text:
Q: How to run unit tests on a C project (like an Operating System) that redefines built-in functions? I'm learning about Operating Systems by using the OS161 teaching kernel that was developed by Harvard and used by several online courses and MOOCs like this one.
I'm keen to do some of the exercises outlined here; however, before I begin, I've been trying to set up C unit tests for any code that I eventually write. In the past, I've used GoogleTest and CMake in my own C projects, which is pretty straightforward to set up but I haven't been able to get this combo to work for the OS161 kernel so far.
The following questions that I have are platform and testing framework agnostic but in the interest of being precise, I have been trying to set up CMake so that it is able to run a simple "Catch2" unit test. I'm using CLion as my test runner to make life easy and everything is running on Ubuntu 18.04.
My goal isn't to perfectly build and run the kernel via CMake (this would be a bonus) as I am happy to use the BSD Makefiles that come with the kernel for that. My goal is to use CMake and Catch2/GoogleTest to run unit tests on C code that I write for the OS161 kernel.
I believe the main problems I face with setting up CMake and Catch2/GoogleTest are as follows:

*

*The OS161 kernel redefines several functions that are builtin to the GCC compiler. As such, when I try to build the entire OS161 project (to run a unit test), I get the following warning despite my efforts to use the -fno-builtin flag:

/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:142:8: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'strlen' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 size_t strlen(const char *str);
        ^~~~~~

How should I edit my CMakeLists.txt file to resolve the above error?

*

*The other related problem that I face is that as mentioned above, OS161 (and OS kernels in general) do not use the C standard library (libc). As such when compiling, I believe I also need to use the -nostdlib flag to ensure there's no conflict between the utility methods defined by the kernel itself with libc. However, the dilemma that I face is that I believe that Catch2 and GoogleTest do require libc to run properly.

How should I structure my CMakeLists.txt accordingly so that libc is available to Catch2 so my unit tests can run properly but not to the OS161 kernel?
My current attempt is as follows. The full repository containing this attempt can be found here:
My root CMakeLists.txt file contains the following:
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
project(os161 C)

set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)

set(GCC_COMPILE_FLAGS -nostdlib -fno-builtin)

SET(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)

include_directories(kern/include)
include_directories(kern/dev)
include_directories(kern/compile/ASST0)
include_directories(kern/compile/ASST0/includelinks)
include_directories(kern/compile)

include_directories(userland/include)

file(GLOB_RECURSE INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.h")
file(GLOB_RECURSE SOURCE_FILES "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/*.c")

add_executable (os161 ${INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES} ${SOURCE_FILES})

# Enabling tests
enable_testing()

add_subdirectory(test/unit)

I also created a test directory where I intend to place all my unit tests. Below is it's structure:
test
└── unit
    ├── CMakeLists.txt
    └── kern
        └── main
            └── test_main.cpp

In the test/unit/CMakeLists.txt file, we have the following:
project(os161-test)

# These are compiler flags specific for running tests.
set(GCC_COMPILE_FLAGS_TEST -fno-builtin)

# Download Catch
include(FetchContent)
FetchContent_Declare(
        Catch2
        GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2.git
        GIT_TAG        v2.13.1)

FetchContent_MakeAvailable(Catch2)

add_executable(test_main kern/main/test_main.cpp)

target_link_libraries(test_main Catch2::Catch2)
target_compile_options(test_main PRIVATE ${GCC_COMPILE_FLAGS} ${GCC_COMPILE_FLAGS_TEST})
add_test(test_main test_main)

As we can see from above, I've currently only created a single unit test called test_main. As shown below, inside test_main.cpp I have a simple "hello world" example unit test from the
Catch2 tutorial.
#include <catch2/catch.hpp>

unsigned int Factorial( unsigned int number ) {
    return number <= 1 ? number : Factorial(number-1)*number;
}

TEST_CASE( "Factorials are computed", "[factorial]" ) {
    REQUIRE( Factorial(1) == 1 );
    REQUIRE( Factorial(2) == 2 );
    REQUIRE( Factorial(3) == 6 );
    REQUIRE( Factorial(10) == 3628800 );
}

Currently, when I try to run the unit tests via the CLion test runner, CMake executes the following build command first:
cmake --build /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/cmake-build-debug --target all

Below are the corresponding errors and warnings for the above command:
====================[ Build | all | Debug ]=====================================
/home/p4t/.cache/JetBrains/RemoteDev/dist/78d7fbfd32516_CLion-221.4165.77/bin/cmake/linux/bin/cmake --build /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/cmake-build-debug --target all
[1/351] Building C object CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c.o
FAILED: CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c.o
/usr/bin/cc  -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/dev -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0 -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0/includelinks -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/userland/include -g -MD -MT CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c.o -MF CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c.o.d -o CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c.o -c /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c:33:0:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:142:8: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'strlen' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 size_t strlen(const char *str);
        ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:151:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memcpy' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:152:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memmove' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:153:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memset' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memset(void *block, int ch, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:154:6: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'bzero' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void bzero(void *ptr, size_t len);
      ^~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:157:5: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'snprintf' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 int snprintf(char *buf, size_t maxlen, const char *fmt, ...) __PF(3,4);
     ^~~~~~~~
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/current.h:66:0,
                 from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c:36:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0/includelinks/machine/current.h:63:25: error: invalid register name for 'curthread'
 register struct thread *curthread __asm("$23"); /* s7 register */
                         ^~~~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c: In function 'syscall':
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c:108:20: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
   err = sys___time((userptr_t)tf->tf_a0,
                    ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/syscall/syscall.c:109:6: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
      (userptr_t)tf->tf_a1);
      ^
[2/351] Building C object CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c.o
FAILED: CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c.o
/usr/bin/cc  -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/dev -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0 -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0/includelinks -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/userland/include -g -MD -MT CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c.o -MF CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c.o.d -o CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c.o -c /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:32:0:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:142:8: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'strlen' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 size_t strlen(const char *str);
        ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:151:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memcpy' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:152:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memmove' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:153:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memset' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memset(void *block, int ch, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:154:6: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'bzero' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void bzero(void *ptr, size_t len);
      ^~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:157:5: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'snprintf' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 int snprintf(char *buf, size_t maxlen, const char *fmt, ...) __PF(3,4);
     ^~~~~~~~
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/current.h:66:0,
                 from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:38:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0/includelinks/machine/current.h:63:25: error: invalid register name for 'curthread'
 register struct thread *curthread __asm("$23"); /* s7 register */
                         ^~~~~~~~~
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:32:0:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c: In function 'mips_trap':
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:147:11: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
   KASSERT((vaddr_t)tf > (vaddr_t)curthread->t_stack);
           ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:66:4: note: in definition of macro 'KASSERT'
  ((expr) ? (void)0 : badassert(#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__))
    ^~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:147:25: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
   KASSERT((vaddr_t)tf > (vaddr_t)curthread->t_stack);
                         ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:66:4: note: in definition of macro 'KASSERT'
  ((expr) ? (void)0 : badassert(#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__))
    ^~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:148:11: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
   KASSERT((vaddr_t)tf < (vaddr_t)(curthread->t_stack
           ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:66:4: note: in definition of macro 'KASSERT'
  ((expr) ? (void)0 : badassert(#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__))
    ^~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:148:25: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
   KASSERT((vaddr_t)tf < (vaddr_t)(curthread->t_stack
                         ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:66:4: note: in definition of macro 'KASSERT'
  ((expr) ? (void)0 : badassert(#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__))
    ^~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:302:16: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
   tf->tf_epc = (vaddr_t) curthread->t_machdep.tm_badfaultfunc;
                ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:335:33: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
  cputhreads[curcpu->c_number] = (vaddr_t)curthread;
                                 ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:336:32: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
  cpustacks[curcpu->c_number] = (vaddr_t)curthread->t_stack + STACK_SIZE;
                                ^
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:32:0:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:347:52: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
  KASSERT(SAME_STACK(cpustacks[curcpu->c_number]-1, (vaddr_t)tf));
                                                    ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:66:4: note: in definition of macro 'KASSERT'
  ((expr) ? (void)0 : badassert(#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__))
    ^~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:347:10: note: in expansion of macro 'SAME_STACK'
  KASSERT(SAME_STACK(cpustacks[curcpu->c_number]-1, (vaddr_t)tf));
          ^~~~~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c: In function 'mips_usermode':
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:380:33: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
  cputhreads[curcpu->c_number] = (vaddr_t)curthread;
                                 ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:381:32: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
  cpustacks[curcpu->c_number] = (vaddr_t)curthread->t_stack + STACK_SIZE;
                                ^
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:32:0:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:398:52: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
  KASSERT(SAME_STACK(cpustacks[curcpu->c_number]-1, (vaddr_t)tf));
                                                    ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:66:4: note: in definition of macro 'KASSERT'
  ((expr) ? (void)0 : badassert(#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__))
    ^~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:398:10: note: in expansion of macro 'SAME_STACK'
  KASSERT(SAME_STACK(cpustacks[curcpu->c_number]-1, (vaddr_t)tf));
          ^~~~~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c: In function 'enter_new_process':
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:433:13: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
  tf.tf_a1 = (vaddr_t)argv;
             ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/locore/trap.c:434:13: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
  tf.tf_a2 = (vaddr_t)env;
             ^
[3/351] Building C object CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c.o
FAILED: CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c.o
/usr/bin/cc  -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/dev -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0 -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0/includelinks -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/userland/include -g -MD -MT CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c.o -MF CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c.o.d -o CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c.o -c /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c:32:0:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:142:8: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'strlen' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 size_t strlen(const char *str);
        ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:151:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memcpy' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:152:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memmove' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:153:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memset' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memset(void *block, int ch, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:154:6: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'bzero' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void bzero(void *ptr, size_t len);
      ^~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:157:5: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'snprintf' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 int snprintf(char *buf, size_t maxlen, const char *fmt, ...) __PF(3,4);
     ^~~~~~~~
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/current.h:66:0,
                 from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c:37:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0/includelinks/machine/current.h:63:25: error: invalid register name for 'curthread'
 register struct thread *curthread __asm("$23"); /* s7 register */
                         ^~~~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c: In function 'as_zero_region':
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c:355:8: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
  bzero((void *)PADDR_TO_KVADDR(paddr), npages * PAGE_SIZE);
        ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c: In function 'as_copy':
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c:428:10: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
  memmove((void *)PADDR_TO_KVADDR(new->as_pbase1),
          ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c:429:3: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
   (const void *)PADDR_TO_KVADDR(old->as_pbase1),
   ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c:432:10: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
  memmove((void *)PADDR_TO_KVADDR(new->as_pbase2),
          ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c:433:3: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
   (const void *)PADDR_TO_KVADDR(old->as_pbase2),
   ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c:436:10: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
  memmove((void *)PADDR_TO_KVADDR(new->as_stackpbase),
          ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/dumbvm.c:437:3: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
   (const void *)PADDR_TO_KVADDR(old->as_stackpbase),
   ^
[4/351] Building C object CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/thread/thread_machdep.c.o
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/thread_machdep.c:35:0:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:142:8: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'strlen' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 size_t strlen(const char *str);
        ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:151:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memcpy' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:152:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memmove' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:153:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memset' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memset(void *block, int ch, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:154:6: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'bzero' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void bzero(void *ptr, size_t len);
      ^~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:157:5: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'snprintf' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 int snprintf(char *buf, size_t maxlen, const char *fmt, ...) __PF(3,4);
     ^~~~~~~~
[5/351] Building C object CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/vm/ram.c.o
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/vm/ram.c:31:0:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:142:8: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'strlen' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 size_t strlen(const char *str);
        ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:151:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memcpy' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:152:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memmove' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:153:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memset' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memset(void *block, int ch, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:154:6: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'bzero' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void bzero(void *ptr, size_t len);
      ^~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:157:5: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'snprintf' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 int snprintf(char *buf, size_t maxlen, const char *fmt, ...) __PF(3,4);
     ^~~~~~~~
[6/351] Building C object CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c.o
FAILED: CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c.o
/usr/bin/cc  -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/dev -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0 -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile/ASST0/includelinks -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/compile -I/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/userland/include -g -MD -MT CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c.o -MF CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c.o.d -o CMakeFiles/os161.dir/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c.o -c /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c
In file included from /home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:35:0:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:142:8: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'strlen' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 size_t strlen(const char *str);
        ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:151:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memcpy' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:152:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memmove' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:153:7: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'memset' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void *memset(void *block, int ch, size_t len);
       ^~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:154:6: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'bzero' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 void bzero(void *ptr, size_t len);
      ^~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/include/lib.h:157:5: warning: conflicting types for built-in function 'snprintf' [-Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch]
 int snprintf(char *buf, size_t maxlen, const char *fmt, ...) __PF(3,4);
     ^~~~~~~~
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c: In function 'cpu_machdep_init':
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:92:18: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
   stackpointer = (vaddr_t) c->c_curthread->t_stack;
                  ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:97:29: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
   cputhreads[c->c_number] = (vaddr_t)c->c_curthread;
                             ^
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c: Assembler messages:
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:119: Error: no such instruction: `mfc0 %eax,$15'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:129: Error: expected comma after "push"
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:129: Error: expected comma after "mips32"
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:129: Error: no such instruction: `mfc0 %eax,$15,1'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:129: Error: expected comma after "pop"
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:143: Error: expected comma after "push"
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:143: Error: expected comma after "mips32"
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:143: Error: no such instruction: `mfc0 %eax,$15,2'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:143: Error: expected comma after "pop"
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:214: Error: no such instruction: `mfc0 %eax,$12'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:216: Error: no such instruction: `mtc0 %eax,$12'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:227: Error: no such instruction: `mfc0 %eax,$12'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:229: Error: no such instruction: `mtc0 %eax,$12'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:241: Error: no such instruction: `mfc0 %eax,$12'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:244: Error: no such instruction: `mtc0 %eax,$12'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:246: Error: no such instruction: `mtc0 %eax,$12'
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:280: Error: expected comma after "push"
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:280: Error: expected comma after "mips32"
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:280: Error: expected comma after "volatile"
/home/p4t/learning-os/os161-catch/kern/arch/mips/thread/cpu.c:280: Error: expected comma after "pop"
ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed

As mentioned earlier, I'm aware that the first error regarding conflicting types for built-in function 'strlen' is down to the fact that OS161 redefines this function and others in kern/include/lib.h as shown below:
...
size_t strlen(const char *str);
int strcmp(const char *str1, const char *str2);
...

However, in my CMakeLists.txt file, I am already using the -fno-builtin compiler flag so I'm not entirely sure what else I need to do.
What changes do I need to make in CMakeLists.txt in order to run unit tests on C code that I write for the OS161 kernel? As mentioned earlier, here is the full repository of my attempts for easier viewing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Rapid Rent Appreciation Reaches Beyond Housing Hot Spots to Smaller, Unexpected Markets
NYC and Silicon Valley rents have been on the rise for years, but now rent is also spiking in smaller housing markets as worsening rental affordability extends its reach
- January's fastest growing rental markets included Denver, Colo., Kansas City, Nashville, Tenn., Portland, Ore., and Charlotte, N.C.
- U.S. rents were up 3.3 percent year-over-year in January, near the historical norm. But rents are rising much more rapidly in some markets. Annual rental appreciation peaked after the housing bust in September 2012 at 6.3 percent.
- In January, national home values rose at a slower pace, up 5.4 percent year-over-year, the ninth straight month of slowing growth.
SEATTLE, Feb. 20, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Median rents continued rising nationwide in January, with rental appreciation in some small and even struggling housing markets catching up to the country's hottest areas, according to Zillow's January Real Estate Market Reportsi.
In Kansas City, for example the Zillow Rent Index (ZRI)ii grew 8.5 percent year-over-year in January, more than twice the national pace and faster than markets where rapidly growing rents are an old story, including Seattle, Boston and Los Angeles.
Two years ago, when West Coast rents were already soaring, rental growth in St. Louis was flat and even falling. But between January 2014 and January 2015, rents there rose 4.2 percent. The fastest growing rent in the country in January 2015 was in San Francisco, where median rent was up 15 percent year-over-year for the fourth month in a row.
U.S. rents were up 3.3 percent year-over-year in January, near the historical norm. The fastest growing rental markets in January included Denver, Colo., Kansas City, Nashville, Tenn., Portland, Ore., and Charlotte, N.C.
Nationally, the Zillow Rent Index rose 3.3 percent year-over-year in January, and 0.4 percent from December, to a median of $1,350. For years, demand for rentals has driven up rents, and income has not kept pace. Currently, Americans should expect to spend roughly 30 percent of their incomes on rentiii as opposed to historic norms of around 25 percent. And the problem is far from over, according to more than 100 housing experts surveyed in the latest Zillow Home Price Expectations Surveyiv. More than half said they expected rental affordability to continue to be a problem for at least two more years.
"Rental appreciation has been a freight train these past few years, chugging along without any appreciable slowdown. Since 2000, rents have grown roughly twice as fast as wages, and you don't have to be an economist to understand why that is hugely problematic," said Zillow Chief Economist Dr. Stan Humphries. "More than one-third of Americans are renters, and today's renters are tomorrow's buyers. For many current renters, buying a home could mean both a lower and more stable monthly payment, but rising and increasingly unaffordable rents make it difficult to save for a down payment on a home. The rental market used to be and should remain a stepping-stone to homeownership. But given how widespread rental affordability problems have become, the rental market could be acting more like a barrier to buying. More supply will help ease the crunch, both from new construction and as current renters transition into homeownership, creating more vacancies in existing developments. But neither will happen overnight."
Nationally, home value growth continued to level off in January. The U.S. Zillow Home Value Indexv rose 0.2 percent from December and 5.4 percent year-over-year, to a median value of $178,500. Home values are expected to grow another 1.9 percent through January 2016, according to the Zillow Home Value Forecastvi. By the end of the year, Zillow expects growth in rents to outpace growth in home values.
January 2015 ZRI
YoY ZRI Change
Jan. 2015 ZHVI
YoY ZHVI Change
New York/ Northern New Jersey
About Zillow:
Zillow® is the leading real estate and rental marketplace dedicated to empowering consumers with data, inspiration and knowledge around the place they call home, and connecting them with the best local professionals who can help. In addition, Zillow operates an industry-leading economics and analytics bureau led by Zillow's Chief Economist Dr. Stan Humphries. In 2015, Dr. Humphries co-wrote and published the New York Times' bestselling "Zillow Talk: The New Rules of Real Estate. Dr. Humphries and his team of economists and data analysts produce extensive housing data and research covering more than 450 markets at Zillow Real Estate Research. Zillow also sponsors the quarterly Zillow Home Price Expectations Survey, which asks more than 100 leading economists, real estate experts and investment and market strategists to predict the path of the Zillow Home Value Index over the next five years. Zillow also sponsors the bi-annual Zillow Housing Confidence Index (ZHCI) which measures consumer confidence in local housing markets, both currently and over time. Launched in 2006, Zillow is owned and operated by Zillow Group (NASDAQ: Z), and headquartered in Seattle.
Zillow is a registered trademarks of Zillow, Inc.
i The Zillow Real Estate Market Reports are a monthly overview of the national and local real estate markets. The reports are compiled by Zillow Real Estate Research. For more information, visit www.zillow.com/research/. The data in Zillow's Real Estate Market Reports are aggregated from public sources by a number of data providers for 928 metropolitan and micropolitan areas dating back to 1996. Mortgage and home loan data are typically recorded in each county and publicly available through a county recorder's office. All current monthly data at the national, state, metro, city, ZIP code and neighborhood level can be accessed at www.zillow.com/local-info/ and www.zillow.com/research/data.
ii The Zillow Rent Index is the median Rent Zestimate® (estimated monthly rental price) for a given geographic area on a given day, and includes the value of all single-family residences, condominiums, cooperatives and apartments in Zillow's database, regardless of whether they are currently listed for rent. It is expressed in dollars.
iii According to Zillow's third quarter report on affordability. More information available here: http://www.zillow.com/research/affordability-2014-q3-8456/
iv This edition of the Zillow Home Price Expectations Survey surveyed 101 experts between Jan. 20 and Jan. 29. The survey was conducted by Pulsenomics LLC on behalf of Zillow, Inc.
v The Zillow Home Value Index is the median estimated home value for a given geographic area on a given day and includes the value of all single-family residences, condominiums and cooperatives, regardless of whether they sold within a given period. It is expressed in dollars, and seasonally adjusted.
vi The Zillow Home Value Forecast uses data from past home value trends and current market conditions, including leading indicators like home sales, months of housing inventory supply and unemployment, to predict home values over the next 12 months for the nation and for more than 250 markets across the country.
To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/rapid-rent-appreciation-reaches-beyond-housing-hot-spots-to-smaller-unexpected-markets-300038920.html
For further information: Emily Heffter, Zillow, 206-757-2701 or press@zillow.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We know you are keen on clinical trials, but do you also have a penchant for statistics?
If "yes", you could be in good company. ACTA STInG is our Special Interest Group of statisticians and clinicians fixated (in a good way!) on statistics in clinical trials. Between ACTA newsletters, ACTA STInG puts out its own newsletter and you can read the latest issue here.
If you'd like to make a statistically significant impact on the Group's newsletter subscriber numbers, you can sign-up here.


text:
Best bets for Joe Smith vs. Steve Geffrard
When Callum Johnson evaluated favorable for COVID-19 a week earlier and needed to take out of his battle with WBO light heavyweight champ Joe Smith, the guy most affected by it was Smith's promoter, Joe DeGuardia of Star Boxing.
DeGuardia understood Smith would wish to combat and would voluntarily deal with any challenger he might discover. However it wasn't a simple job to get somebody to action in to deal with Smith on Saturday at the Turning Stone Gambling Establishment in Verona, New York City, regardless of the reality it would be for Smith's champion.
"Literally, we went through dozens, over a dozen fighters," DeGuardia stated prior to Steve Geffrard lastly stated yes. "Guys were turning it down, left and right. It's the championship of the world, the opportunity of a lifetime. Every one of them, Joe Smith told me, 'Yes, no problem.' Finally, after about the eighth guy, he said to me, 'Listen Joe, whoever you put in there, I don't care. I'm fighting, so just go make a deal.'"
They arrived at Geffrard, who remained in the sauna cutting weight when his fitness instructor, Kevin Cunningham, called him and informed him that he had a possibility to combat for the title. Cutting weight is the most tough part of a fighter's job and it didn't take Geffrard long to leave the sauna and consent to the bout.
However he deals with long chances versus him. Smith is 27-3 with 21 knockouts and becoming a powerful fighter in a department filled with them.
(L-R) Joe Smith Jr. is a -1200 preferred at BetMGM to maintain his title Saturday over late replacement Steve Geffrard, who is +650. (Image by Mikey Williams/Top Rank Inc by means of Getty Images)
Previous world champ Tim Bradley, who will be working the defend ESPN, has actually ended up being a Smith fan.
"He's not going to trick you and there is no secret to what he's going to do," Bradley stated. "He's going to be right in front of you throwing hands. But he hits hard — hard, man — with both hands and he's getting more and more confident."
Smith is -1200 at BetMGM to maintain his title, while Geffrard is +650. There is no worth in wagering Smith at that number, due to the fact that as Bradley stated, Geffrard has a little pop, too, and wagerers won't get abundant laying $1,200 to win $100.
BetMGM's props are where to look. Smith by KO/TKO/Technical Choice or DQ is a far more sensible -450, while Smith by choice is +500.
Geffrard lost his very first 2 professional battles and after that has actually rattled 18 success in a row, albeit versus lower competitors. However it wasn't that long ago that Smith was thought about lower opposition.
Geffrard has actually sparred with numerous elite challengers, consisting of Canelo Alvarez and Sergey Kovalev. That has actually assisted offer him a concept of what he's in for.
He's shown to be tough and able to conjecture.
That's making Smith by choice look more appealing at plus cash. Smith strikes hard enough that if he captures Geffrard, he might end it rapidly with one huge flurry. Nobody makes certain how Geffrard will deal with the intense lights and all the attention that goes with remaining in a world title battle.
However having the veteran Cunningham in his corner is a huge plus. Cunningham will keep him soothe and assist him throughout the battle with clever modifications. Cunningham is excellent in the corner and gets one of the most out of his fighters.
That leads me to Smith by choice at +500. However I'll likewise wager the battle to go the range at +333, so I have a possibility to run the risk of $200 and make $833 with the 2 bets.
Jobber Wiki author Frank Long contributed to this report.
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Dedicating a new range of smartphones to the youth of India, Gionee announced its ELIFE series of smartphones with the launch of the ultra-stylish, ultra sleek and vibrant E3.
The Gionee E3 sports a 4.7 inch IPS HD display. The device is powered by a 1.2 GHz quad core processor with 16 GB of internal storage. The phone has an 8 MP auto focus rear camera with LED flash and features like face detection, geo tagging, skin tone enhancer and touch focus. The front facing 2 MP camera is capable of HD video recording.
The Gionee E3, which supports dual SIM with dual standby, has an 1800 mAh battery which provides a long standby time. The device also has an in-built Digital Theatre System (DTS) Sound to provide better experience. The Gionee E3 is priced at Rs. 14999.


Gretty Zueger denim wrap dress with long bell sleeves and a Surplice neckline.
A distinct new dress that sets a new and fun tone for spring and summer fashion. This wrap dress, with its unique tie closure, is the perfect retro-chic dress for garden parties, days in the sun, and brunch.


text:
OVER: Elizabeth Warren Ends Her Failed 2020 Presidential Campaign (VIDEO)
Elizabeth Warren finally dropped out of the 2020 presidential race on Thursday.
After her dismal showing on Super Tuesday, particularly with her embarrassing loss in Massachusetts, this was inevitable.
Warren spoke to the press outside her home in Cambridge, MA.
Politico reports:
Elizabeth Warren drops out
Elizabeth Warren dropped out of the Democratic primary Thursday after losing across the map on Super Tuesday, including in her home state of Massachusetts.
"I want to start with the news," Warren said in a conference call with all of her staff that POLITICO listened in on. "I want all of you to hear it first, and I want you to hear it straight from me: today, I'm suspending our campaign for president."
A choked up Roger Lau, her campaign manager, followed Warren's remarks by saying: "Thank you for dreaming so f—— big, thank you for fighting so f—— hard," a colorful spin on Warren's "Dream Big. Fight Hard" slogan.
Warren's campaign had signaled as recently as Sunday that she would stay in the race all the way to the Democratic convention this summer. But her dismal performance this week combined with Joe Biden's resurgence led her to conclude that she no longer had a viable path forward.
Some people on the left are crying sexism.
Worth reposting this idea:
If Elizabeth Warren was a 78 year old with crazy hair, a rumpled suit, had just had a heart attack and yelled constantly about revolution, would she have even made it this far?
Now you see how sexism and misogyny work.
— Sean Kent (@seankent) March 5, 2020
They do realize this is a Democrat primary, right?
Elizabeth Warren fans are out here acting like nasty Republican sexism is the reason for her campaign's demise. You people realize Democrats are the ones voting in your primaries?
— Alexandra DeSanctis (@xan_desanctis) March 5, 2020
Sexism had nothing to do with it.
Warren was a poor candidate who didn't appeal to enough voters. Plain and simple.


text:
October 24, 1939 – The Challenge To Civilization – Past Daily Reference Room.
In 1939 the challenge was real.
Past Daily Reference Room
By gordonskene 10 years ago
Click on the link here for Audio Player: New York Herald Tribune Forum – Oct. 24, 1939
Almost two months into what would become World War 2 (before December 7th 1941 it was called "The War in Europe"), the question was circulating as to what where was the future heading, and how did this new conflict bode for society in general?
As part of its ongoing series of lectures and discussions, The New York Herald Tribune Forum opened its 1939 season with a discussion entitled "The Challenge To Civilization".
On hand to deliver essays on the subject were Dr. James Bryant Conant, President of Harvard, Poet Edna St. Vincent Millay and writer/journalist Stanley High.
Each gave an eloquent discourse on what they thought those challenges were. It was pretty apparent the challenge was the onslaught of Fascism and the current upheaval in Europe.
It's a fascinating glimpse into the state of the world at the time. How it compares to what's going on in the world now might be a stretch, but I suspect not by much. Change the circumstances around a bit and it might be more similar that we'd imagine.
But history is like that.
Here is that opening session of the New York Herald Forum from October 24, 1939.
Liked it? Take a second to support Past Daily on Patreon!
Tags: 1930's, 1939, Broadcasts, Day in history, Edna St. Vincent Millay, History, James Bryant Conant, New York Herald, New York Herald Tribune, Past Daily, Past Daily Reference Room, United States, War in Europe, World War 2, World War II
Previous October 24, 1960 – Campaign '60: Down To The Wire.
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text:
A walk down memory lane: Center Avenue was once Sheboygan's main street | Beth Dippel
Beth Dippel
For USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin
During its 175-year history, the city of Sheboygan has really had three main thoroughfares: Center Avenue, Penn Avenue and Eighth Street.
Initially, Center Avenue, which came up into the original plat of the city from the harbor, was its main street. Once the railroad became the primary mode of transportation for the area, Sheboygan's main street switched to Penn Avenue.
Finally, when transportation modes changed from rail to car, Eighth Street became the center of downtown Sheboygan.
Once a busy port, thousands of immigrants arrived ready to settle in Sheboygan. Sailing vessels tied up at the piers near the foot of Center Avenue where they unloaded their cargoes of merchandise and human freight. And don't forget the sailors. All of them needed food and shelter, therefore most of the buildings on Center Avenue from the lake to Seventh Street were hotels.
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Along the lakeshore from Center Avenue north to Wisconsin Avenue was a high bluff, but there was a deep marsh between the bluff and a point midway between Fifth and Sixth streets. People then living east of the slough were compelled to cross a footbridge north of Washington Court to reach Eighth Street.
This section of the city was then a cow pasture and when people went to church on Sunday night, they had to carry lanterns to guide them on their way and prevent them from falling over some cow peacefully lying in the pasture chewing her cud.
In 1850, there were 11 hotels on Center Avenue. The Exchange Hotel was located on the north side of the street between Fourth and Fifth streets.
Blocki's Hotel was on the northwest corner of Center and Fifth Street. This was later renamed Lossius Gardens and for years was a favorite resort for early German settlers. The rear of the hotel was built over a swamp and the strains of the music which came from a concert hall at the rear of the Garden intermingled with the hoarse croaking of bullfrogs.
Pat Lyman's hotel was located at the southeast corner of Fifth Street. This hotel burned down in 1862.
The American House, located on the north side of the street between Fifth and Sixth streets, was later placed on a large scow and moved to Milwaukee.
The German Gast Haus, conducted by Mr. Armbruster, was located at the northwest corner of Fifth Street.
Harty's Hotel, located at the southeast corner of Sixth Street, was purchased by the father of C. A. Rudolph for the large sum of $400.
The Jefferson House was located at the southwest corner of Sixth Street and later bought by a man named Kadow, who had the building torn down.
The National Hotel, located on the south side of Center Avenue, west of Sixth Street, was a pretentious two-story frame structure having a spacious porch in front on both floors. One of the largest halls in town was in this hotel and during that period was the center of social activities. When the men were joining the colors during the Civil War, they used to gather at this hotel and form in marching order before parading through the streets of the village.
The Franklin Hotel was located on the north side of the street between Seventh and Eighth streets.
The Kossuth Hotel was located on the south side of Center where the Grand Hotel later stood. It was named for the Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth, who worked for independence for Hungary from the Austro-Hungarian empire.
The Grand Hotel, a three-story brown brick building, was built in 1890. Purchased by Richard Warner in 1907, it became home to the Knights of the Round Table a men's group. Warner was a great lover of literature and Wisconsin history with a library of 2000 books housed for all to read. He was such a fan of Abraham Lincoln that the lobby had a Lincoln Corner. The hotel closed in 1963 and was razed in 1964.
The Washington Hotel and livery was located on the south side of the street between Eighth and Ninth streets across from today's City Hall. Built in 1860, it was a landmark for 93 years. Farmers congregated there every Monday to sell cheese through the Sheboygan Dairy Board headquartered there. It also served as headquarters for visitors in the city. It had a little German band with scissors grinders and organ grinders. Patent medicine troupes staged shows to peddle their wares. It also served as the Sheboygan terminal for the old Franklin and Kiel bus lines. In 1923, it had two gas pumps and 24-hour service. It was razed in 1953 for a parking lot.
Sheboygan City Hall, 828 Center Avenue, was constructed in 1915-1916 at a cost of $150,000 on the site of the old police station and barn. Its interior featured an open marble staircase, wrought-iron newel posts, leaded skylights in the council chambers, and old oak public benches. The red brick building was built in the Neo-Classical style.
The Sheboygan Press began on December 17, 1907, as The Sheboygan Daily Press. At the time, the area was dominated by German-language newspapers, which catered to the city's German immigrant population, and which were the main source of news in the community until after World War I.
The Press became the lone English-language publication in the community because of the merger and folding of other newspapers. Daily was eventually removed from the nameplate.
Eventually, the paper enlisted the financial help of Charles H. Weisse, a Sheboygan Falls businessman and congressman, who hired Charles E. Broughton as editor in 1908. Ownership was shared with the Bowler family, who had invested in the paper in 1912.
The Press grew in circulation over the decades, outgrowing three buildings before moving into its current building at the intersection of Center Avenue and North 7th Street in 1925.
Other interesting buildings in that area included Center Lunch, Joe Dreps Saloon and the Seventh Day Adventist Center.
Center Lunch, 720 Center, was a lunch counter owned by Mrs. Gertrude Cumby about 1940. The two-story wood frame building, though not fancy, served great food.
The Center Avenue Bar, 702 Center Avenue, was owned and operated by Joe Dreps, into the 1960s, but the building has a great history prior to Dreps' tenure. Very early in Sheboygan's history, the Mallmann brothers, William J. and Anton J., operated a grocery store on the site.
In the late 1890s, William J. ran a real estate, insurance, and loan business in the same building. Before Anton was involved in real estate, he owned a copper mine, mined gold in California during the gold rush, and operated a coal and wood business. In 1906, Herman Stahl operated a saloon and a boarding house for farmers at the site. In 1910, the building was home to the Sheboygan Daily Journal. The editor was L.E. Reed. For a short time, the Sheboygan Press operated there. At that time, brothers Timothy and Edward Bowler, and Charles Broughton owned it.
In 1946, Joe Dreps, a former sheriff, opened his saloon on this site. The final business was the Rush Inn, operated by Richard Weinberger. Later that building and others in the same block were torn down to make way for Security Bank's drive-thru terminals.
The Seventh Day Adventist Welfare Center once located at Sixth Street and Center Avenue was dedicated to relieving the needs of the poor and unfortunate. This center was part of a chain of welfare centers across the country. The Seventh Day Adventists first formed a church in Sheboygan in January 1916. Their first meetings were held in a facility at Mehrtens and Calumet.
Next week we'll visit Penn Avenue.
For more information, please visit the Sheboygan County Historical Research Center's website at schrc.org, contact Beth Dippel by email at schrc@att.net, or call her at (920) 467-4667.
Beth Dippel is executive director of the Sheboygan County Historical Research Center.


Since 2016 I have been working on applying commons thinking to mobility. In the context of mobility, commons have often been understood no more as urban land where these mobilities are taking place and compete for space. See, for example, this recent article in Guardian on dockless bikeshares and "the tragedy of the commons". This a very narrow way of looking at commons and mobility, whereas it seems a broader way of conceiving mobility as commons may challenge a number of "wicked problems" associated with mobility today.
There's a collaborative book in the works and probably more blog writing. Stay tuned!
For any queries about ongoing work do not hesitate to contact me.
Here's the shortened version of the paper presented at the 14th Annual Conference of The International Association for the History of Transport, Traffic and Mobility (T²M), Mexico City, 27-30th October 2016. I have also presented an extended version of theorising mobility as commons at RC21 Rethinking Urban Global Justice: An international academic conference for critical urban studies in Leeds, 11-13 September, 2017.


text:
The Maverick of Modern American Glamour: Jonathan Adler
Designer. Potter. Rule Breaker.
His designs effortlessly blend edgy with ethereal, weaving classics with the unexpected. Adler is an alchemist of swanky, tailored style.
Instagram: @jonathanadler | jonathanadler.com
A conversation with Maranda Pleasant
This interview was nine years in the making. I funded ORIGIN. through my paintings, creating art for large commercial spaces, homes and designers. Almost 10 years ago, my main client from Texas sent me a message to make every piece she ordered work in a Jonathan Adler room. I had no idea what that meant until I searched his work. And then I became a little more than obsessed. Years later, while living in Manhattan, my Sunday afternoon stroll always took me to his Upper West Side store, where I fantasized that everything would fit into my apartment, and I'd buy more pillows than I could carry home. How stellar is it that so many years later we get to feature one of my favorite creatives? Thank you, Jonathan, for years of inspiration. He's a multilayered enigma — an artist, successful entrepreneur, dog lover, furniture + textile designer, and maker of almost everything. In less than 20 years, he's opened nearly 30 stores. His favorite motto, "If your heirs won't fight over it, we won't make it," reflects his continued commitment to impeccable craftsmanship and irreverent luxury. But his love of pottery remains at his core: his office sits between a giant kiln and a working pottery studio.
You are our ultimate rule-breaker, and you paved the way for so many designers to really push the limits, personalize spaces and fully express themselves. What was it that pushed you not to hold back and to do it so differently?
I was unemployable. When I started working, I got fired from one job after another in the entertainment industry. I started teaching night classes at a pottery studio in exchange for studio space; I had no choice but to make it work. Failure is a great motivator.
Is there a quote, idea or philosophy that has made a big impact on you and how you chose to live?
I guess that when my pottery teacher in college told me I had no talent and that I should become a lawyer, it was pretty impactful. It was the best advice I never took. Every creative person needs a naysayer to rebel against.
"Don't worry about any so-called rules. If you love it, it will work."
Why is color so important?
I've developed a reputation as a color-crazed designer, but the truth is that I am judicious in my use of color. I strive to create an impeccably chic foundation, and then layer colors and accessories on top of that.
Five things you always need for a JA dinner party?
It's all about the food. At least that's all I care about.
The biggest mistake you see people make when creating/designing their home?
Skimping on lighting. Anytime I have skimped on lighting, I have lived to regret it.
Any advice you would give to any budding artist?
Get a job with a company you admire, doing anything, and become invaluable.
As an artist, what is one of the things you feel most vulnerable about?
My husband, Simon, calls me Ariana Kafka. I'm one-half pop princess Ariana Grande, and one half brooding intellectual Franz Kafka. Both parts are authentically me. So I'm not sure I'm vulnerable, but I'm definitely a brooding, tortured designer.
"I was unemployable . . . Failure is a great motivator."
What do you need to create?
More, more, more. I'm a restless designer, and the more I make, the more I want to make.
How do you ground yourself?
On my paddle board when I'm at my house on Shelter Island. It's where I commune with the works of the world's best designer: Mother Nature. Do you find pottery meditative? Truthfully, no. I'm like a machine when I pot. I've been doing it for more years than I want to admit.
Four of the most important accessories to make your space come alive?
1. A chandelier that is bigger than you think you need and more expensive than you think you can afford.
2. A graphic rug.
3. Brass, brass, brass.
4. Tiny tables. You should be able to reach out no matter where you're sitting and set down a glass.
There's not just a fun, eccentric modern flair to your work, but it is also emotional and passionate. It pushes one to feel more. What is your creation/design experience like?
I want my work to scream "chic" and whisper "irreverence." I want my products — and projects — to make you feel like the most glamorous, eccentric version of yourself. I think people imagine the design process as a designer locked in a garret, crippled by angst. The truth is that I run a business, so my day is filled with meetings, helping my team solve problems, and logistics. I'm in the pottery studio every day, but that's not all I do.
We are color lovers. Are there any fun guidelines/ideas you have for mixing textures, colors, eras?
Don't worry about any so-called rules. If you love it, it will work.
What are some of your favorite pieces in your home?
My husband, Simon Doonan, and our rescue mutt, FoxyLady.
Do you have a design philosophy?
Modern American Glamour.
Where do you pull from that inspires you to create?
Everyone wants to know where inspiration comes from, but it's an impossible question to answer. It comes from everywhere, all the time. I keep my eyes and my mind wide open.
You've accomplished so much and you're a design icon. What is it now that you crave?
Well, thank you! I don't crave anything — I just hope that people like the stuff I make as much as I do.
Where do you go to replenish your spirit?
Shelter Island. It's where we built our dream home.
ORIGIN Rapid Fire:
Your favorite palette?
Red, white and blue is an always combination.
What sign are you?
Leo.
What's your spirit animal?
Dog. Particularly our dog, FoxyLady.
Fav era for design?
Fav flowers?
Ranunculus.
Essential design element?
Something metallic and twinkly.
What can't you live without?
My husband, Simon.
Fav book?
Eccentric Glamour by Simon Doonan.
Three of your fav cities/towns?
Shelter Island, New York, Tokyo. What the world needs more of? Dogs in stores and restaurants.
WE BELIEVE that your home should make you happy.
WE BELIEVE that when it comes to decorating, the wife is always right. Unless the husband is gay.
WE BELIEVE in carbohydrates and to hell with the puffy consequences.
WE BELIEVE minimalism is a bummer.
WE BELIEVE in our muses: David Hicks, Alexander Girard, Bonnie Cashin, Hans Coper, Gio Ponti, Andy Warhol, LeRoy Neiman, Yves Saint Laurent, and Madonna.
WE BELIEVE in being underdressed or overdressed always.
WE BELIEVE colors can't clash.
WE BELIEVE dogs should be allowed in stores and restaurants.
WE BELIEVE celebrities should pay full price.
WE BELIEVE our lighting will make you look younger and thinner.
WE BELIEVE in highbrow books and lowbrow music.
WE BELIEVE in the three Ls: layer, layer, layer.
WE BELIEVE subversive is superior.
WE BELIEVE in irreverent luxury.


text:
D-Wave 'quantum computer' is not a quantum computer, experts say
No, quantum computers are not "here" yet.
A quantum leap for humanity?
Last week, news broke out of Canadian quantum computing company D-Wave's "quantum computer" which have, until now, only been accessible to well-funded research laboratories (each unit costs $15 million). The company is planning to raise hundreds of millions of dollars this year on top of the $50 million they just received from investors in order to open up their processors to the public through cloud.
"Quantum computing is finally here," CNBC says, "and a Canadian company has a plan to bring it to the masses."
While news like this should be a glorious day for humanity, unfortunately, it may be more of a sales pitch aimed at gaining additional investments rather than a quantum leap for mankind. D-Wave is making the media waves in an effort to secure their place in the market. They are, after all, playing with giants like IBM, Google and Microsoft.
Not a quantum computer
Contrary to D-Wave's branding of their product, their computer is not a quantum computer but a quantum annealer—which D-Wave's promotional document confirms.
While the two use the same fundamental concepts, they are not the same in build or in function. In a Medium post, quantum physicist Anastasia Marchenkova wrote an easily digestible piece clearly explaining the difference between the two.
"The D-Wave machine is a quantum annealer running adiabatic quantum computing algorithms. This is great for optimizing solutions to problems by quickly searching over a space and finding a minimum (or "solution"). The latest announcement from Google states that the D-Wave machine is more than 10⁸ times faster than simulated annealing running on a single core. However, Selby's algorithm still performs better than the D-Wave quantum computer, so there's a long way to go for D-Wave.
But quantum annealing works best on problems where there are a lot of potential solutions and finding a "good enough" or "local minima" solution, making something like faster flight possible. D-Wave could be able to speed up research on better aerospace materials which can shield from radiation or stand up to heat, or model the flow over the wing, which Airbus is counting on to speed R&D.
However, quantum annealing will never be able to run Shor's algorithm, which breaks common forms of modern cryptography used to protect our bank information, logins, and all web communication," Marchenkova wrote.
On the other hand, there are higher expectations of a fully functional quantum computer. And the challenges are even more monumental.
"Proposals exist for the creation of multiple quantum computers consisting of dual entangled qubits. The problem with these proposals is that not only are the solutions outside the range of present technology but that we don't even know if the fundamental particles that we seek to entangle exist," says Dr. Craig S. Wright.
So what's with the hype?
So why not just call it a "quantum annealer," which is what it is? The term just doesn't turn as much heads and does not hold as much weight in the public ear as the term "quantum computer." So this may be more for strategic branding than scientific accuracy.
And why hype it up as much as they do—as if we can all start actually feeling the difference when the quantum annealer they have is not even any more powerful than a mobile phone? As mentioned earlier, the short answer is money. Investment money poured into quantum computing research is nothing to joke about: $3 billion from IBM in 2015, $15 billion from Alibaba last year, $10 billion from China, and probably billions more to come. A headline like CNBC's may just reel in those hundreds of millions of dollars D-Wave is shooting for this year.
"As with all undeveloped but potentially promising technologies, the scientists creating these oversell the near-term capability. This is to be expected. Without funding, they would never come to exist," says Dr. Craig S. Wright.
This isn't necessarily bad. The world has been looking forward to this development since Richard Feynman theorized its possibility in 1982. It's a highly complex field but at the same time highly promising in theory. But some question whether there would be substantial real-life application for such a machine in the first place. Is it enough to warrant the billions of dollars being thrown at it? Whether it's worth all that money or not is open for debate. Some studies refute whether D-Wave's systems can even outrun a normal, classical computer.
Nevertheless, theoretical computer scientist Scott Arronson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, says it's a "fun demonstration proof of concept" at the very least, and is actually an important albeit small step closer to the holy grail of computing.
"Like almost all current quantum computing experiments, this currently has the status of a fun demonstration proof of concept, rather than anything that's directly useful yet," Aaronson said in an article by Science. "I'm very happy that they're done, as they're necessary first steps if we're ever going to have useful quantum computers."
Analysis: Global Regulatory Backlash Against Cryptocurrency-Themed Rebranding
Charlie Lee: Ethereum Won't "Flippen" Bitcoin, Litecoin Will "Flappen" BCH


Does anybody remember my brother, Paul Rameil who went to Balshaws until about 1971. Mick should remember. I even remember Mick coming to our house in Edale Close a few times. Do you remember Lee Briggs?
Mick, you once took a large pile of Leeds posters, Billy bremner, Allan Clarke, THE Mick Jones, Peter Lorimer etc. from my collection of football magazines, interesting to hear that you still support them.


...was truly magical, surrounded by family and friends and lots and lots of love. Happy anniversary, Mr Fluff.
awh this is lovely! you look stunning! happy anniversary!
Aw, how nice. Happy Anniversary to you both!
Congratulations!! You both look so happy in that picture above!
Love a good wedding photo, me. Good on ya!


View alumni that have participated in Moses Lake High School Band. If you participated in Band while at Moses Lake HS, register now and add your name to the list with a message to your old friends.
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Shut-In Trail is located near Asheville, North Carolina, and if you're an experienced hiker looking for somewhere new to explore, you've found the perfect spot! As the trail is in the mountains, and the woods are dense, it can get quite cold during the winter, so make sure you're dressed appropriately. The trail is a little over 16 miles long. Don't be fooled, though, into thinking inexperienced hikers can just walk part of the trail.
Shut-In Trail hosts an annual race that's known to be considered "brutal" by even the most advanced runners and hikers. The trail is narrow, and it's also very hilly, so those who don't hike that often can quickly tire themselves out. That being said, if you're confident in your hiking abilities, this trail is worth the effort! The views from the trail are breathtaking, overlooking the mountains surrounding Asheville. During autumn, when the leaves are turning, make sure you have your phone or a camera on hand to take some pictures. You'll regret it if you don't!
If your dog doesn't mind a tough walk, Shut-In Trail is also the pawfect place to enjoy an adventure together. The trail is dog-friendly, as long as Fifi stays on her leash. Shut-In runs through the forest, so you're likely to run into wildlife, and if your dog is like most, it'll be easy for them to get distracted. Please remember to clean up after your pup, but be aware it'll be a while before you run across any garbage cans to dispose of the waste.
If you and Fido are looking for a challenging new hike to explore together, make sure to add Shut-In Trail to your list. The trail provides pawsitively breathtaking views and is sure to have both of you breaking a sweat. Don't forget to bring plenty of drinking water for you and your buddy!
This trail can be very muddy after a heavy rain, so be prepared to deal with that. As this trail runs through the woods, you're likely to run into wildlife.


Valcourt, QC, CANADA– April 7, 2016 – BRP is taking watercraft racing to the next level in 2016 with the Sea-Doo X-TEAM race programs and the return of an all-star roster of Pro watercraft racers led by the winningest runabout racer of all time, Dustin Farthing.
The introduction of the new Sea-Doo RXP-X 300 and RXT-X 300 watercraft models has performance fans excited for the start of the 2016 riding season, and BRP is supporting the racing community with multiple programs. The 2016 Sea-Doo X-TEAM Bounty program provides all Sea-Doo riders competing in the various disciplines of watercraft racing in North America the opportunity to earn contingency money throughout the season. BRP is also ensuring there are more competition-focused events through the Sea-Doo Promoter support program, sponsoring race events across North America.
BRP will sponsor premier racing events including the P1 AquaX Series, Pro Watercross Tour, IJSBA World Finals and others and will see a stacked team of veteran Pro racers representing the Sea-Doo X-TEAM in 2016. These racers include Claude Clayton, Anya Colley, Paul Green, Erminio Iantosca, Eric Lagopoulos, Tim Neff, Anthony Radetic, Troy Snyder, Blaine Spooner and the return of champion Dustin Farthing. Farthing is a 17X National and World Champion and has chosen to compete on a Monster Energy/Mountain Motorsports backed Sea-Doo RXP-X 300 for 2016.
Farthing and all Sea-Doo watercraft riders will be eligible for Sea-Doo X-TEAM Bounty. The Sea-Doo X-TEAM contingency is essentially an, "open-sponsorship" that excludes no one, except those competing on other brands. In addition to the glory that comes with winning on Sea-Doo watercraft, comes the opportunity for extra prize money. In addition, the Sea-Doo X-TEAM Promoter support program provides event producers sponsorship funds to help them produce more, high-quality events. BRP works with promoters to ensure Sea-Doo performance enthusiasts have a place to ride and compete in an organized manner, providing another fun aspect of owning a Sea-Doo watercraft.
"BRP launched the next level of performance watercraft in 2016 and Sea-Doo X-TEAM fans around the world are anxious to see them compete," says Tim McKercher, of Sea-Doo watercraft competition management. "BRP is excited to cheer on all Sea-Doo watercraft racers and to see Dustin Farthing back on Sea-Doo watercraft, joining a team that will show the world how the new RXP-X 300 model takes performance riding to the next level.
BRP does more for the sport of watercraft racing than any other company. For 2016, Sea-Doo X-TEAM program support begins at the opening event of the P1 AquaX series, taking place April 9, 2016 in Tavares, Florida.
Click here for complete program details and redemption form information regarding the 2016 Sea-Doo X-TEAM Bounty racer contingency program.
For a complete overview of the new performance line of Sea-Doo watercraft, visit sea-doo.com.


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Home » Gameday Open Thread » July 28: Afternoon Mets Links and Open Thread
July 28, 2010	Gameday Open Thread loge mezzanine
July 28: Afternoon Mets Links and Open Thread
MetsGazette – Tom Greenhalgh says the Mets will have to go 42-20 to win the division.
MetsLifer – Dave at MetsLifer thinks the Mets need another starting pitcher, but he's convinced they won't acquire one.
MetsMerizedOnline – Joe D wishes the Mets were motivated by winning and not by ticket sales. Has anyone else noticed that the Mets seem to make one big ticket acquisition every off-season since Omar took over? Just one… just enough to keep us interested.
MLB Trade Rumors – MLBTR is reporting that the Mets are seeking a reliever who is "overpriced" and "underperforming." Is this bizarro world?
MyCentralJersey.com – Bill Pulsipher just signed with the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League. Neither here nor there… But still somewhat interesting, to me, at least.
TONIGHT'S GAME
The Mets (51-49) look to make in two wins in a row against the St. Louis Cardinals (55-45). Johan Santana (8-5, 2.79) will face Jaime Garcia (9-4, 2.21).
Back Mets Meaningful Number – 19
Next Mets Game 101: Loss to Cardinals
Tags: Gameday Open Thread, Link Dump
loge mezzanine
Mets Sign Ankiel, Starts Tonight
From All Corners of the NL- 6/11/12
wohjr July 28, 2010 at 4:23 pm
Yes, loge, some of us have noticed. Its kind of been a theme of my posts… I call it the Czechvar theory
loge mezzanine July 28, 2010 at 5:26 pm
I know, wohjr… I was mixing some sarcasm with a quasi-rhetorical question. Your brand of cynicism is already well-noted and very much appreciated. A true Mets fan.
For all you do, this Bud's for you, wohjr.
But you will have to forgive my ignorance. Why do you call it the Czechvar theory? I imagine it is something to do with the Czechvar/Budvar beer dispute, but I'm clueless about how that relates to the Mets.
Ahh, the czechvar theory. It is shorthand for what we all know to be true– namely that the Wilpons strive to put out a team just good enough to get patrons at Shea. Because they were so ravaged by Madoff, the Wilpons want to straddle the divide between total rebuild (this would cost money b/c attendance would go down for a time and they can't afford to light the scoreboard if ticket sales are down) and committing totally to the hilt (like the big Stein, because, again, THEY ARE BROKE. I also think the Wilpons view owning the franchise more as an investment akin to a dividend that pays off quarterly rather than true patronage and total commitment to winning… which is ironic because look at what george did with his investment… $8mill —–> $ 1 billion +).
Thus we have gotten these moves over the past few years not at all designed to build a winning team but rather to build a team that gets press and put fannies in the seats. So last year the problem was power… great just throw a contract at JBay the fans will consider the problem solved! Never mind going into the season with Ollie Perez and John Maine and no other starters! That's why they're focused on "meaningful games in september"… not because it means the Mets might be making the playoffs… but because that means people will still be buying tickets!!!! A lot of the impetus for the rebuild of Shea into Citi was centered around luxury boxes and high-end concessions. Honestly, where else can you get a $9 imported czech beer? At Citi field that's where! They are just so transparently desperate for cash… and so I call it the czechvar theory– they need people buying beers and lobster rolls and shake shack and all the rest. That is the bottom line MO for this franchise and damn its depressing. We need the Russian billionaire!
loge mezzanine July 29, 2010 at 10:23 am
That's pure gold. I'm with you 100%.
Tom Greenhalgh July 28, 2010 at 5:33 pm
Dropping in to say you guys are the best. Always appreciate the links.
As for an overpriced reliever, though Chad Qualls isn't incredibly overpriced (400something/year if I remember correctly) I could see the Mets making a run for him. If you eliminate this year, he's been a quality reliever his entire career. He wouldn't cost the Mets very much in terms of prospects
No problem, Tom. Thanks for stopping by.
But I think we have to agree to disagree on Qualls. Smells alot like Billy Taylor to me.
Well, I'm not sure if I would be for or against pursuing him. I just think it's the type of move Omar Minaya would make
Oh ok. I see what you mean. I think I'd give Parnell a shot down the stretch. He's certainly been better than Qualls this season.


DNA polymerases catalyze the entire biological DNA synthesis in DNA replication, repair and recombination. A DNA polymerase is presented with a pool of four structurally similar dNTPs from which it must select the sole correct substrate for incorporation into the growing DNA strand. The mechanisms how these remarkable enzymes achieve this tremendous task is a matter of current interest and intensive discussion. Valuable new insights into complex DNA polymerase selectivity mechanisms were gained through employment of 4'C-alkylated nucleotide analogues in functional enzyme studies. First investigations indicate that the 4'C-modified substrates are promising for the development of faithful methods for genome diagnostics.


REDemption is a show inspired by the classic story of a person falling from glory and being saved from sin, error, or evil only to be redeemed in the end. It uses soloist opportunities and a unique chamber ensemble feature (baritone sax quartet, bass clarinet quartet), and many other options to feature the best instrumentalists in your band. It was originally composed by Matt Hightower for the 2018 Paul Laurence Dunbar High School Band in Lexington, Kentucky.


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MedPAC recommends 3.3% raise to hospitals in 2021
Home/Financial/Medical device tax on track for permanent repeal
FinancialRegulatory
Medical device tax on track for permanent repeal
Josh Sandberg December 17, 2019
December 16, 2019 / By NANCY CROTTI
A bipartisan spending bill unveiled today by Congressional leaders would permanently repeal the 2.3% medical device excise tax.
The spending bill, which must pass both houses of Congress and be signed by President Trump to take effect, would fulfill the widespread wishes of the medtech industry.
The tax went into effect in 2013 and has been suspended twice. One two-year pause ended in January 2018 and the second moratorium is due to expire at the end of this month. The tax on the sale of most medical technologies was enacted as part of the Affordable Care Act and applies to medtech companies' revenues, not profits. In 2018, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill to repeal the tax 283-132, but the Senate failed to act.
READ THE REST HERE
excise tax House of Representatives medical device Regulatory repeal
Josh Sandberg
Josh Sandberg is the President of Ortho Spine Partners and Partner for The De Angelis Group. He also serves as Co-Founder and Editor of OrthoSpineNews.


When I heard that the Museum was putting on an exhibition about tattoos I asked the A1 Camera Club, of which I am a member, if they wanted images of tattoos. My daughter-in-law is a local tattooist and I asked her if she would be willing for me to take photographs of her body art. This she was happy for me to do and suggested that I also took those of her daughter. Another member of the club asked me if I would take images of his son's tattoos so now I have increased my portfolio. I hope you will enjoy looking at them.
When I spoke to Lanie she told me that she became interested in body art when she walked past a shop and saw a design in the window which she liked. This encouraged her to have her first tattoo which was of a wolf howling at the moon.
This was followed by a 3D butterfly the design of which she saw in a magazine, an owl which she designed herself, a Mexican lady to cover up a name on her arm and a dragonfly on her foot which took her eye. After a few years she researched body tattooing and invested in some equipment with a view to becoming a tattoo artist herself. A friend was willing for her to try out designs and from there on she was self-taught. She had help from another tattooist who pointed her in the right direction.
Her current designs include roses, 3-D butterflies, flowers and animals – but she will try to accommodate most things required by clients whether it is a new design or one which needs to be changed or covered up. Re-colouring is sometimes required if an old tattoo has faded.
The most common question asked by first timers is "Does it hurt?" Yes, it does!
When asked where her ideas come from she said that clients usually choose their own designs. She then has to create a stencil which can take anything from 20 minutes plus depending on the actual size of the design. When doing the tattoo it can take from 10 minutes up to four hours.
Now her eldest daughter has four designs – a small butterfly because she fancied it, a snake which is quite appropriate as she loves snakes and has one or two as pets, a cat – and the latest creation represents " Lion King" because she loves the film and music and her mother is taking part in a show of the same name at Weston Playhouse in the summer.
Her clients come from all age groups, the young and the not so young.
Lanie has been a tattoo artist for 10 years and and most of her business comes from personal recommendations by friends.
I have always wanted a tattoo and at the age of 20 years I decided to go for it. I started with a small one and then graduated to a larger one – Forever & ever – the design for which came from the computer.
The third one was Drumsticks to remind me of my grandfather who taught me to play the drums.
The Music Quaver shows my love of music, the two Circles had no meanings, the Half Star and Half Heart remind me that the best things in life aren't always what they seem to be. The Cross reminds me of my Nan, the five Stars represent my family and the writing on my stomach is Spanish for dance.
Dancing is part of my degree in professional and commercial dance. Signifying my love of the theatre are the two Face Masks and the firework is in memory of my other Nan as her birthday is on 5th November.
"When the Spring is here" was the first song I recorded in a musical with the Re-act Theatre School.
As I like Aladdin I give the Lamp a rub to bring me luck.
Calling All Body Artists and Beautifiers!
'Shooting Stars' hit Weston Museum!