Urban backpack, with capacity for 25 liters, very practical for everyday use, being at the forefront of new trends. Measures: 40x31x13,5cm.
Urban and youth backpack. Capacity for 25 liters, very practical for everyday use, school, gym ... Adjustable straps and lined with foam to improve comfort. Unique design.
The data provided will be kept as long as the commercial relationship is maintained or during the years necessary to comply with the legal obligations. The data is not transferred to third parties except the transport company responsible for sending your order and in cases where there is a legal obligation. You have the right to obtain confirmation on whether Concepció Gili Piñol is treating your personal data, and therefore you have the right to access them, correct inaccurate data or request their deletion when they are no longer necessary.


Respecting your right to privacy is very important to us as we want to build strong and sustainable relationships with you. Protecting your personal data is a priority.
That's why we share with you our Data Protection Policy so you can have a clear understanding of the (data) processing practices through the different services we propose on our site.
The present policy document applies to every service offered on http://www.webedia-group.com website.
The policy is subject to the European regulation related to personal data protection from April 27, 2016.
"Data Controller": the person who defines the purposes and means regarding personal data processing.
"Personal Data" (see "Personal Data" below): Any data that characterizes you as an individual: Your last name, phone number, email address, IP address are all part of your personal data.
"Personal Data Processing": refers to any operation performed on your personal data whether it is collecting, recording, storing, consulting etc.
Who Collect (your) Personal Data?
Webedia, located at 2, rue Paul Vaillant Couturier – 92300 Levallois-Perret Cedex France, is responsible for the processing of personal data on http://www.webedia-group.com site.
What is the point of collecting personal data?
Webedia is committed to collect, process or store your personal data for specific, legitimate and relevant purposes.
No action of commercial prospection can be conducted until you agree with the processing of your personal data.
You have the freedom to withdraw your consent at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link which is included in each email you get. You can also contact us.
Please note that we may also gather and use data for profiling purposes.
Profiling refers to the automatic processing of your personal data.
These pieces of information are for evaluate, analyze and predict your preferences, areas of interest and behavior.
What rights do you have and how you can exercise them vis-à-vis Webedia?
According to the Data Protection Act of January 6th, 1978, you have a right of access to your own data along with the right to request a rectification or to object.
Webedia will respond within a month after receiving the request.
Starting on May 25, 2018, you will also be able to set limits to data processing, erase data, secure portability and not to be subject to an automated individual decision, profiling included, in accordance with the European regulation 2016/679 of 27 April 2016.
Please join a copy of a proof of identity to the request with your signature ensuring both confidentiality and protection of your personal data.
In case of unsatisfactory response, you can still bring your case to the CNIL.
Webedia laid down a set of specific rules concerning the length of time personal data from users are stored.
Prospects have their personal data stored as soon as they click on an advertising link included in the last prospecting email they received to see what the brand has to offer and the deal they may be interested in.
Clients have their personal data stored during their last purchase on the site.
What happens to your data after death?
Pursuant to the article 40-1 of the Information Technology and Civil Liberties law (Loi Informatique et Libertés) of 6 January 1978, you can give us your instructions related to the storage, erasure and communication of your personal data after your death.
These directives can be either general or more specific.
You can send them over by email.
Your data is transferred to the trading partners of Webedia which can process the information they receive for their own purposes (recipients) or only on behalf of the data controller following the instructions of Webedia (contractors).
Conduct maintenance work and technical developments of the website.
Does Webedia have a Data Protection Officer?
Webedia has appointed a data protection officer whose job is to assist the data controller in the implementation of the European regulation.
Can your data be sent out of the European Union?
to comply with the objectives set above despite the fact they may not have the right level of protection when it comes to personal data.
Before transferring any data outside the European Union, Webedia enforces all required proceedings to get the kinds of insurance that the data transfer will be secured, in compliance with the current regulation.
Webedia takes diverse actions to protect your data against the risk of losing data, improper use, unauthorized access, disclosure, modification or even destruction.
Webedia has the right to make some changes in its data protection policy at any time.
If the modification is significant, like adding another purpose, new information related to the matter will be provided to you by Webedia.
of 6 January 1978 and the European regulation.
Having said that, we advise you to come back on the site regularly to check our personal data protection policy to see whether the terms set by Webedia have been amended.
The date of the latest update of our policy is mentioned above.
qcb[DOG]jrorqvn-tebhc.pbz or send a letter to Webedia – 2, rue Paul Vaillant Couturier – 92300 Levallois-Perret Cedex France.


text:
By Alec Wilkinson
The New Yorker, October 11, 1982 P. 36
Talk story about Archie Burchfield, who recently won the national doubles title on the croquet courts in Central Park. He has a tobacco and beef-cattle farm in Stamping Ground, Kentucky. Although he has played the game for 22 years, not until last March had he played it on grass courts. In Kentucky he played on dirt. He has two courts on his farm so he can play at night. State championships are often held at his place. Tells about the awards he has won. He told how he makes his own mallets, on a lathe. He spoke of the rules unique to grass courts. One is time limits. In this tournament, the games were an hour and fifteen minutes. He told how he recently got started in national competition, playing in various matches. He found out that it is customary to wear white clothes when he was at the Palm Beach Polo and Country Club. Gives his views on the game of croquet.
This article appears in the print edition of the October 11, 1982, issue.
Alec Wilkinson, a staff writer, is the author of ten books, including "The Protest Singer" and "The Ice Balloon."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
#include "SkPDFTypes.h"

#include "SkData.h"
#include "SkDeflate.h"
#include "SkExecutor.h"
#include "SkMakeUnique.h"
#include "SkPDFDocumentPriv.h"
#include "SkPDFUnion.h"
#include "SkPDFUtils.h"
#include "SkStream.h"
#include "SkStreamPriv.h"
#include "SkTo.h"

#include <new>

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

SkPDFUnion::SkPDFUnion(Type t) : fType(t) {}
SkPDFUnion::SkPDFUnion(Type t, int32_t v)  : fIntValue    (v), fType(t) {}
SkPDFUnion::SkPDFUnion(Type t, bool v)     : fBoolValue   (v), fType(t) {}
SkPDFUnion::SkPDFUnion(Type t, SkScalar v) : fScalarValue (v), fType(t) {}
SkPDFUnion::SkPDFUnion(Type t, SkString v) : fType(t) { fSkString.init(std::move(v)); }

SkPDFUnion::~SkPDFUnion() {
    switch (fType) {
        case Type::kNameSkS:
        case Type::kStringSkS:
            fSkString.destroy();
            return;
        case Type::kObject:
            SkASSERT(fObject);
            delete fObject;
            return;
        default:
            return;
    }
}

SkPDFUnion& SkPDFUnion::operator=(SkPDFUnion&& other) {
    if (this != &other) {
        this->~SkPDFUnion();
        new (this) SkPDFUnion(std::move(other));
    }
    return *this;
}

SkPDFUnion::SkPDFUnion(SkPDFUnion&& other) {
    SkASSERT(this != &other);
    memcpy(this, &other, sizeof(*this));
    other.fType = Type::kDestroyed;
}

#if 0
SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::copy() const {
    SkPDFUnion u(fType);
    memcpy(&u, this, sizeof(u));
    switch (fType) {
        case Type::kNameSkS:
        case Type::kStringSkS:
            u.fSkString.init(fSkString.get());
            return u;
        case Type::kObject:
            SkRef(u.fObject);
            return u;
        default:
            return u;
    }
}
SkPDFUnion& SkPDFUnion::operator=(const SkPDFUnion& other) {
    return *this = other.copy();
}
SkPDFUnion::SkPDFUnion(const SkPDFUnion& other) {
    *this = other.copy();
}
#endif

bool SkPDFUnion::isName() const {
    return Type::kName == fType || Type::kNameSkS == fType;
}

#ifdef SK_DEBUG
// Most names need no escaping.  Such names are handled as static
// const strings.
bool is_valid_name(const char* n) {
    static const char kControlChars[] = "/%()<>[]{}";
    while (*n) {
        if (*n < '!' || *n > '~' || strchr(kControlChars, *n)) {
            return false;
        }
        ++n;
    }
    return true;
}
#endif  // SK_DEBUG

// Given an arbitrary string, write it as a valid name (not including
// leading slash).
static void write_name_escaped(SkWStream* o, const char* name) {
    static const char kToEscape[] = "#/%()<>[]{}";
    for (const uint8_t* n = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(name); *n; ++n) {
        uint8_t v = *n;
        if (v < '!' || v > '~' || strchr(kToEscape, v)) {
            char buffer[3] = {'#',
                              SkHexadecimalDigits::gUpper[v >> 4],
                              SkHexadecimalDigits::gUpper[v & 0xF]};
            o->write(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        } else {
            o->write(n, 1);
        }
    }
}

static void write_string(SkWStream* wStream, const char* cin, size_t len) {
    SkDEBUGCODE(static const size_t kMaxLen = 65535;)
    SkASSERT(len <= kMaxLen);

    size_t extraCharacterCount = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        if (cin[i] > '~' || cin[i] < ' ') {
            extraCharacterCount += 3;
        } else if (cin[i] == '\\' || cin[i] == '(' || cin[i] == ')') {
            ++extraCharacterCount;
        }
    }
    if (extraCharacterCount <= len) {
        wStream->writeText("(");
        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if (cin[i] > '~' || cin[i] < ' ') {
                uint8_t c = static_cast<uint8_t>(cin[i]);
                uint8_t octal[4] = { '\\',
                                     (uint8_t)('0' | ( c >> 6        )),
                                     (uint8_t)('0' | ((c >> 3) & 0x07)),
                                     (uint8_t)('0' | ( c       & 0x07)) };
                wStream->write(octal, 4);
            } else {
                if (cin[i] == '\\' || cin[i] == '(' || cin[i] == ')') {
                    wStream->writeText("\\");
                }
                wStream->write(&cin[i], 1);
            }
        }
        wStream->writeText(")");
    } else {
        wStream->writeText("<");
        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            uint8_t c = static_cast<uint8_t>(cin[i]);
            char hexValue[2] = { SkHexadecimalDigits::gUpper[c >> 4],
                                 SkHexadecimalDigits::gUpper[c & 0xF] };
            wStream->write(hexValue, 2);
        }
        wStream->writeText(">");
    }
}

void SkPDFWriteString(SkWStream* wStream, const char* cin, size_t len) {
    write_string(wStream, cin, len);
}

void SkPDFUnion::emitObject(SkWStream* stream) const {
    switch (fType) {
        case Type::kInt:
            stream->writeDecAsText(fIntValue);
            return;
        case Type::kColorComponent:
            SkPDFUtils::AppendColorComponent(SkToU8(fIntValue), stream);
            return;
        case Type::kColorComponentF:
            SkPDFUtils::AppendColorComponentF(fScalarValue, stream);
            return;
        case Type::kBool:
            stream->writeText(fBoolValue ? "true" : "false");
            return;
        case Type::kScalar:
            SkPDFUtils::AppendScalar(fScalarValue, stream);
            return;
        case Type::kName:
            stream->writeText("/");
            SkASSERT(is_valid_name(fStaticString));
            stream->writeText(fStaticString);
            return;
        case Type::kString:
            SkASSERT(fStaticString);
            write_string(stream, fStaticString, strlen(fStaticString));
            return;
        case Type::kNameSkS:
            stream->writeText("/");
            write_name_escaped(stream, fSkString.get().c_str());
            return;
        case Type::kStringSkS:
            write_string(stream, fSkString.get().c_str(), fSkString.get().size());
            return;
        case Type::kObject:
            fObject->emitObject(stream);
            return;
        case Type::kRef:
            SkASSERT(fIntValue >= 0);
            stream->writeDecAsText(fIntValue);
            stream->writeText(" 0 R");  // Generation number is always 0.
            return;
        default:
            SkDEBUGFAIL("SkPDFUnion::emitObject with bad type");
    }
}

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::Int(int32_t value) { return SkPDFUnion(Type::kInt, value); }

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::ColorComponent(uint8_t value) {
    return SkPDFUnion(Type::kColorComponent, (int32_t)value);
}

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::ColorComponentF(float value) {
    return SkPDFUnion(Type::kColorComponentF, (SkScalar)value);
}

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::Bool(bool value) {
    return SkPDFUnion(Type::kBool, value);
}

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::Scalar(SkScalar value) {
    return SkPDFUnion(Type::kScalar, value);
}

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::Name(const char* value) {
    SkPDFUnion u(Type::kName);
    SkASSERT(value);
    SkASSERT(is_valid_name(value));
    u.fStaticString = value;
    return u;
}

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::String(const char* value) {
    SkPDFUnion u(Type::kString);
    SkASSERT(value);
    u.fStaticString = value;
    return u;
}

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::Name(SkString s) { return SkPDFUnion(Type::kNameSkS, std::move(s)); }

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::String(SkString s) { return SkPDFUnion(Type::kStringSkS, std::move(s)); }

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::Object(std::unique_ptr<SkPDFObject> objSp) {
    SkPDFUnion u(Type::kObject);
    SkASSERT(objSp.get());
    u.fObject = objSp.release();  // take ownership into union{}
    return u;
}

SkPDFUnion SkPDFUnion::Ref(SkPDFIndirectReference ref) {
    return SkASSERT(ref.fValue > 0), SkPDFUnion(Type::kRef, (int32_t)ref.fValue);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#if 0  // Enable if needed.
void SkPDFAtom::emitObject(SkWStream* stream) const {
    fValue.emitObject(stream);
}
#endif  // 0

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

SkPDFArray::SkPDFArray() {}

SkPDFArray::~SkPDFArray() {}

size_t SkPDFArray::size() const { return fValues.size(); }

void SkPDFArray::reserve(int length) {
    fValues.reserve(length);
}

void SkPDFArray::emitObject(SkWStream* stream) const {
    stream->writeText("[");
    for (size_t i = 0; i < fValues.size(); i++) {
        fValues[i].emitObject(stream);
        if (i + 1 < fValues.size()) {
            stream->writeText(" ");
        }
    }
    stream->writeText("]");
}

void SkPDFArray::append(SkPDFUnion&& value) {
    fValues.emplace_back(std::move(value));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendInt(int32_t value) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::Int(value));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendColorComponent(uint8_t value) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::ColorComponent(value));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendBool(bool value) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::Bool(value));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendScalar(SkScalar value) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::Scalar(value));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendName(const char name[]) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::Name(SkString(name)));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendName(SkString name) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::Name(std::move(name)));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendString(SkString value) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::String(std::move(value)));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendString(const char value[]) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::String(value));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendObject(std::unique_ptr<SkPDFObject>&& objSp) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::Object(std::move(objSp)));
}

void SkPDFArray::appendRef(SkPDFIndirectReference ref) {
    this->append(SkPDFUnion::Ref(ref));
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

SkPDFDict::~SkPDFDict() {}

SkPDFDict::SkPDFDict(const char type[]) {
    if (type) {
        this->insertName("Type", type);
    }
}

void SkPDFDict::emitObject(SkWStream* stream) const {
    stream->writeText("<<");
    for (size_t i = 0; i < fRecords.size(); ++i) {
        const std::pair<SkPDFUnion, SkPDFUnion>& record = fRecords[i];
        record.first.emitObject(stream);
        stream->writeText(" ");
        record.second.emitObject(stream);
        if (i + 1 < fRecords.size()) {
            stream->writeText("\n");
        }
    }
    stream->writeText(">>");
}

size_t SkPDFDict::size() const { return fRecords.size(); }

void SkPDFDict::reserve(int n) {
    fRecords.reserve(n);
}

void SkPDFDict::insertRef(const char key[], SkPDFIndirectReference ref) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::Ref(ref));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertRef(SkString key, SkPDFIndirectReference ref) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(std::move(key)), SkPDFUnion::Ref(ref));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertObject(const char key[], std::unique_ptr<SkPDFObject>&& objSp) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::Object(std::move(objSp)));
}
void SkPDFDict::insertObject(SkString key, std::unique_ptr<SkPDFObject>&& objSp) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(std::move(key)),
                          SkPDFUnion::Object(std::move(objSp)));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertBool(const char key[], bool value) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::Bool(value));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertInt(const char key[], int32_t value) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::Int(value));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertInt(const char key[], size_t value) {
    this->insertInt(key, SkToS32(value));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertColorComponentF(const char key[], SkScalar value) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::ColorComponentF(value));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertScalar(const char key[], SkScalar value) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::Scalar(value));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertName(const char key[], const char name[]) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::Name(name));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertName(const char key[], SkString name) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::Name(std::move(name)));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertString(const char key[], const char value[]) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::String(value));
}

void SkPDFDict::insertString(const char key[], SkString value) {
    fRecords.emplace_back(SkPDFUnion::Name(key), SkPDFUnion::String(std::move(value)));
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void serialize_stream(SkPDFDict* origDict,
                             SkStreamAsset* stream,
                             bool deflate,
                             SkPDFDocument* doc,
                             SkPDFIndirectReference ref) {
    // Code assumes that the stream starts at the beginning.
    SkASSERT(stream && stream->hasLength());

    std::unique_ptr<SkStreamAsset> tmp;
    SkPDFDict tmpDict;
    SkPDFDict& dict = origDict ? *origDict : tmpDict;
    static const size_t kMinimumSavings = strlen("/Filter_/FlateDecode_");
    if (deflate && stream->getLength() > kMinimumSavings) {
        SkDynamicMemoryWStream compressedData;
        SkDeflateWStream deflateWStream(&compressedData);
        SkStreamCopy(&deflateWStream, stream);
        deflateWStream.finalize();
        #ifdef SK_PDF_BASE85_BINARY
        {
            SkPDFUtils::Base85Encode(compressedData.detachAsStream(), &compressedData);
            tmp = compressedData.detachAsStream();
            stream = tmp.get();
            auto filters = SkPDFMakeArray();
            filters->appendName("ASCII85Decode");
            filters->appendName("FlateDecode");
            dict.insertObject("Filter", std::move(filters));
        }
        #else
        if (stream->getLength() > compressedData.bytesWritten() + kMinimumSavings) {
            tmp = compressedData.detachAsStream();
            stream = tmp.get();
            dict.insertName("Filter", "FlateDecode");
        } else {
            SkAssertResult(stream->rewind());
        }
        #endif

    }
    dict.insertInt("Length", stream->getLength());
    doc->emitStream(dict,
                    [stream](SkWStream* dst) { dst->writeStream(stream, stream->getLength()); },
                    ref);
}

SkPDFIndirectReference SkPDFStreamOut(std::unique_ptr<SkPDFDict> dict,
                                      std::unique_ptr<SkStreamAsset> content,
                                      SkPDFDocument* doc,
                                      bool deflate) {
    SkPDFIndirectReference ref = doc->reserveRef();
    if (SkExecutor* executor = doc->executor()) {
        SkPDFDict* dictPtr = dict.release();
        SkStreamAsset* contentPtr = content.release();
        // Pass ownership of both pointers into a std::function, which should
        // only be executed once.
        doc->incrementJobCount();
        executor->add([dictPtr, contentPtr, deflate, doc, ref]() {
            serialize_stream(dictPtr, contentPtr, deflate, doc, ref);
            delete dictPtr;
            delete contentPtr;
            doc->signalJobComplete();
        });
        return ref;
    }
    serialize_stream(dict.get(), content.get(), deflate, doc, ref);
    return ref;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Peter Thorne
Bio-sketch
Invited Talks/Seminars/Conferences
All peer-reviewed publications now linked. For those on researchgate some are also lodged there. I have copies I can email on request of most of the papers that are paywalled (denoted by ($)) although in recent years I've tried to advocate going with Open Access journals (denoted by (OA)) or at least those that allow OA after paying them more $s, admittedly to mixed effect with the lead authors. Some pieces were invited and in such cases the journal policy applies. Some pieces simply the grant did not extend to paying for OA. Sometimes life just sucks like that I'm afraid. Often just getting the base publication fee out of the purse holders hands was an adventure in and of itself.
If links have broken or I have put OA when paywalled or vice-versa feel free to let me know.
h-index: 36 (Researcherid); 50 (Google scholar) (as at 29/06/20)
Accepted / In press
Matthews, T. et al. (2022) 'Latent heat must be visible in climate communications', WIRES Clim. Change, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.779 (OA)
Awe, S. et al. (2022) 'Insights from 20 years of temperature parallel measurements in Mauritius around the turn of the 20th century', Clim. Past, 18, 793–820, https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/18/793/2022/ (OA)
Madonna, F. et al. (2021) 'The new Radiosounding HARMonization (RHARM) dataset of homogenized radiosounding temperature, humidity and wind profiles with uncertainties', JGR, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JD035220 (OA)
Zhou, C., et al. (2020). 'A new approach to homogenize global sub-daily radiosonde temperature data from 1958 to 2018'. J Climate 1-64. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0352.1 (OA)
Noone, S., et al. (2020). 'Progress towards a holistic land and marine surface meteorological database and a call for additional contributions'.Geosci. Data J.2020,00:1-18. doi: 10.1002/gdj3.109 (OA)
Gillespie, I.M., Haimberger,L.,Compo,G.P. and Thorne, P.W.,(2020).'Assessing potential of sparse-input reanalyses for centennial-scale land surface air temperature homogenisation'. Int'l Journal of Climatology doi: 10.1002/joc.6898. (OA)
Rhonda McGovern & Peter Thorne (2020): Citizens assemble: a study on the impact of climate reporting in the Irish media 'before', 'during' and 'after' the Citizens' Assembly on 'how the state can make Ireland a leader in tackling climate change', Irish Political Studies, DOI:10.1080/07907184.2020.1811970
Madonna, F. et al. (2020) Use of automatic radiosonde launchers to measure temperature and humidity profiles from the GRUAN perspective, Atmos. Meas. Tech., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-472 (OA)
Dirksen, R. J., et al. (2020) Progress in managing the transition from the RS92 to the Vaisala RS41 as the operational radiosonde within the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2019-36 (OA)
Rayner, N. A., et al. (2020) The EUSTACE project: delivering global, daily information on surface air temperature. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0095.1 (OA)
Sterckx, S. et al. (2020) Towards a European Cal/Val service for earth observation, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 41:12, 4496-4511, DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2020.1718240 (OA)
Brönnimann, S., et al. (2019) Unlocking pre-1850 instrumental meteorological records: A global inventory. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100 (12): ES389–ES413 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0040.1 (OA)
Noone, S., et al. (2019) Geo-locate project: a novel approach to resolving meteorological station location issues with the assistance of undergraduate students. Geoscience Communication , 2-157-171,2019. https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-2-157-2019 (OA).
Murphy, C, et al. (2019) Multi‐century trends to wetter winters and drier summers in the England and Wales precipitation series explained by observational and sampling bias in early records. Int J Climatol.; 1– 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6208
Philipona, R., et al. (2018). Radiosondes show that after decades of cooling, the lower stratosphere is now warming. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123, 12,509–12,522. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028901
Ryan, C., et al. (2018) Integrating Data Rescue into the Classroom. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 99, 1757–1764, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0147.1
Cowtan, KD, et al. (2018), 'Statistical analysis of coverage error in simple global temperature estimators' Dynamics and Statistics of the Climate System: An Interdisciplinary Journal. DOI: 10.1093/climsys/dzy003
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Tett, S. and P. Thorne (2004). "Tropospheric temperature series from satellites." Nature 432(7017), doi:10.1038/nature03208 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7017/abs/nature03208.html. ($)
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Non-peer reviewed
McCarthy, G.D. and P.W. Thorne (2018), "Sluggish Atlantic circulation could cause global temperatures to surge" Nature, 559, 340-341, doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05712-x
Stott, P. A. and P. W. Thorne (2010). "How best to log local temperatures?" Nature 465(7295): 158-159, doi:10.1038/465158a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v465/n7295/full/465158a.html. ($)
Thorne, P. W. (2008). "Atmospheric science - The answer is blowing in the wind." Nature Geoscience 1(6): 347-348, doi:10.1038/ngeo209, http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n6/full/ngeo209.html. ($)
Thorne, P. W., (2001) "Advancing climate change detection and attribution studies in the free atmosphere." 288pp. PhD Thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom. http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/pubs/thesis/2001-thorne (OA)
Drafting team member, Summary for Policy Makers, Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
Section Lead, Technical Summary, Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
Coordinating Lead Author, Chapter 2, Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
Contributing author to Chapters 1 and 4 and Atlas of Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
Lead Author, Chapter 2, Appendix 3 and Appendix 4, Third US National Climate Assessment, http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/
Contributing Author to Cross Chapter Boxes, Working Group 2 contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, https://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/
Lead Author, Chapter 2, Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, http://www.climatechange2013.org/
Contributing Author to Summary for Policy Makers, Technical Summary, and Chapters 9 and 10 of the Working Group 1 contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of IPCC, http://www.climatechange2013.org/.
Contributions (including lead authorship on two chapters) to: Temperature trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences. T. R. Karl, S. J. Hassol, C. D. Miller and W. L. Murray eds., (2006) A report by the Climate Change Science Program and the subcommittee on Global Change Research, Washington, DC. http://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-sap-1_1-2006
Contributing author to two chapters of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Working Group 1 contribution (Physical Science Basis). https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html
Menne, M. J. et al. (2013), "Benchmarking the performance of pairwise homogenization of surface temperatures in the United States" AIP Conference Proceedings, 1552, doi: 10.1063/1.4821423, http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/10.1063/1.4821423 ($)
Gardiner, T. et al., 2013, "Sampling and Measurement Issues in Establishing a Climate Reference Upper Air Network", AIP Conference Proceedings, 1552, 10.1063/1.4821422, http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/10.1063/1.4821422 ($)
Lawrimore, J. H. et al., 2013, "The International Surface Temperature Initiative: Global Land surface Databank Development", AIP Conference Proceedings, 1552, 10.1063/1.4821420, http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/10.1063/1.4821420 ($)
Thorne, P. W. et al., 2013, "GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN): Steps Towards Assuring Future Records", AIP Conference Proceedings, 1552, 10.1063/1.4821421, http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/10.1063/1.4821421 ($)
Thorne, P. W. et al., 2013, "The International Surface Temperature Initiative" AIP Conference Proceedings, 1552, 10.1063/1.4821418, http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/10.1063/1.4821418 ($)
Thorne.P.W. (2021) 'Chapter 5 - Global surface temperatures' In: Climate Change (Third Edition). Science direct: Elsevier
Danielsen, F., et al. (2021) 'Community-Based Monitoring in the Artic' In: Community-Based Monitoring in the Artic. Alaska: University of Alaska Press.
Thorne, P. W.(2015), "Global Surface Temperatures" In: Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth, 2nd Ed., Elsevier
Global Climate Observing System, GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN): Justification, requirements, siting and instrumentation options; 2007: WMO/TD No. 1379, GCOS-112, 42pp. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-112.pdf
Global Climate Observing System, GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) Report of the GRUAN Implementation Meeting; 2008: WMO/TD No. 1435, GCOS-121, 49pp. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-121.pdf
Global Climate Observing System, Report of the First GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-1), Norman, Oklahoma, USA, 2-4 March 2009; 2009: WMO/TD No. 1492, GCOS-131, 28pp. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-131.pdf
Global Climate Observing System, GRUAN Implementation Plan 2009-2013; 2009: WMO/TD No. 1506, GCOS-134, 60pp. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-134.pdf
Report of the Second GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-2), Payerne, Switzerland, 2-4 March 2010; 2010: WMO/TD No. 1526, GCOS-140, 64pp. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-140.pdf
Report of the Third GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-3), Queenstown, New Zealand, 28 February -4 March 2011, WMO/TD No. 1575, GCOS-149, 68pp. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-149.pdf
Report from the WIGOS Pilot Project Meeting on GRUAN Observing Practices and Governance, Geneva, Switzerland, 25-27 January 2012, GCOS-155, 26pp, http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-155.pdf
Report of the Fourth GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-4), Tokyo, Japan, 5-9 March 2012, GCOS-161, 62pp. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-161.pdf
GRUAN Implementation Plan 2013-2017, GCOS-165, 58pp. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-165.pdf
Report of the Fifth GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-5), De Bilt, the Netherlands, 25 February - 1 March 2013, GCOS-167, 73pp. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-167.pdf
Report of the Fifth GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-6), Greenbelt, USA, 10-14 March 2014, GCOS-180 http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-180.pdf
Workshop on the review of the GCOS Surface Network (GSN), GCOS Upper-Air Network (GUAN), and related atmospheric networks, Ispra, Italy, April 2014, GCOS-182http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-182.pdf
GRUAN-GSICS-GNSSRO WIGOS Workshop on Upper-Air Observing System Integration and Application Geneva, 6-8 May 2014 http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/WIGOS-WIS/reports/3G-WIGOS-WS2014.pdf
Status of the Global Observing System for Climate, 2015, GCOS-195 http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/GCOS-195_en.pdf
The GCOS Status Report 2021, GCOS-240 https://gcos.wmo.int/en/gcos-status-report-2021


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5 Selected Anime or Manga That Were Reborn as Great Live-Action TV Dramas
It has become common in Hollywood movies or in Japan to adapt anime or manga for live-action dramas.
A driving force behind this trend may be technological advancement in visual effects and anime and manga being visually complete works, making them easy material to create films from.
This time I gathered here 5 works of manga or anime that were adapted for live-action TV dramas in Japan.
1. Kodoku no Gurume (Lonesome Gourmet)
The main character is a man who operates a privately-owned trading company importing various merchandizes and his name is Goro Inogashira.
This manga depicts how he enjoys dining experience in various restaurants that he finds during his business trips.
The story often presents ordinary eateries he happens to step into and inconspicuous common dishes served there rather than featuring local specialty food or high-end restaurants.
An ordinary middle-aged man enjoys a meal of ordinary-looking dishes, and the story depicts it like a documentary accompanied with his monologue.
The TV drama in Japan has started in 2012.
A web drama has started in Taiwan in 2015, adopting the settings of the drama.
As in the original manga, the drama progresses with Goro Inogashira as the only character in the story, played by actor Yutaka Matsushige.
The eateries and their dishes that appear in the drama are actual places and food served in the real world.
This is an informative drama that presents reality of Japan and its citizen's life without embellishment, as it doesn't focus on famous places or renowned restaurants in Japan.
2. 81 Diver
The main character Kentaro Sugata has been aiming to become a professional shogi (Japanese chess) player, but he gives up on his dream, feeling limitations in his talent.
Yet he struggles as he cannot just abandon his dream. He has been playing betting shogi matches, which is illegal, as a way to release his frustration.
During such days he hears a rumor of an exceptional shogi player in Akihabara called "Akiba no Ukeshi", and he plays against this lady player.
Sugata ends up experiencing a complete overwhelming defeat and he decides to train himself in earnest and change the way he lived in the past.
The original story is a manga with the same title, written by "Yokusaru Shibata".
The TV drama was broadcasted in 2008.
It is violation of laws to bet money on a shogi match, and inclusion of such illegal dealings has rendered this story thrilling.
Superbly produced, the drama was made very enjoyable even for viewers who know nothing about shogi games.
3. Osen
Osen is the maître d' of Isshoan, a long-established traditional Japanese restaurant, and the story depicts human dramas richly woven by her and the people around her. If you would like to look into the detail of this manga, please refer to my earlier article (Osen).
The TV drama was broadcasted in 2008, and the title role of Osen was played by actress Yu Aoi.
Some settings of manga are often modified for various reasons including difficulty in reproducing them in the live-actions.
Such modification was made in this case without consent of the original author Shota Kikuchi.
Infuriated at the modification, Shota Kikuchi stopped writing manga to protest in the middle of the serialization.
Earlier in the TV drama he was credited for the authorship but later it was changed to "original idea".
I think the drama was potentially more enjoyable if viewers did not read the original manga, and the viewers who read the manga might have been able to understand why the author was upset.
4. Glass no Kamen (Glass Mask)
Maya Kitajima was an ordinary girl but her hidden talent was discovered by a retired great actress Chigusa Tsukikage. The story depicts her ascent to a top star in the world of theater, competing with her rival Ayumi Himekawa.
This is a famous shojo manga that everyone in Japan perhaps knows.
The serialization has started in 1976 and it is still continuing today.
The TV drama was aired in 1997 and actress Yumi Adachi did a great job playing the role of Maya Kitajima.
In addition a famous actress Yoko Nogiwa played the role of Chigusa Tsukikage, and she presented amazing resemblance to the character in the original manga it became a hot topic of discussion.
5. Saint Oniisan (Saint Young Men)
This comedy has a crazy setting in which Jesus of Christianity and Buddha of Buddhism obtain a long vacation and come to Japan to enjoy the break, taking advantage of the arrival of the 21st century.
The original story is a manga authored by Hikaru Nakamura with the same title.
And this original is displayed even in the British Museum in London. Reference
This story has been already adapted for anime but a TV drama has not been aired yet.
Adaptation for a TV drama has been already announced but casting remains undecided.
We are eagerly awaiting the start of this drama. Official Website
Many other anime and manga have been adapted for live-actions.
I think looking for titles in manga and anime from such a viewpoint is another interesting way to enjoy them.
"Osen": a Manga That Conveys Japanese Food Philosophy and Tradition
Innocent, the Manga Recognized by Louvre Museum
Anime Movie "Kimi no Na wa (Your Name)": 6 Real-Life Locations from the Movie
5 Popular Foreign Mangaka Artists, Active in the Manga Industry of Japan


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P U L S E
Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one
Brave New World, A Discussion
Melvyn Bragg and guests David Bradshaw, Daniel Pick and Michele Barrett discuss Aldous Huxley's dystopian 1932 novel, Brave New World.
Continue reading "Brave New World, A Discussion"
Author DavePosted on June 17, 2013 Categories BBC, LiteratureTags Aldous Huxley, Brave New WorldLeave a comment on Brave New World, A Discussion
A Leftist Response to Leftist Delusions on Syria
This excellent piece was written by Shiar in response to Stop the War's Lindsey German (who can't even get the Syrian president's first name right) and was first published at the Syria News Wire.
"Being anti-imperialist yet West-centric," writes Shiar, "just does not work: it is still Orientalism. This Orientalist (and statist) world view is so dominant within the Western Left that even a mass, popular uprising is reduced to a Western-manufactured conspiracy (which is, incidentally, the same line as that the Syrian regime has been repeating). It not only ignores facts on the ground and the complex political dynamics at play in those countries, but also overlooks those people's agency and reduces them to either some inferior and stupid stereotype (Islamist terrorists) or some romanticised mythical version that is compatible with the dominant Western values (pro-democracy, peaceful, etc.)."
I have no idea where you get your news about Syria from, but it strikes me that it's probably mostly from the Guardian, BBC and other establishment mouthpieces (when it comes to foreign policy anyway). For how else can one explain your sudden realisation that Syria is only now "descending into hell"? Really?! All this death and destruction over the past 26 months has not been hellish enough for you? Only now, when your beloved mainstream media start to recycle some state propaganda nonsense about the conflict in Syria taking (yet another) dangerous turn or crossing some 'red line', do your alarm bells start to ring?
You see, information sources are not just about information; they also shape your perspective. As a Leftist activist, one would have thought you would mention – at least once, in passing – the popular uprising or the revolution, what Syrians think and want, or anything remotely related to people. Instead, all you obsess about is big politics from a statist perspective: regime change, foreign intervention, regional war, Israel, Iran, bla bla bla. Continue reading "A Leftist Response to Leftist Delusions on Syria"
Author Robin Yassin-KassabPosted on June 8, 2013 Categories Orientalism, SyriaTags Lindsey German, Shiar2 Comments on A Leftist Response to Leftist Delusions on Syria
I, Claudius is a 1976 BBC Television adaptation of Robert Graves's I, Claudius and Claudius the God. Written by Jack Pulman, it proved one of the corporation's most successful drama serials of all time.
It starred Derek Jacobi as Claudius, with Siân Phillips, Brian Blessed, George Baker, John Hurt and Patrick Stewart.
Graves's I, Claudius is in the List Muse 100 Best Novels of All Time and the Modern Library's 100 Best Novels.
For the DVDs try here in the UK and here in the USA.
Source: Wikipedia; For an episode guide see here. There's a documentary on the series here and there's a humourous tribute to the show by Sesame Street here.
1. A Touch of Murder
Continue reading "I, Claudius"
Author DavePosted on June 5, 2013 June 6, 2013 Categories Ancient Rome, BBC3 Comments on I, Claudius
Ambiguous drone policies cast doubt on Obama's lofty pledges
An earlier version of this appeared in The National last week.
It was a "season of fear," he said. Government trimming facts and evidence "to fit ideological predispositions"; making "decisions based on fear rather than foresight; setting aside principles "as luxuries that we could no longer afford". "In other words," he concluded, "we went off course".
We "cannot keep this country safe unless we enlist the power of our most fundamental values", he said. Institutions will have to be updated with "an abiding confidence in the rule of law and due process; in checks and balances and accountability."
It was a fine speech: thoughtful, bold, idealistic. US president Barack Obama delivered it at the National Archives in Washington, on May 21, 2009.
Last Thursday, when President Obama again addressed the question of national security, he sounded equally high-minded. But where in his first speech he had to address the excesses of his predecessor; this time he had his own to consider. The most serious of these were born of Obama's inability to deliver fully on promises he made in 2009.
At the National Archives speech, Obama had vowed to end torture, shut down CIA black sites, and close Guantanamo. It was the clean break he had promised his base. But faced with a Republican backlash, Obama caved. Torture and black sites were abolished, but Guantanamo remained. Torture memos were released, but torturers roamed free. And to shield himself against charges of weakness, Obama escalated the covert war.
Continue reading "Ambiguous drone policies cast doubt on Obama's lofty pledges"
Author Idrees AhmadPosted on June 4, 2013 June 4, 2013 Categories Afghanistan, Pakistan, US Foreign Policy, War, War crimes, YemenTags Barack Obama, daniel klaidman, mark mazzettiLeave a comment on Ambiguous drone policies cast doubt on Obama's lofty pledges
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Colicin (Microcin) V is unrelated to other channel-forming colicins (e.g., the Colicin family; TC #1.C.1). The protein is much smaller (103 amino acyl residues) than the other colicins, and it therefore does not form the complex structure characteristic of the homologous members of the colicin family. Colicin V is, however, a pore-forming bacteriocin which exerts its action by inserting into the cytoplasmic membranes of target bacteria and dissipating the membrane potential while facilitating leakage of small molecules from the cytoplasm. In these functional respects (but not structural respects) it therefore resembles channel-forming bacteriocins that are included in the channel-forming amphipathic peptide (CAP) functional superfamily which includes defensins and bacteriocins (e.g., TC families 1.C.16-1.C.30). Colicin V is demonstrably homologous to other proteins such as Microcin L (AAP08989; 105 aas) and the McmA protein (CAD56188; 92 aas), both of E. coli. Colicin V has been shown to depend on the inner membrane SdaC protein (2.A.42.2.1) for its bacteriocidal activity (Gérard et al., 2005). SdaC presumably serves as an inner membrane receptor for Colicin V.


Doha, Qatar/Abu Dhabi, UAE December 11, 2003 – Qatar Petroleum and Dolphin Energy Limited announced today the signing of the Final Field Development Plan for the forthcoming Dolphin Gas Project, according to the Development and Production Sharing Agreement (DPSA) dated December 23rd 2001.
The Plan, signed at Qatar Petroleum's Headquarters in Doha, was signed by His Excellency Abdullah Bin Hamad Al Attiyah Qatar's Second Deputy Premier and Minister of Energy and Industry, and by Mr. Ahmed Ali Al Sayegh, Dolphin Energy's Chief Executive Officer.
The signing of the Development Plan represents the final investment decision for the project and sets out the details for the various development stages – drilling program, offshore and onshore construction, compression station and export facilities.
Once the Development Plan is fully implemented in 2006, Dolphin Energy will produce natural gas from Qatar's offshore North Gas Field and process it onshore at Ras Laffan Industrial City to extract Condensate and NGL products. The resulting export gas will subsequently be transported by the Dolphin pipeline to the UAE.
The project will attain full capacity within two years of production commencement with export gas rate of 2 billion square feet per day (bscfd), condensate production of around 100,000 barrels per day (bpd) and natural gas liquids (NGL) products of around 8,000 tons per day (tpd).
At the signing ceremony, H.E. Al Attiyah said: "The signature of this Development Plan further strengthens Qatar Petroleum's relationship with Dolphin Energy, following the signing of the original Development & Production Sharing Agreement (DPSA) December 2001.
"This cross border initiative is beneficial to the people of both countries, and is a fine example of energy and industrial cooperation between brotherly GCC countries. The plan also cements the financial commitment of Dolphin Energy to the project," H.E. added.
For Dolphin Energy, Mr. Al Sayegh stated: "The Development Plan confirms the approval of both Qatar Petroleum and Dolphin Energy on key financial and technical parameters under which our company will produce gas in Qatar.
"We are grateful for the continuing support of the Qatari Government, and of Qatar Petroleum, in helping us drive this unique initiative to completion," Mr. Al Sayegh added.


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Super Mario Bros. 3 (NES) review
"Super Mario Bros. 3 is the third installment in the Mario series, and one of his best. You take control of Mario in this platformer and are set out to save a princess from the Koopa Kids. You travel and explore eight diverse and unique worlds, with tons of new features. This is also one of Marios best adventures hes has ever been on, and a very fun one to last. "
Super Mario Bros. 3 is the third installment in the Mario series, and one of his best. You take control of Mario in this platformer and are set out to save a princess from the Koopa Kids. You travel and explore eight diverse and unique worlds, with tons of new features. This is also one of Marios best adventures hes has ever been on, and a very fun one to last.
Super Mario Bros. 3 is like your average platformer with familiar gameplay to that of the previous installments in the franchise. You will be doing your basic platforming, and like jumping onto platforms, as well as jumping on enemies heads, as well as hitting blocks with your head. The control for Super Mario 3 as well is perfection and has no problems or flaws what so ever. The game has your basic generic controls, but no other platformer does it better, or more smoothly. Super Mario 3 also runs very good, and has no problems that ever trigger making the experience a lot of fun, with no flaws getting in your way. Each world consists of a world map, that has its own theme as well as background music. You, the player has to pick a level you are standing on, and beating that particular level you will then unlock more of the map, until you eventually reach the floating air ship. The map also has toad houses , which contain either mini games or treasure chests to unlock power ups or free lives in which you can access from the world map to use for the level you will then play. There is also a 2 player mode where you and a friend (who plays as Luigi) can either compete on the world or cooperate. Super Mario 3 also untroduces a ton of new power ups as well, such and the raccoon suit giving you the ability to fly, or the frog suit which gives you way better control, or the ability to swim better, as well as hop, plus a few other power ups too.
The presentation brought in this game is outstanding, and will keep you very interested and wanting to keep playing and not stop. From the outstanding gameplay to the awesome visuals and unique color, as well as the all of the content, Super Mario 3 is probably the best game you will probably play on the NES. The color for each world is very pretty and will attach your eyes to all of the detail and designs, with killer music from the world map, and into the gameplay for each level, this game is just done extremely well, and always feels fresh. Super Mario Bros. 3 is easily accessible and can be played by anyone, even kids from 2-3 years old, the gameplay isn't hard at all, but yet one of the greatest games can ever play. I highly recommend this game to anyone, and if you haven't played or even tried this game yet, I suggest you go and do so right now, you will not be disappointed.
Community review by Sepultallica86 (March 27, 2010)
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Wildlife & Biodiversity
COVID-19: 'It is easy to blame bats than to look at ourselves'
Bat expert Tigga Kingston flags societal behaviour, human prejudice amid increasing vilification of bats for novel coronavirus
NEXT INTERVIEW ❯
By Rajat Ghai
Published: Tuesday 05 May 2020
Ever since the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic tore through the globe in December last year, the finger of suspicion has pointed to one animal species: Bats.
The winged nocturnal animals, the only mammals capable to of true flight, have never really enjoyed good press, except for, say Batman. However, COVID-19 is bringing out the worst in humanity towards bats.
Many have suggested removing bat roosts and even killing them, suspecting them to be carriers of SARS-COV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
Down To Earth spoke to Tigga Kingston, Co-Chair of the Bat Specialist Group, at the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Species Survival Commission, and professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University at Lubbock, about how we need to revisit our biases and prejudices regarding bats in the light of COVID-19. Edited excerpts:
Rajat Ghai: Is there any scientific basis to the theory that the novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) may have its origin in bats?
Tigga Kingston: SARS-COV-2 has not been found in bats, only in humans. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 found in humans shares about 96 per cent similarity with a virus called RaTG13 that was isolated from a horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus affinis, in China in 2013.
However, an evolutionary tree, or phylogeny, suggests that RaTG13 and SARS-COV-2 have been separated for 40-70 years. Critically, the part of the genome that enables SARS-CoV-2 to enter host cells is very different from that seen in RaTG13.
This has led to suggestions that an intermediate host is involved in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. So, while an ancestral origin in bats decades ago is likely, the proximate origin species, time and place of emergence remain unknown.
RG: Why are bats a reservoir for viruses? And how do they protect themselves from these pathogens?
TK: All wildlife, including bats, but also ungulates, rodents, primates, birds and humans, are reservoirs for viruses.
The question people often ask is whether bats host more viruses than other mammal groups, like rodents or ungulates.
There are 1,400 species of bats worldwide, and a publication that came out a couple of weeks ago suggests that the diversity of viruses seen in bats simply reflects the great diversity of bat species.
That said, bats rarely show clinical signs of sickness, even when infected with viruses that can cause disease in other mammals.
It has been suggested that evolution of flight has played a role in selecting for a suite of immune responses that limit self-damaging inflammatory responses while still controlling virus propagation.
In fact, because bats are so good at suppressing viruses, there is a lot interest in studying their immune system, from a physiological and immunological perspective through to genomics.
RG: As a bat expert, what is your reaction to the vilification of bats in the wake of COVID-19?
TK: I am dismayed but unsurprised. You cannot catch COVID-19 from a bat — it is a human disease; you catch it from other people.
Wildlife, domestic animals and humans all host viruses, but cross-species transmission is a rare event.
The problem is that by destroying natural habitats, stressing and exploiting wildlife, we are breaking down barriers that normally prevent spillover from wildlife hosts to people.
I am also dismayed because the bat research community has been documenting how important bats are for human welfare and ecosystem health for decades. They play critical roles worth billions of dollars as pollinators, seed dispersers and agents of pest suppression.
In South Asia, they are the main pollinators for mahua (Mahduca latifolia), kapok (Ceiba pentandra), Indian trumpet flower (Oroxylum indicum), chiuri (Dipoloknema buyracea) and petai Parkia spp.
The insectivorous bats have proven valuable agents of pest suppression, voraciously eating rice pests in studies from Italy, Spain, Madagascar, Thailand and the Philippines. Doubtless, they do the same in South Asia!
I am unsurprised because the current crisis is scary and changing everyone's lives. It brings deep sorrow to some and terrible economic hardship to many.
Yet, the enemy is invisible, and ultimately, it is our abuse of the environment that is to blame. People feel powerless and want something tangible to hold accountable — so much easier to blame and vilify bats than to look at our own and societal behavior.
Intensifying this psychological need is the pervasive lack of knowledge about bats and their role in COVID-19, prevalence of myths and misconceptions, and alarmist media coverage.
Finally, I am deeply saddened; I've been privileged to work with bats for over 30 years and in many countries and have been able to study and celebrate their incredible diversity and the wondrous adaptions that make them so unique, such as flight and echolocation. They are truly remarkable animals and inspire great awe.
RG: In many cities across the world, residents have called in experts to remove bats from their roosts in buildings. Is this panic reaction warranted?
TK: No, this panic is not warranted because you cannot catch COVID19 from bats.
RG: Should cultures that have traditionally eaten bats stop the practice now?
TK: It is highly advisable. Cultural practices that might have been relatively safe in the past become less so as wildlife populations become stressed through habitat degradation and the resultant nutritional and physiological stress.
These stressors can elevate the amount of virus circulating in an individual or make it more susceptible to pick up a virus — just as we are more likely to catch a cold or have a cold sore flare up when we are stressed or run down.
Wildlife markets are exceptionally stressful for animals, and the proximity of many species creates perfect opportunities for transmission across species that may be key for the jump to people.
The COVID-19 pandemic is changing traditions around the world. Traditions about how we interact with one another, work, travel, educate our children, celebrate traditional or holy days, all have changed, some for good.
If we want to minimise the risk of future emerging diseases, traditions surrounding the human-wildlife and human-livestock interfaces will have to be examined and change.
RG: What are the pressing threats that most of the 1,400 bat species worldwide face these days?
TK: Globally, the primary threats to bats are habitat loss and degradation. This includes resource extraction (for example, logging), land-use change and urbanisation, and loss of not just foraging grounds but also roosts like caves.
In the Old-World tropics of Africa and Asia, hunting and consumption of bats, particularly the fruit bats, for sustenance and perceived medicinal use is also a major problem.
Climate change is of growing concern, especially in countries subject to an increase in extreme weather events, like heat waves. A heat wave killed about 23,000 spectacled flying foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus) in Australia last year — about a third of the Australian population.
We are also hearing about heat waves killing flying foxes in South Asia in recent years and would like to know more from Down To Earth readers if you know of such events.
In North America, arrival of the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnaoascus destructans in 2007 led to the disease White Nose Syndrome that has killed millions of bats of at least 12 species. This illustrates how devastating diseases can be for wildlife, and not just people.
RG: Will the COVID-19 pandemic hurt global bat conservation efforts?
TK: Alarmist and misinformed portrayal of bats and their role in diseases, including COVID-19, is presenting a challenge for bat conservation as it is needlessly engendering fear and reinforcing negative stereotypes. This is resulting in unwarranted behaviors that are threatening bats and bat conservation.
On the positive side, the crisis is promoting collaboration and communication among bat researchers focused on securing sustainable bat populations.
Last month, we officially launched the Global Union of Bat Diversity Networks, that brings together regional and scientific networks from across the world to better respond to the crisis and provide accurate information to the public and policy makers. You can follow us on Twitter, Facebook and at our blog.
I like to hope that this crisis will help people internalise the link between the health of ecosystems and human health, and work together to sustain biodiversity in all its forms.
वन्य जीव एवं जैव विविधता से जुड़ी सभी खबरें हिंदी में पढ़ें।
Biodiversity Conservation Fruit bats covid-19 pandemic Wildlife & Biodiversity World
Residents of this Odisha village are conserving bats despite COVID-19 stigma
Why it's important to study coronaviruses in African bats
AI helps identify bat species suspected of carrying Nipah virus
Scientists create map showing bat-human viral transmission


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Nerdist News: WTFriday: Venom, Aquaman, My Little Pony and more!
Venom, Aquaman, My Little Pony and more!
What is the best movie song? As in, the best song specifically made for a movie? We'll break it down! Plus first reactions to early screenings of Aquaman! And Transformers The Movie is coming back to theaters! Is this nostalgia gone too far? Then - Dream Daddy is getting a comic book! Plus - could My Little Pony be getting rebooted again? Only time will tell. Also - Fortnite is causing headaches for pro sports leagues! Finally, looping it back around, we will test our panel's knowledge on Power Rangers trivia in w-t-friday trivia!


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Q: set max packet size for GCDAsyncUdpSocket I am using the GCDAsyncUdpSocket to send/receive data to a multicast group.  In the GCDAsyncUdpSocket.m file, I found the setting bellow and changed the value to 32768 for example.  But I can't still receive any packet that is larger than 9216 bytes.
max4ReceiveSize = 9216;
max6ReceiveSize = 9216;

Is there another setting?
Edit:
I discovered that the GCDAsyncUdpSocket class did provide a method to set this value called setMaxReceiveIPv4BufferSize.  Tried that but it still only received at around 9216 bytes.

A: It would help to know exactly which operating system you are on, as the settings vary.  On OS X 10.6, look at:
# sysctl net.inet.udp.maxdgram
net.inet.udp.maxdgram: 9216

However, you must keep in mind that the maximum transmit unit (MTU) of any data path will be determined by the smallest value supported by any device in the path.  In other words, if just one device or software rule refuses to handle datagrams larger than a particular size, then that will be the limit for that path.  Thus there could be many settings on many devices which affect this.  Also note that the MTU rules for IPv4 and IPv6 are radically different, and some routers have different rules for multicast versus unicast.
In general, it is not safe to assume that any IP datagram larger than a total of 576 bytes (including all protocol headers) will be allowed through, as 576 the maximum IP packet size which IPv4 guarantees will be supported.  For IPv6, the guaranteed size is 1280.  Most devices will support larger packets, but they are not required to.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: SvelteKit not setting cookie on page refresh Every request to my API has a retry in case it fails with 401. In that case, it generates a new JWT and returns it from the endpoint.json to the handle function by setting the "event.locals.user" with the new JWT.
This is my hooks file:
import { parse, serialize } from "cookie";

/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Handle} */
export async function handle({ event, resolve }) {
  event.locals.user = getUserInformation(event.request.headers.get("cookie"));
  const response = await resolve(event);

  if (isRequestFromEndpoint(event.request)) {
    if (shouldDeleteJwtCookie(event, response)) {
      response.headers.set(
        "set-cookie",
        "jwt=deleted; path=/; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"
      );
      return response;
    }

    if (shouldUpdateJwtCookie(event)) {
      const jwt = serializeNewJwtCookie(event.locals.user);
      response.headers.set("set-cookie", jwt);
    }
  }

  console.log(response);

  return response;
}

function shouldDeleteJwtCookie(event, response) {
  return (
    isUnauthorizedResponse(response) && isRequestFromEndpoint(event.request)
  );
}

function isUnauthorizedResponse(response) {
  return response.status === 401;
}

function isRequestFromEndpoint(request) {
  return request.url.endsWith(".json");
}

function shouldUpdateJwtCookie(event) {
  return hasUserInfo(event) && isRequestFromEndpoint(event.request);
}

function hasUserInfo(event) {
  return !!event.locals.user;
}

/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').GetSession} */
export function getSession(event) {
  return hasUserInfo(event)
    ? {
        user: {
          name: event.locals.user.name,
          email: event.locals.user.email,
          subscription: event.locals.user.subscription,
        },
      }
    : {};
}

function getUserInformation(requestCookie) {
  const cookies = parse(requestCookie || "");
  const jwt =
    cookies.jwt && Buffer.from(cookies.jwt, "base64").toString("utf-8");
  return jwt ? JSON.parse(jwt) : null;
}

function serializeNewJwtCookie(user) {
  const json = JSON.stringify(user);
  const jwt = Buffer.from(json).toString("base64");
  return serialize("jwt", jwt, {
    httpOnly: true,
    path: "/",
  });
}

Navigation between routes through the entire site works perfectly, cookies are set correctly when needed. The problem only occurs when hitting refresh, the new JWT cookie is not set, it remains with the previous one.

Blue: Normal route navigation
Green: Page refresh
So the problem is that the svelte handle hook is called two times. One for the "carteiras.json" endpoint, which has the correct event.locals.user jwt. And one for the "carteiras", which has the old event.locals.user jwt.

It seems that when refreshing the page, the "carteiras.json" endpoint is called from the svelte server only, so it doesn't sets the cookie in the browser.
When doing normal route navigation the "carteiras.json" endpoint is called from the browser and then updates the cookie correctly.


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Open Health Round-Up For 2014: Notable Articles, Reports, And Events
By Andy Oram | December 30, 2014
Even the hidebound field of health care can undergo a lot of change over the course of one year. Key health IT trends that I saw throughout 2014 are summarized in another article. Here I'll list some of the most notable articles and reports related to open source, standards, and transparency in health. Read More »
The Secretary's Ventures Fund Announces 2017 Projects
Press Release | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | May 17, 2017
Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price, M.D. today announced the selection of five entrepreneurial projects for investment by the Secretary's Ventures Fund (HHS Ventures). The projects were chosen from across HHS and are part of the latest round of funding and support designed to advance the Department's innovation agenda... HHS Ventures is a highly competitive effort that provides growth-stage funding and support to HHS employees with proven ideas for how to dramatically improve their office, agency, or the Department's ability to carry out its mission...
What's Next in Federal Healthcare Policy? Two Industry Observers Offer Predictions
Mark Hagland | Healthcare Informatics | March 14, 2017
On Monday, March 13, Healthcare Informatics Editor-in-Chief Mark Hagland interviewed two healthcare industry observers regarding current developments in federal healthcare policy. Hagland interviewed Jeremy Miller and Miranda Franco just hours before the news broke of the "scoring" of the American Health Care Act (AHCA), the healthcare legislation introduced by Republican leaders of the House of Representatives on March 6, to replace elements of the health insurance provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), passed by Congress and signed into law in March2010 by President Barack Obama...
Why AMA Supports Dr. Price to Lead HHS
Press Release | American Medical Association | December 1, 2016
The AMA supports the nomination of Dr. Tom Price based on decades of interactions with him as a member of the AMA House of Delegates, Georgia state senator and as a member of the House of Representatives since 2005. Over these years, there have been important policy issues on which we agreed (medical liability reform) and others on which we disagreed (passage of the Affordable Care Act). Two things that have been consistent are his understanding of the many challenges facing patients and physicians today, and his willingness to listen directly to concerns expressed by the AMA and other physician organizations...
Health Datapalooza 2017
April 26, 2017 (All day) - April 28, 2017 (All day)
Washington Hilton Washington, DC
Health Datapalooza brings together a diverse audience of over 1,600 people from the public and private sectors to learn how health and health care can be improved by harnessing the power of data. The conference brings data to life in ways that matter in health and health care. Each year, the meeting serves as a trusted gathering place for thought leaders and innovators that build momentum toward a vibrant health information economy. This year's conference promises to bring new energy to an action-packed event featuring top speakers representing a variety of industries. The conference brings data to life in ways that matter in health and health care. Each year, the meeting serves as a trusted gathering place for thought leaders and innovators that build momentum toward a vibrant health information economy.


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Immerse yourself (and your clients) in this theatrical dining experience
Updated on 01 August 2018 • Written By Tonje Odegard
We headed to a secret location (in Peckham) for an Immersive Swan Lake Experience at The Great Masked Ball
What was it? An immersive, theatrical dining experience disguised as a masquerade ball with Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake ballet as its theme. Dressed in their finest outfits, a buzzing crowd of twentysomething Londoners gathered in an abandoned warehouse in Peckham. After donning masks, the assembled ball-goers took their seats at long tables and enjoyed a sumptuous feast while a theatrical performance of Swan Lake played out in front of them. Characters interacted with the guests by inviting them to dance and, in particular, by trying to figure out whether any of the ladies in the house were single and up for marrying the ballet's Prince Siegfried.
Who would we recommend it to? As guests are seated at long tables, it's ideal for groups both large and small. If you want something more upscale and intimate for your favourite clients, we would go for the Chef's Table. The food is prepared by former MasterChef winners Tim Anderson and Natalie Coleman, and you'll be seated in a separate area. Be prepared to fork out for drinks, though, as the £149pp ticket price covers only a welcome shot and a cocktail at the end. Wine pairing starts at £29pp.
Did we like it? Absolutely. The atmosphere was infectious, with people dancing and getting merry – just like a proper banquet in fact. It is perhaps best suited to your more lively clients, the sort who will be up for a party. We especially liked the ballet performance at the end, which was accompanied by an orchestra that gave a stirring rendition of Tchaikovsky's much-loved score. Truly moving.
Chef's Table £149pp, VIP £89pp, standard £59pp
Available until 11 August
https://greatmaskedball.com/
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