text:
Oath Keepers, Preparing For Obama-Provoked Race War, Say They'll Arm Ferguson Protesters. What?
By Peter Montgomery | August 18, 2015 3:48 pm
The Oath Keepers, the group that helped provoke the heavily armed standoff with federal officials at the Bundy Ranch last year, made some news last week when they showed up in Ferguson, Missouri, wearing body armor and carrying assault weapons. Now, the head of the group's St. Louis County chapter says he's angry that his men were "discredited" by the county police chief – he called their presence "unnecessary and inflammatory" – and the Oath Keepers are planning to signal their displeasure by arming 50 black demonstrators with AR-15 assault rifles.
To prevent those protesters from being shot by police, the Oath Keepers will "surround the black demonstrators as protection." Sam Andrews, the county Oath Keepers leader, says the event will be an iconic event like Martin Luther King, Jr.'s March on Washington.
Martin Luther King? Let's step back a minute, and encourage any Ferguson activists who might be thinking about partnering with the Oath Keepers to do the same, and remind ourselves who the Oath Keepers are and why they were in Ferguson.
At an abstract level, the idea behind the Oath Keepers sounds reasonable, almost noble – getting military and law enforcement officers to pledge to uphold their oath to protect the Constitution, and to declare that they will not participate in acts that would violate Americans' constitutional rights, such as warrantless searches. Some members of the group have denounced excessive use of force by police. In reality, though, the group's lofty mission statement hides a far-right, anti-government ideology and a strong dose of race-based paranoia. Stewart Rhodes, the founder of Oath Keepers, promotes the kind of wild conspiracy theories that have thrived since the election of Barack Obama as president, including the idea that Obama is trying to provoke a race war as an excuse for declaring martial law and discarding the Constitution.
Rhodes is fond of talking about civil war. In December he said that a 2013 Connecticut law banning some assault weapons and high-capacity magazines would lead to an attempt at door-to-door confiscation and "civil war." Rhodes said last year that if Congress didn't impeach Obama for his executive actions on immigration, "then they will lose all credibility, and throw us into a TRUE constitutional crisis, because they will have failed to do their jobs, leaving the people with the necessity of pursuing 'other options' to stop him." In May, he said Sen. John McCain should be tried for treason and then hung.
As Right Wing Watch reported, Rhodes gave a speech to the Oath Keepers' New York chapter in June, in which he "encouraged his group's members to organize and stock up on food in order to resist the government's plan to institute martial law after bringing down the country with an economic collapse, a race war, ISIS attacks and unchecked immigration." From his speech:
I think that keeping with that communist agenda of a fourth-generation warfare assault, the intent is to use an economic neutron bomb — doesn't destroy the buildings, but it kills the people eventually, it starves you out — cause chaos, and in the middle of all that chaos, spark a race war, and in the middle of that, unleash these ISIS cells that are now all over the country. And they don't just ignore the influx of these cells, they cultivate it, they give them fertilizer, water and fresh air and make them grow.
Rhodes said "the leftists in this country hate this country, they hate it, and they will get in bed with radical Islamists because they have a common enemy, western civilization."
The Oath Keepers' concern for the Constitution doesn't seem to apply to the constitutional rights of gay people. Mike Koeniger, vice president of the Virginia state chapter, declared last month that a couple hundred sheriffs could defy the Supreme Court's marriage equality ruling if they were backed by Oath Keepers:
Imagine that we only had 200 sheriffs that stood in the gap, and behind every one of those sheriffs there were 2,000 Oath Keepers, being civilian or prior military or whatever, imagine the power of 200 sheriffs…
We'd win. We'd win with just 200 sheriffs and 2,000 people behind each of those sheriffs. And then we win the war.
That's not the only time the Oath Keepers have waded into issues involving gay rights. Earlier this summer, Rhodes accepted an invitation from James David Manning, a Harlem-based pastor who says gays should be stoned to death, to speak at a July 4 event in Gettysburg that Manning hoped would draw attention to "attempts to divide the races." Rhodes' contribution to racial healing at the event was claiming that liberals want to divide Americans by race and prompt another civil war. Manning, for his part, called Obama the "son of Satan" and asked the crowd to join him in yelling, "Sodomites, go to Hell!"
But didn't Oath Keepers say they were in Ferguson to promote unity? Where's unity, and where's the Constitution, in all this?
Take the standoff at the Bundy Ranch, at which heavily armed Oath Keepers and other assorted "patriots" sided with a millionaire rancher who was refusing to pay fees that he legally owed for grazing his cattle on federal land. There's certainly no constitutional right to break federal law or refuse to pay your bills – unless you adopt rancher Bundy's radical-right refusal to acknowledge the authority of the federal government altogether. During the Bundy standoff, Oath Keepers founder Rhodes warned that Attorney General Eric Holder had authorized a drone strike on the compound. When that turned out to be false, the group claimed that the rumor itself had been an example of psychological warfare by the federal government.
More from the Bundy episode:
Noting that a number of military veterans joined the armed anti-government protest at the Nevada ranch, Rhodes said that "the politicians and the would-be dictators in Washington, D.C…have to worry if they go too hard, if they drop the hammer too blatantly on Americans like at Bundy Ranch, that the Marine Corps would flip on them. And I think it would. And same goes for the tip of the spear in the Army, Army Airborne, special forces, your Navy SEALs, all of those groups out there, the more hardcore they are as warriors, the more likely they are to look at something like that and say, 'that's it, I'm done' and join the resistance."
Last year, an Oregon mine owner called in the Oath Keepers to prevent government officials from closing him down before a court could hear his appeal. But the mine owner soon decried the "absolute bullshit" being circulated on social media and said the situation had "taken on a life of its own." He pleaded with activists to stop calling and threatening the Bureau of Land Management personnel.
Back to Ferguson and the protests that were being held around the anniversary of Michael Brown's killing. Oath Keepers initially said they were there to protect "journalists" working for Alex Jones' InfoWars. The connection to Jones is not surprising; he is probably the country's most energetic promoters of outrageous anti-government conspiracy theories, including his claim that killings at Charleston's Emanuel AME church were part of a government plot to foment a race war and persecute conservatives.
"This is all a set-up." Jones agreed: "Oh it is. Look at the priming, look at the preparations…. You can see all of the preparation building towards this, this is the big move, it's a race war to bring in total chaos and then total federalization with this evil Justice Department, they even got rid of the other attorney general who had baggage, they put the new one in for the political persecutions of conservatives and Christians. They're dropping the hammer."
At a 2013 Washington, D.C., rally that right-wing activist Larry Klayman convened for the purpose of forcing Obama to step down as president, an Oath Keeper speaker said that the Department of Homeland Security was behind the Boston bombing and committed murder to cover it up.
Rhodes said this spring that the military exercise called Jade Helm 15 – which right-wing activists warned was going to impose martial law on conservative states – was "conditioning and assessment and vetting" of politicians and members of the armed forces to identify who is willing to go along and "drop the hammer on us."
Given all this history, Mark Potok, a senior fellow at the Southern Poverty Law Center, told Gawker's Andy Cush that he doesn't buy Oath Keepers' recent claims to have been in Ferguson to protect protesters.
"I think they realized rather quickly that very few people looked on them kindly, and all of a sudden they became defenders of black protest against police violence," Potok said. "The reality is they've never said anything like that in their entire history. I think it's ludicrous."
For more on the Oath Keepers, see the Southern Poverty Law Center and Mother Jones magazine.
Tags: Larry Klayman Stewart Rhodes Anti-Government Ferguson President Barack Obama Oath Keepers
Oath Keepers Head: Government Planning To Unleash ISIS Attacks, Race War, Economic Collapse In Order To Impose Martial Law
Alex Jones: Government Will Use Ferguson To Start Race War
Savage: Obama Will Arm The Crips And Bloods In the Coming Race War
Oath Keepers Head: Obama Wants 'Dead Cops' In Oregon Standoff

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Yes, I am still alive. Despite what allergies would lead you to believe.
Also, I will be resuming regular posting in this blog. Hopefully this week.
In the meanwhile, enjoy this picture! He's a little guy who's been hanging out across the street from my house lately– luckily he appears to be smart enough to not get himself squooshed. I've been calling him Hazel-Bun.
Gorgeous. Looks almost like a hare. Or sort of a cross between a rabbit and a hare!
I have no idea. To me, it's just a bunny. ;P But I might try looking it up to see what is native to around here.


An analysis of apple storage costs in New York State.
Marketing Western New York apples.
By: New York (State). Dept. of Agriculture and Markets.
An analysis of costs and economic efficiency in New York State apple packing houses.
Marketing western and central New York apples.
By: Federal-State Market News Service.
By: Wilson, C. S. (Charles Scoon), b. 1879.
A marketing information model for the New York State apple industry.
The costs of marketing apples in New York State; thesis.
[Ithaca, N.Y.] Cornell University, 1914.
Apples > Marketing > Costs.
28 l. diagr., tables. 28 cm.


text:
Donald Trump's administration is reportedly planning to divert more than $40m in humanitarian aid for Central America to support the US-backed opposition in Venezuela. Citing sources and an internal memorandum the Los Angeles Times suggested the $41.9m had been destined for Guatemala and Honduras. The countries are at the center of a migration crisis in which thousands of people have fled poverty, violence and corruption and attempted to cross the southern US border.The money will instead be used for salaries, airfare, propaganda, technical assistance for elections and "good governance" training for Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaido and his faction, the memo reportedly said. Spokespeople for the State Department, Mr Guaido and Venezuela's Information Ministry did not immediately respond to a request for comment.Mr Guaido invoked the Venezuelan constitution in January to assume an interim presidency, arguing the South American country's President Nicolas Maduro was illegitimate.Four months later, he led a failed attempt to spark a military rebellion against Mr Maduro, who said it was part of a US-orchestrated coup. The president has called Mr Guaido a US-backed puppet and has so far retained his grip on the levers of government.Close allies of Mr Guaido have subsequently been arrested. While his parliamentary immunity has been lifted, he has so far not been jailedUnder Mr Maduro's leadership, the economy has collapsed and shortages of food and medicines have become widespread. Fuel has also become scarce in parts of the oil-rich country and and some drivers have queued for days at petrol stations. There have also been frequent blackouts.Mr Maduro's government has blamed US sanctions for the shortages, while the opposition had argued that they are the result of mismanagement and corruption by consecutive socialist governments.In April, United Nations agencies said more than 4 million Venezuelans had fled the country, adding that the pace of people fleeing had "skyrocketed" since the end of 2015.The State Department announced in June it was slashing hundreds of millions of dollars of aid to El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, after Mr Trump said the three countries were not doing enough to stem migration. Agencies contributed to this report
Jimmy Kimmel and Seth Meyers recap Trump's 'deranged' rally rants on dishwasher, Dingells, and toilets
Whoopi Goldberg Tears Into Meghan McCain: 'Girl, Please Stop Talking!'
Fossil Fuel Giants Claim To Support Climate Science, Yet Still Fund Denial
Giuliani makes astonishing admission he told Trump ambassador would not help him politically, but insists 'that was, like, general gossip'
Late night hosts delight in watching Lindsey Graham call Trump 'an enormous douche'
Trump Rally to Coincide With House Vote in Impeachment Climax
Christianity Today calls for Trump's removal from office following impeachment
Trump impeachment: Lindsey Graham will 'not pretend to be a fair juror'
Stephen Colbert, Jimmy Kimmel, and Trevor Noah warn against messing with Nancy Pelosi, Barron Trump
Brexit Rewrites U.K.'s Political Map
Land crabs infest Florida man's house after heavy rainfall
Recent developments surrounding the South China Sea


The CodeIgniter CDN integration is fairly easy. This tutorial guides you through the required steps. It is important that you use the HTML helper and URL helper to include any static assets in your project (e.g. echo img(base_url('img/cdn-logo.png'));). You need to specify the base_url variable in your config.php.
1. First, we need to extend the current URL helper function. Edit the file application/config/config.php.
2. Now you need to extend the existing base_url function by overwriting it. Create this file application/helpers/ext.url_helper.php.
3. Type in your CDN Domain ot the CNAME that you specified in the SkyparkCDN control panel. Ensure that your CNAME record has been configured in a proper way befor using it for integration.. Modify this file applicaiton/config/config.php and add the following code. Replace <your_zone_url> with your zone URL.


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Q: Can I do an SVN update on multiple projects and skip failures? I'm trying to update all projects in a folder (most are in same repository) to a certain revision:
svn update -r 1254822 -q *

The problem though is that one or two of the projects in the folder have a different root so do not have that revision.
Is there some way to tell it to skip those projects on failure and still update the rest?
I guess it would be safer to exclude them from the wildcard somehow.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Politics BJP's Rita Bahuguna to Sonia Gandhi
BJP's Rita Bahuguna to Sonia Gandhi
New Delhi [India], May 21 (ANI): BJP MP Rita Bahuguna Joshi on Friday wrote to Congress interim president Sonia Gandhi urging her to ensure proper care of COVID affected children in the states ruled by her party.
The BJP MP's letter comes a day after Sonia Gandhi's call to Prime Minister Narendra Modi demanding free education to children who have been affected by the pandemic.
"The daily newspapers today here published your letter addressed to Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressing your concern regarding children orphaned during COVID. We appreciate your concern but probably you missed the fact that the Government of India had laid guidelines and have sent advisory to all states for the rehabilitation of children who are either orphaned, have lost one parent, or are in need of support since both parents are hospitalised or ailing with post-COVID complications," Joshi said in her letter to Sonia Gandhi.
She apprised the Congress interim president that the BJP ruled states like Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are taking effective steps to provide all possible support to children in need and a comprehensive policy will be brought in this regard in the next week.
Highlighting the efforts taken by the Uttar Pradesh government, she said Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has announced that the state government would take full responsibility for the children orphaned during COVID. The state government has identified 765 children of whom 71 are orphaned and the rest have either lost one parent or both parents are hospitalised or ailing. The Child Welfare Committees are in contact with such children and their extended family members. As of now, necessary kits are being provided to them, mentioned Joshi.
"We are committed to providing good education and a secure future for them. In Uttar Pradesh, the state government-sponsored Atal Residential School Programme is underway. All 18 divisions of Uttar Pradesh will have one such school. In case the orphaned children require residential schooling. they could find a place in Atal Residential Schools. In other cases sponsorship program could be implemented for children who choose to live with their extended families. Madam, the policy of complete rehabilitation, sustenance allowance, free education and much more is being considered by our state government and the policy will be declared in the next few days," the BJP MP explained.
Joshi said the Madhya Pradesh Government is also formulating a comprehensive policy for children either orphaned or left in destitution due to the pandemic.
"Madam, in this regard you need to kindly monitor the Congress-ruled states where the impact of the pandemic is immensely devastating and ensure that proper care is taken of children who are victims of the COVID pandemic," she urged.
Sonia Gandhi on Thursday had written to PM Modi asking him to consider free education for children who have lost either both parents or an earning parent to the COVID-19 pandemic.
"Amidst the devastation caused by the pandemic and the heart-wrenching tragedies being faced by affected families, news of young children losing one or both parents to COVID-19 are the most poignant. These children are left with the trauma of loss and no support towards a stable education or future. I am writing to request you to consider providing free education at the Navodaya Vidhyalayas to children who have lost either both parents or an earning parent on account of the COVID-19 pandemic," she wrote to Prime Minister Modi.
"I feel that as a nation, we owe it to them to give them hope for a robust future after the unimaginable tragedy that has befallen them," the Congress leader had said. (ANI)
Bahuguna
BJPs
Previous articleCulture influences mask wearing, study finds
Next articlePolice send notice to BJP's Raman Singh in toolkit case
Why the debate over banning gas stoves isn't over
China's global mega-projects are falling apart
NATO to directly fight Putin's army? Top official's big signal for...
Sneha Pj - January 29, 2023 0


It's no secret that most people find buying a second-hand vehicle quite overwhelming.
Whether you're trying to choose a reputable dealership or simply figuring out your budget, there are so many things to consider. You have been weighing up your options for a while now, but you're still none the wiser about purchasing a used car. Firstly, you should think about shopping for a car that is around three years old, as this will probably be the best value for you. The reasoning behind this is that the majority of brand new vehicles are bought through various finance offers, which usually operate for two to three years. When people return to their dealer for an upgrade these three-year-old cars will be on the market for you to buy at affordable prices. It's unlikely that you will have to face pricey repairs at this point, so if you're looking for a reliable used car, this might be a sensible starting point for you.
Your credit score and underlying history is one of your most vital parts of your financial life. Your credit score follows you forever and it will play a huge role in many major financial situations throughout your life. Many people think that a credit score only really matters when it comes to being approved for a loan or credit card, but it goes far beyond that.
Diesel fuel is the only realistic choice for business-critical and high-mileage fleets, according to analysis by Pendragon Vehicle Management (PVM).
Tax bands for cars registered after April 2017 are changing.
What checks should I do on a car before buying?
At VCL we witness so many people don't know how to go about getting a vehicle checked and the ones that do go for the cheapest vehicle checks on the market, especial the ones via text message. in many cases these are not as comprehensive as HPI or Experian which are the leading industry companies which the motor trade use.
Petrol, Diesel or alternative fuel which will it be in the future?
Its been predicted by vehicle finance brokers that they will be a slump in sales of petrol and diesel fuelled vehicles, in favour of alternative fuels.
Car dealers are being urged to move with the times in a bid to avoid a predicted trend which could see online car sales lead to the loss of 27,000 automotive sales jobs by 2027. VCL predicted this over 11 years ago.
Although VCL can supply new vehicles we mainly source used vehicles, the average new car has a list price of around £28,500. But by the time it's one year old with 10,000 miles on the clock it costs just £21,000 – a reduction of more than 27% in the first 12 months.
De-fleet is the process fleets go through to get vehicles ready for auction or resale. Servicing, maintenance and repairs to make sure vehicles are in immaculate condition to resale is important so businesses can get the best price possible on used fleet vehicles.


text:
Jared O'Mara
Jared O'Mara's Chief of Staff Condemns the Beleaguered Sheffield Hallam MP
July 24, 2019 admin	Gareth Arnold, Hate Speech, Jared O'Mara, Nick Clegg, Sheffield Hallam
Jared O'Mara, the former Labour MP who was suspended from the party for hate speech, has been attacked on Twitter
Jared O'Mara Suspended by the Labour Party as MP is Hit by a Series of Allegations
October 27, 2017 admin	Hate Speech, Homophobia, Jared O'Mara, John McDonnell, Labour Party, Lucy Powell, Racism, Sexism, Sheffield Hallam
Jared O'Mara, the newly elected MP for Sheffield Hallam, has been suspended from the Labour Party following a series of
Jared O'Mara Leaves Equalities Committee as New Hate Posts Are Published
October 24, 2017 admin	Hate Speech, Jared O'Mara, Labour Party, LGBT Labour
Jared O'Mara, the Labour MP for Sheffield Hallam, has quit the Women and Equalities Committee in the House of Commons
Pressure for Jared O'Mara to be Suspended from Commons' Women and Equalities Committee
October 23, 2017 admin	Hate Speech, Jared O'Mara, Paul Scriven, Sheffield Hallam
Jared O'Mara, the Labour MP for Sheffield Hallam, has apologised for a series of hate comments he made before entering


text:
Martin Hiberniensis of Martin van Laon (819-875) was een Ierse historicus die samen met  Johannes Scotus Eriugena, een beroemde 9e-eeuwse Ierse filosoof, aanwezig was op school van de kathedraal van Laon.

Iers historicus
Latijns schrijver
Martin H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Digging Deep, Crossing Far_ 1st Encounter: Bangalore has taken itself in search of traces in Bangalore in the southern Indian federal state of Karnataka. Though most Indian soldiers were recruited from North India in the First World War, above all from the Punjab, men from South India also served in the Mysore Imperial Service Troops.
As a city, Bangalore was starkly influenced by the British military and remains to this day an important location for the arms industry. The first Bangalore Torpedo was developed here shortly before the First World War and put to use in that war for the clearance of barbed wire.
Digging Deep, Crossing Far_ 1st Encounter: Bangalore was shown at the Goethe-Institut/Max Mueller Bhavan Bangalore and at the Bangalore Literature Festival from December 4–6, 2015. From January 2–8, 2016, the exhibition could be viewed at Pepper House, Kochi.


Many users give themselves Administrator rights even for daily tasks, so if attacked by malicious software then it will also get Administrator rights.
Admin Approval Mode, when logged in as local administrators, then one has to give consent to allow an application to perform administrative tasks.
Standard User Mode, when logged in as standard user, then one has to provide credentials for administrator account to allow an application to perform administrative tasks.
When UAP is enabled, then the desktop (Explorer.exe) is launched with Standard User priviledges (Aka. secure desktop), and all application launched from the desktop inherits the same priviledges. Only through the Application Information Service (AIS) can an application can be given an administrator token through consent by the user.
If an application marks itself as a Vista ready with a requestedExecutionLevel manifest, then it will not be virtualized but will be denied access instead.
When requesting for confirmation through consent or credentials, then UAP switches to secure desktop mode (black dimmed background) where only processes with SYSTEM privileges can interact. This prevents applications from messing with the consent popup dialog (ex. pressing the Continue-button for the user, or intercept the password).
Click "Turn User Account Control on or off" and uncheck "Use User Account Control (UAC) to help protect your computer"
Note when disabled Security Center will display a balloon message at every boot warning that User Account Control is turned off.
In the tree-view go to "Local Policies" -> "Security Option"
Modify the option "User Account Protection: Behavior of the elevation prompt for administrators"
Modify the option "User Account Control: Switch to the secure desktop when prompting for elevation"
Right-click the shortcut to the application and choose the "Run as Administrator" option.
Create a shortcut to the application, and change the properties for the shortcut link. On the "Shortcut"-tab there will be an "Advanced"-button that will allow one to set "Run as Administrator" as default.
Press the Start Orb and ex. type "cmd", but instead of pressing ENTER, press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER and it will be launched as an Elevated Command Prompt with Administrative rights.


I've been blogging for 7 years today, though starting out I never dreamed I'd keep going. I definitely couldn't have predicted how much blogging would influence other areas of my life either.
From a very young age, I've been in performances. Playing instruments, singing, large ensembles, small ensembles, solos - it's an exhilarating rush every time.
The past few years have been filled with working on a business and I've gotten away from writing in this space. Fortunately, change happens.


text:
Óscar Villarroel – piłkarz boliwijski, grający na pozycji obrońcy.

Kariera
Jako piłkarz klubu Municipal La Paz wziął udział w turnieju Copa América 1963, gdzie Boliwia zdobyła tytuł mistrza Ameryki Południowej. Villarroel nie zagrał w żadnym spotkaniu.

Razem z klubem Municipal wziął udział w turnieju Copa Libertadores 1966, gdzie jego klub zajął 4. miejsce w 6-zespołowej grupie i odpadł w pierwszej rundzie.

Sukcesy

Boliwia

 Copa América (1): 1963 (1. miejsce)

Bibliografia
 Andrzej Gowarzewski, Encyklopedia piłkarska FUJI (Tom 13): Copa America, Wydawnictwo GiA, Katowice 1995, , str. 133, 135

Przypisy

Boliwijscy piłkarze
Uczestnicy Copa América 1963
Zdobywcy Copa América


text:
Home » Evaluation of a Low-Noise, Formate Spiral Bevel Gear Set
Evaluation of a Low-Noise, Formate Spiral Bevel Gear Set
David G. Lewicki, Faydor L. Litvin, Ron L. Woods and Alfonso Fuentes
Management Summary
Studies to evaluate low-noise Formate spiral bevel gears were performed. Experimental tests were conducted on a helicopter transmission test stand. Low-noise, Formate spiral bevel gears were compared to the baseline OH-58D spiral bevel gear design; a high-strength design; and previously tested, low-noise designs (including an original low-noise design and an improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design). Noise, vibration and tooth strain tests were performed.
Spiral bevel gears are used extensively in rotorcraft applications to transfer power and motion through non-parallel shafts. In helicopter applications, spiral bevel gears are used in main-rotor and tail-rotor gearboxes to drive the rotors. In tilt-rotor applications, they are used in interconnecting drive systems to provide a mechanical connection between two prop rotors should one engine become inoperable. Spiral bevel gears have had considerable success in these applications, yet they remain a main source of vibration and noise in gearboxes. Also, higher strength and lower weight are required to meet the needs of future aircraft.
Previous studies on gears with tooth fillet and root modifications to increase strength were reported, as well as gears with tooth surfaces designed for reduced transmission errors (Refs. 1-2). The teeth were designed using the methods of Litvin and Zhang (Ref. 3) to exhibit a parabolic function of transmission error at a controlled low level (8 to 10 arc sec). This eliminated discontinuities in transmission error, thus reducing the vibration and noise caused by the mesh. The new tooth geometries for this design were achieved through slight modification of the machine tool settings used in the manufacturing process of the pinion. The design analyses addressed tooth generation, tooth contact analysis, transmission error prediction and effects of misalignment (Refs 3-6). The results from these tests showed a significant decrease in spiral bevel gear noise, vibration and tooth fillet stress. However, a hard-line condition (concentrated wear lines) was present on the pinion tooth flank area. A hard-line condition could possibly lead to premature failure such as early pitting/surface fatigue, excessive wear, or scoring, and should be avoided in a proper gear design. Subsequent analyses and tests were performed to improve the gear tooth contact (eliminate the hard-line) while maintaining low noise, vibration and fillet stress (Refs. 7-8).
Spiral bevel gears in current helicopter applications (as well as the low-noise, high-strength designs described above) are manufactured using a face milling process (Ref. 9). The gear material is carburized, and the final manufacturing process--grinding--produces extremely high-precision tooth surfaces. In the face milling process, a circular cutter (or grinding wheel) is designed and set into position, relative to the gear blank, to cut the correct spiral and pressure angles at a specific point on the tooth. The cutter then sweeps out the tooth form as it rotates about its axis (Ref. 9). This relative motion between the cutter and the gear blank is a time-consuming and costly process, but is required to produce accurate teeth.
An alternative manufacturing approach is the Formate process (Ref. 10). Similar to the face milling process, the cutter/grinding wheel is positioned relative to the gear blank so that the correct spiral and pressure angles will be produced. The gear blank, however, is held stationary and a tooth slot is form-cut by in-feeding the cutter without relative motion between the cutter and gear blank. This subtle-yet-important difference substantially reduces the time and cost needed for manufacture. The resulting tooth surface from the Formate process is a straight-tooth, cross-sectional profile. Thus, the process is only applicable to the gear--and not the pinion--in order to achieve proper meshing and a good contact pattern. This still provides significant manufacturing cost reduction benefits, as the gear customarily has a greater number of teeth than the pinion.
Analyses were performed to apply the low-noise design methodology described above to the Formate manufacturing process (Refs. 11-12). Again, the analysis addressed tooth generation, tooth contact analysis, transmission error prediction and effects of misalignment. A Formate spiral bevel gear, along with a specially generated pinion matched for low noise, were fabricated and tested. The objective of this report is to describe the results of the experiments in evaluating the low-noise, Formate spiral bevel gear set design. Experimental tests were performed on the OH-58D helicopter main-rotor transmission in the NASA Glenn 500-hp helicopter transmission test stand. The low-noise, Formate spiral bevel gear design was compared to: a baseline OH-58D spiral bevel gear design; a high-strength design; and previous low-noise designs. Noise, vibration and tooth strain test results are presented.
OH-58D main-rotor transmission. The OH-58 Kiowa is an Army single-engine, light observation helicopter--an advanced version developed under the Army Helicopter Improvement Program (AHIP). The OH-58D main-rotor transmission is shown in Figure 1. It is currently rated at maximum continuous power of 410 kW (550 hp) at 6,016 rpm input speed, with the capability of 10 sec torque transients to 475 kW (637 hp), occurring at a maximum of once per hour. The main-rotor transmission is a two-stage reduction gearbox with an overall reduction ratio of 15.23:1. The first stage is a spiral bevel gear set with a 19-tooth pinion that meshes with a 62-tooth gear. Triplex ball bearings and one roller bearing support the bevel pinion shaft. Duplex ball bearings and one roller bearing support the bevel gear shaft. Both pinion and gear are straddle-mounted.
Figure 1--OH-58D helicopter main-rotor transmission.
A planetary mesh provides the second reduction stage. The bevel gear shaft is splined to a sun gear shaft. The 27-tooth sun gear meshes with four 35-tooth planet gears, each supported with cylindrical roller bearings. The planet gears mesh with a 99-tooth, fixed ring gear splined to the transmission housing. Power is taken out through the planet carrier splined to the output mast shaft. The output shaft is in turn supported on top by a split, inner-race ball bearing, and on the bottom by a roller bearing. The 62-tooth bevel gear also drives a 27-tooth accessory gear. The accessory gear runs an oil pump--which supplies lubrication through jets and passageways located in the transmission housing--as well as a hydraulic pump for aircraft controls.
Spiral bevel test gears. Five different spiral bevel pinion and gear designs were compared. The first design was the baseline and used the current geometry of the OH-58D design. Table 1 lists basic design parameters. The reduction ratio of the bevel set is 3.26:1. All gears were made using standard aerospace practices by which the surfaces were carburized and ground. The material used for all test gears was X-53 (AMS 6308). Two sets of the baseline design were tested (Ref. 1). The second spiral bevel design was an increased-strength design. The configuration was identical to the baseline except that the tooth fillet radius of the pinion was increased by a factor of approximately two. Also, the tooth fillet radius of the gear was slightly increased (approximately 1.16 times the baseline) and made full-fillet. Tooth fillet radii larger than those on conventional gears were made possible by advances in spiral bevel gear grinding technology. Advanced gear grinding was achieved through redesign of a current gear grinder and the addition of computer numerical control (CNC) (Ref.13). Two sets of the increased-strength design were tested (Ref.1).
The third spiral bevel design was a low-noise design. The low-noise design was identical to the increased-strength design, except that the pinion teeth were slightly altered to reduce transmission error. The gear member was the same as in the increased-strength design. The low-noise design was based on the idea of local synthesis that provided the following conditions of meshing and contact at the mean contact point (Ref. 3): a) the required gear ratio and its derivative, b) the desired direction of the tangent to the contact path, and c) the desired orientation and size of the major axis of the instantaneous contact ellipse. The local synthesis was complemented by a tooth contact analysis (Ref. 3). Using this approach, the machine tool settings for reduced noise were determined. As with the high-strength design, precise control of the manufactured tooth surfaces was made possible by advances in the final grinding operation machine tool (Ref. 13). Further information on the low-noise design can be found in References 1-4. In summary, the effect of the topological change in the low-noise design was a reduction in the overall crowning of the tooth, leading to an increase in contact ratio and reduced transmission error.
Two sets of a first attempt at a low-noise design were tested (Ref. 1); this included two low-noise pinions and two gear members that were the same as the high-strength design. In addition, one low-noise pinion with 0.050" TOPREM, one low-noise pinion with 0.090" TOPREM and one low-noise pinion with 0.120" TOPREM were tested (Ref. 8). TOPREM is the decrease in the pressure angle at the tip of the grinding wheel used on the pinion during final machining. This decrease in pressure angle causes more stock to be removed in the flank portion of the tooth to prevent interference with the top of the gear member during operation. The 0.050", 0.090" and 0.120" designations refer to the depth of modification along the blade cutting edge.
The fourth spiral bevel design was an improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design. This new design was in general based on the principles of the previous low-noise design, but also included an improved iterative approach balancing low-transmission errors for reduced noise with tooth contact analysis to avoid adverse contact and concentrated wear conditions (Ref. 7). In addition, modified roll was used in the pinion generation, and finite element analysis was used to evaluate stress and contact conditions. One low-noise, improved-bearing-contact pinion was tested (Ref. 8).
Lastly, the fifth design tested was a 62-tooth, spiral bevel gear manufactured using the Formate process. The 19-tooth, spiral-bevel pinion was manufactured using the conventional, face-milled grinding process. The gear set was designed to reduce transmission error, vibration, noise and stress, as well as to provide proper tooth contact (Refs. 11-12). One Formate set was tested, and the results are compared to the previously published tests.
NASA Glenn 500-hp helicopter transmission test stand. The OH-58D transmission was tested in the NASA Glenn 500-hp helicopter transmission test stand (Fig. 2). The test stand operates on the closed-loop--or torque-regenerative--principle. Mechanical power re-circulates through a closed loop of gears and shafting, part of which is the test transmission. The output of the test transmission attaches to the bevel gearbox. The output shaft of the bevel gearbox passes through a hollow shaft in the closing-end gearbox and connects to the differential gearbox. The output of the differential attaches to the hollow shaft in the closing-end gearbox. The output of the closing-end gearbox connects to the speed increaser gearbox. The output of the speed increaser gearbox attaches to the input of the test transmission, thereby closing the loop.
Figure 2--NASA Glenn 500-hp helicopter transmission test facility.
A 149-kW (200-hp), variable-speed, direct-current (DC) motor powers the test stand and controls the speed. The motor output attaches to the closing-end gearbox. The motor replenishes losses due to friction in the loop. An 11-kW (15-hp) DC motor provides the torque in the closed loop. This motor drives a magnetic particle clutch. The clutch output does not turn, but it exerts a torque. This torque is transferred through a speed reducer gearbox and a chain drive to a large sprocket on the differential gearbox. The torque on the sprocket applies torque in the closed loop by displacing the gear attached to the output shaft of the bevel gearbox with respect to the gear connected to the input shaft of the closing-end gearbox. This is done within the differential gearbox by use of a compound planetary system where the planet carrier attaches to the sprocket housing. The magnitude of torque in the loop is adjusted by changing the electric field strength of the magnetic particle clutch.
A mast shaft loading system in the test stand simulates rotor loads imposed on the OH-58D transmission output mast shaft. The OH-58D transmission output mast shaft connects to a loading yoke. Two vertical-load cylinders connected to the yoke produce lift loads. A 14,000-kPa (2,000-psig) nitrogen gas system powers the cylinders. Pressure regulators connected to the nitrogen supply of each of the load cylinders adjust the magnitude of lift. Note that in the OH-58D design, the transmission at no-load is misaligned with respect to the input shaft. At 18,309 N (4,116 lb) mast lift load, the elastomeric corner mounts of the OH-58D transmission housing deflect such that the transmission is properly aligned with the input shaft. (In the actual helicopter, this design serves to isolate the airframe from the rotor vibration).
The test transmission input and output shafts have speed sensors, torque meters, and slip rings. Both load cylinders on the mast yoke are mounted to load cells. The 149-kW (200-hp) motor has a speed sensor and a torque meter. The magnetic particle clutch has speed sensors on the input and output shafts and thermocouples. An external oil-water heat exchanger cools the test transmission oil. A facility oil-pumping and cooling system lubricates the differential, closing-end, speed increaser and bevel gearboxes. The facility gearboxes have accelerometers, thermocouples and chip detectors for health and condition monitoring.
Test Procedure
From the previous studies (Refs.1-2), two sets of the baseline design (each set consisting of a pinion and gear), two sets of the high-strength design and two sets of the original low-noise design were manufactured and tested. Note that the gear members for the high-strength set and original low-noise set were the same gear geometry (same manufacturing settings). There were four of these gear members manufactured--two for the high-strength set and two for the low-noise set. Again, these gears differed from the gear member of the baseline set due to the increased fillet radius and full fillet. Also from previous studies (Ref. 8), three additional, low-noise design pinions with various TOPREM modifications were manufactured and tested. These pinions meshed with one of the gear members of the original low-noise set for all of their tests. Also, one improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design pinion was manufactured and tested (Ref. 8). This pinion meshed with one of the gear members of the high-strength set for all of its tests.
As a summary, noise and vibration tests were performed on all pinions and gears manufactured. In addition, one set of each design was instrumented with strain gages, and strain tests were performed on these. (Again, the improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design pinion meshed with the instrumented gear member of the high-strength set for its strain tests.) A description of the instrumentation, test procedure and data reduction procedure follows.
Noise tests. Acoustic intensity measurements were performed using the two-microphone technique. The microphones used had a flat response (±2 dB) up to 5,000 Hz and a nominal sensitivity of 50 mV/Pa. The microphones were connected to a spectrum analyzer, which computed the acoustic intensity from the imaginary part of the cross-power spectrum. Near the input region of the OH-58D transmission, a grid was installed which divided the region into 16 areas (Fig. 3). For each test, the acoustic intensity was measured at the center of each of the 16 areas. Only positive acoustic intensities (noise flowing out of the areas) were considered. The acoustic intensities were then added together and multiplied by the total area of the grids to obtain sound power of the transmission input region.
Figure 3--Sound intensity measurement system.
At the start of each test, the test transmission oil was heated using an external heater and pumping system. For all the tests, the oil used conformed to a DOD-L-85734 specification. Once the oil was heated, the transmission input speed was increased to 3,000 rpm, a nominal amount of torque was applied, and mast lift load was applied to align the input shaft (18,310 N, 4,120 lb). The transmission input speed and torque were then increased to the desired conditions. The tests were performed at 100 percent transmission input speed (6,016 rpm), and torques of 50, 75, 100 and 125 percent of maximum design. The transmission oil inlet temperature was set at 99° C (210° F). After the transmission oil outlet stabilized (which usually required about 20 min), the acoustic intensity measurements were taken. The time to obtain the acoustic intensity measurements of the 16 grid points at a given test condition was about 30 minutes. For each acoustic intensity spectrum at a grid point, 100 frequency-domain averages were taken. This data was collected by a computer. The computer also computed the sound power spectrum of the grids after all the measurements were taken.
Vibration tests. Eight piezoelectric accelerometers were mounted at various locations on the OH-58D transmission housing (Fig. 4). The accelerometers were located near the input spiral bevel area (accelerometers 1 and 2, measuring radially to the input shaft), the ring gear area (accelerometers 3 and 4, measuring radially to the planetary) and on the top cover (accelerometers 5 to 8, measuring vertically). All accelerometers had a 1- to 25,000-Hz (±3 dB) response, 4 mV/g sensitivity and integral electronics. Figure 5 shows a photograph of the noise and vibration test setup.
Figure 4--Accelerometer locations on OH-58D transmission.
Figure 5--Noise/vibration test setup.
The vibration tests were performed in conjunction with the noise tests. For the previous studies (Refs. 1, 2 and 8), the vibration data were recorded on tape and processed off-line after collecting the acoustic intensity data for a given test. The vibration data were later analyzed using time averaging. Here, the vibration data recorded on tape were input to a signal analyzer along with a tach pulse from the transmission input shaft. The signal analyzer was triggered from the tach pulse to read the vibration data when the transmission input shaft was at the same position. The vibration signal was then averaged in the time domain using 100 averages. This technique removed all the vibration which was not synchronous to the input shaft. Before averaging, the major tones in the vibration spectrum of the OH-58D baseline design were the spiral bevel and planetary gear fundamental frequencies and harmonics. Time averaging removed the planetary contribution, leaving the spiral bevel contribution for comparing the different design configurations.
For the current Formate tests, this above procedure was performed in real time using a computer, and the tape recording was not used. Due to limitations of the number of input channels available for the computer, only seven of the eight accelerometers were processed for the Formate tests. Accelerometers 1-6 and 8 were processed; accelerometer 7 was not.
Strain tests. Twenty strain gages were mounted on the spiral bevel pinions for one set of each of the five designs (Fig. 6). Twenty-six gages were mounted on the spiral bevel gears (Fig. 7). Gages were positioned across the tooth face widths with some in the fillet area and some in the root area of the teeth. The fillet gages were placed on the drive side of two adjacent teeth. The fillet gages were also positioned at a point on the tooth cross-section where a line at a 45° angle with respect to the tooth centerline intersects the tooth profile. The fillet gages were placed there to measure maximum tooth-bending stress. (Previous studies on spur gears showed that the maximum stresses were at a line 30° to the tooth centerline (Ref. 14). Forty-five degrees was chosen for the current tests to minimize the possibility of the gages being destroyed due to tooth contact. In addition to maximum tensile stresses, root stresses can become significant in lightweight, thin-rimmed aerospace gear applications (Ref. 15). Thus, root gages were centered between teeth in the root to measure gear rim stress. Tooth fillet and root gages were placed on successive teeth to determine loading consistency. The grid length of the gages was 0.381 mm (0.015 in.) and the nominal resistance was 120 O. The gages were connected to conditioners using a Wheatstone bridge circuitry and quarter-bridge or half-bridge arrangements. (Half-bridge arrangements were used with an adjustable resistor for cases where a gage would not balance in the quarter-bridge arrangement.)
Figure 6--Strain gage locations on spiral bevel pinion.
Figure 7--Strain gage locations on spiral bevel gear.
Static strain tests were performed on both the spiral bevel pinions and gears. A crank was installed on the transmission input shaft to manually rotate the shaft to the desired position. A sensor was installed on the transmission input shaft to measure shaft position. At the start of a test, the transmission was completely unloaded and the strain gage conditioners were zeroed. Conditioner spans were then determined using shunt calibrations. The transmission was loaded (using the facility closed-loop system) to the desired torque, the shaft was positioned, and the strain readings along with shaft positions were obtained using a computer. This was done for a variety of positions to get strain as a function of shaft position for the different gages. At the end of a test, the transmission was again completely unloaded and the conditioner zeroes were checked for drift. A photograph of the static strain setup is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8--Static strain test setup.
Dynamic strain tests were performed only on the spiral bevel pinions. The pinion gages were connected to slip rings mounted on the input shaft. (A slip ring assembly for the spiral bevel gear was unavailable, and thus, dynamic strain tests of the gear were not performed.) The test procedure was basically the same as the noise and vibration tests, except that the transmission was not run as long in order to maximize strain gage life. A photograph of the dynamic strain setup is shown in Figure 9. The dynamic strain data were digitized into a computer and time-averaged in a manner similar to the vibration data. This procedure was used to remove random slip ring noise.
Figure 9--Dynamic strain test setup.
Noise tests. In inspecting the frequency content of the noise data, the sound power at the meshing frequency was a dominant noise source. Figure 10 depicts sound power as a function of torque. The sound power is the sum of the sound power at the spiral-bevel meshing frequency (1,905 Hz) and its first harmonic (3,810 Hz). As interpreted from the figure, the data is divided into three groups.
Figure 10--Sound power at spiral-bevel mesh frequencies.
The first group is the circles and squares, which are the baseline and increased strength designs. The sound power (i.e., noise from the bevel gear mesh) for these designs shows a slight increase with torque. They give about the same trend with approximately 5 dB of scatter. This is expected since the bevel pinion and gear tooth geometries for this group were identical except for the fillet region.
The second group is the upward-facing triangles, which are the original low-noise designs, with and without TOPREM. These data show a significant decrease in noise, especially at the 100% torque condition (about 16 dB). They also show about the same trend with approximately 2 to 8 dB of scatter.
The third group is the solid diamonds and the downward-facing triangles, which are the data from the improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design and Formate design. The sound power from these designs is nearly constant with torque. The improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design shows a decrease in noise from the baseline design (about 7dB at 100% torque), but not as much reduction as the previous low-noise designs. The formate design also shows a slight decrease in noise from the baseline design (about 5dB at 100% torque).
Vibration tests. Figure 11 depicts the results from the vibration tests. Shown is acceleration as a function of torque for seven accelerometers mounted on the OH-58 transmission housing. Again, the acceleration was time-averaged with respect to the input shaft to remove all non-synchronous vibration. Upon inspection of the frequency content of the data, the majority of the time-averaged vibration stemmed from the spiral bevel mesh. The data points in the figure are the root-mean-square (rms) values of the time-averaged vibration time traces. In general, each figure can be divided into two groups: 1) baseline and high-strength designs (circles and squares); and 2) low-noise and Formate designs (triangles and diamonds). As with the noise results, there was a significant reduction in vibration for the low-noise designs compared to the baseline. For accelerometers 1, 4, 5, 6 and 8, the vibration for all the low-noise and Formate designs is basically lumped together with a scatter of about 3-5 g's. In general, the Formate design gave the same benefit in reduced vibration as that of the previously tested low-noise designs. As with the noise test results, the vibration for the Formate design was fairly constant with torque.
Figure 11--Vibration results.
Strain tests. Results of the static strain tests at 100% torque for the strain gages are shown in Figures 12-15. Shown is stress versus pinion shaft position for all gages of the baseline, high-strength, low-noise and Formate designs. Since the strain in the tooth fillet is mostly uniaxial and in the tangential direction of the tooth face (Ref. 16), the stress was calculated by multiplying the measured strain by the modulus of elasticity (30 x 106 psi for steel). For the pinion fillet gages (Fig. 12), the figure depicts results from gages on adjacent gear teeth (gages 4 and 11, 5 and 12, and 6 and 13) for the seven positions along the gear tooth face width. Gages 4 and 11 correspond to positions at the heel of the pinion, and gages 10 and 17 correspond to positions at the toe of the pinion. The gages show typical results of a driving pinion member rolling through mesh. As it does so, it first sees a small amount of compression in the fillet when the tooth ahead of the strain-gaged tooth is in contact with the driven gear. As the pinion rolls further through mesh, the strain-gaged tooth is in contact with the driver and the fillet region sees tensile stress. At the maximum stress, the strain-gaged tooth is loaded in single-tooth contact. (Note that cases where data are missing from the figure--baseline design gages 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10, as examples--were due to faulty gages.
Figure 12--Results from static strain tests, pinion fillet gages, 100% torque (refer to Fig. 8 for strain gage locations).
Figure 13--Results from static strain tests, gear fillet gages, 100% torque (refer to Fig. 7 for strain gage locations).
Figure 14--Results from static strain tests, pinion root gages, 100% torque (refer to Fig. 8 for strain gage locations).
Figure 15--Results from static strain tests, gear root gages, 100% torque (refer to Fig. 8 for strain gage locations).
Figure 16 shows the maximum and minimum stresses as a function of position along the gear tooth face width. For the pinion fillet gages at 100% torque (Figs. 12 and 16a), the maximum tensile stress occurred at the middle of the tooth face width for the baseline and high-strength designs--gage 6, 7, 13 and 14 regions. It should be noted here that gages 6-8 and 13-15 were located as close to each other, respectively, as possible). The minimum stress (maximum compression) for these designs occurred slightly to the heel side of the middle of the tooth face width. The maximum alternating stress occurred at the same location of the maximum tensile stress, where the alternating stress is defined as the maximum stress minus the minimum stress for a given gage position. For the Formate design, maximum values of the stresses (tensile, compressive, alternating) shifted significantly toward the heel, compared to the baseline design. This was also the case for the improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design. For the original low-noise design, maximum values of the stresses (tensile, compressive, alternating) shifted only slightly toward the toe, compared to the baseline design. Table 2 lists the values of the maximum, minimum and alternating stresses of the various designs tested at 100% torque. It should be noted that the values listed in the table were the average of the two rows of the corresponding gages. In all cases, the change column compares the stress to the baseline design. From Table 2a, there was a significant reduction in pinion fillet maximum tensile stress of the Formate, high-strength and original low-noise designs, compared to the baseline. There was less of a reduction for the improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design, but it was still significant.
Figure 16--Maximum and minimum gear tooth stress distribution along tooth face width, static strain tests.
For the gear fillet gages (Fig. 13), the shapes of the stress-position traces look similar to that of the pinion, except that the fillet compression occurs after the tension. This is because the tooth ahead of the strain-gage tooth sees contact with the driver member after the strain-gaged tooth is in contact. For the baseline design, high-strength design and original low-noise design, the maximum tensile stresses occurred at the middle of the tooth face width (Figs. 13 and 16b). For the Formate and improved-bearing-contact, low-noise designs, the maximum tensile stress shifted toward the heel. From Table 2b, there was a significant reduction in gear fillet maximum tensile stress for the Formate, high-strength, and all low-noise designs, compared to the baseline. The greatest benefit was from the improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design. Also, note that the magnitude of gear fillet tensile stresses was significantly lower than that of the pinion.
For the pinion root gages (Fig. 14), the stress-position traces were different than the fillet gages in that the maximum compression was nearly twice as great as the maximum tension. However, the magnitude of the maximum tension was significantly less than that in the fillet. Note that although the root gages were physically located three teeth apart (Fig. 6), they are plotted in Figure 14 as if they were on adjacent teeth. As with the fillet gages, the maximum stresses (tensile and alternating) occurred at the middle of the tooth face width for the baseline design, high-strength design and original low-noise design, and shifted toward the heel for the Formate and improved-bearing-contact, low-noise designs (Figs. 14 and 16c). The same trend was observed for the gear root gages (Figs. 15 and 16d). The maximum tensile stress in the pinion root significantly increased for the Formate, high-strength and original low-noise designs, compared to the baseline (Table 2c). The maximum tensile stress in the pinion root drastically increased for the improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design, compared to the baseline. The alternating stresses in the pinion root of the high-strength, and all low-noise designs increased about the same amount, compared to the baseline, whereas the increase was less for the Formate design. The maximum tensile stress in the gear root significantly increased for the high-strength design--compared to the baseline--but stayed the same for the Formate and low-noise designs (Table 2d).
Figure 17 depicts the strain results for the Formate design at all loads tested (50, 75, 100 and 125% torque). As expected, the figure shows a linear increase in stress with torque. The increase is greater at the heel, compared to the toe, for most cases.
Figure 17--Effect of torque on the stress distribution along the gear tooth face width, static strain tests. Formate design only.
Figure 18 compares the dynamic and static stresses for the pinion fillet and root gages for the Formate design at all loads tested. For the most part, the dynamic stresses were about the same--or sometimes less--than the static stresses. This shows a good design from the dynamic standpoint, with no penalties due to dynamic loads.
Figure 18--Comparison of static and dynamic strain tests. Fomate design only.
Bevel tooth contact patterns. As previously reported, the original low-noise designs showed a significant decrease in spiral bevel gear noise, vibration and tooth fillet stress (Refs. 1and 2). However, a hard-line condition (concentrated wear lines) was present on the pinion tooth flank area for these designs. The improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design corrected this issue (Ref. 8). Figures 19 and 20 show close-up photographs of the pinion and gear, respectively, for the Formate design after completion of all tests to check tooth contact and meshing patterns. No hard-line conditions were found on the pinion and gear tooth flanks.
Figure 19--Spiral-bevel pinion tooth contact after tests. Formate design.
Figure 20--Spiral-bevel gear tooth contact after tests. Formate design.
Summary of Results
Studies to evaluate low-noise, Formate spiral bevel gears were performed. Experimental tests were conducted on the OH-58D helicopter main-rotor transmission in the NASA Glenn 500-hp helicopter transmission test stand. Formate spiral bevel gears were compared to the baseline OH-58D spiral bevel gear design, a high-strength design and previously tested low-noise designs. Noise, vibration and tooth strain tests were performed. The following results were obtained:
1) The Formate spiral bevel design showed a decrease in noise compared to the baseline OH-58D design (about 5 dB at 100% torque), but not as much reduction as previously tested, low-noise designs (about 16 dB at 100% torque). The bevel mesh sound power for the improved-bearing-contact, low-noise design was nearly constant with torque.
2) The Formate spiral bevel design gave the same benefit in reduced vibration--compared to the baseline OH-58D design--as that of the previously tested, low-noise designs. As with the noise test results, the vibration for the Formate design was nearly constant with torque.
3) The spiral bevel pinion tooth stresses for the Formate design showed a significant decrease compared to the baseline OH-58D design, even greater than previously tested high-strength and low-noise designs. Also, the gear stresses significantly decreased compared to the baseline OH-58D design. For the Formate design, the maximum stresses shifted toward the heel, compared to the center of the face width for the baseline, high-strength and previously tested low-noise designs. There was no apparent change in stresses due to dynamic effects for the Formate design.
4) No hard-line conditions were found on the pinion or gear tooth flanks for the Formate design.
Technical tasks described in this document include tasks supported with shared funding by the U.S. rotorcraft industry and government under the NRTC/RITA Cooperative Agreement No. NCC2-9019, Advanced Rotorcraft Technology, January 1, 2001.
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2. Lewicki, D.G., R.F. Handschuh, Z.S. Henry and F.L. Litvin. "Low-Noise, High-Strength, Spiral-Bevel Gears for Helicopter Transmissions," AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 10, No. 3, May-Jun. 1994, pp. 356-361.
3. Litvin, F.L. and Y. Zhang. "Local Synthesis and Tooth Contact Analysis of Face-Milled Spiral Bevel Gears," NASA CR-4342, 1991.
4. Litvin, F.L., and A. Fuentes. Gear Geometry and Applied Theory, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2004.
5. Litvin, F.L., Y. Zhang and J. Chen. "User's Manual for Tooth Contact Analysis of Face-Milled Spiral Bevel Gears with Given Machine-Tool Settings," NASA CR-189093, 1991.
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8. Lewicki, D.G. and R.L. Woods. "Evaluation of Low-Noise, Improved-Bearing-Contact Spiral Bevel Gears," Proceedings of the 59th American Helicopter Society Annual Forum, Phoenix, AZ, May 2003.
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12. Litvin, F.L., A. Fuentes, B.R. Mullins and R. Woods. "Computerized Design, Generation, Simulation of Meshing and Contact, and Stress Analysis of Formate Cut Spiral Bevel Gear Drives; Final Report," NASA/CR-2003-212336, ARL-CR-525, 2003.
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15. Drago, R.J. "Design Guidelines for High-Capacity Bevel Gear Systems," AE-15 Gear Design, Manufacturing and Inspection Manual, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1990, pp. 105-121.
16. Winter, H., and M. Paul. "Influence of Relative Displacements Between Pinion and Gear on Tooth Root Stresses of Spiral Bevel Gears," 1985, Journal of Mechanisms Transmissions and Automation in Design, Vol. 107, pp. 43-48.
Dr. David Lewicki is employed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's Vehicle Technology Directorate, located at the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, OH. Since 1982, he has conducted analytical and experimental research in transmission, gearing and bearing areas for rotorcraft and turboprop drivetrain applications. His specific areas of research include face gears for helicopter transmissions; low-noise gears; gear crack propagation; gear diagnostics; engine disk crack detection; lubrication; transmission life; reliability predictions; and gear dynamics. Lewicki holds a Ph. D from Case Western Reserve University, has authored or co-authored 100 technical publications addressing the drive system area, and has been government manager for 36 contractor reports. He currently serves as an ASME Fellow, and previously worked as an editor for the Journal of Mechanical Design. He has also served as chairman of the ASME power transmission and gearing committee.
Dr. Alfonso Fuentes is a professor of mechanical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT), and was formerly a visiting scholar at the Gear Research Center of the University of Illinois, Chicago (UIC), from 1999 to 2001. His areas of expertise include computerized development of improved gear transmissions for the rotorcraft, automotive and marine industries; development of enhanced computer models of gears for stress analysis; and the design of computer programs for generation and simulation of meshing of low-noise, stable-bearing-contact spiral bevel gears improved geometry. Fuentes is a member of both AGMA and ASME, and serves as associate editor of the Journal of Mechanism and Machine Theory, specializing in gears.
Dr. Faydor L. Litvin is an engineering distinguished emeritus professor at the University of Illinois, Chicago (UIC) and an honorable doctor at the University of Miskolc, Hungary. He has conducted research in the theory of gearing, transmission gear design, linkages and manipulators since 1946. Author of more than 350 publications containing 12 monographs, he graduated with distinction in 1937 from Leningrad Polytechnic University. He holds doctorates from Tomsk Polytechnic University (1944) and Leningrad Polytechnic University (1954). He is also the author or co-author of 22 certificates of inventions and four U.S. patents. Among many industry recognitions are: 12 TechBrief certificates of NASA, ASME Thomas A. Edison Patent Award; ASME Best Paper Award; and the Thomas Bernard Hall Prize Award of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers/UK. He is also an ASME fellow and former director of the Gear Research Center at UIC.
Ron L. Woods is employed by Bell Helicopter Textron in Fort Worth, TX, working in the Drive System Analysis Group since 1980. As a technical resource specialist, he is responsible for establishing best practices and for maintaining the state-of-the-art in analytical tools and methods for gear system design and analysis. Specifically, he has been involved in the drive system design of many Bell Helicopter models such as the AH-1W, H-1 upgrade, OH-58D, 407, 427, 430 and, most recently, the 429. He has also been involved in the design of the tiltrotor models V-22, BA609 and the Eagle Eye UAV. Woods holds a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, and is a licensed professional engineer in Texas.
Technical Bevel Gears Spiral Bevel Gears
KEYWORDS formate helicopters noise spiral bevel gears
Meshing of a Spiral Bevel Gear Set With 3-D Finite Element Analysis
Suhner Spiral Bevel Gears Offer High Power, Low Backlash and Low Noise
Gear Tip Chamfer and Gear Noise; Surface Measurement of Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth
Liebherr's WGT Gear Inspection System at MPT Expo 2021


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Tag: landing site selection
Posted on November 21, 2018 by Evan Gough
It's Decided, the Mars 2020 Rover Will Land in Jezero Crater
After 5 years and 60 candidates, NASA has chosen Jezero crater as the landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. Image Credit: NASA/JPL/JHUAPL/MSSS/Brown University
Jezero crater is the landing spot for NASA's upcoming 2020 rover. The crater is a rich geological site, and the 45 km wide (28 mile) impact crater contains at least five different types of rock that the rover will sample. Some of the landform features in the crater are 3.6 billion years old, making the site an ideal place to look for signs of ancient habitability.
Continue reading "It's Decided, the Mars 2020 Rover Will Land in Jezero Crater"
Posted on March 30, 2016 May 11, 2016 by Matt Williams
Mars Colony Will Have To Wait, Says NASA Scientists
Concept for NASA Design Reference Mission Architecture 5.0 (2009). Credit: NASA
Establishing a human settlement on Mars has been the fevered dream of space agencies for some time. Long before NASA announced its "Journey to Mars" – a plan that outlined the steps that need to be taken to mount a manned mission by the 2030s – the agency's was planning how a crewed mission could lead to the establishing of stations on the planet's surface. And it seems that in the coming decades, this could finally become a reality.
But when it comes to establishing a permanent colony – another point of interest when it comes to Mars missions – the coming decades might be a bit too soon. Such was the message during a recent colloquium hosted by NASA's Future In-Space Operations (FISO) working group. Titled "Selecting a Landing Site for Humans on Mars", this presentation set out the goals for NASA's manned mission in the coming decades.
Continue reading "Mars Colony Will Have To Wait, Says NASA Scientists"
Posted on September 3, 2014 December 23, 2015 by Elizabeth Howell
ExoMars Hunting: Where Should The European Rover Land?
An artist's conception of the European Space Agency's ExoMars rover, scheduled to launch in 2018. Credit: ESA
Picking a landing site on Mars is a complex process. There's the need to balance scientific return with the capabilities of whatever vehicle you're sending out there. And given each mission costs millions (sometimes billions) of dollars — and you only get one shot at landing — you can bet mission planners are extra-cautious about choosing the right location.
A recent paper in Eos details just how difficult it is to choose where to put down a rover, with reference to the upcoming European ExoMars mission that will launch in 2018.
In March, scientists came together to select the first candidate landing sites and came up with four finalist locations. The goal of ExoMars is to look for evidence of life (whether past or present) and one of its defining features is a 2-meter (6.6-foot) drill that will be able to bore below the surface, something that the NASA Curiosity rover does not possess.
"Among the highest-priority sites are those with subaqueous sediments or hydrothermal deposits," reads the paper, which was written by Bradley Thomson and Farouk El-Baz (both of Boston University). Of note, El-Baz was heavily involved in landing site selection for the Apollo missions.
Curiosity snaps selfie at Kimberley waypoint with towering Mount Sharp backdrop on April 27, 2014 (Sol 613). Inset shows MAHLI camera image of rovers mini-drill test operation on April 29, 2014 (Sol 615) into "Windjama" rock target at Mount Remarkable butte. MAHLI color photo mosaic assembled from raw images snapped on Sol 613, April 27, 2014. Credit: NASA/JPL/MSSS/Marco Di Lorenzo/Ken Kremer – kenkremer.com
"For example," the paper continues, "some of the clearest morphological indicators of past aqueous activity are channel deposits indicative of past fluvial activity or the terminal fan, or delta deposits present within basins."
But no landing site selection is perfect. The scientists note that Curiosity, for all of its successes, seems unlikely to achieve its primary science objectives in its two-year mission because the commissioning phase took a while, and the rover moves relatively slowly.
That said, NASA has argued that the rover achieved its goal of finding past habitable environments already, with discoveries such as extensive evidence of a past potentially life-bearing lake now called Yellowknife Bay.
Outcrops in Yellowknife Bay are being exposed by wind driven erosion. These rocks record superimposed ancient lake and stream deposits that offered past environmental conditions favorable for microbial life. This image mosaic from the Mast Camera instrument on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover shows a series of sedimentary deposits in the Glenelg area of Gale Crater, from a perspective in Yellowknife Bay looking toward west-northwest. The "Cumberland" rock that the rover drilled for a sample of the Sheepbed mudstone deposit (at lower left in this scene) has been exposed at the surface for only about 80 million years. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
What could change the area of the landing could be using different types of entry, descent and landing technologies, the authors add. If the parachute opened depending on how far the spacecraft was from the ground — instead of how fast it was going — this could make the landing ellipse smaller.
This could place the rover "closer to targets of interest that are too rough for a direct landing and reducing necessary traverse distances," the paper says.
You can read the paper in its entirety at this link, which also goes over the history of selecting landing sites for the Apollo missions as well as the Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity).


If you have ever dreamed a dream of the more successful, the more intelligent, or just really you loving and enjoying life, I'm here to tell you that it is possible for you. That is because especially as a business owner, there are many of excuses we often give ourselves as to why we are not successful. However if we get down to the root of the problem, we find out, that it is our own fear of failing that is holding us back. The Redmond Growth is ready to offer you a fair consultants in Oklahoma, and their exceptional services and programs to you for a low affordable price.
He would love to be able to instill a new confidence and trust in yourself, and in your business. Because when you know that you've got a great product that many people could benefit from, what is keeping you from shouting that of the world. For example, if you had disease cure to cancer in your pocket, and you knew that it works, because you have personally tested out, not only in you, but I many friends and family members, and you knew that get rid of your cancer overnight, wouldn't you one assure that other people in the world. Wouldn't you want to shout it out as loud as he could, that you have the cure for cancer, and you can offer it for free to everyone.
That is often how we should view your services and products. You need to be confident in knowing that the services and products to provide can really help benefit and change people's lives. If you don't have a product or service that you still can do that, I would take your ideas back to your vision board, and do a little creating, and a little designing, to come up with that service or product. Because if you need to be able to distinguish yourself from every other company in the industry. For example, if you are on the gym, maybe one way you could set yourself apart from every other gym in the industry, is offer incentives to work out, or have programs where you could work out for free if you worked out a certain amount of time every month.
So our consultants in Oklahoma are going to meet with you for one hour, and provide you a free evaluation of your business. We will be able to guide into every aspect of your business. Some marketing, sales, search engine optimization, even the year flow of your company and employees working together. Then we are able to determine where the weakest link in your company are, and how you can implement systems, that will resolve those issues, and how we can take the next step a few be more successful.
So it's time for your dream no longer be dream, if I were to become your reality. So if you are ready to schedule that one hour evaluation meeting, go online to redmondgrowth.com. Once online, there is a contact us quote, where you can select to schedule your appointment. It will ask you for your contact information your phone number, email address, and first and last name. He will then have one of our team members reach out to you, then we can schedule an appointment with our consultants in Oklahoma.
When you have truly reached the peak of success you can feeling bones. So if you are not feeling that in every fiber of her body, that you are truly successful, and have done everything you can to be successful in life, and in your business, then you haven't reached that point yet. And that is exactly what our consultants in Oklahoma are going to do for you, when you work with Redmond Growth. We are gonna help you setup steps and goals to get you to that point. Because we want you to be as successful, and happen to be. And when you use systems and steps that have proven to be successful for hundreds of other business owners, you are more than ready to get started.
Now life can be extremely demanding, and it can make it being impossible to the the year perfect life and work balance. We want you to be able to prosper without damaging things or people in your life that you love the most. However we still want you to achieve your dreams, and sadly four out of five people go to their graves without ever seeing their dreams become will a reality. And so, we're gonna completely ignore that statistic, and you are going to do whatever it takes to make your dream become a reality. We're gonna help you find the perfect amount of effort, and systems to help you get to the top.
Our business consultants in Oklahoma provided by Redmond Growth, are gonna teach you what you need to do to create them momentum to keep you soaring, and not only reach for the stars, but hope you get to the next level through your business. So if you are ready to level up, you will want to work with Redmond Growth, because when you give that point, where you are at the peak of their success, you will be able to feel it in every fiber of your being.
Now we believe that you are uniquely gifted, and not only are you able to let make your dreams happen, but those dreams and ideas you have, are going to help you make an impact on others life. You will be able to flourish when you use your good, strong moral values, and you will find an abundance of strength and stability and you work with Redmond Growth. At some point, we just go solo run down, and spread so thin, that starts to affect the performance of your business. However, we encourage you to press forward, and when needed teach you waste make your workload easier for you, and to help were business become independent and no longer reliable on you.
Now, if you are ready to schedule that meeting, with one of our consultants in Oklahoma that will take approximately one hour, but when you work with Redmond Growth, that is going to be at the most beneficial our of your life. It is your hour of power. It is also the perfect time for you to be able to interact and meet with the rest of the Redmond team, as well as Mr. Tim Redmond. Sometimes you just have to be bold, and go for the gold.


There are just 12 days to go until the Cub Convention. And come the morning of the 19th, the tone of the convention could take on the feel of the Spanish Inquisition. When the Cubs leadership team of Theo, Jed, Randy Bush, and others take a seat on the stage, there are going to be a lot of pointed and barbed questions heading in their direction.
For the past three conventions, it's pretty much been a lovefest. Everybody was happy, feeling great, looking forward to the new season, and ready to begin Spring Training in less than a month. Not this year. How the 2018 season ended and the slow pace of the offseason are combining to set a couple of tones throughout the Cub universe. One tone is uncertain about when things are going to happen. The other tone, well, it's angry. I don't like that tone.
I can still remember that as recently as 2014 and 2015. Cubs fans were angry at the convention. There was the Chet Coppock incident and the lady with beer can/knitted hat. I could go on, but part of me thinks that sort of emotional demeanor could return. Then again, that contentious crowd does have a a few valid concerns that coincide with mine. I'm just not angry about them.
Why have the Cubs not signed Bryce Harper? Is it a money issue? Is it Scott Boras?
So how is this new TV deal going to work for fans? How much money are we talking about here?
Yeah, I'm not too confident about the bullpen. Will the MiLB system be providing depth in the bullpen, specifically Mekkes, Norwood, and Maples?
Why have you not extended Javy or Kyle Hendricks? There's not much money on the books after 2021.
This Russell guy… How come he is still a Cub?
Yesterday, I sat down and listened to Theo talk on 670 the Score's "Inside the Clubhouse" about the Cubs' offseason. I thought that he might address a few of my questions and concerns. Here are some highlights of the conversation between Theo, Bruce Levine, and Matt Spiegel.
"You have to work hard to make even the smallest pieces fit. I have to be honest with you guys, the biggest improvements are going to have to come from within the org." […] They're a motivated and determined bunch. I wouldn't bet against us.
Overall, Theo didn't really give any specifics about much of anything. He talked a lot but not much was said. Part of that was that he was asked some very vague questions with not a lot of particulars. I don't know if I was expecting some sound bites or headlines, but there was not even a hint of just exactly what is happening. The most interesting thing about the whole interview was Theo's phone kept buzzing.
As a result, fans are still left to their own devices to wonder what is going to happen. The only solace I can offer is we will know when it happens and not until.
Theo didn't even give us an appetizer.
I'm a lifelong Red Sox fan who now follows the Cubs because of my son's involvement. Theo's comment about baseball's unpredictability probably comes from the front row seat he had for that in Boston. Pedro Martinez, the Red Sox franchise player at the time, basically insisted that Boston sign David Ortiz, who had been cut by Minnesota. Without that favor to Pedro, the Red Sox win one or two championships this century, not four, and one or none in the Epstein era. Theo has done a solid job as the GM for two big budget teams but people who want magic need to go see Penn and Teller. Based on Theo's record, I wouldn't bet big bucks that he can change the strong Cubs team which finally broke through in 2016 into a dynasty.


Today, life of an average individual is more hectic and complicated than ever before in history. At times, it is seemingly impossible to catch a break to do something you enjoy, and not mandatory. Gardening is one of the most productive ways of spending your leisure time as it can help beautify your home space while soothing your mind and soul. The satisfaction gained by planting a mere seed, nurturing it with food, water and care for a long time and finally seeing a fully grown plant in your lawn can't simply be put into words. However, if you don't know the right way of doing the right things, gardening will become yet another source of confusion in life and prevent you from ever enjoying it. So here are a few tips on how you can do this in the most convenient and enjoyable way.
If your lawn has a few weeds, and if you think it's nothing serious to be bothered about, then you're wrong! Weeds are the silent killers of the plant world. It's bad enough that these make the lawn you maintain with loads of effort ugly, but also, they consume most of the fertilizer that use on the important plants that you care for, preventing them from receiving proper nourishment. You can apply weed stopper weedicides at least twice a year to put an end to this menace and if the issue still prevail, seek professional help.
There are many varieties of garden hedging plants for sale in the fair and those who are truly passionate about gardening will include any plant they think is best for their space. But if you want to ensure that these purchased flora remains healthy and beautiful for a long period of time, you must be equipped with the right tools to show the proper care they require. Your need will depend on the size of your lawn and the nature of plants in it. From shovels to lawn hoses to wheelbarrows, workout what you need and store them in proper and easily accessible place.
Different plants have different needs and one must cater to all these unique needs to ensure proper growth. For instance some plants require constant provision of water and little sunlight. These must be placed at a relatively shady location with sprinklers to provide water. On the other hand, bushy plants used for better hedging plants needs a lot of sunlight and water, so grow them in an exposed space with proper irrigation.
Most people attempt to plant trees, flowers and bushes in their lawn soil and fail. The reason behind this is the infertility of the soil about which the owners are not even aware. In such cases, the soil must be rebuilt and nourished to make it conducive for the many microorganisms, fungi and other beneficial natural elements that are required for plant growth.


Lesser Quarter (in Czech: Malá Strana) is nested between the Prague Castle Area and the river Vltava on its right bank. This Baroque quarter offers picturesque walking in the narrow streets, but most tourists limit their visit of the Lesser Quarter to Mostecká and Nerudova street when climbing up from Charles Bridge to the Prague Castle (both streets are part of the Royal Way (or King's Route, in Czech: Královská cesta).
(Chamber of Deputies and Senate) or several ministeries.
The most crowded areas are the Mostecká and Nerudova streets with lots of tourist stepping up on their "Royal Way" to the Castle. In Nerudova, there are several architecturally important houses. Baroque St Nicholas Church by Father and Son Dientzenhofer is the dominant of the Lesser Quarter.
There are several gardens and park including Kampa park (with the nearby "John Lennon wall" and several palaces, for example Wallenstein Palace or Nosticz Palace.
Part of the Lesser Quarter id the Petřín Hill with its funicular, observatory, Petřín Tower or The Maze.


This December will be the eighth time GHC participate in this annual youth hockey tournament hosted by the Club de Polo de Barcelona. Officially known as the Torneo Internacional de la Inmaculada "Marga Monegal," this is the tournament's 32nd year and has over the years attracted the top clubs in Spain and many from across Europe.
In the past we have seen teams from The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Ireland to name a few. About eighty teams will be participating across three age groups of boys and girls and the Polo Club are looking forward to welcoming hundreds of players again this year. Click here for the Club de Polo de Barcelona Tournament Inmaculada website.
The Inmaculada is the youth version of the Reyes tournament, which has been running for 71 years. The Inmaculada is named for the public holiday (6 December) which gives the Friday off for the whole of Spain as well as for Marga Monegal, a past leader of Polo Juniors.
This year the U15s Boys and Girls teams have been moved to the Adult section of the tournament which is played in January. GHC are participating in the Inmaculada with 3 teams - Under 13 Boys, Under 1 Girls and Under 11 Boys. The tournament starts at 9am on Friday 7 December and finishes at 3pm on Sunday 9 December. Our first matches will not be before 11.30am on Friday.
GHC's objectives for the tour are to challenge our top teams and players at this half-way point of the season, get teams ready for important end of season tournaments, and give the players the experience of being on international tour with their team. Our main tour arrangements are for the teams to travel together on Friday morning 7 December, returning Sunday 9 December.
Each team travels with a GHC coach and three GHC Officers (DBS checked helpers). Overall we are 31 players and at least 15 adults.
To comply with EH safeguarding, we need a consent form for each player that includes medical and conatct information.
We also need some details from coaches, official helpers and accompnaying parents who will be on tour.
Please find below the forms that need to be filled.
Your Team Manager will have communicated costs to you directly. Please check with them on what and whom to pay.


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Steelers offense will look different without Big Ben, and the Bengals say they'll be ready: Takeaways
Updated: Sep. 05, 2022, 6:08 p.m. |
Published: Sep. 05, 2022, 5:50 p.m.
Cincinnati Bengals head coach Zac Taylor looks on from the sidelines during a preseason NFL football game against the Los Angeles Rams, Saturday, Aug. 27, 2022, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Emilee Chinn)AP
Andrew Gillis, cleveland.com
CINCINNATI, Ohio — For the first time in a long time, the Bengals enter a season without the prospect of Ben Roethlisberger on the opposite sideline in Pittsburgh.
"He did a great job for a long time," Taylor said. "It is strange for you to say that because I remember being in college when he was in college. He's a little older than me, not by much. But he was certainly a big part of what they did for a long time."
The Steelers appear set to start Mitchell Trubisky, and also have first-round pick Kenny Pickett and veteran backup Mason Rudolph on the roster.
"I don't know what the offense is gonna fully look like with those guys," Taylor said. "I'm sure there's some things that would help that we'll find out Sunday, but again, we've got really smart players that do a good job communicating on defense and we will have to be ready to make adjustments."
As far as opening weeks go, the Bengals are in as good of shape as can reasonably be expected.
There weren't any major injury concerns, even as new tight end/waiver claim Devin Asiasi worked off to the side on his own. Besides that, all 53 active players were accounted for at the team's Monday practice.
"Yeah just kind of a lingering deal," coach Zac Taylor said of Asiasi. "Hope to get him up to speed very quickly. It's good for him to get a chance to learn the system first of all. That's the biggest thing before you get into the field. It's a positive thing."
Bengals name captains
Taylor announced the team's seven captains at his weekly Monday press conference. The captains were all voted upon by the players.
On offense, the captains are quarterback Joe Burrow, running back Joe Mixon and offensive lineman Ted Karras. On defense, they are defensive end Sam Hubbard, defensive tackle DJ Reader and safety Vonn Bell. The lone special teams captain is safety Michael Thomas.
Karras, a six-year veteran who was a two-time Super Bowl champion with the Patriots, was voted a captain in just his first year in Cincinnati.
"He's made a really strong impression on his teammates," Taylor said. "He comes in and does all the extras, leads by example, leads vocally, guys trust that he knows what to do to the utmost. I have a lot of confidence with him in here, just talking to him, seeing him every day and how he goes about his business."
Steelers week
A matchup against the Steelers, let alone in Week 1, has ratcheted up the meaning of what an opening win, or loss, could mean.
Cornerback Mike Hilton, who played in Pittsburgh for four seasons before joining the Bengals a season ago, has seen what the rivalry looks like from both sides.
"If I know those guys, I know they're locked in," Hilton said. "They know it's a division game, they know it's at stake. Our rivalry is one of the best in all of football. It's put-up or shut-up time."
A year ago, the Bengals swept the Steelers — including a 41-10 romp in Week 12.
"They're going to still come hard," wideout Tyler Boyd said. "I love to play Pitt because that's where I'm from, I got fans there, my boys and family members and things like that. They're definitely going to come ready to play last year. We just got to see how they come. I know we're going to be ready."
Offensive line nearing first test
When the Bengals take the field for the first time Sunday, the most noticeable unit overhauled will be the offensive line.
With four new starters along the line, a group that includes Super Bowl winners (Karras and Alex Cappa) and a rookie (Cordell Volson), they're hopeful that they can keep Burrow more upright than they did a season ago.
"I like the progress they've made together," Taylor said. "Some of those are unknowns until you get into the season. I like the leadership these guys have shown, these veterans have come into the room and helped Cordell and I feel really good about where they're at. We'll just see when we roll the ball out there and they get to block these guys, we'll see how it goes."
In Week 1, they'll get an immediate test in the form of T.J. Watt, the defending Defensive Player of The Year, and Cameron Heyward, an All-Pro a season ago.


When a doctor makes an error in their practice, it is sometimes grounds for a case to be filed against them. Doctors have a responsibility to their patients to exercise reasonable care when treating them. When a patient experiences a medical error, it can, in some cases, be dealt with in the court of law.
Medical malpractice cases typically deal with surgical or medical complications and their side effects. Medical errors that cause injury to a patient may be brought against a defendant as a personal injury claim. The best way to determine how to proceed is to consult with an attorney.
Breit Law is currently working on cases involving a faulty hip-replacements, injuries during shoulder surgery, injuries during cataract surgery, injuries from prescription drugs, and injuries from bad nursing care. If you or a loved one has been injured in Virginia, contact one of the area's top personal injury lawyers today.
Workers Compensation is a system that provides financial and medical benefits to employees who are injured on the job. Employers are required to offer this insurance to employees. In exchange, the employee cannot sue the employer for negligence in a work-related accident. This is often known as a "no fault" system. When a worker is injured on the job the workers compensation system is the only way injured workers can receive proper financial and medical benefits. It is essential to know your rights under Virginia worker's comp law. Seek the legal representation of an experienced workers comp lawyer in Virginia Beach and Hampton Roads if you are uncertain of what those rights are.
The above are standard areas of reimbursement are covered under the workers compensation system in Virginia. However, many injured workers are very intimidated by the daunting and complicated work comp system in Virginia. This confusion leads to uncertainty to whether or not they are getting the benefits owed to them by law. The sad part is many employers and the workers compensation insurance companies who represent them are very familiar with the laws and very few injured workers are, leaving injured workers to fall victim to tactics that could be considered less than honest by insurance companies.
Contact a lawyer you can trust to navigate through the workers compensation system to get you the most benefits and what you deserve.
Paying for necessary medical treatment you need following a car accident can be a complicated process. If you've recently been in an auto accident in Virginia Beach or at anywhere else in the Hampton Roads, you need to understand the role your health insurance may play in paying for your treatment and care.
When you are in a car accident, the medical bills incurred are a part of the damages you are entitled to in your case. You should always use available health insurance to pay for the bills before any personal injury settlement. The reason for this is so you don't have to use your settlement money to pay for the medical bills.
Your health insurance should always be filed to pay for medical bills. If you have medical expense coverage under your auto insurance policy, you should be collecting that as well. Finally, submit all bills to Medicare or Medicaid to pay for bills incurred as a result of a car accident. You will receive a larger settlement if the medical bills have already been paid.
To better understand the process and get assistance with the medical bills associated with your accident, contact Breit Law!