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scientific study of crystal structure
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A crystalline solid: atomic resolution image of strontium titanate. Brighter atoms are strontium and darker ones are titanium.
Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids (see crystal structure). The word "crystallography" is derived from the Greek words crystallon "cold drop, frozen drop", with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and graphein "to write". In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming that 2014 would be the International Year of Crystallography.[1]
Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography (see below), the study of crystals was based on physical measurements of their geometry using using a goniometer [2]. This involved measuring the angles of crystal faces relative to each other and to theoretical reference axes (crystallographic axes), and establishing the symmetry of the crystal in question. The position in 3D space of each crystal face is plotted on a stereographic net such as a Wulff net or Lambert net. The pole to each face is plotted on the net. Each point is labelled with its Miller index. The final plot allows the symmetry of the crystal to be established.
Crystallographic methods now depend on analysis of the diffraction patterns of a sample targeted by a beam of some type. X-rays are most commonly used; other beams used include electrons or neutrons. Crystallographers often explicitly state the type of beam used, as in the terms X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction. These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways.
X-rays interact with the spatial distribution of electrons in the sample.
Electrons are charged particles and therefore interact with the total charge distribution of both the atomic nuclei and the electrons of the sample.
Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the strong nuclear forces, but in addition, the magnetic moment of neutrons is non-zero. They are therefore also scattered by magnetic fields. When neutrons are scattered from hydrogen-containing materials, they produce diffraction patterns with high noise levels. However, the material can sometimes be treated to substitute deuterium for hydrogen.
Because of these different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies.
With conventional imaging technique such as optical microscopy, obtaining an image of a small object requires collecting light with a magnifying lens. However, the resolution of any optical system is limited by the diffraction-limit of light, which depends on its wavelength. For example, visible light has a wavelength of about 4000 to 7000 ångström, which is three orders of magnitude longer than the length of typical atomic bonds and atoms themselves (about 1 to 2 Å). Therefore, a conventional optical microscope cannot resolve the spatial arrangement of atoms in a crystal. To do so, we would need radiation with much shorter wavelengths, such as X-ray or neutron beams.
Unfortunately, focusing X-rays with conventional optical lens can be a challenge. Scientists have had some success focusing X-rays with microscopic Fresnel zone plates made from gold, and by critical-angle reflection inside long tapered capillaries.[3] Diffracted X-ray or neutron beams cannot be focused to produce images, so the sample structure must be reconstructed from the diffraction pattern.
Diffraction pattern arises from the constructive interference of photons, scattered by the periodic, repeating feature of the sample under studies. Because of their highly ordered and repetitive atomic structure (Bravais lattice), crystals diffracts x-rays in a coherent manner, also referred as Bragg's reflection.
Coordinates in square brackets such as [100] denote a direction vector (in real space).
Coordinates in angle brackets or chevrons such as <100> denote a family of directions which are related by symmetry operations. In the cubic crystal system for example, <100> would mean [100], [010], [001] or the negative of any of those directions.
Miller indices in parentheses such as (100) denote a plane of the crystal structure, and regular repetitions of that plane with a particular spacing. In the cubic system, the normal to the (hkl) plane is the direction [hkl], but in lower-symmetry cases, the normal to (hkl) is not parallel to [hkl].
Indices in curly brackets or braces such as {100} denote a family of planes and their normals. In cubic materials the symmetry makes them equivalent, just as the way angle brackets denote a family of directions. In non-cubic materials, <hkl> is not necessarily perpendicular to {hkl}.
Some materials that have been analyzed crystallographically, such as proteins, do not occur naturally as crystals. Typically, such molecules are placed in solution and allowed to slowly crystallize through vapor diffusion. A drop of solution containing the molecule, buffer, and precipitants is sealed in a container with a reservoir containing a hygroscopic solution. Water in the drop diffuses to the reservoir, slowly increasing the concentration and allowing a crystal to form. If the concentration were to rise more quickly, the molecule would simply precipitate out of solution, resulting in disorderly granules rather than an orderly and hence usable crystal.
Once a crystal is obtained, data can be collected using a beam of radiation. Although many universities that engage in crystallographic research have their own X-ray producing equipment, synchrotrons are often used as X-ray sources, because of the purer and more complete patterns such sources can generate. Synchrotron sources also have a much higher intensity of X-ray beams, so data collection takes a fraction of the time normally necessary at weaker sources. Complementary neutron crystallography techniques are used to identify the positions of hydrogen atoms, since X-rays only interact very weakly with light elements such as hydrogen.
Producing an image from a diffraction pattern requires sophisticated mathematics and often an iterative process of modelling and refinement. In this process, the mathematically predicted diffraction patterns of an hypothesized or "model" structure are compared to the actual pattern generated by the crystalline sample. Ideally, researchers make several initial guesses, which through refinement all converge on the same answer. Models are refined until their predicted patterns match to as great a degree as can be achieved without radical revision of the model. This is a painstaking process, made much easier today by computers.
The mathematical methods for the analysis of diffraction data only apply to patterns, which in turn result only when waves diffract from orderly arrays. Hence crystallography applies for the most part only to crystals, or to molecules which can be coaxed to crystallize for the sake of measurement. In spite of this, a certain amount of molecular information can be deduced from patterns that are generated by fibers and powders, which while not as perfect as a solid crystal, may exhibit a degree of order. This level of order can be sufficient to deduce the structure of simple molecules, or to determine the coarse features of more complicated molecules. For example, the double-helical structure of DNA was deduced from an X-ray diffraction pattern that had been generated by a fibrous sample.
Crystallography is used by materials scientists to characterize different materials. In single crystals, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopically, because the natural shapes of crystals reflect the atomic structure. In addition, physical properties are often controlled by crystalline defects. The understanding of crystal structures is an important prerequisite for understanding crystallographic defects. Mostly, materials do not occur as a single crystal, but in poly-crystalline form (i.e., as an aggregate of small crystals with different orientations). Because of this, the powder diffraction method, which takes diffraction patterns of polycrystalline samples with a large number of crystals, plays an important role in structural determination.
Other physical properties are also linked to crystallography. For example, the minerals in clay form small, flat, platelike structures. Clay can be easily deformed because the platelike particles can slip along each other in the plane of the plates, yet remain strongly connected in the direction perpendicular to the plates. Such mechanisms can be studied by crystallographic texture measurements.
In another example, iron transforms from a body-centered cubic (bcc) structure to a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure called austenite when it is heated. The fcc structure is a close-packed structure unlike the bcc structure; thus the volume of the iron decreases when this transformation occurs.
Crystallography is useful in phase identification. When manufacturing or using a material, it is generally desirable to know what compounds and what phases are present in the material, as their composition, structure and proportions will influence the material's properties. Each phase has a characteristic arrangement of atoms. X-ray or neutron diffraction can be used to identify which patterns are present in the material, and thus which compounds are present. Crystallography covers the enumeration of the symmetry patterns which can be formed by atoms in a crystal and for this reason is related to group theory and geometry.
X-ray crystallography is the primary method for determining the molecular conformations of biological macromolecules, particularly protein and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. In fact, the double-helical structure of DNA was deduced from crystallographic data. The first crystal structure of a macromolecule was solved in 1958, a three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by X-ray analysis.[4] The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a freely accessible repository for the structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules. Computer programs such as RasMol, Pymol or VMD can be used to visualize biological molecular structures. Neutron crystallography is often used to help refine structures obtained by X-ray methods or to solve a specific bond; the methods are often viewed as complementary, as X-rays are sensitive to electron positions and scatter most strongly off heavy atoms, while neutrons are sensitive to nucleus positions and scatter strongly even off many light isotopes, including hydrogen and deuterium. Electron crystallography has been used to determine some protein structures, most notably membrane proteins and viral capsids.
The International Tables for Crystallography[5] is an eight-book series that outlines the standard notations for formatting, describing and testing crystals. The series contains books that covers analysis methods and the mathematical procedures for determining organic structure though x-ray crystallography, electron diffraction, and neutron diffraction. The International tables are focused on procedures, techniques and descriptions and do not list the physical properties of individual crystals themselves. Each book is about 1000 pages and the titles of the books are:
Vol A - Space Group Symmetry,
Vol A1 - Symmetry Relations Between Space Groups,
Vol B - Reciprocal Space,
Vol C - Mathematical, Physical, and Chemical Tables,
Vol D - Physical Properties of Crystals,
Vol E - Subperiodic Groups,
Vol F - Crystallography of Biological Macromolecues, and
Vol G - Definition and Exchange of Crystallographic Data.
Scientists of note
William Astbury
William Barlow
C. Arnold Beevers
William Henry Bragg
William Lawrence Bragg
Auguste Bravais
Glenn H. Brown
Martin Julian Buerger
Peter Debye
Johann Deisenhofer
Boris Delone
Gautam R. Desiraju
Jack Dunitz
David Eisenberg
Paul Peter Ewald
Evgraf Stepanovich Fedorov
Georges Friedel
Paul Heinrich von Groth
René Just Haüy
Wayne Hendrickson
Carl Hermann
Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Judith Howard
Isabella Karle
Jerome Karle
Aaron Klug
Michael Levitt
Henry Lipson
Kathleen Lonsdale
Ernest-François Mallard
Charles-Victor Mauguin
William Hallowes Miller
Paul Niggli
Arthur Lindo Patterson
Max Perutz
Friedrich Reinitzer
Hugo Rietveld
Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle
Michael Rossmann
Paul Scherrer
Arthur Moritz Schönflies
Dan Shechtman
George M. Sheldrick
Tej P. Singh
Nicolas Steno
Constance Tipper
Daniel Vorländer
Christian Samuel Weiss
Don Craig Wiley
Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff
Ada Yonath
Abnormal grain growth
Atomic packing factor
Beevers-Lipson strip
Crystal engineering
Crystal optics
Crystallization processes
Crystallographic database
Crystallographic point group
Crystallographic group
Dynamical theory of diffraction
Electron crystallography
Euclidean plane isometry
Fixed points of isometry groups in Euclidean space
Fractional coordinates
International Year of Crystallography
Laser-heated pedestal growth
Modeling of polymer crystals
Neutron crystallography
Neutron diffraction at OPAL
Neutron diffraction at the ILL
NMR crystallography
Permutation group
Point group
Precession electron diffraction
Quantum mineralogy
Quasicrystal
Solid state chemistry
Lattice constant
^ UN announcement "International Year of Crystallography". iycr2014.org. 12 July 2012
^ "The Evolution of the Goniometer". Nature. 95 (2386): 564-565. 1915-07-01. doi:10.1038/095564a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
^ Snigirev, A. (2007). "Two-step hard X-ray focusing combining Fresnel zone plate and single-bounce ellipsoidal capillary". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 14 (Pt 4): 326-330. doi:10.1107/S0909049507025174. PMID 17587657.
^ Kendrew, J. C.; Bodo, G.; Dintzis, H. M.; Parrish, R. G.; Wyckoff, H.; Phillips, D. C. (1958). "A Three-Dimensional Model of the Myoglobin Molecule Obtained by X-Ray Analysis". Nature. 181 (4610): 662-6. Bibcode:1958Natur.181..662K. doi:10.1038/181662a0. PMID 13517261.
^ Prince, E. (2006). International Tables for Crystallography Vol. C: Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4020-4969-9.
Learning Crystallography
Crystal Lattice Structures
100 Years of Crystallography Royal Institution animation
Vega Science Trust Interviews on Crystallography Freeview video interviews with Max Perutz, Rober Huber and Aaron Klug.
Commission on Crystallographic Teaching, Pamphlets
Ames Laboratory, US DOE Crystallography Research Resources
Web Portal of Open Access Crystallography Resources
Interactive Crystallography Timeline from the Royal Institution
Nature Milestones in Crystallography
Crystallography in the 21st century (editorial in Acta Crystallographica Section A)
Crystallography on In Our Time at the BBC
The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction (International Union of Crystallography Texts on Crystallography) 1st Edition
The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction (International Union of Crystallography Texts
[PDF Download] The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction (International Union of Crystallography
Read Fundamentals of Crystallography International Union of Crystallography Texts on EBooks Online
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Read Books Crystallography Made Crystal Clear: A Guide for Users of Macromolecular Models (Complementary


620 ILCS 45/ County Airport Law of 1943.
(620 ILCS 45/) County Airport Law of 1943.
Sec. 1. The county board of each county having a population of less than 1,000,000 may in the manner hereinafter provided, establish and maintain airports and landing fields and other auxiliary institutions connected with the same within the limits of such county for the use and benefit of the inhabitants thereof and may levy a tax subject to such further limitation as may be occasioned by the issue of bonds as hereinafter provided, not to exceed .25 per cent of the value, as equalized or assessed by the Department of Revenue, annually on all taxable property of such county, such tax to be levied and collected in like manner with the general taxes of such county, and to form, when collected, a fund to be known as the "County Airport Fund". Such tax shall be in addition to all other taxes which such county is now or hereafter may be authorized to levy on the aggregate valuation of all property within such county and shall not be included within the rate for general county purposes, but shall be in addition thereto and exclusive thereof. The foregoing limitations upon tax rates may be increased or decreased under the referendum provisions of the General Revenue Law of Illinois.
Sec. 1.5. Short title. This Act may be cited as the County Airport Law of 1943.
July 22, 1943, as amended?
If a majority of all the votes cast upon the proposition shall be in favor thereof the county board shall thereafter annually levy a tax of not to exceed .25 per cent of the value, as equalized or assessed by the Department of Revenue, which tax shall be collected in like manner and with other general taxes in such county and shall be known as the "County Airport Fund", and thereafter the county board shall, in the annual appropriation bill, appropriate from such fund such sum or sums of money as may be necessary to defray all necessary expenses and liabilities of the county airport and landing field. The county board of any such county and the corporate authorities of any one or more taxing districts lying wholly or partly within the corporate limits of the county which taxing district or districts are authorized under the laws of this state to acquire, establish, operate and maintain airports and landing fields, may hereafter by agreement provide for the joint construction, maintenance and control of an airport and landing field. Such agreement shall specify the site of the proposed airport and landing field and the proportionate share of the cost of construction and the cost of maintenance which shall be borne by such county and each of such taxing districts. The County Board shall certify the proposition for such joint construction, maintenance and control to the proper election officials, who shall submit the proposition to the voters of the county and each such taxing district at an election in accordance with the general election law. The proposition shall state the proposed site of such airport and landing field and the proportionate share of the cost of construction and maintenance to be borne by the respective governmental units concerned.
If the proposition is approved by a majority of the voters in the county and any taxing district voting on the proposition, the corporate authorities of each such governmental unit may, irrespective of any limitation of rate in any other act or provision to the contrary, levy a tax subject to such further limitation as may be occasioned by the issue of bonds as hereinafter provided, not to exceed .25 per cent of the value, as equalized or assessed by the Department of Revenue, annually on all taxable property of such governmental unit. Such tax shall be levied and collected in like manner with the general taxes of such governmental unit and shall form when collected a fund to be known as the "County Airport Fund" and deposited with the County Treasurer of the County. Such tax shall be in addition to all other taxes which such governmental unit is now or hereafter may be authorized to levy on the aggregate of all property therein, and shall not be included within the rate for general corporate purposes for each such governmental unit but shall be in addition thereto and exclusive thereof; and each such governmental unit shall appropriate such sum or sums as its proportionate share shall be under the agreement as may be necessary to defray all necessary expenses and liability of such airport and landing field.
If such proposition is approved by a majority of the voters in the county and each of the taxing districts voting on the proposition, the corporate authorities of each such governmental unit shall appoint 3 directors. The qualifications, terms of office and removal of such directors shall be as provided in Sections 3 and 4 of this Act, and vacancies shall be filled in the manner as provided in Section 5 hereof. The directors so appointed shall constitute a joint Board of Directors for the control and management of the airport and landing field. The joint Board of Directors shall exercise the powers and be subject to the duties prescribed in this Act for Board of Directors of airports and landing fields. The corporate authorities of each of such governmental units shall annually appropriate funds for the maintenance and operation of the airport in the proportion set forth in the proposition adopted, for the use of the Airport Fund and shall levy the tax herein provided, or so much of such rate as will provide the sum, and may issue bonds as provided in this Act for the purpose of defraying its proportionate share of the costs of construction and maintenance of the airport and landing field.
If any county or taxing district shall issue bonds as hereinafter provided, then so long as taxes are required to be levied and extended to pay the principal of and interest on such bonds, the rate extended in any year for the benefit of the Airport Fund shall be limited to the amount by which .25 per cent of the value, as equalized or assessed by the Department of Revenue, exceeds the rate extended in such year to pay such principal and interest on such bonds. The foregoing limitations upon tax rates may be increased or decreased under the referendum provisions of the General Revenue Law of Illinois.
Sec. 3. When in any county a proposition for the levy of a tax for an airport and landing field has been adopted as aforesaid, the presiding officer of the county board shall, with the advice and consent of the county board, appoint a board of 5 directors each of whom shall be a resident of the county who does not hold any other office of honor or profit. All members shall be chosen with reference to their special fitness for such office.
When the voters of any taxing district or districts lying wholly or partly within the county, shall have adopted a proposition for joint control of an airport and landing field with the county, the governing body of each of said taxing districts shall by a majority vote of such governing body appoint 5 directors, residents of the respective taxing district and not holding any office of honor or profit, all of whom shall be chosen with reference to their special fitness for such office.
Sec. 4. One of the directors of each governmental unit shall hold office for one year, 2 for two years, and 2 for three years from the first day of July following their respective appointments, and until his successor is appointed, and at their first regular meeting they shall cast lots for the respective terms; and annually thereafter, the chairman or president of the county board, and the governing body of any taxing district jointly interested in the maintenance and operation of such airport and landing field, as provided in this Act, shall before the first day of July of each year, appoint in the manner hereinbefore provided, one director to take the place of each retiring director, who shall hold office for three years and until his successor is appointed. The chairman or president of the county board may, with the consent of three-fourths of the members of the county board, remove any director for misconduct or neglect of duty, and any governing body of any taxing district jointly operating said airport as herein provided may, by three-fourths vote, remove any director so appointed by the respective taxing district for like reasons.
Any board organized under the provisions of Section 3 of this Act, already in existence at the time of the effective date of this amendatory Act of 1980, shall be expanded immediately by the appointment of the additional directors as herein provided. One director shall be appointed to serve until July 1, 1981; the other shall be appointed to serve until July 1, 1982. At the end of the respective terms a successor shall be appointed for each director to serve the full term as hereinbefore provided.
Sec. 5. Vacancies in the Board of Directors occasioned by removal, resignation or otherwise, shall be reported to the county board, or to the governing authorities of the respective taxing body appointing the director, and shall be filled in like manner as the original appointments. No director shall receive compensation as such, or be interested, either directly or indirectly, in the purchase or sale of any supplies or equipment, land or other facilities, or in any contract on behalf of the airport and landing field.
Sec. 6. The directors shall, immediately after appointment, meet and organize by the election of one of their number as president and one as secretary, and by the election of such other officers as they may deem necessary. They shall make and adopt such by-laws, rules and regulations for their own guidance and for the government of the airport and landing field, buildings, equipment and other facilities or activities and institutions connected therewith as may be expedient, not inconsistent with the "Illinois Aeronautics Act", as now or hereafter amended or supplemented, or any rule, ruling, regulation, order or decision of the Department of Transportation of this State. They shall have the exclusive control of the expenditure of all moneys collected to the credit of the Airport Fund, and of the construction of any airport, building, landing strips or other facilities connected therewith, or auxiliary institutions or activities in connection therewith, and of the supervision, care and custody of the grounds, buildings and facilities constructed, leased, or set apart for that purpose: Provided, that all moneys received for such airport with the exception of moneys the title to which rests in the Board of Directors in accordance with Section 9, shall be deposited in the treasury of the county to the credit of the Airport fund and shall not be used for any other purpose, and shall be drawn upon by the proper officers of the county upon the properly authenticated vouchers of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may purchase or lease ground within the limits of such county, and occupy, lease or erect an appropriate building or buildings for the use of the airport, auxiliary institutions and activities connected therewith: Provided, however, that no such building, landing strips or other facilities shall be constructed or erected until detailed plans therefor shall have been submitted to and approved by the Department of Transportation of this State. The Board of Directors may appoint suitable managers, assistants and employees and fix their compensation by resolution duly adopted, and may also remove such appointees, and shall carry out the spirit and intent of this Act in establishing and maintaining an airport and landing field.
1. To locate, establish and maintain an airport and airport facilities within the area of its jurisdiction, and to develop, expand, extend and improve any such airport or airport facility.
2. To acquire land, rights in and over land and easements upon, over or across land, and leasehold interests in land, and tangible and intangible personal property, used or useful for the location, establishment, maintenance, development, expansion, extension or improvement of any such airport or airport facility. Such acquisition may be by dedication, purchase, gift, agreement, lease, or by user or adverse possession or condemnation. In the determination of the compensation to be paid in any condemnation proceeding under this subsection involving property or facilities used in agriculture, commerce, industry or trade there shall be included not only the value of the property and facilities affected and the cost of any changes in or relocation of such property and facilities but also compensation for any loss occasioned in the operation thereof.
3. To operate, manage, lease, sublease, and to make and enter into contracts for the use, operation or management of, and to provide rules and regulations for the operation, management or use of any such airport or airport facility.
4. To fix, charge and collect rentals, tolls, fees and charges for the use of any such airport, or any part thereof, or any such airport facility, and to grant privileges within any airport or structure therein or any part thereof, and to charge and collect compensation for such privileges and to lease any building or structure or any part thereof to private or public concerns or corporations in connection with the use and operation of such airport and to enter into contracts or agreements permitting private or public concerns to erect and build structures for airport purposes and purposes auxiliary thereto and connected therewith, on such terms and conditions as the directors deem expedient and in the public interest; provided, that no such structure may be erected by any public or private concern or corporation pursuant to such agreement until the plans and specifications therefor shall have been submitted to and approved by the Department of Transportation of this State.
5. To establish, maintain, extend and improve roadways and approaches by land, water or air to any such airport.
6. To contract or otherwise to provide by condemnation if necessary for the removal or relocation of all private structures, railways, mains, pipes, conduits, wires, poles and all other facilities and equipment which may interfere with the location, expansion, development, or improvement of airports or with the safe approach thereto or takeoff therefrom by aircraft, and to assume any obligation and pay any expense incidental to such removal or relocation.
7. Within territory two miles from any airport or landing field, as measured at a right angle from any side, or in a radial line from the corner of any established boundary line thereof, to enter into contracts for a term of years or permanently with the owners of such land to restrict the height of any structure upon the relationship of one foot of height to each twenty feet of distance from the boundary line, upon such terms and conditions and for such consideration as the Board of Directors deems equitable; and to adopt, administer and enforce airport zoning regulations for and within the county and within any territory which extends not more than 2 miles beyond the boundaries of any Airport under the control of the Board of Directors.
8. To borrow money and to issue bonds, notes, certificates or other evidences of indebtedness for the purpose of accomplishing any of the corporate purposes, subject, however, to compliance with the conditions or limitations of this Act or otherwise provided by the constitution or laws of the State of Illinois.
9. To employ or enter into contracts for the employment of any person, firm or corporation, and for professional services, necessary or desirable for the accomplishment of the objects of the Board of Directors or the proper administration, management, protection or control of its property.
10. To police its property and to exercise police powers in respect thereto or in respect to the enforcement of any rule or regulation provided by the resolutions of the Board of Directors and to employ and commission police officers and other qualified persons to enforce the same.
Nothing in this section or in other provisions of this Act shall be construed to authorize the Board of Directors to establish or enforce any regulation or rule in respect to aviation or the operation or maintenance of any airport or any airport facility within its jurisdiction which is in conflict with any federal or state law or regulation applicable to the same subject matter.
This section is subject to the "Illinois Aeronautics Act", as now or hereafter amended or supplemented, or any rule, ruling, regulation, order or decision of the Department of Transportation of this State.
The Federal Government or any department or agency thereof, the State of Illinois or any department or agency thereof, or any political subdivision of the State of Illinois and any public or private aircraft shall be permitted to use any airport facility subject to the regulation and control of, and upon such terms and conditions as shall be established by the Board of Directors.
Sec. 6.1. Purchases made pursuant to this Act shall be made in compliance with the "Local Government Prompt Payment Act", approved by the Eighty-fourth General Assembly.
Sec. 7. In all cases where property or property rights are acquired or sought to be acquired by the Board of Directors by condemnation, the procedure shall be in the name of the county in which such airport is located and the procedure shall be as nearly as may be in accordance with that provided for the exercise of the right of eminent domain under the Eminent Domain Act. The Board of Directors shall adopt a resolution setting forth the necessity for such condemnation, the description of the land required and the purposes therefor, stating the facts pertaining to the negotiations by the Board of Directors and the owner or owners of such land or air rights above such land, and the fact that the directors and the owner or owners thereof cannot agree upon the price therefor, or that the title thereto, or the air rights thereon cannot be obtained except by condemnation for the reason of the legal disability of the owner or owners thereof or persons interested therein as the case may be, and cause a proper authenticated copy of the resolution to be filed with the county board of the county in which such airport is situated. The county board shall then examine the resolution and upon determining that the acquisition of the land or air rights are for the best interests of the airport and the public generally, may authorize the condemnation in the same manner as the county may do for general purposes of the county; provided, that all costs expenses and awards in condemnation shall be paid from the Airport fund.
Sec. 7.5. Eminent domain. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Law, any power granted under this Law to acquire property by condemnation or eminent domain is subject to, and shall be exercised in accordance with, the Eminent Domain Act.
Sec. 8. The Board of Directors, in the name of the airport, may receive from any person any contribution or donation of money or property, and shall pay over to the treasurer of the county all moneys thus received as often as once in each month, and shall take the receipt of such treasurer therefor; and shall semi-annually report to the county board and to each taxing body jointly interested in the airport, the names of all persons from whom any such contributions have been received since the date of the last report and the amount and nature of the property so received from each, and the date when same was received, and the Board of Directors shall make, on or before the second Monday in June of each year, an annual report to the county board and to each taxing district jointly interested in the airport, stating the condition of their trust on the first day in June of that year, the various sums of money received from the Airport Fund and from other sources, and how such moneys have been expended and for what purpose, and such other statistics, information and suggestions as they may deem of general interest, which report shall be published in a newspaper of general circulation in the county not more than thirty (30) days subsequent to the filing of such report.
Sec. 9. Any person desiring to make any donation or legacy of any money, personal property or real estate, for the benefit of such airport, shall have the right to vest the title to the money, personal property or real estate so donated, in the Board of Directors, to be held and controlled by such Board when accepted, according to the terms of the deed, gift or legacy of such property, and as to such property, the Board of Directors shall be held and considered to be special trustees and shall include in the annual report a complete report of their acts as such trustees.
22, 1943, as amended, be discontinued?
If a majority of the votes cast upon the proposition are for the discontinuance of the tax the proposition shall be deemed adopted, and, if the county alone (not in conjunction with any other governmental unit) had levied a tax under the provisions of this Act for an airport and landing field, the Board of Directors shall proceed at once to close up the affairs of the airport and landing field, and after the payment of all obligations, the moneys in the Airport Fund shall become a part of the general funds of the county and the personal property and real estate shall become the property of the county.
In the event that an airport is jointly operated by a county and other taxing bodies and one or more of such taxing bodies, but not all, elect by the adoption of a proposition pursuant to a petition duly filed with the clerk of the respective taxing body as provided for herein for discontinuance of said participation in said airport, the members of the Board of Directors remaining shall proceed to reorganize within thirty days after certification that the proposal for discontinuance has carried by a majority vote. Any taxing body which so discontinues shall not be entitled to receive any money or property, real or personal, belonging to the airport, or airport fund, or held by the directors as trustees, but such property or money shall then vest in and continue to be the property of the airport; provided, that if any bonds remain outstanding and unpaid as to the principal and interest, issued by any taxing body electing to discontinue, the county clerk shall continue to extend so much of the rate annually, as may be necessary to retire the principal and interest of such bonds until all such bonds shall have been paid as to both principal and interest.
In the event that all taxing districts participating in the joint control and operation of the said airport, shall vote for the discontinuance of the tax as provided in this section, the Board of Directors within thirty days after receiving a certification from the clerks of the various taxing authorities that the proposal for discontinuance is carried by a majority vote, shall proceed to wind up the affairs of the airport and after the payment of all obligations, the moneys in the airport fund shall become a part of the General Fund of the respective taxing districts in the proportion that each taxing district contributed financially in the maintenance and operation of such airport; and the Circuit Court in the County shall, upon due application by the Board of Directors, stating the facts, the date of the discontinuance of the respective taxing bodies, together with an inventory of the property, appoint a receiver to take charge of the property and equipment, both real and personal, in the custody and under the control of the Board of Directors. The receiver shall be empowered by the Court to sell the property under the direction of the Court, in accordance with the laws for the sale of property in partition proceedings and after payment of all costs and expenses, distribute the proceeds thereof equitably among the taxing bodies jointly participating therein to their respective General Funds in the proportion that each participated financially in the construction and operation of the airport.
Sec. 11. Any such county which has voted, or hereafter votes to authorize a tax for an airport and landing field at a rate in addition to the maximum rate now or hereafter authorized to be levied and extended for general county purposes, may issue bonds as in this Act provided in an amount not to exceed one percent (1%) on the dollar valuation of all taxable property of such county for the purpose of constructing or improving an airport and landing field within the county; Provided, that such bonds may not be issued to an amount, including existing indebtedness, in excess of the constitutional limit of indebtedness.
In the event that any taxing body has voted, under the provisions of this Act, to authorize a tax for the joint operation of an airport and landing field with other taxing bodies at a rate now or hereafter authorized to be levied and extended for general corporate purposes, it may issue bonds for its proportionate share as in this Act provided in an amount not to exceed one percent (1%) on the dollar valuation of all taxable property of such taxing district for the purpose of participating jointly in constructing or improving an airport and landing field; Provided, that such bonds may not be issued to an amount, including existing indebtedness, above the constitutional limit of indebtedness of such taxing district.
(b) The Board of Directors of the airport and landing field shall transmit such plans and specifications and estimate of costs, together with the approval thereof by the Department of Transportation of this State, to the governing bodies of the respective taxing districts, with a request that such governing bodies adopt resolutions providing for the construction or improvement of such airport and landing field and for the issuance of the proper proportion of bonds by the respective corporate authorities to pay all or part of the costs thereof in the proportions set forth in the proposition adopted by the electors.
The governing body of the taxing district shall adopt a resolution of determination to construct or improve an airport and landing field and shall declare its desire to submit to the voters of the district the proposition to issue bonds for its proportionate share therefor. The resolution and the proposition shall be certified to the proper election officials, who shall submit the proposition to the voters at an election in accordance with the general election law.
If a majority of the voters voting upon the proposition vote in favor of the issuance of the bonds, then the taxing district may issue the bonds in the amount specified in the resolution and ballot.
Sec. 14. It shall not be necessary for the governing body of the county or other taxing district to submit to the legal voters of such taxing district the question of issuing such bonds where the final maturity thereof is within the maturity limitation heretofore mentioned in Section 13 of this Act, and the County Board or governing body of a taxing district may issue such bonds without complying with the provisions of Section 13 of this Act by adopting a resolution as provided in Section 16 hereof.
Sec. 15. If, in the case of bonds the final maturity date of which is beyond said maturity limitation heretofore mentioned in Section 13, a petition for referendum with the requisite number of signatures is filed within the time as herein provided, then the county board or governing body of a respective taxing district shall order that such proposition be submitted at a regular election and shall certify such order and the proposition to the proper election officials, who shall submit the proposition to the voters at an election in accordance with the general election law. In addition to the requirement of the general election law, the notice of such referendum shall state the bond proposition to be submitted to the voters.
Sec. 16. Before issuing any bonds as provided in this Act, the county board or governing body of the respective governmental unit shall adopt a resolution specifying the amount of bonds to be issued, the date, denominations, rate of interest and maturities, and fix all the details with respect to the issue and execution thereof, and shall levy a tax sufficient to pay both the principal of and interest upon such bonds as they mature. Such bonds issued in compliance with Section 13 hereof, shall mature at such time or times as the county board or other governing body shall fix, but not in excess of twenty (20) years from date thereof. Any such bonds, the final maturity of which is within such maturity limitation heretofore mentioned in Section 13, shall mature at such times as the county board or the governing body of the other respective taxing districts shall fix within such said maturity limitation heretofore mentioned. All of such bonds shall bear interest at a rate not to exceed the maximum rate authorized by the Bond Authorization Act, as amended at the time of the making of the contract, payable semi-annually, and shall be payable at such place as the county board or the governing body of the respective taxing districts shall fix.
Sec. 17. In case any officer whose signature appears on the bonds shall cease to be such officer before delivery of such bonds, such signature shall nevertheless be valid and sufficient for all purposes the same as if such officer had remained in office until such delivery was effected.
Sec. 18. The tax rate for the payment of the principal of and interest on such bonds shall be in addition to the maximum rate now or hereafter authorized to be levied and extended for general county purposes or the general corporate purposes of the respective taxing district, and shall be in addition to the rates extended for any and all taxes now or hereafter authorized or permitted to be levied or extended for county purposes or corporate purposes of the respective taxing districts, in excess of the maximum rate for general county purposes now or hereafter permitted by law; and in excess of the maximum rate for general corporate purposes for the respective taxing districts now or hereafter permitted by law. Such tax shall not be subject to any limitation as to amount or rate except the constitutional limitation.
Sec. 19. The Board of Directors from time to time may execute and deliver bonds, notes or certificates of indebtedness in such form as may be approved by the Board of Directors, and payable at such place and subject to such terms as may be specified and in such denominations and amounts as the resolution authorizing the issuance thereof may provide. Any such bonds, notes or certificates of indebtedness shall mature within fifteen (15) years from the date thereof and shall be payable solely from revenue derived from the operation, management or use of the airport, landing field, airdrome, hangar, building, structure or other facility in accordance with the rules, regulations, contracts, leases or sub-leases of the Board of Directors. Such revenue obligations shall not be payable out of any funds derived by the Board of Directors from taxation or by funds derived from the sale of any property belonging to said airport, except notes or obligations incident to the purchase or acquisition of such personal property as may be purchased by the Board of Directors under a conditional sales contract, revenue from which personal property is pledged to secure payment of the balance due on the purchase price thereof, which is evidenced by any such notes or obligations. Any bond, note or certificate of indebtedness issued under this section shall recite in the body thereof that the same is payable solely from the revenue pledged to pay the same, and shall state the nature or source of such revenue, and shall state on its face that the same is not payable from taxation and that it is not a debt within the meaning of any statutory or constitutional limitation.
Sec. 20. The Board of Directors may apply for and receive a grant or loan or other financial aid from the State or Federal government or from any State or Federal agency, department, bureau or board, necessary or useful for the undertaking, performance or execution of any of its objects or purposes, and any such Board of Directors may undertake the acquisition, establishment, construction or development or improvement of an airport or airports in co-operation with or as a joint enterprise with the State or Federal governments or with both the State and Federal governments acting or represented by any State or Federal agency, department, bureau or board.
In every case where Federal or State aid or financial assistance is to be secured, or where the Federal or State governments, or both the Federal and State governments, have joined with any such Board of Directors for the acquisition, establishment, construction, development or improvement of an airport, such Board of Directors may secure necessary funds to finance its portion of the cost of such project through the issuance of bonds in the manner provided by this Act, or by the issuance of obligations payable from operating revenue.


A genre-spanning slice of America's late 20th Century popular music canon will close out the first month of 2018 at the Marco Island Historical Society.
Grammy nominated singer Gema Pearl, of Naples, will perform an acoustic show on Jan. 20, backed by bassist-producer Lee Brovitz and guitarist, keyboardist, saxophonist John McLane. She'll be followed by the "Schlock Stars," a group consisting of Brovitz, McLane, Michael Campbell on drums and percussion, and Mike "Cooky" Liddy on keyboards and harmonica. The veteran touring and session musicians will perform songs from the Motown catalog.
On Jan. 27, "Echos of the Platters," a Las Vegas-based tribute group, will take the stage, giving life to such Platters hits from the 1950s as "Only You," "Smoke Gets In Your Eyes," "Twilight Time," "The Great Pretender," "My Prayer," and more.
The shows were organized by Brovitz, a long-time Marco Islander who also produces "Echos of the Platters," and Pearl, who has released two albums, the most recent being 2015's "Red Blooded American Girl." She and Brovitz are currently in the studio working on a new album.
Brovitz said he became aware of Pearl about five years ago when he agreed to back her at a benefit show.
In the past, she has performed at the Marco Island Seafood.
The members of the Schlock Stars members all share long careers highlighted by Grammy nominations and stints with rock and soul notables.
Brovitz, who is also a musical director, vocalist, songwriter and road manager, has worked with Cyndi Lauper, Blue Angel, Tommy Roe, Herman's Hermits and many more. McLane is an esteemed recording engineer whose resume includes Angela Bowie, Bad Co, Livingston Taylor, Joe Brown, Henry Gross and The O'Jays. Campbell has toured and recorded with Tommy Roe, Henry Gross, Gema Pearl, Firefall, The Shadows of Knight, Mitch Ryder, Jay and the Techniques, among others.
"They're all great players and singers," said Brovitz.
The band's name is a humorous nod to their status as pop music veterans.
"Echos of the Platters" lead Singer Tyrone Sweet said he's been demand for the doo-wop greats' music remains strong, decades after they dominated radio and the charts.


Alien Queen was painted in 2012 on Canvas Board with Acrylic Paint.
Print sizes include 11x14, 14x18 and 16x20 they might be slightly smaller or larger depending on the painting. All prints are printed with a border around the print for ease of framing.
Specialty Items take longer to ship to you because I have to contact my lab to create the print for you. This includes Canvas Prints, Metal Prints and Mounted Prints. This takes around three weeks normally.


text:
[![Build Status](http://img.shields.io/travis/diogoazevedos/isomorphic/master.svg)](http://travis-ci.org/diogoazevedos/isomorphic)
[![Dependency Status](https://img.shields.io/david/diogoazevedos/isomorphic.svg)](https://david-dm.org/diogoazevedos/isomorphic)
[![devDependency Status](https://img.shields.io/david/dev/diogoazevedos/isomorphic.svg)](https://david-dm.org/diogoazevedos/isomorphic#info=devDependencies)

> This project template is a skeleton for an [isomorphic](http://nerds.airbnb.com/isomorphic-javascript-future-web-apps/)
> web application (SPA) based on Facebook's [React](https://facebook.github.io/react/)
> library and [Flux](http://facebook.github.io/flux/) architecture. You can use
> it to quickly bootstrap your web application projects. All the parts of this
> project template are easily replaceable.

### Directory Layout

```
.
├── /dist/                      # The folder for compiled output
├── /node_modules/              # 3rd-party libraries and utilities
├── /src/                       # The source code of the application
│   ├── /actions/               # Action creators that allow to trigger a dispatch to stores
│   ├── /components/            # React components
│   ├── /constants/             # Constants (action types etc.)
│   ├── /decorators/            # Higher-order React components
│   ├── /dispatcher/            # Flux application dispatcher
│   ├── /public/                # Static files which are copied into the /dist/public folder
│   ├── /stores/                # Stores contain the application state and logic
│   ├── /utils/                 # Utility classe, functions and api calls
│   ├── /views/                 # Views for rendering, emails etc.
│   ├── /Client.js              # Client startup script
│   └── /Server.js              # Server startup script
│── gulpfile.babel.js           # Configuration file for automated builds
│── package.json                # The list of 3rd party libraries and utilities
└── webpack.config.js           # Webpack configuration for bundling and optimization
```

### Getting Started

Just [fork](https://github.com/diogoazevedos/isomorphic/fork) the repo and start hacking:

```shell
$ git clone -o upstream -b master --single-branch \
      https://github.com/diogoazevedos/isomorphic.git Isomorphic
$ cd Isomorphic
$ npm install -g gulp           # Install Gulp task runner globally
$ npm install                   # Install Node.js components listed in package.json
```

### How to Build

```shell
$ gulp build
```

### How to Run

```shell
$ gulp serve                     # or, `gulp serve --watch`
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Meet to the waec ssce expo 2019 assistance portal, want give you overviews of the provider we provide along with stating plainly all relevant information about may/june waec operates. What you will be about studying is not really a huge scam or perhaps what so ever technique you might think, likewise this post is merely for waec ssce may/june candidates that may love to create once and pass with out resitting with regards to next year. To waec 2019 mathematics for good is what will need to bother learners that are prepared. Remember to the actual instructions beneath. Waec 2019 is very simple, experience relaxed and tackle this squarely. Likewise, some applicants fail waec, not as they are dull or perhaps not smarter, but since they are not knowledgeable. One of your strategies should be obtaining the waec 2019 mathematics suggested textbooks. Normally, the western african assessment council suggests books to find the exam.
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The Association of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Georgia organized conference "The Vitamin D International Workshop".
Cardiac biomarker ST2's research has a new price!!!
22.10.2018 Cardiac biomarker ST2's research has a new price 35 lari in "vistamedi" laboratory. Contact us for 24 hours. Tel: 2 23 04 04; 2 22 47 77; 2 18 33 18 or Mob : 568 61 00 61.


text:
Hiroshima Museum of Art
Works on Loan
Collection exhibition
Pictures of Twilight: The Evening Scene in Modern Painting
Jean-François MILLET "Sunset" c.1867
Venue&Period
Venue1 Shimane Art Museum, 4 Sept. - 4 Nov. 2019
Venue2 Kobe City Koiso Memorial Museum of Art, 16 Nov. 2019 - 26 Jan. 2020
Mucha and Japan, Japan and Orlik
Takeji Fujishima "Six Themes about the Music" 1901-06
Venue1 Chiba City Museum of Art, 7 Sept. - 20 Oct. 2019
Venue2 Museum of Modern Art, Wakayama, 2 Nov. - 15 Dec. 2019
Venue3 Okayama Prefectural Museum of Art, 4 Jan. - 11 Feb. 2020
Venue4 Shizuoka City Museum of Art, 11 Apr. - 24 Mar. 2020
Millet and Modern Art: Van Gogh to Dalí
Jean-François MILLET "The Mower" 1866-67
Venue1 Van Gogh Museum, 4 Oct. 2019 - 12 Jan. 2020
Venue2 Saint Louis Art Museum, 16 Feb. - 17 May
KISHIDA Ryusei -Japanese Realism-
KISHIDA Ryusei"The Waterworks in a Spring Day"1915
KISHIDA Ryusei"Teruko, in Chinese Dress, Portrait of the Artist's Younger Sister"1921
Venue1 Tanabe City Museum of Art, 1 Feb. 2020 - 22 Mar.
Venue2 Tsuruoka Art Forum, 18 Apr. - 31 May
Venue3 The Museum of Fine Arts, Gifu, 4 Nov. 2020 - 17 Jan. 2021
Unauthorized duplication is a violation of applicable laws.
3 - 2 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima Japan
9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. ( Please enter by 4:30 p.m. )
Mondays ( Expect national holidays and during Special Exhibition ), New Year's holiday
Access Contact
Copyright © Hiroshima Museum of Art all rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The glistening White Cliffs of Dover have become one of Britain's most iconic sights. Situated in Kent, these cliffs mark the narrowest part of the English Channel, with little over 20 miles separating the town from Calais. It is overlooked by Dover Castle, which was founded in the 11th century and has been described throughout history as the "Key to England".
Dover Cruise Terminal can accommodate up to three cruise ships at any one time and its proximity to France makes it a great option for itineraries to Belgium, the Netherlands, the Norwegian fjords, and the Baltic nations.
Cruises from Dover are an ideal option for anyone situated in south-east England, with easy access from Canterbury, Brighton, and Eastbourne. The nearby Dover Priory Station is situated less than a mile from the cruise terminal and provides quick and easy rail access from London.


Hurricane season can be a rather tricky time for summer travelers. Kids are home from college, the younger kids are out of school, mom and dad are taking time off of work and the family want to take a vacation. Wait.what about hurricanes? The official hurricane season in the Atlantic begins June 1 and extends until November 30, encompassing the entire summer season in the Caribbean. In 1998 the Phantom, a ship on the Windjammer cruise line lost its ship and all of the crew members after it sailed off into sea to avoid a hurricane. In trying to avoid the hurricane, they ran straight into the storm.
Thankfully, the passengers had all been dropped off safely on the shore, but the captain and crew of the ship were not so lucky. This is a wake up call to all of those out there who think that cruise liners are unsinkable--obviously, they are not. A year later a Carnival cruise liner experienced some problems during a hurricane, but fortunately the ship, crew, and all the passengers made it out of the storm in one piece. Situations such as this can cause a lot of travelers to second guess their travel plans, thinking that cruises and hurricanes do not mix. Of course, hurricane season and cruise liners do not go together well at all, but somehow the cruising industry has managed to stay above the hurricane season at least most of the time, making the summer one of the best times ever to take a cruise to the Caribbean.
From August to December, the prices of cruises and everything that goes along with it (dining, ship lodging, activities and such) are at an all time low. Hurricane season can be a real bummer, and those of you who have had your summer vacation displaced by a pesky hurricane or have had your long-awaited and oh so well-deserved cruise vacation cancelled due to inclement weather know exactly why that is. The good thing in all this is that as technology has advanced, so has the capabilities of the cruise liners and the liner companies themselves. No, this does not mean that a cruise ship can take on a hurricane. What this does mean is that shipping companies and weather services go to extra measures to insure that mishaps such as those that occurred with the Phantom never occur again. Of course, this means that nothing is promised. Do not take any cruise reservations to be final ones, because any slight inkling or joke of a storm will cause the shipping company to yank their ship (their biggest investment) and their passengers (those who fund their biggest investment) off of the ocean in heart beat. A strong piece of advice is not to finalize anything! Don't pay any hefty deposits for anything having to do with your cruise during the summer months, the peak of the hurricane season.


Nick Smith has just sent me these photos of motor launch Lisa at the mouth of the Yealm on the day she was launched. Read all about her here.
If you don't already know him, Nick comes from Devon, learned boatbuilding the traditional way and specialises in new builds in clinker and carvel for sail, motor and rowing power from 8ft to 28ft with a special emphasis on West Country style and design, and also takes on repairs and refits from 25ft to 50ft. These days he's based in Hampshire, and can be contacted by email at nick_smith_boatbuilder@yahoo.com and by phone on phone on 07786 693370.
Regular readers will remember a recent post about a press-ganged keelman who became a war hero, Jack Crawford, who climbed to the top of his ship's damaged mast under heavy fire, and nailed the Union Jack to it. This important and astonishingly brave act won him an audience with King George III and a pension.
If you followed the link in the earlier post, you will know that there's another Jack Crawford, a singer who has recently made a CD of largely traditional songs.
By an amazing coincidence, it turns out that one of them describes being press-ganged and then forced to fight at sea, and I'm glad to say that Jack's considered performance is timed to make every word count.
My perspective of The Valiant Sailor is that it's an important, eye-opening song with an understandably bitter point of view, and really should be heard by anyone with a romantic view of the Royal Navy of the time, warfare in the era of the wooden walls, or of press-ganging.
'In my view, the sailor has become reconciled to his fate and he understands the necessity to defend his country at sea – and die in the process if that's what the Fates decree. It's not the life he chose and thread of the song is a linear narrative of how he came to be in that situation. As such, it's far from romantic, but I don't think it's bitter. Granted, we have "thousands of times I've wished myself home" to make it quite clear (as if we were in any doubt) that he's not enjoying himself, and who can blame him, but there's no bitterness there. The dominant emotion is the sadness of his longing to return to his "Polly on the shore" and the stark realization that he never will.
I think this quality of enduring is significant. This is a song that remained in oral transmission right into the 20th century: more than a century after the events it describes, ordinary people still felt it had something of value that was worth remembering, even though the author was long forgotten to them. That, of course, is the real meaning of the term 'folk song'.
Click here to hear an MP3 of Jack's version of The Valiant Sailor (it's a biggish file, but well worth the short wait) from the CD Pride of the Season, and click here to buy a copy.


We set off for NYC on a Friday morning. It was my birthday present from Danny. I had no huge expectations; I just planned to re-visit my old stomping grounds from when I lived there years before, and make some new memories.
We eventually got settled into the Empire Hotel near Columbus Circle, and spent Friday evening with friends in Tribeca. We woke up Saturday morning a little later than I'd hoped. I was meeting my girlfriends for lunch at noon, but Danny insisted we go to Central Park beforehand. So we strolled a few blocks over to the Park, and then, with bagels in hand, scoured it for a nice spot to enjoy our breakfast. It took a while, because at that hour, Central Park's fields are surrounded by locked gates, lined with trash bags, or full of residents, who we thought it best to not disturb. Time was ticking, and I still needed to get ready for lunch.


situation informing us that the EU investigation is to be reopened.
The BOYCOTT FARMED SALMON CAMPAIGN have released a letter from the European Commission in which the head of the Environmental Enforcement unit has informed their members that the Commission is to reopen the EU investigation into salmon and sea lice closed in September of 2012.
the Government and the Commission.
national salmon production in Galway Bay, have been called into question.
Minister Simon Coveney TD had not addressed in his answer.
granting of commercial draft netting licenses in estuaries.


Welcome the cold with this favorite warmer-upper! St. Kathryn Cellars Apple Blossom Wine is made from 100% apples. It's both sweet and tart just like fresh picked fall apples. Served with mulling spices and topped with whipped cream, it'll add joy to the season!
Mix all ingredients and heat until all spices are blended. Serve hot in a mug with whipped cream and a dusting of cinnamon and/or nutmeg...and enjoy! Click here to download printable recipe cards.


text:
What are you watching right now?
Posted by Cavaliere (moderator emeritus) on May 27, 2009 at 7:43pm in Movies and TV
Criminal Minds: "Amplification"
Permalink Reply by Doctor Hmmm? on June 15, 2011 at 9:56am
Doctor Hmmm? said:
Working my way through season sets of '60's TV shows. I polished off The Time Tunnel, then Season 1 of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, and now I'm about to finish Season 1 of Mission: Impossible. I'm not sure what's up next -- probably the first season of either Lost in Space or The Wild, Wild West. or maybe just some more M:I. (Goodbye Mr. Briggs, hello Mr. Phelps.)
I went with the West. Watched the pilot last night and am re-watching it with Robert Conrad's commentary today.
Like most shows, the pilot doesn't quite reflect what the show will ultimately evolve into. But the script isn't bad and the acting is great. Conrad completely nails Jim West right out of the box, and while Ross Martin needs more room than he gets in this one, the Jim-Artie chemistry is definitely developing.
And Oh My the guest cast in this pilot. Suzanne Pleshette, Victor Buono, Nehemiah Persoff and even a one-scener by James Gregory. Heck, I could watch Victor Buono alone all day long.
Permalink Reply by George on June 17, 2011 at 6:19pm
Season One of "Angel." Never watched this "Buffy" spin-off when it was new, but 12 years late is better than never. And it's as good as "Buffy," so far.
I watched the lastest Poirot -- "Tragedy in Three Acts" -- last night. I hated, hated, hated the recent version of "Murder on the Orient Express" -- a shame, since that one is Agatha Christie at her Agatha Christie-est -- but this was well done. (I miss the ITV theme music, though.)
Suchet has been playing this character for over 20 years now, and he's still fun to watch.
Permalink Reply by George on June 23, 2011 at 10:02pm
Season Two of "Angel."
I'm amazed when I encounter comics fans who have never seen an episode of "Buffy" or "Angel." That's like being a rock music fan and never listening to the Beatles or the Who. These two shows are the closest thing to Marvel Comics ever presented on TV -- much closer than the live-action Spider-Man and Hulk shows of the late '70s and early '80s.
Permalink Reply by Figserello on June 23, 2011 at 10:28pm
Too true. Buffy is Spider-man.
The Scoobies are the Avengers.
Whedon learned an awful lot of his craft from late-Bronze Age comics. Buffy and Angel owe more to the works of Claremont, Byrne, Mantlo et al than to TV shows like Manimal and Six Million Dollar Man.
Permalink Reply by Emerkeith Davyjack on June 23, 2011 at 10:30pm
...Be amazed !!!!!!!!!
Moi.........
Permalink Reply by George on June 24, 2011 at 1:38am
Whedon (and other writers on those shows) have been up-front about their comic-book influences. On the DVD commentary for one "Buffy" episode, the writer points out which elements were lifted from Frank Miller's "Daredevil," and says -- with considerable glee -- "People thought we were ripping off horror movies, but we were really ripping off Marvel Comics!"
Permalink Reply by Figserello on June 24, 2011 at 1:41am
What elements were from Daredevil? Ninjas? Hails of arrows?
Permalink Reply by Doctor Hmmm? on June 28, 2011 at 4:08pm
Poirot: The Clocks
Geoffrey Palmer!!!
Permalink Reply by KSwolf on June 28, 2011 at 6:41pm
The season 4 premiere of True Blood.
You know, if they were to kill off every character except Jessica (and maybe Eric, Pam and the vampire spokeswoman to serve as antagonists) this show would improve dramatically.
Permalink Reply by Doctor Hmmm? on July 5, 2011 at 3:21pm
Getting ready to wrap up Season 1 of The Wild Wild West. Next up is either (1) The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. (another sci-fi western*, more humor and a tad more sci-fi), (2) Firefly (another sci-fi western, emphasis on the sci-fi), (3) Season 1 of Space:1999 (I don't know why, just in the mood) or (4) Season 1 of Columbo (in memoriam, so to speak).
*Yes, I know WWW might not technically have been a "sci-fi western", but c'mon. The creative team try to argue that it wasn't even really a western. Go figure.
Permalink Reply by Wandering Sensei: Moderator Man on July 5, 2011 at 4:04pm
Over the past couple days, I've watched a few episodes of 3rd Rock from the Sun on Netflix streaming. I so profoundly love that show. They really are a pretty brilliant (and hilarious) commentary on social issues and society in general.


Ensure that the test is conducted from either a laptop or PC that is physically connected to your router through an Ethernet cable, as WiFi-based speed tests are not accurate and cannot be used to accurately measure speed. If you're unsure of how to do this, you can access our handy guide here.
Can anything interfere with the results?
Speed test results are affected by the quality of the server, so the site that comes up first may not be the best option. We recommend trying a few different locations hosted by larger well-known companies (such as Vodafone in London) to get the best possible results.


Hymnstream is a gathering place for anyone seeking inspiration and healing. The singers and musicians contributing to hymnstream come from a range of musical backgrounds, from classical to folk, opera to rock. What brings them all here is a desire to share the uplifting messages of prayer-inspired music with humanity. It is simplicity and sincerity we're aiming for rather than elaborate production. When you listen to something on hymnstream, we hope it sounds like a heartfelt prayer rather than a performance – as if a close friend is singing to you. And because music is a universal language, we hope hymnstream becomes a bridge-builder across faith traditions.
Most of the hymns on the site come from the Christian Science Hymnal, a sourcebook for spiritual healing that has inspired people worldwide for generations. We'll be recording more hymns from this hymnal along with sacred music from other sources that gives voice to the universality of truth. Mary Baker Eddy wrote this in her pathfinding text on healing, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures: "The truth is the centre of all religion" and "Whatever inspires with wisdom, Truth, or Love — be it song, sermon, or Science — blesses the human family with crumbs of comfort from Christ's table, feeding the hungry and giving living waters to the thirsty." Our vision is to let these "living waters" flow out to the world freely.
All this, of course, can't happen without a community of listeners and supporters. We welcome your ideas! Let us know what you like on the site and what you want to hear more of. When you sign up for our email list, we'll let you know when new music is added to hymnstream and share news about how you can support our work going forward. You can also reach us at: hymnstreamcontact@gmail.com.


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Mark Finkelstein
Morning Joe Absurdity: The Latest DeSantis COVID Stance Is 'Socialism'
August 2nd, 2021 4:18 PM
As the number of COVID cases rises in Florida, opportunistic liberal talk shows are taking more pot shots at Gov. Ron DeSantis, a potential 2024 presidential candidate. It's never too early to bury him.
Morning Joe regular Dave Aronberg, the Democrat Palm Beach County State Attorney, twice claimed today that Florida Governor Ron DeSantis's stance on Covid constitutes—of all things—"socialism."
Mika Brzezinski melodramatically teed him up by suggesting you'd oppose DeSantis, too, if "you're actually getting correct information on the science, and not a bunch of stupid, crazy, Trump-driven conspiracy theories that could kill you."
Aronberg argued that DeSantis's executive orders, and recent laws, that pre-empt the authority of local jurisdictions to adopt Covid rules, "sounds like the socialism that DeSantis and others continue to condemn." Aronberg gave as an example a recently-adopted law that prevents private companies from asking customers about their vaccination status, and repeated his chuckle-worthy "socialism" charge moments later.
If the Florida law is "socialism," too bad Mika didn't ask Aronberg about the 10 states—all of which went for Biden in 2020—that have adopted truly insane laws prohibiting employers from asking job applicants about their CRIMINAL CONVICTION HISTORY! Because what right does an employer have to find out whether he might be hiring a convicted felon!?
And then, of course, there are the "voting rights" bills that the Democrats are pushing that would largely federalize elections, stripping states of much of their authority. That socialism too, state attorney Dave?
Morning Joe regular Dave Aronberg claiming that Florida Governor Ron DeSantis's stance on Covid constitutes "socialism" was sponsored in part by Lexus, Liberty Mutual, and USPS.
Here's the transcript.
DAVE ARONBERG: You have to understand that Governor DeSantis's primary motivation is to become the Republican nominee for president in 2024. And that's why he engages in this performance art instead of good public policy.
MIKA BRZEZINSKI: This is a stretch, Dave Aronberg, but if you're a parent in Florida, and you actually don't depend on Facebook for your news, so you're actually getting correct information on the science, and not a bunch of stupid, crazy, Trump-driven conspiracy theories that could kill you.
If you're a parent who doesn't do that, and you want your child to go to school and be safe and have all the other children wearing masks until this surge in Florida, making it number one in the country for coronavirus cases and, of course, only unvaccinated people dropping dead after being on a ventilator alone in a hospital. If you're one of those parents who doesn't want that to happen to their children, or for them bring it home to them, do you have any recourse that you want your child to go to school and not get a deadly virus at this point?
ARONBERG: Not legally, Mika. There's sovereign immunity, and the governor gets law passed last session that removes local governments when it comes to these guidelines, the state can pre-empt them and as he has. He's done it through executive order and he's allowed to in Florida.
It is ironic that the same politicians who always claim for local control, and people who said that the local elected officials are closest to the people, and they should be respected and empowered. Well, now you see them being pre-empted.
It sure sounds a lot like the socialism that Desantis and others continue to condemn. It's like that new law that they passed that prevents private companies from asking about their customers's vaccinations. That's a thing resembles the socialism that they love to criticize! So much for free enterprise.
MIKA: Yup, Dave Aronberg, state attorney for Palm Beach County, thank you very much.


Well, a new agreement on trade is going to replace NAFTA by 2019, if all things go as planned. I haven't read all the details but one of the big takeaways is that automobile have to have at least 75% of parts assembled in a North American country to be considered made in North America. Another one is opening the market for dairy products made in the U.S. for the Canadian market.
Anyway, I'm more interested in the political than the economic ramifications of the trade agreement. One thing that jumps to be is that the USMCA, while it's a change from NAFTA, brings into reality the interconnections of the three countries involved. There was this noise that we would just rip up the NAFTA agreement so to then have bilateral trade relations. However, I think the business interests manage to overcome that barrier.
The real test would be whether this agreement lasts longer than NAFTA and, if it does, would this mean that people over time would accept closer economic cooperation which would then lead to closer political cooperation.
Perhaps people in Canada within thirty years would look to the USMCA as a proof of the reality of the interconnection of the economies and then decide it would be advantageous to seek a closer political cooperation.


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Joshua Robbins has new work recently published or forthcoming in Third Coast, Hayden's Ferry Review, Mid-American Review, Fourteen Hills, New South, Copper Nickel, Southern Poetry Review, 32 Poems, and elsewhere. He has been awarded the James Wright Poetry Award and selected for inclusion in Best New Poets 2009. He lives in Knoxville, Tennessee, where he is a PhD student in English at the University of Tennessee, teaches poetry writing, and serves as Poetry Editor for the literary journal Grist.
ash, the water to put it out.
Incendiary clouds. A city burned alive as it slept.
the pale flags of their wings.


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Assist 400 On House Fire - Squire Lane
At approximately 2:00 AM Caroline dispatched Station 400 (Ridgely), Station 600 (Greensboro), Station 300 (Denton), Talbot County Station 80 (Queen Anne-Hillsboro) and Paramedic 14 for a working house fire on Saddle Back Lane.
Chief 4 (B. Utz) arrived on location, reported a two story wood framed structure fully involved and advised Caroline the correct location would be at the end of Squire Lane. Officer 415 (B. Utz) established command and advised all responding units that there was a propane tank on the "Delta" side of the structure that was venting. Engine 401 laid a supply line in and crews placed several hand lines in service. Station 700 (Goldsboro) was added to the Box and Engine 703 was sent to the Tuckahoe State Park to establish a draft site at the lake. Tower 310 arrived and was placed into service to extinguish the remainder of the blaze. Crews remained on the scene for several hours doing extensive overhaul.
One firefighter was transported to the Memorial Hospital at Easton with minor injuries and the Red Cross was requested to assist the displaced family. The cause of the blaze is under investigation by the Maryland State Fire Marshall's Office.
Units on scene: Chief 4, Engine 401, Engine 406, Tanker 406, Rescue 300, Tower 310, Tanker 306, Engine 603, Engine 604, Tanker 606, Tanker 704, Engine 703, Tanker 86, Engine 85, Paramedic 13 and Paramedic 14.
Story and phots from Bruce fithp.net


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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) in cooperation with the International Union for Geological Sciences (IUGS) provides "a platform for scientists from across the world to push the frontiers of knowledge forward through concrete projects" (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/earth-sciences/international-geoscience-programme/). IGCP operates in about 150 countries involving thousands of scientists.
IGCP provides the platform to facilitate and (in part) financially support scientific exchange and communication between concrete projects (concrete research projects have to be applied for in the respective countries and from respective national and international funding organisations) under an interdisciplinary topic, i.e. specific IGCP projects such as IGCP 609. The IGCP project benefits from its participating researchers and projects, and concrete projects and their proposals, in turn, can benefit from being linked to a certain IGCP project.
One of the main purposes if the IGCP Programme is to financially support the participation of scientists from developing countries (and particularly young and women scientists) in the respective workshops and meetings.
The project has been accepted in May 2013 and is going to last till 2017. In 2018, the Council of the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) agreed to our request to put IGCP 609 on extended term (O.E.T.) for 2018.
The recent rise in sea-level in response to increasing levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases and the associated global warming is a primary concern for society. Evidence from Earth history indicates that glacial-interglacial and some more ancient sea-level changes occurred at rates an order of magnitude or more higher than that observed at present. To predict future sea-levels we need a better understanding of the record of past sea-level changes.
In contrast to glacial eustasy controlled mainly by waxing and waning of continental ice sheets, short-time sea-level changes during major greenhouse episodes of the earth history are known but still poorly understood. The global versus regional correlation and extend, their causes, and consequences of these sea-level changes are strongly debated.
The Cretaceous (145-66 million years ago) is believed to have differed from our present world in multiple respects, such as climatic conditions ('greenhouse world' in general), climate change and patterns, palaeoceanographic conditions and high eustatic sea levels.
The IGCP 609 addresses correlation, causes and consequences of significant short-term, i.e. kyr to 100s of kyr, sea-level changes during the last major greenhouse episode of earth history, the Cretaceous. The long-term sea-level record, i.e. 1st to 2nd order cycles occurring over millions to tens of millions of years, is controlled by the internal dynamic history of the Earth. The changing rates of ocean crust production led first to long-term sea-level rise, high stands, and then decline during Cretaceous times. However, superposed shorter-term, 3rd to 4th order (kyr to 100s of kyr), sea level changes are recorded in Cretaceous sedimentary sequences as well. The mechanisms for these are controversial and include brief glacial episodes, storage and release of groundwater, regional tectonism, and mantle-induced processes.
Recent refinements of the geological time scale using new radiometric dates and numerical calibration of bio-zonations, carbon and strontium isotope curves, paleomagnetic reversals, and astronomically calibrated time scales have made major advances for the Cretaceous. Major international efforts such as EARTHTIME, EARTHTIME-EU and GTSnext programs are improving the Cretaceous time scale to yield a resolution comparable to that of younger Earth history. It is now for the first time possible to correlate and date short-term Cretaceous sea-level records with a resolution appropriate for their detailed analysis.
This project will investigate Cretaceous (145 Ma – 66 Ma) sea-level cycles in detail in order to differentiate and quantify both short- and long-term records within the new high-resolution absolute time scale based on orbital cyclicity. The time interval for study includes the time of super-greenhouse "hothouse" conditions, major oceanic anoxic events (e.g. Weissert-Event, OAE 1a, OAE 2), the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum and the subsequent cooling to "cool" greenhouse conditions by the end of the Cretaceous.
The first major goal is to correlate high-resolution sea-level records from globally distributed sedimentary archives to the new, high-resolution absolute time scale, using sea-water isotope curves and orbital (405, 100 kyr eccentricity) cycles. This will resolve the question whether the observed short-term sea-level changes are regional (tectonic) or global (eustatic) and determine their possible relation to climate cycles.
The second goal will be the calculation of rates of sea-level change during the Cretaceous greenhouse episode. Rates of geologically short-term sea-level change on a warm Earth will help to better evaluate recent global change and to assess the role of feedback mechanisms, i.e. thermal expansion/contraction of seawater, subsidence due to loading by water, changing vegetation of the Earth System.
The third goal will be to investigate the relation of sea-level highs and lows to ocean anoxia and oxidation events, represented by black shales and oceanic red beds, and to evaluate the evidence for ephemeral glacial episodes or other climate events. Multi-record and multi-proxy studies will provide a high-resolution scenario for entire sea-level cycles and allow development of quantitative models for sea-level changes in greenhouse episodes.
At the moment (March 2018), 149 researchers from 41 countries all over the world participate in IGCP 609.


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COMPANY OVERVIEW NEWS & EVENTS
/ / NEWS
Synechron Partners with Insurtech UK to Promote Innovation in the UK Insurance Sector Friday, March 29, 2019 - London, New York, Paris, Amsterdam, Dubai, Pune, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai
Synechron Inc., a leading Digital IT Consulting firm for financial services, has today announced a strategic partnership with Insurtech UK, in an effort to help promote the need for innovation within the UK insurance sector.
Insurtech UK, formed in November 2018, is the UK's newest trade alliance in the sector with a mission to come together to speak with one voice about specific Insurtech-related issues and needs arising out of the technological revolution in the sector. The Alliance is comprised currently of 42 members and partners, including leading Insurtech start-ups, Tapoly, Honcho and Worry & Peace, as well as top-tier firms, Lloyd's of London and Hiscox Insurance.
As the fourth largest insurance market globally, the UK insurance industry is due for innovation. In partnering with Insurtech UK, Synechron will help advise the Alliance on best practices and to help it achieve its mission to champion the vast potential of the wider UK digital economy. Synechron will help Insurtech UK develop its operational and communications strategy in utilising its expertise across the insurance landscape from a media, regulatory and technology perspective. Synechron can advise Insurtech start-ups and insurers on how they can adopt newer technologies into their strategies and additionally can help them accelerate their digital roadmaps via Synechron's award-winning accelerator programs.
Tony Clark, Managing Director at Synechron UK said, "We are delighted to be included in Insurtech UK's first wave of partnerships and members as an associate partner amongst a winning combination of established firms and start-ups. With our expertise, we are here to help Insurtechs and insurers alike, reach the next level of their digital journeys."
Matt-Hodges Long, Interim Council & Founding Member of Insurtech UK said, "We were very keen to ensure that the associate members and partners who joined us had the credibility and experience in the sector to contribute effectively to our work, and we are delighted that Synechron has signed on as one of our consulting partners. We look forward to working together collaboratively on various initiatives to help the Insurtech sector reach its true potential."
About Insurtech UK
Insurtech UK is an alliance of 42 insurtech startups and brands. Our founders have come together to speak with one voice about specific insurtech-related issues and needs arising out of the technological revolution in the sector. Their mission is to use technology to improve insurance and risk management for customers and make the UK the best place for innovating insurance in the world.
About Synechron
Synechron is a leading Digital IT Consulting firm and is working to Accelerate Digital initiatives for banks, asset managers, and insurance companies around the world. We achieve this by providing our clients with innovative solutions that solve their most complex business challenges and combining Synechron's unique, end-to-end Digital, Business Consulting, and Technology services. Based in New York, the company has 18 offices around the globe, with over 8,000 employees producing over $500+M in annual revenue. For more information on the Company please visit the website or our LinkedIn community
About Business Intelligence Group
The Business Intelligence Group was founded with the mission of recognizing true talent and superior performance in the business world. Unlike other industry and business award programs, business executives—those with experience and knowledge—judge the programs. The organization's proprietary and unique scoring system selectively measures performance across multiple business domains and then rewards those companies whose achievements stand above those of their peers.
media@synechron.com
/ / SOCIAL
News, tweets and good stuff.


US Offshore Wind 2019 is the largest platform for the wind power industry in North America. It provides a perfect setting for unique networking opportunities between some of the biggest actors in the US offshore wind industry and new market players.
Ampelmann will be exhibiting at the US Offshore Wind 2019 exhibition in Boston to showcase our experience and track record in the offshore wind. Join us for two days of industry talks and networking.