to uncover much information since dedicated silk trains did run only a very short time and specific records may not even still exist for these unusual operations.
Good questions.
We have evidence on the Canadian Pacific that a Royal Train (with the British Crown Prince) was sidetracked to let a silk train by in the 1920s (as I recall).
On the Central Pacific, we know they were run fast. I think they exceeded passenger train speeds - at least in part because they didn't need to stop at stations (except for water and fuel, engine and crew changes). Their passage was frequently noted in local papers, so they clearly were something special. I'm also not sure how much the formal train classifications we are familiar with (extra, 2nd section, etc.) were actually in use in the 19th century. I suspect silk trains may have been considered specials.
Also keep in mind that the trains frequently carried tea as well as silk.
My grandfather, George Lee King apparently held a record for the silk train time out of Edmonton. Is there info anywhere about the records?
See: "Silk trains had to go through and that was that."
Regarding the 1931 record, they must mean Vancouver, British Columbia.
Yes, see:
" 'CLEAR BOARD' ACROSS CANADA: The Story of the CPR Silk Specials" by Greg Cave, THE ORDERBOARD, Newsletter for the Calgary Model Railway Society, MARCH 2, 2007, p 7.
da-father said...
My Gradfather, C.W. Palmer drove one (as 'engineer') out of Calgary in the late 1920s. They had oversized wheels, about 6'4" for the high speed - I have seen a photo of him by his engine drive wheel, but at the time didn't understand the significance. He was 6' 3" which was very tall at the time. The wheel size is documented in a lovely book of interesting small things by a former CPR historian. There is a shank of raw silk in a small musuem in a small town east of Vancouver BC (Called Hope I think). It was from a crash and was fished out of the Fraser river. My Grandfather crashed his train. I wonder if it was the same one, but it seems they probably had lots of crashes. The raw silk looked a bit like wool. I have a raw silk shirt from Hong Kong and it was exactly like that, with lots of 'slub' (I think its called) - knotty bits.
There is a picture of an early silk train, drawn by a wood-fueled locomotive, in Lucius Beebe's book on the Southern and Central Pacific Railroads (page 50?). When and where was it taken? Is there any data on the locomotive available? When was the first Southern Pacific silk train? When was the last one? Where did the SPRR pick up the silk? Where were the SPRR silk trains interchanged on their way to New York, and with which railroad(s)?
—Alan Vanterpool, Edmonton, AB
The photo in Beebe was taken by J. J. Reily about 1875. It is on the Central Pacific line over Donner Summit, but I am not familar enough with the whole line to say exactly where.
Central Pacific (and later Southern Pacific) silk traffic began almost as soon as the transcontinental line was completed in 1869, generally paired with tea shipments in the 19th century. Ships either arrived in San Francisco for transshipment across the San Francisco Bay to Oakland, or went directly directly to Oakland for cross-platform loading – I'm not sure which. It's also possible that trains were loaded in San Francisco and then went down the penninsula and up from San Jose to the transcontinental line through Niles Canyon.
In 1879 the new shorter route via the car ferry Solano (carrying complete trains) shortened the route from Oakland to Sacramento.
Shorter routes via the Pacific Northwest - Northern Pacific, Canadian Pacific, Great Northern, and eventually Milwaukee Road, and Canadian National predecessors significantly reduced the transit time from the Orient to Eastern US and Canada, and this significantly reduced the Southern Pacific traffic. I know that as late as 1904 Southern Pacific built new cars for use in the service. My perception is that the silk traffic lasted at least into the late 1920s, but I don't know for sure.
The Central Pacific interchanged with the Union Pacific at Ogden, Utah. Union Pacific interchanged with several lines at Omaha/Council Bluffs. Trains followed different routes East from there. It's possible that Central Pacific interchanged some traffic with the Rio Grande Western at Ogden, but I doubt very much of this high value traffic went via that slower route. I also doubt very much traffic went via Southern California, either on the Southern Pacific or the Santa Fe, but it is possible some did.
—Kyle Wyatt
Also see the manuscript, Silk Roads Across North America.
John D. Blair said...
My grandfather was a dispatcher on the Great Northern Railroad in Spokane, Washington. He had orders to high ball the silk trains through -- all other traffic waited/was side tracked. My father, as a boy in the 1920's remembered seeing the silk trains. The engines had red flags sticking out from them. He wrote an article about it for The Westerner. The stuff dreams are made of.
Naming the Town of Lathrop
Signal Peak
Question: Hydraulic Mining in California
Question: Chinese laborers
Union Pacific Photograph Car
Temperature at Promontory on May 10th, 1869
Lynnewood Pullman car 4714


Over time, the cabinet doors also experienced a decline in performance, including a worn and dull appearance. To make it look better as at the beginning of the purchase, do the replacing kitchen cabinet doors would be the perfect idea.
(1) Material – mostly kitchen cabinets doors made of wood, but there are a number of other options that we can get, including laminates. This is one kind of material good selection on offer with dependable durability and low maintenance level. We can also choose to get a stainless steel or glass that will make the room look more sophisticated overall. Do not forget to make sure that the color of the base material for the same or close the doors of kitchen cabinets.


text:
Q: Reordering columns in content type doesn't result in reordering of equivalent columns in lists that use it I'm attempting to introduce a new site column into a widely-used content type.
For several reasons, I want the new column to fit in directly above another existing column.
I'm able to reorder the columns in the content type without a hitch, and update the content type, passing the flag that indicates the new column should be propagated to all lists that use the content type.
All of that works cleanly. However, each list that uses the content type maintains its own copy of the content type, and although the new column is inserted into the list's own copy of the content type, the columns are not reordered. If I want that to happen, I have to manually go to that content type and reorder the columns.
Am I doing something wrong or missing a step?
The relevant (Powershell) code looks like this:
    #... machinations to reorder the columns ...
    $ct.FieldLinks.Reorder($ctFieldSequence)
    $ct.Update($true) # causes all lists that use this CT to be updated.

Thanks in advance
Josh

A: Sorry, this isn't an answer, but I can't find any other way to post the relevant code:
    # parameters are: $ct (content type), $field (field to insert), $aheadOf
    # n.b. the individual FieldLink.Name is actually its Internal Name.

    [string[]] $ctFieldSequence = @()

    Foreach ($link in $ct.FieldLinks)
    {
        # Insert the magic field in its desired position
        if ($link.DisplayName.Contains($aheadOf)) {
            $ctFieldSequence += $field.InternalName
        }

        # ignore ContentType
        if ($link.Name -eq 'ContentType') {
            continue;
        }

        # all other fields
        if (-not ($link.DisplayName -eq $field.InternalName) -and (-not $link.Hidden)) {
            $ctFieldSequence += $link.Name
        }
    }

    # Write-Host 'Updating order of columns'
    $ct.FieldLinks.Reorder($ctFieldSequence)
    $ct.Update()
    return $ctFieldSequence

This code does the same thing as the code on the ChangeFieldOrder page (except for column numbers), in that it specifically excludes Hidden columns.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Dr. Gabor Maté is the staff physician at the Portland Hotel Society, which runs a residence/harm reduction facility and North America's only supervised safe-injection site in Vancouver, Canada, home to one of the world's densest areas of drug users. The bestselling author of four books, we speak to Dr. Maté about his latest, In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction, which proposes new approaches to treating addiction through an understanding of its biological and socio-economic roots. Maté also discusses his work on attention deficit disorder and the mind-body connection.


Ever since its official unveiling earlier this year, EA has wasted no time in letting the world know about Star Wars Battlefront II's intriguing story mode, but we've yet to hear a peep out of it in regards to multiplayer. The decision to so far focus on emphasizing single-player content makes sense, considering the flak Battlefront II's predecessor received for not having any, but it looks like the publisher is about ready to start teasing details for the latter ahead of a big reveal this weekend.
The first multiplayer gameplay will debut at E3 on June 10 as part of EA's Play presentation in L.A., but ahead of that exciting event, a new screenshot revealing the setting of the demo has been released. Originally debuted yesterday as part of the latest episode of the official Star Wars show (via ComicBook.com), the image reveals a familiar sight for fans of the generation-spanning sci-fi series.
George Lucas' prequel films may have made more than their fair share of missteps, but there's no denying that they introduced us to several memorable worlds. Kamino, Mustafar and, indeed Naboo, all remain highlights, but it's the latter that's first to be confirmed for Battlefront II. The planet's capital city Theed will be the staging ground for EA's demo, featuring a 20 vs. 20 battle royale in assault mode.
If that sounds like something you don't want to miss, you'll be able to watch the entire EA Play show from the comfort of your own home on June 10 at 12:30 pm PST/3:30 pm EST/8:30 pm BST. For those unable to make the date, we'll be covering all the important stuff right here, so you won't miss a beat!
Star Wars Battlefront II is out November 17 for Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and PC.


text:
R. J. Barrow may refer to:

 Robert Irving Barrow (1805-circa 1890), artist and architectural illustrator
 Rosemary Barrow (1968–2016), art historian

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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It gives me no pleasure to return to the subject of lethal asbestos pollution in Armley in my constituency, which I first raised in the House on 25 November 1988 and again on 8 July 1992. Initially, I urged the Government to open a public inquiry into increasingly concentrated cases of people suffering and dying from mesothelioma—the deadly, asbestos-related cancer—in Armley. I spoke of people having no known previous history of contact with asbestos, other than having lived in the immediate neighbourhood of the J. W. Roberts asbestos factory in Canal road, before it closed in 1958.
In the debate on 25 November 1988, I was told by the then Minister of State, Department of Employment that sufferers or people whose relatives had died should try to obtain compensation by claiming damages at civil law. He urged my constituents to take legal action. Many have done so, and lawyers acting on behalf of mesothelioma victims have tried to get Roberts's parent company, Turner and Newall of Manchester—now Turner and Newall plc—into court, to challenge that company over asbestos pollution of the neighbourhood, causing suffering and death.
As I spelt out from the testimonies and eyewitness accounts of the time, local people living in Arley place, Nunnington terrace and attending the nearby Armley Clock primary school can all recall the Roberts' factory blowing out asbestos dust in huge quantities day and night. At times, a layer of lethal snow-like substance covered the streets, pavements and window ledges. Hundreds of residents in the surrounding terraced streets, which run right up against the factory walls, regularly encountered dust from the factory. Its lethal legacy for people who lived in the neighbourhood has been more than 40 recorded deaths of mesothelioma and asbestos-related cancers. Since I first raised the matter in the House, many more people have suffered and died. We still seem to be no closer to calling the company to account for what has happened.
In his reply on 28 November 1988, the then Minister of State, Department of Employment conceded that the situation could be complicated by the time lag and the fact that the firm may no longer be in business. That was an easy mistake for him to make, for, as recently as 22 March 1993, the chairman of T and N plc, Mr. Colin Hope, in reply to a letter from the chairman of the local Armley asbestos campaign, which is fighting the pollution blight currently overhanging their 836 homes, had the nerve to state: As you know, the factory in question was not owned or operated by this Company. It was owned and operated by a company known as J. W. Roberts Limited ("JWR"). JWR ceased production at that factory in 1958/59, and vacated and sold the premises shortly thereafter. Although JWR continued in business for some time after leaving the Armley site, the company ceased to trade over twenty years ago. I am aware of the various comments and allegations that have been made about JWR's Armley factory, particularly as the source of the contamination to which you refer. Those comments and allegations are not accepted. In any event, they relate to the period when JWR's Armley factory was still in operation, over thirty five years ago. Given the state of medical and scientific knowledge in the years prior to 1959, it is not believed that any legal liability would arise out of the matters alleged. 125 Although the chairman may cynically disown the company, I have detailed correspondence from 11 March 1964 in which the same T and N plc sought to convince Her Majesty's Inspector of Taxes that, for tax purposes, J. W. Roberts of Armley was still in business as an integral part of T and N and should be taken into account when calculating tax reductions. Is it too cynical to suggest that JWR is counted in only for profits, but discounted when it comes to its responsibility for local lives? Nor is it true that the chairman should give the impression that Given the state of medical and scientific knowledge in the years prior to 1959 the company did not know the dangers of asbestos. I have referred in previous debates to factory inspectorate reports dating as far as back as 1849, which provided the first warnings that exposure to asbestos could mean danger to health and premature deaths.
In March 1928, Dr. H. De Carle Woodcock, a well-known lung specialist, drew attention at the inquest of Walter Leadbetter of Aviary Mount in Armley to the inhalation of asbestos dust as the cause of fibrosis of the lungs. In the late 1920s, Dr. Grieves—the local doctor—undertook a particular study of patients working at the factory. That thesis is still available in Edinburgh university. Not only is it historically inaccurate to suggest that the dangers of asbestos were not known before the factory closed, as the previous Minister suggested in response to me in 1988, but, more significantly, T and N itself knew. Moreover, the company itself commissioned research into the dangers and then covered up that research for years in order to protect its business interests.
The company resisted the introduction of the 1931 asbestos industry regulations, as is set out in a letter of 30 December 1932. Mr. Turner wrote to Mr. Newall suggesting that the company take a small risk by stretching the regulations to suit our own ends. By the late 1940s, the company was actively deleting references to any link between carcinoma of the lung and asbestosis. Thus, as the company's own extant records show, the death from asbestosis of Mr. Wren in 1947 was expunged from the asbestos case files. The company's lawyers were more concerned to ward off compensation claims than to face up to the deadly truth about its product.
In 1954, the company's medical adviser, Dr. Knox, joined forces with Professor Richard Doll of the Medical Research Council to produce a study on the risks to asbestos workers of lung cancer. That research was funded by Turner and Newall, but proved too devastatingly sensitive for the company to publish. An internal company memo challenges the conclusions as not supported by adequate evidence". Dr. Knox was instructed to tell Professor Doll that the research could not be published even in The Lancet medical journal. Professor Doll's reply reads: Dear Dr. Knox, I was shocked to hear of the decision of your board not to approve publication of our proposed paper. I feel that any positive findings with regard to the cause of cancer must be made available to all research workers in the subject. I would not have undertaken the work in the first place had I imagined that there would be any attempt made to limit the dissemination of scientific data. That was four years before the Roberts factory closed in 1958. For 48 more months, the lethal asbestos dust was spewed on to the streets of Armley. Four more sets of first-year pupils started school at Armley Clock primary and played in a playground covered in that dust.
126 It is just not true that the dangers were not known to medical science at the time. They were, and they were researched by Turner and Newall itself, which effected a cover-up. Moreover, internal company memos in the 1960s make it plain that acknowledging any causal connection between asbestosis and carcinoma of the lung would make settlements both more difficult and expensive". In its own words, the company contrived to ward off the evil day when the dangers would threaten the profits of the operation. In other words, the mesothelomia and asbestos connection was known well before the 1960s—as earlier debates on this matter have seemed to suggest.
I know all this to be true because of the documentation that I have cited—and much more which I should like to put on the record—which comes from Turner and Newall's own depository. In the light of previous responses in letters from the former Under-Secretary of State for Health, Lord Skelmersdale, and the former Minister of State, Department of Employment, who responded to an earlier debate, I urge the Minister to allow me to place that documentation in the House of Commons Library. I have it in microfiche form so it will not take up too much room. It is important that both the Minister and her Department and many others interested in and concerned about the issue should be able to study the information for themselves. That truth must be released.
In the debate of 8 July 1992, I referred to the problems of disclosure—of legally forcing the company to disclose all that it knew and knows. As a result of the freedom of information laws in the United States, American lawyers representing the Chase Manhattan bank, which is claiming against Turner and Newall for spraying asbestos in its Manhattan headquarters, have since 1987 gained legal access to all Turner and Newall's United Kingdom files. They have copied more than a million documents. The problem is that no such access is available here in Britain, even though I could go to a library in New York and read the material.
Here, despite Ministers' advice back in November 1988, it has taken almost three years of legal wrangling to get a disclosure in the court. A district judge first ordered T and N to disclose some categories of document back in July 1991. On 11 September 1992, Mr. Justice Laws insisted that a further four categories of document, including all those related to the knowledge of the hazard of asbestos dust and to the layout and the processes of the Roberts factory, be disclosed.
Turner and Newall put in for permission to appeal in March 1993. That appeal was heard on 9 December 1993. At the Court of Appeal, the Turner and Newall banisters said in court that they conceded finally that they ought to drop their appeal. That means that between September 1992 and December 1993, at estimated court costs of £25,000 to the victim clients, the entire legal process was stalled.
Nor is the matter settled yet, because on 8 February, Penningtons solicitors, on behalf of Turner and Newall plc, applied for their time for the compliance to be extended until 1 May 1994. One may think that that is reasonable, but I know that the company lawyers have submitted a detailed affidavit of 4 February 1994 spelling out that, as they are to put all their records on computer and are to use an American company to do it, it would be too difficult for them to comply with that order. They said that the preliminary search work and drawing up of computer 127 specifications cannot be completed until the beginning of July and that the real process of making the documentation available may not happen until 1995.
I argue that this is a company cynically playing for time to ward off what it referred to as the "evil day" when it will have to face public challenges on what it knew about the dangers to the local people of blowing asbestos dust into the neighbourhood of Armley.
Significantly and tragically, a key victim, Mr. David Young, died in December. He went to his death determined to call Turner and Newall plc to account, and, as he said, to prevent anything like this happening again". Tragically, he leaves no one to take over the fight for his case. Another key test case is of a person who is not well, already 70 years old and is fighting on behalf of her husband who died as a result of mesothelioma.
Before Christmas, I visited a widow who has an income just above the level necessary to qualify for legal aid. She and her family cannot afford to employ lawyers to fight for compensation for her deceased husband and others who have died. It would cost too much. She therefore depends on others getting the company into court.
Turner and Newall pulled out of Armley in 1958, but in a classic case of exported pollution, opened under the name of Hindustan Ferodo in Ghatkopar in Bombay, India. That asbestos dust pollution continues to this day in India. Turner and Newall is a major, multinational group currently valued at £1.2 billion. Its shares on the stock exchange are at an all-time peak. I have already launched a campaign urging shareholders at least to question in what they are investing. In the meantime, I urge the Minister to take seriously and publish a report on the work of Professor Peto, who predicts that deaths from asbestosis and mesothelioma are about to escalate on a scale massively underestimated by the Health and Safety Executive in the past. While Lloyd's may be nervous about the insurance claims implications, the tragic reality is that hundreds more people will be dying needlessly.
First, I congratulate the hon. Member for Leeds, West (Mr. Battle), not only on securing the debate, but on the persistence with which he has regularly made his case and on the way in which he has represented his constituents. I am aware that there is a high incidence of the disease in his constituency and they can feel well represented by his efforts.
I also welcome to the debate the other hon. Members with an interest, my hon. Friend the Member for Langbaurgh (Mr. Bates), the hon. Member for Bradford, West (Mr. Madden), who is no longer in his place, and the hon. Members for Leeds, Central (Mr. Fatchett), for Morley and Leeds, South (Mr. Gunnell), for Wakefield (Mr. Hinchliffe), and for Warley, West (Mr. Spellar). I have not done justice to one or two; I also welcome the hon. Member for Leeds, East (Mr. Mudie). Of course we will study very carefully anything that the hon. Member for Leeds, West sends us or places in the Library. I look forward to seeing the hon. Gentleman's microfiche information.
I want now to consider two particular matters and I thank the hon. Gentleman for his courtesy in warning me 128 that he was going to raise them, particularly as the first issue does not directly concern my Department, but is more the province of the Lord Chancellor's Department. However, I will do my best to make some preliminary comments on disclosure of information.
I appreciate the hon. Member's concern about the difficulties of obtaining evidence held by defendants. However, under English law, the duty to disclose documents can be very onerous on both parties in a given case. A party is generally required to disclose all non-privileged documents that are, or have been, in his possession, custody or power relating to the questions in the action. The test of what is relevant is very wide. It is taken to include any document leading to a train of inquiry. Moreover, the obligation is a continuing one—all relevant documents must be disclosed whenever they come into a party's possession.
With regard to companies, a parent company may be obliged to disclose documents in the possession of its subsidiaries, although that is a question of fact in each case. The court will look to see whether the subsidiary is under the unfettered control of the parent company.
There are court procedures to ensure that a party complies with those obligations. For example, the court can order a party to swear an affidavit verifying that he has disclosed all relevant documents.
The obligation to disclose is, of course, subject to a number of limitations and exceptions. In particular, privileged documents, such as correspondence between a party and the party's lawyers, need not be disclosed.
Some of the issues relating to disclosure are extremely complex and much depends on the facts of each case. I cannot hypothesise about how the rules might apply in the case to which the hon. Gentleman has referred, but I will undertake to ensure that his concerns, his comments in the debate and any comments that he wishes to make to me in supplementary correspondence, will be most faithfully referred to my right hon. and noble Friend the Lord Chancellor for his comments.
The hon. Gentleman referred almost at the end of his excellent speech to the Peto report. Professor Peto is an eminent epidemiologist who has provided much insight into the nature of certain diseases caused by exposure to substances in the past. Mesothelioma is typical of these, associated as it is with exposure to asbestos decades ago.
Professor Peto first publicly aired his concern over the increasing rise in mesothelioma deaths last August. On that occasion, he estimated that the number of deaths could rise as high as 5,000 per year. However, earlier this year he revised that estimate to as high as 3,000 per year by 2020". When he subsequently appeared in an item on the same subject on the BBC's "Breakfast News", on 2 February 1994, he further revised his predicted figure down to 2,000. He has yet to publish his views on those figures.
Professor Peto's predictions are based on figures supplied to him in mid-1993 from the national mesothelioma register which is maintained by the Health and Safety Executive. The HSE is in the course of an in-depth study of the figures, but provisional results suggest that estimated future mesothelioma death rates, although serious, are unlikely to reach the levels predicted by Professor Peto.
The HSE has looked at the mesothelioma rates in people born in five-year periods, up to the group born between 1955 and 1959, to establish whether those born more 129 recently are less likely to suffer from mesothelioma. It is not possible to look at younger groups, because the time taken for the disease to develop means that very few cases have so far occurred among them.
The HSE's studies show that men born between 1940 and 1944 have the highest risk of developing mesothelioma at a given age. For those born later, the risk decreases, and it decreases quite markedly for those born after 1948.
The HSE estimates that the peak annual death toll from mesothelioma is likely to be at least 1,500, probably reached between the years 2010 and 2020. However, to that figure must be added the deaths due to other asbestos-related diseases—asbestosis and asbestos-related lung cancer. The combined total of all fatalities due to asbestos exposures is already estimated to exceed 3,000 per year, and it could rise to between 5,000 and 6,000.
Professor Peto was not fully aware of those trends when he made his earlier forecasts. The HSE has now provided him with some additional data, and his later predictions are now closer to those of the HSE. I mention those facts not to belittle what the hon. Gentleman has said about the seriousness of the issue but, rather, to record the seriousness as currently perceived by the HSE.
Although there is understandable public concern about current deaths from mesothelioma and future estimates, it is very important to be sure that the lessons of the past have been learned, that current workers are effectively protected and that conditions giving rise to the disease are a thing of the past.
The younger group—those aged under 40—now showing a decreased mesothelioma rate would in the main have been first exposed to asbestos after the introduction of stricter and more comprehensive regulations and after the voluntary industry ban, in the late 1960s, on the use of blue asbestos, the type most closely associated with mesothelioma. The mesothelioma mortality figures therefore suggest a reduced risk after those measures were introduced.
The hon. Gentleman is well aware of the extensive measures that were introduced in the 1980s, following the report of the Health and Safety Commission's advisory committee on asbestos, to bring an end to asbestos-related diseases—measures such as the formal prohibition of blue and brown asbestos and the licensing of asbestos removal contractors. Because of the long latency period between first exposure to asbestos and the diagnosis of mesothelioma, the current figures, as publicised by Professor Peto, cannot tell us anything about the effect of that legislation and industrial practice since 1980.
130 Professor Peto has also expressed concern about the number of younger men, particularly in the building industry, who are currently contracting the disease. Such people could have had significant exposure to asbestos because of its widespread use in construction in the 1960s and 1970s. Much of that asbestos is still in place, and Professor Peto is rightly concerned that building workers might still be at risk today.
The Government and the HSE fully share Professor Peto's concerns. Although his remarks were based on anecdotal evidence, the HSE's preliminary analysis of deaths from mesothelioma in the 1980s shows a relatively high incidence among occupations such as electricians, heating and ventilation installers and carpenters. The HSE is now discussing with Professor Peto the scope of a possible study which could reveal a fuller analysis of the occupational history of younger people who are now developing mesothelioma. The purpose of that study would be to identify whether any further specific action needs to be taken.
Will that study include people who might have contracted mesothelioma but might have had no history of working in any of those occupations? Will their histories be traced, or will the study concentrate on electricians, plumbers, joiners and so on who had regular contact?
I will write to the hon. Gentleman about the precise terms of reference, but I understand that it will be a fairly comprehensive study. I shall specify what is envisaged so that the hon. Gentleman has the right information.
Controlling risks from asbestos remains a high priority for HSE inspectors, who now demand a high level of awareness by industry and continue to maintain a vigorous enforcement policy of current controls. Inspectors are finding that current legislation provides an effective framework for enforcement and control of activities that could expose workers to asbestos.
I rehearse that evidence because, in the light of what the hon. Gentleman has brought before the House, it is important to stress that the risk is fully recognised and that all possible measures are being taken to protect workers today and in future. I repeat my congratulations to the hon. Gentleman on raising this very important issue. If there is anything further that he would like from me, I invite him to meet me in the Department.


text:
Chisum ist der Familienname von:
 John Chisum (1824–1884), US-amerikanischer Rinderbaron und Großgrundbesitzer

Chisum bezeichnet:
 Chisum (Film), Western von Andrew V. McLaglen aus dem Jahr 1970


text:
Home Small Business Cisco Misrepresents Benchmarking Test Results?
Cisco Misrepresents Benchmarking Test Results?
By Thor Olavsrud | March 15, 2001
Cisco Systems Inc. Tuesday claimed that its high-end core router, the Cisco 12416 Internet router, outperformed its competitors in a series of benchmark tests performed by independent benchmarking and network design consultancy Network Test Inc. So why are Network Test and optical networking site Light Reading -- which commissioned the tests -- crying foul?
Because according to the two firms, Juniper Networks Inc.'s M160 router was actually the best of breed, beating Cisco's router in three out of four overall areas -- IP, MPLS and OC192 (10 GBit/s) -- and sharing laurels with Cisco in the fourth category, OC48 (2.5 GBit/s) performance. The two firms said that of the 16 individual tests performed, Juniper's M160 came out on top in seven, tied for first with Cisco's router in five, and trailed Cisco's product in four.
Yet in its initial press release Tuesday evening, Cisco used the headline, "Cisco Reconfirms Leadership in Test of High-End Routers," followed by "Only Vendor to Demonstrate 100% Line Rate IP and MPLS Performance For 2.5Gbps OC-48 and 10Gbps OC-192 Throughput."
Light Reading and Network Test, however, maintain, "Cisco did not achieve line-rate throughput in MPLS and IP OC192. In fact, in one of these tests, throughput was just 52 percent."
Also, contrary to Network Test's reading that Cisco's 12416 placed first singly in four of the tests, the release said, "The Cisco 12416 Internet router has outperformed all other networking vendors in nine out of twelve tests."
Later the company pulled that press release and replaced it with another, changing the headline to "Cisco Reconfirms Leadership in Test of High-End Routers; Demonstrates 100% Line Rate IP and MPLS Forwarding For 2.5Gbps OC-48 and 10Gbps OC-192 Throughput." And while it continued to claim first place finishes in nine of the 16 tests, it conceded that "Some tests had ties for first."
Cisco spokesperson Martina Moscone Thursday told InternetNews Radio that Cisco simply chose to interpret Network Test's results differently than Light Reading.
"We did find the results were very positive and we wanted to talk about them and they just weren't well represented in the editorial that Light Reading wrote," Moscone said. "I don't think it's just that black and white. If you look, even Light Reading had some difficulty in what they said in their article. When you look back -- especially with the MPLS tests -- at what the test results show, there's actually some inaccuracies there. That's why we felt the need to clarify."
But in a statement issued by Light Reading Wednesday, David Newman, president of Network Test, said he was disappointed with the way Cisco painted the results.
"I'm very disappointed in this misrepresentation," Newman said. "Cisco's 12416 put up some very, very good numbers in this test, so the company had no need to spin it the way they did."
Newman declined to be interviewed for this article, saying he did not want to further "escalate the war of rhetoric."
However, Peter Heywood, Light Reading's co-founder and international editor, told InternetNews Radio Thursday that he too was disappointed in Cisco's actions.
"This was a very significant test that shed a lot of new light on a real crucial area of next-generation Internet infrastructure," he said. "A lot of people spent a lot of time and effort on these tests. It took six months and I think a total of $29 million worth of equipment was tested and $2.6 million worth of test equipment was used. A lot of people spent a lot of time on this and really shifted the whole discussion about whose core router is best. We actually established some real facts and presented the results in what we consider to be an impartial way. Those results show that Juniper won and Cisco came a close second."
Heywood added that the Juniper has been giving Cisco some aggressive complet
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avalanche in a glass full of gold.
and made a little aeroplane out of an ice-cube.
between the spokes of a bicycle?
You whirr around so fast it leaves me breathless!
Should I also say that?
Well, I couldn't imagine you ever earnest or dull.
also reminds me of you?
we could wake any moment in Cuba?
and it snaps back in my favourite colour.
Yes, that's a good reason to like you.
going yes yes when we kiss!
1 Verse 7, line 3. le douceur fleurie des etoiles. The flowering beauty of the stars.


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Bad condenser fan motor on Goodman unit.


text:
Korean Basketball League
· Busan KT Sonicboom at Jeonju KCC Egis
· 4 p.m. Saturday, Jeonju Gymnasium, Jeonju, North Jeolla
Andre Emmett, ace guard of the Jeonju KCC Egis, is back on the court, ready to rescue his team, which has fallen to the bottom of the league.
Emmett, who averaged 25.72 points last season and helped his team to take the regular season title, has been sidelined after playing in just two games earlier this season due to groin injury. And his absence took a heavy toll on Egis' performance in the league, especially in terms of offence.
Since Emmett stayed out of the court, the Egis only clinched two wins, averaging just 76 points per game. Emmett amassed 1,389 points last season, the most points scored by a single player during the season.
In addition to Emmett's injury, the Egis are also without their starting point guard and center. Both point guard Chon Tae-poong and center Ha Seung-jin have suffered season-ending injuries.
But with Emmett back in the game, skipper Choo Seung-kyun may have a shot at turning things around as his presence will add the fire power that the Egis lacked thus far.
Asian Champions League
· Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors at Al Ain FC
· 6:25 p.m. Saturday, Hazza Bin Zayed Stadium, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Who will become the top club in Asia this year? It will be decided tomorrow when Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors travel to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to take on Al Ain FC in the second leg match of the finals in this year's Asian Champions League (ACL).
During the first leg match, which took place on Nov. 19, the K-League Classic club edged Al Ain at home in Jeonju, North Jeolla, by 2-1. It was the club from the UAE that initially took the lead of the game, breaking the deadlock of the match after the interval. But Choi Kang-hee, Jeonbuk's skipper, shuffled the deck and bolstered the team's firepower by putting in Lee Dong-gook, a 37-year-old veteran forward and former ACL top scorer and MVP in 2011. It was a brilliant move, and Lee combined his effort with Jeonbuk's target man, Kim Shin-wook, at the front to pave the way for their Brazilian teammate, Leonardo Rodrigues Pereira, to score two goals and win the match.
As for Al Ain, who won the ACL in 2003 when the league was first inaugurated, they will do whatever they can to add another trophy to their shelf. The Emirati club finished as the runners-up in 2005, but since then, they've had no luck in advancing to the finals of the ACL.
Ginseng is latest product to get swept up in Korean Wave
Hwang Hee-chan may have to wait for summer transfer window
Kospi slumps for second day in a row
[THINK ENGLISH] '오징어게임' 창작자, 시즌3의 가능성을 비추다
SK ecoplant exhibits 'circular economy' diorama at CES 2022


text:
Q: Using bulk insert to import .csv file I have a csv format file, which I want to import to sql server 2008 using bulk insert. I have 80 columns in csv file which has comma for example, column state has NY,NJ,AZ,TX,AR,VA,MA like this for few millions of rows.
So I enclosed the state column in double quotes using custom format in excel, so that this column will be treated as single column and does not split at comma in between the column. But still the import is not successful; still it is splitting at comma. Can anyone please suggest successful import of the columns containing comma using bulk insert
I am using this code
bulk insert test from 'C:\test.csv'
with (
fieldterminator=',', rowterminator='\n'
)
go
I saw similar question previously asked  here, but I don't know visual basic to apply the code. Is there any other option to modify file in excel?

A:
Is there any other option to modify file in excel?

It turns out there is, at least in Windows.

*

*Go to Start Menu > Control Panel > Regional and Language Options.

*In the Regional Options tab, click the Customize Button.

*In the List Separator field, replace the , with a |. Click OK.

Saving a file as a .CSV through Excel will now create a pipe-separated value file. Be sure to undo this change to the Regional Options setting, as Excel uses the list separator for other things like functions.
Then you can do as datagod suggests and bulk upload the file using | as the column delimiter.

A: You should create a format file: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms191516.aspx
If your data contains commas, I would choose a different delimiter.  You can specify "|" as the delimiteter in the format file.
Example:
10.0
4
1       SQLCHAR       0       100     "|"     1     Col1  SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS
2       SQLCHAR       0       100     "|"     2     Col2  SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS
3       SQLCHAR       0       100     "|"     3     Col3  SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS
4       SQLCHAR       0       7000    "\r\n"  4     Col11 SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS


Learn to sew a hooded sweatshirt in a day under the expert tuion of our teachers. You will be cutting a custom pattern for your sweatshirt and sewing it together in our small group class.
Prices include notions, fabric and the use of a sewing machine if needed.
The class starts at 10am and finishes around 3pm.
Choose from either a child's size (age 3 to 12) or adult sized sweatshirt in the drop down menu.
This class is suitable for an advanced beginner.


Former Government Minister Devant Maharaj is offering condolences to the family of Dr Morgan Job who succumbed to last stage pancreatic cancer on Sunday.
In an email sent to members of the media, Maharaj noted that Job was his friend who he knew for years.
Maharaj took the opportunity to scold the government for failing to contribute to Job's medical expenses having done so for Maxie Cuffie.
"Maxie's luck was clearly not Morgan's luck," the statement ended.


2019 is going to be BIG! In fact, everything about our 2019 season is BIG! Too big to handle? We'll sure find out!
Big challenges, big projects, big optimism…of course!
From big dreams to powerful rock n' roll anthems, from bold fairytales to the most epic battle between farmer and vermin in history. You can confidently assume that complacency won't be in our vocabulary next year.
We are proud of the the Hunter Drama team and how hard they work for our students. They love what they do, they love sharing their passion with our students and most of all they lead by example. They dream big, they set big goals and the amount of work they put in is BIG! If that's not a good example of how one should live their life, I don't know what is.


1. Java developer with relevant work experience of 3+ years and ability to quickly adapt to fast paced Agile development project. Must possess excellent communication skills and must be a quick learner with organized problem solving and troubleshooting skills.
8. Good understanding of Continuous delivery and continuous integration (CI/ CD) - tools and services - specifically Jenkins, Docker, Amazon Elastic Beanstalk.


text:
Dundee Voluntary Action is a Registered Charity No SC 000487 and a Company Limited by Guarantee No: SC093088 and is one of three partners which form the Third Sector Interface known as Dundee Third Sector Interface.
Dundee Voluntary Action began life as Dundee Association for Social Services in 1953. It employed the first social worker in Dundee and a provided fostering services. The change in name was made in 1988 to reflect our changing role as a member organisation promoting community welfare more directly through voluntary action.
During our 50th Anniversary year, a book was commissioned to cover our history. Dundee Voluntary Action: The First Fifty Years (1953-2003) written by Mary Henderson (one of the first fulltime workers in 1953) is available from DVA.
The Purpose of DVA
Dundee Voluntary Action actively promotes the interests and serves the needs of the voluntary and community sector in Dundee.
Core Objectives
Understanding the voluntary sector
Communicating with the voluntary sector
Representing the interests of the locally based voluntary sector
Providing support services
Promoting Good Practice
Growing the sector
OPENNESS in our response, communication, processing of information and consultation
RESPECT for the range and diversity of organisations and interests within the voluntary sector
EQUITY in the way we work to redress inequality and disadvantage
INTEGRITY in the way we conduct our business in an open and professional manner, including confidentiality, honesty, open agendas and informed decision-making
ACCOUNTABILITY in the way we record, conduct and audit our services and activities.


Large set of celebrant/minister chairs and a communion table reclaimed from an Edinburgh Church. Excellent overall condition.
This symbol, which looks like a dollar sign ($), is actually the letters I, H, and S superimposed over each other. These represent the Greek letters Iota (Ι), Eta (Η) and Sigma (Σ), which are the first three letters of Jesus in Greek.
There are several types of wood used including ebony and walnut.
Prefer to sell as a pair at £4500 but will separate if it is a deal breaker!


I will do all that I can to prevent it from returning. I will eat healthy (within reason… no need for all those chocolate chip cookies to go to waste), exercise within reason, do my best to focus on the present, and for the time-being, take my SSRI each day.
When you are not depressed it is almost impossible to imagine that you will ever feel that way again. Even on the good days that happened during my period of depression, I could not imagine that the feeling would ever come back. It did. My perception was that I had way more control over it than I actually did. The truth is that it can happen to anyone and it can have a devastating effect.
The good news is that for most people, depression is curable. The challenges lie in accepting what is wrong and then getting the necessary medical and therapeutic help. In many places, Mental Health Care is still grossly underfunded so the quality of help available to individuals varies considerably.
So, as I heal, what next?
I felt fragile for a many months as I recovered. I felt that something could easily make my depression come back. Thankfully, it didn't and the feeling of fragility gradually faded. Twelve months later and there's still a tiny bit of that feeling, but it only wakes up for a few minutes of each day. With it comes an appreciation. An appreciation for the life that I have. We take our health for granted? I believe that most of us do. But, in the aftermath of something like this, it is so wonderful to wake up and realize how fortunate I am to have the life that I have. There's something special there when I see my family. It's something that wasn't there before. It's a love of the simplicity of being alive and having each other. Am I saying that I'm glad that I went through my depression? No – I wouldn't wish depression on anybody. I'm just saying that there is some good to have come out of it. I would not be who I am now without depression and in many ways I feel better than the person I was before. When I teach children, I am so much more aware of their brain/mental health. When I hear of others experiencing mental health issues, I am so much better equipped to be helpful and supportive. When I interact with those around me, I do so with a belief that my words and actions can affect the health of their brains. Depression changed me. It was awful, but it ultimately changed me for the better.
I don't intend this book to be ground-breaking – I know that it isn't. However, I do hope that it will help someone. I know that hearing about the experiences of others was a great help to me. The unfortunate thing was that people weren't very willing to open up about the topic because of the stigma still attached to it. I had to go through all this to learn what I learned. Surely there is an easier way? Hopefully we can change this for our children.
If you're out there and suffering, hang in there. If you're out there and talking about your experiences then keep going. Together we can change the way things are. Together, we can make mental health stigma a thing of the past.
A NEW OUTLOOK AND CONTINUED DIAGNOSES.
Is this over for me? Did I have a terrible experience, get through it, and manage to learn something from it to help make me a better person? Yes, no, and maybe to all of the above. I did have a terrible experience. I think that I am through it. I do feel like I'm a somewhat better person for it. I have no idea if it's completely over. My psychiatrist has talked of a potential bipolar type 3 diagnosis. From what I understand, bipolar type 1 is extreme mood swings in a very short amount of time. You wake up in the morning, feeling great, but arrive home at the end of the day feeling the exact opposite. Bipolar type 3 is similar swings, but they happen more slowly – over periods of years. Type 2 is somewhere in between. I've greatly over-simplified, and mostly due to my own lack of knowledge about Bipolar, but the idea is there. (Maybe one of my awesome Twitter friends will help me with this part.) Bipolar type 3 is very difficult to diagnose, but if that is the best description of my issue then it means that there is a cycle to it and that I will likely go through the cycle again.
The cycle can often be seen with periods of high productivity, either at home, at work, or both. These are followed by the periods of depression. As I mentioned earlier in the book, I was feeling very creative and being very productive leading up to this 'crash'. I was writing, building, raising my family, being husband, working on my guitar skills, my swimming skills, and working out to a point where I was no longer enjoying any of this. I also remember this from ten years ago when this happened before. Through discussions with my psychiatrist I have also identified at least two other similar cycles between these two depressive episodes. In these 'intermediate' cycles, the highs and lows, were not as pronounced, but I can certainly identify them and link them to similar feelings, such as health anxiety.
Alternatively, maybe it was a reaction to the antibiotics. Perhaps that was the trigger. Perhaps it was also the trigger ten years ago when I went through something so similar. I don't remember being on anything back then, before it happened, but it is certainly possible. Maybe the cause was negative life experiences and stressors? Environmental? Dietary? Genetic? Developmental? Maybe it will never come back. Hopefully.
Alas, the litmus test for depression and related disorders still eludes us and so I am left uncertain as to the reasons for my experience. I'm left listening to the expert opinions of others and ultimately arriving my own conclusions. I wonder if, in years to come, we will have many more 'names' for what we currently describe as just a few related conditions? Maybe what has happened to me is an as yet undiscovered/named disorder with a specific cause and cure? Time will tell? Hopefully.
It's important to realize that the support network does not end at close friends and loved ones. Employers and work colleagues can be major players here. It was hard to tell my boss what was happening to me. We had a great relationship and I had much respect for him. The day that I told him what had happened, I was in a bad state. My body weight was down from 170lbs to a scrawny, sunken-eyed 150lbs. I was shivering from a coldness that felt like it stemmed from the inside of my body. Muscles in my arms were twitching uncontrollably. He showed complete compassion. He told me that he had been thinking that something was wrong but was unsure how to approach it. He helped me to organize the necessary accommodations that had to be put into place so that I could reduce my workload to half-days.
My immediate work colleagues were supportive beyond what I could have ever hoped for. Without hesitation, they picked up the slack that my half-days created. They listened to my attempts to verbalize what was happening to me. They shared their own experiences and insights in the kindest ways possible. They know who they are and I don't know the words that will do justice to the amount to gratitude that I have for them. Their actions stand as an example to others and have bonded our friendships for the rest of time.
This support makes a huge difference and the facts apply to any illness, not just depression. Unfortunately, many people do not show this help and understanding for brain health issues (or many other 'invisible' sicknesses for that matter). They are often quick to dismiss them as fabricated, imaginary, or self-imposed problems. Yet the reality remains that depression is a cruel, potentially fatal, illness that can be as painful and torturous as any other.