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150 Years of Forgetting about the Tenant League – Part 2 →
To be fair, there have been snippets of the League mentioned in passing here and there. Jim Hornby's diligent review of newspapers from 1864 have been the most frequent citing. Boyd Becke had a short segment on Island Morning running over the events in a hurry, and it's mentioned in passing in a few PEI 2014-funded documents such as the Public Archives 2014 Almanc. However this post summarizes and sources much of Ian Ross Robertson's book The Tenant League of Prince Edward Island, to whom all credit is due and which I would recommend to anybody wishing to explore the history and background further. Robertson has written on this topic for many years and should be commended for the painstacking comprehensiveness of his record.
PEI in 1864
By the mid-1800s the Island was largely underdeveloped. Charlottetown was only incorporated in 1855 and while a busy port of trade, it still lacked basic amenities like gas lighting or sidewalks. People got everywhere by horse, buggy, or sleigh and the roads were notoriously muddy during the spring. There was generally three classes of people on the Island at the time: aristocrats (businessmen, lawyers, socialites, landlords, trade merchants, land agents), tradesmen (blacksmiths, woodworkers, tanners, local merchants, shipbuilders, sailors), and the rural class (farmers, lumberjacks, tavern keepers, stable hands, etc.). In 1767 the island had been divided into 67 lots which were sold off to members of the English upper class, with almost nothing left to the public, a unique situation in North America at the time. These proprietors largely left the management of their lots to landlords both local and relative, or rent collectors who could immediately oversee the land they owned and collect dues from it. Development of the lots fell to colonists who would sign a lease, or attorn, acknowledging the proprietor's ownership and the colonist's liability for rent. These settlers would spend years cutting down trees, removing stumps, tilling the soil, planting seeds, and managing crops before ever seeing a profit from their work. For this reason many of the farmers were left in arrears, or owing money to the lot's proprietor. As well, it was common for farmers to not have met or heard from their landlord or rent collector for years, meaning when they did come around, the pressure to attorn or pay their arrears in full was great. If a farmer did not sign or pay they would be booted out and replaced, with none of their work compensated.
Tenants sought to purchase freehold status on their land so they could become independent and not owe a yearly rent, but many landlords and proprietors offered prices that were too high or were unwilling to sell, reluctant to give up potentially valuable property. The Leasehold system, as it was called, resulted in three broad categories of tenant farmers across the Island:
Secure tenants, who had long leases and were up to date on their rents and who may be looking to purchase freehold status on their lands.
Insecure tenants, due to short leases, verbal contracts, or if they were squatting on their land without the proprietor's knowledge.
Insecure tenants in arrears, who were behind on or owed payments and were at the mercy of the proprietor, potentially facing expulsion with no compensation for their work. However, it was common for landlords to allow tenants to be in arrears as long as they kept up on yearly rent from a point onwards.
This general insecurity for the majority of tenants began to harm the province through out-migration. Without freehold status, sons of farmers had no guarantee to the farms and lands of their fathers, and left the island to seek security in other places where freehold was common, such as the mainland or the United States. There was also a level of distrust between tenants and their proprietors. Tenants did not trust proprietors for their varied and sometimes unpredictable policies, and the unbalanced power in gave them in negotiation. The proprietor did not trust the farmer who was more likely to pay off debts to local merchants than to some oversees noble or a landlord they rarely saw.
Frustrations were already mounting moving into the 1860s and there were a number of efforts before the Tenant League which sought to resolve the Land Question in a legal manner. The four main acts were:
Eschaet movement of the 1830s: Founded on a legal trick whereby lands in proprietor hands would revert to crown ownership if the proprietor could be said to not have promoted or developed the land as per the original 1767 conditions. It won widespread support during its time and sent a one-man delegation to London with three options for absolving the Land Question. But the delegation was denied an audience with the Colonial Office, who found their options undesirable, and the effort died soon after
Land Purchase Act of 1853: An act conceived by the Reform movement which briefly gained power in the 1850s. It authorized the government to make large scale purchases of land and sell them back to their occupiers. But the Act was non-compulsory and many landlords did not sell. Only a small purchase was ever made under the Act.
Land Commission Act of 1860: A royal commission comprised of six prominent absentee landlords who together owned more than a quarter of the Island. It sought to investigate the differences in rights between landowners and tenants and held public meetings, hearing from delegations across the Island. They collected a wide range of testimony on the hardships of the Leasehold system, but had trouble with a lack of properly kept records for all the farms and lands across the province in trying to figure out who owed what and how much. Their eventual report recommended tenants be given the right to purchase freehold and arrears prior to May 1st 1858 be forgiven. The large variation of circumstances across the Island made the Act almost impossible to enforce. Though they eventually settled on encouraging "compulsory compromise" as the solution, proprietors rejected the authority of the Commission, citing that it overstepped its bounds, and thanks in some part to English patronage, the Act was de-fanged and quietly shuffled out of mind.
Fifteen Years Purchase Bill: A statute introduced that allowed tenants who held unexpired leases for more than forty years would, for a period of ten years, be allowed to purchase their lands for the equivalent of fifteen years rent plus arrears owing since May 1st 1858. The ruling was confusing and the date non-specific, chosen arbitrarily. It also only applied to the lands of twelve consenting landlords and some of whom saw it as an attack on their rights, calling it a "first invasion" and a "wedge". Islanders did not agree with it as it was largely inflexible in its terms, the price was very high and unattainable for many tenants individually, and it amounted to a boiled down version of previous land purchase efforts. By 1868 only forty-five tenants had used the act to gain freehold on their lands, some 0.82% of the land it applied to.
So whether it was because of the efforts of an entrenched nobility, poor record keeping, or inability to find a compromise, the Leasehold system survived. The advantages were too great for the proprietor seated in England to suddenly change the system to someone else's benefit. Tenants frustrations had been brewing for decades and now a new disillusionment with the legal system and their government was beginning to prod sentiments over the edge. An election was three years away, but four previous governments had failed to achieve reform. Who could say a new one would be different? The tenants felt they could not wait any longer. It was time to organize.
"Every embarrassment should be caused to those Proprietors, their agents or bailiffs, who might have the hardihood to attempt seizing or selling the effects of any individual tenant in these localities."
It's hard to pin-point exactly where and when these sorts of movements begin. Who knows how long the idea was passed word of mouth and mulled over by the various communities sprinkled across PEI at the time. There were various claims made after the fact over which lot was the original starting point, and it's possible there were many unconnected meetings across many lots over some time. The first recorded instance was reported in Edward Whelan's newspaper The Examiner in December 1863 under the heading 'Tenant Outbreak' with text reading,
"We are informed that an attempt to force old arrears of rent on the Melville Estate, Lot 29 (near Crapaud), has been met with armed resistance, and that something in the form of a Tenant League has been organized there, to keep aloof the Bailiffs of the Agent."
The incident passed largely without notice until January, when a similar encounter was reported on Peters Road, Lot 61, in Southern Kings. A letter to the Examiner signed 'A Tenant' reported that the land agent there had suddenly changed policy and demanded all arrears paid in full or their property would be seized. Records show that some 26% of the tenants on Lot 61 held their property by verbal agreement alone, while only a few leaseholders were given "fair circumstances", and more than 70% of the farms were considered of poor quality. During the second week of January, the Sheriff reported that he had attempted to serve writs unsuccessfully three times and that the tenants of Peters Road,
"had formed a League with the tenantry of High Bank [on neighboring Lot 64] and are determined to resist the payment of rent."
Three days after the publication of the Lot 61 report, John Ross reported in his newspaper Ross's Weekly a tenant meeting on Lot 63 with some 700 people attending and which passed resolutions demanding the right to buy their farms on terms similar to those found during the sales of the Land Purchase Act of 1853. If not they would resist seizure and prevent any occupation of their lands by replacement tenants. They also demanded a decrease in rent and the remission of all previous arrears. Those in attendance had also pledged to march to Georgetown and demonstrate during the sale of two farms,
"not to molest the Sheriff or anybody else; …but to show their numbers, which would be sufficient … to deter any persons from bidding on their farms."
The demonstration did not go through, the cited reason being "bad roads" and the farms were eventually sold off.
The sentiment however soon spread to Queens County, where more than one-half of all Islanders lived at the time, with Lots 29 and 34 declaring resistance to rent while demanding a conversion to freehold on "just and moderate terms." Lot 29 was important to note in particular as 98.7% of the people occupying the land were paying tenants, the highest percentage anywhere on the Island. During the same week the proprietors of Lot 34 printed an advertisement demanding all rents and arrears to be paid in full.
This was followed in late February and into March by three meetings on Lots 35, 36, and 37 held at taverns and hotels in Fort Augustus, Glenfinnan, and Ten Mile House with the intention of organizing a formal Tenant League. They invited their local assemblymen, Opposition Leader George Coles and Liberal Francis Kelly, to the second meeting and there 300 people demanded to purchase their lands in similar fashion to the Lot 63. The assemblymen strongly opposed the resistance to rent and warned against taking illegal action, but eleven days later at the third meeting, a committee was formed to "correspond with the other tenants in Lot 48, 63, 64, etc in carrying out the proposals we have made to the proprietors."
The meeting on Lot 48 in particular was described as ominous and referred to the Island's leasehold tenure as a 'slave-holding system' and stated that,
"the Tenantry of this Island, heretofor loyal, sympathetic and patriotic, have ultimately been driven by Proprietary oppression into extreme measures, if not desperation."
a striking departure in tone from previous meetings. They too pledged to resist their rents and sought purchase terms similar to those other Lots had demanded.
On March 16th, the first day of a new session of legislature, Lots 49 and 50 met at the Mount Mellick schoolhouse. There one George F. Adams, a tavern keeper and postman, was the mover of the first resolution which advocated, among many things, "conformity therewith as a combined and united Tenant organization." Alexander McNeill, a long-time teacher in the district, acted as secretary and prepared the published report.
From there, between late March and May 19th, no fewer than thirteen official meetings were recorded, extending from Campbellton, Lot 4, in the north-west, all the way to Rollo Bay Cross Roads at the eastern end, with seven of the thirteen occurring in Queens county.
What was most striking about the movement to observers was the broad support it received from all sides. In a time that was still regularly divided along sectarian and cultural lines, the tenant meetings were drawing together crowds of Roman Catholics and Protestants, Tories and Liberals, Irish, Scottish, and Acadians all under one roof and behind a single cause. There were few grievances at the time that garnered such universal scorn as the Leasehold system and it was showing not just in the numbers but in the very people it drew out.
"Let no man be deceived in this matter. The law will be enforced even should it require the presence of a company of troops in every county in the Island."
-William H. Pope
On May 19th, 1864, seventy to eighty delegates from across the townships of PEI assembled in Charlottetown's then largest hotel for the founding convention of the new Tenant League. Tenantry was not a requirement for joining, only the intent to assist, and members came from a diverse group that included freeholders, trades people, merchants, teachers, and one reporter, though press, politicians, and the general public were barred from the convention. Members did have to pay five shillings and sign a Tenant's Pledge which vowed the signator to
"withhold the further liquidation of rent and arrears of rent" … "and to resist the distraint, coercion, ejection, seizure, and sale for rent and arrears of rent."
The point of seeking purchase of land with a "fair offer" was also important and anyone coming up short would forfeit the "sympathy and all the advantages of this Union." The delegates also signed a petition against the Fifteen Years Purchase Bill, the standing policy for land purchase at the time, and formed a Central Committee to ensure any purchases were done fairly and not outside the League's pledge. A report on the convention and several addresses were published later and circulated among the general public. Included was an address by George F. Adams, an enigmatic person who quickly rose as a central voice in the movement. In his May 19th address to the convention he spoke of the importance of setting aside petty differences for united action, keeping the movement focused on the Land Question and out of politics, and seizing reform not as a gift from legislators but "by the people themselves demanding them, and in many instances, shedding their blood for them, and that too without a murmur."
Today little record of Adams exists at all, with only the writings of his political enemies left detailing him. He is said to have come to the Island under an assumed name and was describe as a well-educated Englishman and "a wild Chartist". His Half Way House in Vernon River was a well known spot that served meals and accommodations for travelers between Charlottetown and Georgetown. He was married to Martha Ramsay of Rose Hill, Prince County, whose family was involved in a number of legal disputes with a proprietor's estate over several decades. His populist radicalism emerges in a few of his key writings during the time, such as in one published address connecting the land question to broader issues of the time:
"These districts [in Southern Kings County] have thus taught the people of the Island a lesson which I trust they will never forget, that is, whenever a people have a grievance, never to be afraid nor hesitate to at once take action and look for and have their rights, and always depending on a majority of the people afterwards in supporting them; this is a fact worth knowing, and one that will be acted upon hereafter on many questions besides the one we now have at hand."
The editorial reaction to the convention can be said to have centered around three main newspapers and their editors. John Ross, an Orangeman and editor of Ross's Weekly, was the most sympathetic to the cause and was the paper of note for publishing and circulating the convention report and various addresses. Ross openly stated in his paper that the time had come for "the people to take matters into their own hands and declare that they shall become free men." William H. Pope was a Tory lawyer politican, older brother of then premier James Pope, editor of The Islander paper, and a man "more cunning, more perseverance in pursuit of his object (no matter what it is,) and more real talent than any other man in his party." as described by his rival Whelan. Pope had already come out against the Tenant League and its resistance to rent well before the convention, and many of the leading members of the movement were from his constituency. Edward Whelan, in contrast, was a Liberal politician and editor of The Examiner, and at least somewhat supportive of the reasons for resistance, but not the method. He believed the Tenant League would only delay the resolution of the Land Question, not quicken it. In an article he wrote entitled 'The Tenant Union – Its Advantages and Abuses' he made the case for seeking reprieve through "representative institutions", criticized Adams for his "extraordinary and indefensible" positions, and stated:
"Gongs, and tin kettles, and a few discharges of musketry, may frighten a worthless Bailiff out of a settlement; and perhaps it would be of no great harm if the dirty fellow was favoured with a bath in the nearest duck pond; but it is not the Bailiff alone that is outraged in this case. It is the majesty of the law – it is authority of one of the greatest empires in the world that is thus impotently and foolishy defied."
For Pope and Whelan in particular, there was a fear that a united front would rise to form a new political party and usurp the common Tory/Liberal rule.
On June 7th the Central Committee met and there Adams suggested the creation of a list of enemies comprised of people who made purchases or bids on items sold to make up rent. He suggested using shunning, or social and economic ostracisation – a tactic seen primarily in Ireland, especially in the case of Charles C. Boycott – as a way of ensuring people's commitment to the cause and damaging those who worked against them. Adams expressly stated "for whosoever is not with us we take to be against us."
First Acts
Contrary to maybe the fears at the time, the first act of the Tenant League was not violence, but a purchase. On August 2nd, 1864, Adams announced that Robert Haythorne, one of three proprietors on Lot 49, had reached a deal with his tenantry to sell off 5,502 acres, affecting about fifty to sixty tenants. The deal had been struck by the Lot's three member committee and the transaction, performed without any sort of government intervention, was seen as a vindication of the League's efforts and greatly enhanced its credibility. A direct deal between a proprietor and his collective tenantry was unprecedented at the time. As well, the deal was significantly cheaper for the tenants than if they had done the same through the Fifteen Years Purchase Bill. By comparison, sales made through the Fifteen Years Purchase Bill by 1868 amounted to only 2,911 acres, or less than one percent of total eligible land. The Tenant League had outdone the government initiative by almost double in a single stroke.
Later in August, the two petitions against that Fifteen Years Purchase Bill reached the lieutenant governor, with 262 fisherman and 2,550 tenants and supporters signed on. But it did little to change officials' minds and the Bill continued to live on.
It's hard to say if it was the formation of the Tenant League, the Haythrone sale, or a general unease which changed the atmosphere on the island, but during the autumn of 1864 a number of proprietors and land agents suddenly shifted policy and made collection of rent and arrears a priority. George W. DeBlois, a land agent for three major estates, accounting for more than one-fifth of the land on the Island, published a notice on October 28th demanding tenants pay their annual rent along with a "fair proportion" of their arrears before November 21st or "they will be sued without further notice." A week later, John Roach Bourke, another land agent, posted an advertisement demanding a "portion of arrears" from his tenants by November 25th. By the end of the month, Henry Palmer, agent for Lady Georgiana Fane, was seeking rent and "settlement of Accounts" in full, and the agent of James Montgomery, another large proprietor, notified tenants on Lots 34, 51, and 59 that rent and "other Amounts due…forthwith".
While demanding rent and arrears may have seemed like provocation at the time, it more likely was an attempt by proprietors to secure their privileges in a potentially eroding system. Arrears in particular were considered "non-contractual privileges", in that a proprietor could allow his/her tenants to fall into arrears, but they were not legally obligated to do so. It was a way for proprietors to keep tenants happy and compliant by looking the other way, but also used to control and dominate them, as even the threat of revoking arrears was enough to keep tenants in line for fear they would lose everything. The threat to proprietors was that if they looked away for too long, it was a privilege that would soon be considered a right by tenants. Arrears, then, only worked in the favor of the proprietor as long as the privilege could be granted or revoked. Remember that many contracts on the Island were verbal only or the records were very poorly kept. Landlords were fine with tenants being in arrears as long as they were up to date on their yearly rent. With the proprietors' legitimacy threatened by shifting sentiments on the Island, the demand for rent and arrears in the autumn of 1864 could be seen as land owners reminding tenants of the shaky privileges they held and a reassertion of the rights of the owner. A conflict was beginning to form where both sides saw the issue as one of rights held by their side and not the other.
Following the Haythorne sale, on September 26th, 106 tenants of Lot 50 made an offer to their proprietors in England, Maria Matilda Fanning and Lady Louisa Wood. They stated they were of the Tenant League, that they would be paying no more rent, and made an offer for purchase. The reply they received from Fanning and Wood was a price more than triple what was offered, assurances that their condition had not changed, and before the tenants even received that reply, the newest landlord for Lot 50 was demanding rent and arrears paid by December 21st. The tenantry of Lot 50 reaffirmed their refusal to pay rent until "a right of purchase is afforded … on fair and just principles." Their resolution was printed in Ross's Weekly along with a preamble pinning the membership of the Tenant League at 11,000. The population of the Island at the time was only 80,857, and the census of 1861 listed a total of 11,439 land occupiers with 22,247 males over sixteen years of age. If the League's claim was true, then they were backed by a staggering amount of support and consequently tenants who had pledged not to pay rent. Most notable about this number was the lack of controversy surrounding it, as even public figures like Pope and Whelan failed to dispute the spreading sentiment of the League.
While the vast majority of the League support was from rural communities, there was also support stemming from Charlottetown. In October the Central Committee had sent out an appeal, soliciting Charlottetown residents for funds and wishing "to know our friends from our foes." By January the Committee had gave its thanks to the town and stated "the canvass of the town has fully realized our expectations." In January, in a "crowded house" and after some "animated discussion", the recently formed Charlottetown Literary and Debate Society unanimously passed a pro-Tenant League resolution. And the Grand Lodge of the Orangeman, a Protestant fraternity, found its members increasingly at odds, their support split between their fellow Orangemen and the Tenant League. Grand Secretary Thomas J. Leeming would later state in 1867 that the League had depleted the Orangemen's ranks, as people chose to side with the tenants. The government grew wary of growing support in Charlottetown, their seat of power, and were already on shaky ground with many Islanders over the issue of Confederation. It was looking more like city folk were throwing their weight behind the League to curry favor with rural tradesmen and merchants, not wanting to be left out in the cold so to speak.
Furthers attempts at fair purchase were made in January of the new year, 1865. On Lots 63 and 64, George DeBlois and the estate of Samual Cunard he represented refused to budge, offering only a reduction in rent and preferring to deal under the conditions of the Fifteen Years Purchase Bill. DeBlois in particular was aggressive against the Tenant League, stating he would not speak or deal with anyone identifying themselves as part of the movement. In published correspondence with the tenants of Lot 48, he derided the "object" of the organization as "unlawful and seditious" and intended to "enforce from you the payment of every shilling of your rent."
To this point the League had been active for close to a year and so far had successfully made a large purchase of land and contended with other stonewalling proprietors. That changed when on March 10th, 1865, Queens County Deputy Sheriff James Curtis rode out from Charlottetown to Fort Augustus and the Monaghan Settlement on Lot 36 intending to serve writs to tenants. One of the tenants he sought was James Callaghan, a tavern keeper and one of the early active supporters of the League. Curtis arrived at the tavern and met Callaghan's wife and son, who told him he had already gone to town. When they learned who Curtis was, the son ordered him to leave but Curtis refused and stayed to eat dinner. When he attempted to leave on his horse he met three or four people, including Callaghan's son, who told him not to go up the road any further. Curtis insisted and went on his way. Further up the road he met another one of Callaghan's sons on horseback with a tin trumpet in his hands. The simple trumpets were commonly used to call workers in the fields to dinner, but the Tenant League increasingly used them to warn of oncoming law officers and to rally local farmers to resistance. Curtis' report continued,
"Callaghan's son turned his horse crossways on the road and endeavoured to present my getting along and ordered me to go back and dared me to go any further. I asked him the reason why I should go back, was I not at liberty to travel the road as well as any other person, he replied that I would find that our pretty quick that the devil much farther I would go until I would get my head in my hands."
Curtis pressed on but encountered further resistance:
"[I] discovered three men in a field, two of them had a stick in their hand, the other had a Gun, they stood and looked at me and shortly proceeded to the road towards me, when they came to the gate they stood. I went on and never spoke to them and a little further on I met a man on the road with a Pitchfork in his hands and two boys each of them with a stick, they said nothing but looked ferocious."
Still he moved on but "found at every farm people with large sticks in their hands all apparently acting together as the trumpets were blowing in every direction." He attempted to get away, but trailed by a large crowd that assembled, he determined he would need a larger force to serve his writs.
His report sparked concern back in Charlottetown and there was uncertainty on how to proceed. The premier, James Pope, had only been appointed to the office less than ten weeks prior mostly for his anti-Confederation stance and because his older brother, William H., was unpopular with large portions of the Island. James Pope was primarily a businessman and had no stomach for the political game or potentially suppressing an open revolt. The government he led was fractured by key shuffling, mistrust, and resignations over the Confederation issue and was unable to rely on local militia as many of the members were active within the League or at least sympathetic to their cause. No previous official had ever called on on the loose militia the province once had, which left Pope with few easy options. On March 16th the Executive Council ordered the sheriff to call up the posse comitatus, or "the power of the county", an archaic and little used form of marshaling men over the age of fifteen to suppress riots. It was evident to the Council at the time that something had to be done least things get completely out of their control, and the posse comitatus was there only shot.
But while the Council deliberated, the Tenant League moved forward with their plans. A rally was set a week to the day after Curtis' journey, a march through the streets that would see League members from all across the Island assembled before the very face of the Council, revealing their numbers and proclaiming their legitimacy. The once loose assembly of committees would now be marching through the heart of the capital just as the government was mounting their own show of force.
Continued in Part 2 …
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Jaminet ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Jérôme Jaminet (* 1979), luxemburgischer Essayist, Lyriker, Aphoristiker und Literaturkritiker
 Mathieu Jaminet (* 1994), französischer Automobilrennfahrer
 Melvyn Jaminet (* 1999), französischer Rugby-Union-Spieler

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By Martha Henry
The AIDS epidemic has had a devastating impact on child survival in sub-Saharan Africa. In Botswana, under-five mortality almost doubled from 1990 to 2000. Since then, remarkable progress has been made to prevent pregnant HIV-positive mothers from passing the virus to their infants, either in utero or through breastfeeding. Yet in a study published this July in BMC Pediatrics, Harvard AIDS Initiative (HAI) researchers found that HIV-exposed or infected children in Botswana account for more than half of deaths in children younger than two.
Botswana, a country at the epicenter of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in southern Africa, has a successful national antiretroviral (ART) program to treat those infected with HIV. Particular attention is given to expectant mothers to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Currently, about 26% of pregnant women in Botswana are HIV-positive.
At the request of Botswana's government, researchers conducted a study to determine the current infant mortality rate. "If you don't know the infant mortality rate, you can't design interventions to save babies," said Dr. Roger Shapiro, Principal Investigator of the study.
Study Specifics
From January 2012 to March 2013, 3000 mothers (half HIV-infected and half HIV-uninfected) and their 3033 children (1515 HIV-exposed) were enrolled within 48 hours of delivery at five hospital maternity wards in Botswana. Follow up visits were conducted via cell phone at one and three months, then every three months until 24 months after delivery.
By 24 months, 2.1 % of children followed in the study were HIV-infected. Overall, 106 children died for a mortality rate of 3.5 % over two years. Of the 106 children who died, 12 (38 %) were HIV-infected, 70 (4.7 %) were HIV-exposed uninfected (uninfected children of HIV-positive mothers), and 24 (1.6 %) HIV-unexposed.
"Kids who are HIV-exposed are twice as likely to die," said Dr. Rebecca Zash, the study's first author and a clinician at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. "Because so few children are infected and so many are exposed, most of the deaths in Botswana are in that exposed but uninfected group."
Formula Feeding as a Confounding Factor?
In 1999, attempting to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, Botswana's Ministry of Health encouraged HIV-infected mothers to formula feed exclusively and provided them with free formula. At the time, many countries followed a similar policy. This was before ART was freely available in Botswana and before research showed the benefits of breast-feeding for infants born to HIV-infected mothers.
Botswana began to roll out its national ART program in 2001. By 2012, all pregnant HIV-infected women had access to three-drug ART to prevent mother-to-child transmission.
For babies born to mothers with a suppressed viral load on ART, the shift to formula feeding as part of PMTCT efforts may have done more harm than good. Mother's milk contains immune factors that help protect a newborn from common infectious diseases, even if the mother is infected with HIV. Research at HAI and elsewhere revealed that higher rates of diarrhea and pneumonia are associated with formula feeding.
In the Botswana study, infectious diseases— diarrhea and pneumonia—were the number one cause of death in both HIV-exposed and unexposed kids. HIV-exposed babies were twice as likely to die and almost all of those babies were formula fed. "We suspect that formula feeding contributed to the higher mortality, but because so few HIV-exposed babies were breast fed and so few HIV-unexposed babies were formula fed, we couldn't disentangle the two," said Shapiro.
Infant feeding policies in Botswana are slowing changing. New 2016 HIV Clinical Care Guidelines recommend "HIV positive women who are suppressed on ART should be encouraged to breastfeed their children for a maximum of six months." This makes sense because the fraction of infants who may die from diarrhea and pneumonia as a result of formula feeding is higher than the number who will get HIV-infected under an effective PMTCT program.
The World Health Organization (WHO), which announced new guidelines this July, more strongly endorses breastfeeding. For infants born to HIV-positive mothers who are doing well on ART, the WHO recommends that "mothers living with HIV should breastfeed for at least 12 months and may continue breastfeeding for up to 24 months or longer (similar to the general population) while being fully supported for ART adherence."
Beyond ART & Breastfeeding
Achieving low child mortality in Botswana will require interventions to decrease maternal HIV prevalence, as well as interventions to improve outcomes among children and adults already affected by HIV.
"Antiretroviral therapy is absolutely needed and making a huge impact, but it's not the end of the story," said Zash. "We also have to reduce the number of HIV-infected pregnant women, and that's going to take time."
In addition to encouraging breastfeeding and preventing new adult HIV infections, HAI researchers are looking at ways to treat infectious diseases in young children. "One possible measure is increasing the frequency that HIV-exposed kids are seen in pediatric clinics," said Zash. "Closer monitoring could lead to saved lives."
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I found myself taking a lot of pictures this weekend and have really struggled to pick just one.
Riley's photo this week was from our trip to the park where he got to play football with his dad. Right now we are getting to appreciate the fact that Kevin is on secondment at work and no longer working shifts and every other weekend. Its to last for 8 weeks and I just hope it doesn't go too quickly.
Riley loves having a kick about with the football so I decided it would be fun to take him along to the park where they had freshly painted lines on the pitch. He immediatly saw the goalposts and got very excited about the "score posts" as he has rebranded them. To true footballer style he took a couple of dives, skidded on his knees and got himself nice and muddy.
Dirty jeans, tongue sticking out in concentration behind a massive smile; this is the look of a wee boy who was truly loving having his daddy back at the weekends again!
I have always been one of those people that never thinks a baby looks like its parents. Everyone told me when Riley was born that he looked so like Kevin, I looked at this little bundle of perfection and didn't see it at all! He looked like a baby to me. They pretty much all look the same at that point, little teeny wrinkly humans!
Two months down the line when people said he was looking more like me, I again turned to them and said really?! All I could still see was a baby!
Nowadays, at almost 4 years old it's a bit different. I still think he looks like his own little person but there are times when I look at him and I see myself, other times I look and he is the double of Kev.
Back just before Christmas we went out to lunch with some friends that questioned how on earth it was possible for him to be the double of both me and Kev at the same time. This made me laugh because most of the time it is only his dad I see in him!
I was always a daddys girl when I was younger, I wanted to do everything with my dad. Riley is the opposite. He is very much a mummy's boy. Nothing but mummy will do. I do take great delight in being his favourite, but sometimes it is exhausting. So whilst he is a mummy's boy through and through he does still loves and needs his daddy. I think whilst with me it is a comfort thing needing me around, with his dad it's a looking up to him type thing. He is Riley's role model, he admires his dad and tends to copy most things he does; whether its walking with hands in his pockets, pretending to play Fifa along with him on playstation or pulling funny faces at each other. It's so special to see the man you fell in love with become so important to the new little man you have fallen in love with. Their bond is so special and cute to watch.
Its in the little moments where you can see the friendship that they have and hopefully will always have.
I have been away with work this week. Every time I travel with work I miss Riley so much and use the photos I have taken over the previous weeks to miss him slightly less. I am so glad I am one of those people who can't help themselves but take a photo at every available opportunity.
The photo I have chosen this week is a typical Riley picture. Not looking at the camera and caught in the moment doing something cheeky. When I go away with work at the moment we tend to have a spate of bad behaviour after it, another reason for me to feel that all too common mum guilt! This weekend has been no exception to this pattern unfortunately and I became the shouty mum on Sunday.
I had no option eventually but to give myself a timeout away from him with a cup of tea and a few cheeky mini eggs. He came looking for me within a few minutes and sidled up to me with the look of innocence on his little face and apologised to me. Of course with that cute little face I couldn't stay mad at him any longer. We had a cuddle and made up and he quickly wired into those mini eggs on the table. Should have known it was all to do with chocolate! He is such a little monkey and would pretty much do anything for chocolate, he has the worst sweet tooth. I tend not to have these wee treats in the house as he just begs over and over again if he spies something in the cupboards.
Just look at those long dark eyelashes – why do little boys get the best eyelashes?!
I can't believe we sit here nearly at the end of the second month of 2017. Time really is getting away from me already this year.
On Sunday, Riley made me realise how quickly not only this year has gone, but also the last three! We attended a christening for a work colleague's son.
Riley was dressed up in a lovely little outfit from Next which I rush bought earlier in the morning. I may or may not have forgotten about the Christening and also that the last suit outfit we had for Riley had been long since grown out of.
I couldn't believe how grown up he looked when I dressed him. I stood looking at him wondering "where has my little baby gone?" He is just looking more and more like such a wee boy every day, so tall and so grown up.
As much as I hate seeing my little baby becoming an almost four-year-old little boy, I love being able to watch him grow. He has become his own little person with an amazing personality, a love for tickles and giggles and an inquisitive nature with a penchant for asking "but why mummy?" over and over again.
I really can't stop looking at this picture and just thinking he looks so smart (despite him un-tucking his shirt just as I finished tucking it in) and beyond his 3 years. He likes his hair gelled up despite it being very fine and difficult to do much with. He seems to have his own fashion sense now; he picked out the smart shoes that go very well with his little suit.
As as much as I want time to slow down to let me cherish some of these moments that little bit longer, I am so excited to see how he will have changed this time next year!
So when I told Riley we were going to a park to find the Gruffalo he was thrilled. I had been told about Rozelle Park in Ayr and that there was a Gruffalo hiding in a tree somewhere so I couldn't wait to take him. The Gruffalo has been a favourite in our house for a good few years. If it's not the Gruffalo, it's the Gruffalo's child!
On a cold winters morning I bundled Riley into the car we headed off to the park. It had been raining for a good few days beforehand, I'd made sure Riley was prepared with welly boots…but me being me came in very unsuitable for mud pair of Ugg boots. Bad footwear choice.
There are so many lovely places in this park, and it is full of wood carvings. You can see the first one as you drive into the park, it is certainly something to look at!
We walked over to the duck ponds and watched all the birds in the water and squirrels that were bounding about in the trees behind us. Riley loves nature, and there certainly was an abundance of it here! At this point Riley decided to run off from me after one of the squirrels and fellin the mud. When I say fell, I mean he ran into it, got a foot stuck and then fell face first into the squelchy mud. He couldn't get up and I had to try and rescue him. My own feet got stuck in the mud as I pulled him out and there went my clean ugg boots. Caked I was!
After cleaning Riley up, we came across some more wooden carvings of WW1 figures. It was a lovely area with lots of lovingly created figures.
What became quite clear to me at this point was that I should have probably asked someone where the daft Gruffalo was. Riley started moaning that he was fed up walking and we were about to call it a day until I saw a random tree stump in the middle of a clearing and wondered if that might be where this Gruffalo was hiding.
We were almost at the stump when I noticed two little ears sticking out of the top! The Gruffalo was inside the tree stump hiding.
Riley then, once again, found a stick to play with and took great delight in throwing it up in the air and trying to make it land on top of me!
I really do have a bit of a crazy child! He was busy shouting out "I'm crazy" as I took this picture.
Another little adventure under our belts. Rozelle Park was beautiful, despite ruining my Ugg boots and it being rather cold! The wood carvings throughout the park were lovely and I'd love to spend more time there discovering all the other ones. I don't think we even scratched the surface!


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telangana map outline
Choose from Telangana stock illustrations from iStock. jpg format. Clipart Library Ict Academy Covered Servicing In Currently - India Map - Png Download. Each of the neighboring states is an editable map. Following a movement for separation[2], Overview of and topical guide to Telangana, Executive branch of the government of Telangana, Legislative branch of the government of Telangana, Judicial branch of the government of Telangana, Constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly, Monuments of National Importance in Telangana, Jaya Jaya He Telangana Janani Jayakethanam, Institutions of higher education in Telangana, "KCR Promises to Make Telangana as Seed Bowl of India", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Telangana&oldid=978203989, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 0. The 29 Indian States (including Telangana) form the Jigsaw puzzle pieces. mi). It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km 2 (43,273 sq mi) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census. We have collect images about Draw the outline map of telangana and identify the kaleshwaram project including images, pictures, photos, wallpapers, and more. In 1956, the Hyderabad state was dissolved as part of the linguistic reorganisation of states and Telangana was merged with former Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh. No. Telangana free map, free outline map, free blank map, free base map, high resolution GIF, PDF, CDR, AI, SVG, WMF boundaries, districts The state is the eighth largest state in India covering an area of 160,205 km2 (61,855 sq mi). 2:02. Satellite imagery. From Gathering Food to Growing Food - The Earliest People . People can tell their objections/suggestions … Telangana Outline Map: About Telangana. 673*791. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Andhra Pradesh: . तेलंगाना का रेखांकित नक्शा | तेलंगाना का विस्तृत रेखांकित नक्शा राज्य सीमा के साथ प्राप्त करे | Telangana Blank Outline Map in Hindi The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Telangana: Telangana – one of the 29 states in India, and is located in South India. India Outline Map Png Clipart. Best Free png HD telangana map png images background, PNG png file easily with one click Free HD PNG images, png design and transparent background with high quality. Find districts of Telangana. Outline telangana andhra pradesh map. 3D rendering. LalitaParameshwari Art 25,008 views. Firstly, our India outline map blank templates has capital and major cities on it, which are New Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, and Kanpur. Telangana acquired its identity as the Telugu-speaking region of the princely state of Hyderabad, ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad,[1] joining the Union of India in 1948. km (44,273 sq. Telangana became the 29th state of India (on June 2, 2014). The Telangana Editable Map combines Telangana Location map, Outline map, , Region map and District map, with additional 2 editable maps: Telangana Political PowerPoint maps highlighting the state outline. Telangana is renowned for its historic architecture. The capital of both Telangana … Outline india telangana map . Telangana is situated within the following regions: This page was last edited on 13 September 2020, at 14:45. – How is Prepare It? 0. Buy the Paperback Book at Amazon. Penugolu - A Village on the Hills. Download footage now! It has a template , but there is not enough information present. 0. Illustration about Telangana, state of India. Telangana Map - India - … Agriculture in Our Times. Telangana came into being after andhra pradesh reorganisation act 2014 bill was passed by the parliament for carving out the telangana state comprising ten districts from north western andhra. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. We have collect images about Draw the outline map of telangana and identify the kaleshwaram project including images, pictures, photos, wallpapers, and more. The state is the eighth largest state in India covering an area of 160,205 km2 (61,855 sq mi). ILRMS Telangana TS Bhunaksha Map Telangana: The digitization of village maps is a commendable task by the government under the e-governance plan for the state of Telangana.Now a huge practice of digitizing the maps of almost districts and villages is nearing completion and the maps can now be viewed online by the Department of State. Telangana's major food crop is rice. The language most commonly spoken in Telangana is Telugu, although Urdu is also recognized. Telangana is a new state in India carved out of the earstwhile Andhra Pradesh. If you are looking for Draw the outline map of telangana and locate godavari river you've come to the right place. तेलंगाना का रेखांकित नक्शा | तेलंगाना का विस्तृत रेखांकित नक्शा राज्य सीमा के साथ प्राप्त करे | Telangana Blank Outline Map in Hindi Buy a PDF Downloadable Copy of the Book. Warangal Urban District Map Maps And Boundaries Sl. Telangana, constituent state of south-central India. 0. Medchal Malkajgiri. The area of what is now Telangana constituted the north-central and northeastern portions of Andhra Pradesh for almost six decades, but in 2014 that territory was calved off to form a separate state. Play with or without state outline. The printable, blank, outline maps in this collection can be freely photocopied or printed by a teacher or parent for use in a classroom or for home school lessons. The state of Telangana is currently divided into 33 districts. Hyderabad lies in the newly formed state of Telangana and has several amazing places to visit in and around the city. Sep 21, 2018 - Telangana free map, free outline map, free blank map, free base map, high resolution GIF, PDF, CDR, AI, SVG, WMF outline, districts, names (white) The majority of its land is used for farming, though a more cosmopolitan atmosphere can be found in the major city and capital, Hyderabad. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Telangana: Contents. If you are looking for Draw the outline map of telangana and identify the kaleshwaram project you've come to the right place. Telangana map outline / How to Draw Telangana Map Outline / Easy tricks to Draw Map Outline. Globe - A Model of the Earth. Telangana free map, free outline map, free blank map, free base map, high resolution GIF, PDF, CDR, AI, SVG, WMF outline, districts, names (white) Trade in Agricultural Produce-Part A. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Andhra Pradesh: . The State comprises of 33 districts covering an area of 1,12,077 sq. km (44,273 sq. Includes Editable Versions of the Maps You See on This Site - Duration: 2:02. The population development of Medchal Malkajgiri as well as related information and services (Wikipedia, Google, images). Disclaimer: All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast.It is India 's fourth-largest state by area and fifth-largest by population. Get latest & updated outline map prices in … Andhra Pradesh – one of the 29 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of the country. Video clip id 1037907677. [3] As per 2011 census of India, the state is tenth largest by population with 49,386,799 inhabitants. After several uprising by the people of Telangana region demanding a seperate state, the government of India in December 2009, announced that the process for the formation of Telangana state would be considered upon introduction and passage of a separation statement by the state assembly of Andhra Pradesh. Medchal Malkajgiri (District, Telangana, India) with population statistics, charts, map and location. The largest district is Bhadradri Kothagudem whereas Hyderabad is the smallest. Telangana spans more than 43,000 square miles, and is home to more than 35 million people. Telangana (తెలంగాణ, Short Code: IN-TG) is a State in South India.. Use the Telangana district Map for Sales Territories, Selling and Marketing Map or for Business Presentations in MS PPT. Tagged: maps, telangana map 2 Comments Very good map with information.I think the actual area in sq km of mahaboob nagar & bhoopalapally are different after formation of narayanpet & multi district's.kindly verify & sir please provide feedback if possible.Thank … Telangana, soms ook gespeld als Telengana of Telingana (Telugu: తెలంగాణ), is een deelstaat van India.Voorheen was het een regio in de Indiase staat Andhra Pradesh, maar sinds juni 2014 heeft het de status van een volwaardige deelstaat.De hoofdstad is Haiderabad, dat tien jaar als gedeelde hoofdstad tussen Telangana en Andhra Pradesh zal fungeren. Outline india telangana map . Satellite view and map shows Telangana. Telangana Geography pdf. Telangana spans more than 43,000 square miles, and is home to more than 35 million people. This video is about how to draw Telangana map in a simpler and quicker way. Draw the outline map of telangana and identify the kaleshwaram project you've come to the right place. Land Forms (Part - A) Dokur - A Village on the Plateau. An entertaining and educational map puzzle of India. Illustration of outline, india, area - 130548674 The Map of India Template in PowerPoint format includes two slides, that is, the India outline map and India political map. Mandal North South East West 1 Warangal North : Atmakur South : Khila Warangal East : Geesugonda West : Hanamkonda 2 Khila Warangal North : Warangal South : Khazipet East : Geesugonda West : Hanamkonda 3 Hanamkonda North : Hasanparthy South : Khazipet East : […] 0. Telangana is renowned for its historic architecture. The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, India: . So our andhra pradesh maps powerpoint templates have capital and major cities on it. Find the perfect pakistan map outline stock photo. Telangana became the 29th state of India on 2nd June 2014, by separation of ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh to form the new state. However Compare Infobase Limited and its directors do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same. This map has the the potential splitting of Andhar Pradesh into two parts, includes Telangana. 10 best anime body base; 111 cool things to draw; 111 cool things to draw easy; 111 fun and cool things to draw; 111 fun and cool things to draw right now; 2 bff pictures drawings Telangana Government Releases New 31 Districts Maps and Invited Suggestions/Complaint Filing from Public by September End. Editable Telangana district Map for PowerPoint Presentation. The language most commonly spoken in Telangana is Telugu, although Urdu is also recognized. Telangana (/ ˌ t ɛ l ə n ˈ ɡ ɑː n ə / (), Telugu: [ˈtelanɡaːna]) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. mi). The State comprises of 33 districts covering an area of 1,12,077 sq. Google Map of Telangana showing all villages in Telangana, major roads, local train route, hotels, hospitals, schools, colleges, religious places and important landmarks. Shape outlined against its country area. Telangana Government Releases New 31 Districts Maps and Invited Suggestions/Complaint Filing from Public by September End. Telangana became the 29th state of India (on June 2, 2014). PowerPoint Map of Telangana . Learn more about the Indian history and geography on our resource- oriented platform, Maps of India. Telangana Map. Find high-quality royalty-free vector images that you won't find anywhere else. Buy Telangana Map, Detailed Telangana state map download in layered PDF, JPG, AI and EPS format. Choose from a wide range of similar scenes. Illustration of division, continent, profile - 184744711 Telangana region consists of 10 districts which are at present part of Andhra Pradesh. Telangana is the eleventh largest state in India by area. 1330*1540. The clear maps of each state has been given here to have the complete view. This file is all about PNG and it includes telangana map tale which could help you design much easier than ever before. PNG. 0. We have collect images about Draw outline map of telangana including images, pictures, photos, labels and different colors for each Region; All objects (Shapes) in PowerPoint can be scaled to any size without loss of quality. All Civil Services Examination aspirants out there! Mandal North South East West 1 Warangal North : Atmakur South : Khila Warangal East : Geesugonda West : Hanamkonda 2 Khila Warangal North : Warangal South : Khazipet East : Geesugonda West : Hanamkonda 3 Hanamkonda North : Hasanparthy South : Khazipet East : […] Telangana free map, free outline map, free blank map, free base map, high resolution GIF, PDF, CDR, AI, SVG, WMF boundaries 769*722. Illustration about Telangana States and union territories of India, Federated states, Republic of India map vector illustration, scribble sketch Telangana state map. Telangana New Districts Map Download: The Telangana state government has released the maps of 31 districts including 10 existing and 21 planned districts.People of Telangana state can know the complete information from the official website, www.newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in. – How is Prepare It? This region travel guide to Telangana is an outline and may need more content. If there are Cities and Other destinations listed, they may not all be at usable status or there may not be a valid regional structure and a "Get in" section describing all of the typical ways to get here. Sep 21, 2018 - Telangana: free maps, free outline maps, free blank maps, free base maps, high resolution GIF, PDF, CDR, AI, SVG, WMF Get a 7.007 second telangana india state map outline stock footage at 29.97fps. Find the perfect andhra pradesh map stock photo. Reading and Making Maps. This map can be printed out to make an 8.5 x 11 printable map. SCERT Telangana Class 6 Social Studies (English Medium) add Generate a test. 0. Telangana district Map – PPT template. Telangana free map, free outline map, free blank map, free base map, high resolution GIF, PDF, CDR, AI, SVG, WMF outline, districts (white) This map shows the District Outline Map of Telangana along with the district headquaters. Telangana is a state in Southern India. Warangal Urban District Map Maps And Boundaries Sl. The clear maps of each state has been given here to have the complete view. Home → Asia → India → Administrative Division. Outline Map of Telangana State: Click here for Customized Maps: Print: Email: Free Download: Buy Now No need to register, buy now! Royalty Free, Printable, Blank, India Map, with administrative districts and names. The Telangana Outline Map shows the geographical location of this state with respect to her neighboring states: bordered by the states of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh to the north, Karnataka to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the south and east. Andhra Pradesh after Formation of Telangana, Shivaram Wildlife Sanctuary, Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka. Use curved lines to create the border of India. The largest district is Bhadradri Kothagudem whereas Hyderabad is the smallest. Get the list and detailed information about major cities in Telangana with the help of maps. No need to register, buy now! Telangana's major food crop is rice. India Clipart Map Indian - India Map Clipart Transparent - Png Download . Telangana: free maps, free outline maps, free blank maps, free base maps, high resolution GIF, PDF, CDR, AI, SVG, WMF Telangana became the 29th state of India (on June 2, 2014). The outline of India is almost entirely made up of detailed curves, both big and small. Design Map for PowerPoint; All Boundary Shapes of Telangana are exactly rendered by GIS data In these page, we also have variety of images available. Map highlights all the districts of Telangana with names and boundaries. May 31, 2019 - Telangana State Land Records Survey Online, Telangana Land Records Pahanis Pass Books Website, Village Map with Survey Numbers 4K and HD video ready for any NLE immediately. The Telangana Editable Map combines Telangana Location map, Outline map, , Region map and District map, with additional 2 editable maps: Telangana Political PowerPoint maps highlighting the state outline. Political Science Important Maps of India and world for class 12th cbse Class -12th 2019-2020 24/7 Customer Service +91 9717677336 store@mapsofindia.com No. It gets to retain Hyderabad as its capital city as hyderabad falls into the Telangana terrritory. The map also has rivers and neighbouring states marked out. On 2 Telangana is the eleventh largest state in India by area.
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Q: Hold timer type thread im having difficulties figuring this out for myself hence asking here.
i have an application which installs a client on a remote machine
and the client reports back through a socket.
im trying to create a hold timer. which means the client will send a hello message every 1 minute to the server.. if the server doesnt get a hello packet from the client within the hold timer the client is removed.
i can do it fine with one client...
but for multiple i cannot figure it out.
i was thinking to create a thread foreach new client that connected to the server. and then inside that thread start a hold timer.. but how do i distinguish clients from one another with the threads and how do i reset the hold timer IF a hello packet is recieved from a client.
i thought of creating a new thread for every hello packet and stopping the old one.
but i dont know how cpu intensive this will be
if you dont understand my question, please say so and ill try to explain whatever you dont understand.
which solution is better?
Solution A)
starting a new thread and stopping the old thread everytime a hello packet arrives? (every 40 secs) - from 100 clients
Solution B)
insert much better more scalable solution here.
Solution C)
can i access a timer inside a thread i create dynamically? -
i have unique threadnames on all dynamically created threads.
public void _clientholdtimer()
    {
    holdtimer = new Timer();
    holdtimer.Interval = SECtoMS(Settings.Default.Hold);
    holdtimer.Elapsed += holdtimer_Elapsed;
    }

and reset it when i recieve a hello packet from client with same name as thread?
Solution D)
store the timers in a dictionary
  public Dictionary timersDict = new Dictionary();
and the loop find the reference in the dict on hello packet recieved reset that timer.?
foreach(var item in timersDict)
                            {
                                if(item.Key == stripip(client.RemoteEndPoint.ToString()))
                                    TimerReset(item.Value);
                            }

SOLUTION
Setup up the remote host application, to send a "hello" message to the Server every 3 seconds.
Create a timer on the server with an elapsed event hit every 1 sec.
setup a static value to hold an int which determines, how long before I consider the remote machine dead, I chose 9 seconds.
when the server receives a hello message it stores the timestamp in a list among with the ip address of the client.
on the timer_elapsed event
void holdtimer_Elapsed(object sender, System.Timers.ElapsedEventArgs e)
    {

        try
        {
            if (server.Clients.GetAllItems().Count != 0)
            {
                foreach (IScsServerClient _client in server.Clients.GetAllItems())
                {
                    string ipaddr = stripip(_client.RemoteEndPoint.ToString());
                    bool containsentry = _clientlist.Any(item => item.ipadress == ipaddr);
                    if (containsentry)
                    {
                        foreach (Scsserverclient entry in _clientlist.Where(entry => entry.ipadress == ipaddr))
                        {
                            if ((DateTime.Now - TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Settings.Default.Hold)) > entry.lasthello &&
                                entry.isConnect != "Disconnected")
                            {
                                entry.client.Disconnect();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {

        }
    }

basically i run through a list of connected clients and if the last received hello message is older than 9 seconds, i consider to client to disconnected.

A: This is a perfect application for Reactive Extensions. Here's a quick consle-app example you can try (add Nuget package Rx-Main). It simulates clients by asking you to input an integer for their ID. After timeToHold has elapsed since a particular ID has been seen, the action in Subscribe is run.
The use of Synchronize is important - as of RX version 2 Subject OnNext is not threadsafe without the Synchronize call.
Thanks to RX, this solution is very efficient in how it uses timers and threads.
Note: I've added a much more detailed explanation for this on my blog here: http://www.zerobugbuild.com/?p=230
public void Main()
{
    var clientHeartbeats = new Subject<int>();

    var timeToHold = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5);

    var expiredClients = clientHeartbeats
        .Synchronize()
        .GroupBy(key => key)
        .SelectMany(grp => grp.Throttle(timeToHold));

    var subscription = expiredClients.Subscribe(
        // in here put your disconnect action
        i => Console.WriteLine("Disconnect Client: " + i));

    while(true)
    {
        var num = Console.ReadLine();
        if (num == "q")
        {
            break;
        }
   // call OnNext with the client id each time they send hello
        clientHeartbeats.OnNext(int.Parse(num));
    }

    // if you need to tear down you can do this
    subscription.Dispose();
}

Addendum: Oh, if your server is responsible for starting clients, you may want to send an OnNext in from the server when it starts a client in case the client never sends a heartbeat.

A: What I would do, if I've understood your issue:

*

*Create a unique collection, storing the identifier of the clients, the associated socket object (or whatever you need to drop the connection), and the date of the last received 'hello'

*Have a single thread (or a timer) iterate through the collection every few hundred milliseconds, checking the dates and dropping the obsolete connections

*When the client sends a 'hello', find the appropriate entry in the collection, and update the associated date.

You can use a ConcurrentDictionary for the collection, to easily write thread-safe code.

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text:
Apple finally confirms its $3B acquisition of Beats Electronics
Tom Cheredar	 May 28, 2014 1:36 PM
Image Credit: via cfaulkner/Flickr
Apple today confirmed weeks of rumors by announcing that it's acquiring Beats Electronics in a deal worth $3 billion.
The purchase means Apple will now be able to expand its hardware business into premium headphones. It also gives Apple an on-demand streaming music service via Beats Music, which the company has previously been hesitant to do for fear that it would cannibalize digital download sales on iTunes.
The deal itself includes a purchase price of approximately $2.6 billion in cash and approximately $400 million in stock that will vest over time for both Beats Electronics and its Beats Music streaming music service. That's a tad lower than what sources originally reported ($3.2 billion), but it's still quite a bit of money. (Also the amount hardly puts a dent in Apple's mountain of cash — nearly $160 billion, according to the company's last SEC filing.)
"Music is such an important part of all of our lives and holds a special place within our hearts at Apple," said Apple CEO Tim Cook in a statement about the deal. "That's why we have kept investing in music and are bringing together these extraordinary teams so we can continue to create the most innovative music products and services in the world."
As part of the deal, Beats CEO Jimmy Iovine and iconic rapper and Beats cofounder Dr. Dre will join Apple. This is something that bystanders speculated about in the days after news of the acquisition leaked, with Iovine said to be Apple's choice to take over its digital media business. Apple, however, did not disclose in the release what roles Iovine and Dre will assume at the company.
"I've always known in my heart that Beats belonged with Apple," said Iovine in a statement. "The idea when we started the company was inspired by Apple's unmatched ability to marry culture and technology. Apple's deep commitment to music fans, artists, songwriters and the music industry is something special."
Apple said it expects the acquisition deal to close in the fiscal fourth quarter, provided that everything passes regulatory approval.
Related: Beats by Apple: Why a deal makes sense — and what it says about today's Apple
Many people expected Apple to announce the Beats acquisition during the company's Worldwide Developers Conference next month, but it looks like Apple didn't want to overshadow any other announcements the company may have planned. And while Apple didn't mention anything about WWDC, I'd be shocked if the company didn't expand on its plans for Beats at the event.


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text:
Ranit Mishori, MD, MHS
Asylum Network Member and Medical Expert Consultant, Program on Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones
Affiliation: Georgetown University School of Medicine
Ranit Mishori is a professor of family medicine at the Georgetown University School of Medicine and director of the department's Global Health Initiatives. She is a practicing family physician whose scope of practice includes inpatient and outpatient care to all ages. A former journalist, she has built a multi-dimensional career that includes academia, scholarship, clinical care, mentorship, and leadership roles in public health, global health, medical education, the care of underserved populations, and human rights. Dr. Mishori provides technical guidance on PHR's curriculum development, trainings, and our mobile app, MediCapt.
Dr. Mishori has been a champion of migrant health for the past two decades, through intensive engagement in various activities, including clinical care of refugees and asylum seekers in the primary care setting, documentation of human rights violations affecting forced migrants domestically and abroad, education, and scholarship on these issues. She has been at the forefront of international and national discussions on the health consequences of forced migration and associated human rights issues. Her specific areas of interest and expertise include FGM/C and forensic evaluations of asylum seekers, torture survivors, and survivors of sexual violence.
Dr. Mishori graduated from the Georgetown University/Providence Hospital Family Medicine Residency. She received her medical degree from Georgetown University School of Medicine and a master's degree in International Health (Disease Control and Prevention Track) from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Dr. Mishori has been a member of PHR's Asylum Network since 2006, has served as an expert consultant to PHR's Program on Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones since 2011, and has served as the faculty advisor to Georgetown University's Asylum Program since its inception in 2014.
View Ranit's writings and videos
Tech & Human Rights Blog Series: From the Exam Room to the Courtroom and the Bumpy Road in Between
PHR: Acquittal of Turkish Physician Human Rights Defender Welcome and Overdue


Many people have been preparing months the end the world. There have been stories the Internet the past decade that the world will end December 21. This is the day the "Mayan Apocalypse," when a Mayan calendar predicts the end us all. However, many other people do not believe the world will end a day or two. The Chinese government has recently arrested 93 people spreading doomsday rumours the Internet. Meanwhile, Russia, Chechnya leader Ramzan Kadyrov sensibly advised people not to buy Armageddon candles. He wrote his website: "Does no one realise that once the end the world comes, candles won't help them?"
So what might happen Friday? The Internet is full stories giant tsunamis and asteroids that will finish us. More common stories are that the black hole the centre of the galaxy will swallow the Earth, or that a planet called "Nibiru" will hit us. NASA says Nibiru was meant to destroy us May 2003, but when nothing happened, "the doomsday date was moved forward December 2012". NASA adds: "If Nibiru was real…astronomers would have been tracking it for least the past decade, and it would be visible now the naked eye." English teachers worldwide have told their students they cannot use the apocalypse an excuse not to do homework.


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text:
Home » Hurricane Electric Expands Global Network In Miami
Data Center News
Hurricane Electric Expands Global Network In Miami
New point-of-presence at iM Miami will meet the growing demand for Internet bandwidth in Latin America and the Caribbean.
KEYWORDS data centers / point of presence- PoP
Hurricane Electric has announced that it has added a second Point of Presence (PoP) in Miami at iM Miami's downtown data center. Located at 36 NE 2nd Street, iM Miami, also known as Interconnect Miami, occupies the 5th floor of the Digital Realty building.
Operating in downtown Miami with its own dark fiber metro loop, iM is carrier-neutral and heavily focused on expanding its interconnection with Latin America and the Caribbean. With 11,000 sq ft of colocation space, the facility is housed within a Category 5 Hurricane-rated building and features indoor generator and fuel tank locations as well as excellent infrastructure diversity for all critical systems. Connected to multiple peering exchanges and dozens of carriers, iM Miami is a premiere location for area businesses and carriers to house their critical IT infrastructure, ensuring access to robust connectivity options.
With the addition of Hurricane Electric's newest PoP, customers of iM and others at 36 NE 2nd Street will now have the option for increased network capacity through 100GE (100 Gigabit Ethernet), 10GE (10 gigabit Ethernet), GigE (1 gigabit Ethernet) connections. Additionally, these customers now have the opportunity to exchange IP traffic, or "peer," with Hurricane Electric's comprehensive global network.
"Hurricane Electric is delighted to add its second PoP in Miami, as this location fits nicely into our overall global expansion plans," said Mike Leber, president of Hurricane Electric. "The new PoP will enable Hurricane Electric to meet the rising demand for greater Internet bandwidth in the LatAM market."
In February, Hurricane Electric was named to CRN's 2015 Data Center 100 as one of the top twenty Infrastructure Providers.
Hurricane Electric Expands Global Network To East Africa Data Centre In Nairobi
Hurricane Electric Expands Global Network With New PoP At Interxion In Madrid
Hurricane Electric Expands Global Network With New Point-Of-Presence With Cologix In Dallas
Hurricane Electric Expands Global IP Transit Network To Michigan
Maintaining Mission Critical Systems in a 24/7 Environment, 2nd Edition
Energy Efficiency in Data Centers and Clouds, Volume 100 - 1st Edition
Mission Critical January/February 2020 Issue
Shore Microsystems Inc.


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text:
Little Willie John är en låt framförd och skriven av Peter LeMarc 1991. Låten finns med på studioalbumet Sången dom spelar när filmen är slut. Låten låg på Svensktoppen under två veckor mellan 26 maj och 2 juni 1991 med tionde plats som bästa placering och på Tracks under tre veckor mellan 8 juni och 22 juni 1991 med plats 13 som bästa placering. Låtens text beskriver hur protagonisten möter en kvinna. Hon anses som missanpassad, men lär honom att älska. Hon spelar också skivor med den amerikanske soulsångaren Little Willie John för honom.  Låten har tolkats av ett flertal artister, både på skiva och under liveframträdanden.

Bakgrund
Låten skrevs i november 1990 i källaren till LeMarcs svärföräldrars hus, strax utanför Trollhättan. Han hade tillfälligt återvänt till sin hemstad för att finna inspiration och arbetsro.
En fredagkväll tog LeMarc en promenad genom staden. Han återger i sin självbiografi 100 sånger & sanningen bakom dem (2009) hur han "passerade kanalen, över järnvägsbron. Mot slussarna och ner till älven ... Utan att egentligen vara medveten om det flöt minnen och berättelser upp till ytan. Förvrängda hågkomster från ungdomsåren kom fram ... Jag mindes den nerlagda mjölkbutiken med sina stora fönster." Resultatet blev låten Little Willie John. Förutom den skrevs här också Är det därför jag älskar dej så?, Säg som det är, Nonsomdu, Ett av dom sätt, Båten över och Gråt!.

Tolkningar
Låten tolkades 2013 av sångaren Tommy Körberg i TV-programmet Alla tiders hits på SVT. Versionen utkom samma år som singel.

Sommaren 2017 samlades över ettusen musiker och sångare i Nova Arena i Trollhättan för att bilda världens största orkester. De framförde en version av låten, i arrangemang av dirigent Ulf Wadenbrandt.

Dokumentär
Ett avsnitt av dokumentärserien Hitlåtens historia på SVT ägnades åt låten. Programmet gjordes av musikjournalisten Magnus Broni och i avsnittet uppdagas det att låten i verkligheten är baserad på en tidigare lärarkollega till LeMarc som heter Bosse.

Listplaceringar

Källor

Svenskspråkiga sånger
Sånger 1991
Svensktoppsmelodier 1991
Svenska sånger
Tracks 1991
Musiksinglar 1991