After an auto accident, numerous sufferers do not know how to proceed. For individuals who maintain severe accidental injuries, healthcare expenses and also the period dropped through function could cause monetary stress.
Car incident victims' healthcare costs as well as impairment advantages tend to be protected below their very own insurance plan. The most the actual insurance provider is needed to provide is actually $10, 000.
Any healthcare costs as well as dropped income within the chosen quantity of $10, 000 might be retrieved in the car owner to blame.
Though motorists aren't necessary to purchase physical damage (BI) legal responsibility protection, Florida's Monetary Obligation regulation demands motorists to become individually responsible for physical accidental injuries as much as $10, 000 for each individual along with no more than $20, 000 for each incident.
Drivers that don't have adequate money to satisfy this particular monetary obligation necessity frequently buy BI legal responsibility protection. That's the reason numerous motorists have BI insurance coverage by themselves guidelines. You will find different levels of BI protection, beginning from $10, 000 for each person/$20, 000 for each event.
The subsequent instance clarifies exactly how an auto accident target might get over the negligent driver's BI legal responsibility protection. Car owner The leads to any sort of accident that hurts Car owner W, as well as Car owner W can make the declare with regard to healthcare advantages as well as dropped income below Car owner B's personal car insurance. Nevertheless, Car owner B's healthcare costs as well as dropped income surpass the actual protection restrict associated with $10, 000. Car owner W after that documents the declare or even suit towards Car owner The for all those deficits along with other damage for example discomfort as well as struggling, long term healthcare costs as well as dropped income.
If Car owner The bought $10, 000 associated with BI legal responsibility as well as Car owner W is actually declaring damage associated with $10, 000, after that Car owner W might recuperate individuals deficits through Car owner A's BI legal responsibility protection.
But let's say Car owner B's damage surpass $10, 000? Then your uninsured/underinsured driver (UM/UIM) protection within Car owner B's personal car insurance is necessary.
UM/UIM protection is essential and frequently misinterpreted through individuals citizens associated with Sarasota that enter vehicle mishaps. Pursuant in order to Sarasota car crash regulation, if your car owner purchases BI legal responsibility protection, the actual insurance provider should provide UM/UIM protection for that exact same quantity since the BI legal responsibility protection. Nevertheless, the actual car owner might want to refuse UM/UIM protection. Sarasota Law 627. 727.
Many motorists choose to not obtain UM/UIM protection to get a lower high quality however they don't understand this protection is really a safety on their behalf.
UM/UIM protection safeguards an auto accident target when the car owner to blame doesn't have BI or even small BI legal responsibility protection and also the car crash victim's situation may be worth a lot more than the actual negligent driver's BI legal responsibility protection.
Therefore, within the over instance whenever Car owner B's accidental injuries, we. at the. healthcare costs, dropped income, and so on. surpass Car owner A's BI legal responsibility protection, he/she may then document the UIM declare towards his/her personal insurance plan for that damage which surpass Car owner A's BI legal responsibility protection. UM/UIM statements could be complex as well as a skilled car crash attorney is required.
*Disclaimer: The info found in this site isn't any replacement for legal counsel as well as doesn't set up any kind of attorney-client romantic relationship. The reality as well as legalities of each and every situation tend to be distinctive. Consequently prior to getting any kind of lawful motion, you need to talk to an attorney. Getting in touch with or even contacting what the law states organization doesn't produce a good attorney-client romantic relationship. Private or even time-sensitive info shouldn't be delivered via this particular web site's contact/email types.


Kuwait, 2nd October, 2013: ASAR – Al Ruwayeh & Partners (ASAR), Kuwait's leading and most prominent corporate law firm, and one of the region's top tier firms announced today that it had acted as Kuwait local counsel to the World Bank as they undertook an assessment of the effectiveness of the Kuwait insolvency and creditor/debtor regime within the framework of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Reports on the observance of Standards and Codes Initiative.
The study was conducted in collaboration with the authorities in Kuwait, including the Kuwait Ministry of Commerce and Industry using the World Bank's Revised Principles and Guidelines for Effective Insolvency and Creditor Rights Systems of 2005 and the Recommendations of the UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law which represent the international consensus on best practices and set forth a unified standard for ICR systems.
The new project aims to strengthen Kuwait's commercial law and regulation to be more responsive to the current needs and aspirations of market participants and upgrade to regional and international standards. ASAR assisted the World Bank's team in Kuwait which included some of the world's foremost experts on corporate rehabilitation, distress resolution, debt recovery, secured transactions, financial reporting, and judicial system strengthening, contributed to Kuwait's vision of becoming a financial and trade center.
"We are proud to have been of assistance to the World Bank in relation to the review of Kuwait's current insolvency framework. Insolvency regimes have evolved over the years and Kuwait is taking steps towards improving the country's framework of financial laws." said Rob Little, partner as ASAR.
The firm has been consistently rated as the leading corporate and commercial law firm in Kuwait by reputable legal guides such as the Chambers Global Guide, International Financial Law Review and the Legal 500. In their annual law firm Global Guide for 2013, Chambers & Partners have exclusively ranked ASAR as Kuwait's only tier 1 law firm for business law. In 2012, ASAR was named as the "Best Law Firm in Kuwait 2012" by the International Financial Law Review (IFLR), the market-leading guide for financial law firms worldwide. The firm also won the "Best Equity Deal in the Middle East" award by IFLR during the same year.


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export const roleNameSubscriptions = `role-name-test-subscriptions-${ Date.now() }`;
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export const roleScopeSubscriptions = 'Subscriptions';
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
North Nashville man killed in fatal motorcycle crash
brwilson@tennessean.com
A North Nashville man was killed after an apparent motorcycle accident near Whites Creek on Wednesday, Metro police said.
Corey A. Hockett II, 25, was found by police down an embankment on Moorsman Arm Road on Wednesday afternoon, according to a Metro Nashville Police Department release.
Hockett's remains were found while police were investigating why a woman was found hurt on Moorsman Arm Road early Wednesday morning. The woman, Sharita Johnson, 23, had injuries consistent with a motorcycle crash and is in critical condition at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, police said.
Evidence from the crash site shows that a motorcycle ran off the left side of the road once it came out of a curve. It then ran off the road and fell into a nearby embankment.
Police haven't determined whether the crash occurred overnight or early Wednesday morning.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Heavy monsoon rains drench Queensland, causing widespread floods, Australia
Posted by Julie Celestial on January 28, 2020 at 12:44 UTC (2 years ago)
Categories: Featured articles, Floods, Monsoons, Severe storms
A nearly stationary monsoonal low close to the Gulf of Carpentaria is driving very humid air toward Queensland, with heaviest rains in the state's northeast and tropical coast. The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) has issued several flood warnings on Tuesday, January 28, 2020, as rains inundated streets and prompted school closures. The rains have finally ended months of dry conditions across the state.
BOM also warned that severe thunderstorms may produce life-threatening flash flooding.
Rita Island saw 529 mm (21 inches) of rain in 24 hours-- over three months' worth of the area's average January rain in one day.
Widespread monsoonal rains hit most of the north, central, and western Queensland over the past weekend, with flood warnings issued for a number of rivers.
According to BOM, a major flood warning is in place for the Flinders River, and moderate warnings for the rivers Norman, Paroo, Thomson, Barcoo, and Cooper Creek.
Minor flood warnings are in effect for rivers Cloncurry, Cape, Upper Herbert, and Wallam and Mungallala Creeks.
Furthermore, a severe weather warning for heavy rain and flash flooding is also in effect across the Gulf County. A severe thunderstorm warning with flash flooding is in place for the Herbert and Lower Burdekin region.
"Severe thunderstorms are likely to produce intense rainfall that may lead to dangerous and life-threatening flash flooding," BOM said.
Due to the heavy downpour, streets were inundated in Burdekin, cutting traffic to several roads and key highways. In addition, a number of schools closed on the supposed first day of classes for this year.
Among the schools that canceled classes on Tuesday were Home Hill State School, Home Hill State High School, Airville State School, Jarvisfield State School, Kalamia State School, Brandon State School, and Osborne State School.
On Monday, January 27, more than 100 mm (4 inches) of rain fell on Townsville and Gregory Downs in south Burketown.
Meanwhile, Rita Island registered 529 mm (21 inches) of rain in 24 hours, which is equivalent to more than three months of the area's average January rain in one day.
Some incredible rainfall totals recorded over the last 24 hrs. Intense rainfall recording over 500mm around Ayr, south east of Townsville, which itself received between 100-150mm.
Elsewhere, Normanton (Glenore Weir 193mm) and Hughendon (Woodbine 130mm) https://t.co/GN6vJCCaaJ pic.twitter.com/40G5Br0uPs
— Bureau of Meteorology, Queensland (@BOM_Qld) January 27, 2020
Plantation Creek on the Bruce Highway at Ayr. Still rising after last night's massive rainfall in the Burdekin. #qldpol pic.twitter.com/H13FNyyvZ8
— Dale Last (@DaleLast1) January 28, 2020
#WATCH: Over 350 ml of rain has fallen within 24 hours in Ayr causing flash flooding, cutting highways and various road across Central Queensland. More heavy rain is expected to fall in the coming days. #9News pic.twitter.com/IgTz0GU6eq
— Nine News Queensland (@9NewsQueensland) January 28, 2020
Townsville mayor Jenny Hill said the weather is "acting like a typical wet season" where residents see downpours with significant breaks in between.
She compared it to the damaging rains in February 2019, saying, "Last year, we didn't have those breaks; it just kept raining and raining and raining. So far, it's pretty much business as usual."
A 63-year-old man had to be rescued by the police in the town on Tuesday after getting stuck in his car at Giru.
Localised flooding at work this morning - Landmark Home Hill. #Burdekin pic.twitter.com/J99Ydx4QJA
— Brent Wilson (@bwilson_71) January 28, 2020
Tonight large parts of North Queensland are soaked, roads are blocked and suburbs are swamped, the good news is a lot of rain has landed where it's most needed. @Chris_Campey has the latest from Longreach. pic.twitter.com/IgstsJ2fmP
— 10 News First (@10NewsFirst) January 28, 2020
"We have a monsoonal low close to the Gulf of Carpentaria; it's near stationary and is driving this very humid north-westerly that's pumping in the moisture," said Sky News Weather channel meteorologist Tom Saunders.
"The heaviest falls are in northeast Queensland and the Queensland tropical coast."
Saunders added that the deluge is likely to continue until Friday, January 31, in northern Queensland-- with heavier rain yet to fall on top of the torrential rain that has already drenched the region.
Image credit: JMA/Himawari-8, RAMMB/CIRA. Acquired January 28, 2020 at 06:30 UTC
Featured image credit: @bwilson_71/Twitter
Tags: australia, australia weather, queensland, queensland weather


As part of Panic! It's an Arts Emergency! Harrison was commissioned to make a new work using their research into inequality in the arts as a starting point. In April 2018, Harrison invited 50 participants from the Creative & Cultural Industries and beyond to take part in a Power & Privilege Workshop in London, to explore how these hidden forces in society affect all our lives.
The Glasgow Effect was a multi-layered 'research project', which took place in 2016. Its central provocation was that Harrison refused to travel outside Greater Glasgow for a whole calendar year (1 January – 31 December 2016). On 8 January 2017, she gave a talk about the work at the Glasgow Film Theatre.
A performance / installation exploring the different interpretations of the concept of 'equality' favoured by different parts of the political spectrum. On Friday 3 July 2015, a diverse group of six people took part in a simple performance at g39 in Cardiff – standing on a series of special plinths designed to raise each person up to an equal level, so that together they formed a perfect line.
An installation which employs a spotlight and smoke machine to visualise and explore the correlation between cuts in public spending and instances of mass rioting on the UK's streets.


You want some SUSE socks? We know you do; SUSE x KubeCon.
Looking for socks? How about a nice, juicy, SUSE chameleon? If you're going to KubeCon, you can get them. Stop by the SUSE booth, G17, and we'll hook you up. After you've got yourself some socks and your very own SUSE chameleon, head on over to see Rob De Canha-Knight, EMEA Technical Strategist at SUSE, for his birds of a feather session on diversity and inclusion.
Diversity of any kind leads to cognitive diversity, which directly correlates to success. Although there is still plenty of work to be done, the Open Source community has made great strides in the inclusion of various minority groups by improving access to the field. However, there remains one subsection of the technology community that is still significantly underrepresented. The LGBTIQIA community remains significantly under-represented in technology industry with some estimates placing the community between three to four percent of employees.
During his talk, Rob will discuss some of the issues that lead to this underrepresentation, as well as some strategies that companies and communities can use to ensure they get the best employees and contributors, regardless of which minority group that these employees or contributors belong. You can, of course, wear those SUSE socks to that session – we endorse that.
Before you head out to KubeCon though, we suggest checking our Rob's recent webinar series, "The Platform Operator's Buyer's Guide to Kubernetes." We know that Kubernetes can be rather confusing, so in his webinar series, Rob discuses questions that every future Kubernetes operator should ask before adopting a Kubernetes-based solution. In his series, Rob focuses on topics ranging from installation and configuration, to maintenance and monitoring, and security. His series also features live demos on many of these topics, making it an extremely useful watch for anyone looking at adopting a Kubernetes-based solution.
Have a great KubeCon, and we look forward to seeing you there!


Is Popcorn Healthier Than Fruits and Veggies?
Speaking at the 243rd National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Joe Vinson, Ph.D., professor of chemistry at the University of Scranton in Pennsylvania, said his research team found that popcorn contains a higher concentration of healthful antioxidant substances called polyphenols than fruits and vegetables!
One serving of popcorn has up to 300 mg of polyphenols, which is much higher than previously believed, according to Vinson. Compare that to 114 mg of polyphenols for a serving of sweet corn and 160 mg for all fruits per serving. Vinson also found that hulls of popcorn (the parts that tend to get stuck in your teeth) have the highest concentration of polyphenols and fiber.
"Popcorn may be the perfect snack food," said Vinson during his presentation. "It's the only snack that is 100 percent unprocessed whole grain. All other grains are processed and diluted with other ingredients, and although cereals are called 'whole grain,' this simply means that over 51 percent of the weight of the product is whole grain. One serving of popcorn will provide more than 70 percent of the daily intake of whole grain. The average person only gets about half a serving of whole grains a day, and popcorn could fill that gap in a very pleasant way."
So should you put down that apple and grab a bowl of popcorn instead?
"Popcorn is most definitely a healthful snack option," say SELF contributing editors Stephanie Clarke and Willow Jarosh, registered dietitians and co-founders of C&J Nutrition. "It's one of the few naturally whole grain snack foods, which means it's a good source of fiber, and as this study points out, of other beneficial compounds that come from consuming whole foods."
However, Clarke and Jarosh say, popcorn is certainly not a BETTER overall choice than fruits and vegetables -- in fact, they shouldn't be compared to or replace one another. "Fruits and vegetables offer nutrients that popcorn doesn't, and popcorn contains some nutrients that fruits and veggies don't," they say. "It's always important to remember that you need to get a variety of foods from each food group to get the broadest range of health benefits."
In other words, think fruits and veggies every day, and reach for popcorn when you're craving a healthy snack. "Aim to get at least 1.5 - 2 cups of fruit and 2.5 cups of vegetables each day, and think of popcorn as a fun way to fulfill a whole grain serving, especially if you enjoy crunchy snacks," Clarke and Jarosh say. For instance, instead of reaching for pretzels as your crunchy carb-based snack, reach for air-popped popcorn and pack in more fiber and antioxidants with those carbohydrates.
Of course, not all popcorn is the same. Drowning popcorn in butter and salt quickly turns it into a fattening treat instead of a healthy snack.
Clarke and Jarosh agree that air-popping is the way to go. "Add your own flavoring after it's popped, that way you skip the trans fats, partially hydrogenated oils and added salt in microwave versions," they say. "A few additions that we love are olive oil with Parmesan and black pepper; cinnamon, brown sugar and butter or canola oil; sea salt, olive oil and garlic powder; or shredded coconut and mini chocolate chips."
Angela Ginn, registered dietitian and spokeswoman for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, has one more great idea. "Enjoy a sprinkle of cayenne pepper for some heat and to boost your metabolism!" she says.
-Cocoa! Ginn says dark chocolate is loaded with antioxidants and contains polyphenols, which can help lower your blood pressure.
-Dried plums. In addition to antioxidants, Ginn says dried plums are rich in fiber and potassium.
-Walnuts. Not only do these tasty nuts contain antioxidants, but they're rich in fiber and monounsaturated fatty acids, the combination of which makes you feel full AND helps lower cholesterol and blood glucose levels, Ginn says.
-Coffee. "Most people give tea all of the credit, but coffee contains antioxidants, too," say Clarke and Jarosh.
-Spices and herbs. Clarke and Jarosh say cinnamon, paprika and turmeric (in curry powder) are packed with antioxidants.


CAIRO (Reuters) - Fahmy Abdel Raouf and his 13-year old son had been missing for months when their family got word they had been killed in a gun battle with security forces and hailed as "martyrs" by the most dangerous militant group in Egypt.
"If his intention was jihad, I hope God accepts his deed," said Abdel Raouf's wife, dressed head-to-toe in black with only her eyes visible behind a conservative Islamic face veil as she spoke at their family home in Cairo.
The story of the father and son from a working class neighborhood of Cairo offers a glimpse into the militant threat facing Egypt, which has increased dramatically since the army overthrew Muslim Brotherhood President Mohamed Mursi last year.
The pair were members of the group spearheading Islamist attacks in Egypt, Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis, according to both the authorities and a statement from the organization.
Abdel Raouf, 38, had fought alongside Islamists in the Syrian civil war. His son, radicalized by the state's bloody crackdown on Islamists that followed Mursi's overthrow last year, was a much newer convert.
They symbolize the growing complexity of a problem that will face Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, the former army chief who became Egypt's de facto leader when he deposed Mursi. Sisi is expected to win a presidential election in May.
Armed groups are drawing in both established militants, such as Abdel Raouf, and the recently radicalized, such as his son.
Their reach has extended well beyond the Sinai Peninsula - birthplace of Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis - to the capital. At least four members of the cell targeted on March 19 came from the same Cairo neighborhood.
"You are not talking about long-standing or known organizations," said Khalil al-Anani, an expert on Islamist movements at Johns Hopkins University in the United States.
"We are talking about the third generation of radical jihadists that emerged from the Arab Spring," he said. "This is a generation that nobody has control over."
FROM HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT TO "MARTYR"
Abdel Raouf and his son died on March 19 when the security forces stormed their bomb-making factory in Qalyoubia province, just north of Cairo, killing a total of six militants. Two army officers also died in the five-hour long operation.
The authorities say it was a major blow to Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis, the group behind some of the biggest attacks of the last nine months, including a failed attempt to kill the interior minister and large bomb attacks on police stations.
Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis, or Supporters of Jerusalem, issued a statement naming the "martyrs" killed that day. They included Abdel Raouf, an oil industry technician, and his son, the similarly named Abdel Raouf Fahmy Abdel Raouf.
The boy had vanished in January after sitting his end-of-term exams.
"I was surprised and shocked," said the wife and mother, a woman in her thirties who declined to give her full name during an interview at the modest family home in the al-Matariya district of northeast Cairo. She heard of their deaths on TV.
Both the authorities and Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis said the elder Abdel Raouf had fought in Syria, along with another member of his cell from the same Cairo neighborhood in the city's northeast.
According to officials, Abdel Raouf had also undergone training in the Gaza Strip. His role in Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis had included reconnoitering police facilities, they said, speaking on condition of anonymity because they were not permitted to talk to the media.
His wife described her husband as a God-fearing man who spoke little of politics and travelled a lot for work.
Asked about his links to the Syrian war and Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis, she challenged the government to prove his involvement, although she did not deny the claims.
She had taken note of the Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis statement announcing the deaths, memorizing a reference to her son as "a cub of that lion who had insisted on waging holy struggle with his father".
One of her three surviving children, an infant daughter, sat beside her as she candidly set out her view of events. "The war is a war on religion," she said.
The police had been hunting her husband for months.
When Abdel Raouf's wife and sister visited his mother in hospital in February, security agents forced them to remove their face veils in case he had come in disguise, they said.
Abdel Raouf appeared to have been on the police radar for years. He was tortured in deposed autocrat Hosni Mubarak's era, his family said. His mother recalled a time he returned home unable to hold a cup of tea. He said his tormentors had shocked him with electrodes on his tongue.
After Mubarak was toppled by a popular uprising in 2011 and the Islamist Mursi elected the following year, the police left Abdel Raouf alone. But he found no satisfaction in Muslim Brotherhood rule. He viewed the mainstream group as too soft on Islam and said they were promoting "half religion".
"He never liked them," his wife said.
When the military removed Mursi after a year in office following mass protests against his rule, Abdel Raouf told his family to avoid protest camps set up by Brotherhood supporters demanding his reinstatement, his family said.
Nevertheless, one of Abdel Raouf's brothers was among the hundreds of people killed on August 14 when security forces used overwhelming force to destroy those camps.
The authorities say Abdel Raouf's brother was shot in clashes with the security forces that day. His family say he was killed while collecting his family from across town.
It was after burying his brother two days later that Abdel Raouf disappeared. His wife recalled his last words as: "God will give the people the ruler they deserve."
The day of his brother's funeral, August 16, saw violent mass protests in which a further 120 people were killed, including two police officers. The authorities say Abdel Raouf participated in attacks on the security forces. His family says he wasn't there.
It was also a turning point for Abdel Raouf's son. After his uncle's death, the 13-year old began taking part in protests against the government for the first time.
"He would say: 'This is utter injustice,'" his mother said.
Locals tell a similar story about another of the militants from Matariya killed on March 19. Outside the house where he lived, a banner honors him as "the martyr" Mohamed Sayid.
Neighbors say he too became radicalized in the demonstrations that followed the storming of the camps, having never before shown signs of extremism or political affiliations.
"He was just like us. He'd go to weddings, smoke cigarettes and was not religious or anything like that," said one youth, part of a group standing nearby.
Another, referring to Ramses Square where the August 16 protests took place, said: "What caused all of this was that he went out in the protest at the time of Ramses. One of his friends died, and that was that."
Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis emerged in North Sinai in 2011, taking root in the security vacuum that emerged after Mubarak's downfall. Its initial target was Israel. The group blew up a pipeline for exporting gas to Israel and fired rockets at the southern Israeli resort of Eilat.
But since last summer, its focus has switched to the Egyptian state. The group has claimed responsibility for attacks that have contributed to a death toll of more than 500, mostly police and soldiers. In January, it shot down an army helicopter in Sinai, where the military is trying to crush the militants.
"It looks to a great extent like individual cells crop up and there may be some very loose coordination with other elements of 'the organization', or communication with figures outside - whether, it's al Qaeda, or some of the extremist organizations in Libya, for example," said a Western diplomat.
The United States has designated Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis a terrorist group, citing attacks including one that killed three South Korean tourists in Sinai in February.
Egypt also accuses the Brotherhood of a role in the violence and declared it a terrorist group after a suicide attack on a police station claimed by Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis. However, Western countries say they are unconvinced by Cairo's assertions that the mainstream Brotherhood is tied to the militants.
"We continue to see no data supporting the claim of organizational links between ABM and the Muslim Brotherhood," said the diplomat, using an acronym for Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis.
The Brotherhood, Egypt's biggest party until last summer, has denounced the violence. But by banning the Brotherhood, the government risks pushing more people deeper underground and into the arms of those who embrace the shedding of blood.
Anani of Johns Hopkins University said: "Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis has growing appeal among disenchanted Islamists."
"It is not easy to chase these young radicals."


text:
Джордж Фицджеральд Смут третий (; род. 20 февраля 1945, Юкон, Флорида, США) — американский астрофизик и космолог, лауреат Нобелевской премии по физике в 2006 г. (совместно с Джоном Мазером) «за открытие анизотропии и чёрнотельной структуры энергетического спектра космического фонового излучения».

Является профессором физики в Калифорнийском университете в Беркли. Его работы по реликтовому излучению подтвердили теорию большого взрыва.

Биография

Учёба и первые исследования
До прихода в МТИ Смут изучал математику, но затем, в 1966 г., получил двойную степень бакалавра по физике и математике. В 1970 г. стал доктором в области физики элементарных частиц. Затем он переключился на космологию и перешёл в национальную лабораторию Лоуренса в Беркли, где сотрудничал с Луисом Альваресом в эксперименте HAPPE, в котором при помощи стратосферного воздушного шара предпринималась попытка обнаружения антиматерии в верхних слоях атмосферы Земли, наличие которой предсказывала теперь отвергнутая стационарная модель Вселенной.

Затем Смут занялся изучением реликтового излучения, открытого Арно Пензиасом и Робертом Вильсоном. В то время вопрос о структуре вселенной оставался нерешённым. Определённые модели предсказывали, что вселенная должна вращаться, что должно было бы выражаться в зависимости температуры реликтового излучения от направления наблюдения. С помощью Альвареса и Ричарда Мюллера, Смут разработал дифференциальный радиометр, который мог измерять разность температур реликтового излучения в между двумя направлениями, разнесёнными на 60 градусов. Этот инструмент, закреплённый на самолёте Локхид U-2, помог установить, что полная скорость вращения вселенной равнялась нулю (в пределах точности измерения прибора). Прибор также зарегистрировал изменение температуры реликтового излучения в виде диполя, что было интерпретировано как следствие доплеровского эффекта из-за движения Земли по отношению к поверхности, излучающей реликтовое излучение, называемой также поверхностью последнего рассеяния. Такой доплеровский эффект возникает по причине того, что Солнце (как и весь Млечный Путь) не покоится, а движется со скоростью примерно 600 км/с по отношению к поверхности последнего рассеяния. Это движение вызвано скорее всего гравитационным притяжением между нашей галактикой и некоторым скопленим масс — Великим аттрактором.

Участие в проекте COBE

Недавние исследования

Интересные факты

 Снялся в роли самого себя в 17-м эпизоде 2-го сезона сериала Теория Большого взрыва.
 Джордж Фицжеральд Смут с 2010 года является профессором Московского Государственного Университета, где он с ноября 2011 года возглавляет Лабораторию экстремальной Вселенной.
 Джордж Фицжеральд Смут — почетный доктор Казахского национального университета им. аль-Фараби (2013).
 Хотя Смут учился в МИТ, он не был тем Смутом, которым измерили длину Гарвардского моста между Кембриджем и Бостоном в единицах длины его тела (смутах). То был его двоюродный брат Оливер Смут.

Общественная деятельность
В 2016 году подписал открытое письмо нобелевских лауреатов с призывом к Greenpeace, Организации Объединенных Наций и правительствам всего мира прекратить борьбу с генетически модифицированными организмами (ГМО) .

Примечания

Ссылки
 Информация с сайта Нобелевского комитета
 Дж. Ф. Смут. «Анизотропия реликтового излучения: открытие и научное значение». Нобелевская лекция // Успехи физических наук, том 177, выпуск 12, декабрь 2007
 Биография на сайте Национальной лаборатории Лоренса Беркли

Физики по алфавиту
Физики США
Лауреаты Нобелевской премии по физике
Лауреаты Нобелевской премии из США
Члены Национальной академии наук США
Награждённые медалью Альберта Эйнштейна
Почётные профессора МГУ
Награждённые медалью Эрстеда
Преподаватели Калифорнийского университета в Беркли
Выпускники Массачусетского технологического института
Выпускники физического факультета Массачусетского технологического института
Выпускники Школы наук Массачусетского технологического института

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Fall is the perfect time to take one of those classic Sunday drives, any day of the week. Whether you're looking to just meander along, or you want some specific destinations in mind, the Ohio River Scenic Byway in southern Indiana has just what you're looking for.
I've driven portions of this route at various times of year, and autumn is pretty stunning. Breathtaking views of the Ohio River, with rolling hills covered in trees of every shade Mother Nature produces. Can't beat it.
If you're outdoorsy, there are some great state parks along the route that would make excellent stopping points, like Clifty Falls State Park in Madison, Charlestown State Park in Charlestown, Falls of the Ohio State Park in Clarksville, and O'Bannon Woods State Park.
If history is more your thing, then check out Hillforest Mansion in Aurora, J.F.D. Lanier Mansion in Madison, the Howard Steamboat Museum in Jeffersonville, the Corydon Capitol State Historic Site in Corydon, and Angel Mounds near Evansville.
If you need a break from the road and want to try your luck, you'll find three casinos along the route: Belterra in Florence, Horseshoe in Elizabethtown, and Casino Aztar in Evansville.
Bringing the kids? Steer yourself toward the Mesker Park Zoo in Evansville or Schimpff's Confectionery in Jeffersonville. In addition to the state parks mentioned above, most towns along the route offer parkland along the river front for your kids to run around and explore. If they're like my boys, they'll love watching the boats and barges go by.
You can find complete driving directions here. The route is very well marked and runs along the river from the Illinois state line to the Ohio state line.


Applications for the 2019 Wesleyan Summer Grants opened Jan. 28 and will remain open until midnight on Thursday, Feb. 28. The grants will provide funding for students to pursue summer opportunities that would otherwise not be funded or would have insufficient funds to meet a student's needs.
As the grants' page explains, Wesleyan Summer Grants are awarded through the Gordon Career Center and are funded by both individual donors and University organizations. Grants can be applicable to a variety of programs—including internships, volunteer work, research, and language study—allowing students to pursue opportunities that are either low- or no-pay. Awards generally total between $4,000 and $5,000. Each grant has specific requirements and eligibility, and some grants are linked to specific internships.
"I really had no idea what I was getting myself into, but it ended up being an awesome internship and I really enjoyed it," said Camilla Lopez '19, who was awarded a grant from the University last summer.
According to Associate Director of Internships and Campus Recruiting Sarah MacNamara, of the 300 students who applied for Wesleyan Summer Grants in 2018, 145 received funding for various summer positions. She also noted that the program has existed in some form since the 1980s.
Although the program initially existed as a challenge grant in which students were awarded money upon completion of their internship, students are now provided their particular amount of awarded money at the beginning of the summer, which Lopez noted was a positive aspect of the program as it allowed her to budget her own funds.
Opportunities funded by grants can take on a diverse range of forms. Lopez had a low-paying internship for a documentary series produced through PBS called POV, working with the Community Engagement and Education departments. As a government major and film minor, her internship combined both of these interests.
"I'm from San Antonio, Texas, and there's not much in the film industry or huge resources in the city, so I was thinking New York," she recalled.
The grants program prioritizes low-income students, as well as rising juniors and seniors, who might benefit the most from the extra funds. Lopez noted that because she is low-income, the grant she received was pivotal for her being able to intern over the summer.
Quinn O'Leary '19 also applied for, and received, a summer grant funding her study of Spanish in Argentina, in the summer after her sophomore year. O'Leary noted that to her knowledge grants typically do not fund summer language study opportunities; however, Spanish was integral to O'Leary's future career, which she emphasized in her application.
O'Leary emphasized the necessity of having received this grant in order for her to go to Argentina. She explained that as a low-income student, she found that receiving a grant was especially important for her, and she emphasized that she'd recommend other low-income Wesleyan students take advantage of summer grant options.
To apply, students must submit a résumé approved by the Gordon Career Center, an application form, a budget form, writing statements, and an essay. Each student must explain their position for the upcoming summer as part of the statements. Students are typically applying for a grant before securing an internship, which creates the possibility that students have secured funding for an internship they do not obtain. This gap is accounted for by the Wesleyan Summer Grant system, so that if a student is awarded a grant and ends up not securing the internship, the student can still use the grant to apply to a different internship. A student can submit a revision form indicating why the funds are still necessary for the alternate position.
"We hope that the Wesleyan Summer Grants Program gives students the opportunity for career exploration and allows them to have real world experiences that will impact both their Wesleyan and post-Wesleyan careers," MacNamara noted.
Hannah Reale can be reached at hreale@wesleyan.edu or on Twitter @HannahEReale.


ForeignPolicy.com today published a beautifully written inspection and reflection on the US's role in shaping Japan in the 20th century. In "Hiroshima, My Father, and the Lie of U.S. Innocence," freelance writer Jerry Delaney details his journey through memory and research of the post-WWII Tokyo trials: as a boy, Delaney lived with his father who served as a judge in the historical trials that were woefully incomplete, inadequate, and politically motivated. As a man, Delaney searched through first-hand accounts of the war crimes committed by both the US and Japan in the early 20th century to answer his daughter's questions of familial involvement in this dark chapter of history.
This article gives new insights to those already knowledgeable of that era while being presented in plain yet artistically structured narrative for those unfamiliar with these histories.
A must-read for understanding today's Japan.


Bokksu is a premium Japanese snack subscription service. Each box includes an assortment of authentic Japanese snacks as well as a tea pairing chosen to complement and enhance that month's flavors.
The Products: 20-25 premium Japanese snacks including a tea pairing.
This month is all about Halloween treats and flavors! Turns out apples, pumpkins, and caramel are also synonymous with 'fall' in Japan too!
The included info card is really nice and includes a map referencing where this month's snacks are from, plus a lot more information.
Each snack is described in detail and common allergens are clearly listed– always helpful!
There are 12 different treats to try this month, so let's dig in!
These are SO cute! I am not a pumpkin fan but these really didn't have a strong pumpkin flavor. They were salty and crunchy and really surprisingly delicious. The packaging was adorable but these treats come in super small portions. I would gladly snack on these again.
These were one of my favorite snacks in the box this month. Who would have thought that sweet potato chips would be so remarkable? They are super light but packed with flavor. These would be a really great alternative to potato chips. They are very lightly salted but also sweet, which is always a winning combination for me. Can anyone suggest anything similar we might have here in the US? I need more in my life! The size of this bag was very much the same as a snack size of chips we are used to getting in our lunches as kids.
This was the only major miss for me this month. These are sweet potato flavored but kindof smell fishy? I couldn't figure this snack out. There was nothing sweet potato tasting about it and the aroma made it really hard to eat. It was just such an unfamiliar combination to find in a cookie. It is super cute that the cookie itself is designed to look like a sliced sweet potato. I still have one left over so I might reattempt to try this at a later time. Maybe I was having a weird tastebud day?
These win the cutest snack award this month. Some were smiling, some were scowling, and all were adorable. They are made of white and milk chocolate on a pretty traditional tasting snack cookie. These didn't taste totally unfamiliar, and I feel like we have some super similar snacks here at home. Chocolate+cookie+cute= a total win.
When I first saw this bag I was immediately intrigued. I have only really ever had apple chips or bakes sugar snap peas in terms of veggies or fruits in chip form. These were light and crunchy, and lightly seasoned. I loved them! I wish the bag had been bigger. This tiny sample was certainly not enough. I could eat these every day. They would also make incredible toppings in a salad.
This is the first ever candy created exclusively for Bokksu and they hit it out of the park! In addition to being absolutely beautiful, they have a mild but sweet persimmon taste that I just loved. They are the color of a ripe persimmon and have the cutest little green stripe on each candy! If I could change anything it would be a slightly stronger flavor and a bigger bag.
These have the cutest little apple shape! They are similar to a traditional French Financier but filled with apple butter instead of browned butter. These were sweet and flavorful, and heavier than some cakes. They are really a perfect snack for those crisp fall days while you are out picking apples at your local orchard.
When I first tried these I hated them. They left a weird aftertaste that I couldn't stand. I always try a new food or snack more than once if I can, and I am glad I did with these. The second time I tried them I really liked them! They are crispy like chips and really earthy tasting. They come from the beautiful Ginkgo tree and make for a tasty and unique snacking experience.
I was so amused to see Gudetama, the lazy egg, make his way into this box. I have seen this guy all over the place! As far as the chocolate goes, it is delicious. The custard inside is solid but still very custard-y and rich. I enjoyed these while laying on my couch being useless, just like Gudetama!
I could easily see these cookies being sold here in the fall at a coffee shop. They have a very familiar caramel apple flavor that is easily found everywhere int he fall. The cookies were chewy and even softer in the middle, where the caramel sauce is the strongest. There is also apple butter in this cookie. I enjoyed it with some hot green tea one morning for a sweet mini breakfast.
I feel like this is the Japanese version of a Fig Newton but with a white chocolate filling. It was a really mild treat that went well with a glass of almond milk. It was a messy snack, but I generally don't tend to mind that too much if the taste is good!
These cute little ghosts on the packaging really made me smile. This is a black tea with grape flavoring, which tastes exactly like you would imagine! I didn't care for it hot, but when iced it was really yummy. The tea also has a slight pink tint to it which was lovely. I sweetened it with some simple sugar syrup and would absolutely try it again!
Verdict: Even though I don't generally love fall flavors, I had a lot of fun with this month's Bokksu box. It had a ton of variety and a good mix of sweet and savory. I absolutely loved the exclusive persimmon candies and hope that Bokksu continues to make new candy creations for us to enjoy. I tried some really unique things in this box that I've never heard of and I appreciate the beautiful packaging and detailed info for each snack.
Can you still get this box if you sign up today? You must order by the 25th of the month to receive the following month's box. Order today to receive October as your first. Check out the most recent spoilers here.
Coupon – Use code ADDICTION to save $5 off your first box!
Value Breakdown: At $39.00 for this box, and a total of 23 items, you're paying approximately $1.70 for each single item included.
What did you think of Bokksu's October box?


Directions For Carnitine 500: Take 1 serving one to three times daily. Consume between meals, 30-45 minutes before workouts, and/or immediately after workouts.
Carnitine500 is an Alternative Weight Loss Product manufactured by EVLution Nutrition. It can help assist in the loss of body fat, working in different pathways that traditional thermogenics.


Senior Software Engineer: Position based in Herndon, VA. Analyze, design, devlop, test & implement enterprise buss. applic'ns using C, C++, VC++, Java, Python, XML, HTML, CSS, SQL, PL/SQL, ClearQuest, Visual Source Safe & GIT in Unix, Linux & Win. environment. Analyze detail systems factors, engage in requirement gathering, critical analysis & strategic planning. Engage in Object Oriented Analysis & Design & implement OOAD. Devlop technical design docs. & engage in coding using C, C++ & Java code. Utilize MS-SQL Server, Oracle & Sybase to design & maintain database. Req. Master's Degree or Foreign Equivalent in Sci. or Engg. or Tech. or Reltd w/3 yrs of exp. or Bach. Degree or Foreign Equivalent in Sci. or Engg. or Tech. or Reltd w/5 yrs of exp. Job req. travel &/or reloc. to various unanticipated client sites in the U.S. Send Res: SyApps LLC, Attn: HR Department, 13873 Park Center Road, Suite 104, Herndon, VA – 20171.


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text:
Carnegie's Commemorative Grants to Urban Public Libraries
NEW YORK AND 22 BIG-CITY LIBRARIES AWARDED $15 MILLION BY CARNEGIE CORPORATION; MARKING THE CENTENNIAL OF ANDREW CARNEGIE'S GIFTS TO 2,506 PUBLIC LIBRARIES
NEW YORK AND 22 BIG-CITY LIBRARIES AWARDED $15 MILLION BY CARNEGIE CORP.
Marking the Centennial of Andrew Carnegie's Gifts to 2,506 Libraries Grants to Promote Literacy, Services to Children and Adolescents, Preservation, and Special Collections
NEW YORK, JUNE 10 — Carnegie Corporation of New York has awarded $15 million to The New York Public Library, Brooklyn Public Library, Queens Borough Public Library, and libraries in 22 other cities serving large culturally diverse populations. The grants mark the centennial period of Andrew Carnegie's gifts to establish public libraries in New York City and more than 1,350 other communities across America. The funds will also benefit the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York, which is part of the New York Public Library system.
"The aim of this initiative is to highlight the central role of America's public libraries in preparing young people, adults, and newcomers for a new century in which knowledge and creative thinking will be the basis for individual advancement," said Thomas H. Kean, chairman of the Corporation's board of trustees at a gathering of the foundation's trustees and library directors at the New York Public Library on June 10.
"These grants symbolize Carnegie Corporation's faith in the public library as the guardian of freedom of thought and of the free exchange of information and ideas," said Vartan Gregorian, the Corporation's president and former president of the New York Public Library. "Though libraries have always been able to accommodate all means of communication and most forms of cultural expression, they will remain the essential place of the book. No search engine can replace the library, or the librarian, whose role is to distill the best, to separate fact from fiction, to provide a structure for knowledge and learning. The library, as Norman Mailer put it, is 'the people's palace.' It contains the DNA of our culture.
He added, "If this initiative in honor of Andrew Carnegie's benefactions a century ago stimulates other donors to focus on the contributions of this vital institution, then its purposes will have been wonderfully well served." Almost all of the current grant recipients were originally funded by Andrew Carnegie between 1899 and 1906. All were chosen according to the size and diversity of population served, geographic spread, and/or historical relationship to Andrew Carnegie, according to Gregorian. The funds will be used over one to two years toward services to children and teens, literacy/learning programs, preservation, and special collections of branch libraries of the major public library systems. A total of $4 million will go to the neighborhood libraries in New York City, commemorating Mr. Carnegie's gifts of $5.2 million between 1899 and 1901 to establish 65 branch libraries throughout the five boroughs.
The New York Public Library, now with 85 branches in the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island, is garnering the largest share with $2 million. The Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Borough Public Library will each receive $1 million. All other public libraries are receiving $500,000 each (see list on p. 4).
At the New York Public Library, the funds will be used mainly for adult literacy/learning programs aimed at non-English speakers, augmenting support from the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund. It will also ensure the preservation of rare films in the Donnell Media Center and permit acquisitions of literature, art, and music reflective of New York City's cultural life and the interests of children and young adults. $200,000 alone will go to the Schomberg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem, one of the New York Public Library's four main research libraries and the nation's foremost repository of materials from the African diaspora. The Corporation enabled the library to acquire Arturo Schomburg's personal library and papers in 1925. The current award will support the preservation of newspapers, periodicals, books, and sound recordings.
Commenting on the grant, Howard Dodson, chief of the Schomburg Center, said, "On the eve of the 21st century and the 75th anniversary of the Center, Carnegie Corporation has again invested in the preservation of essential resources for documenting African American and African diasporan histories and culture." The Brooklyn Public Library, which was initially given $1.6 million by Andrew Carnegie to help build 20 branch libraries, now has 58 neighborhood branches including 19 original Carnegie buildings still standing. The current grant will be used to improve the reading readiness and reading skills of children up to age 12 as well as promote lifelong reading. The funds will also support the creation of core ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) collections at every branch to serve Brooklyn's large immigrant population.
The Queens Borough Public Library, to which Mr. Carnegie gave $240,000 to build 3 branches, now has 63 facilities. The new funds will enhance its special collections, including research-level collections on the countries and languages of eastern Europe and Africa and on science and mathematics, and make more multicultural resources available to children. Today the largest branch library in New York City is the Flushing Library, situated on the site of one of the branch libraries built with Mr. Carnegie's money.
Altogether Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Corporation, the philanthropy he established in 1911 and led until he died in 1919, are recorded as giving away more than $56 million for the building of 2,506 free public libraries in the United States and in many other parts of the English-speaking world, including Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the West Indies. The funds spurred the rapid growth of public libraries in these regions and led to their large public acceptance as fundamental democratic and educational institutions. The libraries receiving the Corporation awards are:
Atlanta-Fulton Public Library, Atlanta GA $500,000
Biblioteca Carnegie, San Juan, PR $500,000
Boston Public Library, Boston, MA $500,000
Brooklyn Public Library, Brooklyn, NY $1,000,000
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA $500,000
Chicago Public Library, Chicago, IL $500,000
Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland, OH $500,000
District of Columbia Public Library, Washington, DC. $500,000
Denver Public Library, Denver, CO $500,000
Detroit Public Library, Detroit, MI $500,000
Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore, MD $500,000
Free Library of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA $500,000
Houston Public Library, Houston, TX $500,000
Indianapolis-Marion County Library, Indianapolis, IN $500,000
Kansas City Public Library, Kansas City , MO $500,000
Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles $500,000
Miami-Dade Public Library System, Miami, FL $500,000
Minneapolis Public Library, Minneapolis, MN $500,000
Newark Public Library, Newark, NJ $500,000
New Orleans Public Library, New Orleans, LA $500,000
New York Public Library, New York, NY $2,000,000
Queens Borough Public Library, Queens, NY $1,000,000
San Antonio Public Library, San Antonio, TX $500,000
San Francisco Public Library, San Francisco, CA $500,000
Seattle Public Library, Seattle, WA $500,000
President's Essay: Libraries and Andrew Carnegie's Legacy
Read Vartan Gregorian's extended take on the importance of libraries as "living institutions," as originally printed in the 1998 Annual Report.
REMARKS BY VARTAN GREGORIAN, PRESIDENT, CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK
"Andrew Carnegie and the foundation he established, Carnegie Corporation of New York, have endeavored for more than 100 years to expand educational opportunity, beginning with the creation of 2,509 public libraries and library services throughout the United States and Commonwealth countries. Andrew Carnegie was a great believer in self-help and self-education, which explains his passion for libraries and learning -- a passion that I share. Carnegie Corporation was founded not just for the advancement of knowledge but of understanding. There is scarcely any aspect of education and learning that the foundation has ignored. Over the years the Corporation has worked to strengthen higher education; develop adult education and continuing education for women; advance understanding of cognition and creativity, foster the learning capabilities of young children and adolescents; and reform aspects of precollege education, K through 12.
"Our foundation is about children and their future – their future, which is ourfuture. It is about adults and their aspirations, dreams, ambitions, and journeys of self-discovery through education. But it is also about our citizens -- all our citizens, old and new -- for whom libraries, librarians, books, and other materials have invariably provided a welcome refuge, a pathway to learning and accomplishment, and a source of self-help and hope.
"Today we are here to celebrate Andrew Carnegie's gifts totaling $56 million to build free public libraries beginning more than a century ago. Specifically, we are here to underscore the importance for all of us of reading. We also want to pay tribute to other private donors -- foundations, corporations, and individuals -- who have contributed to the revitalization of public libraries here and elsewhere. While their commitment to the library enterprise can never take the place of public support, without the generosity and vision of these many devoted philanthropists, an important national institution might long ago have foundered. Instead, libraries everywhere are renewing their mission and drawing on new reserves for the coming century.
"This set of one-time grants to 25 public libraries in New York and other major cities signifies the importance that Carnegie Corporation's trustees and I attach to the vitality of the public library. We view these awards as testimonials to the need for libraries to strengthen their literacy and outreach programs serving children, youth, and adults, for diversifying their collections, and for preserving the heritage of the past. It is our hope that the grants will become a magnet for solidifying ongoing public and private support for this great work and for raising public consciousness and commitment to the cause of learning."
REMARKS BY LIBRARY DIRECTORS, NEW YORK CITY
Paul LeClerc, President and Chief Executive Officer, The New York Public Library:
"One hundred years after the momentous gift from Andrew Carnegie that built 65 branch libraries throughout New York City, and gave rise to the extensive branch library system we know today, the Carnegie name is once more tied inexorably to The New York Public Library. This magnificent gift from Carnegie Corporation to institutions across the country makes a resounding statement about the continuing importance of libraries to every American.
"The generous funds given to the Library will bolster collections in music, art, and literature for all ages; purchase books and other materials in many languages; help those new to this country learn English and other skills to help integrate them into the mainstream of American life; increase literacy programs; preserve important endeavors in filmmaking; and introduce reading and the arts to all New Yorkers through special programs. In addition, $200,000 for the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture echoes the original support from the Corporation that enabled the acquisition of Arturo Schomburg's personal library in 1925.
"The gift says again, resoundingly, that the Library is where the truth can be found; where knowledge unfolds gracefully before the seeker; and where history and the future combine seamlessly for the benefit of all mankind."
Martín Gómez, Executive Director, Brooklyn Public Library:
"The grant from Carnegie Corporation provides Brooklyn Public Library with a phenomenal opportunity to serve our youngest and newest library patrons. These funds will allow us to work hand-in-hand with the city's schools to enhance the reading skills of both preschool and school-age children -- skills essential to success in school and in life. The Library will also be able to greatly enhance its services to Brooklyn's large immigrant population by creating core collections for non-English speakers at all of our 58 branch libraries. We applaud Carnegie Corporation's vision in anticipating the emerging needs of the city's residents, a vision we share in our commitment to providing the people of Brooklyn with free and open access to information for education, reference, and recreation."
Gary E. Strong, Director, Queens Borough Public Library:
"The Queens Library is extremely grateful for this generous grant which signals the continuing commitment of Carnegie Corporation to America's libraries. The Queens Library's mission is to serve the communities of the borough, one of the most diverse counties in the nation. To that end, this grant will be used to augment the collections of our International Resource Center (the largest concentration of multicultural resources available to the Queens community); the math and science resources for children and teens; and children's languages collections from around the world.
"This opportunity enables the collection to fully reflect the range of human diversity. Because of this contribution our dreams for a better tomorrow for our community will became a reality, impacting lives well into a second century of support from the Carnegie Corporation."
Howard Dodson, Chief, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture:
"Carnegie Corporation was there almost 75 years ago to ensure the preservation of Arthur Schomburg's collection on Black history and culture. Through the foundation's grant of $10,000, The New York Public Library was able to acquire it, preserve it, and make it available to the public. On the eve of the 21st century and the 75th anniversary of the Center, Carnegie Corporation has again invested in the preservation of essential resources for documenting African American and African diasporan histories and culture. This $200,000 gift will assist the Center in preserving fragile copies of African American, African, and Caribbean newspapers. It will also provide resources for preserving the voice of significant figures in 20thcentury African American history and culture which have been captured on fragile audiotape formats. We thank the Corporation and its president, Vartan Gregorian, for helping the Schomburg Center maintain its leadership role as a research library on the global African experience."
Selected Statements from Library Directors, Other Cities
Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System: "Almost 100 years later, Andrew Carnegie's gift of a public library to the citizens of Atlanta has grown into a network of 35 facilities." — E. Paulette Smith-Epps, Assistant Director of Public Services
Cleveland Public Library: "Between 1903 and 1914 Andrew Carnegie gave funds to Cleveland for the construction of fifteen branch libraries, helping to fulfill a need to have quality book collections close at hand in Cleveland's neighborhoods." — Marilyn Gell Mason, Former Director
The Denver Public Library: "The first major reinvention of the Denver Public Library was prompted by the generosity of Andrew Carnegie, whose gift of the Main Library (1910) and eight branch libraries (1913-1920) created a presence in Denver's expanding neighborhoods." — Rick J. Ashton, City Librarian
District of Columbia Public Library: "In Washington, Mr. Carnegie's gift supported the construction of four facilities, three of which are still serving the public as libraries and the fourth, the city's old main library, will soon be converted into a museum of the history of the city of Washington. — Anthony A. Williams, Mayor of Washington, D.C.
Enoch Pratt Free Library: "On November 10, 1906, Mr. Andrew Carnegie gave $500,000 to the Enoch Pratt Free Library for the construction of branch libraries. This gift, the largest since Enoch Pratt's original bequest in 1882, built fifteen libraries, and enabled the Pratt Library to meet the ever-increasing demand for library service in the City." — Carla D. Hayden, Director, Enoch Pratt Free Library
The Free Library of Philadelphia: "As Mr. Carnegie wrote to the Board of Trustees of The Free Library of Philadelphia in 1903, 'the Branch Libraries are the most popular institution of all, and, I think, the most useful. A great Central Library is, of course, needed, but even before it in usefulness I place the local libraries, which reach the masses of people.'" — Elliot L. Shelkrot, President and Director
Los Angeles Public Library: "The Los Angeles Public Library was a direct beneficiary of Mr. Carnegie's philanthropy with his gift of ten Carnegie libraries [in 1912]. Today our Library serves the largest population of any library system in the United States." — Susan Kent, City Librarian
San Antonio Public Library: "In 1903, and again in 1909, [Andrew] Carnegie's gifts were the impetus for the founding and expansion of free Public Library services [in San Antonio]." — Kaye Lenox, Executive Director, San Antonio Library Foundation
Seattle Public Library: "We have thought about how the Carnegie legacy, the role of branch libraries, and the ways in which library service and usage have changed in the years following Mr, Carnegie's generous gift to the people of Seattle and others throughout the world. Our citizens are proud of the preservation and award-winning restoration of our Carnegie branches performed over the last decade." — Gilbert W. Anderson, Board of Trustees
AWARDS TO TWENTY-FIVE PUBLIC LIBRARIES, JUNE 10, 1999
1. Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System $500,000
Multicultural literacy project. Andrew Carnegie's gift to establish the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library was made in 1899, with the building completed in 1902. Today, with 35 facilities (the downtown Central Library, the Research Library on African-American Culture, and 33 branches) and two bookmobiles, it serves more than 3.5 million people in Fulton County and beyond. The grant is helping the entire library system build three core circulating collections to meet the needs of its burgeoning constituency of young and adult non-English speakers and those with low levels of literacy or English-language learning. A multicultural literacy resource committee will be formed to manage the project, and widespread efforts will be made to let the public know about these resources.
E. Paulette Smith-Epps, Assistant Director of Public Services, Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System, 1 Margaret Mitchell Square, Atlanta 30303-1089 (404) 730-1972. www.af.public.lib.ga.us
2. Biblioteca Carnegie $500,000
Young adult collection and outreach programs for young adults. The Biblioteca Carnegie was created with Andrew Carnegie's gift in 1916. Partly devastated during Hurricane Hugo in 1989, it has been refurbished and reopened in 1995. Rather than branches, it has bookmobiles that circulate throughout the metropolitan area. The library will develop a young adult collection as part of the library's outreach to adolescents in an effort to improve high school retention rates. To encourage reading and learning, the bookmobiles will visit high schools twice a month for two hours in the afternoons. Talks and programs will be presented on topics of interest to young people, and students will be encouraged to use the main library's computers to research topics on the Internet.
Josefina Gómez de Hillyer, Director, Biblioteca Carnegie, Número 7, Avenue Ponce de León, San Juan, PR 00901-2010. (718) 722-4739.
3. The Boston Public Library $500,000
Create neighborhood history centers and expand literacy services. Founded in 1848, the Boston Public Library is the oldest municipally funded library in the U.S., with 25 branches. The library will create neighborhood history centers in seven of its branches drawing on local historical collections that these branches already own. Materials will undergo preservation treatments to make them suitable for public display. There are in the Boston area nearly 1 million adults and their children who are in need of assistance in mastering basic literacy skills. A second project, therefore, is to expand the literacy services throughout all branches, by enhancing the two existing literacy centers in the system. In addition, family literacy programs will be launched, to include support for new mothers to help their children with reading fundamentals.
Bernard A. Margolis, President, The Boston Public Library, 700 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116. (617) 536-5400. www.bpl.org
4. Brooklyn Public Library $1,000,000
Reading program for children and core collections for English for speakers of other languages (ESOL). Andrew Carnegie provided funds in 1901 to build 21 branches of the Brooklyn Public Library. These were completed by 1923. The library system now has 58 branches, 19 of them original Carnegie buildings. Forty percent of New York City's newcomers representing 157 different ethnic groups and 90 languages settle in Brooklyn each year. The grant will enhance several systemwide initiatives to encourage reading skills and lifelong reading among children up to age 12 and to improve reading, writing, and conversational skills in English among Brooklyn's large and growing immigrant population. With this grant, the library will extend its Ready to Read program from 10 to all branches and also build up its core ESOL collections in all branches. The recent low performance of Brooklyn's children on state reading tests underscores the importance of this project.
Martín Gómez, Executive Director, Brooklyn Public Library, Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11238. (718) 230-2403. www.brooklynpublic.org
5. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh $500,000
Systemwide preservation and access project. Andrew Carnegie's offer in 1881 to give a library building to the city of Pittsburgh was at first refused, but the gifts were finally made beginning in 1890. The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh will use this grant to implement phase one of a three-phase project to preserve and conserve materials, including more than 80,000 photographic prints and negatives, about Carnegie's life and about the history of industrialism in southwestern Pennsylvania. The 8 original Carnegie branch libraries also have rich stores of historical documents, including reports filed by librarians documenting the impact of the branches on their neighborhoods.
Herbert Elish, Director, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-4080. (412) 622-3100. www.clpgh.org.
6. Chicago Public Library $500,000 one year
Teen reading project. There are at least 500,000 adolescents in the city of Chicago who are underserved by their neighborhood libraries. Many of these young people lose interest in reading after the sixth grade. Chicago Public Library, which celebrated its 125th anniversary in 1998, will build a collection of books and expand library services for young adults in each of its 78 branches, using Corporation support. The aim is to encourage a habit of reading and an interest in lifelong learning. Book titles will cover fiction and nonfiction written specifically for teenagers. Free public programs such as author readings, reading programs, and teen book discussions will be featured throughout the year. The library is in the midst of a citywide neighborhood library capital construction program, and it is expected that in 2001 about 70 percent of its buildings will be fully renovated or replaced, with expanded collections.
Mary A. Dempsey, Commissioner, Chicago Public Library, 400 S. State Street, Chicago, IL 60605. (312) 747-4999. www.chipublib.org
7. Cleveland Public Library $500,000
Literacy project for young children. Between 1903 and 1914, Andrew Carnegie gave funds to Cleveland for the construction of 15 branch libraries; there are now 28. Despite such resources, the literacy level of children in Cleveland is among the lowest in the nation; the poverty level – 43 percent according to the 1990 U.S. Census – is among the highest. Cleveland Municipal Schools estimate that 30 percent of the city's children enter the first grade deficient in language development. The Cleveland Public Library is determined to make a difference for these children. The library will establish early childhood learning environments in all its branches, involving small-group programs for children from infancy up to age 5 and their adult caregivers; links between all the branches and area child care centers will be forged and training institutes conducted on early childhood issues for all children's librarians and support staff and for neighborhood parents, local educators, and child care providers.
Andrew Venable, Jr., Director, Cleveland Public Library, 325 Superior Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114-1271. (216) 623-2800. www.cpl.org
8. The Denver Public Library $500,000
Special acquisitions for foreign-language collections; enhance services to children; refresh core collections. The first Denver Public Library was established in 1889. Andrew Carnegie's grant in 1903 paid for a new main library building, which was completed in 1910. Additional grants from the Corporation between 1913 and 1918 built 8 branches, now expanded to 22. The population of Denver is changing fast. The acquisition of new bilingual materials in Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Russian, and English is crucial in ensuring that the library keeps pace with public demand. The grant will be used to purchase these materials and also to support reading programs for children and their parents in low-income neighborhoods. Additionally, the funds will help refresh nonfiction collections in the branches.
Rick J. Ashton, City Librarian, The Denver Public Library, 10 West Fourteenth Avenue Parkway, Denver CO 80204-2731. (303) 640-6128. www.denver.lib.co.us
9. Detroit Public Library $500,000
Project for young adolescents. Andrew's Carnegie gift established the Detroit Public Library in 1901. In recent decades, the city's young adolescents have been disproportionately affected by the downturn in the city's economy, as have the library's 24 branches and bookmobile services. With this grant, the library will rebuild and update its materials for adolescents ages 10 to 14, supplying each branch with a complete set of high-interest fiction, recorded books, and curriculum support materials. The library will also work with the YES Foundation, a community-based membership organization offering educational enrichment to youths, in developing a monthly youth-oriented program at each branch.
Maurice B. Wheeler, Director, Detroit Public Library, 5201 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202. (313) 833-3997. www.detroit.lib.mi.us
10. District of Columbia Public Library $500,000
Expand literacy services and services to adolescents; upgrade community languages collections; develop special resources on the Harlem Renaissance. Andrew Carnegie's gift established the central library and 3 branches in 1898. In 1997, the district experienced a public school dropout rate of 44.5 percent with roughly half of the students leaving by the eighth grade. About 50 percent of its welfare recipients cannot read at the eighth-grade level. There are growing numbers of Hispanics, Chinese, Koreans, and Vietnamese desperately needing literacy services. The library is establishing a computer-assisted literacy instruction center in the Southwest Branch, developing a literacy web site, enhancing outreach to students in junior high and middle schools, developing resources on the Harlem Renaissance in the district, and acquiring materials in community languages and new media.
Mary E. Raphael, Director, District of Columbia Public Library, 901 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001-4599. (202) 727-1101. www.dclibrary.org
11. Enoch Pratt Free Library $500,000
Expand services to youth, parents, and caregivers and upgrade foreign-language collections. Andrew Carnegie gave $500,000 in 1906 to Enoch Pratt Free Library to construct 15 branch libraries; these have now grown to 26. Designated the State Library Resource Center, the Pratt Library has been the principal provider of extensive references and material resources for citizens and library systems throughout the state. With these funds the library will extend the Family Place Project, a national initiative to support family-centered services, to more branches; it will purchase electronic access to resources and educational videos in Spanish as well as English and upgrade collections for African Americans (who comprise 60 percent of the surrounding population) and for non-English speakers of Russian, Greek, Italian, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Island descent.
Carla D. Hayden, Director, Enoch Pratt Free Library, 400 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-4484. (410) 396-5395. www.pratt.lib.md.us
12. The Free Library of Philadelphia $500,000
Enhance and expand Project LEAP (Learn, Enjoy, and Play). The Free Library of Philadelphia and its 52 branch and regional libraries serve more than 1.5 million citizens, circulating in excess of 6 million books and other materials annually. When Andrew Carnegie funded the library's 25 branches in 1903, he wrote, "the Branch Libraries are the most popular institution of all, and, I think, the most useful. A great Central Library is, of course, needed, but even before it in usefulness I place the local libraries, which reach the masses of people." Project LEAP, initially funded by Pew Charitable Trusts, other foundations, and corporations, provides after-school homework help, computer-assisted learning, and educational enrichment to more than 57,000 students through grade eight at 35 branch libraries. The library has recently completed a $60 million campaign for renovation, technology collections, and outreach programs to all branches.
Elliot L. Shelkrot, President and Director, The Free Library of Philadelphia, 1901 Vine Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, PA 19103. (215) 686-5300. www.phila.gov
13. Houston Public Library 500,000
Library programs for Hispanic users.The Houston Public Library, which received a substantial grant from Andrew Carnegie in 1899, will create a series of programs under the title De Colores: Programas de la Biblioteca (A Multitude of Colors: Library Programs) to attract Hispanic children and their families to its 35 branch libraries. Surveys indicate that less than 25 percent of all library customers in the city are of Hispanic background, yet Hispanics make up 29 percent of the city's population. The funds will permit the library to enhance current services to adolescents and youth, such as its summer reading program and theme month events, and launch a strong outreach effort to bring in new users. Coupled with the enhanced programming is a plan to develop related book, music, and video collections in the branches.
Barbara A. B. Gubbin, Director, Houston Public Library, 500 McKinney Avenue, Houston, TX 77002-2534. (713) 247-2700. www.hpl.lib.tx.us
14. Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library $500,000
Enhance and expand foreign-language collections. Indianapolis is responding to its growing Hispanic, Asian, Russian, Serbian, Croatian, and Albanian populations by purchasing additional print and nonprint materials in these languages and training library staff and translators to create associated brochures and library cards. The number of Hispanic residents in the city has mushroomed from 8,000 in 1990 to as high as 80,000 today. The library will make special efforts to reach these residents through Spanish-language videos, audiocassettes, CDs, and magazines, while also working to improve their English-language skills. To promote reading within the home, the library is developing a small paperback basic home library for distribution in the branches. Approximately 4,000 sets will contain a dictionary, family medical guide, an almanac, family read-aloud guide, and paperbacks geared to the age levels of the children.
Edward Szynaka, Director of Public Libraries, Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library, P.O. Box 211, Indianapolis, IN 46206 (317) 269-1722. www.imcpl.lib.in.us
15. Kansas City Public Library $500,000
Expand Books to Better Our Lives collection. With this grant, the library will expand its Books to Better Our Lives collection to each of the system's 9 branches. The core collection contains books on personal finance, cooking, religion and spirtuality, resume writing and job hunting, parenting, health and wellness, educational advancement, and government test books for young adults. The library will also purchase easy reader and audio versions of books in Spanish, Vietnamese, Russian, and the languages of 25 other countries. The library's collection specialist will work with the library staff and other agencies to create culturally appropriate programs for each branch.
Daniel J. Bradbury, Executive Director, Kansas City Public Library, 311 East 12th Street, Kansas City, MO 64106. (816) 701-3410. www.kcpl.lib.mo.us
16. Los Angeles Public Library $500,000
Expand after-school reading club for children. The Los Angeles Public Library, a beneficiary of Andrew Carnegie's gift in 1912 to build 10 library branches, now has 67 branches and 4 bookmobiles serving the largest population of any library system in the U.S. Eighty percent of the children from kindergarten through grade 3 in the Los Angeles Unified School District are not reading at grade level. The city has one of the highest illiteracy rates in the country. With Corporation funds, the library will expand its 2000 Reasons to Read after-school and summer reading enrichment program for children from preschool through age 11, complementing literacy programs for other age groups. The library expects to reach 50,000 children through the neighborhood and main libraries. Books will be purchased in English and other languages.
Susan Kent, City Librarian, Los Angeles Public Library, 630 West Fifth Street, Los Angeles, CA 90071. (213) 228-7515. www.lapl.org
17. Miami-Dade Public Library System $500,000
Acquire foreign-language materials for immigrant populations. Sixty-four percent of Miami-Dade County's population of 1.7 million people is foreign born. The Cuban immigration beginning in the 1960s, followed by the Haitian and Central American in more recent decades, has changed the area's character, with an estimated 250,000 adults functionally illiterate in English. While the library system has always provided foreign-language materials, the collection is inadequate to meet demand. This grant will be used to purchase language instruction books, audiocassettes, videos, and reading materials in English, Spanish, French, and Creole. Citizenship classes in the branches will be supplied with books on citizenship and the immigration process. Books will also be purchased on a range of other practical subjects, along with bilingual materials to foster family literacy and cross-cultural understanding.
Raymond Santiago, Director of Libraries, Miami-Dade Public Library System, Metro-Dade Cultural Center, 101 West Flager Street, Miami, FL 33130-1523. (305) 375-5026. www.mdpls.org
18. Minneapolis Public Library $500,000
Services for immigrant families and students. The Carnegie Gateway Project is a plan to revitalize and expand successful library services and programs for new immigrants, aimed particularly at supporting Southeast Asian, Hispanic, and East African immigrant families in their transition to life in Minneapolis. Over 20 percent of the students in the city's public schools have a first language other than English; one-fourth of new mothers in 1997 came from another country. Seven branches located in the central city will enhance their parent education and outreach services to immigrant families with young children and expand their provision of drop-in tutorial assistance for students at all grade levels. The grant will also enable the library to reach more adults in need of literacy instruction in English and citizenship education at the Franklin Learning Center, located within one of the city's 3 Carnegie libraries. Associated collections and computer equipment will be augmented with the grant.
Mary Lawson, Director, Minneapolis Public Library, 300 Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis, MN 55401-1992. (612) 630-6200. www.mpls.lib.mn.us
19. The Newark Public Library $500,000
Citywide branch revitalization project. Founded in 1888, the Newark Public Library maintains 10 neighborhood branches in all corners of the city. These branches serve a university and commuter population of 120,000 and an urban population of more than 250,000 ethnically diverse residents, the majority of whom are African American or Hispanic. Branch 2000 is a plan to upgrade collections and services at all branch libraries in the system. The grant will permit the library to enhance existing projects. The idea is to target Newark's 86,000 children and youth, ages 5 to 19, through two programs in collaboration with the public schools: the Community Health Information Project and the All-Branch Collection Development Project. The former program is a significant source of vital health information for the city's 80,000 adolescents and will be expanded from 4 to 10 branches.
Alex Boyd, Director, The Newark Public Library, 5 Washington Street, P.O. Box 630, Newark, NJ 07101. (973) 773-7780. www.npl.org
20. New Orleans Public Library $500,000 fifteen months
Enhance and expand collections for young children, adolescents, and teenage parents. Financing for the New Orleans Public Library has declined over the past decade as the tax base has eroded and costs have increased. A high proportion of the student population in Orleans Parish is poor, and many young people are deficient in basic literacy and numeracy skills. The grant will be used to build up the library's collection of books and other materials for young children, adolescents, and teenage parents and expand reading and literacy programs for these groups.
Gertiana C. Williams, Acting City Librarian, New Orleans Public Library, 219 Loyola Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112-2044. (504) 596-2600. www.gnofn.org/~nopl/
21. The New York Public Library $2,000,000
Adult literacy projects, special acquisitions to strengthen core collection, and preservation of materials at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. In 1901, Andrew Carnegie provided a $5.2 million grant to New York City to establish 65 branch libraries in the five boroughs. Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island are part of the New York Public Library, founded in 1895. The libraries of Queens and Brooklyn have their own systems. Currently the New York Public Library has 85 branches and 4 research libraries, including the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Corporation funds will be used to upgrade and expand the system's adult literacy programs to benefit non-English speakers; preserve 90 rare and unique films in the Donnell Media Center of the Donnell Branch Library; and augment collections of music, art, and literature giving special attention to materials of interest to recent immigrants. In 1925 a Corporation grant enabled the library to purchase Arturo Schomburg's personal library and papers, from which the Schomberg Center was built. The new grant will help the center preserve rare newspapers, monographs and serials, and sound recordings.
Paul LeClerc, President and Chief Executive Officer, The New York Public Library, 476 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018. (212) 930-1736. www.nypl.org
22. The Queens Borough Public Library $1,000,000
Enhance special collections in the social sciences and math and science; and on diversity. Part of Andrew Carnegie's $5.2 million grant in 1901 to build branch libraries in New York City benefitted The Queens Borough Public Library. The busiest of any library system in the U.S., it circulated 16 million items in 1998. Its 62 branches and Central Library serve a very ethnically diverse population, and materials are purchased in over 50 languages each year. The funds will enhance research-level collections on the countries and languages of Eastern Europe and Africa in the Flushing Library's International Resource Center, a state-of-the-art facility situated on the site of the original Flushing Branch Library, which was funded by Mr. Carnegie. In 1998, more than 110,000 children participated in after-school programs offered by the library system at half its branches. Under the grant, the library will make available to children new materials on other cultures and languages as well as on math and science, for all branches and the central library.
Gary E. Strong, Director, The Queens Borough Public Library, 89-11 Merrick Boulevard, Jamaica, NY 11432. (718) 990-0794. www.queenslibrary.org
23. San Antonio Public Library $500,000
Enhance library services to children. In 1903, when Andrew Carnegie gave money to build its public library, San Antonio was a frontier town of 30,000. Today it is the 10th largest city in the U.S., with 1.4 million people. A majority are from minority backgrounds, primarily Mexican American, of whom 70 percent live in poverty. More than one-third of all ninth graders will not graduate from high school. Even so, nearly 500,000 people have library cards and are avid users. To meet rising demand for materials for the city's children and foster a love of reading and learning, the library will use the grant to purchase 1,300 new books, tapes, and videos for each of its 18 branches and pay for multi-media workstations and interactive CD-ROM programs, together with promotional materials, for children from preschool through the sixth grade. The library has launched a campaign to raise $8 million for its 100th anniversary by the year 2003.
Nancy Gandara, Acting Director, San Antonio Public Library, 600 Soledad, San Antonio, TX 78205. (210) 207-2632. www.sat.lib.tx.us
24. San Francisco Public Library $500,000 one year
Improve academic and job information to adolescents. A Carnegie grant promised in 1901 but not actually appropriated until 1912 built the San Francisco Public Library and 5 branches; these have grown to 26. High School and Beyond was created by the library to assist adolescents in making informed choices about their future. Through its collections and a series of workshops, it provides information and referrals to both college and non-college-bound youth about secondary schools and about colleges, careers, and programs in the Bay Area. Teens get help with SAT preparation, applications for scholarships, college and university selections, apprenticeships, vocational training, job preparedness, and job opportunities. Plans are to have a teen librarian in each of the system's 6 resource branches as well as in the main library. The grant is augmenting these services.
Susan Hildreth, Deputy City Librarian, San Francisco Public Library, Civic Center, San Francisco, CA 94102. (415) 557-4236. www.sfpl.lib.ca.us
25. Seattle Public Library $500,000
Enhance and expand special collections of music and film for branch libraries. Andrew Carnegie's grant in 1901 built the Seattle Public Library. The library now proposes to revitalize its 22 branches by providing each with a core collection of videos, current classic cinema, and compact discs of basic collections of music in all fields – classical, pop, country, jazz, rhythm & blues, and others. Currently the neighborhood collections are small and wearing out. Each branch's collection will be reflective of the tastes, background, and interests of its neighborhood and will be used to bridge cultural divides.
Deborah L. Jacobs, City Librarian, Seattle Public Library, 1000 Fourth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104-1193. (206) 386-4130. www.spl.lib.wa.us
This letter of March 12, 1901, written by Andrew Carnegie to John Shaw Billings, the first director of the recently incorporated New York Public Library, inaugurated the branch library system in New York City. Image courtesy New York Public Library


If you are like most people, you have never really thought too much about your garbage disposal. You know it is there, deep down inside your kitchen sink, and as long as it does its job you probably just take it for granted. The truth, though, is that there is more to the selecting the right garbage disposal than you may think.
Yes, garbage disposals come in different sizes, and the size of your sink and the amount of use the unit is likely get will help to determine the size disposal that is right for you. Obviously, if you have a large sink and intend to use the unit a lot, you will want a heavy-duty disposal; for a smaller sink and limited use, a standard-size device will do.
Most builders use a basic, low-cost disposal with a 1/3 horsepower motor in new construction. These builder-grade devices work well, but they are certainly not built to last. Higher-end disposals have more power – sometimes as much as one horsepower. With stainless steel inner components, you never have to worry about rust. Some deluxe garbage disposals are even equipped with an auto-reverse feature that dislodges objects like silverware or bones before they can cause the armature to overheat, which may break the device.
You can find a wide range of disposals that fall between the basic entry level model and more sophisticated systems. If your home's plumbing is connected to a septic tank, you can even purchase a specialty device that squirts an enzyme solution down the drain when you run the disposal so waste is broken down before it gets to the septic tank.
No matter how powerful your garbage disposal is, if you use it improperly it is not going to last.
For most of us, the sound of the garbage disposal motor tells us when food has been ground up. We listen for that slight change in pitch, then shut off the disposal and turn off the water. This can actually be bad for your disposal and your plumbing; some of the waste the disposal has just created can get stuck in the drain line that leads to the drain trap under the sink, and if this builds up you may need to call a plumber to clear the blockage as most commercial drain cleaning products cannot be used with a garbage disposal.
Instead, let the water run for a few seconds after you turn off the disposal. This allows water to flow into the pipes and flush the disposal waste down the pipes and out to the sewer or septic tank. If you are washing a large load of dishes or pots and pans, you can also time the usage of the disposal so that it runs when the water drains from the sink after you have finished washing. The sudden rush of water acts like a flushing toilet, and food debris is pushed further down the pipes.
Taking some time to think about the size and features you need in a garbage disposal and ensuring it is always used properly will guarantee your disposal will keep working unnoticed for years to come.


text:
Billy Bush breaks silence on 'glaring irony' of infamous tape: 'I don't think I'd interview Trump'
Billy Bush breaks silence on 'glaring irony' of infamous tape: 'I don't think I'd interview Trump'
May 22, 2017 | Michael Dorstewitz | Print Article
TV host Billy Bush said he couldn't believe the turn of events that resulted from releasing the infamous "Access Hollywood" tape that was meant to smear Donald Trump.
Trump became president and Bush lost his job.
THR Cover: Billy Bush breaks his silence on Trump, the 'Access Hollywood' tape, NBC and a comeback plan (Exclusive) https://t.co/8jSDTzvSop pic.twitter.com/pnLKaQgFoa
— Hollywood Reporter (@THR) May 21, 2017
"I will admit the irony is glaring," Bush told The Hollywood Reporter in an interview published Sunday. "[Trump] has his process for his participation [in the tape], and I have mine. I had to turn this into a positive."
WH official says 'exhaustion' led to President Trump's 'gaffe' in Saudi Arabia, to the surprise of his own staff
At the time, "things were happening way too fast."
He also said if he could go back in time he would have taken it all back changed the subject from the treatment of women to something else when he was talking to Trump on the bus.
"Looking back on what was said on that bus, I wish I had changed the topic," Bush said. "I wish I had said: 'Does anyone want water?' or 'It looks like it's gonna rain.' He liked TV and competition. I could've said, 'Can you believe the ratings on whatever?' I didn't have the strength of character to do it."
He also disagreed with then-candidate Trump's statement that what was said in the 2005 conversation was unfortunate "locker room talk."
"I'm in a lot of locker rooms, I am an athlete, and no, that is not the type of conversation that goes on or that I've participated in," Bush told The Reporter.
Bush said if asked, he would be sooner interview France's newly-elected president than that of the United States. A Bush-Trump interview would be viewed as a media stunt and not taken seriously.
"I don't think I'd interview Trump. It would be a spectacle," he told the magazine. "In television, we love a spectacle, but I've come too far and learned too much. There are others that I'd rather interview, like Emmanuel Macron of France."
Israeli president takes painful shots at former president Obama during Trump's trip
Bush is concentrating on his own career at the moment, and projects a comeback move in the industry.
"I plan to return to the job that I love," he said.
Clip via The Hollywood Reporter
Michael Dorstewitz
Mike has been with BizPac Review almost from the beginning. Follow him on Twitter at @MikeBPR.
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