text:
Evaluation of respiratory compensation to metabolic acid-base disturbances in cats
S. Kyse Andersen
Dyrlæge, Odsherreds Dyrehospital
J. B. Jakobsen
Dyrlæge, Farum Dyreklinik
L. N. Nielsen
Professor (MSO) i Veterinær Klinisk Patologi, DVM, CertSAM, ph.d., Københavns Universitet
R. Langhorn
Lektor i Akutmedicin, DVM, ph.d., DipECVIM-CA, Københavns Universitet
Artiklen er skrevet på baggrund af en veterinær specialeopgave skrevet af Sanja Kyhse-Andersen og Julie Burup Jakobsen med Lise Nikolic Nielsen og Rebecca Langhorn som vejledere.
Acid-base disorders are commonly identified in critically ill patients and evaluation of acid-base status has therefore become a common part of the clinical workup in such cases. It is suspected, based on sparse existing literature, that cats do not develop the respiratory compensation to a metabolic acid-base disturbance that is normal in humans and dogs. To diagnose and treat cats with metabolic acid-base disturbances correctly, it is important to establish if and to what degree respiratory compensation should be expected.
The objective of this study was to examine whether respiratory compensation can be detected by blood gas analysis in cats with metabolic acid-base disorders. This was carried out by evaluating blood gas analyses collected from cats during the last 15 years at the University Hospital for Companion Animals at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Each acid-base disturbance was classified by the use of pH, Pco2 and HCO3-. For metabolic disorders, respiratory compensation was evaluated by calculating the difference between the patient's measured and expected Pco2 . A significant difference between the measured and expected Pco2 was found for this population of cats. Based on these findings, cats do not develop detectable respiratory compensation based on blood gas criteria established in dogs and humans.
Syre-base-forstyrrelser identificeres ofte hos kritisk syge patienter, og evaluering af syre-base-status er derfor i disse tilfælde blevet en almindelig del af den kliniske udredning. Baseret på meget begrænset eksisterende litteratur mistænkes det, at katte ikke udvikler den respiratoriske kompensation for en metabolisk syre-base-forstyrrelse, som er normal for mennesker og hunde. For at kunne diagnosticere og behandle katte med metaboliske syre-base-forstyrrelser korrekt, er det vigtigt at vide, om og i hvilken grad respiratorisk kompensation kan forventes.
Formålet med dette studie var at bestemme, hvorvidt respiratorisk kompensation kan detekteres ved blodgasanalyse for katte med metaboliske syre-base-forstyrrelser. Dette blev undersøgt ved at evaluere blodgasanalyser indsamlet fra katte over de sidste 15 år på Universitetshospitalet for Familiedyr på Københavns Universitet. Syre-base-forstyrrelserne blev klassificeret ved hjælp af pH, Pco2 og HCO3- . Den respiratoriske kompensation for de metaboliske syre-base- forstyrrelser blev evalueret ved at beregne forskellen på patientens målte og forventede Pco2 . Resultatet fra dette studie viste en signifikant forskel på den målte og forventede Pco2 . På denne baggrund vurderes det, at katte ikke udvikler detekterbar respiratorisk kompensation vurderet på blodgaskriterier opsat for hund og menneske.
Recognition and management of acid-base disorders have become an increasingly common part of the clinical workup in many private veterinary practices, as imbalances in acid-base homeostasis are commonly identified in critically ill patients1,2.
The acid-base status of the body is controlled by the concentration of H+, measured as pH, its negative logarithm3. Serious deviations from normal pH (approximately 7.4) will affect cellular metabolism and thereby organ function4. Acid-base disturbances are caused by an accumulation of either acid (acidosis) or alkali (alkalosis) in the body3. The disturbances can be further divided into being of either metabolic or respiratory origin.
All critically ill animals should be examined for acid-base disturbances. Additionally, for animals presenting with gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, cardiac, respiratory, and neurological diseases, acid-base evaluation might contribute additional information to a patient's workup2. Characterization of disturbances may provide insight into underlying pathophysiology, direct diagnostic resources and monitor response to treatment.
A patien's acid-base status can be evaluated through a blood gas analysis5. The blood sample should always be collected from the jugular vein into an anticoagulated syringe. After blood collection, the sample should be stored anaerobically and analyzed by an automated analyzer within 30 minutes of collection.
The blood gas parameters relevant for acid-base analysis include pH, Pco2 and HCO3- 3. The first step is to simply differentiate between acidemia and alkalemia. A lower pH corresponds to acidemia and a higher pH to alkalemia.
In case of either acidemia or alkalemia, physiological buffers (CO2 and HCO3- ) can help analyze the pH in the body. Compensation through these buffer systems occurs by the body adapting either its ventilation or renal function6. The lungs help maintain a normal pH by adjusting the ventilation rate and thereby the concentration of CO2. A respiratory compensatory response is initiated within minutes and optimized after 12 to 24 hours and is therefore responsible for the immediate stabilization of the blood pH7. The kidneys are responsible for the slower fine-tuned metabolic compensatory regulation which consists of H+ excretion and HCO3- excretion, reabsorption, or production7,8 (Figure 1). The renal system responds within hours but requires 2-5 days to achieve maximum effect3.
Figure 1. H+ excretion occurs in the proximal tubules by a Na+-H+-exchanger and an electrogenic H+-ATPase pump in the collecting ducts -HCO3 - is reabsorbed from the tubular fluids to the peritubular capillary via a Na+- HCO3 - -cotransporter in the proximal tubulus3. HCO3 - is regenerated by titration of phosphate and by ammonium excretion7,8. The collecting ducts are capable of HCO3 - excretion in response to alkalemia by a HCO3 - -Cl--exchanger into the luminal fluid and reabsorb H+ into the peritubular capillary via a H+-ATPase pump8
When evaluating an acid-base disturbance, the parameters Pco2 and HCO3- are
measured both for determination of the origin of the disturbance (respiratory versus metabolic) and for evaluation of the compensatory response3. In case of a primary metabolic disturbance, the compensatory response ought to be mainly respiratory and vice versa. If an acid base disorder is simple (meaning solitary, with only one cause), Pco2 and HCO3- should always deviate in the same direction because they must be balanced in the body. If that is the case, interpretation is also simple. If pH and Pco2 deviate in the same direction, the primary condition is metabolic. If they deviate in opposite direction, the primary condition is respiratory. In theory, the same interpretation could be accomplished applying HCO3- in place of Pco2, but due to renal compensation being slower, it is highly recommended to use Pco2 for this purpose.
Both dogs and cats compensate metabolically to respiratory acid-base disorders. Humans and dogs are also able to develop respiratory compensation for a metabolic disorder (a low Pco2 will compensate for a metabolic acidosis, and a high Pco2 will compensate for a metabolic alkalosis)9–11.
If insufficient respiratory compensation occurs in a dog, it would be clinically relevant to investigate whether a concurrent clinical abnormality exists in the respiratory system, leading to a so-called mixed acid-base disorder (two or more simultaneous acid-base disturbances)3. While a similar strategy might be considered in cats, the few available studies on metabolic acidosis in cats show either a minimally decreased or a normal to high Pco2, indicating an insufficient or lacking respiratory compensation in this species12–15. None of the studies investigate this area of concern any further, and an underlying physiological cause for the difference between species has not been established. The scarcity of studies in the field leads to the objective of this study: To evaluate the respiratory compensation in a population of cats with metabolic acid-base disturbances.
This study was a cross-sectional study, evaluating blood gas analyses from cats examined at the University Hospital for Companion Animals from 2003 to 2018.
Patients included were cats for which the responsible veterinarian considered a blood gas analysis relevant. Only blood gas analyses performed on a GEM Premier 3000 blood gas analyser were included. Cats with normal acid-base balance, with a primary respiratory acid-base disorder, or with mixed disorders were excluded. Cats with a primary metabolic acid-base disturbance and with concurrent confirmed or strongly suspected respiratory disease were also excluded in order to avoid bias when interpreting Pco2.
Data was collected retrospectively from results of all blood gas analyses performed on cats from 2003 to October 2018. These results were obtained via medical records from VetNetManagement, Vetvision and from the GEM Premier 3000 blood gas analyser. From October to December 2018 additional data was collected prospectively by the responsible veterinarian at the University Hospital. The veterinarian performed a general examination of the cat prior to blood collection, and informed owner consent was obtained. Blood was collected from the jugular vein with minimal stasis and an amount of 1.5 ml blood was collected into a PICO50-Aspirator syringe. Blood gas analysis was completed within 20 minutes of blood collection.
Figure 2. An overview of the four primary acid-base disturbances. The first step in determining the acid-base status of a patient is to differentiate between acidemia and alkalemia based on pH. The next step is to establish whether the acid-base disturbance is of respiratory or metabolic origin. This can be determined by evaluating either Pco2 or HCO3 - .
For each cat, the following clinical and clinicopathological findings were included: signalment, history (especially regarding recent vomiting/diarrhea), clinical exam, complete blood count (hemoglobin, and hematocrit), biochemistry (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, albumin and creatinine), and urinalysis (pH, ketones, and glucose). Only blood and urine samples analysed within 24 hours of the corresponding blood gas analysis were included.
Acid-base status for each cat was classified as shown in figure 2 using the following reference values: pH (7.277 – 7.409), Pco2 (32.7 – 44.7 mmHg) and HCO3- (18.0 – 23.2 mEq/L)16.
In this study, HCO3- was chosen to classify all acid-base disorders as of either metabolic or respiratory origin, since the compensatory reaction in Pco2 to a metabolic acid-base disorder is uncertain in cats. The midpoint reference of HCO3- (20.6 mEq/L) was used to determine HCO3- direction.
Calculation of compensation
After identifying the primary metabolic acid-base disturbance, the expected respiratory compensation was calculated using the following guidelines for expected compensation:
Metabolic acidosis: Pco2 should decrease by 0.7 mmHg for every 1 mEq/ml decrease of HCO3-.
Metabolic alkalosis: Pco2 should increase by 0.7 mmHg for every 1 mEq/ml increase of HCO3-.
The values are calculated mean values from Morris and Leisewitz17 which are derived from a number of studies performed on dogs and very few cats. Due to the limited number of cats, our calculations for respiratory compensation had to be based on values derived from dogs.
To calculate the respiratory compensation, the following equation was applied18:
PCO2 expected = Midpoint PCO2 - ΔPCO2
ΔPCO2 = Δ[HCO3-] x 0.7 Δ[HCO3-] = Midpoint [HCO3-] - Patient [HCO3-]
The expected Pco2 was compared to the patient's measured Pco2 using this equation:
PCO2 difference = PCO2 patient - PCO2 expected
The present study defined satisfactory compensation as no significant difference between calculated and expected Pco2.
The distribution of our data was evaluated by a D'Agostino & Pearson normality test. The difference between the patients measured and expected Pco2 was assessed by a one-sample, two-tailed t-test. Two t-tests were calculated: One for metabolic acidosis and one for metabolic alkalosis. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. All graphs and statistical tests were performed in GraphPad Prism version 8 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA).
A total of 282 cats were included in the study. Of these, 42 were excluded due to missing values (pH, Pco2 or HCO3- ), and 61 were excluded because their blood gas analyses were not conducted on the GEM Premier 3000. The acid-base disorders for the remaining 179 cats were classified as demonstrated in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The distribution of acid-base disturbances of the 179 cats included in this study.
The 66 cats with metabolic acid-base disturbances were included for further processing. Of these, five cats were excluded due to a concomitant confirmed or suspected respiratory disease as such was likely to affect the respiratory compensation. The study exclusion process is illustrated in figure 4.
Figure 4. The sorting process of all 282 cats that have had a blood gas analysis performed during the last 15 years at the University Hospital for Companion Animals at the University of Copenhagen, resulting in 61 cats included in the final population.
Of the 61 cats included in the final population, 37 were male (3 of 37 neutered) and 24 were female (4 of 24 neutered). The cats' age ranged from 7.8 months to 16.9 years with a mean age of 6.5 years. The diagnoses of the 61 cats are listed in Table 1.
No significant correlation was found between the Pco2difference and the hematological and biochemical parameters known to influence acid-base homeostasis (hematocrit, hemoglobin, Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, albumin and creatinine), and no significant findings were identified for the urine parameters (pH, ketones, and glucose).
Metabolic acidosis (n=48)
Urogenital system (n = 24) Endocrine system (n = 5) Other (n = 15) Multiple diseases
Obstructive FLUTD (n = 6)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 1) Diabetes mellitus + renal problem (n = 1)
(n = 8) Retained placenta (n = 1) Gastrointestinal problem + renal problem
Other renal
(n = 10) Intoxication
(n = 2) Pancreatitis + renal failure + neurologic problem (n = 1)
Shock (n = 2) Pancreatitis + gastrointestinal problem (n = 1)
Neurologic (n = 3)
Gastrointestinal (n = 3)
No diagnosis (n = 3)
Metabolic alkalosis (n = 13)
Gastrointestinal system (n = 4) Neurologic system (n = 4) Other (n = 4) Multiple diseases
Foreign body (n = 2) Intoxication (n = 2) Urogenital disease
(n = 2) Constipation + renal problem
Other (n = 2) Epilepsy (n = 1) Pancreatitis (n = 1)
Other (n = 1) No diagnosis
Table 1. Diagnoses of the included cats. This table shows the distribution of diagnosis amongst the 61 included patients in this study with respectively metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.
A statistically significant difference was found between measured and expected Pco2. The mean for metabolic acidosis was 3.291 mmHg (p <0.0001), and the mean for metabolic alkalosis was -3.197 mmHg (p=0.0006), indicating that the examined population of cats was not able to perform satisfactory respiratory compensation.
It is important to determine the respiratory compensation to metabolic acid-base disturbances in cats in order to optimise choices of further diagnostics and treatments. Our results demonstrate a significant difference between the expected and measured Pco2 in the examined population, indicating that cats with metabolic acid-base disorders do not compensate when compared with what is described as normal for dogs and humans9–11.
This finding was first described in a case report in 1986. A cat with severe acidemia demonstrated low plasma bicarbonate concentration and normal venous Pco2, indicating a metabolic acidosis without respiratory compensation13. Subsequently three additional studies have been performed, failing to detect respiratory compensation in acidemic cats with chronic renal failure (n=13) and in a group of cats with metabolic acidosis of different causes (n=11)14,19. Finally, one study, in which 6 cats developed metabolic acidosis, reported a small decrease in Pco2 demonstrating a detectable, but insufficient respiratory compensation15.
A study from 1986, with eight cats fed ammonium chloride as a urine acidifier, showed a decrease in blood Pco2 and HCO3- without a decrease in blood pH20. This indicated that cats might be able to perform minimal respiratory compensation to prevent acidemia in case of small alterations in the acid-base status of the body. However, our study showed a lack of respiratory compensation for cats in which metabolic acidosis had already developed.
Importantly, the formula used to calculate the respiratory compensation is based on a constant (0.7 mmHg/mEq) derived from studies in dogs, due to the limited evidence of acid-base interpretation in cats. Using the canine constant was considered appropriate because the study focus was to evaluate whether blood gas analysis in cats can be interpreted based on the canine and human criteria. While this approach confirmed that cats do not compensate to the degree observed in canine metabolic acid-base disturbances, it was less optimal than having specific feline criteria. With inspiration from a study by Penman, Luke, and Jarboe21, an attempt of creating our own feline constant was then carried out by plotting Pco2 and HCO3- in a linear regression. For acidosis, the resulting constant was 1.16 and for alkalosis it was 0.77. These values are very similar to values in human studies, which are 1.2 for acidosis and 0.7 for alkalosis22. However, a limitation for this calculation is that it was not possible to compare our Pco2 and HCO3- concentrations to their respective baseline values.
Our results influence the diagnostic process of the veterinarian. When a metabolic acid-base disorder is evident with no compensatory response in Pco2, the veterinarian might suspect an underlying disorder affecting the respiratory system. For a cat, based on these results, this could lead to time-consuming and expensive diagnostic measures searching for a non-existent respiratory disease.
Figure 5. The difference between the measured and the expected Pco2 for the 61 included cats with respectively metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
In the present study, the most common acid-base disturbance in cats was metabolic acidosis (51 of 179 – 28.5%) followed by metabolic alkalosis (15 of 179 – 8.38%). This is not consistent with the results of Hopper, and Epstein23 who found the most common acid-base disturbance in cats to be a mixed disorder with a metabolic acidosis combined with a respiratory acidosis.
The most common cause of metabolic acidosis in this study was renal disease which is coherent with Hopper, and Epstein23. This is supported by a study from 2003 in which 22% of 59 cats with chronic kidney disease were diagnosed with metabolic acidosis14. The most frequent cause of metabolic alkalosis in this study was not possible to identify due to the small number of cats with this abnormality, and since the distribution of diseases was widespread.
No correlation between Pco2 difference and examined hematological and biochemical parameters was found. These results demonstrate no relation between the selected blood parameters and respiratory compensation, indicating that further investigation into this area is likely not necessary.
The present study has some limitations, mainly inherent to retrospective data collection for which specific clinical information is sometimes difficult to obtain. Hence many cats were excluded. Also, the constant (0.7 mmHg/mEq) applied in our equations was based on canine values. If a specific feline constant was established, it would optimise the interpretation of the feline acid-base analysis in clinical practice. However, because we applied a canine constant to feline data, we were able to confirm that cats do not mimic dogs in their respiratory compensation as seen in a blood gas analysis.
Our primary purpose with this study was to establish, with greater certainty, whether respiratory compensation in cats is different from that described in dogs, as indicated by a few previous studies. The population examined in this study was in agreement with previous research, and the study found insufficient respiratory compensation in cats with metabolic disorders based on current companion animal guidelines drawing mainly on canine studies. This finding is of relevance in clinical practice because the lack of compensation seen on blood gas analysis appears to be of little consequence to the cat, unlike dogs for which one should rule out a respiratory disorder in these situations.
Further research into the underlying physiology in cats is considered important in order to explain alternative physiological pathways of compensation in cats and to develop specific guidelines for feline acid-base interpretation.
We would like to thank the veterinarians and veterinary technicians involved in performing blood gas analyses on the included cats and the owners of the cats for allowing them to be included in the project.
de Morais HA, Bach JF, DiBartola SP. Metabolic acid-base disorders in the critical care unit. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2008;38(3): pp. 559–74.
Monnig AA. Practical acid-base in veterinary patients. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2013;43(6): pp. 1273–86.
DiBartola SP. Introduction to acid-base disorders. In: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. 2012; pp. 231–52.
Robinson NE. Acid-base homeostasis. In: Cunningham's Textbook of Veterinary Physiology. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. 2013; pp. 549–58.
Bateman SW. Making sense of blood gas results. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2008;38(3): pp. 543–57.
DiBartola SP. Metabolic acid-base disorders. In: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. 2012; pp. 253–86.
Burton DR. Regulation of acid-base balance. In: Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1994; pp. 300–45.
Verlander JW. Acid-base balance. In: Cunningham's textbook of veterinary physiology.
5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. 2013; pp. 488–94. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. 2012; p. 242.
Poppell JW, Vanamee P, Roberts KE, Randall HT. The effect of ventilatory insufficiency on respiratory compensations in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1956;47(6): pp. 885–90.
van Ypersele de Strihou C, Frans A. The respiratory response to chronic metabolic alkalosis and acidosis in disease. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine. 1973;45(4): pp. 439–48.
Madias NE, Bossert WH, Adrogué HJ. Ventilatory response to chronic metabolic acidosis and alkalosis in the dog. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1984;56(6): pp. 1640–6.
Fettman MJ, Coble JM, Hamar DW, Norrdin RW, Seim HB, Kealy RD, et al. Effect of dietary phosphoric acid supplementation on acid-base balance and mineral and bone metabolism in adult cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1992;53(11): pp. 2125– 35.
Watson ADJ, Culvenor JA, Middelton DJ, Rothwell TLW. Distal renal tubular acidosis in a cat with pyelonephritis. The Veterinary Record. 1986;119(3): pp. 65–8.
Elliott J, Syme HM, Reubens E, Markwell PJ. Assessment of acid-base status of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2003;44(2): pp. 65–70.
Lemieux G, Lemieux C, Duplessis S, Berkofsky J. Metabolic characteristics of cat kidney: Failure to adapt to metabolic acidosis. The American Journal of Physiology. 1990;259(2): pp. R277–81.
DiBartola SP. Introduction to acid-base disorders. In: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice. 4th ed. St.
de Morais HA, Leisewitz AL. Mixed acid-base disorders. In: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. 2012; p. 304.
de Morais HA, Leisewitz AL. Mixed acid-base disorders. In: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid- Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. 2012; pp. 302–15.
Ching SV, Fettman MJ, Hamar DW, Nagode LA, Smith KR. The effect of chronic dietary acidification using ammonium chloride on acid-base and mineral metabolism in the adult cat. The Journal of Nutrition. 1989;119(6): pp. 902–15.
Finco DR, Barsanti JA, Brown SA. Ammonium chloride as a urinary acidifier in cats: Efficacy, safety and rationale for its use. Modern veterinary practice. 1986;67(6): pp. 537– 41.
Penman RW, Luke RG, Jarboe TM. Respiratory effects of hypochloremic alkalosis and potassium depletion in the dog. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1972;33(2): pp. 170–4.
Burton DR. Introduction to simple and mixed acid-base disorders. In: Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1994; p. 508.
Hopper K, Epstein SE. Incidence, nature, and etiology of metabolic acidosis in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2012;26(5): pp. 1107–14
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Homeowner Guides
Patio or Deck Covers
Patio and deck covers are structures that cannot exceed 12 feet in height. They may be a simple structure consisting of a roof and supporting members only or they may be enclosed. Patio covers may be freestanding (detached) or attached to the house.
Enclosed Patios
Patio enclosure walls may have any configuration, provided the open area of the longer wall and one additional wall is equal to at least 65% of the area of the two walls below a minimum of 6 feet 8 inches of the two walls measured from the floor. Openings may be enclosed with insect screening or translucent or transparent plastic that is readily removable and not more than 0.125 (1/8) inch in thickness. Enclosed patios shall not cover the required egress window of a bedroom.
Patio and deck covers shall be used only for recreational outdoor living purposes and not as carports, garages, storage rooms or habitable rooms.
Sunrooms are glassed-in enclosures and are allowed if certain conditions are met:
The door leading into the sunroom from the house is left in place.
The sunroom is not heated and utilized as habitable space.
The sunroom does not cover the required egress window of a bedroom.
The sunroom does not alter the natural lighting and ventilation requirements of the adjacent rooms.
Permits Required
A permit is required for all decks constructed at or above grade.
NOTE: Decks built within 6 inches of the ground should be constructed of redwood or pressure-treated lumber to avoid dry rot.
A patio cover, regardless of size or of roof covering, requires a building permit. Community Development Department approval for placement on the lot is required for structures of 60 sq. ft. and larger.
Required Drawings
Plot Plan - Showing the size and position of the patio or deck in relation to the existing buildings, property lines and public utility easements.
Framing Plan & Elevation - Showing the size of rafters, beams or girders; the distance between supporting columns; the method of attachment to the house and foundation; the type of foundation used, and the materials used to construct the patio or deck.
Handrails & Guardrails
Decks that are constructed 30 inches or more above ground are required to have a guardrail surrounding the deck and a continuous handrail along the flight of stairs serving the deck.
The top of the guardrail shall be not less than 42 inches. Open guardrails shall have intermediate rails or ornamental pattern such that a sphere 4 inches in diameter cannot pass through.
Handrails are required on stairs that have four or more risers. The top of the handrails shall be placed not less than 34 inches nor more than 38 inches above the nosing of treads. They shall be continuous for the full length of the stairs and the ends shall be returned or terminate in newel posts. The handgrip portion of handrails shall not be less than 1 1/2 inches nor more than 2 inches in cross section with an adequate smooth gripping surface with no sharp corners and spaced 1 1/2 inches from an adjacent wall.
When applying for a permit, certain information is required to complete the permit application:
Description of the work
Location of the project
Legal owners' name, address and phone number
Valuation of the proposed work
Other information as may be required
The owner/contractor or an authorized agent is the only legal person who can sign the building permit application. Upon approval of the application and issuance of the permit, the permittee has 180 days to commence work on the project, otherwise the permit automatically expires.
Planning & Development Requirements
A patio/deck cover less than 60 square feet with an open lattice roof and open on 3 sides may be located anywhere on the lot, no closer that 3 feet to any property line and not in the front of the setback area. Patio/deck covers not meeting these criteria require Planning & Development approval and must be consistent with the following regulations:
The structure must be on the rear half of the lot.
The structure may not cover more that 20 percent of the rear-yard setback area.
The structure may be no closer than three feet to any property line.
If the structure is placed between the home and any side property line, the structure must meet the setback requirements for the home.
If the structure is placed on the corner property, the structure shall observe the same street side-yard setback as that required for the home.
Contact the Department of Planning & Development at 707.428.7461 to inquire about setback requirements or any other questions related to these regulations.
The following inspections are made only if a permit is issued for the deck:
Footing - To be made after pier holes are dug and prior to concrete placement.
Final - To be made after girders are set and the deck and handrails and stairs, if used, are installed.
Patio or Deck Cover
Due to the nature of the structure the frame and final inspections are completed at the same time unless the patio walls are enclosed. If the walls are to be covered on both sides, and the framework has electrical wiring, and inspection of the frame is required. A final inspection is made when the patio cover walls are enclosed and the cover is completed.
When To Call For An Inspection
An inspection request recorder is available on a 24-hour basis by calling 707.428.7570. Requests received before 3:00 pm will be scheduled for the following day. All calls received after 3:00 pm will be scheduled 2 business days later. Morning inspections are made sometime between 8:00 am - 12:00 pm, and afternoon inspections between 12:00 pm - 3:00 pm. The approved plans and the inspection card that is issued should be on the job site and available to the inspector at the time of inspection.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Parley is a Theater of Access, committed to making art that's affordable for everyone. No one should be priced out of the theater! In keeping with this value, we are offering pay what you can admission whenever possible. However, seating is limited. If you want to guarantee your seating in advance (recommended!) you may easily do so online.


text:
Insightful Sports Articles
Mercedes move may be the making of Lewis Hamilton's legacy
September 30, 2012 Nick	Leave a comment
On Friday (28th September), it was announced that McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton has signed a three year deal with the Mercedes Formula One team, effective as of the start of the 2013 season and if he can put the team on top of the pile, he will secure his place as one of the sport's all-time greats.
The decision came as a surprise to many observers outside the world of motorsport, but there has speculation amongst those in the know for some time now about a possible move to the Silver Arrows for the 27 year old. His decision signals the end of a 14 year association with Woking-based McLaren and many within the Formula One world have criticised his choice to leave. At the front of the critics queue is McLaren team principal Martin Whitmarsh, who responded to the news by saying 'I wouldn't advise anyone to leave McLaren if they want to win.'
On the face of it, it is difficult to disagree with those who question Hamilton's judgment. Since the German luxury car manufacturer bought out Brawn GP after the 2009 season, its team has managed only one race win (Nico Rosberg, Malaysia 2012) and delivered only four podium finishes. This pales in comparison to the achievements of McLaren in that time. Hamilton alone has won nine races and finished on either the second or third step of the podium a further 12 times, while teammate Jenson Button has managed seven wins and 17 podiums. Furthermore, McLaren have finished second in the Constructors' Championship for the last three years, while Mercedes have been a distant fourth. All of this suggests that Hamilton is taking a backwards step and make no mistake, as things stand, he is. So why move?
Hamilton's decision to leave a successful McLaren team is a gamble (This image is the property of the Daily Telegraph)
Rumours have abounded for a while now that Hamilton is ruffling too many feathers at McLaren. The Englishman has had his fair share of bad luck this year with mechanical faults and pit stop errors, but the team's management have not been impressed with his vocal and public criticism of them. When Hamilton tweeted telemetry data at this season's Belgian Grand Prix making it accessible to millions, Martin Whitmarsh dismissed it publically as a small error of judgement. Behind close doors, you can bet he was fuming. Hamilton has increasingly garnered a reputation as an attention seeker, particularly when compared to the amiable and relaxed Button, and it has been evident for some time that McLaren are growing tired of his antics. A divorce may be the best solution to a love affair that has soured.
Sports fans often like to think that money is not a key factor in the decision making process for men of Hamilton's vast wealth, but it in fact plays a huge role. Hamilton's decision to jump ship and join a less successful team is no exception in this regard. Ross Brawn himself stated that the first move was made by Hamilton's camp and with the riches on offer at Mercedes, this should come as no surprise. It is no secret that McLaren have been looking to offer Hamilton a contract on reduced terms as they need to make economies and weight has been added to this by the signing of Sergio Perez (who is essentially bankrolled by the world's richest man, Carlos Slim Helú) as Hamilton's replacement. According to the Daily Telegraph, Hamilton will earn £20 million a year at Mercedes, compared to the £15 million he is currently paid at McLaren, and the scope for income from commercial activities is also much greater in the silver and green of Mercedes. McLaren are notorious for controlling the image rights of their drivers, something with which Hamilton's representatives have never been happy. At Mercedes however, the 2008 world champion will be free to sign whatever sponsorship deals he wants, significantly boosting his earning potential, while the global profile and appeal of the Mercedes brand will open many new doors in terms of sponsors, allowing Hamilton to profit from the same sort of car-related kudos that benefits Fernando Alonso at Ferrari.While money is a key consideration, it is not however, the overriding factor. Hamilton sees himself as the best driver on the current Formula One grid and for a man of his talents, one world championship is an underachievement. At 27, he is no longer a youngster and having realised this, he has acted to change things.
As things stand, McLaren offers the better chance of delivering a world title, but Ross Brawn and his team at Mercedes appear to have convinced Hamilton that they are the better bet in the long term. As mentioned earlier, McLaren have announced cost-saving measures and some of this is ironically linked to Mercedes. The contract which sees McLaren receive free engines from the German manufacturer expires at the end of the current season, meaning that they will have to spend a great deal of money that they have previously not had to find. With what is said to be the biggest budget in Formula One at an estimated £185 million a year, Ross Brawn's team has no such problems and can afford to build a car around Hamilton, who will be the team's undisputed number one.
It is unclear what McLaren are going to do in terms of engine provision, with some claiming they will simply become a Mercedes customer and others stating that they are going to build their own. Whatever the case, it would seem they have been unable to convince Hamilton that it is a project worth buying in to.
Brawn himself is a selling point as team principal, who would not want to drive for a man who has helped mastermind eight Drivers' and eight Constructors' Championships? Brawn built a dynasty with Michael Schumacher at Ferrari that saw the German clinch five consecutive world titles on his way to becoming the man who many see as the greatest Formula One driver of all time. Hamilton, it would seem, has been convinced that Brawn can do the same at Mercedes. It is a big gamble, but if he can succeed where the great German failed and establish Mercedes as the leading team in the sport for years to come, he will cement his own place as an all-time great.
Categories: Motorsport
Saeed Ajmal: Pakistan's Star Man
By Faisal Hanif
With the fourth edition of the ICC World Twenty20 imminent, one player on most people's list to star at the tournament in Sri Lanka is Pakistan's Saeed Ajmal.
In the post Warne/Murali era the man from Faisalabad has established himself as the premier spin bowler in world cricket. Given his performances over the last year some would even argue that he is the number one bowler outright.
Ajmal, who began his international career at the relatively late age of 30, has made up for lost time. In helping demolish England earlier in the year he became the fastest off spinner in history to 100 test wickets (19 matches). Recently he has also overhauled compatriot Shahid Afridi to become the highest wicket taker in international Twenty20 cricket. In all three formats of the game Ajmal is ranked in the top three in the ICC's official rankings, coming in at number one in ODIs.
Saeed Ajmal in action
His consistency over the last twelve months has been so spectacular that his omission from the shortlist for the ICC's prestigious test player of the year award has caused a national and international outcry.
But stats and awards or the lack of them in this case paint a partial picture of Ajmal's influence on the world game and that of Pakistan cricket as a whole. In the aftermath of the spot fixing scandal that has deprived Pakistan, and world cricket, of two potentially great bowlers in Mohammed Aamer and Mohammed Asif, Ajmal has stepped in to fill the void. He has more than any other bowler, or player for that matter, assured Pakistan's continued competitiveness on the world stage.
For a country famous for its production line of bowling greats he maintains the tradition, sharing a common ability to deceive batsmen with both subtle and exaggerated variations.
His doosra has proved virtually unplayable at times and he has bamboozled even the historic masters of spin bowling like Sachin Tendulkar, as well as dismantling the top order of the then 'number one test team' three test matches in succession. A breakdown of Ajmal's figures show that over 60% of his wickets have involved batsmen from position 1-7 in the batting line up.
Whilst in technical ability Ajmal is most often compared with Muttiah Muralitharan (given the shared occupation as offspiners) he has exhibited characteristics more commonly associated with the other great spin maestro, Shane Warne.
Throughout his career Warne was not only hailed as a great technician but also a master of the mental aspect of the game. As part of the great Aussie generation that revolutionised methods in the mental degradation of opponents, Warne was more often than not the chief culprit.
Ajmal took this one step further as Pakistan prepared to battle the all conquering England team in a three test series in January-February 2012. With his reputation growing in the build up to the series, coupled with the English batting's well known susceptibility to spin bowling, Ajmal issued a warning of having invented a new delivery. The English batsmen, already in dread of having to face the now infamous doosra, where now in a sweat over the mysterious teesra that threatened to compound their problems.
Pundits and fans alike were equally enthralled as to what this new delivery would do. Perhaps as its name suggested it would spin in three different ways? As the series progressed and Ajmal took an impressive 24 wickets at an average of 14.70 it became clear that there was no teesra. The mind games had the desired affect and the doosra and other little variations had been enough to whitewash the competitors and claim a historic victory.
The fact that Ajmal's threats had been taken so seriously shows how much his opponents have come to rate his abilities. As a late developer Ajmal continues to work at his art all the time with each game providing a new subtle variation that doesn't allow a batsman to ever truly settle. It may not be long before an actual teesra is unveiled to the world.
With or without such a delivery he is sure to relish the slow spinning wickets of Sri Lanka and will be Pakistan's trump card in securing a second Twenty20 world title. Despite the twenty over format being a batsman's game he is a good bet to be the star performer and perhaps man of the tournament. Shane Warne certainly thinks so.
Categories: Cricket, Guest Blogs
Bundesliga – Die offizielle Webseite (Deutsch)
Bundesliga – The Official Website (English)
Cricinfo
e-gobbets.com
ESPN Soccernet
NBA Official Website
NFL Official Website
Secondsout.com
Ukrainiansoccer.net
Sport Report on Twitter


Our FUROSHIKI Gift KUROMAME Set includes Teabag Sencha and the traditional KUROMAME bean snack. It is packaged two kinds of premium KUROMAME Snack which has a refined subtle flavor: a balance of pleasant nutty aroma of roasted beans and gentle sweet taste of the coating. They are carefully wrapped with FUROSHIKI Japanese traditional wrapping fabric.
Fujisawa Eiseido created two kinds of modern and refined premium bean snacks using only carefully selected ingredients and developing an original manufacturing method. We are certain you will be delighted with the subtle taste, unique crisp texture, and adorable appearance.
The FUROSHIKI wrapping fabric is of course reusable and perfect for wrapping anything from a gift to a Bento lunch box. It can also be used as a decorative wall hanging, table cloth, scarf, and so on. It depends on your idea. The FUROSHIKI, made of high-quality cotton, is 18.89 inches (48cm) square. It is made in Kyoto, Japan. The drawing pattern is AKA FUJI which is one of the most famous Ukiyoe arts by Hokusai Katsushika.


Today's gospel is a part of the infancy story of Jesus that doesn't get heard a lot. Part of it is familiar—when you hear, "Now Lord you let your servant go in peace," you recognize the words as part of the liturgy, the post-communion canticle or the Nunc dimittis as it used to be called, but this lesson is only used once every three years the first Sunday after Christmas which, for a number of reasons, is traditionally a low Sunday following the big Christmas Eve attendance.
Be that as it may, you are all here today so you get to hear this story that picks up where we left off on Christmas Eve with the presentation of Jesus in the temple and as we unpack this a little bit you'll see that Luke includes this story for a number of reasons that relate to the themes and purposes of his overall gospel message.
What Mary and Joseph were doing in this presentation was observing the law of the Lord as recorded in the book of Numbers. According to this law, the first born male in any family was to be symbolically offered as a gift to God at the temple but then at the same time, the child could be redeemed or bought back for an offering of five shekels of silver. That's what Mary and Joseph were doing with Jesus although Luke misreports things a little bit in saying the price was a pair of turtledoves or two young pigeons. That's not worth getting hung up on though because Luke's point here is to portray Mary and Joseph as obedient observers of Jewish law.
Previously he had portrayed them as obedient observers of Roman law as, despite Mary's pregnancy, they dutifully had gone to Bethlehem for the census which not everyone did. Historical records show that this particular census provoked a rebellion against Roman rule in Judea, but Mary and Joseph and through them Jesus, were not involved; they obeyed the law.
Remember now that this is being written 50 years or so after Jesus' death and resurrection. As he writes this infancy narrative Luke knows how the story plays out part of which is Jesus rejection by the Jewish leaders. What's happening here in this story of the presentation is that Luke is foreshadowing and contrasting that rejection with the acceptance, by Jesus and his family, of the rites and rituals of Judaism. The leaders reject Jesus, but he doesn't reject Judaism and Luke wants to make that point clear.
A central piece of this story is Simeon's, "Now Lord you let your servant go in peace," oracle. It's an announcement of salvation for all people, a revelation to the Gentiles as well as the people of Israel. What this does is to pick up on the universalism of Old Testament texts like today's Isaiah passage where "The Lord God will cause righteousness and praise to spring up before all the nations," and "The nations shall see your vindication, and all the kings your glory." Luke, like Isaiah understands this story of salvation to be for everyone, for all peoples, a break with some Old Testament voices that have a much narrower vision of things, a caution to us concerning how narrow our vision of salvation might be.
Luke also foreshadows things to come with Simeon's words to Mary, "This child is destined for the falling and rising of many in Israel, and to be a sign that will be opposed." He speaks to Mary about "a sword piercing her soul." Luke knows the rest of the story. He knows that while some in Israel will accept Jesus, many will not. So even for us who also know the rest of the story, in the midst of these 12 days, our Christmas joy is tempered somewhat by these words. Discipleship and faith in Jesus doesn't mean that all your troubles disappear; it does not make one immune to suffering, not even Mary. Luke reminds us that the joy experienced at the birth of the Christ child can and must lead to the cross.
I'm not sure that it is part of Luke's plan for telling the story or not, but I think it's interesting that Simeon and Anna are both old people or at least we know Anna was old, 84 years old and it seems that we can infer that Simeon is an old man too. They have little evidence to go on as they make their claims concerning this baby, but somehow they know that this is what they have been looking for, that life is now complete.
I would present this as an example of the wisdom that comes with age. We don't know any more about Simeon and Anna than we get in this story, but maybe they had reached a point in life where they had figured out what was worth having and looking for. This comes up sometimes in Bible study discussions—how our priorities change with age, that some of things you thought were so important when you were younger, the things you wanted, the things you thought you had to have—you find out they weren't so important after all. Your perspective changes.
I sense that Simeon and Anna were at that point, perhaps having stripped away much of the clutter from their lives. Some of you here today, you know exactly what I mean; some of us are still learning as I think this is a process. We do live in a materialist, consumerist world where we are encouraged to buy and to have; Christmas for many becomes an exercise in consumer excess. A few days after Christmas though, a few days before the start of a new calendar year is perhaps a good time to reflect on the appropriateness of all this. Simeon and Anna invite us to think about priorities, and particularly where a relationship with God fits into our priorities.
For Simeon and Anna, their spiritual quest had become the highest priority. It's probably safe to say that that wasn't always the case. They had to have had hopes and dreams throughout life, some of which had probably been met, others left unfulfilled. But in steering their way through life, managing the ups and downs, their hopes had become centered on the promises of God. The wisdom of age revealed to them the identity of this baby brought to the temple for presentation. Attending to their life of faith through the rituals and practices of the temple, the Holy Spirit provided them with the wisdom to know that this was what they were looking for. The fulfillment of God's promises was present and visible to them, but maybe only with the wisdom of age.
It does provide me with an opportunity to honor the older members. Campus Ministry does a "stories of faith" thing every year where they have a conversation with someone, not just pastors, about their story of faith. They invited me a couple of years ago and I was asked if there had been anything about being a pastor that surprised me as I got into it. My answer to that was that I've been surprised by how much I enjoy visiting and talking with old people. It's a privilege to know you and to hear your stories; I learn a lot, some of it about you and your history and the history of the area, but even more I learn about life (sometime even from the grumpy old men).
I remember a few years ago Kathy's son Rob had visited a church where they live in Maine but was a little discouraged because he said it was mostly old people. I told him, "You know, you can learn a lot from those people; it might not be a bad thing," but sometimes even to know that takes a little time, a little age.
Today's gospel ends with, "The child grew and became strong, filled with wisdom; and the favor of God was upon him." May all of us, young and old and in between, be filled with wisdom. May the favor of God be upon us.


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Hotel Pont Royal
5-7 rue de Montalembert Paris 75007 France
In the heart of literary Saint-Germain, on the chic Rue de Bac
Eiffel Tower-Invalides-Orsay
The restaurant holds two Michelin stars
Ernest Hemingway & F. Scott Fitzgerald were frequent visitors to the bar
It's an easy stroll to many Parisian highlights
The Hotel Pont Royal has long been a standout hotel in Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Paris' famous literary district. Overlooking the chic Rue de Bac, known for its select shops and patisseries, it's just around the corner from the d'Orsay Museum and the Louvre.
Notre Dame Cathedral, the Jardin du Luxembourg and the Eiffel Tower are all within a 30-minute walk, and it's 10 minutes on foot from Parisian shopping favorite, Le Bon Marché. There are also six metro stations nearby for access to the rest of the city.
L'Atelier, the 2 Michelin Star restaurant, is run by renowned chef Joël Robuchon and specializes in "superbly executed" small plates (Michelin Guide). You can also order degustation plates via room service. The panelled bar is no less star studded, having played host to literary giants F. Scott Fitzgerald, Henry Miller and Ernest Hemingway. Settle back in one of the leather armchairs with a signature cocktail.
If you fancy dining out, Spanish-style bistro, Semilla, is a 10-minute walk -- Fodor's calls it "the toast of the town" for its laid-back but sophisticated meals and, just across the way is sister restaurant, the extremely popular Fish La Boissonnerie.
Rooms are modern in decor yet cozy and comfortable -- some with views of St Thomas d'Aquin church. Pricier rooms are sizable -- the best with Sacré Coeur and Eiffel Tower views. The top-floor Panoramic Suite is the most indulgent by far, with two rooftop terraces and its own private entrance.
5-7 rue de Montalembert
Wi-Fi in guest rooms (fees apply)
Wi-Fi in public areas (fees apply)
Children and additional guests: Children under 12 stay free of charge when sharing parents' room and using existing bedding (on request). Cot/crib available on request free of charge for children under 2 (max one per room).
Pets: Pets are allowed on request. Charges will be added to your bill on checkout.
Fees: A city tax: 1.20€ per person, per night is included in the total price.


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Clear-Host
Write-ProgressBar -ProgressBar $TronProgress -Activity "Stage 6: Optimize"

##################
##  LOG HEADER  ##
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Write-Host "----------------------------"
Write-Host "      STAGE 6: OPTIMIZE     "
Write-Host "----------------------------"

# Reset the System page file
Write-ProgressBar -ProgressBar $TronProgress -Activity "Stage 6: Optimize" -CurrentOperation "Resetting Page File" -PercentComplete 80
WMIC.exe computersystem set AutomaticManagedPagefile=True

# Optimize the Volume
<# The Optimize-Volume cmdlet optimizes a volume, performing such tasks on supported volumes and system SKUs as
    defragmentation, trim, slab consolidation, and storage tier processing.

     If no parameter is specified, then the default operation will be performed per the drive type as follows.

    -- HDD, Fixed VHD, Storage Space. -Analyze -Defrag.
    -- Tiered Storage Space. -TierOptimize.
    -- SSD with TRIM support. -Retrim.
    -- Storage Space (Thinly provisioned), SAN Virtual Disk (Thinly provisioned), Dynamic VHD, Differencing VHD.
    -Analyze -SlabConsolidate -Retrim.
    -- SSD without TRIM support, Removable FAT, Unknown. No operation. #>

If ($SkipOptimizeC.IsPresent)
	{
		Write-Host "Skipping Optimization of Drive C:\ ... Moving on."
	}
Else
	{
		Write-ProgressBar -ProgressBar $TronProgress -Activity "Stage 6: Optimize" -CurrentOperation "Optimizing C:\" -PercentComplete 82
        Optimize-Volume C
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
< div class="column content">
Wide Receiver | Mississippi Valley State
1985-2000 San Francisco 49ers
2001-04 Oakland Raiders
2004 Seattle Seahawks
Official HOF Bio
Hall of Fame Store
Jerry Rice San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame Name and Number Tee
Represent your favorite football legend in this Jerry Rice San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame Name and Number Tee.
Shop this Itemmm
Honor the Heroes of the Game, Preserve its History, Promote its Values, & Celebrate Excellence Everywhere.
49ers Legend Jerry Rice Recognized at East Oktibbeha County High School with "Hometown Hall of Famers™" Plaque and Presentation
San Francisco 49ers legend Jerry Rice returned to his hometown of Crawford, Miss., Thursday, Nov. 14th, to be honored by Allstate Insurance and the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a "Hometown Hall of FamerTM." Although the high school where the ceremony was held now has a different name than when Rice attended, the halls he roamed and the hill he used to run during football practice were all too familiar to him.
The crowd ranged from ecstatic students and old teammates to Rice's siblings and even his third grade teacher. Allstate representative Robert Emmich hit the nail on the head when he told the audience that "there is no name I can think of that evokes more childhood football memories than Jerry Rice, and Allstate is so proud to be a sponsor of this great program that celebrates these true hometown heroes."
Brock Richards from Pro Football Hall of Fame Enterprises then spoke to the crowd about the importance of hard work and not giving up on your dreams. "Jerry did not get to the Hall of Fame solely because of how well he played the game of football, but how he played the game of life," he explained.
Rice had a very special introduction as plaque presenter and former Mississippi Valley State University football announcer Bo Brown ran through all of Jerry's impressive stats and records. There was a standing ovation as Rice entered the gym, and the speech he gave about the importance of having a solid work ethic and keeping focused no matter what your goals are was certainly one to remember.
Rice choked up as he thanked his mother, who was seated in the first row, for the love and support that she gave Rice and his siblings throughout their childhood. Rice also shared that on his way to the school that morning, he stopped by his father's grave to say thanks for instilling in him the values that have made him the successful role model he is today.
After the ceremony, Rice shook hands, took pictures and talked to each person eagerly waiting to meet him. He spent a great deal of time with the high school football team, posing for photos and giving advice about succeeding not only in their upcoming game, but also in life. Seeing where Rice came from and hearing the obstacles he was able to overcome by work ethic and dedication alone was even more impressive than all of his stats and records.
A native of Crawford, Rice was a standout receiver at Mississippi Valley State University. In 1985, the San Francisco 49ers selected Rice as their first-round draft pick. He went on to play 20 seasons in the NFL, more than any other wide receiver to date. Rice is widely considered to be the greatest receiver in NFL history, and among the greatest NFL players at any position.
In 1986, Rice caught 86 passes for a league-leading 1,570 yards. He also led the NFL in touchdown catches with 15. This marked the first of 11 straight 1,000-yard seasons for Rice who also recorded double-digit receiving touchdown totals in nine of the next 10 seasons. That 1986 season began what is arguably the finest stretch by any receiver in NFL history.
Rice owns virtually every significant receiving mark. Some of the more notable career records include receptions (1,549); receiving yards (22,895 yards); most 1,000-yard receiving seasons (14); total touchdowns (208); and combined net yards (23,546). By the time of his retirement in 2006, Rice had played in eight conference championships and four Super Bowls.
Rice, who was named first-team All-Pro 11 consecutive seasons and voted to 13 Pro Bowls, is also a member of the NFL's All-Decade Teams of the 1980s and 1990s and NFL's 75th Anniversary Team. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010.
NATIONAL REACTION TO BILL COWHER AND JIMMY JOHNSON LIVE WALK ON
Bill Cowher and Jimmy Johnson First Two Hall of Famers Announced for the Class of 2020
Ticket Packages for 2020 Enshrinement
Blue-Ribbon Panel Met to Elect Centennial Slate for Class of 2020 in Canton
49ers Jerry Rice & Joe Montana 16" X 20" Player Canvas
Jerry Rice Autographed Hall of Fame Mini Helmet
Jerry Rice UniFrame


The I in YMM, there is none.
I am not very good at these types of posts.
This is my third time trying to write this post in the past week. It's difficult to quantify the good without reflecting on the bad events of this past year.
My original plan was to do another year end summary of what the YMM Podcast had accomplished in 2012 but although there were many things to list and be proud of, it would come across as dry and not give the projects/events the attention they deserve.
Besides, we live in an age where one can simply go into a Facebook timeline to review events of significance.
In early 2012, a horrific incident on Highway 63 resulted in a reprioritized focus on twinning the highway further. Toddske not only wanted to podcast about it; he wanted to do it live.
Prior to this event, we'd had a few of our friends as guests on the YMM Podcast. They would share opinions, provide commentary and even nerd out with us from time to time. This would be the first time that there would be a true collaboration of skills, talent and effort to put together something of meaning that is important to us and the community.
From this point forward, the podcast grew to include our friends.
The YMM Podcast is beginning to truly live up to its name in that it is bringing together members of the YMM community. It's no longer just Toddske and Tito.
So, who are these friends?
Theresa Wells, a woman who serves as Fort McMurray's champion. Theresa not only defends this community, she does it with calculated speech and poise. I have great admiration and respect for her. You don't always have to agree with her opinion; but one would be hard pressed to argue against it as her passion for the community is matched only by attention to detail and research.
Stacey Northcotte is a photographer. Stacey is a very good photographer. A very modest person by nature, it allows her to create very stunning and impressive designs and images. Her work has become exponentially better over time but she remains grounded and striving to improve her skills.
Steve Reeve is already known in the YMM community. The quality I most like about Steve is that he is a problem solver. His work ethic and attention to detail are what make him a great person to work with. He's also a very dependable friend, often going above and beyond what you expect of him. You should also hear his Joker impression, it's pretty dead on.
Ashley Laurenson was one of our first fans. The truth is that I am a fan of Ashley. She has an energy and creativity to her that is infectious. She's always willing to help out at any capacity and is a quick learner to skills and situations she is new to. Ashley is also fiercely supportive of her friends and the YMM community.
I could go on, Matt Landry, Christian MacNeill, Alex Rushdy, Nolan Haukeness, Misty Oakes, Rhiannon Eldrige, Carli Goudet, Zachary Barrett, Brodie Dransutavicius and many others have all been friends of the podcast and the YMM community. Take a look at some of our podcast this past year and you will quickly see how much they are involved in the community and shining examples of how the Arts are very much alive in Fort McMurray.
As I said it's hard to quantify the good without reflecting on the bad. It's been a very testing year; but I feel it's served to help me appreciate those I am fortunate enough to know.
And then there's Toddske. What can I say about Toddske?
Growing up, I was always told that if you tell someone who your friends are, they can tell you who you are. This was often used to dissuade me from falling in with the wrong crowd. Toddske is my friend, so what does that say about me?
All the wonderful people I've just written this article about are all friends I've met because Toddske is my friend. I know that I would not know them if it weren't for him. It's not in my nature to be as social as he is.
He's ambitious, a hard worker, and a great father. Most of all, he is a true friend to all those around him.


text:
Johnson Jr. Drives to Victory and Record 11th Consecutive Win for DSR Dodge Charger SRT® Hellcat at Mopar® Express Lane NHRA Midwest Nationals Presented by Pennzoil
By DodgeGarage 10/4/2020 11:00 PM Gallery Racing 9 min read
Drag racingDSRNHRA
It was wild action-packed day of racing at the Mopar® Express Land Midwest Nationals Presented by Pennzoil at World Wide Technology Raceway near St. Louis that concluded with an all-Mopar Funny Car final round showdown, a record 11th consecutive national event victory for the Don Schumacher Racing (DSR) team, and a shuffling atop the leaderboard for the final stretch in the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) Funny Car world championship.
Tommy Johnson Jr. earned his second Wally trophy of the 2020 season by defeating DSR teammates Jack Beckman in the semifinals and then Matt Hagan in the final, both of whom he is battling in a tight Funny Car championship fight with just three national events remaining. Johnson did it decisively by posting the quickest run of the weekend in the final, a 3.884-second, 326 mph effort aboard his MD Anderson Dodge Charger SRT® Hellcat, to edge out Hagan's 3.886-second pass at 330 mph.
"The last couple races have been "must do well" races and you look over there (at DSR teammates Beckman and Hagan) and they're still going rounds, so when you do face-up against them, it's a must-win," said Johnson. "You can't let them keep going rounds or you fall a round behind. It was huge to be able to take out both of them today and keep ourselves securely planted in it and make it a solid three three-man race right now".
While Johnson remains third in the standings, the win keeps him in contention with just 34 points separating the three teammates atop the leaderboard. His win also extends the DSR's unprecedented streak of victories to a record 11 national events since October 2019.
"It's incredible that we won that many races in a row as a team and that I won the race today," added Johnson. "It's a tribute to all the hard work, even through the lockdowns and everything. These guys are at the shop working and trying to make everything better even not knowing when we would race again. They continually worked hard to keep that advantage. It's extremely hard to make these cars run that good, that long, and that many runs in a row, so to be able to do it for this long is incredible."
The runner-up finish by Hagan moves the Mopar Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat driver into the championship lead ahead of Beckman and Johnson. He advanced to his 63rd career final elimination with round wins against Bob Bode, teammate Ron Capps and Alexis DeJoria.
"As tough as it is to lose a close final like that, we gained ground and took the points lead, Said Hagan. "We had a good weekend and it's hard to complain when you make a final round. That was the bad side of a really good drag race for our Mopar team. It's a Mopar-sponsored event and we wanted to win for Mopar and Express Lane, but at least another DSR Dodge Hellcat won again with Tommy (Johnson). I just can't say enough about my guy working so hard with no mistakes. (Crew Chief) Dickie Venables is really tuning a mean race car. We've had such a fast car all season long. We're making ground and that's what matters. We're used to this thing being tight and most of these championships are won on the final day of the season by one or two points. I'm extremely proud of my guys. It was a good day and weekend at St. Louis."
Capps saw his race day end prematurely along with any hopes of remaining close to the fight atop the standings as a result of a second fiery run in two events; this one resulting in "oil-down" that cost him 10 valuable points and a quarterfinals loss to Hagan.
Race day at the Mopar Express Lane Midwest Nationals was also marked by a frightening Round 2 incident for Leah Pruett and her Mopar Top Fuel dragster. After qualifying ninth, she started her day with a solid first round pass at 3.676 sec./ 328.38 mph over eighth seeded opponent Pat Dakin (0.057/11.817/70.73), but hopes of adding a few more round wins were cut short on her next run. Halfway through her drag race against DSR teammate Tony Schumacher, Pruett went for a wild ride as her dragster broke in two and went airborne before landing back on track and coming to a stop. The Mopar driver exited her vehicle unaided and walked away unhurt but disappointed.
"The was the most intense round of competition I've ever had and the wildest ride I've ever had, that's for sure," said Pruett who, despite the setback, remains third in the standings behind points leader Steve Torrence and Doug Kalitta. "We're still taking time to process and look at the parts and put a plan together for how to move forward. For me, my body is fine. My mind is fine. The DSR chassis and Impact safety equipment did everything it was supposed to. As a drag racer this is what we do. There's a risk. I think the quicker you can get back on the track, the better. Let's not ever do that again. I thank the lord, my team, the chassis shop, Don (Schumacher), and everybody that helped. Not a great start to October and that was an early Halloween surprise. That's for sure."
The brisk temperatures and windy conditions made it more difficult for low downforce vehicles to compete safely on the dragstrip and as such, the NHRA made the difficult decision to postpone racing for all other classes and categories including Factory Stock Showdown. No. 1 qualifier Mark Pawuk and fellow Mopar Dodge Challenger Drag Pak driver Pruett, who qualified seventh, will have to wait until Monday to head to the staging lanes for FSS eliminations at World Wide Technology Raceway. The Mopar Dodge SRT contingent will head west in two weeks for the 35th annual AAA Texas NHRA FallNationals on Oct. 14–18 at Texas Motorsplex near Dallas. NHRA qualifying highlights will be broadcast on FS1 on Saturday, Oct. 17, at 7:30–8:30 p.m. ET, and Sunday, Oct. 18 from 1–2 p.m. ET. Television coverage of the elimination rounds, including Live finals from the FallNationals, will air on Sunday, Oct. 18, on FS1 from 2–5 p.m. ET.


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Q: erlang crash dump no more index entries i have a problem about erlang.
One of my Erlang node crashes, and generates erl_crash.dump with reason no more index entries in atom_tab (max=1048576).
i checked the dump file and i found that there are a lot of atoms in the form of 'B\2209\000..., (about 1000000 entries)
=proc:<0.11744.7038>
State: Waiting
Name: 'B\2209\000d\022D.
Spawned as: proc_lib:init_p/5
Spawned by: <0.5032.0>
Started: Sun Feb 23 05:23:27 2014
Message queue length: 0
Number of heap fragments: 0
Heap fragment data: 0
Reductions: 1992
Stack+heap: 1597
OldHeap: 1597
Heap unused: 918
OldHeap unused: 376
Program counter: 0x0000000001eb7700 (gen_fsm:loop/7 + 140)
CP: 0x0000000000000000 (invalid)
arity = 0

do you have some experience about what they are?

A:
Atoms
      By default, the maximum number of atoms is 1048576. This limit can be raised or lowered using the +t option.
Note: an atom refers into an atom table which also consumes memory. The atom text is stored once for each unique atom in this table. The atom table is not garbage-collected.

I think that you produce a lot of atom in your program, the number of atom reach the number limition for atom.
You can use this +t option to change the number limition of atom in your erlang VM when your start your erlang node.

A: So it tells you, that you generate atoms. There is somewhere list_to_atom/1 which is called with variable argument. Because you have process with this sort of name, you register/2 processes with this name. It is may be your code or some third party module what you use. It's bad behavior. Don't do that and don't use modules which is doing it.
To be honest, I can imagine design where I would do it intentionally but it is very special case and it is obviously not the case when you ask this question.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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A taluk headquarters town, Mandu is located in Hazaribagh District of Jharkhand. Hazaribagh is around 30 km south.
Hazaribagh Lake, Hazaribagh National Park, Canary Hill and Bokaro Waterfalls are attractions nearby. Nawatanr, Charhi, Rahawan, Bhurkunda and Kuju are the nearest towns.
Ranchi, the state capital, is around 55 km south. Nearest airport is Ranchi Airport and railway station is Hazaribagh Road Railway Station. National Highway 33 has its route through Mandu.


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Riley Connections
All Categories Our Community Health & Wellness Parenting Patient Stories Patient Care
Saving kids who suffer sudden cardiac arrest
Our Community |
Riley partners with a northern Indiana school to achieve the Heart Safe School designation, advocating for training in the proper use of automated external defibrillators.
By Maureen Gilmer, IU Health senior journalist, mgilmer1@iuhealth.org
As a cardiologist at Riley Hospital for Children, Dr. Adam Kean has a vested interest in the heart health of young Hoosiers.
That's why he is championing a new program supported by Riley that aims to save the lives of children around the state who experience sudden cardiac arrest.
Project ADAM (no relation to Dr. Kean) is named for a Wisconsin high school basketball player who died after collapsing on the court in 1997. Designed to improve cardiac arrest preparedness in schools and other places where young people gather, it encourages partnerships between healthcare affiliates and schools to establish emergency plans and cardiac response teams.
Riley Hospital is the first Indiana affiliate of the program, and last week certified its first Heart Safe School in northern Indiana after observing a series of drills with staff and students using automated external defibrillators (AEDs) and CPR.
"It went quite well," Dr. Kean said of the certification exercise. "The students were responsive to the emergency as presented … and there was a phenomenal amount of excitement and initiative toward developing more and more centers where AEDs are positioned and to try to get as many students and faculty involved as possible."
Tonya Aerts is leading the charge for heart health at her school. She isn't a doctor, but she is a teacher, and the deaths of three teenage boys from undiagnosed heart defects – one of them at her school – broke her heart and convinced her that she needed to do more to save young lives.
Aerts teaches biomedical sciences at New Prairie High School in New Carlisle, Indiana, and is an adviser for a co-curricular team for future healthcare professionals. She was on hand May 24, watching proudly as her school community worked together to "save" lives, demonstrating appropriate response times and the proper use of an AED on a mannequin.
She is passionate about educating students and staff about the use of AEDs when necessary to save lives.
"It saddens me beyond belief that there are so many … incidents of sudden cardiac arrest on school campuses and it just keeps happening," she said.
She can't shake the feeling that more could have been done to prevent these deaths, and that has motivated her to push hard for this school-wide drill and better training.
Aerts added that she and other staff are trained to protect students in the event of a fire, tornado or an active shooter, but not enough people were trained in the use of the school's nine AEDs to restore heart rhythm in someone suffering cardiac arrest.
"In all my classes today, I had AED drills," she said earlier last month. "The kids are wanting it; we slide a mannequin in, and boom, they know what to do. We are trying to change the culture to being rescue-ready."
Dr. Kean, who has a specific interest in heart rhythm problems, became aware of Project ADAM when he was training at the University of Michigan 12 years ago.
His goal, like Project ADAM's, is to prevent tragedies like Adam's death and scores of others. As the largest children's hospital in the state, Riley's mission is to save lives, but that extends beyond the hospital's walls into the wider community.
And that requires education and training, specifically in the proper use of AEDs.
Many schools have AEDs, but not enough people onsite truly know how to use them.
"It's all well and good to have the equipment, but you have to practice with it," Dr. Kean said. "That's where the Heart Safe designation is key. We want everyone around to feel empowered to use one of these things in an emergency. There is phenomenal data to support the fact that … if there is a tragedy, we can come to the rescue, and when I say 'we,' I mean we as a community, not just as a hospital."
For that to happen, he added, there needs to be a level of training and understanding that comes from partnerships. In this case, it would be a partnership between Riley and any school that wants to achieve the designation of Heart Safe School.
While New Prairie High School is the first school Riley is partnering with in the state, it won't be the last. Another school, likely in the Indianapolis area, is expected to achieve the designation later this year.
"Our goal is not to have every child in the state come to Riley Hospital," Dr. Kean said. "That's the exact opposite of our goal. We want to take care of the children who need our expertise in Indianapolis, but we'd much prefer for every child to be well at home, and this is a program that supports that."
Photos provided by New Prairie High School
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L E A F Y
recipes: easy, fast, cheap & vegan
Kim Davis, Fishing Licenses, and Pigs
A friend recently posted this on Facebook. It was shared from the wall of Occupy Food, where it has over 14,000 likes. In case you've been living under a wifi-blocking rock, this is a reference to Kim Davis, the Kentucky county clerk who, citing religious and moral principles, refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples even though federal law now requires her to. It's meant as an anti-Kim Davis, and anti-vegan, joke: See how crazy the world would be if we all followed our idiosyncratic beliefs instead of the law? The comments at Occupy Food show this; and the internet is full of different memes and cartoons making the same point.
The truth is that what is moral and what is legal are not always the same. The founder of Toronto Pig Save has been charged with trespassing for giving water to dehydrated pigs in transport trucks on the way to the slaughterhouse. She's a Christian. Being told it's against the law won't stop her because she believes it's her moral duty to bear witness to their suffering (her organization posts photos and videos of the frightened pigs in the trucks) and try to alleviate it. So what's the difference between someone who ought to follow the law and keep their beliefs out of it, and someone who ought to break a law they think is unjust?
I believe the question to ask is: are they trying to widen or contract the circle of compassion? Are they trying to prevent suffering, or are they increasing suffering by denying rights they themselves enjoy to those they classify as "other"? The latter is what Kim Davis did. But it is also what our society does when we deem it legal and acceptable to harm and kill beings we classify as inferior, as not worthy of the right to life or freedom from harm.
Getting in trouble with the law on account of your beliefs is not, in itself, proof that you're right (see: Kim Davis) or wrong (see: Jesus, Ghandi, etc.) But that doesn't mean there's no way to tell right from wrong. Are you trying to spread compassion and kindness to those who have been left out, or keep it from them? I say: soldier on (probably fictional) vegan county clerk! And everyone else who stands for the disenfranchised "others" whose suffering our society would dismiss or condone.
"I love swimming, I feel so graceful in the water." Photo courtesy of Esther the Wonder Pig.
Posted by Kirsten Bakis at 7:49 PM
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MYNEO: NEW AIRCRAFTS WITH "GODFATHER"
They're new to the Company and, therefore, we want to receive them in the best way. The new NEO will now have an even closer and special accompaniment by being "sponsored" by the TAP Directions. The MyNEO program aims to create a unique relationship between Employees and new aircrafts, involving all areas of the Company in the Company's growth.
The first ones to meet their godchildren were the Internal Audit and Safety & Security areas, which on 11th and 12th April had already sent an Ambassador onboard of the delivery flights of the Airbus A320neo CS-TVC and the A330neo CS-TUA, to accompany their godchildren upon arrival in the TAP fleet.
"It's a pride to be godparents."
António Espírito Santo was the Ambassador of the Safety & Security area chosen to "bring home" the new Airbus A330neo and did not spare compliments for the opportunity he had. "It was impressive to be at the Airbus, to experience the airplane comfort, the performance, and the efficiency. During the trip I felt that CS-TUA was really "My NEO" and I am happy to share it with all of those who choose TAP to travel", said the colleagues.
Ana Paula Barata, Ambassador of the Internal Audit, accompanied the godson A320neo, the CS-TVC, from Hamburg to Lisbon and, despite being chosen by draw, admits she was "rewarded" for the 27 years of TAP she has. "We are proud to be the first godparents and to have this opportunity to see how everything works and how the other areas work - Fleet and ME, for example -, especially for us, who are further away from this reality", said the colleagues.
Received and always accompanied by elements of the Fleet Planning area, both ambassadors emphasized the professionalism of this team, which has supported the MyNEO initiative from the very beginning, as well as the DOV, ME and Legal Office, also involved in the process.
Sponsorship: from the visit to the commitment
Both areas met in Hangar 6, on April 12th and 15th, to get a closer look at each of the new planes, with a first-hand and exclusive visit to the interior. The godparents also had the privilege of being able to stick the sticker on the new airplane on the huge display screen in the TAP's Canteen. A way to bring the Employees closer to the transformation that the Company is experiencing today.
According to Fátima Geada, Director of Internal Audit, "this is a fantastic initiative to create team spirit and to involve our Employees in the Company's dynamism and growth." Captain Gonçalo Nápoles, Director of Safety & Security, shares the same opinion and highlights that "it's a very important recognition for the teams involved," making the reality of aviation even closer to those who work on the ground.
The MyNEO program allows an area to "sponsor" each new airplane and includes several moments, including the delivery flight, directly from the Airbus fabric, in Toulouse or Hamburg, the reception of the plane in Lisbon, the visit to the interior of the aircraft, the collage the TAP Campus sticker and the reception of a Diploma and Letter of Intent, where they accept their duties as godparents.
It's also important to remember that, by the end of this year, TAP should receive a total of 37 planes, and, in total, 71 until 2025. The first godparents have already begun to share photographs of their godchildren. Follow all publications on Social Networks, through #myneo.
Image gallery
Images of Godparents


NATC is sponsored and presented by the Taiko Community Alliance.
TCA invites you to partner with us to make NATC 2019 happen. If you are interested in becoming a sponsor for NATC 2019, please contact Susan Yuen, Fundraising Committee Chairperson, at susan@taikocommunityalliance.org.


After registering their first win of the IPL 2019 against KXIP on Saturday, Royal Challengers Bangalore look to sustain the once elusive momentum as they face a stern test of upstaging three time champions, Mumbai Indians at their abode of the iconic Wankhede. Mumbai on the other hand, were dealt a reality check as they found themselves on the wrong side of a Jos Buttler blitzkrieg.
With the IPL Points Table slowing taking a definitive look with each passing match, Mumbai would be looking to keep up with the likes of Kolkata Knight Riders and Chennai Super Kings while it is do-or-die for RCB, with little margin of error as far as qualification to the play-offs are concerned. With some of the best players in world cricket taking centrestage on Monday, here are a few tips and suggestions to help you pick your fantasy team for this promising clash.
With Alzarri Joseph taken to the cleaners in the last two matches at the Wankhede, Lasith Malinga is set to return to the playing XI while the rest of the side should ideally remain the same. Quinton de Kock and Rohit Sharma are in good touch at the top of the order while the relatively inexperienced middle order of Suryakumar Yadav, Ishan Kishan and Krunal Pandya haven't consistently performed and would be expected to come up with a telling contribution against RCB. With a bowling attack filled with variety, Mumbai should back themselves in this high-octane clash and return to winning ways.
Possible XI: Rohit(C), de Kock(WK), Surya, Ishan, Krunal, Pollard, Hardik, Chahar, Bumrah, Behrendorff and Malinga.
After finally breaking the duck this season, RCB could look into bringing Shimron Hetmyer or Colin de Grandhomme for Akshdeep Nath to add more firepower to the batting unit while Navdeep Saini's resurgance has been one of the few shining lights in what has been a lackluster campaign so far for RCB. Virat Kohli and AB de Villiers hold key on a flat track in Mumbai with the likes of Parthiv Patel and Marcus Stoinis expected to complement the aforementioned duo on Monday.
Possible XI: Virat (C), Parthiv(WK), de Villiers, Stoinis, Ali, Hetmyer/Nath, Negi, Umesh, Saini, Siraj and Chahal.
Wicket-keeper: Quinton de Kock is the ideal candidate for this slot considering his recent form. He top-scored for Mumbai against RR and would be looking to build on it with another good performance against his former team on Monday.
Batsmen: Two of Rohit Sharma, AB de Villiers and Virat Kohli is a must while the likes of Suryakumar Yadav and Ishan Kishan are also viable options to complete the batting department. Suryakumar Yadav hasn't been able to replicate his 2018 exploits when he broke the record for most runs in a season by an uncapped player, batting at the top of the Mumbai batting unit. Expect him to spring back to form against a relatively weak RCB bowling line-up.
Allrounders: With a number of highly talented allrounders available for the taking, Hardik Pandya and Marcus Stoinis are must haves with their skill-set bound to come into play under the lights. Krunal Pandya is a viable option to complete the allrounders with his economical left-arm spin and ability to strike the boundaries being crucial to Mumbai's cause.
Bowlers: Jasprit Bumrah and Yuzvendra Chahal are invaluable assets to any team with their wicket taking ability while Navdeep Saini has been quite impressive without many wickets to show for. He could be a critical selection to the fantasy team on a pacy Mumbai wicket while Jason Behrendorff should ideally complete the fantasy team with his incisive swing bowling.
Captain: Rohit Sharma has a good record against RCB and would be hoping to score his first fifty of the season on Monday. Along with Rohit, AB de Villiers and Krunal Pandya are also viable options for captaincy.
Follow Sportskeeda for all the updates on IPL Orange Cap, points table, schedule, news, live scores, orange cap and fantasy tips.


This three-volume work, published in 1864–6, was edited by Thomas Oswald Cockayne (1807–73), a Cambridge graduate, much-published early member of the London Philological Society, and teacher of the philologists Walter Skeat and Henry Sweet. It is a collection of writings from pre-Conquest Britain on plants, medicine and the heavens, mostly in Old English with accompanying modern English translations. The preface of Volume 2 outlines evidence for early medieval British material culture, particularly foodstuffs, drink, fabrics and metals, and argues against dismissing the Anglo-Saxons and their contemporaries as 'primitive'. The Old English text in this volume is taken from a tenth-century manuscript in the Royal Collection, which Cockayne suggests may have belonged to the Abbot of Glastonbury. It is a careful and thorough compilation of remedies for conditions ranging from toothache to complications of pregnancy, and digestive problems to mental illness, and reveals the influence of Greek medical learning in the Anglo-Saxon world.


We'll survey for Yellow-billed cuckoo by splitting into two groups to walk segments of the Agua Fria River that are 2 miles and 5 miles in length. Meet in Phx at 4:30am to carpool and arrive at the sites by dawn. Mostly flat walking at a moderate pace in the sandy, rocky river bottom. Cool shady start, warm by the end. Expect muddy or wet crossings. Finish by ~ 10:30am, return to Phx by noon.


Human Acts by Han Kang is an eloquent and masterful investigation. It is an investigation into humanity, into the existence and nature of the soul, into the effects and implications of our memories. Originally written in Korean and published in 2014, translator Deborah Smith does a superb job of expressing these sentiments in her stunning yet detached translation of Human Acts.
The book is split into several narratives, each told by a different character, but all interrelated. Human Acts begins, though, with a student uprising in South Korea in the 1980's. This is where the reader meets, or essentially is, Dong-ho, the character that stitches together all the rest of the stories. Told in second person perspective, Dong-ho's narrative becomes the reader's story: a story that then follows the reader through the rest of the book, a story told through a multitude of eyes, eyes that have seen Dong-ho, eyes that haven't. Every perspective, every retelling, is an attempt to crack open the mystery of death, the mystery of evil.
Dong-ho haunts the characters of Human Acts through their memories or knowledge of him. The characters cannot escape the injustices that were done to Dong-ho nor the innocence he embodied. In fact, no character can turn away from the horror surrounding her despite any effort to do so. Even if given the chance to run from the pain or the terror, no one can. They need to absorb it, to be with the horror happening around them. Whether to justify the existence of those who perished or to stand staunchly against ignorance and in unison, Kang never fully reveals.
The desperate search for "why" pervades Human Acts in a way that makes the question also burn into the reader's mind. Why such terror? Why such hatred? Why such pain?
Han Kang does a superb job of wrapping together her themes without providing an answer to any of the questions she raises. She seems to point to the fact that we are all human: these terrible acts have been committed by humans. Humans who have jobs. Humans who have families. Humans who feel. Humans who love. Humans who hate.
Beautiful, terrifying, and an absolute must read, Human Acts by Han Kang will be released in the United States on January 17, 2017. You can preorder a copy at your local bookstore today.