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Electrolysis Metal Corrosion
The corrosion of the base metal may be considerably increased by the fastener material. One reason for this is that Aluminium is covered spontaneously by a thin but effective coating of oxide which protects the Aluminium from further oxidation. au Recommended Citation. The differences between the types of corrosion we experience on our boats has to do with how the corrosion occurs and how quickly the metal is compromised. 2 Volts or more suggest a galvanic corrosion risk. corrosion, stray current corrosion, and crevice corrosion. Our understanding of corrosion caused to metal by water has been systemized using the localised corrosion cell model. Electrochemical Corrosion on Metals in Soil. After a very. Sobha Jayakrishnan, in Corrosion Protection and Control Using Nanomaterials, 2012. Paul, Minnesota Published: September 1980, 5th European Symposium on Corrosion Inhibitors, European Federation of Corrosion, Italy SUMMARY The inhibition of atmospheric corrosion of both ferrous and nonferrous. Matthew Asmussen, Dmitrij Zagidulin, James J. Jodeh 4, Y. The first chapter refers to the corrosion of metals and alloys in aqueous environment. Of these, the most important by far is electrochemical corrosion of metals, in which the oxidation process M → M + + e – is facilitated by the presence of a suitable electron acceptor, sometimes referred to in corrosion science as a depolarizer. Electrochemical and electrolytic reduction cleaning processes, therefore, are the most common techniques utilized to halt, stabilize, and even reverse the oxidation of the metal. It is the result of the more active metal's natural tendency to give up electrical current to the less active metal. It also helps to prevent calcium scaling. A man from Yacht Corrosion Consultants in California told me on the phone; "Your boat CAN last forever. An extremely important class of oxidation and reduction reactions are used to provide useful electrical energy in batteries. Corrosion Resistant Coatings. A similar galvanic reaction is exploited in primary cells to generate a useful electrical voltage to power portable devices. ZRA-based current and potential measurements were correlated with other measurements, such as changes in aqueous chemistry or metal properties, to elucidate corrosion and corrosion inhibition mechanisms [25, 42]. Mid-Term results revealed no visible signs of corrosive activity or electrochemical tendencies associated with general corrosion, pitting or crevicing for any of the metals in either of the test solutions. Zelinka, Materials Engineering Technician Douglas R. impact of corrosion on society and because corrosion of metals is an electrochemical process, it is also not surprising that the Corrosion Division is one of the oldest divisions within ECS. Electrochemical Corrosion on Metals in Soil. Corrosive agents may be atmospheric gases, such as sea, urban and industrial air (e. Electrochemical Cells. Reviews of the early literature. II - Fundamental Aspects of Corrosion of Metallic Materials - P. Lgaz 1,2, M. Eg: Burning of magnesium ribbon to produce magnesium oxide. Corrosion of metals in an aqueous environment is an electrochemical process involving two steps. Correlation of rate constants for TCE reduction (kobs) with electrochemical parameters (corrosion potentials and currents, Tafel slopes, and polarization resistance) and descriptors of hydrogen activation by metals (exchange current density for hydrogen reduction and enthalpy of solution into metals) showed the controlling process changed with. The shape of corrosion depends on the metal containing, it can be size and forms, its particular operation , atmospheric states, and the corrosion creating causes current. Coin Collecting > Cleaning Coins > Cleaning Coins by Electrolysis. The electrons released at the anode travel through the metal to the cathode where oxygen (O 2) is reduced to form hydroxide ions. The experimental set-up consisted of an electrochemical cell (100 mL) incorporating an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a platinized-niobium mesh counter electrode. Electrochemical corrosion testing can predict how bimetal combinations will interact. The words electrolysis and galvanic corrosion can send a shiver through even the most hardened skipper. Less iron exposure to the brass will minimize electrolysis. A greater relative difference in nobility between the two metals in contact indicates a greater corrosion potential. Corrosion can be defined as the deterioration of materials by chemical processes. Electrochemical polishing can be used to prepare metal surfaces for further finishing. Electrolysis corrosion is a chemical reaction that occurs between a car's coolant and metal surfaces within the cooling system. Understanding Corrosion as an Electrochemical Process (a Voltaic Cell) Corrosion happens through a series of reduction-oxidation reactions, similar to those of a battery. Usually begins at the surface. Zinc anodes are also called sacrificial anodes, because they corrode instead of the other metals in your pool. What other metallic bodies can be destroyed by corrosion over a long period of time? 11. Some polarization occurs with all metals when oxides and other corrosion products are formed on the surfaces; the extent. 5 M H 2 SO 4. Getting Started with Electrochemical Corrosion Measurement Introduction Most metal corrosion occurs via electrochemical reactions at the interface between the metal and an electrolyte solution. Conditions for electrochemical corrosion: 1) The electrodes must be different. 1 Introduction. The presence of water and air. Metal connectors, fasteners and anchors can corrode and lose carrying capacity when installed in corrosive environments or when installed in contact with corrosive materials. PROPER AND IMPROPER METALS AND METAL ALLOYS USED FOR ANODES IN ELECTROLYSIS: 1) Platinum is corrosion-resistant, does not dissolve in electrolyte producing toxic substances or contributing alloyed metals to the cathode, and does not allow rust to stick - no cleaning or attention is required during electrolytic de-rusting. Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are connected together electrically in the presence of a conductive electrolyte. Electrolysis corrosion seems to become a prevalent challenge on many late model motor vehicles which have aluminum heater cores and radiators. Electrochemical Cells. What is electrolysis, and is it making my copper-nickel corrode faster than normal? Electrolysis happens when a DC current is applied to two types of metal and an electrolyte. Metals embedded in porous media interact electrochemically with the liquid phase contained in the pores. These segments, called cased pipelines, are subject to not only the normal corrosion caused by time, moisture and soil chemistry, but also electrolytic corrosion from contact between the metals of the carrier pipe and its casing. It is also corrosion resistant and a good conductor of both heat and electricity. ? This method is also known as 'sacrificial protection'. Crevice corrosion is the same thing as galvanism, only it occurs under different circumstances. Corrosion d. The corrosion of the base metal is not increased by the fastener. High temperature oxidation of materials in dry atmosphere and in molten oxide in presence of oxygen [] This topic is a typical 'corrosion' problems which was limiting the development of molten oxide electrolysis processes: what is the dynamic of corrosion of metals at very high temperature, and what is the effect of polarization?. Water-displacing oils, water-soluble oils, waxes, lacquers, and temporary rust inhibitors can enhance the quality of a metal finish or protect bare steel parts. The words electrolysis and galvanic corrosion can send a shiver through even the most hardened skipper. KANJIYA 11MCY 043 KSKV KACHCHH UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, BHUJ 1 2. Checking the electrolysis of your boat can prevent severe corrosion. This section is a short explanation of the processes that lead to electrochemical potential and thus to corrosion processes. It affects pipeline and accessories made of both metals and non-metals. Corrosion - A natural but controllable process. The more noble metal drives the corrosion of the active metal and this. Electrolytic Corrosion (commonly referred to as stray current corrosion) : Corrosion that results from an electrical source causing a metal in contact with an electrolyte (water) to become anodic with respect to some other metal in the same electrolyte. Sacrificial anodes of zinc strategically placed on the boat help dissipate electrolysis to keep metal corrosion at bay. Electrolyse processes are difficult to control. Also Called. The oxidation reaction occurring at the anode in an electrochemical cell. Galvanic table or Galvanic series of metal in seawater. Monitoring of corrosion control is typically done after the fact by monitoring metal release, functional group concentration of the selected chemical species or water quality. The shape of corrosion depends on the metal containing, it can be size and forms, its particular operation , atmospheric states, and the corrosion creating causes current. How a bonding system works, learn how to repair and maintain an efficient bonding network. This section is a short explanation of the processes that lead to electrochemical potential and thus to corrosion processes. You can use pretty much any metal for the cathode (the electrode that evolves hydrogen), but the anode is more difficult. Appropriate anode selection. Metals embedded in porous media interact electrochemically with the liquid phase contained in the pores. Some rare corrosion occurrences have been reported to bare copper grounding conductors recently. electrochemical: ( ē-lek'trō-kem'i-kăl ), Denoting chemical reactions involving electricity, and the mechanisms involved. Stray current corrosion and electrolysis (please don't use that word, it is simply incorrect in discussion of boat corrosion) are related topics that can be read about on other pages. Corrosion is the degradation of a material by its environ-ment. The corrosion of the base metal is slightly increased by the fastener. In this process, a metallic surface is continuously corroded by other metal it is in contact with, due to an electrolyte and the flow of an electrical current between the two metals, caused from an external source of electromotive force (EMF). Souizi 3 and H. Corrosion of metals is the process of slow deterioration of metals due to unwanted reactions. Typical numbers of electrodes in a CMAS probe are 9, 16 or 25 for online corrosion monitoring and vary from 8 to 100 for laboratory corrosion and electrochemical studies. The corrosion occurs because of the natural tendency for most. Which test tube showed the least corrosion? The most corrosion? 10. Aluminum metal can be made from aluminum ions by electrolysis. Therefore, the non-noble metal-rich electrode is an alternative, active, stable, and less expensive OER anode for cost-effective H2 gas production in commercial-scale water electrolysis. CHARACTERIZATION OF COPPER CORROSION PRODUCTS FORMED IN DRINKING WATER BY COMBINING ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SURFACE ANALYSES Young C. Corrosion as an Electrolytic Process. Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte. The cell which causes this corrosion process has three essential constituents: an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte (electrically conducting solution). Electrolysis is an overused and misused term when applied to copper tube. What's the Point? Why should you care which of the five metals you'll be testing corrodes the quickest?. To prevent galvanic corrosion in iron and steel alloys, coatings made from zinc and aluminum are helpful. The metal being corroded acts as the anode; the metal is oxidized, forming metal ions and free electrons. of the gas to inhibit corrosion in metals. These may possibly be signs and symptoms of cooling system electrolysis corrosion. Possibilities of corrosion assessment of metals in biodiesel using EIS. During this process, ions of metal move from "metal A" (anode) to "metal C" (cathode) while. The invention is directed to iridium oxide based catalysts for use as anode catalysts in PEM water electrolysis. In these locations good quality anti-corrosion coatings are mandatory. A common form of corrosion is rust. However, the presence of microorganisms in the production environment can cause undesired corrosion of metals. Due to phenomenon known as galvanic or bi-metallic corrosion, some commonly used metals can cause accelerated corrosion when used with Zincalume, zinc/aluminum, alloy coated and Colorbond prepainted steel. Over time, almost all metals will corrode to some degree with. Aqueous Corrosion requires presence of Water or other fluid electrolytes so it termed as wet corrosion. The result is the transfer/combining/corrosion of materials via the same reaction as in a battery. Galvanic corrosion or "Bimetallic Corrosion" or "Dissimilar Metal Corrosion", as sometimes called, is defined as the accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an electrical contact (including physical contact) with a more noble metal or nonmetallic conductor (the cathode) in a corrosive electrolyte. The metal being corroded acts as the anode; the metal is oxidized, forming metal ions and free electrons. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Synthesis, Cyclic Voltammetric, Electrochemical, and Gravimetric Corrosion Inhibition Investigations of Schiff Base Derived from 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione and 2-Aminophenol on Mild Steel in 1 M HCl and 0. Covering the essential aspects of the corrosion behavior of metals in aqueous environments, this book is designed with the flexibility needed for use in courses for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, for concentrated courses in industry, for individual study, and as a reference book. Galvanic corrosion (also called ' dissimilar metal corrosion' or wrongly 'electrolysis') refers to corrosion damage induced when two dissimilar materials are coupled in a corrosive electrolyte. Aluminum is ideally suited to anodizing, although other nonferrous metals, such as magnesium and titanium, also can be anodized. FORMS OF CORROSION • Crevice Narrow and confined spaces. For the most part, however, these studies have been concerned with underground structures made from ferrous alloys, e. Electrolysis is the degradation of an electrolyte that occurs as a result of passing electrical current through it. Researchers at Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, have developed a new method that promises to protect copper, which is one of the most popular commercial metals, from corrosion in a cost effective manner. Which material corrodes comes down to the position in the galvanic series of each material. A thin film of moisture on a metal surface forms the electrolyte for atmospheric corrosion. Electrolyse processes are difficult to control. High temperature oxidation of materials in dry atmosphere and in molten oxide in presence of oxygen [] This topic is a typical 'corrosion' problems which was limiting the development of molten oxide electrolysis processes: what is the dynamic of corrosion of metals at very high temperature, and what is the effect of polarization?. Intergranular corrosion is a chemical or electrochemical attack on the grain boundaries of a metal. Permanent Corrosion Prevention Metal Corrosion or rust is caused by stray current wasting away your metal to earth. Electrolysis is actually a chemical reaction that takes area involving the coolant and metal surfaces. Other reports of premature corrosion of. Rust is another word for iron oxide, which only forms on iron or metals that contain iron, such as steel. Wet concrete is the electrolyte for reinforcing rod. ? The other metal corrodes first in preference to the iron. special kind of corrosion that occurs around metal fasteners, most often screws, embedded in wood, called by some woodburning. Reactions involving the reactant – the electron. Electrochemical reaction, any process either caused or accompanied by the passage of an electric current and involving in most cases the transfer of electrons between two substances—one a solid and the other a liquid. ppt), PDF File (. In this model, oxidation occurs at the anode of the corrosion cell where iron (Fe) is dissolved into the water. In this process, a metallic surface is continuously corroded by other metal it is in contact with, due to an electrolyte and the flow of an electrical current between the two metals, caused from an external source of electromotive force (EMF). rusting, the formation of iron oxides is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion. If you connect these pieces of metal together, current will flow. Anti-Corrosion Coatings For Bolts and DTI's B olts and DTl's are used in bridges, refineries, roller coasters, towers, and such structures; in the pol-luted big city areas of the eastern US and in sea-coast situations. It is presented here as a service to the Metal Boat Society, for use by. The beauty of using electrolysis for rust removal is that you're not abrading the tool and removing metal. Other corrosion systems can be equally. When acidic substances (including water) come in contact with metals, such as iron and/or steel, rust begins to form. The most common kinds of corrosion result from electrochemical reactions. Passivity is a loss of electrochemical reactivity (drastic decrease in corrosion rate) that many engineering alloys (e. These may be signs of cooling system electrolysis corrosion. For our purpose, a crevice is any cavity that will trap and hold water, while at the same time reducing or eliminating air exposure to the water/metal interface. Due to the easier electrolysis of water containing 1 H rather than 2 H (D) or 3 H (T), electrolysis can be used for producing water with reduced or enriched isotopic composition. Loss due to corrosion is very significant therefore it is important to minimize metal corrosion by using corrosion inhibitors. 1 Like other natural hazards such as earthquakes or severe weather disturbances. While the mechanisms of corrosion are the same on a microscopic level, various microstructure, composition, and mechanical design issues will lead to different manifestations of corrosion. Alkaline Degradation - Wood Rot. You can use pretty much any metal for the cathode (the electrode that evolves hydrogen), but the anode is more difficult. Understanding terminology like electrolysis and galvanic reaction can help you identify and avoid problems that can occur anywhere—not just in hydraulic systems. Corrosion is the deterioration of metals and other materials by chemical reaction. The two reactions involved in the corrosion are shown. dissolution or corrosion of the metal) and cathodic (electrochemical reduction of some corrosion supporting substance, e. Electrolysis, in fact, is the process of deteriorating metal by a reaction process. corrosion begins with the creation of a differential in concentration of oxygen at the metal surface (an enclosed bubble of air). It takes place in gaseous atmospheres, normally air • Wet corrosion – Electrochemical corrosion. An electrochemical action which Explanation of electrochemical corrosion. Order as little as 1 roll of Isolation Tape Online Here For Delivery throughout. These segments, called cased pipelines, are subject to not only the normal corrosion caused by time, moisture and soil chemistry, but also electrolytic corrosion from contact between the metals of the carrier pipe and its casing. Lgaz 1,2, M. txt) or view presentation slides online. Weakening of steel due to oxidation of the iron atoms is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion. Relative surface areas of contacting dissimilar metals is also relevant in determining which metal exhibits accelerated corrosion. The degradation of metal as molecules on the surface combine with oxygen to create a more stable metal oxide. Local inhomogeneities of surface tension in the produced gas bubbles may be caused by temperature or altered material concentration gradients at the interface. •In electrolysis, a passage of electrical energy from a power source through a conducting liquid causes redox reactions to occur. The words electrolysis and galvanic corrosion can send a shiver through even the most hardened skipper. This degradative process primarily acts on metals, metalloids, minerals, and other rock-based materials. A simple electrochemical cell can be made from copper and zinc metals with solutions of their sulfates. electrochemical corrosion. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CORROSION PROTECTION WITH VAPOR PHASE INHIBITORS By B. True elec-trolysis, or electrolytic corrosion, as it is more properly designated with regard to piping, is caused by an imposed (external) stray DC current and virtually ceased to occur with the disappearance of the trolley-car that was powered by high amperage DC current. Corrosion normally happens because of chemical reactions. Radiographic Findings of Corrosion Although electrochemical corrosion typi-cally is clinically silent, certain radiographic features show that corrosion is occurring. Most common reasons for electroplating are to reduce abrasive wear, corrosion protection and appearance. Principles of Corrosion. Corrosion also can refer to discolouration and weakening of polymers by the sun's ultraviolet light. The corrosion of the base metal is not increased by the fastener. Corrosion can be defined as the deterioration of materials by chemical processes. Electrochemical corrosion is a redox process in which the metal is corroded by the action of an electrolyte solution that generates electrons that move from the anode to the cathode. of the flow of electrons during electrochemical attack. Eg: Burning of magnesium ribbon to produce magnesium oxide. Alkaline corrosion of aluminum results in large supersaturations of hydrogen, and formation of hydride and subsurface voids. Corrosion of Additively Manufactured Alloys: A Review Corrosion of Painted Metals—A Review Metal Release and Corrosion Resistance of Different Stainless Steel Grades in Simulated Food Contact The Slow Strain Rate Stress Corrosion Cracking Test—A 50 Year Retrospective Adsorption Behavior of Organic Corrosion Inhibitors on Metal Surfaces—Some New Insights from Molecular Simulations. WHAT IS GALVANIC CORROSION? A Galvanic reaction is actually the creation of electrical current via chemical reaction. This causes a lack of fresh oxygen supply, and in combination with the electrolyte it produces a highly effective localized battery with resultant corrosion and metal attack. It takes place in aqueous solution, humid environments. What is electrolysis, and is it making my copper-nickel corrode faster than normal? Electrolysis happens when a DC current is applied to two types of metal and an electrolyte. 1 DEFINE the following terms: a. Oxygen bubbles form at the cathode, and these bubbles will cause some of the corrosion or tarnish to flake away from the coin. Anodization is another surface treatment that protects against corrosion. Let's examine the requirements for galvanic corrosion to occur. Gradients of metallic and electrolytic ion concentrations, temperature, ambient pressure, and the presence of other metals, bacteria, or active cells, all influence the corrosion rate. Electrolysis. WHAT IS GALVANIC CORROSION? A Galvanic reaction is actually the creation of electrical current via chemical reaction. corrosion rate of both the materials increased with increase in the concentration of acid as well as with temperature. Electrolysis is actually a chemical reaction that takes location concerning the coolant and metal surfaces. Table 1 lists the potential differences for various metals in water. of Physics, College of Science, University of Basra, IRAQ ABSTRACT: Electrochemical plating method has been used for plating Nickel and Chromium onto Copper substrates. Sacrificial anode products are an absolute must in Salt Water & Salt/Chlorine Generation settings. Metal atoms dissociate into metal ions and free electrons in the oxidation reaction at the anode. Some rare corrosion occurrences have been reported to bare copper grounding conductors recently. Surface Corrosion Corrosion on surface occurs as a pitting, roughening, etching, of the surface of a metal, regularly attended by a dusty deposit of corrosion results. Electrolysis, or stray current corrosion is usually notable by the very bright appearance of the corroded metal. Galvanic Corrosion is an accelerated form of corrosion that occurs when two dissimilar metals are in an electrical contact. The purpose of this laboratory is to construct a table listing the reduction potentials of a series of metal ions, in order of ease of reduction. Which Metal Holds Up Best in a Corrosive Environment? Understanding How Corrosion Affects Common Metals; Or, you can think of a name for your project on your own. This reaction occurs because of the tendency of metals to return to their naturally occurring states, usually oxide or sulfide ores. Easy to use Analyzers for Reliable Corrosion Measurements. When metal structures suffer from corrosion, they become unsafe which can lead to accidents, such as collapses. Summer 1998 Special Edition: Corrosion Corrosion, Zincs & Bonding Michael Kasten Excerpted from a larger work-in-progress by Michael Kasten: the ÒGuide to Marine Metals. Here's a look at why corrosion occurs and how to prevent corrosion on fasteners of all kinds. Corrosion is an electrochemical reaction composed of two half cell reactions, an anodic reaction and a cathodic reaction. What is electrolysis, and is it making my copper-nickel corrode faster than normal? Electrolysis happens when a DC current is applied to two types of metal and an electrolyte. Tap water, distilled water, Water Wetter, and antifreeze solutions were tested. On of the most effective ways to prevent the electrochemical corrosion is the isolation of a metal from corrosive solutions. The galvanic series chart below shows metals and their electrochemical voltage range (relative activity in flowing sea water). According to this definition, the term corrosion can be applied to all materials, including non-metals. Stagnant water allowed to sit in horizontal lengths of piping for extended periods can corrode the inside of copper pipe. This essay is intended to give you a fundamental understanding of the causes and effects of corrosion, as well as how to identify problems and correct them before they become severely damaging. FORMS OF CORROSION • Crevice Narrow and confined spaces. Electrolyse processes are difficult to control. Corrosion is a natural process that commonly occurs because unstable materials, such as refined metals want to return to a more stable compound. It takes place in aqueous solution, humid environments. Element's electrochemical corrosion testing helps prevent harmful interactions between various metals and the environment. Being a metal that is above carbon in the reactivity series, magnesium could be displaced by a much reactive metal (ie. Cathodic protection & electrochemical techniques are used to control corrosion on a piece of metal that is extraneous to the structure. Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically-stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. Principles of Corrosion. Electroplating is a commonly used technique to change surface properties of metals and plastics. Checking the electrolysis of your boat can prevent severe corrosion. Unwanted anodic. This book provides a comprehensive and unified understanding of the surface chemistry of metals, applied to the critical subject of metal corrosion. Electrochemical Corrosion on Metals in Soil. For ease of use, each section follows the same format: manifestation, cause, and how it can be avoided. metals or alloys to be in direct electrical contact for metallic corrosion to occur, is when the noble metal corrodes slightly and dissolves in water which subsequently flows over a less noble material. The purpose of this laboratory is to construct a table listing the reduction potentials of a series of metal ions, in order of ease of reduction. SKP and OCP measurements are very promising electrochemical techniques for the corrosion analysis. Cleaning Coins - Electrolysis. Join two dissimilar metals, add a little water, and you have set up a circuit that can lead to some serious corrosion. What other metallic bodies can be destroyed by corrosion over a long period of time? 11. A widespread form of this, adversely affecting the integrity of engineered structures, is. Atmospheric corrosion is a significant problem given destruction of various materials, especially metals. Origins of electrochemical potentials. \ \ CHE 311 Note No. We carry many parts to keep your pool in top condition and nice and safe to swim in. (electrochemical migration) The metal ionizes, a metallic ion migretes Humidity (water – film and corrosion) 0. Galvanic Corrosion is an accelerated form of corrosion that occurs when two dissimilar metals are in an electrical contact. Covering the essential aspects of the corrosion behavior of metals in aqueous environments, this book is designed with the flexibility needed for use in courses for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, for concentrated courses in industry, for individual study, and as a reference book. Example, the corrosion of iron (also called rusting). FORMS OF CORROSION • Crevice Narrow and confined spaces. Galvanic corrosion (some times called dissimilar metal corrosion) is the process by which the materials in contact with each other oxidizes or corrodes. This typical diagram shows the regions where the metal will freely corrode; the region. Passivation usually is the result of the presence of a thin protective oxide or oxy-hydroxide passive film on the metal surface. Compared with the routine test methods for coating evaluation, electrochemical measurement technologies have many unique advantages. In presence of conducting medium, cathodic and anodic sites develop on the metal surface leading to electrochemical corrosion. Cathodic protection & electrochemical techniques are used to control corrosion on a piece of metal that is extraneous to the structure. Crevice corrosion is the same thing as galvanism, only it occurs under different circumstances. Electrolytic Corrosion (commonly referred to as stray current corrosion) : Corrosion that results from an electrical source causing a metal in contact with an electrolyte (water) to become anodic with respect to some other metal in the same electrolyte. Eck® (Electrolysis Corrosion Kontrol) was developed to prohibit dissimilar metals from Electrolysis and Galvanic corrosion. After a very. Our understanding of corrosion caused to metal by water has been systemized using the localised corrosion cell model. Summer 1998 Special Edition: Corrosion Corrosion, Zincs & Bonding Michael Kasten Excerpted from a larger work-in-progress by Michael Kasten: the ÒGuide to Marine Metals. Corrosion-An oxidization of a metal, and the oxide flaking off. As a result of the rapid wear of polyethylene, metal– Keywords Corrosion Metal alloys Implant metal bearing implants have regained popularity in last two Galvanic Impedance decades, which has made the corrosion properties of these materials increasingly important. Review of Test Methods Used to Determine the Corrosion Rate of Metals in Contact With Treated Wood Samuel L. For example, use more brass for piping connections compared to the iron. ISO/DIS 22910 Corrosion of metals and alloys — Measurement of the electrochemical critical localized corrosion temperature (E-CLCT) for stacked Ti alloys fabricated by the additive manufacturing method. According to this definition, the term corrosion can be applied to all materials, including non-metals. • Erosion-corrosion Combined chemical attack and mechanical wear (e. Therefore, any information on the chemical structure of corrosion products and microbiological deposits, as well as the estimation of the biocorrosion level can be extremely. The Division was established in 1942, but corrosion has been an important topic in the Society since 1903. Usually corrosion consists of a set of redox reactions that are electrochemically in nature. A small battery is created. AnElectrochemicalTechniqueforRapidly EvaluatingProtectiveCoatingsonMetals ChangjianLin*andTinhNguyen NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology Gaithersburg,MD20899. Corrosion is a complex form of materials deterioration. The first chapter refers to the corrosion of metals and alloys in aqueous environment. Jodeh 4, Y. Oxygen bubbles form at the cathode, and these bubbles will cause some of the corrosion or tarnish to flake away from the coin. Three ways to prevent galvanic corrosion. Galvanic corrosion. Usually corrosion consists of a set of redox reactions that are electrochemically in nature. ? The other metal corrodes first in preference to the iron. The aluminum is the softer metal and most cooling system components are manufactured from it. the problems of corrosion of metals in a rather suc-cessful way, so that modern corrosion of metals was interpreted as the simultaneous occurrence of at least two opposing electrochemical reactions (anodic, i. Mechanism of Corrosion. In this process, the metal usually loses electrons, becoming oxidized, while the other substance. Define corrosion. However, the fracture appears to be brittle intergranular fracture in nature. Zelinka, Materials Engineering Technician Douglas R. corrosion process. The corrosion of the base metal is slightly increased by the fastener. 1 1 10 100 20 40 60 80 100 relative humi. The present methods include causing corrosion of a base metal within a geologic structure to produce a gaseous product to increase pressure and form fractures in the geologic structure. As a consequence, the detection of localized corrosion based on electrochemical. Pitting Corrosion of Metals A Review of the Critical Factors G. The most common types of corrosion discussed in the followings. In fact, the annual direct cost of metallic corrosion is approximately $2. Our company can supply Mixed Metal Oxide(MMO)coating anode and lead dioxide(PbO2)electrode for electrolysis metal. Metal to metal contact. The process of corrosion converts the reactive metal surface into a more stable form, namely its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POLARIZATION CURVES When the polarizing ancl the depolarizing reactions occur at separate electrodes, a cell is forrnecl, causing corrosion of the anodic specimen (9) if it is in the active state. Most metallic corrosion occurs via electrochemical reactions at the interface between the metal and an electrolyte solution. Electrolysis e. Even though corrosion cannot be eliminated, it can be controlled. Corrosion is an electrochemical process involving the flow of electrons and ions. When two metals from the series are in contact in a liquid solution, the corrosion rate of the more active (anodic) metal increases and the corrosion rate of the more noble (cathodic) metal decreases. Electrochemical and electrolytic reduction cleaning processes, therefore, are the most common techniques utilized to halt, stabilize, and even reverse the oxidation of the metal. * Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, 342 W. Galvanic corrosion (some times called dissimilar metal corrosion) is the process by which the materials in contact with each other oxidizes or corrodes. The extent of the corrosion depends upon the position of the other metal relative to zinc in the galvanic series, and to a lesser degree on the relative size of the surface area of the two metals in contact. Boat metals consist of steel, copper, zinc and brass metal. Pitting occurs when there is a localized breakdown of the stainless steel's protective passive layer on an openly exposed surface. Environmental Protection Agency 26 W. Here are the comments:. an overview of aqueous corrosion the electrochemical background on electrode reactions the electrochemical background on electrode kinetics an introduction to the corrosion behavior of active-passive type metals the principles and procedures of electrochemical measurements used to investigate corrosion behavior and more. de Zoubov Centre Belge d'Etude de la Corrosion, Brussels It is often possible to understand, and indeed to predict, experimental results or practical. Electrochemical Kinetics of Corrosion and Passivity The basis of a rate expression for an electrochemical process is Faraday's law: nF Ita m = Where m is the mass reacted, I is the measured current in ampere, t is the time, a is the atomic weight, n the number of electrons transferred and F is the Faraday constant (96500 Cmol-1). All metals have electrical potential because all atoms have electrons, which have an electrochemical charge. True elec-trolysis, or electrolytic corrosion, as it is more properly designated with regard to piping, is caused by an imposed (external) stray DC current and virtually ceased to occur with the disappearance of the trolley-car that was powered by high amperage DC current. When metal structures suffer from corrosion, they become unsafe which can lead to accidents, such as collapses. It is presented here as a service to the Metal Boat Society, for use by. Review of Test Methods Used to Determine the Corrosion Rate of Metals in Contact With Treated Wood Samuel L. If the dissimilar metals are insulated from each other by suitable plastic strips, washers or sleeves then galvanic corrosion cannot occur. Learn More. Aluminum metal can be made from aluminum ions by electrolysis. Step 7 – Corrosion Guide Introduction Corrosion is defined as the degradation of a material or its properties due to a reaction with the environment. Let's take a few minutes now to consider why this project is valuable. such cases, localised corrosion phenomena such ascrevice corrosion or pitting corrosion can be observed, which would not have occurred without the shift in potential caused by the formation of galvanic ele-ments.


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Why Register a Trademark?
Why Trademark?
Why Trademark
Trademark Process
Why should anyone register a trademark? We see many brand names in our lives through the media on a daily basis. What are the benefits of a registered trademark, or what are the risks of not having one? You need to register a trademark, because it is the legal method to officially protect a brand name, logo or phrase used on a product/service anywhere in the United States.
Registering your trademark is the quickest and most cost-effective way to ensure legal exclusivity for the use of your name or logo. It significantly reduces the risk of being prevented from using your trademark by other people.
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Risks of Not Having a Trademark Registration:
If you don't file and register a trademark, then someone else may register a similar trademark in the meantime, making it hard or impossible for you to get registration in the future. One of the most emotionally draining and expensive things that can happen to anyone who owns a trademark brand is to receive a "cease and desist" letter from a lawyer telling you to stop using the name which you thought you owned. Registering your trademark shows the public that you own the trademark and have exclusive rights to it.
In addition, you can create rights in a trademark by using it in commerce. However, these common law rights have limitations. First, it can be difficult for someone to know whether you exist and have rights to a particular trademark without registration. Someone can innocently start to use a similar name or logo because they have no knowledge about your trademark.
Second, the rights in a common law trademark are limited to the geographical area where the trademark has been used. For example, if a coffee brand is sold in California only, the trademark rights to that name exists only in California. If another store begins to sell the same coffee name in Florida (assuming they have no knowledge of the California company) and wants to expand nationwide, then they would discover that the California company's common law rights would prevent them from entering the California market.
The Benefits of Trademark Registration:
Trademark registration benefits both businesses and consumers. As a business, a registered trademark protects your name and logo in today's confusing and tough market conditions. A trademark not only protects you from having someone using your name, but most importantly a trademark also prevents anyone from having a similar name within the same industry. As a result, a trademark allows you to create a clear identity and reputation of your product and/or service with customers. You can grow or expand with confidence knowing that the trademark you do business with is protected in the entire United States.
Trademarks also allow consumers to be better buyers by empowering them with the ability to distinguish brand products. This ensures that they can repeat their purchases of brands they liked and avoiding brands they didn't like.
Owning a federal trademark registration provides several important advantages, including notice to the public of the registrant's claim of ownership of the trademark, a legal presumption of ownership nationwide, and the exclusive right to use the trademark on or in connection with the goods or services set forth in the registration.
Advantages of a Trademark:
‧ Constructive notice nationwide of the trademark owner's claim.
‧ Evidence of ownership of the trademark.
‧ Ability to bring a lawsuit concerning the mark in Federal Court.
‧ Registration can be used as a basis for obtaining registration in foreign countries.
‧ Registration may be filed with U.S. Customs Service to stop importation of infringing foreign goods.
‧ Use the cherished ® symbol next to your name or logo to indicate the trademark is registered.
Exclusive Rights to a Trademark Owner
Upon registering your federal trademark name, the Unites States government grants trademark owners the right to exclude all other businesses and individuals from using a similar trademark on related goods or services. Therefore, you, as an owner of the trademark, have the exclusive right and ownership to use the trademark in your business trade. A registered trademark can, after five years, become incontestable at which point the exclusive right to use the trademark is conclusively established.
In plain English, this means that you can legally stop someone from using a similar trademark.
Your Trademark will Appear in Public Databases
When you file and register a trademark it will appear in the federal trademark database at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Generally, a company would do a federal trademark search prior to filing a trademark application. If your trademark appears in the public database, then it prevents others from using and filing similar trademarks. This helps you save time, money and the legal hassle of defending your trademark rights against infringes.
Nationwide Protection
Nationwide notice gives you protection within the whole Unites States geographical territory. This is one of the most important reasons in registering a Federal Trademark. Without a Federal registration you may be only protected within your local area under the common law. Federal Trademark registration is an important step that enables any business to grow and expand in other markets of the country without the fear that someone else is already using their trade name.
To expand your business nationally without a Federal registration is risky business because any party who uses your trademark in a different geographical territory than you, and does so prior to your federal registration, will have the power to stop you from using the trademark in the particular region of the country in which they have already established their business. In addition, they may even stop you from using your trademark locally because you are violating their rights within the national territory. Therefore, it is imperative to obtain a Federal Trademark.
Ability to Bring a Lawsuit in Federal Court
The owner of a Federal trademark registration has an easier ability to bring a lawsuit in Federal Court against any party who infringes their respected trademark. In some cases, the owner may even obtain monetary compensation for their losses. It is possible to recover an infringement monetary award of three times your actual damages, plus attorney fees, and doing so is only possible with a registration.
File your trademark registration today with trademarkmax.com. Registering a trademark at the federal level protects your brand nationwide. You can trademark a name, logo, or phrase used in connection with a product or business service. Once your register a trademark with the USPTO (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office) it puts the public on notice that you are the presumptive owner of the trademark and you have exclusive rights to use of the trademark. Trademark registration gives you additional advantages including bringing a federal suit in court if someone infringes your mark. In addition, you may use the cherished ® symbol next to your trademark name or logo. trademarkmax.com makes it easy and affordable to register a trademark with the USPTO. Get started today and file a trademark with the USPTO. Protect your brand by registering a trademark!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Excavation has so far taken place in four of the five study areas (See Map). A wide range of artifacts in large quantities and high concentrations were uncovered. Burnt clay floor fragments, lots of charcoal and charred wood, local and imported beads and smoking pipes, glass and metal scraps, bracelets, buttons, bone, stone, pharmaceutical containers, are some of the revelations. Imported European items will help obtain relative dates to compare with the radiocarbon dates from other contexts. Analysis of artifacts and features will include identification of patterns in technology, style, mode of production, distribution, and communication, standard typological arrangements to determine provenience, date and other relationships.


text:
If the end game feels miles away, and min-maxing is difficult because frankly, you're gonna take what you get and like it, then the focus of the game changes completely. Suddenly it's about the experience of leveling again, and hanging out with friends, and chatting with people in Goldshire (well, for purely innocent reasons anyway -- the Moon Guard server's Goldshire crew still does plenty of chatting).
"People are asking to be able to go back and play WoW Classic as it was," Birmingham said. "We wanted to create this, almost like a snapshot in time, but we do want have these progressive content unlocks. So things like, Blackwind Lair, and Ahn'Qiraj, and Naxxramas. We want those to unlock over time, as the community is ready for them, as they progress through those various pieces of content. At the same time the systems overall we want to lock in at 1.12, where we feel like they were the most complete and balanced."
Notez que lors de la sortie du jeu, le mardi 27 août 2019, tout le contenu ne sera pas disponible immédiatement. Celui-ci sera déployé en 6 phases. En effet, les développeurs souhaitent attendre et voir comment la communauté s'approprie le jeu. Blizzard partagera le calendrier lorsque que les développeurs auront une idée plus claire de la façon dont les joueurs profitent du contenu. Nous vous proposons un calendrier qui sera mis à jour dès que les informations seront disponibles.
Nov 15 Looking Forward. So simple fun thread to see how you all think and feel. Name 1 thing you are definitely looking forward to, preferably not the obvious stuff but whatever go wild! I'll start with one. Professions aiding in immersion. Not sure if many noticed this but something I am excited about playing a hunter is the professions and how they aid in immersion for the hunter class so freaking well. All of the secondary profs help hunter immersion. Cooking, Fishing and First Aid all actually fueled the hunter lifestyle. Add in Skinning and Leather Working and it's straight up Hunter RPG.Melaned22	Nov 15
Since WoW Classic server has been announced at Blizzcon 2017, there is not much info about the server revealed. It is known that the upcoming expansion Battle for Azeroth pre-order has been available at blizzard shop, and the system requirements of Mac and Windows has been unveiled Recently, Forbes has an interview with J. Allen Brack and Jeremy Feasel about the project and some of the vision that developers have.
One may think that the AH may suffer a reduction of competitivity, leading to higher prices, but in an healthy server the gold farmer's farm will be taken over by actual players. Giving the chance to a more fair gameplay where you can go out and farm the materials that you need, instead to see them always farmed by gold sellers that sell them to you, without letting you many room to make gold in a fair way.
15 Nov A Guild of First-Timers This post is only meant to gauge interest for a guild of this kind, as the release of Classic is still a while off. I'm interested in starting or joining a guild of likeminded individuals, who want to play Classic WoW without [excessive] use of guides and/or foreknowledge. I began playing WoW towards the end of The Burning Crusade, so I never actually experienced Vanilla, though I did play on Nostalrius for a bit. A private server environment never appealed to me much though, but I am excited to experience the slower pace and more social aspects that Classic holds in store for us on official servers. What I really hope for, though, is the opportunity to discover things for myself and to learn and grow alongside other people who may have missed the early days. Of course, most (all?) people who will play Classic will have played WoW at some point before, and not all knowledge and memories can be wiped ("Wow, cool, a new town called Goldshire! I wonder what I can do here?"). This is ok, and I do not suggest dogmatically avoiding any kinds of guides at all costs. I do, however, feel like a general guideline like this could make for a fun experience. As a guild, we would strive to progress through dungeons and raids on our own, figuring out pitfalls and challenges as we go along. Naturally, this means that we wouldn't be particularly "hardcore", and speed would not be our primary objective. Instead, I suggest emphasis is placed on exploration and trial-and-error. I do not want to explicitly exclude people who have played Vanilla, all are welcome. That being said, if one were to have great knowledge of many encounters, it might defeat the purpose of this guild if it was just shared with everyone from the beginning. Likewise, if a knowledgeable person like that were to keep quiet on purpose, it might become frustrating for them to see the rest futilely derping around and missing something obvious. Personally, I have been trying to keep myself from binge watching all kinds of stuff about Classic WoW, precisely because I want to discover it for myself. Despite my efforts, I already know some things, and surely other people interested in this will as well; but I believe there may still be value in what I am proposing. Information should be shared freely in the Guild as well, of course. The intent is to grow as a group, not each wait for everyone to individually figure out where Gromsblood grows before sharing it with them. As a final note, I would be willing to be the guild leader, though I hope it would be a very democratic and non-hierarchical environment in general. I cannot, however, guarantee that I will have enough time to continue to fill that role in the future, and other obligations prevent me from playing outside evenings and weekends in general. As such, if anyone else is interested in taking up a leading role, let me know. First of all, though, is anyone interested in a guild like this in the first place? PS: In case it wasn't obvious from where I have posted this, I am from the EU region. Also, I currently intend to play Alliance as a faction, but am in principle open to the possibility of playing Horde instead.Toh16	15 Nov
14 Nov All we wanted was Vanilla Nothing more and nothing less - And we are almost there! Now we just need to get rid the last two things: 1) Sharding 2) Loot Trading And adjust the 4 Stages to 6ish Stages. We are so close, but im beginning to see the same trend I saw back in TBC/Wrath. Back then we called them Casuals, Treehuggers and Crybabies. Later they became Wrathbabies and god knows what they are called now. They are not bad people - They just want it to be Casual/Non time-consuming ect. They asked for better gear and got Welfare Epics in TBC. They wanted to see all the content and got LFR. Slowly chipping away at the game until we have BfA today. And now they are back! They want an easy launch via. Sharding - just for a few days. Chip Chip And just in a few zones - CHIP CHIP CHIP Or maybe some dynamic respawn? CHOP CHOP CHOP And all we wanted was Vanilla.Ståål18	14 Nov
For some weird reason Warlock used to be underrepresented in vanilla WoW. However, the least popular doesn't mean that they were bad. Warlocks had amazing damage and some truly unique utility abilities allowing them to summon players or create Healthstones for the whole group. Similarly to Hunters, Warlocks were amazing for solo players with the ability to summon various demons to help them.
"We talked about it [making Classic] for a number of years and we couldn't figure out what the right way to do it would be," Brack explained. "The problem was, the codebase that shipped with WoW and encompassed the WoW Classic timeline was a codebase that we had really moved on from in subsequent years. Software is a very iterative process, and its development was more than 10 years in the past at this point. So thinking about the hardware that didn't exist anymore that we would need to run on it, running two MMOs simultaneously with two different toolsets, two different toolchains, it was not something we could really get our head around."
HOWEVER, I did find out that there was an exploit to get around it (one of those rare exploits where you would WANT a bit of lag). Basically if you spammed "X" to sit/stand/sit/stand, then if a mob hit you while you were sitting and right as you were standing up, then it would register as a crit, but on the server side you would be standing, thus allowing the ability to proc.
As many of you know, leveling a Warrior in Classic is not easy - it's almost like playing the game on hard mode. Despite having low mobility, low sustain, and the highest gear dependance in the game, Warriors are by far the most played class in Vanilla. There is a sort of masochistic appeal to leveling the hardest class in the game. To some, this epic challenge provides the purest Vanilla experience, and watching an expert pilot this class with finesse is like watching an artist at work.
Nov 15 Little Test on Class Quest Rewards Hey guys, I did a little test on certain class rewards to check whether they are adequate or not for the level they are obtainable. Paladin - Verigan's Fist is a famous weapon, added probably during the Naxx patch and lot of paladins remember lasting it for long time. Obtainable level is like 22, with party of same level players. And the Mace is equivalent to a level 26 Blue Mace. This means it's not bad! Warrior - Brutal Hauberk is infamous warrior chest. It is obtainable at level 20(as I remember), but it requires running a level 28+ dungeon. And it's mediocre - it compares to a level 24 blue, which is stupid. Whirlwind Axe is a famous warrior weapon which requires a nanny. :D You get level 30 and then pay people money or beg them to help you. This is not even doable with normal party until 35ish. Whirlwind Axe is equivalent to a 35 level Blue Axe, which is decent but still seems to be forcing it. Unless you hire a nanny, being social will probably help you get it at around 35-36 with similar level players. Warlock - Enchanted Gold Bloodrobe is pretty famous. I am not sure when it is exactly doable but is comparable to a level 35ish Robe. I think the verdict is that Paladin's Hammer is by far the best and the reason for it is that it was added later, at the end of vanilla, when Blizzard had more brains. :DHolylr1	Nov 15
"WoW has been a huge game," Brack continued. "It's had a huge community impact, it's created a lot of bonds and friendships. Not being able to experience that game felt like a bit of a tragedy. So that was part of the lens as well was like 'hey this game should exist, we should find a way for this game to exist!' And now we've done the work and it will exist, and you saw the release date at the end of August, we're really excited to bring a multi-year journey to that kind of conclusion."
WoW: Classic is scheduled for August 27 (technically August 26 if you're in the Americas). The soonest that you can play it is starting in May, during Blizzard's scheduled stress tests. To opt-in you must have an active subscription on your Battle.net account. If you do, go to Account Management and select the Wow Classic beta. Keep in mind, there will be level caps during the test. The schedule is as follows:
14 Nov Classic ideas 3 Hello Blizzard, this is continue of my article https://eu.battle.net/forums/en/wow/topic/17624483167?page=1 https://eu.battle.net/forums/en/wow/topic/17624503200?page=1 1) I want to thank Blizzard for the improvements and perfect working of all skills. It is pleasant to feel the titanic work of Blizzard, which causes precisely those impressions that will attract new players. Thank you for changing in graphics, animation, effects and gameplay: interaction of mobs with walls, correct agro radius of the mobs, pets attack of invisible target, stunning in the air, normal work of Charge, attack distance same for all races, debuff timer, increase limits of players on the server and many other improvements. 2) Old talent system is based on passive numbers improvements and offer only 3-4 unique skills for each build. Many of mind-blowing, ultra, special skills were release only in Burning Crusade. Old talent system is a competition of builds, depend of raid items — One build became weaker and change priority for another, but they don't balance between themselves. Otherwise, if they will be equal, so everybody will use only the easiest and most universal build - as in Heroes of the Storm. I think the original concept of PvE was not implemented to the end, supposed to players will choosing from huge variation potential and depth of mechanics in long way of PvE gear. I would like to see huge changes and improvements in all builds. 3) I want to see more combined builds, like Survival + Beast Master with nature damage. In game are six possible builds for each class, but half of them are not competitive. Fire Mage can be playable until AQ40 and after it is much weaker than Frost mage, then this is final best one. Elemental mage is not so good as Frost mage and thats what i want to change. Druids have just one best build at all - this is so poor! I think that final gameplay for each build should be rework to save all builds as competitive, justify the investment of talents. I think best solution is to release more things that would give power to other builds. 4) Old idea was to increase damage from one build to another - "Step by step", but it is depend only before AQ40 and after - there all previos build cant be so power as top bulid, becouse of Naxx gear bonus. New players don't like so hardcore system if they gear and build will became useless in one moment and they will be kicked from static because of previous gear. Compromise solution is to correct final balance of items and classes, so more alternative builds stay equal in start, middle, late PvE. 5) Each class has one build is for questing and at 60 lvl you have to choose between two other builds. All classes have one branch completely dedicated to fan questing and thats what need to remake for more relevant build 60 lvl. Make all builds playable, successful, fair, and interesting. Classic have bad balance for hybrid classes and this is very wrong. Priority must be on a gameplay. Game lose interest, bccouse make weaker hybrids than a dedicated class. All specialisations must have equal balance. 6) In Vanila Warrior could reach 1300 damage and hunter only 800 - i hope this is already correct to same alike damage. 7) Warriors are only one tank in Vanila and all rest were bad. I hope Blizzard will make big changes for another tanks and extend their tank abilities. I hope now all tanks will add opportunities for aggro and armor. 8) If you play Druid, no one needed you in a raid, except for being a healer. I hope you will increase the effectiveness of all class healing results up to Priests and increase damage in other DD build, like Moonkin form. 9) Reduce the shooting area for hunters - this annoying and your already know that its impossible to play like that. Increase the speed of the arrows. Make traps work in combat. Nerf Lupus and other too much powerful pets - every pet must be good in its own way. Add pet sharing from the Stable - this will stop so many wipes. Set all pet skills in book so you don't have to create macros. Fix that if you go - your pet just ran away. Reduce pet appetite by 10 times. 10) Take away "Old needs" for eat after each pack and make health regeneration every 2.5 seconds or faster. Game in Vanila remember me «Go go orc», where player pushing forward party all time for so slow instance run.Тыцтыдыц25	14 Nov
14 Nov Not classic? No thank you I have been hyped, UNFORTUNATELY, for a year now waiting to see official classic wow....however THIS monstrosity, this embodiment of abomination in a form of code, is NOT classic wow I'm pretty sure i speak for 90% of the community when i say : you better fix this !@#$ or i'm going to the private servers, because in this year i could had enjoyed playing classic, i have been waiting to SUPPORT YOU, the original creators, only to be punched in the %^-*!@#$s year later Remember "slippery slope" being a fallacy argument? NOT ANY MORE IS IT ??????? You have 6 months until release to cut 70% of what you did, incl sharding, graphics, remade or included items, FINDERS!!!!,new spec skills and movement changes LISTEN TO THE PEOPLE or this project will be one big failure, your entire player base will be the #changesaregood crowd, and that's not many of them at all, just a minority of trolls who will get bored after a while and you will be left with a dead fish floating on the water ........Sharding, what were you thinking? Whoever suggested that, IDK who it is, IDK his position, here is what you do. You grab him by the neck, carry him to the front door, kick him in the balls and throw him out because his opinions are cancer to this game EDIT : GUYS, this is a post before the panel, before the answers, why you resurrected this post IDK but yeah, this is BEFORE THE PANEL where they addressed the issues , only thing that remains is sharding, which other people are going intoLifemetall43	14 Nov
The Horde 12-20 (Barrens + Stonetalon Mountains) guide has been rewritten and revamped. In addition, there has been numerous tweaks to the speedrun route to make things faster and easier to follow. Also, in case you haven't noticed I am now adding about 40% more info per step and redoing all the images. Unlike with my previous vanilla guides, I am now giving a brief explanation of where to go and what to do with each step along with any other helpful tips.
Nov 15 Molten Core in the 1st Week, UPDATE Nelson Mandela: "It always seems impossible until it's done." www.exploitedgaming.com/charter The most hardcore guild in WoW is looking for a few good no-life nerds to join us on a historic adventure. Go to that site to see what raid positions we still need, on the front page! UPDATE: 11/14 We have filled all of our raid positions. Our guild is still *over recruiting* due to people dropping off, or not making the cutoff in time. If you really want to test the limits of endurance, and push yourself to be part of WoW history, I invite you to join us. Our guild will be hosting a free-roll Molten Core run before the first server reset. What does this mean? Assuming the server goes live on a Tuesday - we have 7 days access to Molten Core. So, on the 7th night, we will attempt to enter Molten Core. We will get as far as we can, and farm trash if we hit a roadblock. If the server goes live later in the week, a Friday for example, then we will have 10 or so days to try to progress in Molten Core in the first FULL week of available raiding. Requirements: Discord Level 55+ Healer Level 58+ DPS or tank Attuned Horde Basic consumables (obviously you won't be expected to have everything you would months into the server, but potions, stat buff food, bandages) Basic gear (hit rating being the most important for DPS) Apply on the website to reserve a spot. www.exploitedgaming.com Note: This challenge is NOT for everyone. 18 hours a day on WoW, for a week straight. This is not healthy, nor is it easy. Proceed with caution, and remember your health is top priority.Bandulu433	Nov 15
Escort quests can take awhile to do. I have thoroughly tested all the escort quests in the game for time/xp. Most are worth doing, but as long as you are able to actually do them without failing. Most require you to pay special attention to the escortee as most are fragile and will die easily, so do your best to keep mobs off of the escortee during escort quests. The longest one in the game is the Tanaris chicken escort. The chicken escorts are only worth doing if you were able to do all 3 of them, as if you do, you will be able to turn in an additional easy quick XP turn in quest at BB, which makes them worth it.
"By the way, one of these codebases [Vanilla WoW] is extremely buggy, and we had already solved a lot of those [bugs]. But we can't solve them [this time around] because... 'reasons' if we're thinking about the Classic timeline. And so we really struggled with it for a very long time, and one of the things that we talked about when we were discussing different ways to do it was to do what's called a 'fork.' So we did a fork of our existing modern server stack and then reimplemented the systems that we needed to support Classic WoW. And made sure that the tuning was right and imported the old data, we had the old code and a way to compare. Having the backend tools, and the backend server, and the modern hardware was a requirement to realize this project." Essentially, what the team did, was teach modern WoW to speak old Classic data.
14 Nov Pserver mechanics So, like a bunch of people here, I played Vanilla on release. Quit after TBC, and only ever picked up the game again in the Pserver scene, which was cool, but I think there are a lot of misconceptions regarding things that work a certain way on private, and never did on live. I think it'd be good if we made a list of differences, to sort this out. 1. Sitting to trigger crit mechanics works on P, didn't on vanilla. 2. Frontstabbing is a thing on P, wasn't on vanilla (I think). 3. Melee DPS is always way higher on P. 4. Warrior charge has always behaved oddly on mangos core 5. The current trend in Pservers is getting 4-5 ony kills per lockout by having 35 people die and leave before the ki ll. Was this possible back then? And so on. Anyone wanna add to the list?Visgoth27	14 Nov
Gold in World of Warcraft: Classic can be earned with a bit of luck too. By killing and looting mobs you might find some truly rare items. Some of them might be usable by you but others might not. Don't just sell that piece of rare equipment to the nearest vendor as it can earn you quite a bit in the auction house. Especially if it's an item for a level 50+ character.
":" - Any time a step ends in a ":" instead of a "." means that the next step is part of the current step you are on. This generally means the next step should be done while working on the current step. This means every "start working on" or "continue working on" will end in a ":". But this is used with other occasions as well, so keep this in mind.
World of Warcraft (also known as WoW) players have highly requested the classic version of their favourite game. As with any game, changes and major updates are added over the years. Since August 2006, many changes to the game have not been received well: such as trivialising levelling up. The level cap will drop from 120 to 60, but contrary to how that sounds, it will be a far more grindy journey of fun and progress. The current developers have made levelling up very fast in comparison to the classic days, purely to focus on end-game content and raiding which many people do not enjoy. Prior to these changes, many people enjoyed the games for years whilst not hitting max level, something never seen in the modern edition of World of Warcraft. The levelling process was a journey, having fun with professions and the grind that is no longer found. Of course, there are countless other changes that will be reverted, as you might expect when comparing something from 2006 to 2019.
If you're into MMORPG games, you've probably heard that World of Warcraft is preparing to release a classic version of the game this summer. However, not many people have played in the real Classic and current in-game classes might seem completely unrecognizable to some. In the early days of World of Warcraft, the class choice was very important – leveling was super slow, which meant that you could get stuck with your character for months.
World of Warcraft: Classic might be just around the corner, so it's about time to start preparing. We've already published a class selection guide, and today we're focusing on the most important resource of the game, of course, it is gold. Many players who played World of Warcraft back in the day might remember the times when you needed to count every spent penny and the times when gold farmers roamed the Azeroth on their super expensive epic mounts. In vanilla WoW, gold was everything. And we're here to help you save as much of it as possible. So, without further due, let's dive in our World of Warcraft: Classic gold making guide.
On August 27, veterans and newcomers will be able to relive World of Warcraft's epic origins as they assemble a 40-player raid to take on the fiery hazards of Molten Core; fight for their faction in the ongoing world PvP struggle between Southshore and Tarren Mill; muster a realm-wide war effort to open the gates of Ahn'Qiraj; and much more. Click HERE to see the content release plan!
"Challenge is part of it," Birmingham continued. "The world feels dangerous. There are difficult group quests out in the world, elite quests that you can't do by yourself, or you would have to over-level if you wanted to do them by yourself. Where they really push you to find somebody else to help you out, or out level them and come back later, or you can just leave them and go on. You don't have to complete every quest in every zone. You can choose your path through the world. So I think that is exactly the classic gameplay that people are looking for."
Before work began on World of Warcraft: Classic, it was only possible for players to experience the original World of Warcraft by using private servers, which are illegal, often have stability or corruption problems, and generally are very imperfect recreations of the authentic World of Warcraft experience. As much as Blizzard has been aware of the desires of their community, until recently it seemed impossible for them to emulate Classic servers due to the technical hurdles of essentially having to run two massively multiplayer online games side-by-side. A breakthrough was then achieved that made it possible to run Classic servers on the modern architecture of current World of Warcraft servers.
I had the privilege of traveling to Irvine, California to play before the beta started and talk to the folks at Blizzard behind the project. They told a story of learning, enthusiasm, and cautious optimism in regards to WoW Classic, perhaps best articulated by J. Allen Brack, the recently appointed President of Blizzard Entertainment. He's a thirteen-year Blizzard veteran who, until recently, had been with the WoW team since vanilla.
World of Warcraft Classic has been in closed beta for just under a week. In that time hundreds of players clashed in the Arathi Highlands, the Classic WoW subreddit crested 100,000 subscribers, and the beta has garnered over 150,000 concurrent viewers on Twitch. I've personally invested 20 hours into the beta at this point and am shocked to find myself enjoying parts of the 15-year-old MMO that I remember as mundane. Going in, I knew I'd love the single-shard servers, non-homogeneous classes, lack of flying mounts, and many reasons to interact with other players, but I didn't expect to enjoy the surprising difficulty of simply questing on my own. It's easy to take what I'm playing for granted but the fact of the matter is that WoW Classic wouldn't exist without years of deliberation on the part of a passionate fanbase, followed by years of development on the part of an equally passionate developer.
I received a beta invite for Classic, and had also been an alpha and beta tester for the original game 15 years ago. That isn't unique; plenty of people in Northshire Valley had had the same experience, suggesting to me that active players who were Day 1 WoW gamers or had participated in the original tests might have gotten priority invitations to this one.
Over the 15 years since the launch of World of Warcraft, Blizzard has slowly sanded off some of Azeroth's rough edges. The world is still bustling with dangerous dungeons and harrowing raids, but these days it's a kinder, friendlier world. World of Warcraft Classic aims to fix that, to make Azeroth dangerous again--although it retains a few of the modern niceties.
14 Nov Loot trading is fine It's funny, I've heard that loot trading is bad because it encourages ninja looting, and also that it's bad because it reduces the chances of ninja looting. If you get 3 of your friends to roll on an item, specifically so you can get it, congratulations, you have reached the pinnacle of what an MMO stands for and certainly deserve the item much more than the other person. This can also be done without loot trading, by everyone rolling, and then making a ticket to transfer it over to your friend that really needed it. Takes a lot longer, and Blizzard has to divert time and resources into it. Why wouldn't they crowdsource a personal problem? If someone rolls on an item that they don't need, wins it and decides to try and sell you the item? Now is the time to tell all your friends to avoid that person. Oh you don't have any friends? I guess you have to make some then? This is what an MMO is all about. Since everyone is on the same realm in Classic, your reputation matters. Sure, you can fool people by just leveling another character, but that takes a long time in Classic. Most people decide it's not worth it to be a dick.Monkehh48	14 Nov
A different brand of challenge is presented by the PVP, which has undergone multiple phases and metas throughout the game's long lifespan. As in any competitive live game, some classes will be a fan favorite criticized as overpowered in one era only to be left behind in the next. The team says this is one of the main reasons it chose this specific iteration of WoW.
14 Nov Classic WoW alternate timeline Hi, I'd love to hear some players opinion on the following: WoW Classic to be an alternate timeline. Players stay at level 60 and further content will be developed. Like different Raids, Dragon Isles, that weird Snail-Like-Building for possible old god content, Mount Hyjal, Dead Wind pass. Devs could implement all the old stuff that was planned for Vanilla wow. Deathwing... Azshara Battleground. Or staggering release of Expansions until Wrath of the Lich King? (Personally I wouldn't like that.. I'd rather stay in Vanilla forever... like until I'm a old man in my 80s dying while goldfarming or something.) Or just straight staying on the Naxx Patch forever? My favourite would be having a long time for the Naxx patch so more ppl can kill Kel'thuzad and then developing this unplanned content sounds like a very very awesome Idea for me. Having a level 60 alternate timeline to current wow would make it even better. Greetings Dandin (name of my first char ever :) )Payneprime34	14 Nov
You won't get extra cloth by farming cloth on your tailor, so you can bring any character. The most expensive cloth will be mooncloth, with a 4 day cooldown. Grab that pattern from Qia in Everlook, Winterspring. The second best cloth will be runecloth. That's best farmed from the ogres in Dire Maul, Twilight mobs in Silithus, and the trolls in Zul'Masher, which is north of Lights Hope chapel.


Bitcoin donation pages create a new way of donating money by letting charities run free Bitcoin fundraising campaigns where 100% of the funds go to the cause. Donations show up in real-time in the transaction stream where the funding goal is automatically updated. It enables local charities to create a global campaign in minutes.
Safello announces a $600k investment round lead by prominent Bitcoin advocates Erik Voorhees and Roger Ver joined by Blockchain.info CEO Nicolas Cary and angel investors Victor & Victor. The Sweden based company also launches a complete redesign of their website to gear up for their European expansion as the safest way into Bitcoin.
Yet another exchange? Yes. A tough one to explain one might think, but the market hasn't reached anywhere near the market efficiency Safello's rock star team of seasoned entrepreneurs, security specialists, early Bitcoin enthusiasts and a former investment banker is aiming for. And now the three months old company is setting steps outside their home turf to offer Dutch customers a frictionless buying experience and accept SEPA transfers from all of Europe.


I need to restore my laptop back to factory default so I can pass it on to my brother. I don't have the restore CD's and I have tried alt+F10 on start up and that doesn't work. It's vista home premium and also it wont boot into vista (Freezes at "Welcome please wait" screen). It will boot in safe mode.
Can you try F12 instead? If it doesn't work you need your recovery CD.
Boot into your BIOS by tapping F2 at bootup (If it doesn't work use Del). Once in the BIOS enable Hard Disk Recovery, After that use Alt+F12 to access the recovery partition.
I have PhoenixBIOS and it does have Hard Disk Recovery in it. Any other ideas?
It does or it doesn't?
I found my recovery CD's. Thanks for your help.
description What is ON the Acer Recovery partition?
I am trying to use UBCD4Win 3.60 to recover from a virus. I requires an ISO image including the UBCD4Win stuff, and an XP installation disk. I have XP MMC on Acer Aspire 5580, sp3. I have an Win XP Home Ed. install disk, and wonder if I should use that, or if I can use the recover y partiion? I'm guessing not, that Acer has a buncho of proprietary crap thet will interfere?
can anyone help me get into my system restore menu if there is one ive tried f 10, alt f10, f 8 alt f8 its stuck on a update configuration 3 of 3 0 % compleat loop and Im trying to fix it anyone have any sugestions ?
Hello and welcome. You should probably start a new thread. I don't have admin privileges here or I'd move it.
If we're talking Vista here, I've seen it get stuck at that update configuration sometimes for a couple of hours.
You may need to boot to the Vista install disk and do a repair.
I think the Alt+F10 key combination is the one to get you into the recovery partition.
When you start the machine, you probably see an Acer logo. When you see that logo, there is probably text on the bottom of the screen with options to enter setup, boot menu, or the recovery partition. At that point, you should hold the Alt key down and tap the F10 key.
I didn't realize you are using a netbook and that it doesn't have a optical disk drive. You mentioned that you have an external USB CD disk drive. Do you know that it works?
Now assuming that the USB CD drive works and that you have the install disk, you should be able to use F12 when it starts to get to the Boot menu. From there, you can use the arrow keys on your keyboard to select the USB drive.
See if some of that helps. Please note, I have a hard time reading your posts. Proper grammar and correct spelling helps.


text:
package jwt

import (
	"testing"
	"github.com/ru-rocker/auth-module"
	"time"
	"github.com/kr/pretty"
)

var auth = Auth{
	Claims: map[string]interface{}{"user": "ru-rocker"},
	Subject: "lalalala",
	Expiration: time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute),
	NotBefore: time.Now(),
	IssueAt: time.Now(),
	JwtId: "JWTID",
	Issuer: "ru-rocker.com",
	Kid: "kid",
}

func TestSerialized(t *testing.T) {
	c, _ := Serialized(auth, []byte("ru-rockker"), authmodule.SigningMethodHS384)
	println(string(c))
	j, _ := Parse(c, []byte("ru-rockker"), authmodule.SigningMethodHS384, time.Second, time.Second)
	pretty.Print(j)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub