text:
Lingua Franca, Persia, Houris and The Immigrants Tale
Its super to get email from you! Especially with you describing your bunker like dwellings, with no electricity, running water, and refrigerator (now That I thought was almost attached to every American life form) in the East Bay, while I, the recipient, all the way in India, lie cloistered in a similar bunker like habitation, entrapped within the four walls, unable to step out even onto the balcony for fear of being vaporized, with variable electricity (God forbid that runs out at 45 degrees celsius) and water, yes basic utilities which hold us at ransom and we tread delicately praying to see those few drops running through a continuous stream. Your situation, where you have every amenity available and take your infrastructure for granted with uninterrupted electricity and water, and then opt to ironically mimic our lives in New Delhi from the security of your campsite in Northern California would drive most Indians in a state of frenzied rage at the tragedy/irony of the situation. So dear Roger, as you may mail this to me during the peak of Delhi summer, I caution you against sending this around to your other Indian friends and write to you as I sit chewing ice chips wondering what possessed me as I lay in my beautiful garden in Northern California…dreaming of India. Now, I guess i am being a bit harsh with the "campsite" quip etc, and I cannot emphasize enough how important it is to be environmentally aware and minimize the human imprint on our environs, one which we are indiscriminately ravaging, but personally i believe in balance, a bit of comfort and blobs of concern. Some organic, pesticide free, non genetically engineered piece of brown cracker with a dollop of foie gras!
On to more serious things… have you read that they have released two thousand TLD's, Top Level Domain Names, like the ".com" and ".org", the corner stone of the internet address system, the foundation, the markers of the new world/universe highway and it appears that only a handful are in any other language/script. What happened to Lingua Franca? I write this to you as you as a professor of French and one that would be concerned about the future of the French language in the New World in the Alternate World in any world! Well, looking at the state of things in the Cyberworld, fast becoming everyones New World, it appears that your passion and my paternal grandmothers words quoting another time that "French is the language of the world, Lingua Franca", appears to have somehow lost itself in time and space.
Talking about languages and cultures lost in time and space, I must share with you my passion, my language and pieces of my culture (even though everytime I say that word "culture" I hear it pronounced with a French accent in my brain…that darn froggie!). And ironically, even though I speak to you about my language, I write to you in English but I believe that though it may sound like it is being translated from the English streaming from my mind, I am convinced it is otherwise. Yes, Im convinced after much deliberation that the mind does not use language as we understand it but possibly some form of universal code with cultural adornments, for when i see a French movie with English sub titles and attempt to translate into a comprehensible format, the sub titles actually throw me off! The sentences are not in the same order and I find myself in a dreadful tangle. And its possible that my mind has already translated the French into Hindustani(Hindi/Urdu), understood it, and then retranslated that into English and then is attempting to follow the story…and it ends up in complete chaos like the rest of me. So, I've just given up on French until I find a way to live within tutoring distance. Yes, at this point, the idea of being Geneva based sounds just divine.
Urdu, as I had mentioned in a previous email, evolved from Persian mixed with the indigenous tongues. A "camp" language of the soldiers who had come into India with Mahmud Ghazni written in the Perso-Arabic script embodying the Persian influence in India, from the time of the Sultanate. The Mughal emperors who came into India as invaders from Central Asia and then settled brought with them and perpetuated Persian culture and language in the Indian sub continent and its influence is vivid not only in the monuments but our cuisine, dress, language and every aspect of our culture. Persian literature is our literature with every Indian carrying a piece of Laila Majnu (the eternal love tragedy) in their hearts, the miniature art forms depict our scenery, our kings, palaces and gardens. So naturally, upon reaching India, I decided to explore this aspect of my culture that I had taken for granted all this while. Before I continue, I must mention that this seamless all pervading culture appeared to have followed me all the way to California. Yes, California! I met the most incredible emancipated beautiful women(fellow attorneys , doctors, business women) who would look curiously/admiringly in my direction as well and upon further inquiry, I was informed that they were Persian ( I noticed how they would always say "Persian" like my Indian-Parsee friends and not "Iranian" perhaps its to do with pronunciation for "Iranian" sounds Aye-Ran-Nian in American). And then I met an American in India, a Roger Moore look alike and someone from your genre, who had lived a colorful life having lived all over Asia especially Iran during the time of the Shah, a life to rival James Bond himself. It was during our brief interchange during a cocktail party before he vanished into the undergrowth, he reconfirmed that he knew the revolution was coming when all the real estate was being bought up in California, the paradise of the New World. Armed with enough "ammo" to keep the fire burning, I bundled up on all the books I could find on Persia, Persian poems, literature and its influence on my culture.
Of course Roger, once again I found most of the books selected were written and published over seventy years ago, well before even you were born and that shiny chevy came to life. The pages were brittle yellow and crumbling, and it appeared as though they had held themselves together just to be consumed by me. As I leafed through the pages they gently fell into my hand. Alarmed I rushed to the librarian for cover, he pronounced the end of the road for some of these books, "unsalvageable" he said, "and doubtful if they will ever return to their shelves". I leave knowing that for eternity they will reside in me. The chapters flash through my mind as I look forward to sharing snippets with you on my journey: Orientalism and Lucknow, The System of Unani Medicine, The Sufi saints, Omar Khayyam, Persian/Urdu poetry, The Legacy of Persia. But first I must start with not the oldest but my most recently read chapter/book: The Legacy of Persia by A.J. Arberry published by the Oxford University Press in 1950.
This collection of essays on the history, language, literature, religion, gardens, science and perception by the West of Persia would be in my opinion the ideal introduction to Asia, and a "must read" for every student, soldier or arm chair traveller with an order or a desire to cross his horizons. I am mesmerized as I turn the first few pages and immerse myself in the chapter titled Persia and The Ancient World by J.H. Iliffe. Here the author points out how "the vast Iranian panorama in which our ancestors arose and flourished seems as remote to the majority as the moon"(here the majority i assume is the educated the West). The author blames this on the lack of a Persian chronicler for the Persians, with no Herodotus and Xenophon, they were viewed through the lens of their arch enemies, the Greeks (I have been struggling to find Herodotus's giant ants uncovering gold nuggets that he found in northern India, of course that interpretation/hallucination is possible with spiked chai or naive audiences). The author reiterates "This is a powerful handicap to present the Persian side is to assume the role of advocatus diaboli: so completely has it gone by default". Roger, almost seventy years since these lines were penned does that not still ring true…but Oh how I love that role of advocatus diaboli or the Devil's Advocate as translated in English for the English speaking universe! Then the author completely disarms me by going on to state " An historical attitude of mind, however, compels us to look at the reverse side of the medal" and I find myself returning sympathetic once again with White Devil, The English, somehow reiterating a long ingrained belief that there will be a voice that will unravel the truth.
Then I meandered through a maze of Greeks, Scynthians, Persians, Turks, Mongols and all the colors, sounds and flavors of Central and South Asia. I encountered words like "bimaristan" which translated to hospital and with my knowledge of Urdu I understood it to be the same, the "stan" or place for the "bimar" or the ill. There were references to Tavernier and his journal while traveling these lands in his voyages which of course took me back to the shores of lake Geneva. There were paragraphs in French which i was delighted at being able to translate sufficiently to get the gist, and so I felt somehow elevated, floating between realms, universes, exclusive airtight worlds of English, Urdu/ Persian/Hindustani and French. My culture was Indo-Persian, My native language or at least the language in which I hold my internal debates and dialogues is English, and some part of my spirit, after months of being holed up in the bunker dreaming of the Alps, I read French Thought in the Eighteenth Century: Rousseau Voltaire Diderot by Rolland, Maurois and Herriot (having revisited Voltaire after almost thirty years, yes I read Candide as a young precocious kid, I found myself) I discovered was French!
Roger, you have to introduce me to Voltaire, I sense i have found a soulmate in another time/space and I wish to meet him, read him. He is introduced in the above mentioned book as one who spent a long life of rebellion against authority and oppressive autocracy, whether King, Church or the Law and that he used his talents and wealth on behalf of the oppressed. I like that Roger, I see me or a wannabe me. Now, first step, how do i acquire the wealth i need to be independent, if needed an outlaw, a pirate. The next few steps i am sure you can mould, help me fine tune so that I may become the blitzziest blogger on either side of the Atlantic.
Back to the Legacy of Persia, it was the chapter on Literature and the word "houri" which sent my mind wandering. Houri is described as an ethereally beautiful woman, a nymph in the classical Persian sense with pale skin and long dark hair and dark eyes.
hou·ri (hr, hr)
n. pl. hou·ris
1. A voluptuous, alluring woman.
2. One of the beautiful virgins of the Koranic paradise.
[French, from Persian r, from Arabic rya, nymph, houri, from r, pl. of 'awaru, feminine of awr'u, possessing awar, intense whiteness of the sclera contrasting with deep blackness of the iris of the eye; see wr in Semitic roots.]
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
houri [ˈhʊərɪ]
n pl -ris
1. (Non-Christian Religions / Islam) (in Muslim belief) any of the nymphs of Paradise
2. any alluring woman
[from French, from Persian hūri, from Arabic hūr, plural of haurā' woman with dark eyes]
Roger, even though the online dictionary says French at the bottom, I did not find the word Houri in the French dictionary. Are you aware of the word or its popular usage in the French language. I do find it used by the English in reference to a Persian beauty but not a beauty per se, all this in books by English authors familiar with Persian and Indian culture publish before 1950, another group from another time/period.
However, I have heard the word "houri" being used innumerable times by my maternal grandmother who spoke primarily in Punjabi, a dialect of the north which I subsequently discovered while browsing through the essays listed in the Iran Chamber (after the dozen or so fervently championing their subjects, I found some very good balanced writing), that upto 60 percent of Punjabi consisted of Persian words. Now that region of the Punjab where my maternal family originates has had its share of bloody wars, conquests, migrations and consists of an intermingling of races, languages and cultures of south and central Asia, the last blood bath being that of the partition of India into India and Pakistan and the mass migration of humanity in the millions crossing borders, lines drawn in the sand by persons many worlds removed. The word houri resonates in my mind as my grandmother, a hardy earthy woman, who had seen both the high life that her status as the daughter-in-law of this acclaimed pundit family of Lahore (living in a house that still stands albeit in shambles being occupied by eight families with the name Shourie House still engraved in the front post) and an immigrant who had to leave house and home, flee with whatever she could carry in her hands with her infants (my mother and uncle) in tow and arrive impoverished and at the mercy of those that could house and feed them in Delhi. Till the end, she never failed to recount those stories of horror, as though those screeching trains filled with chopped bodies that had arrived at the station had just arrived, and the fires that burned around them were vivid and alive in all their fury. She used the word houri, especially "at" me in disdain. She would warn me time and again "do you think you are a houri?", "before you blink, the world can change". Her world did, and she never for a moment took anything for granted. She had no time for the "nakharas" or attitudes of women, the helplessness, the hopelessness. She had seen it all, she had seen the women of her home town(Lahore) with all the affectations of society (which she suspected I was a sub sect of) and seen how they were destroyed in times of crisis. She saw their families scattered, and she saw how they were mentally and physically torn and incapable as their high life and mansions reduced to rubble. They were unable to gather themselves and accept their new surrounding, they were unable to use their hands. This was a "biggie", being unable to use your hands. It was almost a sin for her to keep hands idle. It was imperative for my grandmother that even if she was chatting with friends, her hands must not remain idle. She would knit constantly and crochet constantly, somehow that survival instinct did not leave her till the end. She had to prepare her daughters trousseau and would gather every piece to put in a large steel trunk under her bed. She would stare at me with her unrelenting age rimmed steel grey eyes, when everyone volunteered to go in my place to make tea ( i took advantage of my incapacity in the kitchen) and would squeeze my hand and say…too soft, not capable of any work, let alone hard work…and the world can change in a blink. Hers did, and her heart correctly told her mine would. But, I wish she could see, I wish she could see me use my hands.
Hugs and kisses to all,


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Biographies Helen Hayes
(Helen Brown Hayes)
born October 10, 1900 in Washington D.C.
died March 17, 1993 in Nyack, N.Y.
US-American actress
Biography • Quotes • Literature & Sources
Frequently called the "First Lady of the American Theater", Helen Hayes led a long and remarkable career as a versatile actress on the stage, radio, television, and in movies. Her mother's career as an actress gave Helen an early fondness for the theater. She launched her professional career at only five years old performing with her mother for a local stock company in Washington D.C. Encouraged and guided by her mother, Helen traveled to New York where she made her Broadway debut at age 8 while her father remained at their home in D.C. Several successful childhood roles followed. After her graduation from high school in 1917, she returned to New York where her adult acting career flourished.
Helen was married to writer Charles MacArthur from 1928 until his death in 1956. They had two children, Mary and James. Both children followed in their mother's footsteps, making acting a family tradition. After Mary's death at age 19 of polio in 1949, Helen started the Mary MacArthur Fund with the March of Dimes to help children suffering from polio and their parents. She also served as the national chairwoman of the women's division of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. She lobbied and worked with the Nyack Hospital in New York to set up the first treatment and therapy department for survivors of polio in the U.S. The hospital was later renamed in her honor. Helen was associated with other charities as well, including Mother Teresa and an orphanage in Mexico.
Hayes' versatility and depth made her one of the leading stage performers of the 1920's and 30's. Moving from the light, comic roles in her early career, she became well known for her moving portraits in historical dramas. One of her most remarkable and acclaimed roles was as Queen Victoria in Victoria Regina (1935); over the course of the play, her talents were required to depict the queen from youth to old age. Hayes' success did not come without hard work. Frustrated by a lack of consistency and control in her earlier performances, she strove to gain command of her craft by taking lessons in boxing, fencing, interpretive dance, breathing and vocal production. Self-described as a small, plain woman physically, Hayes won over audiences with the power and subtle emotion of her performances. Critics and colleagues honored her with several awards, including 3 Tony awards for stage performance, an Emmy for television, and a Grammy. She won 2 Oscars, for best actress in the movie The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) and best supporting actress for Airport (1971). Two theaters in New York have been named after her. Helen was awarded honorary degrees from Princeton and Columbia Universities and other institutions. In 1986 she received her country's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She died in 1993 of congestive heart failure, leaving a rich legacy of 5 memoirs, performances in more than 80 plays and other productions, and her commitment to charitable causes.
Author: Katherine E. Horsley
QUOTES from Hayes' autobiography On Reflection (1968):
"There is probably no more spectacular inner experience, midst all the chaos of rehearsals, than the moment of truth when you first become the part and lose yourself in it. The character is infused with a life of its own and the mystery humbles one." (p 106)
"It is realistic to develop your craft so that you can conquer fear and achieve excellence at will, so that your audience will never be disappointed and never be bored." (p 111)
Literature & Sources
Barrow, Kenneth. 1985. Helen Hayes: First Lady of the American Theater. Garden City, NY. Doubleday.
Buckley, Michael. 1990. "The First Lady of the American Theater", Theater Week, Sept 10, 1990.
Hayes, Helen with Lewis Funke. 1965. A Gift of Joy. New York. Evans & Co.
Hayes, Helen with Sandford Dody. 1969. On Reflection. New York. Fawcett Crest.
Hayes, Helen with Katherine Hatch. 1990. My Life in Three Acts. San Diego. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Kittredge, Mary. 1990. Helen Hayes. New York. Chelsea House.
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We focus on helping you by understanding your medical concerns and offering informed advice at Mawson Lakes Healthcare. It is inevitable that there are sometimes different views on medical treatments. That is why we are transparent in laying out all of the information clearly, so that you can make an informed choice about what is best for you.
A General Practitioner that cannot effectively communicate with his or her patients does not provide the medical service that people need. We take your health seriously, and though there are often very complex issues, we take the time and effort to explain as best we can, because being better informed allows you to make more appropriate decisions for your health and your life. Remember, maintaining healthy habits ourselves, encourages those around us to do the same.
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text:
19 Interesting Facts About The Majestic Maharashtra
Maharashtra is the financial, commercial and entertainment hub of India. Located in the western region of India, it has a spectacular combination of pristine beaches and tranquil remains of crumbling, lonely forts and cave temples. In fact, as we go on to explore Maharashtra, we find ourselves delving deeper into its rich cultural heritage.
But, at the same time, Maharashtra is home to some of the most developed cities of India, such as Mumbai, Pune, etc., and is the most urbane state in India. So, we bring you 19 Interesting Facts About The Majestic Maharashtra that separate it from the rest of the states.
1. The massive roadway
2. Have a swim in soda!
3. Say no to doors!
4. The station of two states
5. No food for the right reason!
6. Massive per capita Income
7. Honesty is the best policy!
8. Friendly cobras
9. The hustle bustle of rush hour
10. Home to many saints
11.The first Indian navy
12. Many gateways to Aurangabad
13. The gold studded Nagpur
14. Inventor of Badminton
15. First of Asia
16. In the history of ever!
17. Too many to fit in!
18. The place where Ramayana started
19. Too much to handle!
The fascinating state of Maharashtra is one of a kind. It is an abode for the beautiful world of Bollywood and shines bright with the gleam of people's dreams. Maharashtra glistens just as the film sets do. And may it keep doing so forever and ever…
#States#TravelfactsMumbai
20 Amusing Facts About Karnataka
10 YJHD – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Dialogues That Inspire You To Live In The Moment


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2000-12-07 Assigned to INTEL CORP. reassignment INTEL CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GRONKE, EDWARD P.
Embodiments are described to provide automatic failover in a channel-based network. According to an example embodiment, a virtual port to physical port mapper is provided.
The invention generally relates to computers and computer networks and in particular to providing failover for channel based communications.
A computer network or fabric typically includes one or more switches or routers coupled together via one or more communication links. In some instances, to allow a fault tolerant operation, where a network can continue operating in the event of a fault or failure, multiple or parallel fabrics or networks can be coupled between nodes. Thus, in the event of failure of a switch or node in a fabric or of the entire fabric itself, it is desirable to provide an alternate path or an alternate fabric to allow communication between two end points to continue. Providing an alternate path or alternate mechanism that may be used in the event of failure or fault may be referred to as a failover technique. Unfortunately, providing a failover capability is typically a complicated process. There is a need to provide a simpler and more effective failover technique.
FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a Virtual Interface (VI) architectural model.
FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating a Virtual Interface.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example channel based network according to an example embodiment.
FIG. 3 is A block diagram illustrating a block diagram illustrating a hardware configuration of an host according to an example embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example hardware configuration of an I/O unit according to an example embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a network according to an example embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a network having two alternate fabrics for failover according to an example embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a virtual to physical port map according to an example embodiment.
FIG. 8 is an example flowchart illustrating a failover operation according to an example embodiment.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a node according to an example embodiment.
A channel based network, which may be based upon the VI architecture, for example, is provided that allows one or more nodes, such as hosts to communicate with one or more remote fabric attached nodes, such as hosts or I/O units, over a switched fabric. A node includes a plurality of physical ports, and is connected to a plurality of fabrics. A channel or connection is established between a node and a remote node over a first fabric. According to an example embodiment, the per channel context, which describes the channel, includes the address of the remote node, the work queue pair number of the remote node and the local virtual port number. A virtual to physical port map is provided to map each virtual port to a physical port. If a fabric failure is detected, the node identifies an alternate or new fabric and identifies a new physical port connected to the new fabric for each channel. The node then reprograms the virtual to physical port map to assign the new physical ports to the virtual ports, to effect a failover onto the new fabric. Thus, by using a virtual to physical port map, failover onto a new fabric can be performed without establishing new channels or connections since the per channel context remains the same, while reducing kernel processing and overhead.
One technology supporting an example embodiment the invention is the Virtual Interface (VI) Architecture. Several legacy transports have been used as standards for many years. The centralized in-kernel protocol processing for data transfers performed by legacy transports, such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) prohibits applications from realizing the potential raw hardware performance offered by underlying high-speed networks. The VI Architecture is proposed as an interface between high performance network hardware and computer systems, and is described in Virtual Interface (VI) Architecture Specification, Version 1.0, Dec. 16, 1997, jointly authored by Compaq Corp., Intel Corp. and Microsoft Corp. The VI Architecture was designed to eliminate the buffer copies and kernel overhead for communications associated with such legacy transports that have caused traditional networked applications to be performance bottlenecks in the past.
FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating the VI Architectural model. The VI architecture is a user-level networking architecture designed to achieve low latency, high bandwidth communication within a cluster. VI architecture avoids intermediate data copies and bypasses the operating system to achieve low latency, high bandwidth data transfers.
As shown in FIG. 1A, the VI architectural model includes a VI consumer 8 and a VI provider 24. A VI consumer 8 is a software process that communicates using a Virtual Interface (VI). The VI consumer 8 typically includes an application program 10, an operating system communications facility 12 such as Sockets and a VI user agent 14. The VI provider 24 includes the combination of a VI network interface controller (VI NIC) 18 and a VI kernel agent 16.
A block diagram illustrating a virtual interface (VI) is illustrated in FIG. 1B. Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a virtual interface (VI) 9 is an interface between a VI NIC 18 and a process or application (a VI consumer 8). The VI 9 allows a VI NIC 18 to directly access the process' (or application's) memory for data transfer operations between the application and the network, for example transfers data directly between the application memory and the network without passing through the operating system. The VI 9 includes a pair of work queues, one for send operations (a send queue 21) and one for receive operations (receive queue 19). The work queues store one or more descriptors 23 between the time it is Posted, or placed in the queue and the time it is Done, or when the VI NIC has completed processing it. The descriptor 23 is a data structure recognizable by the VI NIC that describes a data movement request, and it includes a list of segments, including a control segment, an optional address segment and one or more data segments. The control segment identifies the type of VI NIC data movement operation to be performed, such as, send and receive operations and the status of a completed NIC data movement operation. The data segment describes or provides an address of an application data buffer for a VI NIC data movement operation. A receive queue 19 contains descriptors that describe where to place incoming data. A send queue 21 contains descriptors that describe the data to be transmitted. A pair of VIs can be associated using connection primitives to allow packets sent at one VI to be received at the other VI. A send doorbell 25 and a receive doorbell 27 are provided for allowing the VI consumer to notify the VI N IC 18 that work has been placed in the send queue 19 and receive queue 21, respectively, meaning that a descriptor describing a requested data transfer operation has been placed in queues 19 and 21.
Referring to FIG. 1A again, the VI user agent 14 is a software component that enables an operating system communication facility 12 to use a particular VI provider 24. The VI user agent 14 abstracts the details of the underlying VI NIC hardware in accordance with an interface defined by an operating system communication facility 12. The VI user agent includes a library of primitives that provide functions for creating a VI, for destroying a VI, for connecting one VI to another, to post descriptors, which means that the descriptor is placed in a work queue.
The kernel agent 16 is the privileged part of the operating system, usually a driver supplied by the VI NIC vendor, that performs the setup and resource management functions needed to maintain a virtual interface between VI consumers and VI NICs. These functions include the creation/destruction of VIs, VI connection setup/teardown, interrupt management, management of system memory used by the VI NIC and error handling. VI consumers access the kernel agent 16 using the standard operating system mechanisms such as system calls. As shown by arrow 26 (FIG. 1A), the OS communication facility 12 makes system calls to the VI kernel agent 16 to perform several control operations, including to create a VI on the local system, to connect the local VI to a VI on a remote system (if connection-oriented transfer is desired), and to register application memory. Memory registration enables the VI provider (or VI NIC) to transfer data directly between the registered buffers of a VI consumer and the network (without passing through the OS kernel). Traditional network transports often copy data between user buffers and one or more intermediate kernel buffers. Thus, processing overhead is decreased in the VI architecture because data transfers are performed by the NIC by moving data directly between the registered application buffers and the network without making intermediate kernel copies and without making system calls to the OS kernel.
After creating a VI on the local system of host, connecting the local VI to a remote VI (if a connection oriented data transfer is desired), and registering memory, application 10 or operating system communication facility 12 can use data transfer primitives of VI user agent 14 to send and receive data. The VI architecture defines two types of data transfer operations: 1) traditional send/receive operations; and 2) Remote DMA (RDMA) read/write operations. Once a connection is established (if a connection is desired), the OS communication facility can post the application's send and receive requests directly to the local VI, such as to the send and receive queues. A consumer 8 posts descriptors, or places the descriptors in a work queue then rings a doorbell to notify the NIC that work has been placed in the work queue. The VI NIC 18 then processes the descriptor by sending or receiving data (directly between application memory and network without kernel processing), and may then notify the VI consumer 8 of the completed work using the completion queue 22. VI architecture does not provide for transport level services, including segmentation and reassembly, flow control, buffer management, etc., nor does VI specify many of the details for performing the data transfers.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example channel based network according to an example embodiment of the present invention. According to an example embodiment, the channel based network 200 allows one or more hosts or other computing devices to communicate with one or more remote fabric attached I/O units. According to an embodiment, the channel based network 200 includes one or more hosts including host 202 and host 220, and one or more input/output (I/O) units including I/O units 240 and 250. The hosts and I/O units are coupled together over a switched fabric 230. The switched fabric 230 includes one or more switches.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the channel based network 200 (FIG. 2) is based upon or similar to the Virtual Interface (VI) Architecture. As such, the channel based network 200 includes many of the features and advantages of the VI architecture. According to an embodiment of the channel based network 200, a pair of work queues, such as a send queue and a receive queue, are preferably provided at each node of the channel based network 200. The work queues allow for direct data transfers between the node's registered memory regions or buffers and the network without system calls to the OS kernel and without making kernel buffer copies, as described above regarding the VI architecture. Memory regions/buffers can include volatile and nonvolatile memory, storage devices, I/O devices, network attached devices, etc.
An I/O unit is a node attached to the switched fabric 230 that services I/O requests, and may have one or more I/O devices attached thereto, for example, including storage devices, network devices, I/O devices, etc. A host is a computer, a server, or other computing device on which a variety of software or programs may run, including an operating system (OS), OS communications facilities, application programs, etc. One or more programs running or executing on a host (such as a device driver or application program) may initiate a request for I/O services, which will be serviced by an I/O node.
Each host or I/O unit includes a channel adapter for interfacing to the switched fabric 230. A channel adapter includes the logic and/or control that allows nodes to communicate with each other over a channel or over the switched fabric 230 within the channel based network 200. Each channel adapter includes one or more ports, with each port typically having a unique address, such as, for example, a unique media access control address or MAC address.
According to an embodiment, there may be two types of channel adapters. A host includes a host channel adapter (HCA) for interfacing the host to the fabric 230, while an I/O unit includes a target channel adapter (TCA) for interfacing the I/O unit to the fabric 230. As shown in FIG. 2, host 202 includes a HCA 210 and host 220 includes a HCA 222. I/O unit 240 includes a TCA 242 while I/O unit 250 includes a TCA 252. Objects 253 and 257 are connected to I/O unit 240 and may also be, for example, a controller an I/O device, a storage device, etc., or other device. Likewise, object 254 is connected to I/O unit 250. Hosts 202 and 220 may access objects 253, 257 and/or 254 over the switched fabric 230 via one of the I/O units.
Each host and I/O unit includes a work queue pair (or a virtual interface) including both a send queue and a receive queue for posting descriptors for the purpose of sending and receiving data, respectively, over the switched fabric 230. For example, host 202 includes a send queue 214 and a receive queue 216 while host 220 includes a send queue 224 and a receive queue 226. Likewise I/O unit 240 includes a send queue 244 and a receive queue 246. I/O unit 250 also includes a send queue and a receive queue, not shown.
FIG. 3 is A block diagram illustrating a block diagram of a hardware configuration of an example host according to an example embodiment. Host 202, as an example host, may include, for example, a processor (or CPU) 204, a memory 206, such as Dynamic Random Access Memory or DRAM, a memory controller 208, a host channel adapter (HCA) 210, a computer display and pointing devices, such as a mouse and keyboard, and other components typically provided as part of a computer or server.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example hardware configuration of an I/O unit according to an example embodiment. The example I/O unit 240 includes a CPU or processor 405, a memory controller 410, a main memory 415 such as DRAM, and a target channel adapter (TCA) 242.
According to an embodiment, one or more applications and other programs, such as application programs, operating system, I/O device drivers, etc., running on a host or an I/O unit may operate as a VI consumer, while each connected channel adapter (i.e., HCA or TCA) may operate as a VI NIC 18 (see FIG. 1A).
According to one embodiment, the term "channel based network" may refer to a network in which data transfers are performed directly between registered buffers or memory regions, for example, registered application buffers and the network without making kernel buffer copies, similar to the VI architecture. An additional copy of the data may also be made at the NIC level or by the channel adapter.
Therefore, according to an embodiment, hosts and I/O units each may include a work queue pair, including a send queue and a receive queue, as described above for VI. These queues may take many different forms. According to an example embodiment, the host node, such as a host application program or host driver places descriptors into send queues for a send operation or into receive queues for a receive operation, and then rings a doorbell to notify the HCA that work has been placed in the work queues. The HCA then sends or receives the data over a channel. For example, for a send operation, the HCA generates one or more packets containing the data from the host's registered buffer(s) described by the descriptor as a payload. The one or more packets are then sent over the channel, for example, over the network 200, including over the switched fabric 230 to the destination node and destination work queue pair.
The behavior of a channel depends on two attributes, the acknowledge and connection attributes. If the acknowledge attribute is set, then a descriptor is not completed until an acknowledgement is returned. If this acknowledge attribute is not set, then the no acknowledgement is sent and the descriptor is completed when the packet is sent onto the wire or transmission media of switched fabric 230. When the connected attribute for a channel is set, meaning for example that the channel is a connected or connection-oriented channel, the two work queue pairs, such as a queue pair at the host and a queue pair at the I/O unit are bound together or associated at either end of the channel. Therefore, all data sent from one send queue is directed to the connected receive queue. If the connected attribute is not set meaning a connectionless data transfer or connectionless channel, then communicating work queue pairs are not bound together, and a node can send/receive packets to/from any work queue pair. In such case, because the two ends of the channel are not bound together, the descriptor that is posted for the data transfer, such as for a Send is typically required to include a field that specifies the destination, such as a MAC address and work queue pair number of the destination.
According to an example embodiment of the invention, a technique is provided to allow for continued operation of a circuit switched connection (or channel) in the presence of failures on a local port or on a fabric while requiring little action by the user of the channel.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a network according to an example embodiment. Two nodes are shown, which may be hosts or I/O units for example, including node A and node B. The two nodes are each attached to two fabrics, including fabric A and fabric B. Thus, fabrics A and B may be described as in failover mode because fabrics provide alternate paths or alternate fabrics for node A to communicate with node B. According to an example, embodiment, a channel or connection between two nodes (such as between nodes A and B) can be identified by: <Address1, port1, Address2, port2>, where address1 and port 1 are the address and port number for one end of the channel (e.g., node 1), and address2 and port2 are the address and port number for the other end of the channel, such as for node 2. According to an example embodiment, the channel context on each endpoint of the channel includes: the MAC address and work queue pair number of the remote node and the local port number.
As shown in FIG. 5, each node includes two ports, with each port being connected to a different fabric. For example, port A1 of node A is connected to fabric A while port A2 is connected to fabric B. Node B has a similar arrangement. According to an example embodiment, it may be advantageous if the MAC addresses of two or more ports of a node have the same MAC addresses. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, port A1 and port A2 both are assigned the address A. According to an example operation, node A may have a channel established with node B through local port A1 and fabric A. Node A may receive an alert or interrupt indicating that a failure of port A1 or a failure of fabric A was detected. Node A can then re-establish a channel to node B through an alternate local port and alternate fabric. In this example, node A could establish a channel or connection with node B through local port A2 and fabric B. Note that because both port A1 and port A2 have the same MAC address (address A), the MAC address for node A will not change.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example network having two fabrics operating in failover mode according to an example embodiment (e.g., the two fabrics provide alternate communication paths for the node, and thus, the node can switch from one fabric to the other in the event of a fabric failure). In this example, node 1 includes two ports, including local port P1 and local port PN. Node 1 could have any number of ports. Initially, there is a channel or connection established between Node 1 and another node (a remote node) through local port PN and fabric B (as an example). As shown in FIG. 6, node 1 includes a channel context including: MR (the MAC address of the remote node), QPR (the queue pair number of the remote node) and PN (the local port number). Instead of a remote queue pair number, the channel context could alternatively include the remote port number (port number of the remote node) used for the channel or connection. The remote node maintains a similar channel context, for example, which identifies the MAC address of node 1, the queue pair number used at node 1 for the channel or connection and the local port used at the remote node.
If node 1 detects a failure or error on the local port (port N) or an error or failure with the fabric (fabric B), the user at the node 1 would need to establish a new channel or connection, or re-establish the connection through new fabric/port, including a new context. A shown in FIG. 6, the user program would, for example, change the local port number from PN to P1, which changes the channel context for node 1. The channel context at the remote node would also typically change because Ports PN and P1 would typically have different MAC addresses at node 1.
Thus, it can be seen that an entirely new channel or connection having a new context would need to be established even when the fabrics are operating in failover, for example, available as alternate paths. Thus, the user (e.g., kernel or user-level program) would typically need detailed knowledge of the channel or connection, one or more alternate paths, and receive alert of the failure. With respect to VI architecture type of network, to establish a new channel after detection of a failure, the user at the node would need to be aware or multiple paths, and then connect or establish the new channel, resubmitting descriptors, possibly re-registering memory, etc. Moreover, if the node has, say, 10,000 ports connected to fabric B and fabric B fails, node 1 may for example receive 10,000 interrupts indicating communication failure along each of the 10,000 ports. The node or user would then have to establish a new channel along an alternate or different path, for example, through fabric A.
According to an example embodiment, a technique is provided to allow continued operation of a circuit-switched connection or channel in the presence of failures on a local port or on a fabric without requiring action by the user of the channel, and without the requiring the user to maintain information as to the details of the channel, such as queue pair numbers, ports, MAC addresses or being notified of a failure or error with a local port or fabric. This technique is applicable to both privileged (kernel) and non-privileged (user-level) users of channels or connections. The technique is preferably used on nodes, such as hosts, I/O units, etc. which have multiple ports and which are connected to multiple fabrics, where at least some of the ports have (or can have) the same MAC address. As described in detail below, no changes are required to the channel context to achieve failover, such as to switch to a new port and fabric after detection of a port/fabric failure.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a virtual to physical port map according to an example embodiment. The virtual to physical port map 700 is provided in order to separate the per channel context, including address and port number fields used in cell headers, from the detailed information necessary to perform efficient failover, for example, to establish or re-establish a channel or connection over an alternate path or fabric after detecting a failure. The node or a connection management subsystem of the node assigns a virtual port number (VPN) for the channel. According to an embodiment, the per channel context now advantageously includes the remote MAC address (MR), the remote queue pair number (QPR) and the local virtual port number (VPN).
The virtual port to physical port map 700 identifies a physical port (PPN) for each virtual port (VPN) being used, or identifies a virtual port for each physical port being used for a channel. In this manner, the per channel context for a channel can be established when the channel or connection is initially established. The node, such as the HCA of the node or a port mapper would then assign a physical port (PPN) to the virtual port (VPN) for the channel. The HCA and TCA may also be referred to as a network interface. The virtual to physical port map 700 would identify this mapping between virtual port (VPN) and physical port (PPN). In the event that a failure of the assigned physical port or of the initial fabric, the port mapper of the node (or the HCA or other sub-system or circuit) would simply identify an alternate fabric, identify an available physical port that is connected to the alternate fabric, and then re-map the virtual port for the channel or connection to the new physical port.
Note, that a new connection need not be established using this technique. The per channel context includes the remote MAC address, the remote queue pair and the local virtual port, not the physical port, which remains constant despite a change in the assigned physical port. Thus, according to this particular example embodiment, a change in the virtual to physical port map 700 does not change the channel context. This is because of the separation or independence between the virtual and physical port, and because the new physical port preferably has the same MAC address as the original physical port. Thus, the user, for example, the kernel or user-program, need not know the details of the channel, such as the queue pair, ports, MAC addresses, fabrics, etc., or even be made aware of the failure.
In an example, node 1 has 20 physical ports, with ports 1-10 connected to fabric A, and physical ports 11-20 connected to fabric B. In the event that fabric B fails, the virtual to physical port map can be updated to re-map virtual ports for the existing channels from physical ports corresponding to (or connected to) the failed fabric to physical ports corresponding to (or connected to) the alternate fabric. In other words, if one fabric fails, the virtual to physical port map can be updated to remap the operating virtual ports to physical ports connected to an alternate (working) fabric. Thus, in the example, when fabric B fails, the HCA or port mapper or other circuit, etc. would identify an alternate fabric and the available physical ports of the node connected to the fabric. In this example ports 1-10 are connected to alternate fabric A. The virtual to physical port map 700 would then be reprogrammed or updated to map the virtual ports of the 10 channels to the new physical ports 11-20, which are connected to the operating or new fabric, according to this example embodiment.
Thus, rather than receiving 10,000 failure alerts, such as one from each port, when a fabric failure occurs and then recovering from each channel failure by separately re-establishing a new channel, the present invention allows recovery to be performed for the entire fabric. That is, recovery from a fabric failure is performed on a per fabric basis rather than on a per channel basis. The per fabric recovery may be performed in response to one or more port or channel failure alerts or interrupts or in response to an alert or interrupt that indicates the fabric has failed. In addition, because the channel context does not change during failover, it is not necessary to establish a new channel over the operating (new) fabric. Both nodes can continue to send and receive packets while using the same context in the headers of transmitted packets, such as source and destination MAC addresses, virtual port numbers, queue pair numbers, etc. (only a physical port number has changed). As a result, the present invention permits a faster recovery from a fabric or port failure while greatly decreasing the kernel overhead and processing required to recover from the failure.
FIG. 8 is an example flowchart illustrating an example failover operation according to an example embodiment. At 810, the system waits for a fabric failover indication. Finally, a fabric failure event 805 is received, indicating that a currently used fabric has failed, and the node should switch to an alternate fabric.
At 815, the node determines if the fabric failure event occurred within a fabric timeout. In other words, the node must determine if this failover (or fabric failure event) occurred within some predetermined time period since the last failover. If the failover or failure event occurred within this time period since the last failure event, then the node waits, 817. This minimum waiting period allows the fabric to drain of all failure event alerts or interrupts and reach a steady state before detecting a separate failure event. This prevents the same fabric failure from triggering more than one failover.
At 820, the node determines a new or alternate fabric that can be used for communication, and also determines the available physical ports connected to this new fabric.
At 825, the node reprograms the virtual to physical port map 700 (FIG. 7) to perform the failover onto the new fabric, such as to effect the switch from the failed fabric to the new fabric.
At 830, the node records a timestamp of this latest fabric failover onto the new fabric. The process then proceeds to 810, to wait for the next fabric failure event, such as a fabric failover indication. This timestamp recorded at 830 will be used at the next occurrence of block 817, and indicates when failover last occurred.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a node according to an example embodiment. The node maintains a per channel context 905 for each channel, including the remote MAC address, the remote work queue pair, and the local virtual port number. The context may also include the priority for cells transmitted over the channel. The node also includes a cell construction engine (and scheduler) 915 which receives descriptors and data from block 910 and then assembles cells/packets for transmission. The cells include headers, for example, that include the per channel context, such as MAC address, work queue pair numbers, virtual port number, priority, etc. The cells to be transmitted are placed in priority queues 920. When a cell is ready to be transmitted, a port mapper 925 uses the virtual to physical port map 700 to map the local virtual port to the local physical port. The cell scheduler 930 then schedules the transmission of the cell from the identified physical port over the fabric.
1. A method comprising: establishing a channel or connection over a channel based network from a first physical port, the first physical port being mapped to a first virtual port; identifying a second physical port; and remapping the virtual port to the second physical port to move the connection to the second physical port.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein establishing comprises establishing a channel or connection from a first physical port over a first fabric, the first physical port being mapped to a first virtual port.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein identifying comprises identifying a second fabric and a second physical port connected thereto.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the remapping comprises remapping the virtual port to the second physical port to failover onto the second fabric.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the remapping comprises remapping the virtual port to the second physical port to failover onto the second fabric without re-establishing the channel or connection.
6. A method comprising: establishing a channel over a channel based network between a local node and a remote node through a first physical port at the local node and through a first fabric, the channel being assigned to a local virtual port; providing a virtual to physical port map; detecting a fabric or port failure; identifying a new fabric and a new local physical port that is connected to the new fabric; and reprogramming the virtual to physical port map to reassign the virtual port to the new local physical port.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the local node maintains a local per channel context including an address of the remote node and the local virtual port.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the local per channel context further includes a queue pair number of the remote node.
9. The method of claim 6 and further comprising: determining if the fabric failure occurred within a predetermined time period of a last fabric failure; and reprogramming the virtual to physical port map only if the fabric failure did not occur within the predetermined time period of a last fabric failure.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein the same address is assigned to both the first physical port and the new physical port.
11. A method comprising: establishing a plurality of channels or connections over a channel based network from a first group of physical ports over a first fabric, the first group of physical ports being mapped to a group of virtual ports; detecting a failure of the first fabric; identifying a second fabric and a second group of physical ports connected thereto; and remapping the group of virtual ports to the second group of physical ports to failover onto the second fabric.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the remapping comprises remapping the group of virtual ports to the second group of physical ports to route the plurality of channels through the second fabric rather than the first fabric.
13. An apparatus comprising a storage readable media having instructions stored thereon, the instructions resulting in the following when executed by a machine: establishing a channel or connection over a channel based network from a first physical port over a first fabric, the first physical port being mapped to a first virtual port; detecting a failure; identifying a second fabric and a second physical port connected thereto; and remapping the virtual port to the second physical port.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the establishing comprises establishing a channel or connection from a physical first port over a first fabric, the first physical port being mapped to a first virtual port, and wherein the identifying comprises identifying a second fabric and a second physical port connected thereto.
15. An apparatus comprising: a virtual to physical port map; a node comprising a plurality of physical ports and coupled to a plurality of fabrics, the node to establish a channel or connection over a channel based network over a first physical port and a first fabric, the first physical port being mapped to a virtual port, the node to identify a second fabric and a second physical port connected thereto in response to a fabric failure, the node comprising: a port mapper coupled to the virtual to physical port map to map the virtual port to the second physical port to failover onto the second fabric.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 and wherein the node further comprises a cell scheduler coupled to the first and second physical ports.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the node further comprises a cell construction engine.
18. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the port mapper comprises a port mapper to map the virtual port to the second physical port to route the channel through the second fabric rather than the first fabric.
19. A node comprising: a plurality of physical ports; a network interface to establish a connection over a channel based network to a second node via a first physical port; a virtual-to-physical port map to maintain a map or correspondence between the first physical port to a first virtual port, the context of the connection defined in part by the first virtual port; and a port mapper coupled to the virtual-to-physical port map to re-map the first virtual port to a second physical port if a failure is detected.
20. The node of claim 19 wherein the first physical port is coupled to the second node via a first fabric while the second physical port is coupled to the second node via a second fabric, and the port mapper to re-map the first virtual port from the first physical port to the second physical port if a failure in the first physical port or first fabric is detected.
21. The node of claim 19 wherein the network interface comprises a channel adapter.
22. The node of claim 21 wherein the channel adapter comprises a host channel adapter.
23. The node of claim 19 wherein the node further comprises one or more work queues.
24. The node of claim 23 wherein the one or more work queues comprise a send queue and a receive queue.
25. The node of claim 24 wherein the node comprises a send queue and receive queue for each channel or connection.
26. The node of claim 19 wherein the node comprises a central processing unit, memory and a memory controller.
27. The node of claim 19 wherein the port mapper comprises a port mapper to re-map the first virtual port from the first physical port to the second physical port if a failure in the first physical port or first fabric is detected, the context of the channel, including the first virtual port, remaining the same despite the remapping from the first physical port to the second physical port.
28. A first node comprising: a plurality of physical ports and a plurality of virtual ports; a network interface having a first physical port coupled to a first fabric and a second physical port coupled to a second fabric; a virtual-to-physical port map to maintain a map or correspondence between physical ports and virtual ports; a port mapper to update the virtual to physical port map to map a new physical port to a virtual port; the network interface to establish a connection over a channel based network over the first fabric and first physical port to a second node, the first virtual port being mapped to the first physical port in the port map, the connection being defined at least in part by the first virtual port; and the port mapper to update the virtual to physical port map to map the first virtual port to the second physical port to provide the connection over the second port and second fabric in the event of a failure or problem with either the first physical port or the first fabric.
29. The node of claim 28 wherein the network interface comprises a channel adapter.
30. The node of claim 28 and further comprising one or more work queues.
31. A system comprising: a first node comprising: a plurality of physical ports and a plurality of virtual ports; a network interface having a first physical port coupled to a first fabric and a second physical port coupled to a second fabric; a virtual-to-physical port map to maintain a map or correspondence between physical ports and virtual ports; a port mapper to update the virtual to physical port map to map a new physical port to a virtual port in the event of a failure; a first fabric coupled to the first physical port of the first node; a second node coupled to the second physical port of the second node; the network interface to establish a connection over a channel based network with a second node over the first fabric and first physical port, the first virtual port being mapped to the first physical port in the port map, the connection being defined at least in part by the first virtual port; and the port mapper updating the virtual to physical port map to map the first virtual port to the second physical port in the event that a failure in either the first physical port or the first fabric is detected.
32. The system of claim 31 wherein the port mapper comprises a port mapper to update the virtual to physical port map to map the first virtual port to the second physical port to provide the connection over the second port and second fabric in the event of a failure or problem with either the first physical port or the first fabric.
33. The system of claim 31 wherein the network interface comprises a channel adapter.
"Virtual Interface Architecture Specification", Revision 0.94.d, Sep. 25, 1997, pp. 1-79.
Dunning et al., "The Virtual Interface Architecture", IEEE Micro, pp. 66-76, Mar.-Apr., 1998, vol. 18, Issue 2.


text:
Mets add infield utility man with offensive upside
Jun 21, 2022; Chicago, Illinois, USA; Chicago White Sox second baseman Danny Mendick (20) singles against the Toronto Blue Jays during the third inning at Guaranteed Rate Field. Mandatory Credit: Kamil Krzaczynski-USA TODAY Sports
Briefly, after the New York Mets traded catcher, James McCann, they made another move. Infielder, Danny Mendick, formerly of the Chicago White Sox, signed a one-year, $1 million contract with the Mets.
Mendick, from Rochester, New York, turned 29 years old three months ago. He has four years of MLB experience, all with the White Sox. Over those four seasons, though, he has only played in 151 games.
The career batting average Mendick has to this point is .251. He batted .308 his rookie year, but that came in only 16 games. In 2022, he hit .289 but again only appeared in 31 games (97 at-bats) as he tore his anterior cruciate ligament. In his one year with far more at-bats (2021, 164 at-bats), Mendick did bat a career-worst of .220. He has 10 career home runs.
Defensively, Mendick has played most of the starts in his career at the two middle infield positions, second base and shortstop.
Mets add middle infielder Danny Mendick:
At this time, Mendick, who was non-tendered by the White Sox, comes with four years of team control for the Mets and two minor league options remaining as well.
It looks as if Mendick will provide the Mets with some infield depth at the moment. Obviously, the Mets' four starters following the splash signing of Carlos Correa are set with Pete Alonso, Jeff McNeil, and Francisco Lindor. Mendick will join the likes of solid infield backups Eduardo Escobar and Luis Guillorme, barring any trades that may involve Escobar or Guillorme.
Mendick is still a young player with not a ton of experience under his belt (446 plate appearances). It gives him some potential moving forward especially knowing the Mets will have four years of control. His two best seasons with batting averages of .308 and .289 certainly do make him a polarizing addition for the Mets in this active offseason.


This article discusses some of the most famous tourist spots in Hampi and will help readers planning a trip to this well-known tourist destination in India.
I felt myself lunge forward as the tuk-tuk braked sharply. I peered ahead under the low roof to see whether it was a pedestrian or a pot hole we'd narrowly avoided. Confused after failing to see either, a dog's nose suddenly appeared in front of the vehicle on the driver's side as it ambled away to safety. "Don't worry," our driver said cheerfully, "chicken curry."
Feeling relieved I had largely stuck to vegetable curries during my time in India thus far, I was intrigued by what awaited us in Hampi. Travellers fall into two distinct categories: those who have never heard of Hampi, and those that rave about the place. My girlfriend and I had reluctantly left behind beautiful Agonda Beach in Goa to explore Hampi and although a traveller should always arrive with an open mind and a sense of optimism, I was dubious as to whether Hampi could live up to the descriptions of previous visitors. However, when you have an ace up your sleeve, even the biggest sceptics turn into believers.
Arriving late in the afternoon, we dropped our bags and left the small but touristy hub of Hampi behind us and walked part of the way up Matanga Hill to reach Achyutaraya Temple.
As someone who regularly travels alone and enjoys the independence that provides, there are few places I'd readily admit are better to explore with someone else. Hampi is one of the rare exceptions. The landscape surrounding the ancient city is so unique that stumbling upon its beauty is a joy that is better shared. Precariously balanced volcanic rocks, eroded over the centuries are littered across the horizon, while hundreds of 16th centuries temples remain across the hillside. Assessed individually, the vast majority of these ruins could form the centrepiece of a major tourism industry, but combined all together they merge with the rocks to enhance the breath-taking landscape.
We were amazed by the almost total absence of tourists. In places with a resemblance to Hampi, such as Angkor Wat, you are surrounded by other travellers falling over themselves to take the perfect shot of the ruins in the golden hour. Yet here, we had complete freedom to wander alone and as we discovered new ruins around each corner, we felt like intrepid explorers as we channelled our inner-Indiana Jones.
The next day we cycled around 27km around some of the most picturesque ruins. Tuk-tuk drivers looked at us like we were mad and informed us on numerous occasions we were making a terrible mistake, but if you have a modicum of fitness and are willing to accommodate the crazy driving techniques of your fellow road users, and suicidal dogs, the opportunity to meander at your own pace alongside the banana plantations is not to be missed.
We stopped at the furthest point on the route first and made our way back the same way to Hampi for sunset. Our first stop was to one of Hampi's most famous ruins; the stone chariot at Vittala Temple. The structure's intricately designed wheels were once able to rotate while the outer 'musical' pillars reverberate when tapped. The Royal Centre also features prominently on postcards. This area can become busy with tourists, but the complex is so large that walking a little beyond the most famous temples will soon ensure you are left to enjoy the ruins with just the sound of crickets to accompany you. We ended the day watching sunset from the ruins on Hemakuta Hill overlooking Virupaksha Temple.
On the second day we took the bikes north of the Tungabhadra River to Virupapur Gaddi and Hanuman Temple on Anjanadri Hill where it is believed the Hindu monkey god was born. We were watched by groups of monkeys as we ascended the 570 steps to the top. In the afternoon we returned south to explore Hampi's waterfalls, located 2km west of the town centre. A word of warning though: you'll need a guide or a past visitor to take you there. We were fortunate to meet a Frenchman who had been there the day before and was happy to help us navigate our way through the banana plantations, swamps and boulder fields to reach the beautiful whirlpools.
It would take weeks to explore all of Hampi's ruins properly, but the two days we spent there were among the best of the trip. The lack of international recognition Hampi receives compared to similar historic sites is curious, but that is all the more reason to travel to India before word of it's incredible scenery spreads.
Chris Atkin is a freelance journalist currently learning Spanish in Panama. Read and follow his journey at www.chrisatkinonline.com or on Twitter @chrisjat.
Wonderful blog!!! Even we didn't know about all those things you've written in your blog. Thanks for helping us to improve our services.


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March 31: Art Museum groundbreaking | Councilmembers raised $2 million in 2016 | PA Wage Change
(Emma Lee / WHYY)
Hard hats on! The Philadelphia Museum of Art broke ground on the underground expansion designed by starchitect Frank Gehry yesterday. NewsWorks' Peter Crimmins reports that just over 60 percent of the budgeted at $233 million of the core project has been raised, which the board determined is enough to start shoveling. The core project will take an estimated three years and will remain invisible from the street and skyline. The museum expects to stay open throughout construction.
City Council members collectively fundraised "nearly $2 million in political donations during an election year in which no council member was up for re-election," reported Philadelphia Weekly's Max Marin and City & State's Ryan Briggs. Marin and Briggs review how much each council member raised and spent in the 2016.
DC Metro union ATU 689 made a push for a flat fare system this week, a semi-frequent topic of discussion as the city revisits alternative systems to "the current, complicated fare structure that requires looking up fares in a huge table." Greater Greater Washington examines the significant differences between DC Metro and other subway and regional rail systems in America, including PATCO and SEPTA, arguing that while Philly has a similarly sized Metropolitan Statistical Area, technology, the structure of the cities, and the transit systems themselves affect why a flat fare may not work for DC
National discourse on "the federally-mandated wage is one reason for the seemingly intractable quagmire of the dissipating middle class," according to the Philadelphia Citizen. Unlike other U.S. cities that have minimum wages ranging from $11 to $15, Philadelphia mirrors the federal hourly rate with $7.25 per hour. Quinn O'Callaghan looks into Wage Change, the movement to upend the current minimum wage in Pennsylvania.
The CDFI Bond Guarantee Program (BGP), the newest program of the U.S. Treasury's CDFI Fund, is the currently the only source of long-term, fixed-rate capital for community development. Next City covers several projects across the country that have benefited from BDG, one of the few remaining programs under the CDFI Fund that is "authorized by separate legislation outside the federal budget" and "crucially designed to operate with zero subsidy from taxpayers." For a quick briefer on federal cuts to the CDFI Fund, Forbes provides an overview on how CDFIs impacts small businesses.


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Prelest (, "fascinação"; , "opinião errada") é um termo língua russa, próprio da teologia da Igreja Ortodoxa, descrevendo uma ilusão espiritual originada, ultimamente, do orgulho.

Estritamente falando, qualquer erro humano pode ser o começo da prelest. De acordo com Santo Inácio (Brianchaninov), um bispo russo que escreveu extensamente sobre a prelest, muito disto compilado no livro Sobre a Prelest (), o começo da auto-ilusão e das ilusões demoníacas são os falsos pensamentos. O conceito de prelest é muito importante na espiritualidade ortodoxa e muitos Pais da Igreja, tanto antigos quanto modernos, escreveram extensamente sobre ilusões espirituais, como identificá-las e como vencê-las.

Formas de prelest

Santo Inácio escreveu sobre dois tipos de ilusões espirituais relacionadas à vida orante:
 Imaginação – O orante imagina dentro ou fora de si algo que não existe. Este tipo de ilusão inclui formas equivocadas de se orar resultando em alucinações misturadas com visões reais originadas de demônios.
 Autoconceito – O orante atribui a si uma dignidade que não tem perante Deus.

São Gregório de Sinai também escreveu sobre diversas formas de ilusões espirituais:
 visões ilusórias e imagens mentais e fantasias, causadas por arrogância e autoconceito
 influência diabólica, tendo origem na licenciosidade, que por sua vez tem origem em desejos naturais
 desarranjo mental, como resultado dos dois tipos anteriores

Entre outras formas de prelest extensamente descritas pela Patrística ortodoxa estão:
Visões falsas, resultadas de uma mente que não foi renovada pelo Espírito Santo. O Ancião Cleopas (Ilie) enumerou sete formas de se cair em visões falsas: orgulho, vaidade, uma mente inexperiente, zelo imprudente, desobediência, seguir o próprio desejo omitindo pensamentos na confissão, e não conhecer suficientemente a si próprio e à Bíblia.
Autoconceito exacerbado;
Falsos carismas auxiliados por demônios. Incluem-se supostos dons de cura, profecia, clarividência, oração incessante e poder sobre os demônios. Neste contexto, "falso" indica que não é de origem divina.
Confiança nos sonhos, forma de prelest já advertida na Escritura.
Displicência, enfraquecendo o zelo;
Paixão pelo ensino, como advertido na Epístola de Tiago: "Meus irmãos, muitos de vós não sejam mestres, sabendo que receberemos mais duro juízo."

Exemplos

Na Bíblia

Segundo a tradição judaico-cristã, a primeira ilusão espiritual da humanidade foi a desobediência a Deus no Éden, levando à queda do homem. No terceiro capítulo do Livro de Gênesis, é descrito como Satanás enganou a Adão e Eva com o pensamento orgulhoso de ser como Deus, levando-os a comer o fruto proibido: "Certamente não morrereis. Porque Deus sabe que no dia em que dele comerdes se abrirão os vossos olhos, e sereis como Deus, sabendo o bem e o mal." No Grande Cânone de Santo André de Creta, pede-se o perdão pelas ilusões aludindo-se a este momento:"Revesti-me do falso esplendor com que a Serpente me envolvera: segui o seu conselho e a vergonha tomou conta de mim."

No Primeiro Livro de Samuel, o Rei Saul consulta a Bruxa de Endor, que o faz acreditar estar falando com o falecido Profeta Samuel. Embora parte da Patrística tenha argumentado que a mulher havia iludido Saul com um truque de ventriloquismo, em consistência com a tradução da Septuaginta de que seria uma a mulher seria uma ventríloqua, este momento é frequentemente entendido pela Igreja Ortodoxa como de comunicação com um demônio. Esta ilusão espiritual seria entendida pelos israelitas como catalisadora da derrota do Rei, o que se verifica pela expulsão dos necromantes do reino subsequente.

Em Eclesiástico, é aconselhado que o homem não se atente aos sonhos, o que será repetido pelos Pais da Igreja em aconselhamento contra as ilusões espirituais.

O Novo Testamento frequentemente adverte contra os falsos profetas, o que dialoga com a ideia de prelest. O Apóstolo Paulo adverte contra visões ilusórias na Segunda Epístola aos Coríntios,, e Santo Inácio interpreta como um aviso contra a prelest nas seguintes palavras da Primeira Epístola a Timóteo: "Ó Timóteo, guarda o depósito que te foi confiado, tendo horror aos clamores vãos e profanos e às oposições da falsamente chamada ciência".

Os falsos milagres também são uma espécie de prelest, e estes se evidenciam em muito da Bíblia, como na história de Balaão. O Novo Testamento adverte que o Anticristo poderá executar milagres.

Na hagiografia ortodoxa
A hagiografia da Igreja Ortodoxa registra diversas histórias em que seus santos teriam sofrido, ou pelo menos sido tentados, por ilusões espirituais demoníacas.

Simeão Estilita, o Antigo, foi iludido por demônios que o mostraram uma carruagem para levá-lo aos céus como foi levado o Profeta Elias. Simeão tentou entrar nela, mas, ao fazer o sinal da cruz, ela desapareceu.

Pedro Atonita, o primeiro monge do Monte Atos, teve muitas falsas visões tentando assustá-lo ou iludi-lo. Em seu primeiro ano de reclusão, viu o que parecia ser um menino que antes conhecia, com o qual conversou. O suposto menino teria tentado convencer o santo a voltar para casa, ao que este replicou que apenas escutaria à Mãe de Deus. Com a pronúncia deste nome, o demônio desapareceu. Sete anos depois, um demônio apareceu na frente de Pedro na forma de um anjo de luz. O santo se recusou, e, ao pronunciar os nomes da Mãe de Deus e de São Nicolau, o anjo desapareceu.

Silvano Atonita, de acordo com sua biografia escrita por Ancião Sofrônio, esteve em prelest duas vezes. Em uma delas, aceitou uma falsa visão, o que percebeu com orações e humildade.

Quando Paísios Atonita vivia no Mosteiro de Stomion, no Epiro, teve uma visão em que o telhado abria e vislumbrava um pilar de luz até os céus, com um jovem parecido com Cristo. Quando o ancião expressou sua indignidade em ver Cristo, o homem desapareceu. Em outro momento de sua vida, morando no Mosteiro de Santa Catarina, o santo teve que sair a noite. Como não conseguia acender sua luz, uma luz brilhou de uma das pedras. São Paísios percebeu que esta luz era de natureza demoníaca e voltou para o mosteiro.

Em outras religiões
De acordo com Santo Inácio (Brianchaninov), muitos dos grandes santos da Igreja Católica Romana posteriores ao que a Ortodoxia entende como sua apostasia teriam estado em prelest, o que ele demonstra comparando as experiências de Francisco de Assis, Inácio de Loyola e Tomás de Kempis com a de santos dos primeiros séculos.

Analisando os ensinamentos de Inácio, o professor Alexei Osipov, da Academia Eslavo-Greco-Latina, delineou em seu apoio diferenças percebidas entre os conceitos ortodoxos e católicos romanos de espiritualidade, humildade e arrependimento.  Osipov ainda enumera três manifestações de prelest no misticismo católico romano: um excesso no entendimento da compaixão de Cristo; um relacionamento romântico com Deus e devaneios de imaginação.

Alguns religiosos modernos, como São Paísios Atonita e Padre Serafim de Platina, apontaram para ilusões espirituais entre as religiões modernas. Este primeiro falou brevemente sobre os perigos das experiências espirituais pentecostais em sua compilação póstuma de conselhos espirituais, enquanto o segundo dedicou grande parte de seu livro Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future a discutir a prelest entre pentecostais, dhármicos e mesmo ufólogos.

Ver também
Hesicasmo
Ilusão
Teologia da Igreja Ortodoxa

Igreja Ortodoxa
Teologia cristã
Espiritualidade cristã ortodoxa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Coriander is an essential ingredient in Indian cooking. They are used in garnishing almost all the recipes. Coriander rice is an easy, simple, quick and flavourful recipe that can be made with less ingredients. It is also a perfect tiffin box recipe and can be served with raitha or papad variety or chips.
In a pressure cooker, add ghee and melt it.
Add Cumin seeds, Fennel seeds, Cardomom, Bay leaf, Mace, Star anise, Cinnamon, Cloves and saute until you feel their aroma.
Chop the coriander into small bits.
Grind the coriander with the above spices.
Meanwhile soak the rice in water for ten minutes. Wash and drain the water.
In a pressure cooker add some ghee, cumin seeds and the ground paste. Saute them for a minute.
Add the rice to pressure cooker and saute until light brown.
Now add water and mix with other ingredients.
Close the lid and pressure cook it.
You can feel the aroma of coriander rice all over your kitchen once the first whisle comes.


Special Olympics Ireland Games 2018 are just over 5 weeks away! The excitement is building and our athletes and coaches are working hard preparing to get competition ready!
The Estuary Squad consists of 9 athletes and 2 coaches, participating in 4 sports, athletics, bocce, badminton and pitch and putt.
The games will take place from June 14th to June 17th in different venues throughout Dublin and Meath. We will be staying in UCD Belfield for the 3 nights where there will be plenty of entertainment in between competitions.
We would like to wish our squad and all of the athletes involved all over Ireland the best of luck and hopefully we will you meet again in Abu Dhabi,for Special Olympics World Games 2019!


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Stevie Wonder Gives Impromptu Performance At LA RestaurantStevie Wonder surprised a local musician and L.A. diners with a once in a lifetime performance Saturday night.
Best Christmas Events In Los AngelesWe've curated a list of every top event happening throughout Los Angeles & Orange County this Christmas weekend to take part in.
Best Upcoming Concerts In Los Angeles (December 2017 - May 2018)See an incredible array of talent, including U2, John Mayer, Stevie Wonder, Jay Z, Shakira and others throughout December, 2017 and into 2018!
Aretha Franklin Announces She's Retiring From The Concert StageThe singer says she will make one more album, with several tracks produced by Stevie Wonder.
Hollywood Stars, Singers Unite To Raise Money For People Of FlintThe distance between Hollywood, California and Flint, Michigan is a little more than 2,270 miles. But on Sunday, the cities were quite close.
Rihanna, Usher, Wonder Honor Lionel Richie On Grammy WeekendRihanna, Usher, Stevie Wonder and John Legend paid tribute to Lionel Richie in a musical tribute touching on his roots in R&B to his string of romantic, easy-listening ballads that ruled the airwaves in the 1980s.
Stevie Wonder, Country Singer Ty Herndon Added To 'Hollywood Helps Flint'A number of professionals in the entertainment industry have joined together to do a benefit for their hometown of Flint, Michigan in response to the city's devastating water crisis.
Singer Andra Day Rises As Soul SongstressA phone call from Stevie Wonder changed Andra Day's life. He called Day and asked if he could work with her.
'Late Late Show' Host James Corden Lets Stevie Wonder Take The Wheel For Some Carpool KaraokeImagine getting to sing along with Stevie Wonder while his hit "Superstition" blasts on your car speakers?Corden couldn't believe it himself and even called his wife, Julia, and put Stevie Wonder on the phone to prove it to her.
James Corden Sings Carpool Karaoke With Stevie WonderLast night on the "Late Late Show with James Corden," Corden was a bit nervous for this segment of Carpool Karaoke.
Special Olympics Athletes Get Ready For World Games That Begin In LA This WeekendThousands of athletes are getting ready to compete in the Special Olympics World Games here in Los Angeles.
High Desert Teen Meets Lady Gaga Outside Tribute Concert For Stevie WonderLady Gaga thrilled a Victorville teenager who briefly met the singer-songwriter outside of an all-star tribute for Stevie Wonder.
Isn't He Lovely: Beyonce, Gaga, Pharrell Honor Stevie WonderThe official after-party for the Grammy Awards was a tribute concert for Stevie Wonder, airing Monday, Feb. 16th.
Taylor Swift, Stevie Wonder, Dave Grohl Among GRAMMY PresentersDave Grohl, Gwyneth Paltrow and Smokey Robinson will also be on hand giving awards out at the big show.
Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, the Band Perry, John Legend Added to Stevie Wonder GRAMMY TributeThe Band Perry, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga and John Legend will perform during the GRAMMY homage to Wonder, which airs Feb. 16 on CBS.


On Sunday's "Meet The Press," veteran journalist Doris Kearns Goodwin casually revealed that the media's goal is not journalism, but political activism.
The best evidence that Goodwin's unfortunate admission shares broad consensus among her media peers, is that host Chuck Todd didn't even feel compelled to massage let alone correct the commentary.
And this all happened just moments after an earlier guest, Peter Navarro, carefully and respectfully provided some sage insight in to the existence of bias in the media.
A dose of overdue reality for those like Chuck Todd who say attacks on the biased media are attacks on free speech: You're not the only ones the first amendment applies to, Chuck. I, too, have a right to it. And other voters have a right to it. And so does Peter Navarro. And so does President Trump.
So today Chuck Todd, who masquerades as an impartial journalist but operates more like a Democrat propagandist (examples here and here), angrily fights with a Trump Administration official who calls out media bias. But when one of Todd's allegedly impartial media peers expressly admits an emphatic bias that's determined to "mobilize the people" in an effort to compel congressional action, Todd says nothing.
Bad for the media and destructive for our nation's progress and unity, but good to know nevertheless.


Jason Matthes from AAA Massage Therapy will be at the Notre Dame Campus on Tuesdays and Thursdays providing professional therapeutic treatment.
Appointment times available between 10:00am and 3:00pm. Please contact Jason Matthes at 204.782.8988 or by email at matthesjason@hotmail.com to book your appointment. If you would like to book ahead, we are also taking advanced bookings for future Tuesdays and Thursdays up to one month in advance.