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History: the Beginnings
The Importance of Signs for Health and Safety
A key element of health and safety signage is its ability to communicate information clearly and concisely. It must contain enough information to ensure that workers and visitors understand its meaning and use it to prevent accidents and illnesses. Regardless of the industry sector and reason for safety signs, you can find signs that can be used both indoors and outdoors.
The Role of Signs for Health and Safety
While signs don't need to carry tags, they must be visible from a distance of at least five feet. Some signs may also carry other information, such as a warning or an instruction, so the language of the signs should be comprehensible. They can help communicate important safety instructions, such as where to go in case of a fire or other emergency. They can also direct people to safety equipment. Signs can be used in industrial settings to convey important safety information, such as emergency exits and the location of essential emergency equipment. All exits must have highly visible "Exit" signs. Signs may also be used to designate certain areas as "Not Exit" zones or for specific safety topics, such as sanitation.
In addition to warnings, safety signage can be used to create a heightened sense of safety in a workplace. Red, for example, is used to warn of immediate danger. Its use is particularly important in life-threatening work environments. In addition, yellow signs are often used to draw attention to less serious threats. Orange signs, on the other hand, are used to alert workers to minor or moderate threats.
When used correctly, safety signage can reduce workplace accidents and protect workers. When properly designed, they can even increase productivity. They can also promote an environment that encourages productivity and innovation. Ultimately, health and safety signage can benefit your business and improve its reputation among employers. When used properly, signs can prevent accidents and save money in the long run.
In addition to warning signs, there are other signs designed to provide general notices. They provide guidelines on first aid, medical equipment, and general safety practices. Those signs that contain the safety alert symbol are not meant to be used in dangerous workplaces. However, they are important in commercial settings. The following are some examples of general safety signage:
Prohibition and warning signs
Prohibition signs are red circles with a black border that tell people not to perform a certain activity. These signs are usually red and are designed to prevent workplace accidents. The black safety symbol on a red circle is a clear indication of what the sign means.
These signs tell people what they must do or obey. In contrast, mandatory signs are white, round, and feature a black border.
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Act-Age Manga Writer Confessed to His Crimes in 1st Day in Court
TRIGGER WARNING: Sexual assault against minors is discussed in the following article. Please exercise caution when reading.
Japan's national broadcaster, NHK, reported on November 24 that the writer of the Act-Age manga series, Tatsuya Matsuki, had his trial in Tokyo District Court today. Matsuki was previously arrested in August for allegedly performing obscene acts on two junior-high-school aged girls in Nakano Ward of Tokyo. This trial is for just one of the sexual assaults against a 14-year old girl.
Image via NHK
When the charges were read to the writer, Matsuki once again confessed to the crime and stated his motive was that he "had multiple worries and anxieties, but I couldn't talk about them and had become desperate. I also had a complex about women so I took it out on strangers." He also added that he "cannot apologize enough to the victims for what [he] has done." Matsuki initially confessed back in August when shown video evidence, stating that it was "no question" he was in the video.
The prosecutors are aiming for a 1 year and 6-month prison sentence for Matsuki for the one charge of sexual assault against a minor, though the writer's defense attorney is requesting a suspended sentence due to Matsuki being "socially sanctioned" by having his manga series canceled.
The Act-Age manga series had its serialization canceled in Weekly Shonen Jump and the English Shonen Jump. To-be released volumes of the series were canceled with reprints being discontinued. The artist of Act-Age, Shiro Usazaki, previously expressed her support for the victims, saying "It is truly an act of courage to speak about in the midst of the face of such a traumatic experience."
Tatsuya Matsuki's verdict is scheduled to be handed down on December 23.
Source: NHK
Daryl Harding is a Japan Correspondent for Crunchyroll News. He also runs a YouTube channel about Japan stuff called TheDoctorDazza, tweets at @DoctorDazza, and posts photos of his travels on Instagram.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Electronic Music in France
What is electronic music?
The ecosystem
The figures
Survey - Electronic Music in France
Play live
Manage your author's rights
Club/Festival
Initiative of Sacem
Electronic music in France: the figures
Electronic music in France represents 416 million euros excluding taxes.
71% (295 million euros) comes from the turnover of clubs and discos and 11% (47 million euros) from the turnover of festivals. These two segments alone represent 82% of the economic impact.
5% (20 million euros) comes from the export of this music, 4% (16 million euros) from digital distribution on streaming and downloading platforms, 4% (15 million euros) from authors' rights and related rights claimed for the broadcasting of works on TV and radio, 3% (13 million euros) from the distribution of physical media, 1% (5 million euros) come from rights claimed for background music for public areas and events and 1% (4.5 million euros) comes from domestic revenue for synchronizations.
The techno/house subset that we have set apart represents 98 million euros excluding taxes, or 24% of the total. The two main segments represent 92% of the impact of the set: 58% (57 million euros) come from the turnover of clubs representing 19% of the total turnover for clubs and discos for electronic music and 34% (34 million euros) from the turnover for festivals representing 72% of the total turnover for festivals for electronic music.
3% (3 million euros) comes from the export of this music, 2% (2 million euros) come from domestic revenue for synchronizations, 2% also (2 million euros) from digital distribution on streaming and downloading platforms and less than 1% (0.6 million euros) from the distribution of physical media.
Electronic music represents 17% of modern music.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC MUSIC
The market for electronic music represents a total of 416 million euros excluding taxes, or 17% of the market for modern music.
ECONOMIC IMPACT BY SECTOR
This market is driven by live performance: The turnover of electronic music represents 35% of the turnover of clubs and discos. Electronic music festivals are 21% of the total turnover generated by modern music festivals.
As far as physical and digital distribution is concerned, consumption of electronic music differs from usages of other music. In the online music market, 7% of income from modern music comes from the digital distribution of electronic music. For physical media, this proportion drops to 3%.
REVENUE FROM DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION AND PHYSICAL MEDIA
The physical/digital split is once again specific in the electronic music field: the proportion of digital distribution for electronic music reaches 55% and even 71% for techno/house.
REVENUE FROM SALES OF PHYSICAL MEDIA
It should be noted that vinyl records are a flagship medium for electronic music. While they account for 5% of sales of modern music in physical media, vinyl represents 12% of sales of electronic music. It is even more relevant for techno/house with its leading share of 75% of sales in physical media.
To read more consult the survey:
Electronic Music in France10.69 MB
- What is electronic music?
- The ecosystem
- Festivals
- Clubs
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the art is inside
About Blesok
Home/Literature, Essays, Blesok no. 84/The Savage Detectives
The action of this grandiose novel is set in Mexico City but also throughout the country, and in different places in Latin America. It stretches also in European cities such as Paris, Barcelona, or at the Mediterranean shore. The geographical extension and the multiplication of places and episodes lead towards the construction of a monumental, totalizing work. The places mentioned are submitted to a game of decomposition that functions both on a local and global level. The expanding system revolves around the evocation of the life and work of a group of young poets, and especially around Arturo Belano and Ulises Lima (the two main characters), and Garcia Madero and the young Lupe. The subject of the novel is the disappearing of the poetess – Cesarea Tinajero, and the search of hers traces. The first three belong to a group of young poets (the "vice realist") who give all their efforts in publishing a literary review. Being university students who, in order to study, occasionally sell marijuana with the pretext of believing in what they do and considering themselves as true hope of Mexican poetry. The figure of the disappeared poetess becomes more and more mystic while reading, keeping in mind the very few traces left of her. At first glance the novel may seem chaotic, but its totalizing principals confirm its meticulous structure. It is divided in three parts: Mexicans lost in Mexico; The Savage Detectives; The Deserts of Sonora. In all these parts the course of the action and its content is given by the confessions of the intimate journals of all the friends, parents and close family, acquaintances, editors, publishers and everyone else imaginable that in one moment of his/hers life was in contact with Cesarea. The confessions are not given in a linear time, but rather the voices of dozens of persons interchange. This totalizing explicitly structured game tells us that there is a certain and a direct relation between the search of the disappeared poetess and the amplification of places and episodes, especially when the structure of the novel stresses the paragraphs where history intersects events from the future which follow some years after the famous search. By extending their quest more places and episodes come to the reader's mind: various everyday life scenes, some person's intimate thoughts, some other's fears and frustrations… The lost and forgotten poetess is at the same time the image of the aggregation and of de-aggregation, she is the aim of the search and the motif of their constant replacement.
Constructing the Aspects of the Otherness
The central figure of the poet is operationalized not only because the search consists of young poets in a chase of a poetess, but because the ideology in the novel shows the author as a person who could bring society to essential changes and indulge culture. This is most evident in the second part of the novel where intimate declarations of the others writers journals from the time when Cesarea was young can be read. If we rely on Bachtin's notions, for a novel to exist as an aesthetical happening there must be a dialogical relation between the author and its characters.1F As man in art is a complete man, the characters from the "Detectives" are total entities who function as a whole. Being truthful they meticulously simulate reality. "The aesthetical creation and the building of the outer body and its world represent a gift from another consciousness – from the author spectator of the hero" says Bachtin. (Ibid. 19) The creation, the representation and the expression of a certain concrete idea is a productive, creative relation form the "other" within the author. The otherness is a conscious presence in the author's and the characters' minds. Being poets, they have no other option but to be in touch with their other self. They are also creators, they thrive to write. They organize the search which is another kind of creation. During the search they create themselves. The novel is entirely determined by the otherness – the reader is in expectance of the otherness to appear, to be analyzed, or to bring some interruption in the action. The poets and the reader are in a constant pursuit of the manifestations of the otherness – people, journals, trills, and the discovered otherness within themselves they try to manage along the way. The poets had to cross the entire Latino American continent, to come to Europe and wonder around towns and places, to realize that the other is a category and a value within. Our characters acting upon their own free will and motifs as they are complete artistic articulations, are related to Bachtin's notion that "the compassionate understanding recreates the whole human innerness into the preferred aesthetical categories for a new life on a new level of the world." (Ibid. 22) The world itself, it's difficult to understand and easy to get lost state of being is a constructive and aesthetic crutch in the general understanding of the novel. The space dimension of the novel works as a mega metaphor. The real dimensions of the search would spread in thousands of miles. Through the characters-in-happening, the space dimension articulates itself as if it was a spider web. Through the constructs of the characters, the construction of the world map begins to reveal in the reader's mind. They influence and shape the space they visit.
There is also a significant relation between the search, the Other and writing taken as creative action. This triple relation is a pillar around which the main action unfolds. The emotive burden in its totality for the person bearing it exists only in relation with the other. Without the other our own lives would not have that special weight (Bachtin, ibid 23-24). The young poets reshape themselves on a subconscious level in the projection they have for Cesarea. Without this distant other the young poets wouldn't be creditable to be represented in a novel. But these emotional nuances of feelings and thoughts we have for the other seem to strengthen it. The more their search ends up in a dead end, the more importance Cesarea gains. The more unreachable the poetess seems to be the more space is needed for the poets-characters to come into being. Time and space limits for the author don't have a formal, organizational significance as they have for the life of the other. The other is always completely defined in time and space frames. However vague the space determination of Cesarea may be she is well determined by the author Bolano first, than by the young poets, than by her peers and colleagues, and then by the reader holding the book. The space than stretches out, it too becomes into being. Furthermore, in Bachtin's words – "the other is always standing across me as an object and his outer look is set in space and his inner life is set in time" (Ibid. 26). The reader deals with only the young poets' projection of the poetesses, not with Cesearea as a fully constructed character.
The Margin Value of the Search
On the syntagmatic level the other writers' stories can be systematically connected within a certain political, artistic and cultural context. The vanishing of the poetess happened during the seventies when the army entered into the university edifices forcing the students to leave the place. The paradox is that during this taking over Cesarea was hidden in the toilettes becoming a witness that saw nothing. After this she leaves her secretary employment, leaves the capital and moves to the most distant, forgotten place she could find in the state of Mexico. That is the little town in the deserts of Sonora situated in the middle of the country. If we again lean on Bachtin's2F principals we would see that the cultural domain is a concept where the borders of the spatial entity is surpassed and enriched with the idea that it also represents an inner territory. The young poets, Cesarea and the other characters mentioned are bearers of their cultures. Following the same perspective, the author should leave his inner personal deeply rooted concept of culture to be able to transmit it into the work of art. All cultural acts in their essence survive on the border and the search itself, being situated everywhere and nowhere, being separated from the other conventional activities possible in the novel, has a border value. The search and its winding form function as a margin, as a specific spatial entity with its proper features. The search is the melting pot of ideas, attitudes, emotions and experiences – culture in happening. Cesarea's work has left traces in the living and spatial context of the vice-realists – this connection of lived and artistic experiences is the existing sign of the logic of succession of the events and places in the novel. In the novelist creation, Bachtin carries on (Ibid. 40-46) the cognitive act comes from the aesthetic representation and the vision one has of the artistic object. We could relate this attitude towards our own reception of the novel, our "becoming of knowledge" of something in the novel that we weren't aware of before. But, more deeply, the cognitive act happens within the structure of the novel, the art work of Cesarea and its influence. The vice realists become vice realists mainly because of Cesarea's work. They lead this kind of semi hippy semi philosophical lifestyle because of the truth they seem to find in her work.
The artistic act exists in a special kind of ambiance that brings value upon what it seems to be consciously determined. The contemplation of poetry and literature is present on almost every page in the novel. The significance of poetry and the principals of l'art-pour-l'artism, accentuated almost everywhere, is another light-motif. The work of art lives and becomes full of significance in a certain reciprocal relation, active towards a certain reality, which is identified and valorized by the artistic creation. In our case a postmodern author like Bolano manages to transmit the idea, in a decomposing yet synthetic way, of modern existential uncertainties prostrated into the novelistic work by becoming the uncertainties of the characters. Reality is dynamic and alive in a distinguishable manner, but also in a social, political and religious manner; and all these phenomena are a part of an equally dynamic world. In this sense, the comparison of the act of creation and undertaking the search is functional and essential. The act of searching and investigating consist of projection of a specific personal vision of the same world where the search takes place. In this sense, also, a triad of notions is a knot in the narration of the novel: the reality of the young poets, the literature they take into consideration, the fact that they are searching in the name of literature. Life is not to be found only outside of the artistic creations but equally in its interior, in the total fullness of its axiological weight – social, political, theoretical or another kind. The artistic creation incorporates the known reality and it transfers it on another level of values. The possibility of finding the correspondent proportion between the notion, the realization of the search and the creative act is very much visible and logical. The entity of the search could bear the status of a work of art because the world increases its proper vision while the search is going on. The axiological content of the lived reality with all its forms is the event of reality. The artist is not a direct participant in this event but his position is more of a contemplator. By realizing the axiological sense of the event in accomplishment the author doesn't bear the event but he sympathizes with it, and participates indirectly. Thus this search could be thought of not only as a stretching form but also as a rich content – the finding of the object of the search is like the form of an abstract work of art that completes its meaning gradually as the search comes to its end. For the form to have an aesthetical sense, the content that it encloses has to have cognitive and ethical significance. In this sense the search stretches on several distinguished directions that enclose the content creating simultaneously the form. The aesthetical important form encloses the semantic and autonomic intention of life – this is exactly Bolano's intention, but it is also the practical goal of the young poets searching because their own life imports the form of the search.
Structural Technicalities
The spatial dimension of the search is bearer of content and meaning. If we are to understand Bolano's work as a reply to the socio-ideological state of Mexico in the seventies, we are to understand that the characters relate directly to the events from this period. The poetry and the discourse of these young people is socio – ideological-political unconsciously predetermined answer of the period mentioned. Cesarea's discourse is a part of this very same response of the vast Mexican context. In the novel, the dialogism derives from the interior conceptualization of the same object and its expression. All the languages of the multilingualism abundant in the novel are specific points of view, a form of verbal interpretations that encounter themselves in the consciousness of the author and on a common level in the novel. The language stratification and the work that it indulges represent saturation and the more this language stratification endures the vaster is the social milieu that it embraces. The author doesn't destroy the languages of the others and doesn't deny its perspectives. He uses their worlds and their socio – ideological micro cosmoses that are hiding under this orchestrated polyphonic. The interior discourse of the novel demands declaration of the concrete social context oriented towards the entire stylistic structure, its form and its content. The decentralized world finds its novelistic expression and this implies a differentiated social group related to the tension in reciprocity with other social groups. The composition is always related to the decomposition of the verbal ideological and stable systems; and as a counter weight it stratifies and makes the structure of the novel more compact and more totalizing. The saturating elements in the "Detectives" are so numerous that the structural unity is clear because the novel is about innumerous episodes, places, voices, times that overlap and that create a gap in the chronological line but are presented coherently.
Postmodern Narration – Intern Landscapes Global Criticism
Following the articulation of different spaces and places we could agree with Homi K. Baba's idea about what the modern narrative represents.3F Roberto Bolano is articulates the world's multiplicity and the aspect of instant production. His postmodern style is thoroughly profound but digestible. The western nations (as the Mexican one is presented in the novel) have this uncertain but omnipresent narrative and way of living which enables "locality" to be global. The local colors, the special Mexican characters, the context in which they try hard to make their lives better revolves more about temporality than about historicity. Their form of living, of prevailing through life goes beyond the borders of "community", and becomes more mythological than the ideology. The narrative of the nation- state and of the vast postmodern global world is a political ideologized pre given narrative that the author so skillfully uses. By presenting a critical response to his own nation and past society, Bolano articulates space to tell us an even deeper story. We continue to follow Baba's thought that "in our theory of travel we are conscious about the METAPHORICITY of the people, and we are to find out that the space of the modern people – nation is never simply horizontal" (Ibid. 176-177). The new ways of living and existing demand a kind of "duality" while writing which refers to the temporality of representation that come from cultural formations (so clear in our novel: the university milieu, the reviews, the publishing houses, the bars and locals of Mexico City) and the social processes without a strictly centered cause and consequence logic. This is postmodern literature in happening.
The author incorporates the ambivalent and mixed processes of a certain time and place into his writings that construct the problematic contemporary or postmodern experience of the western nation. The novel is abundant in descriptions of the capital, of its venues, city parks, dirty streets, and smoky allies. The problematic boundaries of contemporary state of being are represented in these ambivalent temporalities of the nation-space. The different times juxtaposed in the novel relate to different places. Sometimes the same place is given in different time thus turning the grand search into a private search of the young poets, in the same time being a personal search for the author himself but also to the devoted reader. It is clear that all the landscape descriptions in the novel serve as mere metaphor for the chaotic yet structured meaning of the work. "The frequent metaphor of the landscape, as an essential interior characteristic of the national identity, accentuates the question of the social visibility" – says Baba (Ibid. 200). The official state rhetoric is excluded from the novel but we sense the subtle author's critic while reading the inner voices of the young poets and their left winded logic. The reader is traveling along with the people on the margins, with a special underground community – people coming from particular secret, burdened by hard life and misery places. "The national time becomes concrete and visible in the chrono-top of the local, the particular, the graphic, from beginning to the end" (H.K. Baba. Ibid. 180-181). Being able to present the local in time and space, he transmits a universal message that the nation, being deprived from the visibility of historicism becomes a saturating symbol of modernity, but also a symptom of contemporary cultural ethnography. The bounder that limits the essence of the nation interrupts the self generating time for national creation and its narrative within a given space, and becomes a space for self representation. Thus, the limited nation becomes a narrow form of society's presentation, a space marked from within by the cultural differences and by heterogeneous histories and strained cultural locations. The novel's restrained image of space describes the nation it belongs to and it's previously given and presently criticized narrative. The historic discourse is dissolved. Cesarea's discourse in her own time and space, and socio – ideological surrounding is put by the existing regime at the margins. And then chronologically the discourse of the young poets is again marginalized.
The superposition of the discourses in the structure gives away the modern world as a no man's land, without a specific name or history. The localized place becomes half of the world. The current political nation's unity consists of irrevocable paradigms and dislocates its plural space in special archaic and mythical space; the new represented stylized space paradoxically demonstrates the essence of the nation. In this way the territory gets the stratus of traditionalism, something that the postmodern mind of Bolano so delicately is trying to transmit. Our author speaks indirectly about Mexican traditionalism and the way it can be surpassed by the young searching poets. The scrupulous characters emerge saturating from the inside of the content sense into the specific places to prove the cultural differences between the envisaged socio-ideological Mexican state and the national discourse. Bolano demonstrates the "confusion of modern living". The space taken by human life is where life is pushed to absolute limits. The search nearly becomes a completed circle, instead, in the spirit of the true postmodern moral it becomes an evolving spiral.
The young poets' attitude towards life is uncertain and errant. If refer to Benjamin (Ibid.203, 204)4F, we would come to realize that the novel became a personal refuge place for the author, as poetry is for Arturo and Ulises. To write a novel means to bring the immeasurable absurd of human life to the limits of presentation. Through the saturating presentation of life's empty fullness, the author gives examples of contemporary living deep confusion deprived of real answers and solutions. In this way the author creates a hybrid space of meaning. And, it is quite natural that in the Western world, the city is that convenient metaphor that procures new identifications, new socio-ideological movements, where the acutance of modern chaotic living happens. The descriptions of Mexico City and some other cities is a clear metaphor of the postmodern humanity's state of existing. Deprivations of traditional values, life on the streets where people go through life from day to day, uncertain occupations of the friends of the poets, existential issues, pursuit of happiness, self realization, confusion, depression – that is the global image of a unifying place.
Michel Foucault5F analyzes the notion where our time is a time of space, of simultaneous actions and events, of juxtapositions of everything and everyone. Western way of life and global socio-political-artistic ideologies currently happen in total dispersion. Today, emplacement replaces spatiality. Location is defined by the proximity of heterogeneous elements common characteristics. The problem of place is analyzed through people's socio-ideological communal actions. "We find ourselves in an age where space is found in the form of different related locations" (Ibid. p.35). Our localized personalized spaces are spaces of superficial meanings, filled with interrelated phantasms, dark places and of "intellectual" or "spiritual" instant experiences. The typical yet customized space is articulated in the "Detectives". We could use the words of Benjamin to whom Foucault refers to (Ibid. 190-192), that "the space in which we live in, that pulls us out of ourselves, in which the erosion of our time happens, of our time and of our history, this space that corrodes us and ploughs us, is in itself a heterogeneous space". The novel is a real conglomerate of spaces, active with different forces, different environments and suffocating milieus. One of the problems developed in the "Detectives" is precisely this – the lack of meaning in our multiple instant westernized society. We could use here Foucault's term "heterotopias" to suggest the style of articulation of the concrete places in novel (Ibid. 37). This term refers to a simultaneous mythical and real doubt in the space that we live in. These heterotypic places are the places of deviation from the norm. These are the places where the young poets dwell and move. Cesarea's place of living is also an example of e heterotopy. It is distant, hidden, unusual and untypical. That is the enclosed place that juxtaposed to a specific real place makes more of a kind of oxymoronic union of different location elements, incompatible by themselves. We cannot allow ourselves to forget that these places are burdened by their own story and history, or previously given socio-ideological politic. All these aspects of the different places incorporated into the heterotopy are articulated through Bolano's writing. The heterotopy begins to function entirely when people are in one sort of absolute disruption with their traditional time. The traditional time of simultaneous events is interrupted by the decision to break through the "banal" Mexico City life and go for an unpredictable search. The young poets' integration in the search is a proof of their abandon of society. Inside the search the poets function in their own chrono-top. The search is a way to find answers by exclusion. The chrono-topos either create a space of illusion that demonstrates the real space as even more illusory, or, they create another kind of real space that gets to be more perfect, well organized as our owns is untidy, badly organized and confused (Ibid. 40). The young poets search an idealized space (of Cesarea's whereabouts) and they believe this place is organized and perfect opposed to the dusky, smelly streets of the capital, of European cities, places of uncertainty and despair. The other end of Foucault's characterization is the search itself, the other absolute. The quest is in happening as the reader follows the story, thus the quest revolves around certain principals, and it is organized and structured, contradictory to the space of the western city full of ambiguities.
Ontological Value of the Search – Meta Metaphor
All the actions of the young poets initiate a distribution of principles between the meaning of the content of a given act and the historic reality of the subject, of his unique empiric experience. Only the unique act in its totality and authenticity really participates in the being-event, and inevitably it IS.6F If becoming means "it is" than we could say that the act of searching is an act of creation, that travelling for the sake of discovery is the same act as writing for knowing, thus the search becomes poetry and a proper poetics. We could consider the particularity of the poetic act as a being in happening. The act of the moral being-in-happening would be to localize its particular life in a thinkable, possible, imaginable world. But, in practice, the thinkable world is just a constitutive part of the real world. Our actions can be oriented according to this tension of diametrical poles where the relation between thought and reality is reciprocal. There is a kind of identification between the real responsible act of knowing and the particular being-in-happening. Thus a specific close relation exists between thought and poetry, i.e. the act of creating poetry and the act of knowing, the act of writing, the act of being in presence in the specific moment while traveling, looking, searching to know. The act of making the decision of going away is a responsible act where all the participants (the young poets and their adolescent responsibility) are put in motion in a new act of knowledge. What they are really doing is to place themselves within an act where the real knowledge, the truth can be perceived. The young poets thus enter in a kind of a vicious circle – they have to go out of Mexico City in order to write, and they have to write in order to leave the place.
Space and particular places are in relation with the culture. The cultural values are values per se, and the responsibility falls to the lively consciousness to organize itself according to them, to affirm them for what they are, because in the end, consciousness has the same value as knowledge. In this novel we deal with multiple consciousnesses: the one of the lost poetess and of her contemporaries – therefore a particular Mexican consciousness of a specific age. Then the consciousness of Arturo and Ulises and a vast range of the diaries and letters of the vice-realists and their friends that give away their private thoughts on life, their relation with the young generation of avant-garde poets in Mexico City in the eighties and the nineties of the previous century. The lived experience and the emotive and willing aspects find their unity uniquely in the totality of culture because the culture in its totality is integrated in the unique context and event of our life. Any universal value becomes really valid uniquely in an individual context. Thus, the Bolano's novel saturates the meaning and its structure because his proper global culture is being represented. The quest for comprehension, for knowledge, for the need for writing is becoming a full being in the given moment, as the need for perpetual writing, i.e. traveling. Embracing the culture because we come from it, is an action of proclamation its own part-taking by revoking it and making a distance from it. Writing and pursuing a goal become responsible acts; they become acts of individualization. Thus the importance of the search gets this ontological mega dimension of the novel.
Thinking of time and space relations and being in happening we could apply on Borges7F idea who thinks that work and life are in a definite relation of coincidence where the circles of time, space and being try to find each other. The geography in the novel is constitutive regarding the totality of the content, equally being the creative mean of the novelistic form, as the temporal chain is inseparable from the space dimension. A certain particular memory is the content of every letter and every page of the intimate diaries. All the characters are created starting from their memories. The cultural frame is presented through the representation of geographic nomadism. According to Borges, the aesthetical reaction is born from the illusory sentiment of being one only when the encounter with the other happens.
We owe our world confusion and alienation to modernism although we live in a more organized but even more confused postmodern era. It is because of modernism that everything has changed in a baffle of uncertainties and fears. That is why we try to find meaning in such a clumsy way today. The structure of synthesized de – composition of one main event broken down to many dozens of personal confessions, along with the subtle critic of the current confused world, makes this novel a masterpiece of contemporary literature. Originating from the modernist style, but taking up an even more contemporary expression "The Wilde Detectives" offer a totalizing and unique experience and it definitely enriches and asks the essential questions about our world and time.
1. Baba, Homi. K. "Dissemination: time, narrative and the margins of the modern nation". Sonja Stojmenska Elzeser. Aspects from the Otherness. Ed. Chrestomathies. Theories of the Otherness. Skopje: EvroBalkan Press, Menora, 2007
2. Bachtin, Michail. "The time Unity of the Hero (the Problem of the Inner Man – the Soul)". Sonja Stojmenska Elzeser. Aspects from the Otherness. Ed. Chrestomathies. Theories of the Otherness. Skopje: EvroBalkan Press, Menora, 2007
3. Bakhtine, Mikhaïl. Esthétique et théorie du roman. Paris : Coll. Tel, Gallimard, 1978
4. Bakhtine, Mikhaïl. Pour une philosophie de l'acte. Lausanne, Suisse: Editions L'Age d'Homme, 2003
5. Borges, Jorge Luis. L'art de poésie. Coll. Arcades. Paris : Gallimard ; 2004
6. Borges, Jorge Luis. Enquêtes, traduit de l'espagnol par Paul et Sylvia Bénichou. NRF. Paris : Gallimard, 1974
7. Borges, Jorge Luis. La jouissance littéraire, traduit de l'espagnol par Jean Pierre Berrés. Paris : La Délirante, 1991
8. Entretiens sur la poésie et la littérature suivi de quatre essais sur Jorge Luis Borges. NRF. Paris : Gallimard, 1990
9. Le Goff, Marcel ; Jorge Luis Borges, L'Univers, la lettre et le secret, préface de Michel Lafon. Paris : L'Harmattan, 1999
10. Todorov, Tzvetan. Mikhaïl Bakhtine le principe dialogique suivi des essais du Cercle de Bakhtine. Coll. Poétique Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1981
11. Foucault, M.; "On the Other Spaces – heterotipies (1967)"; in "Aspect of the Ohterness" edited by Ivan Dzeparoski; EuroBalkan Press, Menora, Skopje; 2007
1. Bachtin, Michael. "Time Unity of the Hero (the Problem of the Inner Man – the Soul)". Aspects of the Otherness. Sonja Stojmenska Elsezer. Ed. Chrestomathies. Theories of the Otherness. Skopje. Evro Balkan Press, Menora, 2007. 19
2. Esthétique et théorie du roman ; Coll. Tel, Gallimard ; 1978
3. Baba, Homi. K. "DissemiNation: time, narrative and the margins of the modern nation". "Aspects from the Otherness". Sonja Stojmenska – Elzeser. Ed. Chrestomathies. Theories of the Otherness. Skopje: EvroBalkan Press; Menora, 2007. 175
4. In the article mentioned Homi. K. Baba refers to Benjamin. Sonja Stojmenska Elzeser. Ed. Chrestomathies. Theories of the Otherness. Skopje: EuroBalkan Pres, Menora. 2007
5. Foucault, M.; "On the Other Spaces – heterotipies (1967)". Aspect of the Otherness. Ivan Dzeparoski. Ed. Chrestomathies. Theories of the Otherness. Skopje: EuroBalkan Press, Menora, 2007. 33
6. Bakhtine, Mikhaïl. Pour une philosophie de l'acte. Lausanne, Suisse : Editions l'Age d'Homme, 2003
7. Le Goff, Maral. Jorge Luis Borges, L'Univers, L'être, Le secret préface de Michel Lafon. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999
AuthorNikolina Stojanova
admin	2018-08-21T17:22:48+00:00	July 1st, 2012|Categories: Literature, Essays, Blesok no. 84|0 Comments
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Blesok 125
Infinity, Petre Nikoloski, Cifte Amam, December, 2018
Alice in the Land of Criticism
(…)WHERE SILENCE GRATES
Letters from Panama
The Rise and Fall of Comrade Zylo
THE DRAMATIC MONOLOGUES OF ROBERT BROWNING
Mehanika peluda – Selected poems from Martina Vidaić
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"Next time your friend asks you what you want for your birthday, tell them you want their favorite book."
And I think this is just the best idea! You can tell a lot about a person by their favorite book, I think.
So, that's what today's book chat is. If someone asked you for your favorite book, what would you give them? Even better if it's something in the past year. Just something that knocked your socks off.
And maybe start this tradition with someone. A spouse, a friend, a family member. Every year on your birthdays, gift them your favorite book of the year. If you already do something like this, let me know!
Next Week's Prompt: Book to film adaptations!
I LOVED Me Before You. The Light Between Oceans and Wild were my favorites last year. :) Also, if you like New Adult/Women's Fiction, Confess by Colleen Hoover was amazing, IMO.
I'm so happy to be participating in the chat again! A very very happy birthday to you! I love the idea of telling people to give you their favorite book for your birthday. I should do that! Then of course I'd have even more books on my shelf to read lol. I'll probably die and there will be unread books sitting there.


text:
Delta-3-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-3-THC, Δ3-THC, Δ6a(10a)-THC, EA-1477) is a synthetic isomer of tetrahydrocannabinol, developed during the original research in the 1940s to develop synthetic routes to the natural products Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC found in the cannabis plant. While the normal trans configuration of THC is in this case flattened by the double bond, it still has two enantiomers as the 9-methyl group can exist in an (R) or (S) conformation. The (S) enantiomer has similar effects to Δ9-THC though with several times lower potency, while the (R) enantiomer is many times less active or inactive, depending on the assay used.

See also
 7,8-Dihydrocannabinol
 Cannabitriol
 Delta-4-Tetrahydrocannabinol
 Delta-7-Tetrahydrocannabinol
 Delta-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol
 Hexahydrocannabinol
 JWH-138
 Parahexyl

References

Benzochromenes
Cannabinoids
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The issue of hearer independency is a important component and really of import for the audit profession. This construct has been discussed widely and many definitions have been presented in literature. Independence refers to the hearer 's ability to show his sentiment about the dependability of fiscal statements candidly and impartially off from his involvement or the force per unit area of clients( Ahmad, 1985 ) .
Literature has contemplated two criterions for measuring hearer independency. Mautz & A ; sharaf ( 1961 ) , who are among the innovators in the survey on hearers independency have developed a construct of independency with two constituents: practitioner-independence ( independency in fact ) and profession-independence ( independency in visual aspect ) . The Public Oversight Board emphasized that the members of Certified Public Accountant houses should protect the profession by being independency both 'in fact ' and in 'appearance ' ( Lowe et al, 1999 ) . Independence in fact refers to the mental attitude of the hearer characterized by the unity and the nonsubjective attack to the audit procedure. Besides, the practician independency requires the hearer to be free from personal involvement and susceptibleness to inordinate force per unit area( Moizer & A ; Sutton, 1997 ) .
However, since this mental procedure is unobservable and hearers besides have inducements to go against their independency through fulfilling their clients so as to keep the economic bonding to the client( DeAngelo, 1981 ) , there is a demand for the hearers to be perceived as independent ( named independency in visual aspect ) from the direction squad who prepares the fiscal statements. Orren ( 1997 ) states that independency in fact refers to the existent, nonsubjective relationship between scrutinizing houses and their clients whereas independency in visual aspect is the subjective stated of that relationship as perceived by the clients and the 3rd parties. Church and Zhang, ( 2002 ) argue that independency in fact is necessary to heighten the dependability of fiscal statements. On other manus, independency in visual aspect is necessary to advance public assurance such that users will trust on audited fiscal statements.
" The issue is both one of visual aspect and of fact ; if public assurance in the unity of fiscal coverage is to be maintained, it is of the extreme importance that public assurance in the objectiveness of independent hearers be likewise maintained " .
Independence is an of import scrutinizing criterion because the hearer adds justification and credibleness to fiscal statement even when there are no material misstatements or skips in the fiscal statements prepared by direction ( okolie 2007 ) . The writer Gupta ( 1999 ) is of sentiment that is hearer is non independent of direction ; his sentiment would intend nil to stockholders, prospective investors, bankers, authorities bureaus, and others who are concerned with the fiscal statements of a company.
Programme independency: Sometimes client director have the purpose to curtail or modify the processs that the hearer want to execute. Thus hearers should ever stay free from intervention of client directors.
Reporting Independence: The hearer should ne'er allow any feelings of trueness towards the client to impact his work. He must to the full and reasonably unwrap his duties. Management are ne'er allowed to supercharge the hearer.
Fact-finding Independence: The hearer should hold entree to all necessary stuffs required on the content of an audit. For illustration, the hearer must hold entree to books and records ; besides active co-operation from direction forces during audit scrutiny is required ( salehi 2009 ) .
In this survey, merely factors such as the proviso of non audit services, the audit house size, the audit house 's term of office, the grade of competition in the audit services market, the size of audit fees and non audit fees and the audit commission will be analysed and whether these factors will impair or heighten hearer 's independency.
Audited account failuresreported in the yesteryear have affected the profession of hearer worldwide because the involvements of stockholders and shareholders have non been safeguarded. This job has arisen as a consequence of the proviso of non-audit services ( Salehi and Moradi 2010 ) .
Non- audit services can be any services other than audit that an hearer provides to an audit client. Over the late twentieth century, demand for concern expert services has increased, wattington and Pany ( 2001 ) identified the different scope of services which are offered by hearers to private and public sectors and these non-audit services include: preparation, services for paysheet, hazard direction advice, amalgamations and acquisition, revenue enhancement, public offering, portfolio monitoring, enlisting and human resources and corporate administration. An hearer needs to pay much attending when both audit and non-audit services are provided to the same client, because these non-audit services may endanger the independency of hearer.
Although there are market-based inducements for hearers to stay independent, there are besides forces that potentially threaten auditor independency. Specifically, the SEC is concerned about two effects of non-audit services. One is a fright that non-audit service fees make hearers financially dependent on their clients, and therefore less willing to stand up to direction force per unit area for fright of losing their concern. The other is that the confer withing nature of many non-audit services puts hearers in managerial functions, potentially endangering their objectiveness about the minutess they audit.
Auditor 's services relationship raises two types of independency concerns. First, the more the hearer has at interest in its dealing with the audit client, peculiarly when the non-audit services relationship has the possible to bring forth important grosss on top of the audit relationship. Second, certain types of non-audit services, when provided by the hearer, create built-in struggles that are incompatible with objectiveness.
Bookkeeping and other services related to the audit client 's accounting records or fiscal statements.
Ojo ( 2009 ) suggested that the proviso of non- audit services by audit houses does non needfully impact hearer independency. However, where the fees generated from non-audit services are comparatively high ( in proportion to the audit fees earned by such accounting houses ) , this creates a state of affairs whereby the hearer 's independency is likely to be compromised since the hearer may be denied profitable contractswhere he gives a qualified sentiment on the fiscal statement being audited.
Advocates of the proviso of audit services argue that synergisms of cognition spill over and audit efficiency arise from supplying both audit and non- audit services. Nevertheless, following the prostrations, scrutinizing profession as a whole has been affected and alterations were proposed to guarantee that audit houses cut down their over-reliance on NAS ( The Star, 2002 ) . In order to guarantee the independency of hearers and to protect the involvement of investors, the accounting profession in most states has come up with a codification of moralss that spells out guidelines for hearers ' competence and independency.
An audit commission consists of a selected figure of members of a company 's board of managers whose chief responsibilities are to assist hearers remain independent of direction ( Arens at Al, 1999 ) , that is, commission should back up the hearer alternatively of direction in different audit differences.
Braiotta ( 1999 ) and Goldman ( 1974 ) maintained that audit commissions could supervise the fiscal coverage procedure and supply recommendations in the choice of hearers, dialogue of fees and expiration of external hearers, which would finally decrease direction 's power over the hearer. Therefore, the audit commission is anticipated to guarantee that the house has sufficient internal controls, proper accounting policies, and independent external hearers that will forestall the incidence of fraud and promote high quality and timely fiscal statements.
SEC requires Audit Committees to measure the independency of the company 's external hearer when make up one's minding whether or non to engage the hearer for supplying non-audit services. In so making, Audit Committees besides are encouraged to see how the hearer provided non-audit services may better audit quality and enhance hearer independency.
The size of audit house is an indispensable feature that reflects auditor independency. Auditor repute is straight associated with audit quality. Large audit houses will do certain to supply an independent quality audit service as the larger audit houses tend to hold better research installations and efficient fiscal resources, more advanced engineering and more skilled employees who will be able to set about big company audits comparison to smaller audit houses. Large audit houses have larger client portfolios which enable them to defy direction force per unit areas whereas little houses provide individualized services as their client portfolios are limited and they have to yield to direction demands ( Lys and Watts, 1994 ) .
The issue of keeping hearer independency is more important for smaller houses than larger houses. Pearson ( 1980 ) found the larger size of audit houses will heighten hearer 's independency, because, smaller houses would see more trouble in defying client force per unit areas in state of affairss of struggle. As a consequence, the information content of audit studies certified by big houses is considered to be more and dependable than those of smaller audit houses( Titman and Trueman, 1986 ) .
However, as pointed out by Goldman & A ; Barlev ( 1974 ) , it can non be concluded that big CPA houses are more immune to force per unit areas from their clients. This is so because the few tribunal instances which challenge the premise that CPA houses acted independently indicate that there is no warrant that big CPA house has the ability to defy force per unit areas from clients, as happened with Arthur Andersen and Enron.
Competitionhas been identified as an external factor impacting hearer independency ( Shockley 1981 ) . Many houses which operate in an intensely competitory environment may hold trouble staying independent as the client can easy get services of another hearer. TheAICP Cohen Commission ( 1978 ) in its study affirms that there are inordinate competitions among public accounting houses and this inordinate competition among different houses has been systematically identified as a factor endangering hearer independency( Farmer et al. , 1987 ) . .
Shockley ( 1981 ) had found that audit houses runing in an environment characterized by a high degree of competition for audit clients would hold a greater hazard of diminishing their audit independency than where audit houses operated in a low-competition environment. However as suggested by Linberg and Beck ( 2004 ) , Competition in the audit market makes the hearer more careful and concerned with the audit confidence degree in their services.
An audit house 's term of office refers to the length of clip required to make full the audit demands of a given client. A drawn-out association between a company and an accounting house is likely to ensue a close designation of the house with the involvements of its clients, therefore an independent action by the accounting house become hard. ( U.S. Senate 1976 ) .
The IFAC 's Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants ( 1996, para 8.7 ) propose that client size which is measured from size of fees could raise uncertainties as independency of hearer is concerned. The EFAA ( October, 1998, p.4 ) clearly states that, " the ( entire ) fee from one client should non transcend a certain per centum of the entire turnover of the audit house " . In instances of accounting dirts ( for illustration Enron and WorldCom ) , the audit house appeared to be in collusion with the direction in concealing deceitful activities. The major factor behind such reserve was the sum that the hearers received as non-audit fees from these clients. Anderson, the hearer for Enron, received US dollar 27 million as non audit fees in add-on to US dollar 23 million as audit fees. The fact that the accounting house received more than half of its Enron gross from NAS gives an visual aspect of a deficiency of independency in the audit ( Flaring 2002 ) .
In add-on, the fees for non-audit services has besides increased well and are more profitable than fees from audit services, therefore beef uping the economic bond and well take to impairment of AI. The regulative organic structures in the U.S. like the SEC, the POB and the AICPA emphasized that important high non audit fees can negatively impact hearer independency and besides impair hearer decision-making, when those determinations involve a significant sum of professional judgement.
In Malaysia the MIA By-Law ( Section B-1.98 on Professional Independence ) has emphasized that " if the sum fees ( originating from confidence and non-assurance services ) generated by one confidence client or its related entities exceed 15 % of the house 's entire fees in each twelvemonth over two back-to-back fiscal periods, fiscal dependence shall be considered to be, in which instance, a self-interest menace to independency is created. In such event, the lone class of action is to decline to execute or retreat from the confidence battle " . This 15 % standard has besides been the degree by and large used by the ICAEW and Australia at which hearers have to see their independent place.
The issue of hearer independency is a important component and really of import for the audit profession. This construct has been discussed widely and many definitions have been presented in literature. Independence refers to the hearer 's ability to show his sentiment about the dependability of fiscal statements candidly and impartially off from his involvement or the force per unit area of clients[ 1 ]( Ahmad, 1985 ) .


Our brain is the most complex part of our body. It only weighs 3-4 pounds but it is composed of neurons that controls our movements, sensations and thoughts, thus making it way too important than we thought it is. That is why we should take good care of our brain. Here are 10 foods you might want to avoid to have healthier brain.
"Processed foods and any foods that are hyper-allergenic can take a toll on brain health," said Brandon Mentore, a sports nutritionist, and functional medicine practitioner to Medical Daily. Most foods today are actually being processed already. Talking about practicality, it is convenient to have processed foods in the table. There is nothing wrong in eating these kind of foods. However, chemically processed foods are not that safe anymore especially if you are taking too much of it. It can cause several diseases that can get really serious by time. It can also, well, hurt your brain.
Why is that? Chemically processed foods are loaded with added sugar and worse, high fructose corn syrup. They are also high in sodium and are full of partially hydrogenated oils or commonly known as trans-fat. Some of them can also contain MSG and saturated fat. Are you still not convinced? Looking at the label of processed foods, you will notice that they are containing all sorts of artificial ingredients.
Now, you are thinking: what do all of this have to do with a person's health? The answers are found below.


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Think Trains Can't Fly? Antonov's An-124 Proves Otherwise
byJoanna Bailey
A groundbreaking train has taken to the skies, but perhaps not in the way you were hoping. The friction-free maglev train, built by German company Max Boegl, has been flown more than 7,500 km from Munich to Chengdu, aboard the inimitable Antonov AN-124 aircraft.
An AN-124 moved two sections of maglev train from Germany to China. Photo: Max Boegl
Moving a train on one of the world's largest planes
When you've got something as big as an urban maglev train to move halfway around the world, you need a big plane to get the job done. Naturally, the choice has to be Antonov Airlines of Ukraine, and their colossal AN-124-100, one of the biggest cargo planes in the sky.
The Max Boegl Group sent the first two section vehicle of its Transport System Boegl train from Munich to Chengdu in China last month. The flight was over 7,500 km and was easily conducted by the beautiful AN-124 aircraft.
The huge AN-124 easily swallowed the two train units. Photo: Max Boegl
The trains, weighing 36 tons, measured over 12 meters long each. As such, special transportation methods had to be developed by Antonov Airlines to keep them safe during the journey. Andriy Blagovisniy, commercial director of Antonov Airlines, told Air Cargo News about the mission, saying,
"For Antonov Airlines, this project was both challenging and interesting at the same time. Its realization required careful preparation and performance of the flight strictly in accordance with the confirmed schedule. We thank our customer, KN Airlift, for their continued trust and effective cooperation."
Transporting the first maglev
This first production version of the Max Boegl Group's maglev vehicle is not just interesting for the fact it's flown further than most passengers have in the last few months. It is also a groundbreaking piece of kit, set to improve urban mobility in the Chengu area.
The two-car unit will be used on a 3.5 km rail, which was designed and built by Max Boegl in partnership with Xinzhu, as a means of demonstrating the Transport System Boegl (TSB) in an urban situation.
TSB was originally born from the ashes of the German Transrapid maglev project. Once considered to be the future of urban connectivity in Germany, the project only got as far as a short test track near Nurnberg, which really only allowed the company to refine the product's technology.
The TSB will soon be demonstrating its fast, efficient transport in Chengdu. Photo: Max Boegl
It was never rolled out in any German city, and as such, has been waiting for a new city to demonstrate its capabilities. The system promises to achieve mass rapid transportation in an easily deployable, comfortable product, with speeds of up to 160 km/h achievable on longer sections of guideway.
As a maglev train, it has zero contact between wheels and rails. This means it produces minimal vibrations and noise and requires only small substructures for the track. Give it a few years, and next time you're in China, you might find yourself making your way around its busiest cities on this groundbreaking new train!
The perfect task for the AN-124
With an internal length of 36.5 m, the Antonov AN-124 is an ideal choice for moving special cargo, particularly trains. The airline has moved everything from locomotives to trams and various railway carriages.
The huge Antonov transporters have carried many trains over the years. Photo: Antonov Airlines
In fact, back in June of 1994, the airline broke the world record for carrying the heaviest payload by air. That day, the Antonov shifted a locomotive weighing 109 tons from Ontario in Canada to Dublin in Ireland.
Other notable movements include the transportation of four Bombardier metro cars, the MOVIA series, from Germany to India. These are still in use today by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.
The first metro cars for Delhi were transported on an AN-124. Photo: Antonov Airlines
Of course, the huge Antonov air transporters carry much more than just trains and carriages. Over the years, they have been known for transporting everything from parts for planes to cars and even entire helicopters.
When Boeing struggled with the giant GenX engines for the Boeing 777X, Antonov transported the world's biggest aircraft powerplants from Boeing's Everett factory to GE Aviation in Ohio so they could be fixed.
The Antonov AN-125 is not the biggest of all transporters, of course. The AN-225 'Mriya' is bigger. But it's a superb massive load shifter that has proven to us once and for all, trains can indeed fly!
289 Shares:
Joanna Bailey
Managing Editor - Joanna has worked in publishing for more than a decade and is fast becoming a go-to source for commercial aviation analysis. Providing commentary for outlets including the BBC, CNBC, Reuters Thomson and others, she works closely with IATA, AviaDev and various airlines and suppliers to get the inside track on the global marketplace.
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How The Miracle On The Hudson Airbus A320 Got Recovered
Airbus Planes Are Now The Most Heavily Flown In The World
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Seoul Is Vietnam Airlines' First International Boeing 787-10 Destination
Boris Johnson Warns Against All Non Essential Travel


text:
Region: Barbados
Island hopping in the Caribbean: the latest developments across a complex region
With no unified trademark system and a rich landscape of languages and practices, the Caribbean is a highly nuanced terrain with some potential pitfalls that brand owners and practitioners must navigate.
Why to diversify your Caribbean portfolio
While many of the Caribbean islands seem to be low-priority venues for trademark filings, there are some significant reasons why they should not be overlooked.
Defendant found guilty in Barbados' first ever criminal trial for sale of counterfeit goods
Barbados has concluded its first criminal trial for the sale of counterfeit goods, with the Crown obtaining a guilty verdict. The case involved shoes and backpacks that counterfeited the 'Fenty PUMA by Rihanna' line.
Brexit update, plain packaging begins in Ireland, and first trademark ruling in Barbados: news round-up
In this round-up edition, we look at the latest Brexit developments from a trademark perspective, Hershey's hawkish eye over the marijuana industry, and the result from the first ever trademark dispute in Barbados.


text:
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list of european countries
By: |Published on: Dec 4, 2020|Categories: Uncategorized| 0 comments
Ireland – $79,925 GDP per capita. Andorra. Germany 8. The region is defined geographically as consisting of all of Europe above 52nd parallel north with notable geographical features including North European Plain, Baltic Plain, and British Isle. This contains list of 52 countries of Europe. But, did you know that countries have two-letter codes that are recognized internationally too? ; Schengen: Bulgaria is currently in the process of joining the Schengen area. Albania 2. Historically, post-war Europe was divided into two major parts: the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Arranged in alphabetical order by country, the rest of the European country and calling codes are here. Historically, Latvia has been under different rules including Swedish, Polish, Livonian, German, and Russian as well as forced incorporation into the Soviet Union just before the onset of World War II. Latvia 12. Its design also used in the national flags of other countries the former members of the British Empire. Despite being within the EU territories, Albania is not part of the European Union. The countries of Southern Europe are Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy, the Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Vatican City (15 countries).Â, Northern Europe covers the northern portion of Europe. You even find the country calling codes for Europe. They provide a timely summary and risk assessment of a public health threat for EU/EEA countries related to a specific event. Overview of the EU countries. The countries' principal cities have always been among the best places to live. Croatia's location on the Adriatic Sea and its long coast are enough reason to travel there … Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey are transcontinental countries, partially located in both Europe and Asia. As for travel, the most visited in this region are the British London and the French Paris, followed by Amsterdam and Rome. They also include potential options for response. However, the geographical boundaries of Eastern Europe are well defined except for its boundaries with Western Europe. Spain Last Updated on February 3, 2020 European country codes have a plethora of purposes that go beyond government paperwork. The previous definition adopted by the CIA includes five of the seven countries. The most recognized country code is just two letters, but there are other codes available. Download Excel File List of European Countries . It had Belgium, Neth… According to the UN Geoscheme for Europe, the ten Eastern European countries are Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine.Â, All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2020 worldatlas.com, Types Of Crimes By Number Of Offenses In The US. There are approximately 1,957,200 Latvians within the country's 24,938 square miles' territory. These include partially recognized countries that have a code, like Kosovo, and border countries, like Turkey and Armenia. While only the codes for Europe are covered here, these country code abbreviations are designated for every continent. Review the 2-letter and 3-letter country codes for the EU in alphabetical order by country. Copyright © 2020 LoveToKnow. Belgium 3. By John Misachi on September 1 2020 in Society, There are 44 countries in Europe. Croatia 5. However, it has been a "potential candidate country" since 2000 when it was recognized. Western Europe includes the nine countries of Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.Â, Although Eastern Europe covers the eastern portion of Europe, there is no consensus on the exact area it covers since the term has a wide range of socioeconomic and geopolitical connotations. Austrians comprise 1.7% of the total EU population. These include partially recognized countries that have a code, like Kosovo, and border countries, like Turkey and Armenia. Portugal 12. European Countries by population (2020) Click on each country to view current estimates (live population clock), historical data, list of countries, and projected figures. Growth rate, median age, fertility rate, area, density, population density, urbanization, urban population, share of … Transcontinental countries … Portugal 17. # Country (or dependency) Population (2020) Yearly Change Net Change Density (P/Km²) … Russia (39.0%) Ukraine (5.9%) France (5.4%) Spain (4.9%) Sweden (4.4%) Norway (3.8%) Germany (3.5%) Finland (3.3%) Poland (3.1%) Italy … Montenegro 11. All Rights Reserved. The island of Cyprus is part of Asia but politically b… Armenia and Cyprus politically are considered European countries, though geographically they are located in the West Asia territory. Vatican CitySouthern Europe is often synonymous with Mediterranean Europe and includes 16 nations within its boundaries. Southern Europe's definition may be extended to include Balkan countries that are traditionally placed in Eastern Europe. Europe is made up of 45 countries. List of European Countries in Alphabetical Order Albania. It contained the seven countries listed above. Andorra 3. Like other European regions, however, the exact definitions of this region also vary. Finland 6. Southern Europe: 6: Spain: 46,754,778: Southern Europe: 7: Ukraine: 43,733,762: Eastern … The Republic of Latvia is a Baltic state bordering Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, and Russia. The Eurozone is a subgroup of the European Union, consisting of the member states that use the same currency, the Euro. The following is a list of the countries of Europe arranged by area. Capital: Sofia; Official EU language(s): Bulgarian EU member country: since 1 January 2007; Currency: Bulgarian lev BGN.Bulgaria has committed to adopt the euro once it fulfils the necessary conditions. These countries are as follows: 1. Total area of Europe is 10,180,000 km². Below is a list of most states in Europe, in order of geographical area. The Northern European countries are Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (10 countries).Â, Western Europe comprises of countries covering the western portion of the continent. List of European capitals. The region was defined as countries with dominant Catholics and Protestants for decades. Lithuania 13. While the European Union might commonly use the ISO alpha-2 codes, it's important to look at both types when discussing EU country codes. Since the EU isn't all there is to Europe, it's important to know the other country codes of Europe as well. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publishes these codes, which come in 2-letter and 3-letter formats. Now that you've explored European country codes, check out government acronyms. 50 countries in Europe have their own capital cities. Austria 2. Transcontinental countries that straddle Europe and Asia. The Netherlands 16. Since June 2014 it has been an official candidate for European Union accession. The calculations are based on the assumption of a 40-hour working week and a 52-week year, with the exceptions of France (35 hours), San Marino (37.5 hours), Belgium (38 hours), United Kingdom (38.1 hours), Ireland (39 hours), Monaco (39 hours), and Germany (39.1 hours). Flags of European countries. Slovenia 19. The following list provides information relating to the minimum wages (gross) of countries in Europe.. This is a list of all European countries: Name of region and territory, with flag Area (km²) Population (As of 2011) Population density (per km²) Capital; Albania: 28,748 2,994,667 104.1 Tirana: … All country flags of this region are more or less known worldwide. Since the EU isn't all there is to Europe, it's important to know the other country codes of Europe as well. Gibraltar 6. The population of this country is approximately 2.88 million. Northern Europe covers the northern portion of Europe. These codes work to make paperwork a lot easier, since you don't have to write out the full name for every country. Europe's total … Despite being between two continents, Asia and Europe, the largest countries in Europe are the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Turkey. They are classified as a "Serious threat to public health". Countries by Area. And, just so all your country codes are covered, you'll find the country calling codes too! Countries by GDP Growth 2020. Submitted by editor on 18 January, 2014 - 13:59. Tirana is the capital of Albania. A few of them are transcontinental, meaning they are considered to be a part of both Europe and Asia. Some dependencies and territories are also part of Europe such as the Aland Islands, two constituent countries of Denmark, British Overseas Territories, and Svalbard. 28 countries of Europe are members of the European Union (EU). The region is defined geographically as consisting of all of Europe above 52nd parallel north with notable geographical features including North European Plain, Baltic Plain, and British Isle. Countries of the World 1,033; Europe by Any 2-Letter Combos Blitz 28; Europe by Any 2 Letters Blitz 19; European Countries with a 'U' 8; Find the European Countries Ending in 'Y' 7; Europe by First and Last Letters Blitz 5; European Countries with an 'L' 4; Five-Letter European Countries 4; Find the European Countries Ending in 'O' 3 Slovenia 15. Jump to navigation Jump to search. The top-rated capitals by the life quality in Europe are Vienna, Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Berlin. Greece 9. The region consists of Scandinavian and Jutland Peninsula. Ireland 10. List of European countries by GDP. List of countries the European Union ranked by population, from the most populous. Read more Some 25 European red list countries include Austria, Belgium, France, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Several countries are small by size and with low population. Austria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is €337.162 billion, as per 2015. San Marino 13. It includes the European countries of the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian peninsula, Greece, and Malta. They are also great when it comes to large statistics for the European continent or the world at large. Estonia 5. 1. Since it wouldn't make much sense to let everyone just pick their own country codes, the creation of these codes is regulated and created by the ISO to be nationally recognized. These organization abbreviations actually create a new word. List of European countries. Italy 11. Of course, the most recognized of them is the United Kingdom's Union Jack, with its unique design combining 3 different crosses in one field. Despite a stumble in the final quarter of 2018 (triggered by a … The following categories of persons are exempt from the temporary travel restriction to the EU+ area from third countries that are not on the list agreed by the Member States: (a) EU citizens and nationals of Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, as … The region consists of Scandinavian and Jutland Peninsula. Just like North America, the continent of Europe is full of country codes. The political system is a Federal Parliamentary Republic and its currency is the Euro (€), sin… The political system of this country is Republican. There is great diversity between the sizes of each and we can find the small Vatican (0.44 km2 ), Monaco (0.44 km2 ), San Marino (61.2 km2 ), Liechtenstein (160 km2 ) and the Principality of Andorra (468 km2). Luxembourg 14. Spain 16. Various sources may differ in size of a country's area due to rounding, whether the original figure is in kilometers or miles, and whether the sources include overseas territories. Croatia. The Northern European countries are Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (10 countries). Learn what all of the country codes are for Europe. Austria is a member country of the EU since January 1, 1995 with its geographic size of 83,879 km², and population number 8,576,234, as per 2015. You might know the United States' country code is US, but did you know the country code for the United Kingdom was GB? Knowing the European country code can make the relevant numbers a breeze to find. These codes can be used in mapping and geographic information systems. The euro (€) is the official currency of 19 out of 28 EU countries. Other European Country Codes. Italy 8. In Europe, many of the countries whose capital is their largest city. Russia has been the worst affected country in Europe with 2,215,533 confirmed cases, followed by France with 2,183,66 cases. Most of Southern Europe experiences a Mediterranean climate. Malta 10. Well, they do. Cyprus 4. Europe's largest country is Russia (37% of total continent area), and the smallest one is Vatican City, which occupies only a tiny territory in the center … Serbia 14. It has been engaged extensively with EU institutions like NATO. Bulgaria. Greece 7. Malta 15. The Western Bloc, which was known as the Western Europe and comprising of the non-Communist countries, was allied with the NATO against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. For every country or partial country that is recognized in Europe, there is a code. See Also: » European countries by GDP per capita Source: International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook (October-2019) Date: 24 Feb 2020: Top Statistics Coronavirus : 61,869,330 cases and 1,448,896 deaths. This is a list of conflicts in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, and global conflicts in which Europe was a theatre of war.. ECDC risk assessments aim at supporting the EU/EEA countries and the European Commission in their preparedness and response to a public health threat. France 7. As of November 27, 2020, there have been 394,635 deaths in Europe overall due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) since the first recorded European death in France on February 15. If you live in the US, you might know your state abbreviation or state code. Now that you know how the codes are broken down, we will look at the different codes for countries in the 27 countries of the European Union along with other countries on the European continent. Latvia r… Bosnia and Herzegovina 4. Lek is the currency and Albanian is the language spoken. Its capital is Vienna and the official language in Austria is German. Republic of Macedonia 9. MS Excel(97) MS Excel(2007) PDF CSV Zip of all formats Related Downloads. Slovakia 18. Europe is subdivided into four main regions: Southern, Northern, Eastern, and Western Europe, Southern Europe is the region covering the southern half of the landmass of Europe. It also shares a maritime border with Sweden. Trying to fit the entire country's name on a map could be a mess. These countries are collectively known as the Eurozone.Which countries use the euro?
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Magazine Archive 2020
Wider Health
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Home Features Diverted methadone
Diverted methadone
Kill or cure?
Is it time for us to reappraise our relationship with the 'life-saving' drug methadone? Dave Marteau discusses the evidence
Since the early 1970s, methadone has been the predominant opioid prescribed in the UK for the ongoing treatment of heroin addiction. It has proved extremely useful in the fight to contain HIV among injecting heroin users, and there is strong evidence that longer-term methadone treatment of heroin addiction reduces death rates by as much as 50 per cent. Moral objections have been voiced by many about a treatment that swaps addiction to one drug (heroin) for dependence on another (methadone), but perhaps we can all agree on the primacy of life itself: it trumps any argument.
In 2007 the National Institute for health & Clinical Excellence (NICE) positively evaluated methadone and buprenorphine. In circumstances where assessments had suggested that both drugs were equally suitable, NICE recommended that 'methadone should be prescribed as the first choice'.
However, in a review of drug-related deaths in France between 1994 and 1998, Marc Auriacombe found that, set within the context of numbers of prescriptions issued, methadone was at least three times more lethal than buprenorphine in respect of overdose deaths within the French population as a whole (ie, among patients and the wider public).
On the subject of the relative toxicity of methadone and buprenorphine, NICE had this to say:
'Comparison of data from population cross-sectional studies suggests that the level of mortality with BMT [buprenorphine maintenance] may be lower than that with MMT [methadone maintenance], although other authors have commented that these data were unlikely to capture all related deaths.'
This was a cursory summary of an important matter in 2007; it would be insufficient to the point of negligence now. In 2009 James Bell and colleagues in New South Wales found that, per prescription, methadone was 4.25 times more lethal than buprenorphine. This year Rebecca McDonald, Kamlesh Patel and I carried out a similar but larger study in England and Wales. We found that between 2007 and 2012, 57 death certificates mentioned buprenorphine, and 2,366 death certificates mentioned methadone.
Allowing for a calculation that seven methadone prescriptions were issued for every buprenorphine prescription, methadone emerged as six times more dangerous across the population as a whole. The picture in Scotland appears no prettier. Between 2011 and 2013, heroin and its metabolite morphine were implicated in 538 drug poisoning deaths; methadone was found to be implicated in 663 deaths.
So how is it that a drug with the potential to halve a patient's risk of dying ends up killing so many people? The answer is horribly simple: while most patients are safer on methadone, the wider population are at continued risk from diverted supplies of the drug. The National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths found that of 1,117 UK deaths that involved methadone alone or in combination with other drugs, only 36 per cent occurred among individuals who were known to be receiving methadone treatment.
To be fair to NICE, their methodology was designed to determine the cost-effectiveness of a drug, not its safety. That same methodology, based solidly on randomised controlled trials, compares the outcomes for a patient group on drug A with those for members of a patient group on drug B. No persons outside of these two groups are considered. This is a very good means to evaluate antibiotics or chemotherapy, but altogether less suitable for drugs intended to treat people with a drug-taking problem. No one on antibiotic 'A' would be likely, for instance, to consider trading their medication with a non-patient, or to be put under duress to hand over their medication outside the pharmacy.
There is another stark statistic: of all drugs detected at post-mortem over the past three years in Scotland, methadone has, at 93 per cent, the highest degree of implication in the unfortunate person's death. So, if you were to die from a drugs overdose, and methadone was among the substances found in your body, there is a 93 per cent chance that it had been wholly or partly responsible for your death. This makes methadone significantly more toxic than heroin, (which had an implication rate of 83 per cent), buprenorphine (65 per cent) and cocaine (63 per cent). Put simply, methadone is the most dangerous drug out there.
Methadone has the capacity to retain more people in treatment than buprenorphine, but the evidence is now overwhelming that it is significantly more lethal. Hundreds of our fellow UK citizens are dying every year from methadone poisoning. If we agree with the premise at the start of this article that the value of life prevails over any other argument, then we have now to relegate methadone to a secondary option for the substitute treatment of opioid dependence, behind buprenorphine and buprenorphine-naloxone. Failure to change would indicate that we are less courageous than our clients in confronting a dangerous pattern of our own behaviour.
For the record, I have never taken nor will ever take a penny from a drug company.
Dave Marteau is research fellow at the University of London
Auriacombe M, Franques P, Tignol J. Deaths attributable to methadone vs buprenorphine in France. JAMA. 2001 Jan 3;285(1):45. PubMed PMID: 11150107.
Bell JR, Butler B, Lawrance A, Batey R, Salmelainen P. Comparing overdose mortality associated with methadone and buprenorphine treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Sep 1;104(1-2):73-7. PubMed PMID: 19443138.
Cornish R, Macleod J, Strang J, Vickerman P, Hickman M. Risk of death during and after opiate substitution treatment in primary care: prospective observational study in UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ. 2010; 341.
Corkery J, Claridge H, Loi B, Goodair C, Schifano F. Drug-related Deaths in the UK, National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths (np-SAD), UK Annual Report 2012. London: St George's University; 2013.
Heinemann A, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Stein S, Schmoldt A, Puschel K. Methadone-related fatalities in Hamburg 1990-1999: implications for quality standards in maintenance treatment? Forensic science international. 2000 Sep 11;113(1-3):449-55. PubMed PMID: 10978661.
Kimber J, Copeland L, Hickman M, Macleod J, McKenzie J, De Angelis D, et al. Survival and cessation in injecting drug users: prospective observational study of outcomes and effect of opiate substitution treatment. BMJ. 2010;341:c3172. PubMed PMID: 20595255. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2895695.
Marteau D, McDonald R, Patel K. The relative risk of fatal poisoning by methadone or buprenorphine within the wider population of England and Wales. BMJ Open 2015; 5: e007629
National Institute for health & Clinical Excellence (NICE), Technology appraisal guidance 114, Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence 2007 [April 25 2014]. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/TA114
ONS. Statistical bulletin: Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales, 2012 2013 [May 30, 2014]. Available from: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-health3/deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning/2012/stb—deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning-2012.html
NHS Scotland Information Services Division. The National Drug Related Deaths Database (Scotland) Report 2013. Available from: http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Drugs-and-Alcohol-Misuse/Publications/data-tables.asp?id=1386#1386
Dave Marteau
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Freatisch grondwater is grondwater waarin de stijghoogte (de waterdruk) alleen afhangt van de hoogte van de waterkolom. Freatisch grondwater is het tegenovergestelde van een artesische bron, waarin een overdruk heerst omdat het grondwater aan de bovenzijde wordt afgesloten door een ondoorlatende laag. In freatisch water is de poriëndruk gelijk aan de hydrostatische druk.

Freatisch water kan aan de onderzijde wel zijn begrensd door een slecht doorlatende bodemlaag (bijvoorbeeld klei), het water staat zelf in relatief goed-doorlatende grond. Het eerste grondwater dat men tegenkomt wanneer men gaat graven, is normaal gesproken freatisch. De bovengrens van het freatisch grondwater wordt het freatisch vlak genoemd. Dit is het niveau waar de stijghoogte nul is. Hoe dieper men onder het freatisch vlak komt, hoe groter de stijghoogte. Boven het freatisch vlak ligt de capillaire zone, waar de stijghoogte negatief is.

Zie ook
Grondwater
Hydrologie

Hydrologie
Water