text:
Proof of Space
Proof of persistent space
How tight is a proof of space?
Proof of space security
Tight proof of space
Why do tight proofs of space matter?
Proof of replication
epsilon-rational security
Construction description
Graph labeling
Depth robust graph
Alpha beta bipartite expander graph
Home < Stanford Blockchain < Stanford Blockchain Conference 2019 < Proofs Of Space And Replication
Proofs Of Space And Replication
Tags: Consensus, Proof of work
Category: Conference
Tight proofs of space and and replication
Ben Fisch (Stanford University)
https://twitter.com/kanzure/status/1091064672831234048
paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/702.pdf
This talk is about proofs of space and tight proofs of space.
A proof-of-space is an alternative to proof-of-work. Applications have been proposed like spam prevention, DoS attack prevention, sybil resistance in consensus networks which is most relevant to this conference. In proof-of-space, it's an interactive protocol between a miner and a prover who has some disk storage and claims that hey I am storing 1 gigabyte of data. The proof for this to be an interesting type of protocol should be very small compared to the size of the data.
We can make this protocol non-interactive using the fiat-shamir trick. Instead of having it an interactive protocol, the prover chooses the id and the commitment and then generates a challenge as the hash of the first message and then sends the proof which the verifier should be convinced of. At this particular moment in time, the prover should have been using at least that much storage in order to produce a successful proof.
You move the non-interactive protocol into an initialization phase where the prover initializes his storage, fills up his drive with a gigabyte of data and he says I'm storing a lot of data on my disk and then sends a commitment to that and then later during a repetitive online phase, receive challenges from the verifier and if the prover passes then it indicates the prover is still storing that same one gigabyte of data. The reason why we split it up like this is because the initialization phase is a relatively expensive operation whereas the online operations are cheap to check that the prover is still storing the same data.
If the prover deletes its data, then it will not be able to regenerate the same proof within the allotted time. Alternatively, you can think of it as the prover will have to (and some constructions do not have this sequential time property) the prover will have to expend a lot of computational work in order to pass the online challenge if it is not storing the data, which incurs a time-space tradeoff. We will talk later about what it means for a proof of space to be secure.
Tightness here refers to how much space can an adversarial prover save and still pass the protocol. Can the adversarial prover pass with only 1 - epsilon gigabytes of data? The answer should be no, epsilon should be as close to 1 as possible. Closer to 1 means tighter.
The strongest notion for security here is parallel security. The proof of space is epsilon tight if any online prover who stores less than 1 - epsilon gigabytes then will fail to respond within the time limit T, except with negligible probability. We need T to be large, proportional to the storage size. The itghter the proof is, that would mean 1 - epsilon is as close to 1 as possible.
A weaker notion is a time-space tradeoff. Imagine the prover could pass in the allotted time, while storing less than 1 - epsilon gigabytes of data. Well, the prover still has to do a large amount of work proportional to the storage size. An even weaker notion would be a time-space tradeoff where there isn't a threshold where a prover has to do a tremendous amount of work, but rather that there's some kind of equation that gives a time-space tradeoff where the requirements for storage might be if S if the total storage and T is the total work then S to the K times T would be greater than (1 - epsilon) times N^k. Can never be too "tight" as prover would use…
Arbitrarily tight would mean that I can prove the protocol parameters so that it is an epsilon-tight proof of space. I can tune hte parameters of the protocol so that if I want to make sure even adversary doesn't have to save 1% of data or 0.1% of data, I can tune hte protocol parameters so that that is the case.
A tight proof of space construction would maintain efficiency even as epsilon is made arbitrarily small, and ideally proportional to 1/epsilon. If you make it smaller, you do have to increase communication or the proof size, and the best you can get is 1/epsilon.
This work achieves tightness of space that is the ideal tightness of space.
Before this work, what was the scope of proof-of-space? There were no provably tight proofs of space. The original proof of space was proposed in 2015 and it had 1 - epsilon of less than 1/512. Perhaps the protocol was more secure, but that was as much we could prove about the protocol. We could not prove that the adversary was storing more than 1/512th fraction of the data. It's only storing 1/512th gigabytes of the previous example.
Ren-Devadas 2016 moved this closer to 1. In their protocol, you could only prove that 1 - epsilon is less than 1/2 which is a theoretical upperbound. The protocol becomes impractical at 1/3rd. You cannot get practical parameters and then prove the adversary is storing more than 1/3rd of the data.
AACKPR 2017 introduced a construction that had weaker time-space property, but it was 1 - epsilon < 1 / log(N). It uses the weakest notion of proof of space which has the time-space tradeoff and theoretically cannot be a tight proof of space.
Pietrzak 2018 had something that was "quasi-tight", proof size increases proportional to log(n)/epislon^2. We don't have any practical instantiation of this construction, even heuristically. From a theoretical perspective, it is tight, it doesn't maintain efficiency proportional to 1/epsilon which is the ideal, but we don't have any practical instantiations of this construction because it requires a certain special type of depth robust graphs (DRGs) which we don't have practically or experimentally.
Well, we get better provable security for proofs of space. If we are basing a blockchain on this, then we want to know the bounds are tight on how much space the adversaries are really using. But another reason and the motivation for my owrk was that a tight proof of space is necessary for another thing called proof of replication (PoRep).
Instead of storing a lot of data, let's say the prover or miner is encoding a specific movie on their disk. Say this is a movie that a client would be interested in. Then they go through the dance of the protocol. There's a challenge, there's a proof, the same as proof of space. The verifier then gets convinced somehow that the prover is storing not only a lot of data, but a specific piece of interesting data.
It turns out though that you can't really achieve this perfectly cryptographically. The best possible security you can achieve for this is some notion of "rational security", which I call epsilon rational security. The adversary cannot save more than an epsilon fraction by not storing the actual movie. So he might as well just store the actual data instead.
In connection to epsilon-tight proof of space, if something is epsilon-rational secure then you…. it means it's tight, for small epsilon. These notions are kind of equivalent. So in order to construct this protocol that is epsilon-rational secure, then you need an epsilon-tight proof space. They are equivalent notions and can be used to construct each other. They are equivalent from the perspective of security.
But there's an extra consideration for replication. This is interesting data that you might want to extract. The verifier might want the whole data. A protocol with efficient extraction is harder.
Efficient extraction means that the protocol is not asynchronously composable. If the prover is producing different proofs over time, for independent movies and claiming to use storage to store both of these movies, then if the verifier is not proving to the actual movie that it is storing, just verifying the space, then the prover can generate the encoding of the first file and then use the output of that as sort of the input to the next proof-of-space. By this property of efficient extraction, the prover only needs to store the data it's using for the second proof of replication and can efficiently extract from it the data it needs for the first proof of replication protocol. This is prevented by focusing on protocols where the prover commits to the total amount of storage or total amount of files it is going to store for a single period of time, and then the security would hold.
The way you could use this in a system if you want efficient data extraction, you make the prover commit to all the movies it wants to store at a period of time. And then for each epoch, make them reinitialize all the movies they want to store at any point in time, and then challenge them on this. You allow the prover to lazily add committed movies over time, then you can't have both security and efficient extraction which has serious practical implications.
Let's skip to how we actually construct these things. It's a basic technique using labeled directed acyclic graphs. In proofs of space, you store specially encoded data by labeling the nodes of a graph. Every label is like a 32-byte label. So say you have n labels overall for the total amount of storage of 32n bytes. So you are going to derive a special label on every node in the graph. How do we label the graph? It's going to be a directed acyclic graph and for the labeling we're going to use a collision-resistant hash function salted by the id for the proof. If you want to do this for two different proofs, then they would be completely independent.
Let me walk you through how labeling works in this simple example of 5 nodes. The first label is derived just as the hash of one, the number one. Then the next label will be derived as a hash of the input index 2 but also any labels that it depends on, meaning that labels that belong to nodes that are direct parents of this particular node. This continues so and so forth. This forces you to do sequential work to derive the labeling, which is an important property that leads to some security. If you delete labels, then you forcibly have to do a lot of sequential work to re-derive them.
So how do you use this labeling in the proof of space framework we described before? You send a commitment to the graph labels you derive, and you get a challenge set chosen, you open the labels of the nodes in the challenge set, and their parents, and the verifier checks that all the hash relationships between labels and nodes and their parents were correct in how they were derived.
Another main tool we will use is called a depth robust graph. It's a graph, a directed acyclic graph on N nodes, but it has a special property that any node– it's a graph where if you delete or look at a subset of 80% of the graph, so you delete only say 20% of the graph and keep 80%, and the remaining 80% of nodes contains a long path. What do I mean by long? I mean basically, proportional to N. At least (1 - delta) * N. It's going to contain a long path. If you have to recompute the labels along a long path, it requires a lot of sequential work.
The building block for the type of proof of space that we're going to develop in the next few slides is a proof-of-space based on the depth robust graph alone. This is joint work with Joe Beannu and I rpesented it last year at BPASE 2018 and we were using it for proof of replication. There, you basically just label a depth robust graph. Why does this give you a proof of space? If the prover deletes 80% of the labels, then it will have to do a– since 80% of the labels are deleted contains a long path, it wil lhave to do a lot of sequential hashing ot re-derive those labels if challenged to produce those labels in an online challenge space. This isn't tight because it allows the prover to delete 80% of the data.
In this graph, there are two sets called the sources and the sinks. There are directed edges between nodes in these two sets. Any alpha fraction of A are connected to at least a beta fraction of B. We call this an expander graph when B is noticably larger than A. When you look at the total number of nodes that are connected, there's an expansion factor of beta over alpha.
So we combine these two different graph tools together and we're going to stack depth robust graphs, such that at every layer of n nodes, you put the edges of a depth robust graph that satisfy this minimal condition of being depth robust if you look at an 80% subset of the nodes. Then you use bipartite expander edges to connect the nodes, and finally we apply the method I described earlier to label the graph and derive labels on the final graph and we only store the labels from the last level.
If I delete these nodes, I need labels on the previous level too, which in this example I have not actually stored. The dependencies keep expanding and blowing up with every level because we're using the expander graph. On the first level, where we have the edges of a depth robust graph, you basically have to re-derive basically all the nodes, and since that requires a lot of sequential work due to the depth robust property, you basically have a proof-of-space.
When we want to prove this has a proof-of-space, we can't assume adversaries are only storing labels on the last layer, we can allow it to store labels sprinkled throughout the layers. We can prove that the total storage the adversary is using is less than 1 - epsilon over n, then we can find a blow-up in the dependencies of the things he is missing.
From this, you can build a proof of replication by taking the labels on the last level and you use this as a one-time encryption pad, you XOR it with your movie file, and you get an encoded movie data file. Extraction in this very generic construction is inefficient, and it requires you to rederive the deterministic labels on the last layer to decode your movie.
So how could we build something with efficient data extraction, given the caveats about composability from before? We start with the same construction, we tweak it, and we absorb the expander edges into the layers so that between the layers there's just one edge between nodes. A node in a given layer, does not have a direct dependency on any nodes in the previous layer, it just has an edge from the node with the same index in the prior level. The edges that were there before were absorbed into the … from the same level. Then we reverse the direction of the edges on every level, and I'll explain the intuition for why we are doing this. The dashed edges basically correspond or indicate where you would XOR the higher level label with a key derived from the parents on the next level. We're deriving an encoding of each label, so each label encodes the same index label on the previous level. The final level of nodes contains an encoding of the data inputs, and the data can be extracted efficiently by reversing this process. When we reverse this process, it can be completely parallelized so that it's much faster.
So why do we still have this property of a proof-of-space? Say we forget one of the labels. Consider both its targets in this level, and also its dependencies. If we move it to the level right before, the targets of this node sort of become the dependency of the node on hte previous level. In order to re-derive this label, we needed still to have a label c9 because c14 encodes c9. It's the XOR of c9. But in order to re-derive c9, we need c10 which was you know part of the target set of c14 in the last level. The targets become dependencies of the node that we need to re-derive on the previous level, and the dependencies then become targets. We keep on switching the dependencies and targets. Why? The way we chose the edges came from the expander graph construction, which has the expander property, which applies to the size of the target and the dependencies of any deleted set of labels inherits this expansion property. The whole construction is in the paper.


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"L.A. International Airport" is a song written by Leanne Scott.The song was first recorded by David Frizzell in 1970.  It reached #67 on the Billboard Country Singles chart.

Susan Raye recording
Susan Raye recorded her version of the song in 1971, which became an international hit. It reached #9 on the Billboard Country Singles chart. On other charts, "L.A. International Airport" reached #54 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song enjoyed much greater success outside of America and was a major pop hit in many countries, including New Zealand where it hit number one in New Zealand, and in Australia where it peaked at number two and ranked in the top five hits of the year.

The song was rerecorded with updated lyrics in 2003 by Shirley Myers for the 75th Anniversary of LAX.  Susan Raye, who has been retired from the music industry since 1986, made a rare public appearance to sing her hit at a concert at the celebration and to be on hand when a proclamation was issued to make the song the official song of LAX.

Chart performance

Weekly singles charts

Year-end charts

References

External links
 Lyrics of this song

1970 songs
1971 singles
Susan Raye songs
Capitol Records singles
David Frizzell songs
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Los Angeles International Airport

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The affordance of pervasive mobile technology enables ubiquitous learning. Device characteristics make a significant contribution to engaging users any time, any place, providing multisensory applications, hyperconnectivity and a new sense of place. Learning application design affords the use of digital media formats such as text, graphics, audio and video so that the symbolic, static and dynamic representations of problems and other learning activities might presented in a variety of ways. The exploration of various combinations of different media for effective learning has been the focus of several studies in authentic contexts and using authentic activities. The work by Kress and others highlights how multimodal literacy has at least two dimensions—media and semiotics, each with multiple literacies—hence, the representation and communication of meanings is multimodal; computer-based digital technologies provide efficient and effective access to multiple modes of representation and as such influence thinking; and multimodal design that incorporates different representational resources for meaning making has become integrated across curricula within various subjects. Moving from written culture to digital culture, the dynamic interactive multimodal representations and the multisensory application of tablet computers supports knowledge development by multiple representations which support students' expression and facilitate engagement. The transition between concrete, visual and abstract level of representations in contemporary learning environments will be discussed.
Becoming smart, or smarter, is for an ecosystem, like for the human, a goal to reach and, as for the human, a goal with a multidimensional nature. Uncovering the relevant dimensions of socio-technical ecosystems like the learning ones is the first step to support their way toward the achievement of the smartness: should it be done top-down or bottom-up ? Once the frameworks has been identified next question is: how technologies could support the learning ecosystems to get smarter ? Learning ecosystems do not operate in isolation: how they could interact with and influence the surroundings ?
Hints to stimulate reflections and foster actions will be provided.
Graduated in Physics and expert of complex systems. Nowadays 'Designer for the experience', expert in the technology-enhanced learning, interaction design, computer-mediated communication, design and innovation of processes and products.
Since 2013 is the Scientific Director of the Creative Industries Area at the Consorzio Roma Ricerche, since 2015 is the President of ASLERD (Association for Smart Learning Ecosystems and Regional Development - www.aslerd.org) He is member of the Dept. of History, Cultural Heritage, Education & Society of the University of Rome Tor Vergata, where he is chairing the ISIM_garage (Interfaces and Multimodal Interactive Systems), a research lab devoted to the design and development of TEL-environments, tools and methods for education, interaction design, and more. In his career he has published more than 200 papers and has been editor of several books and special issues. He is currently Scientific Editor of the journal IxD&A and Managing Editor of IJDLDC.
Modern educational settings, both in classrooms and MOOCs, produce a rapidly increasing volume of data that captures the learning progress of millions of students at different levels of granularity. This data opens a unique opportunity to re-engineer traditional education and develop a range of efficient data-driven education approaches. In this talk, I will review a stream of research on data-driven education and present some ways to leverage learner's data as explored in the PAWS lab. Among other approaches, I present our work on open social student modeling and the problem-solving genome - identifying reliable individual differences through sequential pattern mining.
Peter Brusilovsky is a Professor of Information Science and Intelligent Systems at the University of Pittsburgh, where he directs the Personalized Adaptive Web Systems (PAWS) lab. Peter has been working in the field of adaptive educational systems, user modeling, and intelligent user interfaces for more than 25 years. He published numerous papers and edited several books on adaptive hypermedia, adaptive educational systems, user modeling, and the adaptive Web. Peter is the Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies and a board member of several journals including User Modeling and User Adapted Interaction, and ACM Transactions on Social Computing.


text:
Wheal Martyn Trust
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Managing Director Colin Vallance and Chairman John Wood showed The Countess around the historic grounds, meeting volunteers, project participants and stakeholders along the way, accompanied by the Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall, Col. Edward Bolitho OBE.
Based on the edge of St Austell, Cornwall, the original Victorian clay works constitutes the UK's only china clay mining museum, set within atmospheric woodlands and nature trails with a viewing platform overlooking a modern working china clay pit.
During the visit, The Countess walked along part of the Historic Trail, pausing to view the impressive waterwheel and restoration works to the roofs of the historic buildings, which commenced in January as part of Wheal Martyn's £1.35M Clay Works project, funded by a range of funding bodies including the National Lottery Heritage Fund.
Her Royal Highness met with Wheal Martyn's first cohort of Citizen Curators, who are currently training and researching for their own exhibition at the museum; part of a Cornwall Museums Partnership programme, this initiative was established as an innovative way to help address Cornwall's lack of curatorial capacity, while providing a new route to develop skills and experience, for those seeking work in museums.
Outside the crib hut, The Countess met with volunteer Arthur Northey, who joined the clay industry as a Kettle Boy at the age of 14 before pursuing a lifelong career in the industry, later as an engineer.
Her Royal Highness then witnessed a moving performance of a song commemorating the end of World War One in the Clay Country, by pupils from nearby Roche Primary School. The year 5 pupils created their song as part of Wheal Martyn's fourth Community Arts project, through which three local schools visited the site to take part in artist led workshops, working with partners from Kernow Education Arts Partnership (KEAP) and Cornwall Music Education Hub (CMEH).
After the performance, volunteers from the China Clay History Society (CCHS) shared photographs from the archives, including some fantastic images of previous royal visits to the Clay Country by King George VI, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and HRH Prince Charles. Volunteer Maureen Hooper explained that one of the images captured the King and Queen visiting her parents' home, when opening the estate at Carnsmerry in Bugle. An integral part of Wheal Martyn, the Society mainly consists of retired industry employees and includes a group of c20 volunteers who work tirelessly to safeguard an extensive industry archive, amassed over 19 years. Mr Vallance explained to Her Royal Highness that the Society's volunteers have recently been nominated for a Queen's Award for Voluntary Service in recognition of their work, which also includes organising talks, field trips, film shows, producing newsletters, exhibition material and handling numerous research enquires.
Later, Her Royal Highness was invited to sign a ceramic tile with the museum's weekly volunteer-led arts and crafts group, offered by Wheal Martyn as a social prescription via St. Austell Healthcare. The tile will form part of a commemorative plaque to be installed in the Atrium and will be a catalyst to launching a new initiative at the museum in the spring where members of the community will be invited to leave their stamp at Wheal Martyn on a new tiled wall installation.
Colin Vallance, Managing Director, said, "It was a truly memorable day and we feel very honoured that The Countess of Wessex chose to visit Wheal Martyn. It was great to be able to share with her all the exciting projects and activities which are happening and recognise the hard work, passion and enthusiasm of our volunteers, Friends and supporters which enable us to continually achieve more within our community".
Colin went on to say, "It was a delight to see how much it meant to everyone involved and the buzz on the day was infectious – as well as our amazing volunteers, we were joined by so many of the key organisations we work with including St. Austell Town Council, Cornwall Council, the Cornish Mining World Heritage Site, Imerys Minerals Ltd, Badger Forest School and Rethink Mental Health".
Finally, The Countess was presented with a posy of flowers by Ehlana and Meredith Pierce, regular participants of Wheal Martyn's education sessions.
Published: 19th February, 2020
Updated: 25th February, 2020
Author: Colin Vallance
Reflections on Cornwall with Simon Reeve
Many of us have now watched the new Simon Reeve two-part documentary on Cornwall which highlighted issues which are often forgotten by other media representations of the duchy.
Discover your local heritage this winter at Wheal Martyn
We are again running our Cornwall Residents Pass offer until 31 March 2021, which enables Cornwall residents to purchase annual admission to the museum and its extensive grounds for a discounted rate of just £7.50 per adult and £5.00 per child.
Winter feels warmer at Wheal Martyn
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Our Proud Roots - a family exploration of our proud roots
Proudly celebrating our local landscape, environment and people, Our Proud Roots is a chance to explore and reflect on what makes our place and community special, as seen through fresh eyes and with a new perspective in our changed world. This is a chance to re-discover nature and the wonderful effects it has on our body and soul!
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I like to think that in some small way we volunteers – whatever task we do - are making a contribution to the preservation of the industry history in general and Wheal Martyn (something once commonplace but now virtually unique) in particular. Not just for the benefit of future generations but also so that it will not be lost. So future Cornwall explorers can be as astounded as I was.
Wheal Martyn receives £49,800 from The National Lottery Heritage Fund
We have received £49,800 in National Lottery support to help address the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on heritage.
CURRENT EXHIBITION: Celebrate Clay Country
On display outdoors around the Wheal Martyn grounds from August – Christmas
Wheal Martyn Clay Works wins award for wellbeing in Cornwall Heritage Awards
We are delighted to have won the 'Wellbeing' award for larger museums in the 2020 Cornwall Heritage Awards, hosted virtually by Cornwall Museums Partnership in October.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Create png image from array of numbers in memory using libpng I want to convert bytes that is stored in memory like
// pix is array of bytes with format format R, G, B, A, R, G, B, A, ...
// further image is going to be 250x300, so size is 250*300*4
char pix[250*300*4] = {
0, 255, 0, 0, //1
0, 255, 0, 0, //2
...
0, 255, 0, 0  //250*300
} // green image

to png image with help of libpng.
But I have not found any suitable function to do this. So, I am seeking for function like
png_bitmap_to_png(void *bitmap, void* png_raw_bytes).
If you have other ideas how to convert byte array to png image I am glad to hear them but do not offer usage of other libraries or converters like ImageMagick if it is not necessary, please.

A: I figured out how to do the thing. Instead of pix array I used row_pointers to store my color numbers, you may create some function to convert pix array to row_pointers if you want. Here is my code, I hope it will help
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <png.h>

#define IMAGE_HEIGHT 250
#define IMAGE_WIDTH 300
#define IMAGE_RED_COLOR 0
#define IMAGE_GREEN_COLOR 255
#define IMAGE_BLUE_COLOR 0
#define IMAGE_ALPHA_CHANNEL 255

void write_png_image(char* filename)
{
    png_byte** row_pointers; // pointer to image bytes
    FILE* fp; // file for image

    do // one time do-while to properly free memory and close file after error
    {
        row_pointers = (png_byte**)malloc(sizeof(png_byte*) * IMAGE_HEIGHT);
        if (!row_pointers)
        {
            printf("Allocation failed\n");
            break;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < IMAGE_HEIGHT; i++)
        {
            row_pointers[i] = (png_byte*)malloc(4*IMAGE_WIDTH);
            if (!row_pointers[i])
            {
                printf("Allocation failed\n");
                break;
            }
        }
        // fill image with color
        for (int y = 0; y < IMAGE_HEIGHT; y++)
        {
            for (int x = 0; x < IMAGE_WIDTH*4; x+=4)
            {
                row_pointers[y][x] = IMAGE_RED_COLOR; //r
                row_pointers[y][x + 1] = IMAGE_GREEN_COLOR; //g
                row_pointers[y][x + 2] = IMAGE_BLUE_COLOR; //b
                row_pointers[y][x + 3] = IMAGE_ALPHA_CHANNEL; //a
            }
        }
        //printf("%d %d %d %d\n", row_pointers[0][0], row_pointers[0][1], row_pointers[0][2], row_pointers[0][3]);

        fp = fopen(filename, "wb"); //create file for output
        if (!fp)
        {
            printf("Open file failed\n");
            break;
        }
        png_struct* png = png_create_write_struct(PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING, NULL, NULL, NULL); //create structure for write
        if (!png)
        {
            printf("Create write struct failed\n");
            break;
        }
        png_infop info = png_create_info_struct(png); // create info structure
        if (!info)
        {
            printf("Create info struct failed\n");
            break;
        }
        if (setjmp(png_jmpbuf(png))) // this is some routine for errors?
        {
            printf("setjmp failed\n");
        }
        png_init_io(png, fp); //initialize file output
        png_set_IHDR( //set image properties
            png, //pointer to png_struct
            info, //pointer to info_struct
            IMAGE_WIDTH, //image width
            IMAGE_HEIGHT, //image height
            8, //color depth
            PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGBA, //color type
            PNG_INTERLACE_NONE, //interlace type
            PNG_COMPRESSION_TYPE_DEFAULT, //compression type
            PNG_FILTER_TYPE_DEFAULT //filter type
            );
        png_write_info(png, info); //write png image information to file
        png_write_image(png, row_pointers); //the thing we gathered here for
        png_write_end(png, NULL);
        printf("Image was created successfully\nCheck %s file\n", filename);
    } while(0);
    //close file
    if (fp)
    {
        fclose(fp);
    }
    //free allocated memory
    for (int i = 0; i < IMAGE_HEIGHT; i++)
    {
        if (row_pointers[i])
        {
            free(row_pointers[i]);
        }
    }
    if (row_pointers)
    {
        free(row_pointers);
    }
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    if(argc == 2)
    {
        write_png_image(argv[1]);
    }
    else
    {
        printf("Usage: %s pngfile.png\n", argv[0]);
    }

    return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A bill to establish and operate a National Center for Campus Public Safety.
Center to Advance, Monitor, and Preserve University Security Safety Act of 2013 or the CAMPUS Safety Act of 2013 - Amends the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to authorize the Attorney General to establish and operate a National Center for Campus Public Safety. Tasks the Center with strengthening the safety and security of institutions of higher education (IHEs) by: (1) training IHE public safety personnel and their collaborative partners; (2) fostering relevant research; (3) collecting and disseminating information and best practices regarding campus safety; (4) developing protocols and best practices to prevent, protect against, and respond to dangerous and violent situations that threaten the campus community; and (5) promoting cooperation among public safety and emergency management personnel of IHEs and their collaborative partners, including law enforcement, emergency management, and mental health agencies. Allows states and localities to use Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grants to make subawards to IHEs and other nonprofit organizations to assist the Center in carrying out those functions.


text:
NYPD officers accessed Black Lives Matter activists' texts, documents show
Exclusive: Documents obtained by the Guardian reveal details of how police posed as protesters amid unrest following the death of Eric Garner
George Joseph in New York
Tue 4 Apr 2017 06.00 EDT Last modified on Mon 27 Nov 2017 21.38 EST
People protest after a grand jury decided not to indict officer Daniel Pantaleo in the Eric Garner case. Photograph: Yana Paskova/Getty Images
Undercover officers in the New York police department infiltrated small groups of Black Lives Matter activists and gained access to their text messages, according to newly released NYPD documents obtained by the Guardian.
The records, produced in response to a freedom of information lawsuit led by New York law firm Stecklow & Thompson, provide the most detailed picture yet of the sweeping scope of NYPD surveillance during mass protests over the death of Eric Garner in 2014 and 2015. Lawyers said the new documents raised questions about NYPD compliance with city rules.
The documents, mostly emails between undercover officers and other NYPD officials, follow other disclosures that the NYPD regularly filmed Black Lives Matter activists and sent undercover personnel to protests. The NYPD has not responded to the Guardian's request for comment or interview.
Emails show that undercover officers were able to pose as protesters even within small groups, giving them extensive access to details about protesters' whereabouts and plans. In one email, an official notes that an undercover officer is embedded within a group of seven protesters on their way to Grand Central Station. This intimate access appears to have helped police pass as trusted organizers and extract information about demonstrations. In other emails, officers share the locations of individual protesters at particular times. The NYPD emails also include pictures of organizers' group text exchanges with information about protests, suggesting that undercover officials were either trusted enough to be allowed to take photos of activists' phones or were themselves members of a private planning group text.
Police obtained access to protesters' text messages, the documents show. Photograph: NYPD/Screenshot/Scribd
"That text loop was definitely just for organizers, I don't know how that got out," said Elsa Waithe, a Black Lives Matter organizer. "Someone had to have told someone how to get on it, probably trusting someone they had seen a few times in good faith. We clearly compromised ourselves."
Keegan Stephan, a regular attendee of the Grand Central protests in 2014 and 2015, said information about protesters' whereabouts was limited to a small group of core organizers at that time. "I feel like the undercover was somebody who was or is very much a part of the group, and has access to information we only give to people we trust," said Stephan, who has been assisting attorneys with a lawsuit to obtain the documents on behalf of plaintiff James Logue, a protester. "If you're walking to Grand Central with a handful of people for an action, that's much more than just showing up to a public demonstration – that sounds like a level of friendship."
Joseph Giacalone, a retired NYPD detective sergeant and professor at John Jay College, agreed that it would not be easy for an undercover officer to join a small group of protesters and hear their plans. "It would be pretty amazing that they would be able to get into the core group in such a short window of time," said Giacalone. "This could have been going on a while before for these people to get so close to the inner circle."
The NYPD documents also included a handful of pictures and one short video taken at Grand Central Station demonstrations. Most are pictures of crowds milling about or taking part in demonstrations. In one picture of a small group of activists, the NYPD identifies an individual in a brown jacket as the "main protester". These images of protesters are reminiscent of those taken by undercover transit police, who were also deployed to Black Lives Matter protests in Grand Central Station in 2015.
An individual is identified as the 'main protester'. Photograph: NYPD/Screenshot/Scribd
Giacalone said this type of leadership identification was standard police practice at protests. "If you take out the biggest mouth, everybody just withers away, so you concentrate on the ones you believe are your organizers," he said. "Once you identify that person, you can run computer checks on them to see if they have a warrant out or any summons failures, then you can drag them in before they go out to speak or rile up the crowd, as long as you have reasonable cause to do so."
Attorneys say the documents raise legal questions about whether the NYPD was acting in compliance with the department's intelligence-gathering rules, known as the Handschu Guidelines. The guidelines, which are based on an ongoing decades-old class-action lawsuit, hold that the NYPD can begin formally investigating first amendment activity "when facts or circumstances reasonably indicate that an unlawful act has been, is being, or will be committed" and if the police surveillance plan has been authorized by a committee known as the Handschu Authority. (That committee was exclusively staffed by NYPD officials at the time.) However, according to the guidelines, before launching a formal investigation, the NYPD can also conduct investigative work such as "checking of leads" and "preliminary inquiries" with even lower standards of suspicion.
Michael Price, counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice, said it was difficult to know whether NYPD's undercover surveillance operations crossed the line, as the documents did not make clear what, if any, stage of investigation the police were in at the time of the operations. But he said the department's retention of pictures and video raised questions, since police are not allowed to retain information about public events unless it relates to unlawful activity.
"So my question would be: what was the unlawful activity that police had reason to suspect here?" said Price. "It doesn't appear that there was any criminal behavior they were talking about in the emails. Most references are to protesters being peaceful, so I would be very concerned if they were hinging their whole investigation on civil disobedience, such as unpermitted protests or blocking of pedestrians."
Throughout the emails, the NYPD's undercover sources provide little indication of any unlawful activity, frequently characterizing demonstrators as peaceful and orderly with only one mention of a single arrest.
"The documents uniformly show no crime occurring, but NYPD had undercovers inside the protests for months on end as if they were al-Qaida," said David Thompson, an attorney of Stecklow & Thompson, who helped sue for the records.
Giacalone argued that police could have easily come up with a legal justification to initiate surveillance, especially if such operations occurred after the shooting of two NYPD officers in December of 2014 (all dates in the NYPD's email communications were redacted). But he noted that such investigative activities would be harder to justify if officers were not directly observing signs of unlawful activity.
"If they're not talking about any crimes being committed, they're going to have a difficult time defending this. It may end up in another one of these lawsuits," said Giacalone. "Some may say this is good police work, fine, but good police work or not, we have rules against this kind of thing in New York."
Attorneys have already filed a petition charging that the NYPD may have failed to produce all of its surveillance records. But for some protesters, the damage has already been done.
"In the first couple of months, we had a lot of people in and out of the group, some because they didn't fit our style but others because of the whispers that they were undercovers," recalled Waithe. "Whether it was real or perceived, that was the most debilitating part for me, the whispers … It's really hard to organize when you can't trust each other."
US policing


Ironically, most Muslims argue that those who are regular in prayer and spend in charity (2:3) are the Muttaqin and will receive the guidance of the Qur'an (2:2). Such an interpretation shifts emphasis from Taqwa to prayer and charity and transforms the din of Islam from one that is designed to promote Taqwa to one that is devoted to prayer and charity (2:4). The Qur'an clarifies the primary role of Taqwa in the concluding verse of the passage (2:5):"the Muttaqin are on true guidance from God." Across it text, the Qur'an repeatedly declares: it is "guidance and counsel for the Muttaqin" (3:138); it is "counsel for the Muttaqin" (24:34)….
Other Qur'anic verses on this theme that were relevant to the phased unfolding of its message are excluded from this focused reflection, as read one after another - topic-wise, their linguistic nuances and lyrical character will give way to a repetitive effect and compromise the impact of the message…..
The Jurists of Islam must know that in Islamic Law only the best of past precedents are valid for any era and those not relevant to the era or cause injustice to any individual or group must be set aside. Hence, no matter which Imams, Caliphs or scholars approved of triple Talaq, they approved it for their time – that is more than a thousand years ago. They never claimed their rulings to be binding for the posterity for all time – a point Imam Abu Hanifa made categorically as mentioned above in this article. So let there be no dilly dallying in declaring constitutionally invalid what is sinful, unlawful, oppressive and immensely dehumanizing to women and gross violation of human rights…..
Finally, when the King was marching in his New Clothes it was a little 'Malala' in the crowd to shout, 'the King has no clothes.' On April 13 in the Parliament of Canada the real Malala of this era – not afraid of anyone, said aloud what the Ulema and scholars of Islam have been afraid to say: "when you pick up a gun in the name of Islam and kill innocent people, you are not a Muslim anymore."….
Though the government has 100% right to vet the people entering the country, but does it mean a routine vetting at the entrance of every government office? Therefore, the nature and scope, frequency and rationale of 'vetting' and the manner of framing of the questions must be contested and ratified by the court or else a Muslim in America will have to carry a Vetting Certificate with him all the time – somewhat like the Jews wearing Star of David badges in the Medieval ages and under Nazi occupation….


The second track to hit the blog with an Elohim connection this week, Yoshi Flower is friend, collaborator and touring mate of Elohim (Michl was the other artist this week). Having legally changed his name to Yoshi, Flower is dealing in psychedelic pop music that calls to mind Darwin Deez, in a good way.
This track reeks of nerdy-love-denial as a route to self-defence. I don't actually love you, I'm just high. Just like 10CC huh? Big boys don't cry?
Yep, I kind of find this heartbreaking. Because maybe the person he is singing to really is just on drugs, but I have a feeling Mr Flower is a little bit more than smitten here. Besides, we all know love is a drug anyway.


Party like never before with this trendy shot glasses set enhanced with vibrant kathakali dancer face and auto motifs. A perfect pick to add trendiness to you upcoming party, this shot glass set which comes in a classy box will also make for a wonderful gift option for your booze lover buddy.
Width - 1.5 cm each Marketed by Archies Ltd.
Trendy Shot Glasses Set Party like never before with this trendy shot glasses set enhanced with vibrant kathakali dancer face and auto motifs. A perfect pick to add trendiness to you upcoming party, this shot glass set which comes in a classy box will also make for a wonderful gift option for your booze lover buddy.


text:
Environment Planet Earth
Why Wind Chill Matters
Wind can whisk away the 'envelope' of heat that radiates from our bodies, making it feel even colder than we'd expect based on temperature alone. (Photo: Nebojsa Markovic/Shutterstock)
I've had early-stage hypothermia twice, including once at Great Smoky Mountains National Park when it was about 45 degrees Fahrenheit (7 degrees Celsius). It wasn't very cold in terms of relative temperature, but it was both rainy and windy, and I began to feel colder and colder as I hiked along. Because of an earlier experience, I recognized the impending signs of hypothermia (intense body shivers followed by nausea and brain fog), stripped off my clothes, changed into dry ones, put plastic bags on my feet (my trusty boots had gotten soaked when I slipped into a stream), and did jumping jacks — even though I wanted to curl up on the ground for a nap. I recovered quickly and backpacked out of the park a few hours later.
Experiencing hypothermia when the air temperature is significantly above freezing is not uncommon. There are roughly 1,300 hypothermic deaths from cold each year, and more than half of them don't occur during winter or in freezing temperatures.
One of the reasons there are more deaths from hypothermia in above-freezing temperatures is that temperature alone is actually a poor indicator of how cold your body will feel out in the elements, and as a result, people find themselves cold and underdressed. That's why estimates of how cold it really feels outside are important, and wind chill is the most common way to gauge that.
How to calculate wind chill
If you want to figure out wind chill for yourself, this chart via NOAA is a handy reference. (Photo: NOAA)
If you want to figure out wind chill, this is a handy reference. (Chart: NWS Wind Chill Temperature index)
Wind chill can be factored a couple ways, but all take into consideration wind speed and air temperature, as does the U.S. National Weather Service chart above.
It doesn't seem to make sense; the thermometer will read 45 degrees Fahrenheit whether it's windy, rainy or sunny. So why do we feel so much colder when the air is moving?
Unlike animals that have insulating fur, human skin is better at evaporating excess heat than it is at containing it. We lose heat quickly, because we normally radiate warmth from blood vessels beneath our skin. When the air is still, a heat envelope of sorts can form, but when the wind is blowing (or you're moving through the air, say on a bike), that heat is immediately whisked away. The faster the wind, the more quickly your body heat dissipates — and at a wind speed of 25 mph (40 kph) or more, the human body can no longer keep up, no matter how hard it works.
So calculating how fast the wind is moving along with the temperature means you'll get an idea of how fast you'll lose body heat. That's wind chill. (On the flip side, during heat waves, the heat index takes into account temperature and humidity to give you an idea of how hot it really feels.) Another method is AccuWeather's "RealFeel" estimator — it adds more information into the wind-chill equation, "including the temperature, humidity, cloud cover, sun intensity and wind."
Hypothermia can begin when body temperature dips below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 Celsius), so keeping your eye on the wind-chill factor or "feels-like" temperature is a good idea any time of year.
If you're going to spend time in the great outdoors, you should always bring extra layers with you. The most common cause of death from hypothermia is when the weather changes quickly and people who are out outdoors enjoying a day in the wilderness are caught without enough clothing to keep them warm.
Why Does Humidity Make You Feel So Awful?
Why This Polar Vortex Is So Dangerous
Blame the Dew Point, Not the Humidity
Why You Should Soak in a Hot Bath After Exercising in the Heat
How to Handle Really Hot Weather
Cold Weather Is Good for You (Really)
9 of the Coldest Places in the World to Live
How and Why to Chill Red Wine
Flaking Out: How Snow Forms
Laws Protect Pets in Severe Weather
10 of the Windiest Places in the World
Cold Is Deadlier Than Heat
Ottawa Is World's Coldest Capital (At Least Today)
Normal Winter Weather Is Not a Crisis
Whatever Happened to Autumn?
Why Does the Cold Bother Some People More?


text:
Current: Lister Memorial Lecture 2016
Lister Memorial Lecture 2016
On 8 June 2016, SCI's Scotland Group, supported by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, hosted the Lister Memorial Lecture. The Lecture was delivered by Prof Dame Sally Davies DBE FRS, Chief Medical Officer for England and Chief Medical Advisor to the UK Government, on the subject of Antimicrobial Resistance - The Global Problem.
The Lister Memorial Lecture is named after Sir Joseph Lister, the British surgeon who first introduced antisepsis into hospital routine and pioneered the field of bacteriology in the late 19th century. He is often known as 'The Father of Modern Antisepsis'.
The medal was first awarded to Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of penicillin, in 1944, and was awarded for the 16th time to Prof Dame Sally Davies on 8 June. Other previous recipients have all been eminent scientists working at the interface of chemistry and medicine.
An audio recording of the full lecture is available via the link below.
A video recording of the full lecture will also be available on the website soon.
Lister Memorial Lecture
SCI Scotland Group
SCI Awards


text: In the early 90s, the Orlando Magic were a joke, just as expected of a young expansion franchise. They finished the 1991-92 season with 21-61, the second worst record behind the Timberwolves and got the first pick in the 1992 draft, with which they got Shaq. Even though Shaq got them to a 9th place finish in the East with a record of 41-41 in 1992-93, the team still won first pick in the 1993 draft. That is supposed to be virtually impossible for a team with a .500 record, so conspiracy theories started surfacing that David Stern wanted to create a dynasty in Orlando. The Magic used the Pick on Chris Webber and traded him to the Warriors for Penny Hardaway and the rest is history.


Concordia is moving to Windows 10!
To remain compliant with IT security standards at Concordia University, faculty and staff members working on Concordia issued PC devices will be required to upgrade to Windows 10 to ensure continued support from Microsoft.
A new, simpler, visual design that is user friendly and easy to use.
Faster computer switch on and login times. Windows 10 will allow you to switch on your computer and log in faster, getting your day started with less delay.
The new operating system has numerous embedded and built-in security features that will make Concordia's computing environment even more secure.
For more information or to opt in and upgrade your machine to Windows 10, visit the Windows 10 upgrade page.


text:
unitedhealth group pay grade 28
The average salary for UnitedHealth Group is $84,988 per year, ranging from $58,338 to $103,409. Unitedhealth Group average salary is $108,334, median salary is $110,000 with a salary range from $105,000 to $110,000. Unitedhealth Group salary statistics is not exclusive and is for reference only. Below are the earning and deductions per month. I believe it is 3.8 LPA now. In 2014, UHG used to give 3.41 LPA as CTC for freshers. Unitedhealth Group salaries are collected from government agencies and companies. UNITEDHEALTH GROUP INC income statements for executive base pay and bonus are filed yearly with the SEC in the edgar filing system. I joined UHG as a fresher in 2014 after stepping out of my college. Latest News. Nov. 25, 2020 1 min Read. The Salary Grade 2019 Table is based from the Executive Order No. grade 28 and below) ... UnitedHealth Group Benefits Brochure Pay Review: The company undertakes an annual performance-related pay review, called Common Review, between January and March. 201. UnitedHealth Group CEO Stephen J. Hemsley had a 28 percent decline in compensation last year compared with 2011, according to documents filed Wednesday with … UnitedHealth Group to Host 2020 Investor Conference . Each salary is associated with a real job position. Total Cash Compensation information is comprised of yearly Base Pay and Bonuses. UnitedHealth Group employees earn $51,000 annually on average, or $25 per hour, which is 26% lower than the national salary average of $66,000 per year.According to our data, the highest paying job at UnitedHealth Group is a Vice President at $191,000 annually while the lowest paying job at UnitedHealth Group is a Benefits Representative at $22,000 annually. Latest News. UNITEDHEALTH GROUP INC annual reports of executive compensation and pay are most commonly found in the Def 14a documents. For more than two decades UnitedHealth Group has led efforts to identify, address and monitor health disparities, and collaborate with community organizations and national partners dedicated to health and wellness. Read More. This is the salary grade table for the Fourth Tranche of Salary Standardization Law (SSL) which will be effective on January 1, 2019.. For SSL 5 Updated Table: SSL 5 Table | Salary Standardization Law V Salary Grade 2019 Table Compare more salaries for UnitedHealth Group at Paysa.com. The people of UnitedHealth Group are united by a mission to help people live healthier lives and to help make the health system work better for everyone. Any pay award will be effective March 1 of that year. We are using our organizational assets, capabilities and … The pay award is subject to an individual's performance and achievement of objec-tives.
Comfortable Rocking Chair Dimensions, Spice Kitchen Recipes, Prayer For A Sick Friend, Craftsman Mouse Sander Replacement Parts, 12 Inch Deep Cabinet With Sliding Doors, Kirti College Cut Off List 2020, Where To Buy Virginia Ham,


Imagine you're going to have surgery tomorrow.
You have to make a quick decision about which doctor will administer the operation. You narrow your search to two doctors in your area. They are equally qualified, earned the same GPA's and have identical experience. The only difference is one became a doctor due to a passion for people and the other became a doctor because his parents wouldn't accept less. He felt obligated to his profession.
Alright, time to head back into the operating room. Which Doctor will you choose?
I don't know about you, but I'd bet my appendix on the Doctor who chose their profession over someone forced into the profession.
The same is true for your employees. When they decide, they are disproportionately more likely to achieve positive results.
Goal setting is not something you can do to your employees. A goal you set for them isn't a goal at all, it's an order. Take a step back and consider how you could bring your people into the goal setting process.
I recommend letting them set their goal based on the standard you have set. This gives your employee ownership of their work while communicating your expectation.
Once you have written the standard for your employee (it's important to write them out), share those metrics with them and allow them to set their personal goals along with specific actions they will need to take in order to accomplish that goal. Again, this need to be written down.
Once you have your standards written and they have their goals (and a specific plan) written, come together and edit. Accomplishing goals is a team sport. So, there has to be agreement on who is responsible for each area. Ask, "What do you need from me to ensure you accomplish your goal?" Then ask, "What can I expect from you if your find that you are struggling to achieve your goal?"
The reason for the last question is to establish how problems flow. It is not your job to babysit, it is your job to run a business. If you have to chase down underperformers, you will render yourself ineffective.
Set the tone early that the goal is their responsibility and if they are having trouble, they should reach out to you and you will be there to support them.
Agree on the attainability of their goal, encourage them and help them talk through how they will achieve it.
Someone once said, You can't expect what you done inspect. Make it a part of your daily routine to follow up with your people. Not through meetings or standardized forms, but through good ole human connection. Make sure you are asking specific questions about their goals. When they give you the wrong answer, don't correct them, ask a follow-up question.
Follow up is about catching them doing something right and asking questions instead of giving direct orders.
Take a moment to think about how these three steps apply to your business. Which step would give you the greatest return if you began applying it right away?


In the many years I have been involved in amateur theatre. Having had the guidance and pleasure of working with some of the best. I strive to develop a rapport with my cast and crew to make it an enjoyable experience, for both them and myself. Unlike professional theatre the only reward is pleasure The cast need to entertain and fulfill the audience to achieve this. I am playing a role, that of Stanley Gardner, as there are not many people who can fill his shoes, this is where I feel somewhat honoured.
Antony is our newest member of the cast and has been thrown into the deep end, although willingly I might add. Ant has been involved in other theatre productions as well as musicals. A very talented actor and extremely versatile, he fits the part of John perfectly.
Cash on delivery was her most recent production where she played the supporting role and showed her natural ability to adapt to the vigors of full on farce. Karen has worked for other theatres and has been stage manager among other roles.
Angela has been involved in theatre on and off over a number of years. She has co-directed, choreographed as well as acted in childrens productions, her favorite role being Aunt Sally in Worzel Gummidge. Initially in musicals as a dancer, singer and actor, she is now hooked on comedy and drama enjoying the role of Michelle in Allo allo and recently playing Ms. Cowper in Cash on Delivery.
Paul is playing the role of Stanley Gardner, as there are not many people who can fill his shoes. Stanley is a role he has done twice now and this will be his third and final time. Along with Norman Bassett, Brian Runicles whom he has also played three times. These characters are legends and to have played them is an honor. I am humble to the writers who created them as they have made many a tissue soggy with laughter.
John's first role was in "Four Flat Whites" then he was a brash policeman in "Last of the Summer Wine". Now he's playing a brash detective, a promotion maybe?
Rod has been involved with Te Aroha theatre for many years and has played a vast variety of roles. His most recent role was in "Ophelia Thinks Harder". The sherif of Nottingham (Robin Hood), Petrucio (Taming of the Shrew), Colonel Gilweather (Somethings Afoot) and Dr. Lupin (Sweeny Todd) to name a few.
After 13 years Dan came back on stage as Norman Bassett in Cash on Delivery, now he has taken on a smaller but extremely challenging part of Bobby Franklin. Dan has played the piano for several productions and acted in Vinegar Tom.


text:
What are heterotrophic algae?
Algae that can grow in the dark, using only sugars or some other organic compound for energy.
Algae that grow when only light is used as a source of energy.
Algae that can grow in the dark or in the light.
Algae can help remove harmful heavy metals from water.
While there are many ways to grow algae, experts agree there is one best way.
In which of the following markets can algae play a role?
Which federal department has NOT been involved with supporting the potential of algae?
How many gallons of fuel can be produced from an acre of algae?
Fuels produced from algae qualify for tax incentives under the federal Renewable Fuels Standard, just like cellulosic fuels.
Biodiesel made from algae is an advanced biofuel that can be used in any unmodified diesel engine.
How much money do Americans send to foreign countries to buy imported oil?
About $1 million a day
About $100 million a day
About $1 billion a day
We don't send any of our money overseas.
How much of the United States' carbon dioxide emissions come from transportation fuels?
About one-third
About half
Level 1 Quiz | Level 2 Quiz | Bonus Round
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So many of us have been sick lately, including me! I have been home with the flu but will be back Monday. Unsung Hero projects and writing were due on Friday but I was not there. That means they must be in class on Monday. We need to make sure they are photographed and applications submitted no later than Wednesday. I hope the extra couple of days have helped. If you are going to be absent please email the pic of the piece and the writing to jennheyser@gmail.com.


text:
On the US border, migrants desperation outweighs fear
AFP - July 2, 2022
Selvin Allende is worn out. With his one-year-old daughter on his shoulders and his pregnant wife beside him, he crossed the Rio Grande from...
Costa Rica renews commitment to refugees
Ileana Fernandez - June 24, 2022
The Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship, Arnoldo André Tinoco, celebrated World Refugee Day in the Golden Hall of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,...
AMLO asks US to "get involved" in a solution to migration in Central America
AFP - May 7, 2022
During his visits to Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala, Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador demanded greater U.S. participation in joint solutions to the...
United States seeks agreement on migration with Latin America
Ileana Fernandez - April 21, 2022
The United States is seeking to reach a firm agreement with Latin American countries on migration ahead of the upcoming Summit of the Americas...
Blinken travels to Panama seeking consensus on curbing illegal migration
AFP - April 16, 2022
U.S. Chief of Staff Antony Blinken will prepare the ground for the Summit of the Americas by attending a regional meeting on migration in...
Nicaraguans Learn to Swim to Overcome the Rio Bravo and Reach the U.S.
In a swimming pool, students form two parallel lines and churn the waters, creating a turbulent channel. Nicaraguan Darling Molina is training to later...
The Issuing of Biometric Passports in Costa Rica Has Started
On March 7th the Costa Rica immigration office has started issuing biometric passports that will be valid for 10 years instead of 6. ...
Cubans rally in front of Costa Rican consulate for transit visas
AFP - February 22, 2022
Hundreds of Cubans gathered on Monday near the Costa Rican consulate in Havana, after learning that Costa Rica imposed a transit visa that complicates...
On the road with a Migrant Caravan leaving Honduras
AFP - January 16, 2022
Hundreds of men, women and children gathered early Saturday morning in the parking lot of San Pedro Sula's main transit hub, on the edge...
Hundreds of migrants leave Honduras in caravan to US
Hundreds of people departed Saturday from San Pedro Sula, northern Honduras, in a new caravan of migrants with intentions of seeking better living conditions...


text:
Search Results for: writing
In Memory: "the best writing usually comes from the heart."
Australian, writer
"Writing is not lying, nor is it theft. It is a journey and search for transparency between one's words and one's soul."
poet, poetry
"I prefer the absurdity of writing poems to the absurdity of not writing poems."
"I see the shape of the poem before I start writing, and the writing is just the process of arriving at the shape."
"I write when I can't avoid writing anymore."
"Life makes writing poetry necessary to prove I really was paying attention."
"I still have no way to survive but to keep writing one line, one more line, one more line."
book quotes, writer
"Nothing mattered … but writing books, and living the kind of life that made it possible to write them."
Pulitzer Prize, writer
In Memory: "The only thing I was fit for was to be a writer, and this notion rested solely on my suspicion that I would never be fit for real work, and that writing didn't require any."
"Ceaseless work, analysis, reflection, writing much, endless self-correction, that is my secret."


The curtain is set to rise on a new era in performing arts at Dalhousie. The Performing Arts Campaign will create a modern, world-class performing arts destination for our students and community.
Now is your chance to be a part of our campaign as we launch Fill the House – an opportunity to name a seat in the Joseph Strug Concert Hall. We invite you to celebrate a loved one or special milestone and demonstrate your appreciation for the performing arts in this beautiful new performance space.
The concert hall is a key addition to Dalhousie's Performing Arts Campaign. Featuring state-of-the-art acoustic design, the 300-seat venue will enhance the student experience by giving them an inspiring space to rehearse and perform. It will also provide a performance hall for up-and-coming local talent, national music festivals and internationally acclaimed artists.
Helping us create a full house is the best way to show your appreciation for performing artists. Make a gift today to name the best seat in the house!


We've confirmed our reservation at Dogwatch Tavern in Fells Point as the end spot for this month's ride! To alleviate some of the congestion of past months, they are being awesomely accommodating and reserving us their back room (for FREE!) with our own bar and drink specials!
they also have food going late into the night so be sure to make plans to stay and have fun with all your fellow bikers! there will be plenty of room for all of us!
if you are concerned about getting back to the monument (perhaps where you parked your car) there WILL be a group of us that will ride back to mt vernon together after some time at the Tavern, so be sure to come out and enjoy the bike-filled evening to the fullest!


text:
View Full Issue Table of Contents
Labor's Big Retreat
By Linda Diebel15 min
The massacre in Lebanon
THIS CANADA
Discord in Peace Park
By Gordon Legge7 min
Maclean's | September 27 1982
BUSINESS WATCH (1)
FOLLOW-UP (1)
FOR THE RECORD (1)
THIS CANADA (1)
For weeks workers on the line at the General Motors plant in Oshawa, Ont., had been wearing buttons instructing their union negotiators to STOP CONCESSIONS. Still, there was a collective sigh of relief when United Auto Workers Canadian Director Robert White announced a tentative agreement with the company last week, even though the pact fell far short of that demand. By Linda Diebel15 min
The rumors, dark and menacing, multiplied by the hour. Gradually, diplomats and others based in battle-scarred Beirut became convinced that a tragedy of some kind was taking place in the Palestinian refugee camps in the city's western sector, overrun by Israeli troops last week.
On the gravel shores of Cameron Lake, in the western reaches of Waterton Lakes National Park, a visitor stands at the centre of a subalpine amphitheatre of Olympian proportions. To the right are the peaks of spruce, fir and pine that make up the continental divide. By Gordon Legge7 min
The kids of summer head Down Under
While professional sports in North America relentlessly followed their seasonal cycles this year, the rest of the world was bustling with 20 different global championships. Canada's quest began when Gordon Singleton of Niagara Falls, Ont., won a gold medal at the World Cycling Championships in Leicester, England.
Grounding the Spaceship Earth
As ever, the Eastern Europeans have a joke for it. Behind the Iron Curtain, current wit goes as follows: Question: What is the New International Economic Order? Answer: The New International Economic Order is a system whereby poor people of rich countries give assistance to the rich people of poor countries. By Barbara Amiel5 min
Taking the bite out of FIRA
It was billed as a simple administrative shuffle that dealt a different face into a staid bureaucracy. But when Robert Richardson officially replaces Gorse Howarth as commissioner of the embattled Foreign Investment Review Agency next month, a behindthe-scenes shift in the federal approach to foreign investment will be sealed—at a time when international and domestic pressure to scrap the agency is mounting. By MARY JANIGAN4 min
Inside Dome's fragile empire
The decision that turned Dome from the darling of the Canadian investment community into a four-letter word was taken at a dramatic confrontation during a private meeting in the energy giant's Calgary headquarters on June 9, 1981. Around the boardroom table that day were Dome Chairman Jack Gallagher, President Bill Richards, Senior Vice-President (Finance) Peter Breyfogle, Toronto stockbroker Doug Mackay, Toronto lawyer Fraser Fell, former National Energy Board chairman Marshall Crowe and Calgary lawyer Mac Jones, who regularly collects $1 million a year in Dome legal fees. By Peter C. Newman4 min
Reagan salutes an anxious ally
It was the question that official Washington had waited for. According to reports from Manila, Filipino President Ferdinand Marcos was dying of a lingering disease. Was this true, and did Marcos intend to name his wife, Imelda, to succeed him? The president stood before the National Press Club audience and laughed: "Does anyone want to try me in the ring? That's ridiculous."
Sweet dreams of the future
The world is too uncertain. Confusion reigns in the minds of the poor reader, buffeted by conflicting reports and incomprehensible detail. The ordinary citizen despairs, not knowing which way to turn. Some assistance is needed. Luckily, Dr. Fotheringay knows all. By Allan Fotheringham4 min
America's new daily
At first glance it seems surprising that Allen Neuharth is not the United States' most influential media baron. As chairman and president of the Gannett Co., he controls more U.S. newspapers than anyone else—88 dailies, 32 weeklies—plus a news service, 13 radio stations and seven television outlets. By Ian Austen4 min
September 201982 October 41982


The principle that guides UMS is to articulate why we believe our school can provide the superlative education that your children both require and deserve in today's world. It is no longer enough to master text content and classroom lessons. It is now necessary to work with new ideas and problems creatively and collegially, to be highly adaptive to change, to anticipate change, and to become effective verbal, written, and technological communicators.
The programs, faculty, and resources at UMS are purpose-driven by this view, and as a result, our students are action-oriented. By graduation, our students will have consolidated and internalized the learning process, become equipped with critical knowledge and skills, and refined character traits that will serve them well in the future.
Thank you again for considering UMS. We look forward to meeting you at the school very soon.


According to the listing, Mega Man 11 will be out on October 3. However, we don't necessary believe that date is final. October 3 would be a Wednesday, which is something we don't typically see for new game launches. They tend to happen on either Tuesday or Friday these days.


text:
namespace DMLibTest
{
    using System;
    using Microsoft.WindowsAzure.Storage.Blob;
    using Microsoft.WindowsAzure.Storage.File;
    using Microsoft.WindowsAzure.Storage.Table;

    [Flags]
    public enum SharedAccessPermissions
    {
        None = 0,
        Read = 1,
        Write = 2,
        Delete = 4,
        List = 8,
        Query = 16,
        Add = 32,
        Update = 64,
    }

    public static class SharedAccessPermissionsExtensions
    {
        public const SharedAccessPermissions LeastPermissionDest = SharedAccessPermissions.Write | SharedAccessPermissions.Read;
        public const SharedAccessPermissions LeastPermissionSource = SharedAccessPermissions.List | SharedAccessPermissions.Read;
        public const SharedAccessPermissions LeastPermissionSourceList = SharedAccessPermissions.List;

        public static SharedAccessBlobPermissions ToBlobPermissions(this SharedAccessPermissions sap)
        {
            return (SharedAccessBlobPermissions)Enum.Parse(typeof(SharedAccessBlobPermissions), sap.ToString());
        }

        public static SharedAccessFilePermissions ToFilePermissions(this SharedAccessPermissions sap)
        {
            return (SharedAccessFilePermissions)Enum.Parse(typeof(SharedAccessFilePermissions), sap.ToString());
        }

        public static SharedAccessTablePermissions ToTablePermissions(this SharedAccessPermissions sap)
        {
            return (SharedAccessTablePermissions)Enum.Parse(typeof(SharedAccessTablePermissions), sap.ToString());
        }

        public static SharedAccessPermissions ToCommonPermissions(this Enum specificPermissions)
        {
            return (SharedAccessPermissions)Enum.Parse(typeof(SharedAccessPermissions), specificPermissions.ToString());
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hart singled, bunt, advanced to second on an error by 3b.
Brown singled to center field, RBI, advanced to second on an error by lf; Haag advanced to second, advanced to third on an error by cf; Davis scored.
VanVleet walked, RBI; Guessford advanced to second; Brown advanced to third; Haag scored.
Steele singled to left field.
Haag singled to second base; Steele advanced to third.
Berardi singled to left field.
Welch singled to left field; Berardi advanced to second.
Berardi to p for Havrilla.
Andrade singled to right center.
Taylor to 2b for Prettyman.
K. VanHouten to 2b for Taylor.
Fisher singled to left field; K. VanHouten advanced to third.
Stolte to dp for Fisher.
Rocha to p for Berardi.
Davis reached on a fielder's choice; Stolte advanced to third; K. VanHouten out at home ss to c.
Davis advanced to second; Stolte scored, scored on a wild pitch.
Lammers to c for Haag.
Brown reached on a fielder's choice; Lammers advanced to second; Davis out at third ss to 3b.
Seifert to ss for DeMoura.


Luke may need to take some tips from you when you step in with the Sky Walk sneakers from Ryka®. Breathable mesh and leather upper. Padded tongue and collar for comfort. Lace closure for a snug fit. Breathable lining and a cushioned insole for added comfort. Fixed memory foam footbed for all-day comfort. Lightweight molded EVA midsole. TPU midfoot shank. Rubber midsole. Imported. Measurements: Weight: 9 ozProduct measurements were taken using size 7.5, width D - Wide. Please note that measurements may vary by size.


In C hristine's last post in our series, she set us up with some powerful rituals, routines, and reasonable expectations to get a school year free from rewards and punishments off to a strong start. We've been proactively practicing solving problems, using self-regulation strategies, and practicing gratitude and positive language. So things must be humming along perfectly, right?
Eh, maybe in our dreams.
The best/worst part of classroom communities is that they are ever evolving. New kinds of classwork enter the picture, friendships dissolve, families go through tough patches, we start losing sleep and eating bags of baby carrots instead of lunches with protein because its easier. Each element crashes into the next in the intimate ecosystem of a classroom. Ollie's tough night of sleep causes him to be shorter with Myra, Myra's hurt feelings cause her to curl into herself and refuse to move off the rug, this refusal adds to a feeling of frustration I am already having with Sammy forgetting their field trip form for the third day in a row and before I realize it I have declared that no one will ever get recess again for the rest of the school year because it is taking too long to clean up.
So this post is about the problems you will have, I will have, we will have, and building a proactive plan to address them. How we wish we could say, "Do this one thing and all will be solved." but that is not human relationships work. So please, remember as you read our suggestions that you know your children best, and that our language may not be your language, and that the most powerful tool you have is the warmth you demonstrate for your children each and every day.
Give yourself a minute here. This can feel so frustrating to us as teachers. We know that the work will ultimately help the child, we have the best intentions at heart, and yet, there is that "no". We might feel any range of feelings, from confusion to annoyance to hopelessness to fury. We need to work through and process and study those feelings… later, maybe over french fries covered in cheese. Right now we need to make some decisions.
First things first, believe whole heartedly there is a logical and meaningful reason to the work refusal. Maybe the child is all burned out (see more about willpower depletion in Kids First), maybe the work does not make sense to the child and they are worried about failing, maybe the child is confused and not sure how to tell you. Maybe the work only seems fun to you, the adult (solving a math problem with candy you aren't supposed to eat, for example). Maybe the child has some very real concerns and needs we do not know about: hunger, fatigue, fear, fighting family members, mom away on a work trip. What usually doesn't work is threats and pleading, they tend to escalate an already fraught emotional exchange.
If a child is refusing to work because they are burned out by the work, no amount of taking recess or threatening choice time will give the child back the energy they need to complete the work. Research shows us that will actually compound the problem.
No amount of cajoling can overcome a fear of failure.
So what gets us out of this situation?
What if when a child said "NO" to our request, we said, "Okay, that is your choice. What will you do instead to help your brain grow?" or "Take a look at the schedule and let me know sometimes when it might make sense for us to meet and figure out a plan to get this done." What if start from the assumption that children know their needs best?
We are not suggesting that children who refuse work not do any school work, but that we ask ourselves to assume that refusal comes from a place of self-knowledge, and that we can come to a mutually agreed upon solution.
Confronting work refusal is similar to tackling any classroom issue.
Make a coaching call, that is, with the information you have, ask yourself the following questions to determine if this is something you are going to talk through now, or pause your interactions and come back to it when you are both in a better mental space.
Where is the child emotionally?
Does this child see me as reliable and trustworthy?
Does the child feel capable?
Suggest a compromise, value the child's input, outline the terms clearly. Letting the child know you hear them, and you are valuing their thoughts does not mean you step away from the expectations you have set that everyone is a learner.
Could the child have a timer and spend some time working and some time on a break?
Could the child do something different and achieve the same goals (e.g. work on narrative writing in the form of a comic book, work with a partner, etc)?
Could the child work at a different time?
Follow through on the short term plan and start making long term plans. Work refusal, and all similar challenges, are at times a one time deal, but oftentimes are longer, bigger knots to untangle. If its a child's feeling of capability, trusting their ability to make decisions will help, but they may also need some strategic instruction from me. If it is a scheduling or curriculum issue, then I may need to rework my daily schedule or think through how to make the work more flexible and choice oriented for kids.
But what if the child won't talk to me to make a plan? Walk away and give the child space. Come back to it and keep trying until the child is ready to talk.
But what if all the other kids see this child doing something different and start saying "no" to work? Probably, then, the work you are asking kids to do is not challenging or engaging enough. That may sound harsh but often times the work we ask kids to do does not ask lots of them intellectually or creatively. It could be that you need to have a quick conversation about how everyone needs different things to learn, but if no one wants to do that thing you have planned, the thing may not be so great.
But what if no one listens to me anymore because I am not acting like the boss? The ability to compromise is a better show of your comfort in leadership than the dictator-like demand that you MUST do this thing NOW. Compromising is not weakness, it is what we want of all leaders.
So how are things going for you? We've heard so many stories of teachers setting aside their clip charts and old systems of behavior management in favor of a new way of thinking about community building and keeping children at the center of everything we do. If you give some of these strategies and protocols a try, let us know how they go. What's working for you and your class? What's still challenging? Send us a message via our websites- kristimraz.com and christinehertz.com. We'll celebrate the successes and try to help problem solve the messy bits.
We know the road can be a bit rocky, but we're so honored to be traveling it with you and excited for what could be.
But What If…. their future boss (or even teachers for that matter) does not show them the same understanding and flexibility when they refuse to complete a task? Are we setting students up for failure in the future when they expect others to be as accommodating, but they aren't?
1. I think we worry too much about what's next instead of thinking what the child needs now.
2. It's not about never finishing a task, as much as it is helping children build capacity to face difficulty and challenge over time.


text:
#pragma once
#include <aws/resourcegroupstaggingapi/ResourceGroupsTaggingAPI_EXPORTS.h>
#include <aws/resourcegroupstaggingapi/ResourceGroupsTaggingAPIRequest.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSVector.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSMap.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSString.h>
#include <utility>

namespace Aws
{
namespace ResourceGroupsTaggingAPI
{
namespace Model
{

  /**
   */
  class AWS_RESOURCEGROUPSTAGGINGAPI_API TagResourcesRequest : public ResourceGroupsTaggingAPIRequest
  {
  public:
    TagResourcesRequest();

    // Service request name is the Operation name which will send this request out,
    // each operation should has unique request name, so that we can get operation's name from this request.
    // Note: this is not true for response, multiple operations may have the same response name,
    // so we can not get operation's name from response.
    inline virtual const char* GetServiceRequestName() const override { return "TagResources"; }

    Aws::String SerializePayload() const override;

    Aws::Http::HeaderValueCollection GetRequestSpecificHeaders() const override;

    /**
     *
Specifies the list of ARNs of the resources that you want to apply tags
     * to.

An ARN (Amazon Resource Name) uniquely identifies a resource. For
     * more information, see Amazon
     * Resource Names (ARNs) and AWS Service Namespaces in the AWS General
     * Reference.

     */
    inline const Aws::Vector<Aws::String>& GetResourceARNList() const{ return m_resourceARNList; }

    /**
     *
Specifies the list of ARNs of the resources that you want to apply tags
     * to.

An ARN (Amazon Resource Name) uniquely identifies a resource. For
     * more information, see Amazon
     * Resource Names (ARNs) and AWS Service Namespaces in the AWS General
     * Reference.

     */
    inline bool ResourceARNListHasBeenSet() const { return m_resourceARNListHasBeenSet; }

    /**
     *
Specifies the list of ARNs of the resources that you want to apply tags
     * to.

An ARN (Amazon Resource Name) uniquely identifies a resource. For
     * more information, see Amazon
     * Resource Names (ARNs) and AWS Service Namespaces in the AWS General
     * Reference.

     */
    inline void SetResourceARNList(const Aws::Vector<Aws::String>& value) { m_resourceARNListHasBeenSet = true; m_resourceARNList = value; }

    /**
     *
Specifies the list of ARNs of the resources that you want to apply tags
     * to.

An ARN (Amazon Resource Name) uniquely identifies a resource. For
     * more information, see Amazon
     * Resource Names (ARNs) and AWS Service Namespaces in the AWS General
     * Reference.

     */
    inline void SetResourceARNList(Aws::Vector<Aws::String>&& value) { m_resourceARNListHasBeenSet = true; m_resourceARNList = std::move(value); }

    /**
     *
Specifies the list of ARNs of the resources that you want to apply tags
     * to.

An ARN (Amazon Resource Name) uniquely identifies a resource. For
     * more information, see Amazon
     * Resource Names (ARNs) and AWS Service Namespaces in the AWS General
     * Reference.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& WithResourceARNList(const Aws::Vector<Aws::String>& value) { SetResourceARNList(value); return *this;}

    /**
     *
Specifies the list of ARNs of the resources that you want to apply tags
     * to.

An ARN (Amazon Resource Name) uniquely identifies a resource. For
     * more information, see Amazon
     * Resource Names (ARNs) and AWS Service Namespaces in the AWS General
     * Reference.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& WithResourceARNList(Aws::Vector<Aws::String>&& value) { SetResourceARNList(std::move(value)); return *this;}

    /**
     *
Specifies the list of ARNs of the resources that you want to apply tags
     * to.

An ARN (Amazon Resource Name) uniquely identifies a resource. For
     * more information, see Amazon
     * Resource Names (ARNs) and AWS Service Namespaces in the AWS General
     * Reference.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddResourceARNList(const Aws::String& value) { m_resourceARNListHasBeenSet = true; m_resourceARNList.push_back(value); return *this; }

    /**
     *
Specifies the list of ARNs of the resources that you want to apply tags
     * to.

An ARN (Amazon Resource Name) uniquely identifies a resource. For
     * more information, see Amazon
     * Resource Names (ARNs) and AWS Service Namespaces in the AWS General
     * Reference.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddResourceARNList(Aws::String&& value) { m_resourceARNListHasBeenSet = true; m_resourceARNList.push_back(std::move(value)); return *this; }

    /**
     *
Specifies the list of ARNs of the resources that you want to apply tags
     * to.

An ARN (Amazon Resource Name) uniquely identifies a resource. For
     * more information, see Amazon
     * Resource Names (ARNs) and AWS Service Namespaces in the AWS General
     * Reference.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddResourceARNList(const char* value) { m_resourceARNListHasBeenSet = true; m_resourceARNList.push_back(value); return *this; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline const Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::String>& GetTags() const{ return m_tags; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline bool TagsHasBeenSet() const { return m_tagsHasBeenSet; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline void SetTags(const Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::String>& value) { m_tagsHasBeenSet = true; m_tags = value; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline void SetTags(Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::String>&& value) { m_tagsHasBeenSet = true; m_tags = std::move(value); }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& WithTags(const Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::String>& value) { SetTags(value); return *this;}

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& WithTags(Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::String>&& value) { SetTags(std::move(value)); return *this;}

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddTags(const Aws::String& key, const Aws::String& value) { m_tagsHasBeenSet = true; m_tags.emplace(key, value); return *this; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddTags(Aws::String&& key, const Aws::String& value) { m_tagsHasBeenSet = true; m_tags.emplace(std::move(key), value); return *this; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddTags(const Aws::String& key, Aws::String&& value) { m_tagsHasBeenSet = true; m_tags.emplace(key, std::move(value)); return *this; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddTags(Aws::String&& key, Aws::String&& value) { m_tagsHasBeenSet = true; m_tags.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value)); return *this; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddTags(const char* key, Aws::String&& value) { m_tagsHasBeenSet = true; m_tags.emplace(key, std::move(value)); return *this; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddTags(Aws::String&& key, const char* value) { m_tagsHasBeenSet = true; m_tags.emplace(std::move(key), value); return *this; }

    /**
     *
Specifies a list of tags that you want to add to the specified resources. A
     * tag consists of a key and a value that you define.

     */
    inline TagResourcesRequest& AddTags(const char* key, const char* value) { m_tagsHasBeenSet = true; m_tags.emplace(key, value); return *this; }

  private:

    Aws::Vector<Aws::String> m_resourceARNList;
    bool m_resourceARNListHasBeenSet;

    Aws::Map<Aws::String, Aws::String> m_tags;
    bool m_tagsHasBeenSet;
  };

} // namespace Model
} // namespace ResourceGroupsTaggingAPI
} // namespace Aws


Why Minor in Mathematical Sciences?
Improve your chances of getting into a professional school, including medical school or law school or business administration.
For more details about the math minor requirements, please visit our undergraduate Majors and Minors page.
For more information about math minor requirements, please contact one of our DMS Minor Advisors.
To declare a math minor, select the specific minor from our undergraduate Majors and Minors page and submit a Request to Declare a Minor form.