text:
The Government of National Defense () was the first government of the Third Republic of France from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War. It was formed after the proclamation of the Republic in Paris on 4 September, which in turn followed the surrender and capture of Emperor Napoleon III by the Prussians at the Battle of Sedan. The government, headed by General Louis Jules Trochu, was under Prussian  siege in Paris. Breakouts were attempted twice, but met with disaster and rising dissatisfaction of the public. In late January the government, having further enraged the population of Paris by crushing a revolutionary uprising, surrendered to the Prussians. Two weeks later, it was replaced by the new government of Adolphe Thiers, which soon passed a variety of financial laws in an attempt to pay reparations and thus oblige the Prussians to leave France, leading to the outbreak of revolutions in French cities, and the ultimate creation of the Paris Commune.

Origins

When the Franco-Prussian War began in 1870, France was under the rule of Emperor Napoleon III. A National Assembly was based in Paris, but its powers were limited. Widespread discontent amongst Assembly members before the war, particularly amongst socialist members, had given Louis-Napoleon many enemies. At the disastrous battle of Sedan, Napoleon was captured by the Prussian Army, leaving France effectively without a government. When news of Napoleon's capture reached Paris, leading members of the National Assembly rushed to the Hôtel de Ville to declare a new government. At the Hôtel de Ville, Léon Gambetta publicly declared the founding of the Government of National Defence on 4 September, and the government immediately assumed control of all affairs in France, intending to continue the war against Prussia.

Notable members

Although various political factions were included (with the exception of the Bonapartists), Orleanists, Legitimists, and other conservatives exercised actual power in the Government of National Defence. When offered the post of president of the government, General Jules Trochu, an Orleanist, accepted it based on the Assembly's promise that they would "resolutely defend religion, property, and the family".

Louis Jules Trochu, President of the Government
Léon Gambetta, Minister of the Interior
Jules Favre, Vice-President, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Adolphe Le Flô, Minister of War
Léon Martin Fourichon, Minister of the Navy and the Colonies
Ernest Picard, Minister of Finance
Jules Ferry, Secretary of the Government
Jules Simon, Minister of Education, Religion, and Arts
Adolphe Crémieux, Minister of Justice
Emmanuel Arago, Minister of the Interior
Pierre Frédéric Dorian, Minister of Public Works
Henri Rochefort, Minister without Portfolio
Alexandre Glais-Bizoin, Minister without Portfolio
Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès, Minister without Portfolio
Eugène Pelletan, Minister without Portfolio

The citizens of Paris wondered how long the uneasy alliance between the revolutionary left-wing Republicans and the conservative right-wing Republicans would last. The Government of National Defence quickly received official recognition from leading world powers in the following days, except from Prussia. The Prussian Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, was concerned that the new body could not act as France's government, as it was composed entirely of men from Paris, without any consideration being given to the rest of France. This was not a great concern to the Government though, as its members intended to continue the war against Prussia.

Besieged

With most of the army captured at Sedan, the Government of National Defence called almost all military units from across France, including marines, naval units, and troops on foreign service in Rome, Algeria, and French colonies, to aid in the defence of Paris before the Prussians reached the city. The Government greatly increased the already formidable fortifications around Paris and brought in vast quantities of food from the countryside, to feed the swollen population of the city throughout the expected siege. Having sworn in General Trochu as President, the National Assembly left Paris and relocated to Bordeaux. Concerned that the rest of the country might complain about the Parisian-dominated government, Admiral Fourichon and Gaston Cremieux, both elderly men, were dispatched to Tours as a representative delegation on behalf of the government in Paris. By 20 September 1870 Paris was completely surrounded and cut off from the rest of unoccupied France.

On 7 October Minister of the Interior Léon Gambetta left besieged Paris by hot air balloon, arriving in Tours three days later, from where he and his deputy Charles de Freycinet directed the war across unoccupied France. Although they were part of the same national government, the governments in Paris and Tours often acted without consulting each other, due largely to the problem of communication between besieged Paris and the outside world. The National Assembly in Bordeaux had very little say in government affairs, as they had no reliable means of contacting Paris and Gambetta did not have time to wait for the Assembly to debate issues. As a result, Gambetta became the virtual dictator of unoccupied France during the war.

Throughout the siege, the Government of National Defence was reluctant to try to break out of Paris, and as the siege wore on, the population of Paris grew more and more frustrated at the Government. The government did in fact try to break out twice, once in late November 1870 and once again in mid-January 1871. The "Great Sortie", beginning on the night of 28 November, was a cataclysmic disaster. Thousands of soldiers were killed and the population of Paris, whose hopes had been raised far beyond rationality, were shattered by the news of the sortie's defeat. Blame was heaped upon the Government of National Defence, and increased through December as the city's food supplies began to run out. The population was angry that the Government was suspicious of the National Guard based in Paris - whilst the civilian population saw the National Guard as an unstoppable force, the Government perceived them as a rabble of ill-disciplined drunks who would run away at the first shot. When the Government decided to placate civilian sentiment by using the National Guard in the next sortie of 18 January 1871, their suspicions were confirmed as the National Guard panicked and fled back into Paris, provoking the civilian population to blame the Government for being incompetent and cowardly.

End of the government

After the failure of the 18 January sortie it was obvious to the Government that they would never break out of the city. In addition, food stocks were running dangerously low and the city was enduring constant artillery bombardments from the Prussians, and although the shelling was surprisingly ineffective, its demoralising effect on Paris was severe. The Government sacked General Trochu as Governor of Paris on 22 January (although he remained President of the Republic) and replaced him with the elderly General Joseph Vinoy. Jules Favre, though, held real control, and became the de facto leader of the government. A small revolutionary uprising on 23 January was crushed with force by the Government of National Defence, further infuriating the population of Paris. On 28 January 1871 Paris surrendered. Favre, on behalf of the Government of National Defence, and Bismarck signed a Convention on the Armistice and the Capitulation of Paris. Under this Convention Favre agreed to humiliating terms demanded by the Prussians, including the payment of 200 million francs indemnity within a fortnight, over 5 billion francs in total war reparations, and the surrender of the strong fortresses surrounding Paris. In Tours, Gambetta received the news of the surrender by telegram on 29 January, and although he still wished to fight on, was convinced to step down by a group of diplomats who arrived from Paris by train on 6 February.

The negotiations had guaranteed national elections to create a new French government, and on 8 February 1871 French citizens (except those in the occupied Prussian territories) voted for a new government. The elections returned an overwhelming number of conservative, middle-class, rural Deputies, who set up a new seat of government at the palace of Versailles. The new National Assembly elected Adolphe Thiers as Chief Executive of the new government and Thiers took over the position of President of France from General Trochu on 13 February. Eager to pay reparations and thus oblige the Prussians to leave France, the new government passed a variety of financial laws which deeply angered Parisians, leading to the outbreak of revolutions in French cities, and the ultimate creation of the Paris Commune.

References

1870 in France
1871 in France
Franco-Prussian War
1870 09
1870 09
Cabinets established in 1870
Cabinets disestablished in 1871
Provisional governments

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Dr. Glenn Smith researches how computer games can help people learn science, language arts, second language learning & other disciplines, partly by embedding computer games into web-based eBooks. He has a patent that reinvents the novel & digital book technology to include online games and social interaction, to increase comprehension skills, content learning & the experience of the story. Dr. Smith also researches distance learning. He teaches graduate courses in computer game design, computer game analytics, web programming, and computer-based educational media design. He has a Master's degree in Computer Science with a focus on 3D computer graphics and a PhD in Educational Media & Computers.
Dr. Smith is the coordinator for the Masters in Education (M.Ed) in Instructional Technology program, and is also the faculty advisor for the GameDevClub at USF.
Kurthen, H., & Smith, G. G. (2014). Learning Efficiency of Hybrid Courses. In Westover, Jonathan H. and Westover, Jacque P. (Eds.) Engaging Hybrid and Blended Learning in Higher Education (pp. 36-69) (ISBN 978-1-61229-538-1 9000). Champaign, IL: The Learner (University of Illinois Research Park).
Nielen, T. M. J., Smith, G. G., Sikkema-de Jong, M. T., Drobisz, J., van Horne, B., & Bus, A. G. (Accepted for publication, 2017). Digital guidance for susceptible readers: effects on fifth graders' reading motivation and incidental vocabulary learning, Journal of Educational Computing Research.
Gill, G. & Smith, G.G. (2013) IMapBook: Engaging Young Readers With Games, Journal of Information Technology Education, 2(10), 1-22.
Smith, G. G., Majchrzak, D., Hayes, S., & Drobisz, J. (2011). Computer Games versus Maps before Reading Stories: Priming Readers' Spatial Situation Models. Educational Technology & Society, 14 (1), 158–168.
Smith, G. G., Passmore, D., & Faught, T. (2009). The Challenges of Online Nursing Education, The Internet and Higher Education, 12, 98–103.
Tapanes, M., Smith, G. G., & White, J. (2009). Cultural diversity in online learning: A study of the perceived effects of dissonance in levels of individualism/collectivism and tolerance of ambiguity, The Internet and Higher Education, 11, 26-34.
Smith, G. G., Gerretson, H., Olkun, S., Yuan, Y., Dogbey, J., & Erdem, A. (2009). Stills, not full motion, for interactive spatial training: American, Turkish and Taiwanese female pre-service teachers learn spatial visualization, Computers and Education , 52, 201-209.
Smith, G. G., Heindel, A. J., & Torres, A. T. (2008). E-learning commodity or community: Disciplinary differences between online courses, Internet and Higher Education, 1, 152–15.
Smith, G. G., Torres-Ayala A. T., & Heindel, A. J. (2008). Disciplinary Differences in E-learning Instructional Design, Journal of Distance Education, 22(3), 63-88.
Smith, G. G ., & Kurthen, H. (2007). Front-stage and back-stage in hybrid-learning face-to-face course, International Journal on E-learning, 6(3), 455-474.
Smith, G. G ., Morey, J. & Tjoe, E. (2007). Feature masking in computer game promotes visual imagery, Journal of Educational Computing Research, 36(3), 351-372.
Kurthen, H. and Glenn G. Smith. (2006). Hybrid Online Face-to-Face Teaching: When is it an efficient Learning Tool? International Journal of Learning, 12 (5), 237-246.
Smith, G. G. , Olkun, S. (2005). Why Interactivity Works: interactive priming of mental rotation, Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(2), 93-111.
Smith, G. G. & Ferguson, D. (2005). Student attrition in mathematics e-learning, Australasian Journal of Educational Technology.
Smith, G. G. (2005). Problems with e-learning we can't ignore: one size does not fit all,Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2005: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Montreal, Canada.
Kurthen, H. & Smith, G. G. (2005). Why Doesn't My hybrid Class Take Off? Threshold Effects in Hybrid and Blended Online Face-to-Face Courses, International Journal of Learning.
Smith, G. G. (2005). How do computer games affect your children?, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, April, 2005.
Olkun, S., Arif Altun, A., Smith, G., G. (2005). Computers and 2D geometric learning of Turkish fourth and fifth graders, The British Journal of Educational Technology, 36(2), 317-326.
Smith, G.G., Ferguson. D. (2004). Learning math problem-solving in online courses, Proceedings of E-Learn 2004: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Healthcare, & Higher Education, Washington DC.
Smith, G.G., Kurthen, H. (2004). Hybrid Online Face-to-face Courses: a Sociological analysis, Proceedings of E-Learn 2004: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Healthcare, & Higher Education, Washington DC.
Smith, G., G. (2004). How People Interpret Volume Rendered Medical Data, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2004: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Lugano, Switzerland.
Smith, G. G., Olkun, S. (2004). Educating the inner eye: Scaffolding spatial skills with partial sensory support, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2004: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Lugano, Switzerland.
Smith, G. G., Kurthen, H. (2004). Hybrid online face-to-face courses in micro-sociological perspective, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2004: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Lugano, Switzerland.
Smith, G., G., Ferguson, D., Gupta, S. (2004). Diagrams and math notation in E-learning: Growing pains of a new generation. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 35(1), 681-695.
Smith, G.G., Ferguson. D. (2003). Two-way online communication of diagrams and math notation: implications for instructional design of e-learning math courses, Proceedings of E-Learn 2003: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Healthcare, & Higher Education, 735-738.
Smith, G., G., Olkun, S., Middleton, J. A. (2003). Interactive versus observational learning of spatial visualization of geometric transformations. Australian Educational Computing, June 2003, 18(1), 3-10. Also viewable online at http://www.acce.edu.au/journal/journals/vol18_1.pdf.
Smith, G. G., Olkun, S. (2003). Leap before you look: Interact then mentally rotate - spatial skills, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2003: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, USA, 4, 2798-2803.
Smith, G., G., Grackin, J.A., Ferguson, D., Gupta, S. (2003). Distance calculus students' understanding of derivative, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2003: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, USA, 1, 215-220.
Smith, G. G., Ferguson, D., & Caris M. (2002). Teaching online versus face-to-face. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 30(4), 337-364.
Smith, G., G., Grackin, J.A., Ferguson, D. & Izubuchi, R. (2002). Math and Distance Learning threaded discussions, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2002: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, USA, 3, 1819-1824.
Smith, G., G., (2002). Java WEB-based K-12 Experimental Research: Formative evaluation of Research Tools, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2002: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, USA, 3,1817-1818.
Smith, G., G,. (2001). Interaction Evokes Reflection, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2001: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Finland, 3, 1755-1760.
Smith, G., G, Ferguson, D., & Caris M. (2001). Teaching Online versus in the Classroom, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2001: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Finland, 3, 1761-1766.
Smith, G., G., Ferguson, D., & Caris M. (2001). Teaching College Courses Online versus Face-to-Face. Technological Horizons in Education (also archived online at http://www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/A3407.cfm ), April, 2001, 29(9), 18-26.
Smith, G. G. (2012, April), How Computer Games and New Media are Changing Text Comprehension & learning?, Session & individual paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Vancouver, Canada.
Smith, G. G., McNamara, D. S., Jackson, G. T., Johnson-Glenberg, M. C. (2011, June). Digital text, computer games & comprehension, Symposium at the Annual meeting of Games Learning & Society, Madison, WI.
Smith, G. G. (2011, April). Computer-Game Play as Imaginary Stage for Reading: Pentop computers, hardcopy books and spatial situation models, Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Smith, G. G. (2011, February). Old Text Learns New Tricks: Embedding Computer Games in Hardcopy Books with Pentop Computers, Paper presented at 2011 Society for Applied Learning Technology, Conference on New Learning Technologies, Orlando, Florida.
Smith, G. G. & Hayes, S. (2010, June). Incorporating games into books to improve spatial reading, Paper presented at the Annual meeting of Games Learning & Society, Madison, WI.
Smith, G. G. (2010, April). Scaffolding spatial reading with interactive games in hardcopy books, via Pentop computers, Poster presented as part of a thematic poster session, "Games Research 2.0: Assessing Learning in and Around Educational Games and Virtual Worlds" Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Denver, CO.
Heindel, A. H. & Smith, G. G. (2010, April). The Potential of Group Work in Higher Education: Student Perceptions of Online and Face-to-Face Experiences, Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Denver, CO.
Joutsenlahti, J., Smith, G.G., Gerretson, H., & Olkun, S. (2009, Nov). Word problems in school mathematics: Story in mathematics or mathematics in story? Paper presented at the Finnish Annual Congress of Educational Research, Tampere, Finland.
Smith, G. G. (2009). Strategies in visuospatial working memory for learning virtual shapes, Spatial Training Conference, May 3-5th, 2009, Invited presentation, all expenses paid, National Science Foundation sponsored conference, Chicago, IL.
Smith, G. G., & Majchrzak, D. (2009, April). Computer games versus maps, before reading stories: which primes readers' spatial situation models? Poster presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.
Smith, G. G., Gerretson, H., Olkun. S. (2009, April). Put the story back into story problems: Effect of causal narrative on mathematical word problem comprehension, Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.
Heindel, A., & Smith, G. G. (2009). Cooperative Groups within Online Courses in Higher Education: Promise or Paradox?, Paper presented Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.
Smith, G. G. (2008). Embedding computers in books to improve spatial situation models: one theoretical and one applied pilot study, Conference on Research and Training in Spatial Intelligence, June 13-15, 2008, Invited paper presentation, National Science Foundation sponsored conference, Chicago, IL.
Torres, A., Heindel, A., & Smith, G. G., (2008, March). Course Management Software (CMS) Tool Usage across Disciplines - Transactional Distance, Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.
Passmore, D., & Smith, G. G. (2008, March). Online Nursing Education: Faculty Experiences with Assessment, Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.
Olkun. S, Smith, G. G. & Gerretson. H. (2007, July). Analyzing and enhancing geometric transformation skills of elementary education pre-service teachers within an international context, Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Technology in Mathematics Education, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
Smith, G. G., Ritzhaupt, A.R. (2007, April). How do people remember new virtual shapes? Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
Smith, G. G. (2005, October). Buttressing Mental Imagery: Does Spatial Scaffolding Change People's Strategies? Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the International Visual Literacy Association, Orlando, FL.
Mental model training wheels: Scaffolding mental imagery with partial sensory support, International Conference on Mathematics Education (Spatial Visualization Group), July 2004, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Teaching problem-solving in e-learning, Conference on Instructional Technologies, June 2004, Stony Brook, NY.
Hybrid online and face-to-face courses in the classroom: Fad or efficient new teaching tool?, Conference on Instructional Technologies, June 2004, Stony Brook, NY.
Two-way online communication of diagrams and math notation: implications for instructional design of e-learning math courses, E-Learn 2003: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Healthcare, & Higher Education, November 2003, Phoenix, AZ.
Leap before you look: Interact then mentally rotate - spatial skills, ED-MEDIA 2003: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, June 2003, Honolulu, HI.
Distance calculus students' understanding of derivative, ED-MEDIA 2003: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, June 2003, Honolulu, HI.
Math and Distance Learning threaded discussions, ED-MEDIA 2002: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, June 2002, Denver, CO.
Java WEB-based K-12 Experimental Research: Formative evaluation of Research Tools, ED-MEDIA 2002: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, June 2002, Denver, CO.
Math and Distance Learning Threaded Discussions, Conference on Instructional Technology 2002, May 2002, Oneonta, NY.Interaction Evokes Reflection, ED-MEDIA 2001: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, June 2001, Tampere, Finland.
Teaching Online versus in the Classroom, ED-MEDIA 2001: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, June, 2001, Tampere, Finland.
Mathematics by Web-Based Distance Education: What Instructors Need, Conference on Instructional Technology 2001, May 2001, Geneseo, NY.
Online vs. face-to-face: teaching two sections of the same course, Conference on Instructional Technology 2000, May 2000, Buffalo, NY.
Spatial weaning: effects of high, low and alternating levels of computer interactivity on spatial visualization, American Educational Research Association, April 2000, New Orleans, LA.
Interactive versus observational learning of spatial visualization of geometric transformations, American Educational Research Association, April 1999, Montreal, Canada.
The Development of Spatial Visualization and Representation of Geometric Transformations in a Computer-Mediated Environment, American Educational Research Association, April 1998, SanDiego, CA.
The Cognitive Effects of Computer Games, Microcomputers in Education, March 1997, Tempe, AZ. The Cognitive Effects of Computer Games, National Association for Gifted Children, November 1996, Indianapolis, IN.
Distance math environments for formulas/diagrams/graphs: What are the cognitive learning issues?, Joint Mathematics Meetings, January 2003, Baltimore, MD.
MathThread: Formulas/diagrams in Web distance college math, Poster MathThread, The American Mathematical Association of Two-Year Colleges, November 2002, Phoenix, AZ.
Interaction before Reflection, European Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, March 23, 2001, Maastricht, Netherlands.
Smith, G.G., Caris, M., & Drobisz, J. (2013). Professor to Producer of eBooks with computer games. In A. Ochsner (Ed.) Proceedings of the 9th Annual Games+Learning+Society Conference. Pittsburgh, PA: ETC Press.
Smith, G. G., Li, M., Park, H., Kim, D. & Drobisz, J. (2012, June). English Foreign Language Students Learn Vocabulary with Inferencing Computer Games, Paper presentation at the Annual meeting of Games Learning & Society, Madison, WI.
Smith, G. G. & Olkun, S (2011). Computer Games, Imaginary Stage for Reading, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2011: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Lisbon, Portugal.
Smith, G. G. & Olkun, S. (2011). Put the story back into story problems, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2011: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Lisbon, Portugal.
Smith, G., Gerretson, H., Olkun, S., Akkurt, Z., & Dogbey, J. (2009). Cross-cultural comparison of the effect of causal narratives in solving mathematical word problems. In M. Tzekaki, M. Kaldrimidou & C. Sakonidis. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 33rd Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Vol. 5, (pp. 145-152). Thessaloniki, Greece: IGPME.
Olkun, S., Smith, G. G., Gerretson, H., Yuan Y, & Joutsenlahti, J. (2009). Comparing and Enhancing Spatial Skills of Pre-service Elementary School Teachers in Finland, Taiwan, USA, and Turkey, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 1 (2009) 1545–1548, Proceedings of WCES-2009: World Conference on Educational Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Smith, G., Olkun, S., Gerretson, H., Deryakulu, D., Dogbey, J., & Erdem, A. (2008, July). Pre-service Classroom Teachers' Learning of Spatial Skills through Geometric Transformations- U.S.A. and Turkey. In Luca, J. & Weippl, E.R. (Eds.), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2008, (pp.5709-5713), World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications. The Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education [AACE]. Vienna, Austria.
Gerretson H., Smith, G. G., Yuan Y., & Olkun S. (2007). Transfer of spatial visualization: Training with discrete, composite transformations in USA, Taiwan and Turkey, Proceedings of the Twelfth Asian Technology Conference in Mathematics, December 16-20, 2007( http://atcm.mathandtech.org/EP2007/EP2007.htm), Taipei, Taiwan.
Smith, G. G . & Ritzhaupt, A. (2006). Remembering the unfamiliar: Short Term Memory strategies for novel shapes for proliferating virtual worlds, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2006: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Orlando, Florida.
Smith, G. G. (2005). Problems with e-learning we can't ignore: one size does not fit all, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2005: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Montreal, Canada.
Smith, G., G., (2004). Navigate your 17th century ship: architecture for an online multi-player computer game trigonometry course, in the monograph published as part of the symposium Online Mathematical Investigation as a Narrative Experience (11-13 June 2004), London, Ontario, Canada.
Su, R., Smith, G., G. (2004). How People Interpret Volume Rendered Medical Data, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2004: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Lugano, Switzerland.
Smith, G. G., Ferguson. D. (2003). Two-way online communication of diagrams and math notation: implications for instructional design of e-learning math courses, Proceedings of E-Learn 2003: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Healthcare, & Higher Education, 735-738.
Smith, G., G., Grackin, J. A., Ferguson, D., & Gupta, S. (2003). Distance calculus students' understanding of derivative, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2003: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, USA, 1, 215-220.
Smith, G. G., Grackin, J.A., Ferguson, D. & Izubuchi, R. (2002). Math and Distance Learning threaded discussions, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2002: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, USA, 3, 1819-1824.
Smith, G. G., (2002). Java WEB-based K-12 Experimental Research: Formative evaluation of Research Tools, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2002: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, USA, 3,1817-1818.
Smith, G. G, Ferguson, D., & Caris M. (2001). Teaching Online versus in the Classroom, Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2001: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Finland, 3, 1761-1766.


text:
Nestled in the picturesque narrow lanes of Acre, the Efendi Hotel overlooks the historic city walls and the magnificent Mediterranean Sea beyond. The unique structure of this hotel combines two ancient houses that have hundreds of years of history stored within their walls. These houses were meticulously reconstructed and merged into one building before being converted into a boutique hotel.
The Efendi hotel is the fulfillment of a dream long held by Uri Jeremias, chef and proprietor of the famed Uri Buri restaurant. Complex preservation and restoration work over a period of eight years gave birth to a gorgeous, breathtaking pearl that was truly a labor of love. Thought was invested in each and every detail of the preservation work, which was performed under the supervision of the Antiquities Authority. Artisans were specially flown in from Italy in order to undertake this delicate work, as well as the restoration of the beautiful ceilings. Also preserved was a fresco of the city of Istanbul, which was found at the site. The fresco had been created in 1878 in honor of the new Orient Express train station.
All rooms in the hotel are furnished and equipped to the highest standards, and each room has its own unique character and style. Some rooms' ceilings feature illustrations, while others are made from preserved wood. Most of the windows offer sea views, while others look out over the ancient city of Acre and the scenic mountains of the Western Galilee.
For maximum relaxation and enjoyment, the hotel features a spa treatment room for couples, as well as an original 400-year-old Turkish bath that has been painstakingly preserved. An intimate wine bar has been built in the restored and renovated wine cellar, which dates from the Crusader era.
The exclusive boutique hotel succeeds in catching a special light, the air of the sea, the fortitude stored in the ancient bricks, and stunning scenery. The result simply transcends the imagination – a perfect blend of past, present, and future that conveys a stylish ambience of tranquility and intimacy.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: GitHub Mirror to Local Machine/Server We use  few projects (downloaded from github) from github. Since these project are mirrored from github as third_party project in cmake, clean build causes all the projects to be download again. We are behind proxy and downloading sometime takes 1-2 hrs (Traffic is contending with FB traffic and we can't control).
I have been thinking of setting up mirror server locally, and all the project download happens from that server. However I don't want to change the path in my local server ( ie https://github.com/google/grpc.git should be same as https://github-local-mirror.com/google/grpc.git ).
I understand I can configure local git repo and cloned from the local git repo and periodically updating local git repo from github, however path issue is very important.
Is there any way out here to maintain same path as github? Is there anything called local mirror service which allow github project to be mirrored locally ?
All question I have read so far talked about mirror on github, I want mirroring from github. So Please think before marking as duplicate.

A:
Is there any way out here to maintain same path as github?

Yes: simply clone them on your mirror using the same path that they have on GitHub.

Is there anything called local mirror service which allow github project to be mirrored locally ?

No, but it's trivial.  On your mirror machine, you will want to run:
git clone --mirror <github-URL>

such that each clone winds up available on the mirror at google/path when it was at path on GitHub.  Having done that, you can simply run a git fetch --prune (or git remote update --prune) in each clone.
Given that there is going to be a small, finite list of mirrors you will maintain, you can simply have a (file containing a) list of paths on your mirror machine and use a cron job to run the updates, e.g.:
*/5 * * * *   for path in $(cat $HOME/mirrors); do (cd $path && git remote update -p); done

or similar.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: serilog: CorrelationId without output template I am trying to add 'CorrelationId' without using outputTemplate for Serilog.
If I am using below code then none of log I have any 'CorrelationId'
  Log.Logger = new LoggerConfiguration()
                    .MinimumLevel.Debug()
            .WriteTo.Console()
            .Enrich.WithCorrelationId()
            .CreateLogger();

14:34:23 INF] Response: HTTP GET /test responded 200 in 61.6772 ms

If I am using .WriteTo.Console(outputTemplate: "[{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {CorrelationId} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}") then ONLY CorrelationId added in logs.
Question, Is this necessary to use outputTemplate, can I achieve without it?


A little over a year ago I wrote about being halfway to obese. I stated my goal was to lose 16 pounds and bring my weight back down to the "healthy" weight of 164 pounds. I've not quite gotten down to 164, I'm still sitting around 168 most mornings. Here's what I've done to go from 181 down to 168.
For me this meant quite a few lifestyle changes. So far I've focused on Principles two, three, and four.
Because our nervous system is central to the body's communication functions, it impacts all aspects of our health. It just so happens that the nerve supply is also tightly coupled to our spinal structure. Improving my spine, it's shape and health, means that I'm improving the communication paths throughout my body.
My chiropractor has been instrumental in helping me to recover from some back injuries that were holding me back for over a year now. My shoulder is functional again, and my low back has much less problems than before. My nervous supply is definitely being maximized.
I tend to be a pretty poor eater. Working at an office that provides a host of yummy snacks doesn't help much either. I'd grab an Oreo here, and a bag of Pop Chips there, maybe a handful of Jellybeans on the walk past a colleague's desk. I was pumping junky food into my body on a regular basis. Add to that less than ideal foods like breads, bagels, and cream cheese, and things weren't exactly looking (or feeling) great.
One of our first improvements to our nutrition was to remove all refined sugars, and almost all grains. That change alone helped me lose around 10 pounds in just a month or so. Raw nuts, oatmeal, and tons of broccoli have become the new norm around here, and I actually really enjoy it all.
This has probably been my favorite category of change. With the back problems I had been experiencing, I totally quit CrossFit, and all other exercises for that matter—lame, I know. Since starting to see my chiropractor, I've begun an extremely enjoyable uptick in my daily exercise regiment. I now workout every day of the week except Sundays.
I've been using the Max T3 program that Maximized Living has created, it challenges me every day, and I always walk away completely exhausted. The best part though? It's just 12 minutes a day. Booya!
The effects of these three focus areas combine has been a total weight loss of 13 pounds and counting. I've gained some lean muscle, my stomach has flattened significantly, and I start each day feeling invigorated and ready for life.
My original goal was to get down to 164, now that I've seen what 168 looks like, it's obvious to me that I'm not going to be satisfied with that number. Right now I'm aiming to drop down to 155 and see how I feel once I get there.


이화여자대학교 사학과와 동 대학원을 졸업하고, 서강대학교 대학원에서 문학 박사학위를 받았다. 이화여자대학교 사학과 교수를 역임했고, 2006년 이화여자대학교 제13대 총장에 취임하여 현재 재임 중이다. 한국사립대학총장협의회장, 한국대학교육협의회 부회장, 국사편찬위원회 위원, 한국학술진흥재단 이사를 겸하고 있다. 주요 저서로는『한국 근대 광업침탈사 연구』(1989),『한국사회사상사』(1996),『한국사의 새로운 이해』(1997),『우리나라 여성들은 어떻게 살았을까』(1999),『한국 역사 속의 여성들』(2005) 외 다수가 있다.
Lee Bae-yong is currently the President of Ewha Womans University in Seoul, Korea. She received her B.A. (1969) and M.A. (1971) in the field of History from Ewha Womans University, and Ph.D. (1984) in Literature from Sogang University. Since 1985, Dr. Lee has served as a Professor of History at Ewha Womans University. In August 2006, Dr. Lee was appointed as its thirteenth president.
Dr. Lee is a renowned scholar in the field of Korean History and has held various positions including a member of the National Institute of Korean History (2003-present) and President of the Association for the Study of Korean History of Thoughts (2003-2005), President of the Korea Women's Historical Studies Association (2004-2006), and President of the Choson Dynasty History Association (2005-2007).
Apart from her academic positions, Dr. Lee is also President of Korean Association of Private University Presidents (2008?present), Vice-President of Korean Council for University Education (2008?present) and a Board Member of the Korea Research Foundation (2006-present).
Her publications include A Study on the Mining Industry in Korea During the Japanese Occupation (1989), and History of Korean Social Thought (1996), A New Understanding of Korean History (1997), How Did Korean Women Live? (1999).


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Life at St Chad's
St Chad's Woodseats
Living a Life of Faith, Energised by Love
We're the parish church for Woodseats and we are a group of people who think the message of Jesus is great news for today.
This home page is regularly updated, so read on to find out what is happening. Do like our Facebook Page, follow us on Twitter, or sign up to our mailing list to receive updates about what is happening.
Our Regular Sunday Services are:
9am Holy Communion (except the first Sunday of the month)
Our weekly service of Holy Communion has robed clergy, hymns on the organ and a small choir. On the first Sunday of the month, we all gather together at 11am for a whole church, all age service of Holy Communion.
11am Worship Service
Our 11am service is a more informal time where we pray, listen to the Bible and hear a talk, and praise God led by our band. Children's groups run on most Sundays.
We also occasionally have a 10am service of Holy Communion on Thursdays followed by refreshments.
Our 11am service is live-streamed on our Facebook page (you can also see it at the bottom of this page). We hope that seeing it on your screen will encourage you to join us in person!
Morning Prayer: Mondays and Wednesdays at 9am
Join us for Morning Prayer in the church building at 9am for about half an hour. There are a mixture of prepared and unprepared prayers, and a conversation surrounding the Bible passages set for the day. If you would like to take part in a service of morning prayer but are unable to come to St Chads, you can find the words and a recording through the national Church of England website here.
New Minister
Rev Toby Hole has now moved on to take up the post of Director of Mission and Ministry in the Diocese of Sheffield. Toby was vicar at St Chad's for 12 years until September 2022.
We are now in the process of finding a new oversight minister for St Chad's who will also be in charge of St Paul's Church in Norton Lees.
Linden Avenue
S8 0GA
church websites by Church123 Website Builder


text:
Climate change brings a perfect storm of raw sewage and rainfall in cities that can least afford it
Kyle Bagenstose and Kevin Crowe
December 3, 2021, 11:28 AM ·22 min read
Martha Arencibia watched from her front porch in Paterson, New Jersey, as the skies unleashed a torrent of rain that overwhelmed the storm drains on her street.
Within hours, standing water that started as puddles grew into a swiftly moving current that carried vehicles away. Across Paterson, the downpour stranded drivers and flooded homes, businesses and schools. In the nearly five decades she has lived in the historic, ethnically diverse city, Arencibia had never seen such an inundation.
What she could not see was the trouble unfolding under the streets.
Paterson, like 728 other U.S. communities, suffers from an antiquated sewage system that combines rainwater, snowmelt and toilet waste into the same pipes, then discharges it all into rivers, lakes and even homes when filled to capacity.
The storm that day in August 2018 dumped 5 inches of rain in Paterson. When the city's sewage system could take no more, it belched wastewater into the nearby Passaic River, as well as onto the streets and back through basement toilets, including several in Arencibia's neighborhood.
The stench of raw sewage, she said, lasted for days.
Flooded streets are seen in Patterson, New Jersey on Aug. 11, 2018.
Stretched beyond their lifespans by overdevelopment and population growth, these so-called combined sewer systems altogether spilled 850 billion gallons of raw sewage into the open waters in 2004 alone, the last time the federal government estimated it. Rife with feces, pathogens, debris and toxic pollutants, their discharges pose a risk to both human health and the environment.
But, now, a new threat looms as the warming planet produces heavier and more frequent storms in the same regions of the country saddled with combined sewer systems.
USA TODAY spent a year investigating how climate change is exacerbating overflows, parsing through national rainfall data and reports of spilled sewage in dozens of states and cities. It found that, across the board, communities saddled with these systems now face harder and more frequent rainfalls that can lead to even more toxic spills.
"It's not even theoretical, they're already experiencing an increase in rainfall," said Becky Hammer, deputy director for federal water policy at the Natural Resources Defense Council. "And their plans were not designed to accommodate it."
The spills can contaminate drinking water, befoul shellfish and contribute to algae blooms that deplete oxygen levels in lakes across the United States and in iconic water bodies like the Gulf of Mexico and Chesapeake Bay. Sewage can also back up into people's homes, prompt beach closures and sicken millions through exposure, according to scientific estimates.
In interviews with four dozen engineers, clean water advocates, impacted residents, and municipal and utility officials, nearly all made clear one thing: Without significant changes to federal policy and infrastructure funding, climate change will keep driving overflows and sending sewage into the nation's rivers, lakes, and homes for decades to come.
Among the investigation's findings:
Most combined sewer systems exist in the same regions inundated with climate-driven rainfall extremes – the Midwest, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast. An analysis by USA TODAY shows that 97% of cities with combined sewers have experienced an uptick in both annual precipitation and extreme rainfall over the past 30 years.
But the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which regulates combined sewer systems, tracks only the number of discharges and not the amount of sewage they release. No national data exists showing total discharges. The last time the EPA estimated total spillage was nearly two decades ago. At the time, its numbers showed, an average of 2.3 billion gallons of sewage-laden water entered the environment each day.
Critics also say the EPA also has done little to ensure cities with combined sewer systems prepare for a changing climate. Despite its own study that predicted more overflows from a warmer planet, the agency allows cities to use outdated rainfall data when planning upgrades. In the worst scenarios, that means some cities could see a nearly complete backslide in sewage overflows even after paying for expensive upgrades to stop them.
The cost of upgrading these systems often falls to those least able to afford it. Families in communities with combined sewers have disproportionately lower incomes and higher poverty rates than national averages. In many cities with the largest combined sewer systems, the majority of residents are Black or Latino. Expensive plans to fix combined sewers have led to a doubling or tripling of sewer rates in many of these places.
Those same cities are receiving little help from Congress, which has cut its investment in public sewer projects dramatically since the 1980s. Advocates and utility managers say nothing short of a massive re-investment of funding will bring sewer overflows under control without exacerbating water affordability problems.
When it passed the Clean Water Act in 1972, Congress sought to restore the health of America's lakes, rivers and streams by regulating discharges of pollutants from multiple sources. The goal was to make every body of water safe enough for fishing and swimming.
As a part of that effort, the EPA turned its focus to combined sewers in the early 1990s, pressuring communities to upgrade their systems and reduce the number of discharges. Those reductions often aimed to limit discharges from several dozen a year to no more than five.
Although many cities, like Milwaukee and Chicago, invested billions of dollars into upgrading their combined sewer systems, nearly all were modeled on rainfall patterns of the last century. Climate change could lessen the effectiveness of some of those improvements, experts say.
Detroit, for example, has already spent $1.4 billion to fix its combined sewers. But the city discharged nearly 5 billion gallons of sewage-tainted water during the last week in June when damaging storms swept across Michigan.
At a press conference, Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan expressed his frustration.
"The infrastructure in this country was built for the climate of the 20th century," Duggan said. "It was not built for what we have today."
Other communities have yet to begin fixing their combined sewers or are just getting started.
Paterson and 19 other New Jersey cities reached a deal with the state Department of Environmental Protection last year, agreeing to spend up to $2.7 billion to stop more than 23 billions gallons of overflowing wastewater.
But Arencibia's street isn't due for a fix until 2040, which would leave her vulnerable to growing deluges for nearly two decades.
Crews clean up mud on I-75 at I-696 near Detroit on Tuesday August 12, 2014. The day was one of the rainiest in Michigan history, with 4.57 inches recorded at Detroit Metro Airport.
"The water is getting higher," Arencibia said. "We're not addressing the situation."
While many blame the EPA and municipal officials for this problem, others trace the origins of inaction back to Congress. In 1987, bipartisan legislation cut the federal government's share of funding of sewer infrastructure from about 70% to less than 5% today.
That shifted the financial burden of cleansing sewage from the nation's waterways from all Americans to just the residents of those communities with combined sewer systems. And this congressional change came just as urban tax bases eroded from white flight and deindustrialization.
In cities like Baltimore, Chicago, and Cleveland, water and sewer bills have doubled or even tripled over the past few decades. The lack of funding has led to water affordability crises. In Baltimore alone, some 2,700 homeowners faced foreclosure for as little as $350 in missed water and sewer bills until the state passed a law banning the practice.
But the lack of money also means upgrades are often delayed or rolled out slowly, leaving cities vulnerable as climate change exposes the dilapidated infrastructure.
"If you don't have the local tax base to support and provide dollars for capital improvements, then most often they won't get made," said Marccus Hendricks, a researcher and director of the Stormwater Infrastructure Resilience & Justice Lab at the University of Maryland.
A new climate
One week in early September 2018 showed the damage that deluges can bring to combined sewer systems.
A band of thunderstorms struck the small city of Lima, Ohio, on a Thursday, dropping 5 inches of rain in a matter of hours. The storm overwhelmed the community's combined sewer system and spilled 92 million gallons of untreated wastewater into the Ottawa River.
Just two days later, the remnants of Tropical Storm Gordon reached the small city of Cumberland, Maryland, about 350 miles to the east. The Appalachian city also received 5 inches of rain, causing 121 million gallons of wastewater to discharge from its combined sewer system and spill into a branch of the Potomac River.
A car drives through a road as flood waters come in from Tropical Storm Gordon on Tuesday, Sept. 4, 2018 in Dauphin Island, Ala.
The next day, Gordon's remnants dumped several more inches in Binghamton, New York. Some 117 million gallons of wastewater flowed into the Susquehanna River.
All three cities are in a swath of the country, stretching across much of the Midwest and Northeast, that has experienced the greatest increases in extreme rainfall events over the past 30 years.
Scientists attribute that to climate change. Higher temperatures mean the Gulf of Mexico, long a contributor of moisture that feeds the storms in those regions, is now producing even more moisture, generating more rain.
In addition, research shows that recent trends in the summertime movement of the jet stream, which moves from west to east across the country, can allow storms to slow or stall out more often over the Rust Belt, dumping even greater amounts of rain.
Traffic is rerouted around the intersection of the Arthur Gardner Parkway (Route 424) and South Poplar Street in Hazleton, Pa., after officials closed the road Wednesday, September 12, 2018, due to flooding conditions after heavy rains passed through the area.
Across the United States, 706 of the 728 cities and towns with combined sewer systems have seen both an annual increase in precipitation and an increase in the number of extreme deluges over the past three decades, according to a USA TODAY analysis of rainfall data compiled by climatologist Brian Brettschneider and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Because combined sewer systems were built generations ago, they're found primarily in older cities like those across the Rust Belt, although they're also found in places like Seattle and San Francisco.
Many such cities already struggled for decades to keep their sewers up to date because of increased urban development and runoff. But now the increased rainfall is taxing their sewer systems with more water.
"We are seeing larger storms more frequently, and with higher intensity," said Devona Marshall, director of engineering and construction with the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, which serves Cleveland and surrounding communities. "But it's also the aging infrastructure that's out there ... and on top of it you had poor practices in development that also contribute to the problem. So it's like this perfect storm."
Cumberland, a city of 19,000, is nestled along a bend of the Potomac River in western Maryland. A historic log cabin in the city's Riverside Park once served as a strategic military outpost for Gen. George Washington.
Now, water is often the adversary.
Over the course of 2018, a record 68 inches of rain fell on the city, a foot more than the prior record and nearly double the 20th century average of 37 inches. Several weeks after Gordon struck, a 4-inch rainstorm dumped another 100 million gallons of wastewater into a branch of the Potomac.
By the end of the year, a record half a billion gallons of wastewater overflowed into the river.
This year, Cumberland completed construction on a 5 million-gallon water storage facility. The city and those that feed into its sewage system are also upgrading their mains and pipes to further capture excess water and prevent overflows.
Visual Story: Our warming climate is having a dramatic impact on precipitation. What does the data tell us about your state?
But even with upgrades, the system fails to contain some deluges occurring now. This year, nearly a dozen significant rain events hit Cumberland, causing its combined sewer to discharge more than 10 million gallons into Wills Creek and more than 20 million into the Potomac River.
From there, the sewage travels downstream and eventually dumps out into the Chesapeake Bay, a historically-polluted waterbody that at least one researcher now worries will never return to ideal conditions because of climate change.
Bill Dennison, a professor of marine science at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, said that torrential rainstorms wash pollutants like sewage and agricultural runoff into the bay's watershed, making swimming unsafe, lowering oxygen levels, and killing off animals like the region's renowned crab populations. The recent increase in such rain events acts as a deadweight on efforts to limit pollution.
"This is a vicious cycle going in the wrong direction," Dennison said.
A warning unheeded
In the early 2000s, John Furlow was the water team leader in the EPA's Global Change Research Program, studying how climate change might degrade rivers and lakes. He and a team of scientists compiled rainfall projections and modeled how an increase in extreme rainfall could impact hundreds of combined sewer systems across New England and the Midwest.
While models for the Northeast were too uncertain, the group found that in the Midwest, climate change could push beyond the capacity of infrastructure, spilling more sewage into lakes and rivers.
In the worst cases, they found, the increases could nearly double, meaning a city could invest heavily to fix overflows only to see no progress. Instead, if cities based their plans on updated models or built in extra capacity, they could account for climate change at "little additional cost," the study's authors wrote.
Foster Park golf course is flooded, in Fort Wayne, Ind., on 14, 2005.
The report, released in 2008, remains the EPA's last comprehensive document studying how climate change could impact combined sewers. In the meantime, the EPA has made no changes to its regulations. Cities still regularly use rainfall data from the 20th century when planning sewer upgrades.
Fort Wayne, Indiana offers an example. When the city crafted its sewer upgrade plan two decades ago, planners selected 1995 as a "typical year" upon which to base rainfall projections while designing sewer upgrades. But the EPA never required an update, even as Fort Wayne broke ground four years ago on the biggest construction and public infrastructure project in the city's history.
The $188 million effort is designed to capture all but four overflows a year into the St. Marys and Maumee rivers and all but one into the St. Joseph River – down from a total of about 71 spills.
But annual rainfall totals have exceeded the 1995 benchmark of 33.18 inches in all but three of the past 25 years. Meanwhile, extreme rainfall has also increased. On average, Fort Wayne used to see three storms a year that would drop at least 1.3 inches of rain. Now, such storms typically occur seven times a year.
Lima, Ohio, began negotiating with the EPA in the 1990s on a fix to its combined sewer system. But it wasn't until 2014 that the city finally agreed to a nearly $60 million plan. The majority – $40 million – was slated for a massive underground storage tank to hold 13 million gallons of wastewater and prevent it from spilling into the Ottawa River.
Under last century's rainfall patterns, the design would stop all but five overflows a year. Shovels went in the ground in May 2018.
But less than four months later came the September storm that sent nearly a hundred million gallons of wastewater into the Ottawa River. The downpour was classified as a 1-in-500-year event. Just a few weeks later, another storm of the same magnitude struck the city.
How a summer of extreme weather reveals a stunning shift in the way rain falls in America.
To the town's longtime mayor, David Berger, it all now feels precarious. The storage tank – the largest single public works project in the city's history – came online earlier this year. It may already be obsolete.
"The frequency and the intensity of storm events is such that we may have undersized this $40 million investment," Berger said. "So at the end, we may still be out of compliance. That's a big problem."
The EPA told USA TODAY it has taken several steps to account for climate change.
In 2014, the agency updated a modeling tool with future rainfall scenarios that cities can use – but are not required to use – when planning combined sewer upgrades, a spokesperson said. The agency has also worked directly with cities on advancing climate resiliency by providing technical assistance and tools and supporting green infrastructure. Largely pioneered in Philadelphia, the approach incorporates rain gardens, bioswales and other natural landscapes to capture excess runoff.
"Addressing climate change, and its impacts on water infrastructure and communities, is a significant priority for the agency," the EPA said in a statement. "Recognizing that certain portions of the country will receive both more rainfall and more intense storms, EPA has been developing tools and policies that support resilient and adaptive infrastructure investments."
Asked for his read on the landscape, Furlow, now director of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society at Columbia University, said it's complicated.
While preparing the 2008 report, he remembers that EPA staff were already wrestling with hundreds of cities across the country on sewers, with negotiations often ending up in the courts. Effectively, the agency was barely getting cities to fix their sewers to meet 20th century conditions and other water quality issues, let alone those projected for the future.
"I sensed they were overwhelmed and frustrated about how they might take this on," Furlow said.
Asked why the problem was so difficult to wrangle, Furlow agreed with a chorus of other experts: follow the money.
Or more precisely, the lack of it.
Families underwater
Leah Brown and her family live in a red brick home in Northwest Baltimore. In the front yard, toys line a shaded front porch. In the back, cooped chickens regularly deliver fresh eggs.
But underground, a danger lurks.
When heavy rains come, the city's century-old sewer system fails. Stormwater infiltrates sewage pipes, increasing the pressure, and often forcing waste back into homes.
Tony Murray, wife Leah Brown, and daughter Tierney stand outside of their Northwest Baltimore home on April 13, 2021. The family has experienced numerous sewage backups through their basement toilet in recent years, costing them thousands of dollars.
Seven times in five years, feces have erupted from a shower and toilet into Brown's finished basement. During the worst of the floods, the high-water mark reached 3 feet up the basement's knotty-pine walls, destroying valuables, a leather couch, family photos, and other mementos.
The cleanup revealed another, hidden hazard.
"You're bleaching the walls, you don't see anything, so you think everything is good," Brown said. "But when we cut those walls out there was so much black mold."
The family has paid thousands of dollars over the years, including to install a valve in their sewage line that was supposed to prevent the backups. When that didn't work, they paid $8,000 this summer to replace their entire sewer line.
The expenses stymie the efforts of Brown, a special education teacher, and her husband, Tony Murray, an Amazon delivery driver, from getting ahead financially.
"The American dream is only when you're sleeping," Brown said. "Because the rest of the time you're just worried about bills."
Across the country, a review of Census data by USA TODAY found the median household income in the 728 cities and towns with combined sewer systems is $45,520, compared with $67,520 nationally. The poverty rate is 50% higher than the national average.
Jennifer Kunze, Maryland manager for nonprofit Clean Water Action, stands along the Jones Falls in Baltimore on April 13, 2021. Nearby, a pipe releases raw sewage into the waterway during heavy rains. Baltimore has struggled for decades with its leaky sewage system, and the cost of repairs has led to water affordability problems in the city.
And in the worst hit areas – 13 large cities containing a quarter of the nation's problematic combined sewer outfalls – the median nonwhite population is 56%, compared with 39% nationally.
Experts say the problem is exacerbated by a decision made decades ago in Congress to greatly reduce the federal government's role in funding wastewater infrastructure.
For nearly two decades after the passage of the Clean Water Act, Congress assisted communities in meeting the new environmental regulation by providing $60 billion in grants for public wastewater treatment projects, including the rehabilitation of sewage systems.
But in 1987, President Ronald Reagan pushed to reframe sewers as a local problem, arguing that the federal government had met its goal and could scale back entirely.
A Democratic-controlled Congress put forth a bill that cut funding for local sewer projects by a third, before entirely phasing it out three years later. In its place, lawmakers created a loan program to disburse several billion dollars a year to state governments, which then gave out the funds to sewer authorities with expectation of repayment.
See how precipitation has changed in your community
The transition meant that Congress went from paying as much as 70% for major sewer projects to less than 5%.
Now, residents of cities and towns with combined sewers must foot the majority of the bill for EPA-mandated improvements. Some simply can't afford it and have requested – and received – multiple extensions from the federal government to delay improvements. Others have passed along the cost to ratepayers.
Water and sewer bills have doubled and tripled in communities whose residents can ill afford to pay, putting those basic services out of range for many.
In Baltimore, sewer rates have doubled since 2012 and are expected to nearly double again by 2029, rising to an estimated $1,819 a year for a typical homeowner, according to the nonprofit Food and Water Watch.
It's a dynamic that spans the country, said Hendricks, the University of Maryland researcher.
"The case of Baltimore City is sort of reflective of the issue that we're currently experiencing in about every major, smaller and mid-size city in this country," Hendricks said. "These systems are past their prime and decaying infrastructure is essentially all around us."
Over the past three decades, Chicago has spent more than $3.8 billion to drill 110 miles of storage tunnels, some 33 feet in diameter and up to 300 feet underground, and build massive reservoirs to alleviate its combined sewer problems. Other more localized improvements, like a new sewer mains, have helped to alleviate flooding issues in individual neighborhoods.
But some historically Black communities in the city continue to experience backups and flooding, said longtime Chicago resident Lori Burns. And across the board, water and sewer rates have also risen swiftly in Chicago to pay for the improvements. In the eight years between 2008 to 2015, sewer rates nearly tripled.
"These are primarily African American working and middle class neighborhoods. A lot of single family homes and multi-unit buildings and people have been in these homes for decades and decades," Burns said. "This is a public health issue on top of a huge financial issue."
A sign warns passers-by not to touch the water of Herring Run in Baltimore, Maryland. The city's decrepit sewer system regularly releases sewage into the waterway and others in Baltimore during heavy rains.
It's difficult to find a city fixing its combined sewer system anywhere in the country where the costs aren't being passed onto communities without the means to pay for it.
Sprinkled throughout the Appalachian landscape are dozens of tiny towns and boroughs with combined sewers, whose populations are predominantly white and low-income.
In Pineville, Kentucky, the median household income is $19,000 and more than a third of its residents live in poverty. Nearly all are white, and rates will increase 5% over the next five years to pay for $10 million in water and sewer upgrades.
In Lima, the cost of the city's sewer upgrades comes out to $1,041 for every one of the city's 37,000 residents. But the median household income is only $35,000 a year.
"The costs that we have to pass along to our customers are becoming crushing," said Berger, the city's mayor. "They're oppressive for poor and middle income households."
Biden bills 'historic' — and not enough
Utility officials across the country held out hope this year that major spending bills in Congress — the roughly $1.2 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill and proposed $1.75 trillion Build Back Better Act — would reverse the decades-long decline in federal funds to repair sewers.
The bills together provide about $14 billion in new funding over five years that could help cities and towns address combined sewer overflows, more than double current funding.
President Joe Biden delivers remarks at NJ Transit Meadowlands Maintenance Complex to promote his "Build Back Better" agenda, Monday, Oct. 25, 2021, in Kearny, N.J.
While the National Association of Clean Water Agencies called the funding a "historic investment," the group told USA TODAY that it still falls far short of the hundreds of billions of dollars needed to upgrade the nation's combined sewers. The funds also aren't solely for combined sewer upgrades; utilities need to invest in treatment plants and other infrastructure as well.
"As welcome as these federal funds are, they are just a drop in the bucket towards addressing the true need for water infrastructure investment across the United States," the association told USA TODAY. "Utilities and their communities across the country have been left alone for too long to pay for needed investments without a meaningful federal funding partner."
Some on Capitol Hill push back on the notion that the funding in the infrastructure bill was undersized.
What if you could hear climate change? Listen to music based on a century of rainfall data
In the Senate, the bill largely passed through the Environment and Public Works committee. Staffers who worked on the bill told USA TODAY the funding levels reflect estimates of what could actually be spent in a given year by EPA and state agencies.
They also said that a return to funding levels similar to those under the Construction Grants program isn't feasible in the modern political environment, and that utilities need skin in the game to maintain their own infrastructure.
U.S. Sen. Tom Carper, D-Del., chair of the Environment and Public Works committee, told USA TODAY he believes the bill is "worth celebrating."
"The simple fact is a lot of families are going to have safer water systems because of our bipartisan infrastructure bill," Carper said. "We make historic investments in our nation's wastewater infrastructure and unlock the door for future improvements."
Asked about affordability concerns, the EPA pointed to a 2019 "Integrated Planning" policy, which allows sewer utilities to prioritize and synthesize various requirements under the Clean Water Act, ultimately saving money, the agency said.
Hammer, with the NRDC, believes more can be done. She says the EPA should perform a new national assessment on the financial needs of sewer utilities, then give it to Congress to fund.
"It'll be Congress's responsibility to ultimately provide enough financial support – grants as well as loans – so that all communities can afford to fix their infrastructure and protect public health," Hammer said.
USA TODAY reporter Dinah Voyles Pulver contributed to this story.
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This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: America's aging sewer infrastructure is unprepared for climate change
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Two words that get used a lot these days are micromanagement and harassment. The two concepts come from different sources, but they converge in the extreme case.
Harassment is the abusive behavior toward another person that has its roots in a desire to annoy or hurt the other individual in some way. The practice is normally intentional, although it is possible for a person to harass other people without being aware it is happening.
Except in the rare extreme cases, the manifestation of harassment exists first in the opinion of the person who is being harassed. If I will not let you get to me no matter what you do, then you are not going to be successful at harassing me.
On the other hand, you may be such a sensitive individual that the mere thought of any person walking into the room sends you into a flight of panic: a kind of self harassment called paranoia.
Micromanagement doesn't stem from sinister motives. To the contrary, it is normally the desire of a manager, or person in charge of getting things done, who wants things to go well but is horribly misguided in the best way to accomplish the task. It reminds me of my favorite Star Trek Quote when Mr. Spock says, "It is curious how often you humans manage to obtain that which you do not want." (TOH Charlie Green).
We are all aware of the antidote for micromanagement, which is for the manager to set the objective and some broad guidelines and then back off to let the individual figure out the details on how to get the job done.
Unfortunately, a little concept called "trust" is missing, so the manager does not believe the individual is capable of getting the job done without constant supervision. It is the lack of trust that is the root cause of most micromanagement.
The grey area between good intentions and oppressive hovering is playing out in the workplace every hour of every day. Managers find their own equilibrium, and employees either complain (or not) behind the break room doors.
The extreme case, where managers tell people how to do their work for the sport of always getting it done their way, crosses the line into harassment. Even if the conscious objective is to get the job done right, the spirit with which the manager directs every movement is debilitating.
To break the cycle of micromanagement and/or harassment, the manager needs to recognize that there is a better way to get results. If he or she continues to believe the muscle approach is the best way to get compliance, then grudging compliance is what will happen.
The problem is that in today's competitive environment, mere compliance is a formula for extinction.
Any organization needs full engagement of the people in it to survive long term. So the first step is some education on how numerous organizations are reaping the benefits of full engagement.
Once that point is made it is necessary to have the obstinate manager take a good long look in the mirror.
Numerous studies have shown that the benefit of an improved culture is higher engagement and productivity. As a consultant, I would ask the micromanager if he or she would enjoy seeing something like a 100% improvement in productivity.
It is quite possible, but only once the manager recognizes the real enemy of better performance is the one staring back in the mirror. If a leader does not desire a vast improvement in performance, then there is not likely to be a cure for the micromanagement.
The antidote for micromanagement is to create a culture of higher trust. In this environment, the manager would be less likely to be overly directive. Also, in a culture of high trust, if the manager is pushing too much the employee would feel encouraged to politely ask that person to give a little breathing room.
No harassing behavior is required on either side, and the job gets done efficiently and correctly. Everybody wins, and nobody gets hurt. It all depends on the level of trust the leader is capable of creating in the organization.
The word create is the key concept here, because trust does not happen unless leaders enable it with their behaviors (and even words).
This entry was posted on Saturday, March 8th, 2014 at 5:36 pm and is filed under Candor creates trust, Communications, Enabling Actions, leadership, Trust.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
More good advice, Bob. The micromanager needs to think long-term, recognizing that coaching people on their own undertakings will develop their capabilities, allowing the micromanager to be less stressed and overworked. The micromanager needs to become a leader, recognizing one of the opportunities of leadership is to develop other leaders.
Thanks Bob. It is so wonderful to be friends with a leader like you who is expert at creating motivation and desire in the workforce.
You are aware of hence considerably with regard to this specific subject matter, generated me personally personally think about it from your large amount of a lot of angles. Their like people 're not captivated except for it truly is a thing to achieve with Person coo! Your very own things exceptional. At all times look after it up!
I feel that way in the field of Penny Stocks and my teams that I have. Weird.
ultimately continue your great work, have a nice afternoon!


German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Interior Minister Horst Seehfer reached an agreement casting aside the shadows over her political career after a marathon five-hour talks.
Emerging from hours of talks with the Chancellor, Seehfer said he struck an agreement with the Chancellor and remaining as the Interior Minister which, he threatened to quit.
"After intensive discussions between the CDU and CSU we have reached an agreement on how we can in future prevent illegal immigration on the border between Germany and Austria," Mr Seehofer said as he left the CDU's Berlin headquarters.
But Merkel, a leader of Europe who has been leading Germany for years has experienced his influence on the decline after the latest crisis with Seehfer hit his coalition government.
Angela Merkel said that returning migrants to the country where they first arrive preserves the EU spirit of partnership.
"I'm pleased we managed to get this agreement — it has shown again it's worth fighting for something like this. Now we have a tenable clear agreement for the future," Interior Minister Seehfer said.
After Horst Seehofer, the Interior Minister of Germany threatened to resign over the new EU migration law, German Chancellor Angela Merkel's government came under tremendous pressure.
German Interior Minister Horst Seehofer is the leader of Christian Social Union (CSU), the key ally of Angela Merkel's ruling Christian Democrats (CDU).
Seehfer talked about quitting as the Interior Minister on Sunday after a marathon party meeting. Later, his colleagues persuaded him to meet and talk with Merkel one more time.
Seehfer expressed his willingness to act in the statement and hoped to manage an agreement with the Chancellor.
"This is an act of goodwill on my part and another attempt to come to an agreement, otherwise this would have been today," German Interior Minister Seehfer added.
The CSU leader's threats to quit the government, however, were not out of blue. He had been demanding for tougher migration policies for long, and recently, had given the chancellor two weeks to strike a deal with the EU leadership that allows Germany to reject asylum seekers who are already registered in a different EU member state.


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This element has a padding of 70px.
The CSS padding properties are used to generate space around an element's content, inside of any defined borders.
With CSS, you have full control over the padding. There are properties for setting the padding for each side of an element (top, right, bottom, and left).
Note: Negative values are not allowed.
To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the padding properties in one property.
The CSS width property specifies the width of the element's content area. The content area is the portion inside the padding, border, and margin of an element (the box model).
So, if an element has a specified width, the padding added to that element will be added to the total width of the element. This is often an undesirable result.
This example demonstrates how to set the left padding of a <p> element.
This example demonstrates how to set the right padding of a <p> element.
This example demonstrates how to set the top padding of a <p> element.
This example demonstrates how to set the bottom padding of a <p> element.


text:
Thornley-with-Wheatley is a civil parish in the Borough of Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England. It is entirely rural, with no villages or other substantial settlements. Its population was 320 in 2011, a figure that has not changed much for over a century.

The parish includes most of the western half of Longridge Fell, including the part known as Jeffrey Hill, and, apart from half a mile (1 km) at its western end, lies within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The River Loud forms its northwestern border. It includes Longridge Golf Club and the isolated Catholic chapel of St William at Lee House, a Grade II listed building, whose parish closed in 1991 but is still occasionally used.

Ann Cutler, the weaver and Methodist evangelist, was born here in 1759.

See also

Listed buildings in Thornley-with-Wheatley

References

External links

Civil parishes in Lancashire
Geography of Ribble Valley
Forest of Bowland


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Reserving a hotel pack with one of our authorised hotel partners gives you great advantages such as..... A free overnight stay with every parcel. Depending on the hotel. You will also receive a 10% discount on the Discovery Photo Pack at Discovery Cove®. Added value with every parcel. Please see packet description for further information. Contains over $200 in saving for Pointe Orlando.
Cancellations made more than 72 hrs before 6 pm on the day of your planned day of travel (more than 30 nights before the day of your planned day of travel for Discovery Cove reservations) will be refunded. No refund will be given if the holiday pack is canceled within 72 hrs of 18.00 hrs of the planned date of arrivals (within 30 day of the planned date of arrivals for Discovery Cove reservations).
There are no reimbursements for any of the elements of the bundle. Not used parts of holiday packages are not refundable. None of the holiday packages are transferrable.
Included in the ticketing packages: Please see our detailed schedule for all packages at the moment of reservation. Approval products and services are dependent on the choice of packages. Free car park for the whole stop. The price is dependent on the overall number of visitors, the date of your visit and the definitive choice of packages. The price is dependent on the overall number of visitors, the date of your visit and the definitive choice of packages.
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text:
Cyperus javanicus, also known as the Javanese flatsedge, is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Indonesia and Australia.

Description
The rhizomatous glaucous perennial sedge typically grows to a height of  and has a tufted habit. The plant blooms between January and August producing brown flowers. The culms are obtusely trigonous and densely papillose. The leaves are long and flat on top while folded at the base and around  in width. The compound inflorescences have between six and twelve primary rays which are up to 8 cm  in length./>

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Martinus Houttuyn in 1782 in the work Natuurlijke Histoire of Uitvoerige Beschryving der Dieren, Planten en Mineraalen. Several synonyms have been described including: Cyperus pennatus Lam. in 1791, Cyperus canescens  Vahl in 1805, Cyperus javanicus subsp. armstrongii Dunlop in 1987, Mariscus pennatus (Lam.) Domin in 1915, Cyperus ventricosus R.Br. in 1810 and Mariscus albescens Gaudich. in 1829.

Distribution
In Western Australia it is found beside pools and along streams and rivers in the Kimberley region where it grows in sandy-clay soils. The species is also endemic to the Northern Territory and north east Queensland and the Cape York Peninsula.

It is also native to the islands north of Australia including Papua New Guinea, Timor and Indonesia.

The species has also been introduced into Hawaii and islands in the Pacific basin.

See also
List of Cyperus species

References

Plants described in 1782
Flora of Western Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of the Northern Territory
javanicus
Taxa named by Martinus Houttuyn


BONN, Germany (Landscape News) – On the occasion of World Water Day, Landscapes News caught up with Daniel Shemie, director of Strategy, Water Funds at The Nature Conservancy (TNC), where he manages the overarching strategies of accelerating the use and financing of natural infrastructure in urban water supply.
Q: How can governments, cities and communities around the world run source water protection programs for themselves?
A: We just launched the Water Funds Toolbox, as an effort to really distill the intellectual property and experiences of TNC staff and partners over the last 20 years in setting up source water protection programs. Too often we're limited by our own capacity to deliver support to the programs and cities that are interested in this approach, but now the toolbox allows us to start training others to adapt the approach to their own circumstances. Our best estimate is that 2,000 cities around the world would offset the cost of watershed conservation through avoided treatment costs and other co-benefits like carbon mitigation and increases in agricultural productivity. So, there's an economic case for doing this kind of work too.
Q: TNC has done a lot of work focusing on nature-based solutions (NBS) for watershed management. Why?
A: TNC recognizes that a big part of water management is in fact land management, and so when you think about sustainable water security and healthy freshwater systems, you really have to look to what the catchment or watershed around those lakes, rivers and aquifers actually looks like. So, we're asking the question: how should we best invest in the natural terrestrial ecosystems that lead to good hydrological outcomes? And we've gotten very good at targeting that area and measuring its impact in a water body.
On a personal note, I grew up in Canada, and when I'm in the forested countryside outside of Montreal and I go canoeing, I drink directly from the lake. So the evidence is already there about healthy watersheds – it's all around us; sometimes it's just harder to see.
Q: You're encouraging people to personally connect with the source of the water they use in their daily lives. What's the water like where you live, and where does it come from?
A: I live in New York City, and it's the "champagne of water" amongst city water supplies. Roughly 10 percent of our rates on our water bill as New Yorkers goes to protecting our water catchments. So it's a really good example of how NBS and source water protection can be integrated into delivering water services to city dwellers. In many ways New York is the model for our water funds work. I'm proud to be from there. Many New Yorkers like to talk about the good water for the bagels, and if you go to a restaurant everyone gets New York tap water, which might not be the case elsewhere. So there's definitely an awareness in New York that we have good water; I'm not sure if there's the same awareness of why we have good water. And the catchment is beautiful. It's a really charismatic ecosystem. I like to go there, not just because it's my water source, but also because I like going hiking on weekends.


text:
Oppn to challenge Mush's uniform in SC
| Published: Monday, August 13, 2007, 14:39 [IST]
Islamabad, Aug 13: Pakistan opposition parties have rested hopes with the Supreme Court and expects it to take action if government opts to allow President General Pervez Musharraf to extend his military service through the act of the parliament.
The opposition leaders said that attitude of Pakistan's judiciary had changed now and it would not go against the Constitution to facilitate a dictator, The Nation newspaper reported today, quoting Secretary General of Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) Zafar Iqbal Jhagra.
He said the Constitution had clear provisions about involvement of a government official into politics and General Musharraf would have to wait for two years for contesting Presidential elections after taking off his uniform.
Attorney General Malik Mohammad Qayyum Saturday said a simple waiver by Parliament through an Act would be sufficient to allow General Pervez Musharraf to retain his uniform after his re-election as President.
Jhagra said if the government tried to violate this provision and redesign the Constitution through the Act of Parliament, the petitions would be filed in the Supreme Court of Pakistan and an intervention of the court would be pleaded.
He said the government was 'ridiculing' the Constitution and democracy to benefit a dictator.
Another senior leader of PML-N Raja Zafar-ul-Haq said opposition was fully ready to involve Supreme Court in the issue and would file a petition against the process as soon as they bring proposals to the assembly.
''General Pervez Musharraf is disqualified for presidential elections, whether or not he is in uniform, we will struggle against him,'' he said.
The Secretary General of Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians Raja Pervez Ashraf also confirmed that his party was ready to go to Supreme Court once the government takes the action.
He said PPP had a clear stance that it would not allow General Musharraf to get re-elected in uniform and if he takes any step to do so, they would go to the Supreme Court against the action.
President Muttahida Majlis-i-Amal (MMA) Qazi Hussain Ahmed has also expressed same views on different occasions and Chairman Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf (PTI) Imran Khan has already announced full-fledged protest against General Musharraf's re-election as President.
Story first published: Monday, August 13, 2007, 14:39 [IST]
Other articles published on Aug 13, 2007
How Bharat Jodo Yatra exposed deep divide among Opposition parties