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HomeReportsHuman Rights Reports...Custom Report - ab085c1fb0
Brazil, China, Hong Kong, India, Macau, Russia, Tibet
China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)
China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) – Hong Kong
China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) – Macau
China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) – Tibet
The law prohibits "slave labor," defined as "reducing someone to a condition analogous to slavery," including subjecting someone to forced labor, debt bondage, exhausting work hours, and labor performed in degrading working conditions.
Many individuals in slave labor, as defined by the country's law, were victims of human trafficking for the purpose of labor exploitation. The government took actions to enforce the law, although forced labor occurred in a number of states. Violations of forced labor laws are punishable by up to eight years in prison, but this was often not sufficient to deter violations. The law also provides penalties for various crimes related to forced labor, such as illegal recruiting or transporting workers or imposing onerous debt burdens as a condition of employment. Every six months the Ministry of Economy published a "dirty list" of companies found to have employed forced labor. The list is used by public and private banks to conduct risk assessments, and inclusion on the list prevents companies from receiving loans from state-owned financial institutions. The Labor Prosecutor's Office, in partnership with the International Labor Organization (ILO), maintained an online platform that identified hotspots for forced labor. In July the Labor Prosecutor's Office announced it would start publishing a dirty list of individuals and corporate entities convicted of trafficking in persons and slave labor.
The National Commission to Eradicate Slave Labor was created to coordinate government efforts to combat forced and exploitative labor and provide a forum for input from civil society actors. The commission was eliminated by presidential decree in April and recreated in June. The commission faced new limitations, including two-hour meeting durations that may be extended only in case representatives need to vote. In prior years the commission included 10 representatives from government agencies or ministries and 10 representatives of civil society groups and the private sector, but the commission's composition was changed to include representatives from the Ministry of Women, Family, and Human Rights; Ministry of Justice and Public Security; Ministry of Economy; Ministry of Civil Rights; and four representatives from civil society and private organizations.
The Ministry of Economy's Mobile Labor Inspection Unit teams conducted impromptu inspections of properties where forced labor was suspected or reported, using teams composed of labor inspectors, labor prosecutors from the Federal Labor Prosecutor's Office, and federal police officers. Mobile teams levied fines on landowners who used forced labor and required employers to provide back pay and benefits to workers before returning the workers to their municipalities of origin. Labor inspectors and prosecutors, however, could apply only civil penalties; consequently, many cases were not criminally prosecuted.
Forced labor, including forced child labor, was reported in jobs such as clearing forests to provide cattle pastureland, logging, producing charcoal, raising livestock, and other agricultural activities. Forced labor often involved young men drawn from the less-developed northeastern states–Maranhao, Piaui, Tocantins, and Ceara–and the central state of Goias to work in the northern and central-western regions of the country. In addition, there were reports of forced labor in the construction industry. News outlets reported cases that amounted to forced labor in production of carnauba wax. Cases of forced labor were also reported in the garment industry in the city of Sao Paulo; the victims were often from neighboring countries, particularly Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay, while others came from Haiti, South Korea, and China.
Media reported in July that children working in cashew nut processing plants in Rio Grande do Norte suffered acid burns on their hands and lost fingers. In 2018 labor inspectors identified 1,745 cases involving slave labor and issued administrative penalties to 100 employers. Authorities in the state of Alagoas found 87 persons, including 13 children, working in degrading conditions. In December 2018 labor inspectors identified 54 persons, including four minors, working in slavery-like conditions on a soybean farm in Baixa Grande do Ribeiro, Piaui State.
Also see the Department of State's Trafficking in Persons Report at https://www.state.gov/trafficking-in-persons-report/.
Labor laws and regulations prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, sex, gender, disability, religion, political opinion, natural origin or citizenship, age, language, and sexual orientation or gender identity. Discrimination against individuals who are HIV positive or suffer from other communicable diseases is also prohibited. The government generally enforced the laws and regulations, although discrimination in employment occurred with respect to Afro-Brazilians, women, persons with disabilities, indigenous persons, and transgender individuals. The Ministry of Economy implemented rules to integrate promotion of racial equality in its programs, including requiring race be included in data for programs financed by the ministry. According to the ILO, women not only earned less than men but also had difficulties entering the workplace: 78 percent of men held paid jobs, compared with 56 percent of women. Although the law prohibits gender discrimination in pay, professional training, and career advancement, the law was not enforced, and discrimination existed.
The law provides for a minimum wage. The minimum wage was greater than the official poverty income level. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), however, in 2016 the per capita income of approximately 40 percent of workers was below the minimum wage. IBGE data also indicated 6.8 percent of workers (12.9 million) were considered "extremely poor" or earning less than R$70 ($17.50) per month. The Ministry of Economy verified enforcement of minimum wage laws as part of regular labor inspections. Penalties alone were not sufficient to deter violations.
The law limits the workweek to 44 hours and specifies a weekly rest period of 24 consecutive hours, preferably on Sundays. The law also provides for paid annual vacation, prohibits excessive compulsory overtime, limits overtime to two hours per workday, and stipulates that hours worked above the monthly limit must be compensated with at least time-and-a-half pay; these provisions generally were enforced for all groups of workers in the formal sector. The constitution also provides for the right of domestic employees to work a maximum of eight hours of per day, a maximum of 44 hours' work per week, a minimum wage, a lunch break, social security, and severance pay.
The Ministry of Economy sets occupational, health, and safety standards that are consistent with internationally recognized norms, although unsafe working conditions were prevalent throughout the country, especially in construction. The law requires employers to establish internal committees for accident prevention in workplaces. It also provides for the protection of employees from being fired for their committee activities. Workers could remove themselves from situations that endangered their health or safety without jeopardy to their employment, although those in forced labor situations without access to transportation were particularly vulnerable to situations that endangered their health and safety.
The Ministry of Economy addressed problems related to acceptable conditions of work such as long workdays and unsafe or unhygienic work conditions. Penalties for violations include fines that vary widely depending on the nature of the violation. Fines were generally enforced and were sometimes sufficient to deter violations. The National Labor Inspection School held various training sessions for labor inspectors throughout the year. The number of labor inspectors was insufficient to deter violations.
According to the IBGE, in 2018, 33.3 million persons were employed in the formal sector (excluding domestic workers). The IBGE also reported 11.5 million persons were working in the informal economy and 23.8 million were self-employed.
The law does not prohibit all forms of forced or compulsory labor, nor do laws specifically criminalize forced labor. Instead, the SAR uses its Employment and Theft Ordinances to prosecute labor violations and related offenses. Penalties for these offenses were not sufficient to deter violations.
NGOs expressed concerns some migrant workers, especially domestic workers in private homes, faced high levels of indebtedness assumed as part of the recruitment process, creating a risk they could fall victim to debt bondage. Domestic workers in Hong Kong were mostly female and mainly came from the Philippines, Indonesia, and other Southeast Asian countries. The SAR allows for the collection of maximum placement fees of 10 percent of the first month's wages, but some recruitment firms required large up-front fees in the country of origin that workers struggled to repay. Some locally licensed employment agencies were suspected of colluding with agencies overseas to profit from debt schemes, and some local agencies illegally confiscated the passports and employment contracts of domestic workers and withheld them until they repaid the debt.
SAR authorities stated they encouraged aggrieved workers to file complaints and make use of government conciliation services as well as actively pursued reports of any labor violations.
The law and regulations prohibit employment discrimination based on race or ethnicity, disability, family status (marital status or pregnancy), or sex. The law stipulates employers must prove that proficiency in a particular language is a justifiable job requirement if they reject a candidate on those grounds. Regulations do not prohibit employment discrimination on the grounds of color, religion, political opinion, national origin or citizenship, sexual orientation or gender identity, HIV or other communicable disease status, or social status.
The government generally enforced these laws and regulations. In cases in which employment discrimination occurred, the SAR's courts had broad powers to levy penalties on those who violated these laws and regulations.
Human rights activists and local scholars continued to raise concerns about job prospects for minority students, who were more likely to hold low-paying, low-skilled jobs and earn below-average wages. Experts assessed that a lack of Chinese-language skills was the greatest barrier to employment.
The statutory minimum wage was below the poverty line for an average-sized household. There were many press reports regarding poor conditions faced by and underpayment of wages to domestic workers.
There is no law concerning working hours, paid weekly rest, rest breaks, or compulsory overtime for most employees. Several labor groups reported that employers expected extremely long hours, and the groups called for legislation to address that concern.
Laws exist to provide for health and safety of workers in the workplace. Workers may remove themselves from situations that endanger health or safety without jeopardy to their employment. Employers are required to report any injuries sustained by their employees in work-related accidents.
The government effectively enforced the law, and the Labor Tribunal adjudicated disputes involving nonpayment or underpayment of wages and wrongful dismissal. The number of labor inspectors was sufficient to deter violations except in the cases of nonpayment or underpayment of wages to and working conditions of domestic workers. Penalties for violations of the minimum wage or occupational safety and health violations include fines, payments of damages, and worker's compensation payments. These penalties were sufficient to deter violations.
The Occupational Safety and Health Branch of the Labor Department is responsible for safety and health promotion, identification of unsafe conditions, enforcement of safety management legislation, and policy formulation and implementation; it enforced occupational safety and health laws effectively.
Read a Section
China → Macau → Tibet →
The law prohibits all forms of forced or compulsory labor. Penalties range from three to 12 years' imprisonment, with the minimum and maximum sentences increased by one-third if the victim is younger than age 14. Observers previously noted these penalties generally were sufficient to deter the use of forced labor.
Children and migrants were vulnerable to sex and labor trafficking, including in construction and domestic work. The government investigated cases, but there were no convictions during the year.
The law provides that all residents shall be equal before the law and shall be free from discrimination, irrespective of national or social origin, descent, race, color, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, language, religion, political or ideological beliefs, membership in associations, education, or economic background. Equal opportunity legislation states that women are to receive equal pay for equal work. The law prohibits discrimination in hiring practices based on gender or physical ability and allows for civil suits. Penalties exist for employers who violate these guidelines and the government generally enforced the law effectively.
Some discrimination occurred. According to official statistics, at the end of June, nonresident workers accounted for approximately 28 percent of the population. They frequently complained of discrimination in the workplace in hiring and wages.
Local labor laws establish the general principle of fair wages and mandate compliance with wage agreements. The SAR does not calculate an official poverty line. The law provides for a 48-hour workweek, an eight-hour workday, paid overtime, annual leave, and medical and maternity care. The law provides for a 24-hour rest period each week. All workers employed in the SAR, whether under a term contract or an indefinite contract, are entitled to such benefits as specified working hours, weekly leave, statutory holidays, annual leave, and sick leave. It was not clear whether penalties were sufficient to deter violations. The law requires that employers provide a safe working environment, and the LAB sets industry-appropriate occupational safety and health standards. The law prohibits excessive overtime but permits legal overtime (a maximum of eight hours and irrespective of workers' consent) in force majeure cases or in response to external shocks, at the discretion of the employer.
All workers, including migrants, have access to the courts in cases in which an employee is unlawfully dismissed, an employer fails to pay compensation, or a worker believes his or her legitimate interests were violated. If an employer dismisses staff "without just cause," the employer must provide economic compensation indexed to an employee's length of service.
The LAB provides assistance and legal advice to workers upon request, and cases of labor-related malpractice are referred to the LAB.
The LAB enforced occupational safety and health regulations, and failure to correct infractions could lead to prosecution. The number of labor inspectors was adequate to enforce compliance.
The law allows workers to remove themselves from hazardous conditions without jeopardy to their employment.
China → Hong Kong → Tibet →
The law prohibits all forms of forced or compulsory labor, but forced labor, including bonded labor for both adults and children (see section 7.c.), remained widespread.
Enforcement and compensation for victims is the responsibility of state and local governments and varied in effectiveness. The government generally did not effectively enforce laws related to bonded labor or labor-trafficking laws, such as the Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act. On August 27, the Madras High Court found a rice mill owner guilty of holding six workers, including three women, under bondage in his mill, and the court sentenced the owner to a three-year prison term. The workers were each awarded compensation of 50,000 rupees ($700). When inspectors referred violations for prosecution, court backlogs, inadequate preparation, and a lack of prioritization of the cases by prosecuting authorities sometimes resulted in acquittals. In addition, when authorities did report violations, they sometimes reported them to civil courts to assess fines and did not refer them to police for criminal investigation of labor trafficking.
Penalties under law varied based on the type of forced labor and included fines and prison terms; not all were sufficiently stringent. For example, bonded labor was specifically criminalized under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, which prescribes sufficiently stringent penalties, and the Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, which prescribes penalties that were not sufficiently stringent.
The Ministry of Labor and Employment reported the federally funded, state-run Centrally Sponsored Scheme assisted in the release of 2,289 bonded laborers during the period from April through December 2018. Many NGOs reported delays of more than one year in obtaining release certificates for rescued bonded laborers. Such certificates were required to certify that employers had held them in bondage and entitled them to compensation under the law. The NGOs also reported that in some instances, they failed to obtain release certificates for bonded laborers at all. The distribution of initial rehabilitation funds was uneven across states. The majority of bonded labor victim compensation cases remained tied to a criminal conviction of bonded labor. As authorities often registered bonded labor cases as civil salary violations in lieu of bonded labor, convictions of the traffickers and full compensation for victims remained rare.
Estimates of the number of bonded laborers varied widely. Media reports estimated the number at 18 million workers in debt bondage. Most bonded labor occurred in agriculture. Nonagricultural sectors with a high incidence of bonded labor were stone quarries, brick kilns, rice mills, construction, embroidery factories, and beedi (hand-rolled cigarettes) production.
Bonded labor continued to be a concern in many states.
On August 19, police and civil officials in Kolar District of Karnataka rescued 10 tribal workers, including two girls and a boy, from a construction site. Nine of the 10 rescued persons belonged to two families and had worked as bonded laborers for three years. State officials stated that the workers were denied wages to account for a loan of 60,000 rupees ($845) each that they took from labor agents. In Tamil Nadu release certificates were not handed to bonded labor from Odisha, who were rescued from Tiruvallur District in 2018. This deprived them of interim compensation and rehabilitation.
Bonded laborers from Odisha were rescued from brick kilns in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka during the year. In March, 96 workers were rescued in Koppal and Yadgir Districts of Karnataka, while 40 workers, including nine children, were rescued in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh in April.
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe members lived and worked under traditional arrangements of servitude in many areas of the country. Although the central government had long abolished forced labor servitude, these social groups remained impoverished and vulnerable to forced exploitation, especially in Arunachal Pradesh.
Provisions in the constitution and various laws and regulations prohibit discrimination based on race, sex, gender, disability, language, sexual orientation, gender identity, or social status with respect to employment and occupation. A separate law prohibits discrimination against individuals suffering from HIV/AIDs. The law does not prohibit discrimination against individuals with communicable diseases or based on color, religion, political opinion, national origin, or citizenship.
The government effectively enforced the law and regulations within the formal sector. Penalties were not sufficient to deter violations. The law and regulations, however, do not protect those working within the informal sector (industries and establishments that do not fall under the purview of the Factories Act), who made up an estimated 90 percent of the workforce.
Discrimination occurred in the informal sector with respect to Dalits, indigenous persons, and persons with disabilities. Gender discrimination with respect to wages was prevalent. Foreign migrant workers were largely undocumented and typically did not enjoy the legal protections available to workers who are nationals of the country.
Federal law sets safety and health standards, but state government laws set minimum wages, hours of work, and additional state-specific safety and health standards. The daily minimum wage varied but was more than the official estimate of poverty-level income. State governments set a separate minimum wage for agricultural workers. Laws on wages, hours, and occupational health and safety do not apply to the large informal sector. On December 9, a building fire in New Delhi killed 43 persons. The building did not have appropriate fire licenses and was illegally operating as a factory.
The law mandates a maximum eight-hour workday and 48-hour workweek as well as safe working conditions, which include provisions for restrooms, cafeterias, medical facilities, and ventilation. The law mandates a minimum rest period of 30 minutes after every four hours of work and premium pay for overtime, but it does not mandate paid holidays. The law prohibits compulsory overtime, but it does not limit the amount of overtime a worker can perform. Occupational safety and health standards set by the government were generally up to date and covered the main industries in the country.
State governments are responsible for enforcing minimum wages, hours of work, and safety and health standards. The number of inspectors generally was insufficient to enforce labor law. State governments often did not effectively enforce the minimum wage law for agricultural workers. Enforcement of safety and health standards was poor, especially in the informal sector, but also in some formal-sector industries. Penalties for violation of occupational safety and health standards were not sufficient to deter violations.
Violations of wage, overtime, and occupational safety and health standards were common in the informal sector. Small, low-technology factories frequently exposed workers to hazardous working conditions. Undocumented foreign workers did not receive basic occupational health and safety protections. In many instances workers could not remove themselves from situations that endangered health or safety without jeopardizing their employment.
On April 10, a total of 10 female workers employed under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act program in the Narayanpet District of Telangana died in a landslide. Civil society activists cited unsafe work conditions as leading to the fatal accident, noting that the workers were resting in the shade of a mud mound, which collapsed and killed them. The Telangana government announced that cash compensation, housing, employment, and education would be provided to the immediate family members of the deceased.
The law prohibits most forms of forced or compulsory labor but allows for it as a penal sentence, in some cases as prison labor contracted to private enterprises.
The government was generally effective in enforcing laws against forced labor, but gaps remained in protecting migrant laborers, particularly from North Korea who generally earned 40 percent less than the average salary. Migrant forced labor occurred in the construction and service industries, logging industry (timber), textile shops, brick making, and the agricultural sector (see section 7.c.). Migrant workers at times experienced exploitative labor conditions characteristic of trafficking cases, such as withholding of identity documents, nonpayment for services rendered, physical abuse, and extremely poor living conditions.
Under a state-to-state agreement in effect since 2009, North Korean citizens worked in the country in a variety of sectors, including the logging and construction industries in the Far East. In order to comply with the 2017 UN international sanctions prohibiting the employment of North Koreans, the country reduced the number of North Korean laborers who work in the country legally. According to the Foreign Ministry, as of September approximately 4,000 North Koreans were employed in the country legally, a significant drop from 40,000 in 2017. Although the government announced that it intended to return all North Korean workers to their country by December 22, a significant number of North Korean nationals continued to travel to and reside in Russia under student and tourist visas, especially in the Far East.
Authorities failed to screen departing North Korean workers for human trafficking and indications of forced labor.
There were reports of forced labor in the production of bricks and sawmills, primarily in Dagestan. Both men and women were exploited for forced labor in these industries in the Northern Caucasus region; however, victims were primarily male job seekers recruited in Moscow. Media outlet Coda also reported on forced labor in illegal sheep farms in the Stavropol region.
Also see the Department of State's Trafficking in Persons Report at https://www.state.gov/trafficking-in-persons-report/ and the Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods .
The law does not prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, HIV status, gender identity, or disability. Although the country placed a general ban on discrimination, the government did not effectively enforce the law.
Discrimination based on gender in compensation, professional training, hiring, and dismissal was common. Employers often preferred to hire men to save on maternity and child-care costs and to avoid the perceived unreliability associated with women with small children. Such discrimination was often very difficult to prove.
The law prohibits employer discrimination in posting job vacancy information. It also prohibits employers from requesting workers with specific gender, race, nationality, address registration, age, and other factors unrelated to personal skills and competencies. Notwithstanding the law, vacancy announcements sometimes specified gender and age requirements, and some also specified a desired physical appearance.
According to the Center for Social and Labor Rights, courts often ruled in favor of employees filing complaints, but the sums awarded were often seen as not worth the cost and time to take a legal action. In an uncommon case, on September 9, an entrepreneur who refused to hire a 49-year-old woman in Volgograd because of her age was fined up to 100,000 rubles ($1,570). The court ruled that the entrepreneur represented a legal entity, instead of an individual, which stipulated the relatively large fine.
The law restricts women's employment in jobs with "harmful or dangerous conditions or work underground, except in nonphysical jobs or sanitary and consumer services," and forbids women's employment in "manual handling of bulk weights that exceed the limits set for their handling."
The law includes hundreds of tasks prohibited for women and includes restrictions on women's employment in mining, manufacturing, and construction. Women were banned from 456 jobs during the year. According to the Ministry of Labor, women on average earned 28.3 percent less than men in 2017.
The law requires applicants to undergo mandatory medical screenings when entering into a labor agreement or when enrolling at educational institutions. The medical commission may restrict or prohibit access to jobs and secondary or higher education if it finds signs of physical or mental problems. Persons with disabilities were subjected to employment discrimination. Companies with 35 to 100 employees have an employment quota of 1 to 3 percent for persons with disabilities, while those with more than 100 employees have a 2 to 4 percent quota. An NGO noted that some companies kept persons with disabilities on the payroll in order to fulfill the quotas but did not actually provide employment for them. Inadequate workplace access for persons with disabilities also limited their work opportunities.
Many migrants regularly faced discrimination and hazardous or exploitative working conditions. Union organizers faced employment discrimination, limits on workplace access, and pressure to give up their union membership.
Employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity was a problem, especially in the public sector and education. Employers fired LGBTI persons for their sexual orientation, gender identity, or public activism in support of LGBTI rights. Primary and secondary school teachers were often the targets of such pressure due to the law on "propaganda of nontraditional sexual orientation" targeted at minors (see section 6, Acts of Violence, Discrimination, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity). On April 9, a St. Petersburg court ruled that a printing house illegally fired Anna Grigoryeva, a transgender woman who had worked there for years as a man. This was the first time that a court ruled in favor of a person fired for their transgender identity.
Persons with HIV/AIDS were prohibited from working in some areas of medical research and medicine. For example, the Ministry of Transport prohibited HIV-positive persons from working as aviation dispatchers until the Supreme Court lifted the ban on September 10.
In September 2018 as part of broader pension reform, amendments to criminal law were adopted to establish criminal liability for employers who dismiss workers due to approaching pension age.
The monthly minimum wage increased to the official "subsistence" level on January 1. Some local governments enacted minimum wage rates higher than the national rate.
Nonpayment of wages is a criminal offense and is punishable by fines, compulsory labor, or imprisonment. Federal law provides for administrative fines of employers who fail to pay salaries and sets progressive compensation scales for workers affected by wage arrears. The government did not effectively enforce the law, and nonpayment or late payment of wages remained widespread. According to Rosstat, as of September 1, wage arrears amounted to approximately 2.6 billion rubles ($40.8 million). As of September 17, the State Unitary Enterprise Chuvashavtotrans had a debt of 39.8 million rubles ($625,000) for 707 employees, one of the largest wage arrears for a single organization.
The law provides for standard workhours, overtime, and annual leave. The standard workweek may not exceed 40 hours. Employers may not request overtime work from pregnant women, workers younger than age 18, and other categories of employees specified by federal law. Standard annual paid leave is 28 calendar days. Employees who perform work involving harmful or dangerous labor conditions and employees in the Far North regions receive additional annual paid leave. Organizations have discretion to grant additional leave to employees.
The law stipulates that payment for overtime must be at least 150 percent for the first two hours and not less than 200 percent after that. At an employee's request, overtime may be compensated by additional holiday leave. Overtime work may not exceed four hours in a two-day period or 120 hours in a year for each employee.
The law establishes minimum conditions for workplace safety and worker health, but it does not explicitly allow workers to remove themselves from hazardous workplaces without threat to their employment. The law entitles foreigners working to the same rights and protections as citizens.
Occupational safety and health standards were appropriate within the main industries. Government inspectors are responsible for enforcement and generally applied the law in the formal sector. Serious breaches of occupational safety and health provisions are criminal offenses. Experts generally pointed to prevention of these offenses, rather than adequacy of available punishment, as the main challenge to protection of worker rights. The number of labor inspectors was insufficient to enforce the law in all sectors. RosTrud, the agency that enforces the provisions, noted that state labor inspectors needed additional professional training and additional inspectors to enforce consistent compliance.
At the end of 2018, an estimated 14 million persons were informally employed. Employment in the informal sector was concentrated in the southern regions. The largest share of laborers in the informal economy was concentrated in the trade, construction, and agricultural sectors, where workers were more vulnerable to exploitative working conditions. Labor migrants worked in low-quality jobs in construction but also in housing, utilities, agriculture, and retail trade sectors, often informally. Labor law and protections apply to workers in the informal sector.
No national-level information was available on the number of workplace accidents or fatalities during the year. According to Rosstat, in 2018 approximately 25,400 workers were injured in industrial accidents, including 1,140 deaths.


What Size Mattress Does a Couple Need?
Home Blog What Size Mattress Does a Couple Need?
Are you fed up with sleeping on the very edge of the bed? Tired of not being able to stretch out? Couples often have trouble choosing the right size mattress for their home and sleeping habits, but the sleep specialists at Mattress World Northwest can help. Bring your sleep partner to one of our fully stocked showrooms and let us help you find the bed of your dreams.
In addition to the space you have available in your bedroom, your sleeping habits will play a major role in determining the right mattress size for you. If both partners tend to sleep like a log—without moving around much—and cuddling is a priority, consider choosing a full or queen size mattress.
If one or both partners tends to be active sleepers, you might be happier with a king size bed. The luxurious space of a king allows you to stretch out and move around to your heart's content, without worrying that you're annoying your partner. Restless sleepers might also consider choosing a memory foam or latex mattress, since these reduce motion transfer better than inner spring mattresses.
The body type of both partners should be taken into consideration before making a final purchasing decision. When one or both partners have a larger body type, it's usually preferable to choose a wider, supportive bed, such as a king size inner spring. On the other hand, if one or both partners are quite tall, try out a California king size mattress. California kings are four inches narrower than a standard king size, but they are also four inches longer than a standard king.
Unfortunately, not every couple's sleeping habits are compatible. If you and your partner agree on the need for plenty of space for sleeping, but disagree on the type of mattress and its firmness level, there is an easy solution. Purchase two twin size beds of the types and firmness levels each of you prefers and push them together. Two standard twin size mattresses equal the width of one standard king size bed.
Whatever size of mattress you choose, you're sure to find the best bed for you at Mattress World Northwest. Our mattress showrooms in the Portland area carry premier models by Sealy, Simmons Beautyrest, Stearns & Foster, and OMI OrganicPedic. Your purchase is backed by our Comfort Guarantee, and with our special financing and seasonal sales, your best night's sleep is more affordable than ever. Stop by a Mattress World Northwest showroom today!


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Mühldorf (eller: Mühldorf a. Inn) er administrationsby (kreisstadt) i Landkreis Mühldorf am Inn iden østlige del af regierungsbezirk Oberbayern i den tyske delstat Bayern. Byen har ca. 17.685 indbyggere (2006).

Geografi

Mühldorf ligger på den nordlige side af en slyngning af floden Inn.
Mühldorf ligger i region Sydøstoberbayern i Bayerisches Alpenvorland cirka halvejs mellem München og Passau. Mod nord løber floden Isen, og mellem de to floder løber Innkanal gennem hele byens område, fra øst til vest.

Inddeling
I Mühldorf ligger bydelene Altmühldorf, Ecksberg, Hart und Mößling. Med et areal på 29,42 km² er kommunen cirka seks kilometer fra øst til vest, og cirka 5,5 Kilometer fra nord til syd.

Historie
Mühldorf var helt tilbage til 798 en enklave af Ærkestiftet Salzburg, men blev indlemmet i Bayern i 1802.
I 1943 etablerede nazisterne et satellitområde for koncentrationslejren Dachau.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Geschichtsverein Heimatbund Mühldorf
 Museen in Mühldorf
 Website des Vereins "Für das Erinnern" über KZ-Lager im Mühldorfer Hart

Byer i Bayern

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"This is a great recipe for a Chilean bread. They are so easy, ready in a few minutes, and taste heavenly. They are best when they are warm, right from the oven or toasted the next day, with some butter, jelly, or even some guacamole."
Preheat oven to 450 degrees F (230 degrees C). Grease a baking sheet.
Stir together the flour, salt, baking powder, milk, and 1 cup of melted butter. When the dough begins to pull together, turn it out onto a lightly floured surface; knead until smooth and elastic.
Roll out the dough to 1/8 inch thickness and cut into 8-inch circles. Brush the circles with the remaining melted butter. Fold each circle in half and then in half again, into triangles; press firmly to seal the layers. Place the rolls on the prepared baking sheet.
Bake in the preheated oven until golden brown, about 15 minutes. Serve warm.
My family, especially my mother loved this recipe. Very good to serve with salsa. Muchas gracias, Barbara!
I'm Chilean, and I can tell you that this dobladitas are the best that I have ever tasted. Thank you!
Dough is much easier to knead if you use the full cup of melted butter and between 1/2 and 2/3 cup of milk. Really easy to make and tastes awesome.


Volkswagen's tri-annual customer magazine needed a design and content refresh.
Professionally crafted content is a well-proven way to maintain brand connection with your customers and Volkswagen Magazine provides the perfect platform for VW to showcase product and experience along with behind the scenes stories to underpin the strength of the brand.
Obviously it is critical that the subject matter is carefully chosen and the quality of any content is kept to a high standard. It is equally important that the design and content pacing is equally important.
The eroomcreative solution combines locally produced material with editorial content from around the world. The design is stylish and still maintains all the global brand values of the Volkswagen guidelines.
eroomcreative were responsible for the project management, design and art direction.


In a recent interview on National Pentagon Radio, Neil deGrasse Tyson discussed the interactions between (1) the U.S. military and (2) astrophysics. The former is an enterprise that I consider evil and Tyson seems to consider mildly worthy of discomfort but the necessary producer of the research for which he lives. The latter is a field of human endeavor that Tyson apparently considers supremely noble, and I consider absolutely inexcusable. Both are areas into which much energy is driven by irrational delusion.
I consider astrophysics inexcusable because it diverts us from protecting the environment of the one inhabitable planet we have, as well as because it contributes to weaponry, but also because it fuels the insane idea of moving on to another planet once this one is destroyed — something very clearly not possible at least in the time period in which this one is being destroyed. Astrophysics is additionally a piece of the broader view that people need to know as much information as possible, even information that doesn't concern them.
In the course of deGrasse Tyson's interview, he comments: "holding aside denial of climate change and other things that could be the end of civilization – hold that (laughter) aside for the moment." But he never comes back to that topic at all; or if he does it was edited out.
Through this sort of observation, deGrasse Tyson suggests that the only way to get good space research is through militarism, and the only way to develop all kinds of technologies is through militarism. But, of course, that's not a law one can establish the immutable mechanics of. deGrasse Tyson claims that war is essentially a drive for survival, which inevitably drives innovation. In reality, war is today a drive for collective suicide, peace is the only means to survival, the diversion of resources from militarism into environmental protection is the only path open. Both now and historically, periods of peace have driven all kinds of good intellectual and artistic innovation (and the good lack thereof).
deGrasse Tyson claims that astrophysicists are "liberal antiwar – overwhelming, 90-plus percent, no doubt about it." But when do we hear about them supporting the abolition of war? Where do we see them organizing to reject military funding (a closer connection in reality than deGrasse Tyson's depiction of the military and academia as two separate places)? Has anyone heard from them in support of the push by many nations, and not the United States, for a new treaty to ban weapons from space (or to uphold the old one)? Are they perhaps "opponents" of war in the sense in which Congress Members who fund and oversee wars call themselves "opponents" when they utter certain mild criticisms?
I thought scientists were supposed to be more precise, less dreamy than that.
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Mr Swanson, was begun by a group of physicists, among which many astrophysicists. It has fought against militarism and nuclear madness for the last fifty years.


text:
Reeve Carney // NYC 8.11.2016
Review & Photography: Sara Feigin
When I arrive at Mercury Lounge in the East Village, there's a line down the block and a sign on the front door of the bar that says "tonight's show: SOLD OUT". When the doors open, I make my way to the front of the venue. Australian native, Dan Krochmal, opens the show. His angelic voice accompanied by an acoustic guitar he plays himself, makes me thankful for arriving to the show early. He plays a set of a few covers and a lot of originals, and gets everybody excited for the rest of the night with his tunes and witty on stage banter. He finished his set, and not 15 minutes goes by before the man of the night, Reeve Carney, takes the stage. He's dressed in a dress coat, and is sporting a lace handkerchief around his neck. Carney looks as though he just arrived for his wedding, not his first live show in three years, but the crowd absolutely loves his look. His set is filled with original material, playing only one cover the whole evening, which was 'Close' by Nick Jonas. It seemed like an odd choice when I noticed the song on his set list, but Carney's rendition was different and completely his own which was a nice and welcome surprise.
Carney is a very talented singer and guitarist, he plays with such passion, you can see the music taking over every part of his body when he performs. He's never worried about what he looks like; he just let's himself get lost in his own music, and it's a really beautiful thing to watch. He plays a song called 'Amelie' that he usually plays in a band with his brother, but tonight he plays it on his own. On his mic-stand is a holder for a kazoo that he expertly pulls out with his mouth, mid-guitar playing, to play a kazoo part multiple times during the song. In the last verse of the song, he even somehow manages to sing, play the kazoo, and play the guitar at the same time; it's really something that needs to be seen to be believed. As well as playing the guitar and kazoo, throughout the set Reeve plays the piano. He closes the show with a song called 'Up Above The Weather' that everybody in the room knows the words to. Most of his set has been new songs that have yet to be released, and while fans usually aren't very receptive to hearing new songs live, Reeve's fans are more than happy to hear his new work. But, when he does decide to close the show with an old song, the crowd rejoices.
It's more than obvious that playing live music is what Carney was born to do. He has music in his soul and it needs to escape into the world for everybody to enjoy. There's no doubt in my mind that his name is going to be one we'll be hearing for quite some time to come. His music is timeless, when he first starts playing he takes you back to the years when The Rolling Stones and The Beatles were in their heyday. If you ever see the name Reeve Carney as an up and coming act at your local music venue, buy a ticket, you won't be sorry.
Posted In Concert GalleriesTagged In Concert Galleries, Reeve Carney
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Thanks for this review! Now I am even more excited to see Reeve in Portland. ??

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Поліалк — тиран міста Фери у Фессалії з 390 до 385 року до н. е. Владу здобув після свого батька Лікофрона I.

Життєпис
Був сином Лікофрона I, першого тирана м. Фер. Ще за життя батька Поліалк став співволодарем, допомагаючи останньому у всіх державних справах. Після смерті Лікофрона Поліалк перебрав владу на себе. Втім він відразу зробив свого брата Ясона співправителем.

Щодо подальшої долі Поліалк немає якихось відомостей. Незабаром повновласним володарем Фер став Ясон.

Джерела
 Helmut Berve: Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen. München 1967

Тирани Фер
Давні фессалійці
Персоналії IV століття до н. е.


'The Birches' is a recently developed subdivision in the township of Rangiora. Early in 1997 a Benkelman Beam test on Lowes Place, one of the two major access roads into 'The Birches', produced deflection results as high as 12.76 mm. In addition to this was the raising of a section of footpath 10-20 mm up from the curb. Early 1998 saw longitudinal shrinkage cracks appear in a house access driveway, while later in 1998 two house experienced cracking and movement of the interior wall linings, subsequently requiring redecoration. These types of damage are typical of the damage caused by expansive soils, and an investigation was put in place to evaluate these potentially expansive soils. There are no previous cases of swelling soil problems in Rangiora or on the Canterbury Plains, so a field investigation program using crack monitoring, shallow moisture pits and trenches was implemented. A range of samples were gathered from three trenches, including bulk, long and short tube, and block samples. The laboratory methods for analysing these samples included a scanning electron microscope for the identification of microscopic layering, the plotting of grading curves to establish grain distribution, the establishment of dry density, and laterally confined vertical swell levels. The aim of this was to establish both a cause, and the controlling factors of the observed soil volume expansion. The trenches revealed massive, homogenous, silty clay units, with numerous rootlets throughout. The SEM study showed no layering or bedding to be present, but showed evidence of possible bioturbation or leaching. XRD analysis discerned the clay mineralogy was, on average, 20% kaolinite and 80% muscovite. Both of these are very stable minerals, and showed no swelling properties when glycolated. This indicates the causes of volume expansion in these soils are structural. Remoulded samples were also tested, and proved to be more susceptible to volume expansion when moisture content was increased. This is because the process of remoulding destroys the stablility of the lattice structure of the soil, which has formed through repetition of the shrink/swell process. The presence of leaching and bioturbation, and the presence of kaolinite, indicates acidic leaching. The historical data, combined with the evidence of previously high levels of vegetation in the area, as indicated by the presence of rootlets in the silty clay unit, suggests the depositional environment was that of a swamp margin.


Write each word of the verse on a small index-size sheet of paper, roll it up, and insert it into a balloon. Blow up the balloon with the paper inside and tie it.
This games goes with the Bible Lesson "God Leads Us" about the Israelites Crossing the Red Sea on The Resource Room.
1. Before class blow up a lot of blue balloons and place them in the middle of the floor.
2. In class divide your children up into two teams. Each team should stand at opposite ends of the room. Remind your children that God separated the water so that there was a wall of water on both sides and dry land on which the Israelites could walk. Tell them that they are going to "separate" the water and see who can make the biggest wall of "water".
3. Demonstrate how to pick up a balloon, rub it on yourself or the carpet and then get it to stick to the wall.
This Bible game goes with the Bible Lesson, "Manna Again!", about Moses and the Israelites in the desert.
2. Draw faces on the balloons with a black permanent markers and tape on wings cut from construction paper.
3. In class remind the children about the part of the story where God sent a wind that blew thousands of quail from the sea into where the Israelites were camped. Tell them that they are going to pretend that they are the Israelites (but not the ones that were whining) and that God is going to send a wind to blow in some quail. Tell them to get ready to catch them. Throw the balloons up into the air one at a time. If a child catches one, have him go sit back in his seat with the balloon. Keep throwing up balloons until all the children have had a chance to catch one.
Play "Keep the Birds in the Air"
Instead of taping wings to the balloon, just draw the wings on to the sides. Have the children form two lines facing each other. Give every two students a balloon and have them hit it back and forth. See which team can keep the balloon up the longest. Or you can have the whole class play at once with everyone trying to keep the balloon up. If you have a large class you can play with more than one balloon at a time depending on how big you class is.
Before class make some bird catchers. Staple plastic or Styrofoam bowls on to the end of a paint stick or rolled up pieces of newspapers. Have the children line up into teams. Give each team a bird catcher and a bird. Have them place the bird in the bowl. On the word go the children should carry the bird in the catcher to the other end of the room around a chair and back to the start line, and then give the catcher with the bird in it to the next team member. The next team member does the same thing until all the team members have had a turn. The team that finishes first wins. If the bird falls while a child is walking, he should stop and pick it up. He cannot travel until the bird is in the catcher.
1. Cut tomato leaf shapes from green fun foam and punch a hole in the middle and write the Bible verse or the word "gentleness" on the leaf with a permanent marker.
2. Help your children fill up red balloons with flour using a funnel.
3. Stick the top of the balloon through the hole in the leaf. Tie the balloon. Let your children draw faces on the balloon with a permanent marker. Tell your children that when we are under stress we sometimes aren't as gentle as we should be. When things are going their way or they are very frustrated they can squeeze the balloons and ask God to help them not to loose control.
Before class blow up about five balloons and write on the balloons with a permanent marker different Bible phrases that the children need to learn and do such as: obey your parents, love one another, do not lie, do not steal, etc. In class have the children stand around the room. Explain to the children that the Bible says that Samuel didn't let any of God's words fall to the ground. That means that when God told him to do something, he did it. Tell them that you wrote some of God's words on the balloons. Show them the balloons and what they say. These are all important things that we need to do. Let's see if we can keep them from falling on the ground. Tell the children that they can not move from where they are standing. They have to keep both feet on the floor. Tell them that when you start playing some music you will throw out a balloon, they should try to keep it from falling on the floor. If it touches the floor, they can't pick it up again. Keep throwing in the balloons until all of them are up in the air. Keep playing until all the balloons have fallen on the floor. At the end of the game remind the children that when we listen to God's words and obey them, we are keeping them from falling on the ground.
Instead of the teacher throwing in the balloons one at a time, you can give the children all the balloons and tell them to throw them up in the air when the music starts.


text:
Ana Rodríguez García was born in Granada and she started her bassoon studies when she was nine years old at the Conservatorio Profesional de Música Angel Barrios of Granada. During her undergraduate studies she decided to stay in Granada at the Real Conservatorio Superior de Música Victoria Eugenia where she studied with Manuel Valero and Bartolomé Mayor. In her fourth academic year she went to the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland with an Erasmus Scholarship and stayed two more years doing her postgraduate studies with Alison Green and David Hubbard. In 2018 she was graduated with a Master (MMus) in Bassoon Performance at the RCS.
Ana has worked with the Orchestra Ciudad de Granada and has been part of scheme projects with BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Scottish Chamber Orchestra and Royal Scottish National Orchestra. In 2017 she was part of the NJO (Nationaal Jeugd Orkest of the Neetherlands) in their Summer Tour. Her orchestral training started with young orchestras such as Joven Orquesta Sinfónica de Granada, Orquesta de la UGR, Orquesta Académica de Granada and the Academy of Orquesta Ciudad de Granada. Ana also received masterclasses from great bassoonist as Santiago Ríos, Amy Harman, Joost Bosdijk, Andrea de Flammineis, David Tomás, Matthias Racz, Joaquín Osca, Vincenzo Menghini, Gretha Tuls and Graeme Brown. Before going to Scotland, Ana was member of the woodwind quartet Euterpe which played in different music festivals and competitions in Granada. She has also been commended at the Classical Concerto Competition of the RCS.


text:
Sixth Scale Scavengers
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Marvel's epic blockbuster, Captain America: Civil War, will finally begin hitting theatres around the world this month! Many fans are anxious to see how the story will unfold as their favorite heroes are taking opposing sides over the government's system accountability to oversee and direct the Avengers.
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text:
Taunton area has seen local impact of film industry firsthand
MARCH 29, cialis canada purchase 2015
I work in the film industry. I have hundreds of people that work with me building sets for films and television. They would all be jobless without the film tax credit ("Baker's plan to end tax credits could threaten film jobs, try " March 22). These are all fair-paying jobs with medical benefits paid for by the employer. [My co-workers] all pay income tax. They all live locally and most of them own homes in Massachusetts.
MARCH 29, viagra usa 2015
I work in the film industry. I have hundreds of people that work with me building sets for films and television. They would all be jobless without the film tax credit ("Baker's plan to end tax credits could threaten film jobs, sovaldi sale " March 22). These are all fair-paying jobs with medical benefits paid for by the employer. [My co-workers] all pay income tax. They all live locally and most of them own homes in Massachusetts.
On average I spend about $5 million a year on raw materials from vendors in Massachusetts to be used constructing film sets. Turner Steel in this article is just one of them. There are great studies from UMass Boston and the Motion Picture Association of America that prove the effectiveness of this incentive. - FilmSetBuilder
Taunton Gazette
By Marc Larocque
March 28, discount viagra clinic 2015
When Hollywood's silver screen productions came to the Silver City area, it generated excitement throughout the community. But those rare opportunities for major movies to be filmed in Taunton may be less likely with the elimination of the state's film tax credits.
Gov. Charlie Baker recently proposed doing away with the state's film tax credit program that began about nine years ago, sovaldi sale while instead increasing the earned income tax credit for working families, causing concern among local film professionals.
Taunton reaped the benefits of the film tax credit program briefly in 2008, when the Whittenton Mills Complex was transformed into a Nazi concentration camp for the Martin Scorsese film "Shutter Island." Local restaurants boasted the benefits of an influx of hungry cast and crew members, and former Taunton Mayor Charles Crowley credited the state's film tax credit law.
"I saw the benefits," said Crowley, a proud Tauntonian, who died last year. "They absolutely help."
"Shutter Island" created a huge buzz in Taunton, and city residents and others flocked to the Whittenton filming location to serve as extras in the film. Martin Scorsese was reportedly a regular customer at the upscale Benjamin's Restaurant on Bay Street, along with his entourage. That's Amore pizzeria on Whittenton Street told the newspaper that the filming of "Shutter Island" generated a constant flow of business during February and March 2008.
In addition to "Shutter Island," scenes for the science fiction flick "Surrogates," starring Bruce Willis, were filmed in 2008 on the grounds of the former Paul A. Dever School. The Massachusetts Film Office said that the tax credit program, signed into law by Gov. Mitt Romney in 2005, was a boon for such movies being filmed in Massachusetts.
Neighboring Raynham also attracted filmmakers and actors for scenes in the supernatural action-comedy movie "R.I.P.D." in 2011. A few high-flying car stunt scenes in the film, starring Jeff Bridges, Ryan Reynolds and Kevin Bacon, were shot in the Raynham Park parking lot.
Taunton Mayor Thomas Hoye Jr. said on Thursday said that the film tax credit program does not affect the Taunton economy much. But Hoye said can see the merits of attracting the movie industry to Massachusetts, while at the same time he also understands where Baker is coming from in his proposal to drop the tax credit program.
"I can't say that it's going to affect us greatly here in Taunton," Hoye said. "But at the same time, if can you bring motion pictures to the commonwealth, which provides employment albeit often times short-term, it's a good thing. But I understand the governor's position in trying to close certain loopholes. I respect what he is trying to do as well."
Hoye said hopefully there is some kind of middle ground that can be reached, in terms of balancing the need to attract film production and also to give the best deal to working class taxpayers.
"Hopefully, we can have some increased discussion with the Legislature and hopefully both sides can kind of meet in the middle," Hoye said.
Nevertheless, Hoye said, if Hollywood wants to come to the Silver City, it's more than welcome.
"Certainly, if the motion picture industry wants to come to Taunton, we are open for business," he said.


text:
<?php

namespace Amadeus\Client\Struct\Ticket\ReissueConfirmedPricing;

use Amadeus\Client\Struct\Ticket\RepricePnrWithBookingClass\CouponInformation;
use Amadeus\Client\Struct\WsMessageUtility;

/**
 * TicketInfo
 *
 * @package Amadeus\Client\Struct\Ticket\ReissueConfirmedPricing
 * @author Dieter Devlieghere <dermikagh@gmail.com>
 */
class TicketInfo extends WsMessageUtility
{
    /**
     * @var PaperticketDetailsCoupon
     */
    public $paperticketDetailsFirstCoupon;

    /**
     * @var CouponInformation
     */
    public $couponInfoFirst;

    /**
     * @var PaperInformation
     */
    public $paperInformation;

    /**
     * TicketInfo constructor.
     *
     * @param string|int $ticket
     * @param string $type
     */
    public function __construct($ticket, $type)
    {
        if ($this->checkAllNotEmpty($this, $type)) {
            $this->paperticketDetailsFirstCoupon = new PaperticketDetailsCoupon();
            $this->paperticketDetailsFirstCoupon->documentDetails = new DocumentDetails(
                $ticket,
                $type
            );
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package org.apache.river.test.spec.renewalservice;

import java.util.logging.Level;

// java.io
import java.io.StreamCorruptedException;

// java.rmi
import java.rmi.ConnectException;
import java.rmi.MarshalException;
import java.rmi.NoSuchObjectException;
import java.rmi.RemoteException;
import java.rmi.ServerError;
import java.rmi.ServerException;
import java.rmi.UnmarshalException;

//
import org.apache.river.qa.harness.TestException;
import org.apache.river.qa.harness.Test;

// net.jini
import net.jini.core.lease.Lease;
import net.jini.core.lease.UnknownLeaseException;
import net.jini.lease.LeaseRenewalManager;
import net.jini.lease.LeaseRenewalService;
import net.jini.lease.LeaseRenewalSet;

// org.apache.river
import org.apache.river.qa.harness.QATestEnvironment;
import org.apache.river.test.share.FailingOpCountingOwner;
import org.apache.river.test.share.TestLease;
import org.apache.river.test.share.TestLeaseProvider;

/**
 *

 * LeaseExpirationTest asserts that the expiration of a lease actually
 * results in it being removed from its renewal set and no further
 * action is taken on the lease for a period up to and including its
 * expiration time plus one half.
 *

 *

 * Also the various types of exceptions are tested as specified in the
 * Introduction to Helper Utilities and Services, US.2.6.
 * Specifically the following assertions are tested:
 *

 *

 *
Bad Object Exception:

 *

 *
Any Instance of a java.rmi.NoSuchObjectException

 *
Any instance of a java.rmi.ServerError in which the value of the
 *        exception's detail field is a bad object exception

 *
Any instance of a java.lang.RuntimeException

 *
Any instance of a java.rmi.ServerException in which the value of
 *        exception's detail field is a bad object exception

 *
Any instance of a java.lang.Error unless it is an instance of
          java.lang.LinkageError or java.lang.OutOfMemory

 *

 *
Bad Invocation Exception:

 *

 *
Any instance of a java.rmi.MarshalException in which the value of
 *        exception's detail field is an instance of
 *        java.io.ObjectStreamException

 *
Any instance of a java.rmi.UnmarshalException in which the value of
 *        exception's detail field is an instance of
 *        java.io.ObjectStreamException

 *
Any instance of a java.rmi.ServerException in which the value of
 *        the exceptions detail field is a bad invocation exception

 *

 *
Indefinite Exception:

 *

 *
Any instance of a java.rmi.RemoteException except those that can
 *        classified as either a bad invocation exception or a bad object
 *        exception

 *
Any instance of a java.lang.OutOfMemoryError

 *
Any instance of a java.lang.LinkageError

 *

 *

 *

 */
public class LeaseExpirationTest extends AbstractLeaseRenewalServiceTest {

    /**
     * Provides leases for this test.
     */
    private TestLeaseProvider leaseProvider = null;

    /**
     * The "land lord" for the leases. Defines lease method behavior.
     * for bad object exception testing.
     */
    private FailingOpCountingOwner badObjOwner01 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner badObjOwner02 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner badObjOwner03 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner badObjOwner04 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner badObjOwner05 = null;

    /**
     * The exceptions thrown by the above owners to test bad object exceptions
     */
    private NoSuchObjectException badObjException01 = null;
    private ServerError badObjException02 = null;
    private NullPointerException badObjException03 = null;
    private ServerException badObjException04 = null;
    private StackOverflowError badObjException05 = null;

    /**
     * The "land lord" for the leases. Defines lease method behavior.
     * for bad invocation exception testing.
     */
    private FailingOpCountingOwner badInvOwner01 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner badInvOwner02 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner badInvOwner03 = null;

    /**
     * The exceptions thrown by the above owners to test bad invocation
     * exceptions
     */
    private MarshalException badInvException01 = null;
    private UnmarshalException badInvException02 = null;
    private ServerException badInvException03 = null;

    /**
     * The "land lord" for the leases. Defines lease method behavior.
     * for indefinite exception testing.
     */
    private FailingOpCountingOwner indefiniteOwner01 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner indefiniteOwner02 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner indefiniteOwner03 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner indefiniteOwner04 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner indefiniteOwner05 = null;
    private FailingOpCountingOwner indefiniteOwner06 = null;

    /**
     * The exceptions thrown by the above owners to test indefinite exceptions
     */
    private ConnectException indefiniteException01 = null;
    private OutOfMemoryError indefiniteException02 = null;
    private NoSuchFieldError indefiniteException03 = null;
    private ServerError indefiniteException04 = null;
    private ServerError indefiniteException05 = null;
    private ServerException indefiniteException06 = null;

    /**
     * The maximum time granted for a lease by a renew operation.
     */
    private long renewGrant = 0;

    /**
     * The default value renewGrant
     */
    private final long DEFAULT_RENEW_GRANT = 30 * 1000; // 30 seconds

    /**
     * The LeaseRenewalSet used throught entire test
     */
    private LeaseRenewalSet set = null;

    /**
     *  The LeaseRenewalManager used for LRS impls that grant only short leases
     */
    private LeaseRenewalManager lrm = null;

    /**
     * Sets up the testing environment.
     */
    public Test construct(org.apache.river.qa.harness.QAConfig sysConfig) throws Exception {

       // mandatory call to parent
       super.construct(sysConfig);

       // Announce where we are in the test
       logger.log(Level.FINE, "LeaseExpirationTest: In setup() method.");

       // instantiate a lease provider
       leaseProvider = new TestLeaseProvider(20);

       // capture the renewal time
       String property = "org.apache.river.test.spec.renewalservice.renewGrant";
       renewGrant = getConfig().getLongConfigVal(property, DEFAULT_RENEW_GRANT);

       // create owners for testing bad object exceptions

       // 01) any instance of a NoSuchObjectException
       badObjException01 =
	   new NoSuchObjectException("LeaseExpirationTest");
       badObjOwner01 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(badObjException01, 0, renewGrant);

       /* 02) any instance of a java.rmi.ServerError in which the value
	  of the exception's detail field is a bad object exception */
       badObjException02 =
	   new ServerError("LeaseExpirationTest",
			   new StackOverflowError("LeaseExpirationTest"));
       badObjOwner02 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(badObjException02, 0, renewGrant);

       // 03) any instance of java.lang.RuntimeException
       badObjException03 =
	   new NullPointerException("LeaseExpirationTest");
       badObjOwner03 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(badObjException01, 0, renewGrant);

       /* 04) any instance of a java.rmi.ServerException in which the value
	  of the exception's detail field is a bad object invocation */
       badObjException04 =
	   new ServerException("LeaseExpirationTest", badObjException02);
       badObjOwner04 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(badObjException04, 0, renewGrant);

       /* 05) any instance of a java.lang.Error unless it is an instance of
	  java.lang.LinkageError or java.lang.OutOfMemoryError */
       badObjException05 =
	   new StackOverflowError("LeaseExpirationTest");
       badObjOwner05 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(badObjException05, 0, renewGrant);

       // create owners for testing bad invocation exceptions

       /* 01) any instance of java.rmi.MarshalException in which the
          value of the exception's detail field is an instance of
          java.io.ObjectStreamException */
       badInvException01 =
	   new MarshalException("LeaseExpirationTest",
			new StreamCorruptedException("LeaseExpirationTest"));
       badInvOwner01 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(badInvException01, 0, renewGrant);

       /* 02) any instance of java.rmi.UnmarshalException in which the
          value of the exception's detail field is an instance of
          java.io.ObjectStreamException */
       badInvException02 =
	   new UnmarshalException("LeaseExpirationTest",
			new StreamCorruptedException("LeaseExpirationTest"));
       badInvOwner02 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(badInvException02, 0, renewGrant);

       /* 03) any instance of java.rmi.ServerException in which the
          value of the exception's detail field is a bad invocation
          exception. */
       badInvException03 =
	   new ServerException("LeaseExpirationTest", badInvException01);
       badInvOwner03 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(badInvException03, 0, renewGrant);

       // create owners for testing bad indefinite exceptions

       /* 01) any instance of a java.rmi.RemoteException except those
          that can be classified as either a bad invocation or bad
          object exception. */
       indefiniteException01 =
	   new ConnectException("LeaseExpirationTest");
       indefiniteOwner01 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(indefiniteException01, 0, renewGrant);

       // 02) any instance of a java.lang.OutOfMemoryError
       indefiniteException02 = new OutOfMemoryError("LeaseExpirationTest");
       indefiniteOwner02 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(indefiniteException02, 0, renewGrant);

       // 03) any instance of a java.lang.LinkageError
       indefiniteException03 = new NoSuchFieldError("LeaseExpirationTest");
       indefiniteOwner03 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(indefiniteException03, 0, renewGrant);

       // 04) assert that 02 is true inside of a ServerError
       indefiniteException04 = new ServerError("LeaseExpirationTest",
					       indefiniteException02);
       indefiniteOwner04 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(indefiniteException04, 0, renewGrant);

       // 05) assert that 03 is true inside of a ServerError
       indefiniteException05 = new ServerError("LeaseExpirationTest",
					       indefiniteException03);
       indefiniteOwner05 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(indefiniteException05, 0, renewGrant);

       // 06) assert that 01 is true inside of a ServerException
       indefiniteException06 = new ServerException("LeaseExpirationTest",
						   indefiniteException01);
       indefiniteOwner06 =
	   new FailingOpCountingOwner(indefiniteException06, 0, renewGrant);

       // create lease renewal manager for wider use across implementations
       lrm = new LeaseRenewalManager(sysConfig.getConfiguration());
       return this;
    }

    /**
     * This method asserts that the expiration of a lease actually
     * results in it being removed from its renewal set and no further
     * action is taken on the lease for a period up to and including
     * its expiration time plus one half.
     */
    public void run() throws Exception {

	// Announce where we are in the test
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "LeaseExpirationTest: In run() method.");

	// get a lease renewal set w/ duration of as long as possible
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Creating the lease renewal set.");
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Duration = Lease.FOREVER.");
	LeaseRenewalService lrs = getLRS();
	set = lrs.createLeaseRenewalSet(Lease.FOREVER);
	set = prepareSet(set);
	lrm.renewFor(prepareLease(set.getRenewalSetLease()), Lease.FOREVER, null);

	/**************** Bad Object Exception Tests ***************/

	/* ------------------------------------------- *
	 * 01) any instance of a NoSuchObjectException *
	 * ------------------------------------------- */
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Testing bad object exception assertion 01.");
	String message = testBadObjectException(badObjOwner01);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Bad object exception assertion 01 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------- *
	 * 02) any instance of a java.rmi.ServerError in which the value *
	 * of the exception's detail field is a bad object exception     *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------- */
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Testing bad object exception assertion 02.");

	message = testBadObjectException(badObjOwner02);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Bad object exception assertion 02 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------- *
	 * 03) Any instance of a java.lang.RuntimeException              *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------- */
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Testing bad object exception assertion 03.");

	message = testBadObjectException(badObjOwner03);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Bad Object Exception assertion 03 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------- *
	 * 04) Any instance of a java.rmi.ServerException in which the   *
	 * value of the exception's detail field is a bad object         *
	 * exception                                                     *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------- */
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Testing bad object exception assertion 04.");

	message = testBadObjectException(badObjOwner04);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Bad object exception assertion 04 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------- *
	 * 05) Any instance of a java.lang.Error unless it is an         *
	 * instance of java.lang.LinkageError or                         *
	 * java.lang.OutOfMemoryError                                    *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------- */
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Testing bad object exception assertion 05.");

	message = testBadObjectException(badObjOwner05);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Bad object exception assertion 05 passed.");

	/**************** Bad Invocation Exception Tests ***************
	 * Note: essentially these are treated exactly the same as bad *
	 * object exceptions by the LRS.                               *
	 ***************************************************************

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------ *
	 * 01) any instance of a java.rmi.MarshalException in which the *
	 * value of the exception's detail field is a bad object        *
	 * exception.                                                   *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------ */
	logger.log(Level.FINE,
		   "Testing bad invocation exception assertion 01.");
	message = testBadObjectException(badInvOwner01);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Bad invocation exception assertion 01 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------ *
	 * 02) any instance of a java.rmi.UnmarshalException in which   *
	 * the value of the exception's detail field is a bad object    *
	 * exception.                                                   *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------ */
	logger.log(Level.FINE,
		   "Testing bad invocation exception assertion 02.");
	message = testBadObjectException(badInvOwner02);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Bad invocation exception assertion 02 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------ *
	 * 03) Any instance of java.rmi.ServerException in which the    *
	 * value of the exception's detail field is a bad invocation    *
	 * exception.                                                   *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------ */
	logger.log(Level.FINE,
		   "Testing bad invocation exception assertion 03.");
	message = testBadObjectException(badInvOwner03);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Bad invocation exception assertion 03 passed.");

	/**************** Indefinite Exception Tests ***************/

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------ *
	 * 01) any instance of a java.rmi.RemoteException except those  *
	 * that can be classified as either a bad object or bad         *
	 * invocation exception.                                        *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------ */
	logger.log(Level.FINE,
		   "Testing indefinite exception assertion 01.");
	message = testIndefiniteException(indefiniteOwner01);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Indefinite exception assertion 01 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------ *
	 * 02) any instance of a java.lang.OutOfMemoryError             *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------ */
	logger.log(Level.FINE,
		   "Testing indefinite exception assertion 02.");
	message = testIndefiniteException(indefiniteOwner02);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Indefinite exception assertion 02 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------ *
	 * 03) any instance of a java.lang.LinkageError                 *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------ */
	logger.log(Level.FINE,
		   "Testing indefinite exception assertion 03.");
	message = testIndefiniteException(indefiniteOwner03);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Indefinite exception assertion 03 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------ *
	 * 04) assert that 02 is true inside of a ServerError           *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------ */
	logger.log(Level.FINE,
		   "Testing indefinite exception assertion 04.");
	message = testIndefiniteException(indefiniteOwner04);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Indefinite exception assertion 04 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------ *
	 * 05) assert that 03 is true inside of a ServerError           *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------ */
	logger.log(Level.FINE,
		   "Testing indefinite exception assertion 05.");
	message = testIndefiniteException(indefiniteOwner05);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Indefinite exception assertion 05 passed.");

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------ *
	 * 06) assert that 01 is true inside of a ServerException       *
	 * ------------------------------------------------------------ */
	logger.log(Level.FINE,
		   "Testing indefinite exception assertion 06.");
	message = testIndefiniteException(indefiniteOwner06);
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// announce success
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Indefinite exception assertion 06 passed.");

	/* now that a significant amount of time has passed re-check
	   each owner to ensure the LRS didn't sneak in a call behind
	   our backs */
	message = definiteOwnerFinalCheck(badObjOwner01,
					  "bad object owner 01");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = definiteOwnerFinalCheck(badObjOwner02,
					  "bad object owner 02");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = definiteOwnerFinalCheck(badObjOwner03,
					  "bad object owner 03");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = definiteOwnerFinalCheck(badObjOwner04,
					  "bad object owner 04");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = definiteOwnerFinalCheck(badObjOwner05,
					  "bad object owner 05");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = definiteOwnerFinalCheck(badInvOwner01,
					  "bad invocation owner 01");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = definiteOwnerFinalCheck(badInvOwner02,
					  "bad invocation owner 02");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = definiteOwnerFinalCheck(badInvOwner03,
					  "bad invocation owner 03");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	// indefinite owners ...
	message = indefiniteOwnerFinalCheck(indefiniteOwner01,
					    "indefinite owner 01");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = indefiniteOwnerFinalCheck(indefiniteOwner02,
					    "indefinite owner 02");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = indefiniteOwnerFinalCheck(indefiniteOwner03,
					    "indefinite owner 03");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = indefiniteOwnerFinalCheck(indefiniteOwner04,
					    "indefinite owner 04");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = indefiniteOwnerFinalCheck(indefiniteOwner05,
					    "indefinite owner 05");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}

	message = indefiniteOwnerFinalCheck(indefiniteOwner06,
					    "indefinite owner 06");
	if (message != null) {
	    throw new TestException(message);
	}
    }

    /**
     * Routine test for all bad object and bad invocation exceptions.
     *
     *
Notes:

     *
     * @param owner the failing owner for test lease creation.
     *
     * @return a String specifying an error message or null if no error occured
     *
     */
    private String testBadObjectException(FailingOpCountingOwner owner)
          throws UnknownLeaseException, InterruptedException, RemoteException {

	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Creating the lease to be managed.");
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Duration == " + renewGrant);
	TestLease testLease =
	    leaseProvider.createNewLease(owner, rstUtil.durToExp(renewGrant));

	// start managing the lease for as long as we can
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Adding managed lease to lease renewal set.");
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Membership duration = Long.MAX_VALUE");
	set.renewFor(testLease, Long.MAX_VALUE);

	// wait the lease to expire
	rstUtil.waitForLeaseExpiration(testLease,
				       "for client lease to expire.");

	// assert that the lease is no longer in the renewal set
	Lease managedLease = set.remove(testLease);
	if (managedLease != null) {
	    String message = "The lease that expired due to a definite";
	    message += " exception was never removed from the\n";
	    message += "renewal set.";
	    return message;
	}

	// waiting to ensure that no further action is taken
	rstUtil.sleepAndTell(renewGrant,
			     "to ensure that no further action is taken.");

	// assert that renew was only called once
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Checking # of calls to renew.");
	if (owner.getRenewCalls() != 1) {
	    String message = "An invalid call to renew was made on \n";
	    message += "a lease that supposedly expired due to\n";
	    message += "a definite exception.";
	    return message;
	}

	// assert that cancel was never called
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Checking # of calls to cancel.");
	if (owner.getCancelCalls() != 0) {
	    String message = "An invalid call to cancel was made on \n";
	    message += "a lease that supposedly expired due to\n";
	    message += "a definite exception.";
	    return message;
	}

	return null;
    }

    /**
     * Routine test for all indefinite exceptions.
     *
     *
Notes:

     *
     * @param owner the failing owner for test lease creation.
     *
     * @return a String specifying an error message or null if no error occured
     *
     */
    private String testIndefiniteException(FailingOpCountingOwner owner)
        throws RemoteException, UnknownLeaseException, InterruptedException {

	// get a lease for testing indefinite exceptions
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Creating the lease to be managed.");
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Duration == " + renewGrant);
	TestLease testLease =
	    leaseProvider.createNewLease(owner,
					 rstUtil.durToExp(renewGrant));

	// start managing the lease for as long as we can
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Adding managed lease to lease renewal set.");
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Membership duration = Long.MAX_VALUE");
	set.renewFor(testLease, Long.MAX_VALUE);

	// wait for the lease to expire
	rstUtil.waitForLeaseExpiration(testLease,
				       "for client lease to expire.");

	/* we need to sleep a bit longer because the LRS implementation
	   might still be busy re-trying the renew operation */
	rstUtil.sleepAndTell(renewGrant/2, "to allow for lease removal.");

	// assert that the lease is no longer in the renewal set
	Lease managedLease = set.remove(testLease);
	if (managedLease != null) {
	    String message = "The lease that expired due to a indefinite";
	    message += " exception was never removed from the\n";
	    message += "renewal set.";
	    return message;
	}

	/* NOTE : The check for the number of calls to renew is eliminated
	   here because for an indefinite exception it is impossible to
	   determine any "correct" number of calls to the renew method. */

	// waiting to ensure that no further action is taken
	owner.resetCallCounts();
	rstUtil.sleepAndTell(renewGrant,
			     "to ensure that no further action is taken.");

	// assert that renew was never called again
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Checking # of calls to renew.");
	if (owner.getRenewCalls() != 0) {
	    String message = "An invalid call to renew was made on \n";
	    message += "a lease after it was removed from the set.\n";
	    return message;
	}

	// assert that cancel was never called
	logger.log(Level.FINE, "Checking # of calls to cancel.");
	if (owner.getCancelCalls() != 0) {
	    String message = "An invalid call to cancel was made on \n";
	    message += "a lease that supposedly expired due to\n";
	    message += "an indefinite exception.";
	    return message;
	}

	return null;
    }

    /**
     * check a definitely failing owner to ensure no extra calls
     * have been made.
     *
     *
Notes:

     *
     * @param owner  the FailingOpCountingOwner to be checked
     * @param ownerName a String representing an identifier for the owner
     *
     * @return a String indicating the nature of check failure or null if
     *         check succeeded.
     *
     */
    private String definiteOwnerFinalCheck(FailingOpCountingOwner owner,
					   String ownerID) {

	if (owner.getRenewCalls() != 1) {
	    String message = "Extra call to renew detected for " + ownerID;
	    return message;
	}

	if (owner.getCancelCalls() != 0) {
	    String message = "Call to cancel detected by " + ownerID + "\n";
	    message += "The LRS should never call cancel.";
	    return message;
	}

	return null;
    }

    /**
     * check an indefinitely failing owner to ensure no extra calls
     * have been made.
     *
     *
Notes:

     *
     * @param owner  the FailingOpCountingOwner to be checked
     * @param ownerName a String representing an identifier for the owner
     *
     * @return a String indicating the nature of check failure or null if
     *         check succeeded.
     *
     */
    private String indefiniteOwnerFinalCheck(FailingOpCountingOwner owner,
					     String ownerID) {

	if (owner.getRenewCalls() != 0) {
	    String message = "Extra call to renew detected for " + ownerID;
	    return message;
	}

	if (owner.getCancelCalls() != 0) {
	    String message = "Call to cancel detected by " + ownerID + "\n";
	    message += "The LRS should never call cancel.";
	    return message;
	}

	return null;
    }

} // LeaseExpirationTest


Sometimes there is a general enlargement of the entire belly region in older dogs. The entire abdomen appears to have dropped down. While this may be due to a variety of reasons, one of the most common causes is dropsy, a disorder of circulation in which certain body fluids, that should normally be distributed throughout the organism or eliminated as waste material through the urine, become accumulated in the abdominal cavity. Though it may occur in young dogs, it is encountered most often in very old ones, and is one of the prom¬inent diseases associated with geriatrics—that is, the study of the diseases of old age.
While the disease process is in operation, the animal appears normal in every respect except that the abdomen is noted to increase gradually in size. For a while the animal maintains its accustomed appetite and properly performs its vital functions. As time goes on, the abdomen increases further in size, the animal shows distress and decreased appetite, and occasionally will vomit because of the pressure of the excess abdominal fluid on its digestive organs. If the disease is allowed to run its course, the animal will die of either heart failure or gradual suffocation.
Dropsy is caused by the breakdown of the vital organs of the body. Disease processes in the liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs are associated in this circulatory disturbance. In fact, when there is a breakdown of any one of the vital organs of the body, this will lead inevitably to a breakdown of the others. The speed with which this will come about will depend upon the resistance of the animal and the severity of the affliction. The disease process may go on for several years before the symptoms show up, but once they appear they will become increasingly evident in anywhere from a few weeks to several months.
Because of the extensive tissue breakdown, the disease is generally classified as incurable. In rare cases the disease process may be arrested, but for the most part only relief measures are applied. Diuretics—drugs that will stimulate urination—are given in the form of ascorbic acid and certain arsenicals. The most effective measure is to have the abdominal fluid tapped, giving the animal immediate relief, so that it will get along very well for a period of from two weeks to about two months, depending upon the degree of tissue destruction. Within this period the abdominal fluid will usually return, at which time the animal must be tapped again. The owner is advised that the animal may pass away at any time either during or between tappings.
It is usually advisable to have the animal put to sleep when it is affected with dropsy but, if the owner insists, the dog may be subjected to intermittent tappings. There are many cases on record where animals treated in this manner have been kept alive tolerably well for several years.


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