text:
TZA News. EU Law / 27 February 2020
1. Relevant case law of the ECJ – January 2020
Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 15 January 2019. Bank E v G.D. (Case C-381/19)
Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13 / EEC – Introduction of a new remedy during the process – Principles of legal certainty and effectiveness.
The principles of legal certainty and effectiveness must be interpreted as not precluding a procedural rule that modifies the system of appeals provided for by the domestic legal order, by introducing an additional remedy and a degree of jurisdiction, and which applies to a pending process. already in the role at the time of this change, having as parties a consumer and a professional, since this new appeal is open to both the consumer and the professional.
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 21 January 2020. Proceedings brought by Banco de Santander SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Económico Administrativo Central. (Case C-274/14)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 267 TFEU — Definition of 'court or tribunal of a Member State' — Criteria — Independence of the national body concerned — Irremovability of the members — Inadmissibility of the request for a preliminary ruling.
57 According to the case-law of the Court, the concept of 'independence' has two aspects. The first aspect, which is external, requires that the body concerned exercise its functions wholly autonomously, without being subject to any hierarchical constraint or subordinated to any other body and without taking orders or instructions from any source whatsoever, being thus protected against external interventions or pressure liable to impair the independent judgment of its members and to influence their decisions (judgment of 27 February 2018, Associação Sindical dos Juízes Portugueses, C‐64/16, EU:C:2018:117, paragraph 44 and the case-law cited).
61 The second — internal — aspect of the concept of 'independence' is linked to 'impartiality' and seeks to ensure a level playing field for the parties to the proceedings and their respective interests with regard to the subject matter of those proceedings. That aspect requires objectivity and the absence of any interest in the outcome of the proceedings apart from the strict application of the rule of law (judgment of 16 February 2017, Margarit Panicello, C‐503/15, EU:C:2017:126, paragraph 38 and the case-law cited).
62 Thus, according to the settled case-law of the Court, the concept of 'independence', which is inherent in the task of adjudication, implies above all that the body in question acts as a third party in relation to the authority which adopted the contested decision (see, to that effect, judgments of 30 March 1993, Corbiau, C‐24/92, EU:C:1993:118, paragraph 15, and of 9 October 2014, TDC, C‐222/13, EU:C:2014:2265, paragraph 29 and the case-law cited).
63 Those guarantees of independence and impartiality require rules, particularly as regards the composition of the body and the appointment, length of service and the grounds for abstention, rejection and dismissal of its members, in order to dismiss any reasonable doubt in the minds of individuals as to the imperviousness of that body to external factors and its neutrality with respect to the interests before it (judgment of 9 October 2014, TDC, C‐222/13, EU:C:2014:2265, paragraph 32).
Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 23 January 2020. Proceedings brought by Energiavirasto. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Korkein hallinto-oikeus. (Case C-578/18)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Internal market in electricity — Directive 2009/72/EC — Article 3 — Consumer protection — Article 37 — Tasks and powers of the regulatory authority — Out-of-court dispute settlement — Concept of 'party' — Right to appeal against a decision of the regulatory authority — Complaint made by a household customer against an electricity distribution system operator.
Article 37 of Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC must be interpreted as meaning that it does not require Member States to confer competence on the regulatory authority to settle disputes between household customers and system operators and, consequently, to grant household customers who have lodged a complaint with the regulatory authority against a system operator the status of 'party' within the meaning of that provision, and the right to appeal against the decision taken by that authority following that complaint.
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 28 January 2020. European Commission v Italian Republic. (Case C-122/18)
Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations — Directive 2011/7/EU — Combating late payment in commercial transactions — Commercial transactions where the debtor is a public authority — Obligation of Member States to ensure that the period for payment imposed on public authorities does not exceed 30 or 60 days — Obligation to achieve a specified result.
47 Those considerations, pertaining to the large number of commercial transactions in which public authorities are the debtors of undertakings and to the costs and difficulties created for undertakings by those authorities' late payments, show that the EU legislature intended to impose increased obligations on Member States as regards transactions between undertakings and public authorities and imply that Article 4(3) and (4) of Directive 2011/7 is to be interpreted as requiring Member States to ensure that those authorities make, within the periods prescribed by those provisions, payments as remuneration for commercial transactions with undertakings.
48 It follows from the foregoing that the interpretation of the Italian Republic, according to which Article 4(3) and (4) of Directive 2011/7 imposes on Member States only the obligation to ensure that the statutory and contractual payment periods applicable to commercial transactions involving public authorities are in conformity with those provisions and to provide, in the event of non-compliance with those periods, for the right of a creditor who has fulfilled his contractual and statutory obligations to obtain statutory interest for late payment, but does not impose the obligation to ensure that those public authorities effectively comply with those periods, cannot be accepted.
51 Next, in considering, in paragraphs 31 and 36 of that judgment, that the waiver, by the creditor of a public authority, of interest for late payment and of compensation for recovery costs must, in order to be in conformity with Directive 2011/7, not only have been freely agreed to, but, in addition, be made in exchange for 'immediate' payment of the principal amount of the debt, the Court has, as the Commission has pointed out, stressed the paramount importance which Member States must attach, in the context of that directive, to the effective and prompt payment of such amounts.
53 In the light of the foregoing considerations, it must be held that Article 4(3) and (4) of Directive 2011/7 must be interpreted as requiring Member States to ensure that their public authorities effectively comply with the periods for payment prescribed therein.
Declares that, by not ensuring that its public authorities effectively comply with the periods for payment prescribed in Article 4(3) and (4) of Directive 2011/7/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 on combating late payment in commercial transactions, the Italian Republic has failed to fulfil its obligations under those provisions.
Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 29 January 2020. Sky plc and Others v Skykick UK Limited and Skykick Inc. Request for a preliminary ruling from the High Court of Justice (Chancery Division). (Case C-371/18)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Approximation of laws — Community trade mark — Regulation (EC) No 40/94 — Articles 7 and 51 — First Directive 89/104/EEC — Articles 3 and 13 — Identification of the goods or services covered by the registration — Failure to comply with the requirements of clarity and precision — Bad faith of the applicant — No intention to use the trade mark for the goods or services covered by the registration — Total or partial invalidity of the trade mark — National legislation requiring the applicant to state that he or she intends to use the trade mark applied for.
1. Articles 7 and 51 of Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark, as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 1891/2006 of 18 December 2006, and Article 3 of First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks must be interpreted as meaning that a Community trade mark or a national trade mark cannot be declared wholly or partially invalid on the ground that terms used to designate the goods and services in respect of which that trade mark was registered lack clarity and precision.
2. Article 51(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94, as amended by Regulation No 1891/2006, and Article 3(2)(d) of First Directive 89/104 must be interpreted as meaning that a trade mark application made without any intention to use the trade mark in relation to the goods and services covered by the registration constitutes bad faith, within the meaning of those provisions, if the applicant for registration of that mark had the intention either of undermining, in a manner inconsistent with honest practices, the interests of third parties, or of obtaining, without even targeting a specific third party, an exclusive right for purposes other than those falling within the functions of a trade mark. When the absence of the intention to use the trade mark in accordance with the essential functions of a trade mark concerns only certain goods or services referred to in the application for registration, that application constitutes bad faith only in so far as it relates to those goods or services.
3. First Directive 89/104 must be interpreted as not precluding a provision of national law under which an applicant for registration of a trade mark must state that the trade mark is being used in relation to the goods and services in relation to which it is sought to register the trade mark, or that he or she has a bona fide intention that it should be so used, in so far as the infringement of such an obligation does not constitute, in itself, a ground for invalidity of a trade mark already registered.
Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 29 January 2020. GAEC Jeanningros v Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité (INAO) and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d'État (France). (Case C-785/18)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Agriculture — Protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs — Protected designation of origin 'Comté' — Minor amendment to a product specification — Action before national courts contesting an application for an amendment — Case-law of the national courts according to which the action becomes devoid of purpose when the European Commission has approved the amendment — Effective judicial protection — Obligation to rule on the action.
Article 53(2) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs, Article 6 of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 664/2014 of 18 December 2013 supplementing Regulation No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the establishment of the Union symbols for protected designations of origin, protected geographical indications and traditional specialities guaranteed and with regard to certain rules on sourcing, certain procedural rules and certain additional transitional rules, and Article 10 of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 668/2014 of 13 June 2014 laying down rules for the application of Regulation No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council, read in conjunction with Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, must be interpreted as meaning that, when the European Commission has granted an application made by the authorities of a Member State seeking a minor amendment to a product specification for a protected designation of origin, the national courts hearing an action concerning the lawfulness of the decision made by those authorities on that application with a view to submitting it to the Commission, in accordance with Article 53(2) of Regulation No 1151/2012, cannot, on that ground alone, decide that there is no longer any need to adjudicate on the dispute pending before them.
Judgment of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 30 January 2020. Köln-Aktienfonds Deka v Staatssecretaris van Financiën. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden. (Case C-156/17)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Free movement of capital and liberalisation of payments — Restrictions — Taxation of dividends received by undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) — Refund of tax withheld on dividends — Conditions — Objective differentiation criteria — Criteria which are by nature or in fact favourable to resident taxpayers.
1. Article 63 TFEU must be interpreted as not precluding legislation of a Member State which provides that a non-resident investment fund cannot be granted, on the ground that it has not provided proof that its shareholders or participants meet the conditions laid down by that legislation, a refund of dividend tax withheld on dividends that it has received from corporate bodies established in that Member State, provided that those conditions do not de facto disadvantage non-resident investment funds and provided that the tax authorities require proof of compliance with those conditions to be provided also by resident investment funds, which it is for the referring court to verify.
2. Article 63 TFEU must be interpreted as precluding legislation of a Member State which provides that a non-resident investment fund cannot be granted a refund of dividend tax which it has had to pay in that Member State, on the ground that it has not met the legal conditions for that refund, namely that it does not distribute the proceeds of its investments in full to its shareholders or participants on an annual basis within 8 months of the end of its financial year, where, in its Member State of establishment, the proceeds of its investments which have not been distributed are deemed to have been distributed or are taken into account in the tax which that Member State levies on shareholders or participants as though that profit had been distributed and where, having regard to the objective underlying those conditions, such a fund is in a situation that is comparable to that of a resident fund which benefits from the refund of that tax, which it is for the referring court to verify.
Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 30 January 2020. Autoservizi Giordano società cooperativa v Agenzia delle Dogane e dei Monopoli – Ufficio di Palermo. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Commissione Tributaria Provinciale di Palermo. (Case C-513/18)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Taxation of energy products and electricity — Directive 2003/96/EC — Article 7(2) and (3) — Concept of 'commercial gas oil used as propellant' — National legislation levying a duty on commercial gas oil used as propellant for the regular carriage of passengers but not for the occasional carriage of passengers — Principle of equal treatment.
Article 7(2) and (3) of Council Directive 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003 restructuring the
Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity must be interpreted as meaning, first, that a private undertaking engaged in the activity of the carriage of passengers, by means of services of hiring a bus or a coach with a driver, falls within its scope, provided that the vehicles hired out by that undertaking are in category M2 or M3, within the meaning of Directive 70/156/EEC, and, secondly, that it does not preclude national legislation which provides for a reduced rate of excise duty for commercial gas oil used as propellant for the regular carriage of passengers, without, however, providing for such a rate for that used for the occasional carriage of passengers, provided that that legislation observes the principle of equal treatment, which it is for the referring court to ascertain.
Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 30 January 2020. Tim SpA – Direzione e coordinamento Vivendi SA v Consip SpA and Ministero dell'Economia e delle Finanze. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Lazio. (Case C-395/18)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Public procurement of supplies, works or services — Directive 2014/24/EU — Article 18(2) — Article 57(4) — Optional grounds for exclusion — Ground for exclusion of a subcontractor mentioned in the economic operator's tender — Subcontractor's failure to comply with environmental, social and labour law obligations — National legislation providing for automatic exclusion of the economic operator for such a failure.
Article 57(4)(a) of Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC does not preclude national legislation under which the contracting authority has the option, or even the obligation, to exclude the economic operator who submitted the tender from participation in the contract award procedure where the ground for exclusion referred to in that provision is established in respect of one of the subcontractors mentioned in that operator's tender. However, that provision, read in conjunction with Article 57(6) of that directive, and the principle of proportionality preclude national legislation providing for the automatic nature of such an exclusion.
Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 30 January 2020. I.G.I. Srl v Maria Grazia Cicenia and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Corte di appello di Napoli. (Case C-394/18)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 82/891/EEC — Articles 12 and 19 — Division of limited liability companies — Protection of the interests of the creditors of the company being divided — Nullity of the division — Actio pauliana.
1. Article 12 of Sixth Council Directive 82/891/EEC of 17 December 1982 based on
Article 54(3)(g) of the Treaty, concerning the division of public limited liability companies, as amended by Directive 2007/63/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2007, read in conjunction with Articles 21 and 22 of Directive 82/891, must be interpreted as not precluding the creditors of the company being divided whose credit interests antedate that division, who did not take advantage of the creditor protection tools provided for in the national legislation implementing that article, from bringing an actio pauliana after the division has been implemented, in order to obtain a declaration that the division in question has no effect against them and to bring enforcement or protective action in relation to the assets transferred to the newly formed company.
2. Article 19 of Directive 82/891, as amended by Directive 2007/63, read in conjunction with Articles 21 and 22 of Directive 82/891, which lays down nullity rules for divisions, must be interpreted as not precluding the creditors of the company being divided from bringing, after the division has been implemented, an actio pauliana which does not affect the validity of that division but merely allows for that division to be rendered unenforceable against those creditors.
Judgment of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 30 January 2020. České dráhy a.s. v The European Commission (Joined Cases C-538/18 P and C-539/18 P)
Appeal – Competition – Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 – Article 20 (4) – Inspection decisions – Obligation to state reasons – Sufficiently serious evidence of a breach of the competition rules – Legally gathered evidence – Inspection ordered on the basis of evidence from a previous inspection
62 As regards the substance of the admissible part of this plea, it should be recalled that, in accordance with the case-law mentioned in paragraphs 42 and 43 of this judgment, taking into account the fact that the purpose of an inspection is precisely to collect evidence relating to an alleged infringement in order to verify the merits of the Commission's suspicions, the Commission is not required to carry out a rigorous legal classification of the alleged infringements, provided that it clearly indicates the presumptions it intends to verify.
63 Furthermore, the Court has also already made it clear that, as regards the assessment of the proportionality of an inspection measure, it is for the Commission, in principle, to assess whether information is necessary in order to be able to detect an infringement of the competition rules. Even if it already has indications or even evidence relating to the existence of an infringement, the Commission can therefore legitimately consider it necessary to order additional checks enabling it to better understand the infringement, its duration or the circle of companies involved (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 October 2002, Roquette Frères, C ‐ 94/00, EU: C: 2002: 603, points 77 and 78 as well as the case-law cited).
64 It follows that, in the presence of evidence sufficiently serious to allow such a violation to be suspected, the Commission cannot be required to assess all the indications going in the opposite direction. This is all the more so since such indications can be put forward by the company concerned in the context of its defense in the eventual continuation of the administrative or, where appropriate, judicial proceedings against the decision terminating the investigation.
Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 30 January 2020. Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co.KG v Queisser Pharma GmbH & Co. KG. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof. (Case C-524/18)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Public health — Information and consumer protection — Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 — Implementing Decision 2013/63/EU — Nutritional and health claims made on foods — Article 10(3) — Reference to general, non-specific benefits — Concept of 'accompanying' a specific health claim — Obligation to produce scientific evidence — Scope.
1. Article 10(3) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods, as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 107/2008 of 15 January 2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council, must be interpreted as meaning that the requirement which it lays down that any reference to general, non-specific benefits of the nutrient or food must be accompanied by a specific health claim included in the lists provided for in Articles 13 or 14 of that regulation, is not satisfied where the packaging of a food supplement contains a reference to general, non-specific health benefits of a nutrient or food on the front of the packaging, whereas the specific health claim intended to accompany it appears only on the back of that packaging and there is no clear reference, such as an asterisk, between the two.
2. Article 10(3) of Regulation No 1924/2006 as amended by Regulation No 107/2008 must be interpreted as meaning that references to general, non-specific benefits of a nutrient or food for overall good health or health-related well-being must be justified by scientific evidence within the meaning of Articles 5(1)(a) and 6(1) of that regulation. To that end, it suffices for such references to be accompanied by specific health claims included in the lists provided for in Article 13 or Article 14 of that regulation.
Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 30 January 2020. Generics (UK) Ltd and Others v Competition and Markets Authority. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Competition Appeal Tribunal. (Case C-307/18)
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Competition — Pharmaceutical products — Barriers to the entry on the market of generic medicines arising from settlement agreements (relating to disputes concerning process patents) concluded by a manufacturer of originator medicines who is the holder of those patents and manufacturers of generic products – Article 101 TFEU — Potential competition — Restriction by object — Characterisation — Restriction by effect — Assessment of effects — Article 102 TFEU — Relevant market – Inclusion of generic medicines in the relevant market — Abuse of dominant position — Characterisation — Justifications.
1. Article 101(1) TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that a manufacturer of originator medicines who is the holder of a manufacturing process patent for an active ingredient that is in the public domain, on the one hand, and the manufacturers of generic medicines who are preparing to enter the market of the medicine containing that active ingredient, on the other, who are in dispute as to whether that patent is valid or whether the generic medicines concerned infringe that patent, are potential competitors, where it is established that the manufacturer of generic medicines has in fact a firm intention and an inherent ability to enter the market, and that its market entry does not meet barriers that are insurmountable, which it is for the referring court to assess.
2. Article 101(1) TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that a settlement agreement with respect to pending court proceedings between a manufacturer of originator medicines and a manufacturer of generic medicines, who are potential competitors, concerning whether a process patent (for the manufacture of an active ingredient of an originator medicine that is in the public domain) held by the manufacturer of originator medicines is valid and whether a generic version of that medicine infringes the patent, whereby that manufacturer of generic medicines undertakes not to enter the market of the medicine containing that active ingredient and not to pursue its action for the revocation of that patent for the duration of that agreement, in return for transfers of value in its favour by the manufacturer of originator medicines, constitutes an agreement which has as its object the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition:
– if it is clear from all the information available that the net gain from the transfers of value by the manufacturer of originator medicines in favour of the manufacturer of generic medicines can have no explanation other than the commercial interest of the parties to the agreement not to engage in competition on the merits;
– unless the settlement agreement concerned is accompanied by proven pro- competitive effects capable of giving rise to a reasonable doubt that it causes a sufficient degree of harm to competition.
3. Article 101(1) TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that if a settlement agreement, such as those at issue in the main proceedings, is to be demonstrated to have appreciable potential or real effects on competition, and, therefore, is to be characterized as a 'restriction by effect', that does not presuppose a finding that, in the absence of that agreement, either the manufacturer of generic medicines who is a party to that agreement would probably have been successful in the proceedings relating to the process patent at issue, or the parties to that agreement would probably have concluded a less restrictive settlement agreement.
4. Article 102 TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that, in a situation where a manufacturer of originator medicines containing an active ingredient which is in the public domain, but the process of manufacturing which is covered by a process patent, the validity of which is disputed, impedes, on the basis of that process patent, the market entry of generic versions of that medicine, there must be taken into consideration, for the purposes of definition of the product market concerned, not only the originator version of that medicine but also its generic versions, even if the latter would not be able to enter the market legally before the expiry of that process patent, if the manufacturers concerned of generic medicines are in a position to present themselves within a short period on the market concerned with sufficient strength to constitute a serious counterbalance to the manufacturer of originator medicines already on that market, which it is for the referring court to determine.
5. Article 102 TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that the strategy of a dominant undertaking, the holder of a process patent for the production of an active ingredient that is in the public domain, which leads it to conclude, either as a precautionary measure or following the bringing of court proceedings challenging the validity of that patent, a set of settlement agreements which have, at the least, the effect of keeping temporarily outside the market potential competitors who manufacture generic medicines using that active ingredient, constitutes an abuse of a dominant position within the meaning of Article 102 TFEU, provided that that strategy has the capacity to restrict competition and, in particular, to have exclusionary effects, going beyond the specific anticompetitive effects of each of the settlement agreements that are part of that strategy, which it is for the referring court to determine.
PwC Romania and D&B David si Baias assisted Tarom in the rescue state aid approval process by the European Commission
RLWeek February 24 – March 1, 2020: Extension of the validity of some contracts for the financing of the systematic registration works initiated by the administrative-territorial units. Code of ethics and professional conduct of civil servants and contract staff within the Judicial Inspection. National Agency for Fiscal Administration. The deadline for submission of the Single Declaration is May 25, 2020


text:
/* Code generated by IfcQuery EXPRESS generator, www.ifcquery.com */
#include <sstream>
#include <limits>

#include "ifcpp/model/AttributeObject.h"
#include "ifcpp/model/BuildingException.h"
#include "ifcpp/model/BuildingGuid.h"
#include "ifcpp/reader/ReaderUtil.h"
#include "ifcpp/writer/WriterUtil.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcGloballyUniqueId.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcIdentifier.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcLabel.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcOwnerHistory.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcRelAggregates.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcRelAssigns.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcRelAssignsToResource.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcRelAssociates.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcRelDeclares.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcRelDefinesByObject.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcRelDefinesByProperties.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcRelDefinesByType.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcRelNests.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcResource.h"
#include "ifcpp/IFC4X3/include/IfcText.h"

// ENTITY IfcResource
IFC4X3::IfcResource::IfcResource( int tag ) { m_tag = tag; }
shared_ptr<BuildingObject> IFC4X3::IfcResource::getDeepCopy( BuildingCopyOptions& options )
{
	shared_ptr<IfcResource> copy_self( new IfcResource() );
	if( m_GlobalId )
	{
		if( options.create_new_IfcGloballyUniqueId ) { copy_self->m_GlobalId = make_shared<IfcGloballyUniqueId>( createBase64Uuid().data() ); }
		else { copy_self->m_GlobalId = dynamic_pointer_cast<IfcGloballyUniqueId>( m_GlobalId->getDeepCopy(options) ); }
	}
	if( m_OwnerHistory )
	{
		if( options.shallow_copy_IfcOwnerHistory ) { copy_self->m_OwnerHistory = m_OwnerHistory; }
		else { copy_self->m_OwnerHistory = dynamic_pointer_cast<IfcOwnerHistory>( m_OwnerHistory->getDeepCopy(options) ); }
	}
	if( m_Name ) { copy_self->m_Name = dynamic_pointer_cast<IfcLabel>( m_Name->getDeepCopy(options) ); }
	if( m_Description ) { copy_self->m_Description = dynamic_pointer_cast<IfcText>( m_Description->getDeepCopy(options) ); }
	if( m_ObjectType ) { copy_self->m_ObjectType = dynamic_pointer_cast<IfcLabel>( m_ObjectType->getDeepCopy(options) ); }
	if( m_Identification ) { copy_self->m_Identification = dynamic_pointer_cast<IfcIdentifier>( m_Identification->getDeepCopy(options) ); }
	if( m_LongDescription ) { copy_self->m_LongDescription = dynamic_pointer_cast<IfcText>( m_LongDescription->getDeepCopy(options) ); }
	return copy_self;
}
void IFC4X3::IfcResource::getStepLine( std::stringstream& stream ) const
{
	stream << "#" << m_tag << "= IFCRESOURCE" << "(";
	if( m_GlobalId ) { m_GlobalId->getStepParameter( stream ); } else { stream << "$"; }
	stream << ",";
	if( m_OwnerHistory ) { stream << "#" << m_OwnerHistory->m_tag; } else { stream << "$"; }
	stream << ",";
	if( m_Name ) { m_Name->getStepParameter( stream ); } else { stream << "$"; }
	stream << ",";
	if( m_Description ) { m_Description->getStepParameter( stream ); } else { stream << "$"; }
	stream << ",";
	if( m_ObjectType ) { m_ObjectType->getStepParameter( stream ); } else { stream << "$"; }
	stream << ",";
	if( m_Identification ) { m_Identification->getStepParameter( stream ); } else { stream << "$"; }
	stream << ",";
	if( m_LongDescription ) { m_LongDescription->getStepParameter( stream ); } else { stream << "$"; }
	stream << ");";
}
void IFC4X3::IfcResource::getStepParameter( std::stringstream& stream, bool /*is_select_type*/ ) const { stream << "#" << m_tag; }
void IFC4X3::IfcResource::readStepArguments( const std::vector<std::string>& args, const std::map<int,shared_ptr<BuildingEntity> >& map, std::stringstream& errorStream )
{
	const size_t num_args = args.size();
	if( num_args != 7 ){ std::stringstream err; err << "Wrong parameter count for entity IfcResource, expecting 7, having " << num_args << ". Entity ID: " << m_tag << std::endl; throw BuildingException( err.str().c_str() ); }
	m_GlobalId = IfcGloballyUniqueId::createObjectFromSTEP( args[0], map, errorStream );
	readEntityReference( args[1], m_OwnerHistory, map, errorStream );
	m_Name = IfcLabel::createObjectFromSTEP( args[2], map, errorStream );
	m_Description = IfcText::createObjectFromSTEP( args[3], map, errorStream );
	m_ObjectType = IfcLabel::createObjectFromSTEP( args[4], map, errorStream );
	m_Identification = IfcIdentifier::createObjectFromSTEP( args[5], map, errorStream );
	m_LongDescription = IfcText::createObjectFromSTEP( args[6], map, errorStream );
}
void IFC4X3::IfcResource::getAttributes( std::vector<std::pair<std::string, shared_ptr<BuildingObject> > >& vec_attributes ) const
{
	IFC4X3::IfcObject::getAttributes( vec_attributes );
	vec_attributes.emplace_back( std::make_pair( "Identification", m_Identification ) );
	vec_attributes.emplace_back( std::make_pair( "LongDescription", m_LongDescription ) );
}
void IFC4X3::IfcResource::getAttributesInverse( std::vector<std::pair<std::string, shared_ptr<BuildingObject> > >& vec_attributes_inverse ) const
{
	IFC4X3::IfcObject::getAttributesInverse( vec_attributes_inverse );
	if( !m_ResourceOf_inverse.empty() )
	{
		shared_ptr<AttributeObjectVector> ResourceOf_inverse_vec_obj( new AttributeObjectVector() );
		for( size_t i=0; i<m_ResourceOf_inverse.size(); ++i )
		{
			if( !m_ResourceOf_inverse[i].expired() )
			{
				ResourceOf_inverse_vec_obj->m_vec.emplace_back( shared_ptr<IfcRelAssignsToResource>( m_ResourceOf_inverse[i] ) );
			}
		}
		vec_attributes_inverse.emplace_back( std::make_pair( "ResourceOf_inverse", ResourceOf_inverse_vec_obj ) );
	}
}
void IFC4X3::IfcResource::setInverseCounterparts( shared_ptr<BuildingEntity> ptr_self_entity )
{
	IfcObject::setInverseCounterparts( ptr_self_entity );
}
void IFC4X3::IfcResource::unlinkFromInverseCounterparts()
{
	IfcObject::unlinkFromInverseCounterparts();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Catholic Church & AsiaNewsPope Francis
Pope Francis calls for mutual respect to achieve world peace
By LiCAS.news
Pope Francis this week called on the global community to practice mutual respect, saying that people can either choose to be brothers and sisters or lose everything.
"Today, there is no time for indifference," said the pontiff in a message for the observance of the first International Day of Human Fraternity on Feb. 4.
Pope Francis said fraternity "means an outstretched hand. Fraternity means respect. Fraternity means listening with an open heart."
"Fraternity means firmness in one's own convictions" because "there is no true fraternity if one's convictions are negotiated," he added.
"It is the moment of listening. It is the moment of sincere acceptance. It is the moment of certainty that a world without brothers is a world of enemies," the pope said.
The pope said "we cannot wash our hands" off the present situation with distance, disregard and contempt.
"We do not need to be at war, to be enemies, disregarding each other is enough," he said, adding that it is time to stop the attitude of looking the other way and ignoring others as if they did not exist.
The pope was among several world and religious leaders who took part in the online event, which was hosted by Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the crown prince of Abu Dhabi.
Also in attendance were Sheikh Ahmad el-Tayeb, grand imam of al-Azhar University, and António Guterres, secretary general of the United Nations.
In his address, Pope Francis greeted the participants as "sisters and brothers" and affectionately greeted Sheikh el-Tayeb as "my brother, my friend, my companion in challenges and risks in the struggle for fraternity."
The pope thanked the grand imam "for his company on the path of reflection and the drafting" of the document on human fraternity.
"Your testimony helped me a lot because it was a courageous testimony. I know it was not an easy task. But with you we could do it together and help each other. The most beautiful thing of all is that first desire of fraternity turned into true fraternity. Thank you, brother; thank you," he said.
The pope also thanked Judge Mohamed Mahmoud Abdel Salam, secretary general of the Higher Committee of Human Fraternity, for his efforts and lauded him as "hard-working, full of ideas" and one "who helped us to move forward."
The pope said fraternity does not only mean respecting and listening to others "with an open heart," but it also means remaining firm in one's own convictions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Watch 60 Minutes of May 16, 2010 and tell me when we're going to build more oil platforms.
How about some more of them dotting the landscape of the Pacific from San Diego to Seattle? How about some in the Arctic Sea north of Alaska?
Just like our banking system is self-regulating, our oil industry seems to know what's good for the country and the world. Six billion dollars in profits in the first three months of the year for BP gives much incentive to do the right thing for our health and environment.
Might those mid-term elections turn out not quite the way Palin and pals imagined just a few months ago?


text:
Rocket Trips #2: All-Star Superman #1 - 2005
I don't know what's weirder, that "All-Star Superman" is fourteen years old or that this blog is old enough that I commented on the first issue when it came out. But I figured if I'm going to use the origin here as a way to comment on the rest of them, it seems like a good choice to cover second.
Creative Team: Grant Morrison, Frank Quitely, Jamie Grant, Phil Balsman, and Travis Lanham.
All-Star Summary: Doomed planet. Desperate scientists. Last hope. Kindly couple.
Key Elements: At first blush, there's not much to say here, right? This is the eight-word origin that's become so iconic that I'm using it as a shorthand for this whole project. A planet is doomed. A pair of scientists watch their world crumble around them. A spaceship flies away from the rubble. A kindly couple in rural attire finds a red blanket in tall grass. And if we consider the two-page spread that follows, we see Superman, framed against the brightness of a yellow sun.
Interesting Deviations: Like Action Comics (vol. 1) #1, not much gets named specifically. No mention of Krypton or the names of those desperate scientists and kindly couple. Perhaps the most striking omission is that there's also no mention or even depiction of a baby. We know it's meant to be there because the story is so familiar that eight words can give us the basic jist, but leaving little baby Kal-El out of his own origin—not even depicting his little baby hands or anything in that first-person point-of-view fourth panel—is a bold and surprising move. I wonder how many people working just from memory would recall that the baby is never shown, and would instead conflate it with the similar first-person panels from Superman/Batman #1, which came out less than three years prior.
The passing motorist is cut out here, and the Kents are seen pretty explicitly discovering the baby, which has been the status quo since the Bronze Age or so. The plural "scientists" in reference to Jor-El and Lara is nice, subtly referencing that Lara was characterized as an astronaut back in the Silver Age, giving her science credentials separate from Jor-El's.
Additional Commentary: The explicit choice to include "last hope" in that short description hearkens back to Superman: Birthright, which established (for the first time, I think) that the S-shield is not just the crest of the House of El, but a Kryptonian glyph that stands for "hope." While Superman being the Last Son of Krypton and the last hope to save a dying people has been baked into the concept from the beginning, it's interesting to see an element from around two years before making it into this origin, however obliquely.
The Rocket: It's definitely different, but not particularly distinctive. It's got some of the starburst-shape that we'd see in the original Donner film and in Superman: Birthright, but otherwise it's just kind of gray. When we see Kryptonian architecture later in the series, it's all fluid crystal spires, and it would have been nice to see something more similar to that here.
One out of five exploding Kryptons for this one.
Labels: DC, Rocket Trips, Superman
Chucky, It, and the Translation of Nostalgic Horror
There's a new "Child's Play" movie out. I'll start by saying that, despite being a big fan of slasher movies, I've never actually watched any of the "Child's Play" franchise. Even though it somehow managed to outlast "Nightmare on Elm Street," "Friday the 13th," and "Halloween" without rebooting, I've just never taken the plunge. So keep that in mind as I talk about this stuff from a complete outsider perspective.
With that out of the way, here's the new Chucky.
I've seen a few different pictures of the updated doll, with varying degrees of uncanny valley-ness and similarities to the old version, largely depending on the lighting, but they all make one thing pretty clear: this is the same basic doll from 1988, but a little sleeker and slimmer.
The thing I appreciate about that is that they haven't gone the same route as "It" and "Annabelle," making their titular creatures look actively creepy, which eliminates the surprise and scare factor of having something innocuous and commonplace made scary by doing scary things. Which is good, because that seems to me to be the whole point of "Child's Play" and the larger "killer doll" genre as concepts.
But I see a related problem here: Chucky isn't commonplace anymore. The original Chucky doll was styled after the My Buddy and Cabbage Patch Kids dolls that were incredibly common in the mid-80s. I remember the My Buddy commercial, and the only reason I never got the Cabbage Patch Kid doll that I wanted for like a week when I was four is that my mom thought they looked ugly. But today? Sure, the thirty-year nostalgia cycle has brought Cabbage Patch Kids and Teddy Ruxpin back to big box store shelves, but the new Chucky has ditched the Cabbage Patch cheeks and chin, leaving only the slightly-updated My Buddy elements that look like nothing on the shelves today.
If you wanted to do "Child's Play" in 2019, the place to start isn't by putting a fresh coat of paint on the original film, it's by cracking open the movie and getting to the core concept: a toy that looks disturbingly like ones that children love comes to life and murders people. My generation had Chucky, my parents' generation had Talky Tina. And I've seen enough of my mom's old dolls to know that Talky Tina looked a lot like what little girls were playing with in 1963.
As someone who spends a not insignificant amount of time browsing toy aisles, I think your best basis for a modern "Child's Play" would be some kind of blind-box toy, like Hatchimals or LOL Surprise or other things I see advertised when I watch "Teen Titans Go!" like I did this morning. If you want to go the doll route, I think options are a little limited by the domination of multimedia franchises, your DC Superhero Girls and Barbies and Disney Princesses. I assume Monster High and My Little Pony still hold a decent share of the willowy wide-eyed doll market, which NuChucky seems to be leaning into facially, if not in any other aspect. I suppose you could also do something closer to the American Girl dolls, which would have a closer look and size to the original Chucky, even if they'd require some other changes.
It's similar to some of the problems with 2017's "It." It's all well and good to want to move the children's section from the 1950s to the 1980s, but that transition doesn't work without making other alterations, so that the story concept—in particular, the aspects that make it scary—fit in the new cultural context you've transplanted the story into. In 1958, "clown" meant Bozo and Red Skelton and Barnum & Bailey. In 1985, "clown" meant John Wayne Gacy and "Poltergeist." In a lot of ways, It as a novel tracks how clowns lost their innocence just as the protagonists did.
Pennywise works in the It novel and original miniseries because it's familiar. It's somewhat believable that Georgie Denbrough would see a friendly clown and strike up a conversation with it in 1958. That's a lot less believable in the Stranger Danger 1980s, where even aside from the fear of child kidnappings (something the new movie did incorporate into the update) clowns were viewed with a much greater level of suspicion and fear.
If you wanted Pennywise to be something friendly and familiar in a 1988 setting, you'd either make him a cartoon character with heavy merchandising, or you'd make him a Muppet. I suppose he could be a Mister Rogers/Captain Kangaroo/LeVar Burton-style children's TV host, but I think that would require more significant changes to the story structure. Though playing on some of the more salacious urban legends about characters like Barney the Dinosaur and Fred Rogers could make for very interesting horror.
Similarly, in the novel, Eddie Kaspbrak is a hypochondriac and germophobe, so to terrify him in 1958, Pennywise takes the form of a "leper"—who's later determined to be a syphilitic hobo. The recent movie keeps this scene intact (though losing a lot of what gave it context), but as someone who was a kid in the '80s, syphilitic hobos weren't exactly commonplace fears. Instead, D.A.R.E. and urban myth and TV drilled into me a fear of "junkies" and AIDS even in the rural midwestern towns where I grew up. It's especially galling because there is a thematic thread of homophobia and the AIDS epidemic running through the 1980s segments of the It novel, so it wouldn't have been a whole-cloth invention either.
The problem here is one of transliteration rather than translation. When converting a text from one language to another, you can try to do a one-to-one, word-by-word literal transliteration, but in doing so, it's likely that you'll lose some of the meaning. On the other hand, you can try to capture the intended meaning and connotation, but may have to be a little less literal in your word selection. The balance between these two approaches is part of why there's so many different modern English versions of texts like Beowulf and The Odyssey that were written in (effectively) different languages. It's why there's a current furor among Internet man-children that Square Enix censors shrunk Tifa's breasts in the new Final Fantasy VII remake.
I think a similar issue plagues these nostalgic horror movies. They try to update only the setting and aesthetics without realizing how integral those things are to the story and the scares. The result is a warmed-over remake that doesn't pack the same punch as the original because it's tapped into fears from thirty years ago instead of current fears.
And it's not hard to see why this would happen. If you remade "Child's Play" to be about an American Girl-style doll, you'd end up alienating the Chucky fans and creating immediate bad press from the people most likely to pay for a ticket. And I'm sure the copyright holders and corporate powers are in play here: Chucky is a known quantity with merchandising possibilities and brand recognition, and especially in the current Hollywood economy, I can't imagine many of the pursestring-holders ditching that for a less recognizable main character.
I'm not one of the doom-and-gloom types who decries the current state of Hollywood as relying exclusively on adaptations, sequels, and reboots. Frankly, I think that's always been true of Hollywood to one degree or another. But it's true that Hollywood is increasingly dominated by a few large media corporations, and that the economics of moviemaking and theaters in general mean that there's even less willingness to branch out and take risks. And that is a pretty distressing state of affairs, and not just for horror.
"Child's Play" and It weren't made to fit some nostalgic idea of what they should be. They were made to comment and capitalize on issues and anxieties of a particular culture at a particular moment in time, and that's what made them memorable and effective as horror. You can no more sever a story from its context and setting and expect it to work in a new one than you can transplant a heart from one body to another without reconnecting any of the vessels. If you don't connect your story to the rest of the setting, you're going to end up with a bloody, lifeless mess.
Posted by Tom Foss at 10:37 AM 1 comment:
Labels: Horror, Movies
Rocket Trips #1: Action Comics (vol. 1) #1 - 1938
Well, we had to start somewhere. Action Comics (vol. 1) #1 contains the first (canonical, comic book) appearance of Superman and starts with a one-page opening sequence that remains a marvel of condensed storytelling. I covered it in some detail way back when.
Creative Team: Jerome Siegel & Joe Shuster.
All-Star Summary: Doomed planet. Desperate scientist. Passing motorist. Remarkable orphan.
Key Elements: A distant world is dying. A scientist places his infant son in a "hastily-devised space-ship" and launches it toward Earth. The baby is discovered by a passing motorist and taken to an orphanage. The child has superhuman strength, and his powers of strength, speed, and invulnerability grow as he reaches maturity. He uses his powers to "benefit mankind" and becomes Superman, the champion of the oppressed.
Interesting Deviations: This is the first origin, so it can't really deviate from anything, but eighty-two years of hindsight allow us to see how much is missing, and what's included instead. There's no mention of Superman's birth mother, no mention of Ma & Pa Kent, no names for any of the sci-fi elements at all. Instead of the Kents, there's a passing motorist and an orphanage. Superman's powers are credited to an advanced physical structure and likened to the abilities of ants and grasshoppers. His powers are said to grow when he gets older, which sticks around a little in the Golden Age but then disappears until the Byrne reboot.
Additional Commentary: Can we trade out "Man of Tomorrow" for "Champion of the Oppressed" as a moniker for Superman? That's one that really needs to make a comeback.
The Rocket: Not much to look at, really. Just your average bright-red Amazing Stories sci-fi rocket.
I give this rocket two out of five exploding Kryptons.
Posted by Tom Foss at 1:00 PM 1 comment:
Labels: Rocket Trips, Superman
Rocket Trips #0: Origin Stories
Once upon a time, just a little over nine years ago, I started a little series examining the different versions of Superman's origin story, in publication order, on this blog. That series petered out after nine entries, halfway through George Lowther's 1942 novel, The Adventures of Superman. There's half of an entry finishing off that novel's origin story in my drafts from...*cough* 2011.
Since then, we've had a bunch more Superman origin stories, including flashback sequences in "Man of Steel (vol. 2)" and the current "Superman: Year One." And I'd like to dive back into the Superman origin waters.
But I'm older and wiser now, and I realize that I made some avoidable mistakes. Chief among them being that I tried to stick to the origins in chronological order. I think there's value to that, in seeing how the myth evolved over time, but it also means spending a lot of time tracking down hard-to-find Golden Age and Silver Age sources. I really dig Golden and Silver Age comics, but I also know there were versions of Superman's origin told in the gap between 1961 and 1978 in that old master list, and I haven't found any clear indication of where they were.
So I'm going to play hopscotch through the decades, covering Superman origins as I encounter them, and focusing on the key elements that carry over from version to version, as well as the interesting deviations. I can't promise a regular schedule or fascinating writing, but I'm going to try. Blogging may be a dying art, but I'm not ready to close the Fortress door just yet, and this is an easy way to have some consistent content that I can't just dump in the whirlpool of social media.
Besides, I made a logo:
I hope you enjoy coming on this journey with me! The first installment will post later today!
Labels: Metablogging, Rocket Trips, Superman


text:
Home Health Conditions
If Your Cold Lingers, Here Are 13 Things It Could Mean
Jenn Sinrich
If your cold symptoms won't quit, you may have something more serious.
Photo: Africa Studio/Shutterstock
You might still have a cold
The first cause of a lingering cold, according to Satesh Bidaisee, DVM, MSPH, EdD, professor of public health and preventive medicine at St. George's University in Grenada, West Indies, is the cold itself. "The cold is a common health challenge for people around the world, especially in children who commonly experience the cold as often as once per month, and adults on average two to four times per year," he says. "However, while the common cold is usually cleared within one week, any persistence of the cold for as long as beyond two weeks is considered lingering."
Here are 11 things about seasonal affective disorder you need to know.
Photo: Diego Cervo/Shutterstock
You might have another cold
Especially during cold season, you can catch a virus, fight it off, and then be exposed to an entirely new cold; the new virus and new symptoms can blend with the ones you just fought off and make it seem like one long illness. "There are literally hundreds of viruses that can cause a cold so it's common to get more than one in a given year," says Joshua Scott, MD, primary care sports medicine physician at Cedars-Sinai Kerlan-Jobe Institute in Los Angeles, California. This is often the case with children.
These crazy old-time remedies were once used to treat the flu.
Photo: Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock
It might be a side effect of your medication
If you have a persistent cough, it can be from a number of causes. One possibility, according to Kristine Arthur, MD, an internist at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, California, is a medication side effect. "A chronic dry cough is a common side effect of ace inhibitors, such as lisinopril, benazepril, and ramipril, which are a type of blood pressure medication. "There shouldn't be any other symptoms like nasal congestion, sore throat, or sinus pressure, however, so if you take one of these medications, talk to your doctor about possibly switching to another one."
Check out these four natural cough remedies for instant relief.
Photo: GBALLGIGGSPHOTO/Shutterstock
You might have chronic post nasal drainage
If you have a productive cough with clear or white phlegm that persists, Dr. Arthur says it may be due to chronic post nasal drainage, which tends to get worse at night when you're lying down. "Often people complain of nasal congestion and having to clear their throat constantly," she adds. "It may also be caused by allergies and get worse when the weather changes."
Find out the dangerous reason why you shouldn't pick your nose.
Photo: Gorynvd/Shutterstock
It might be allergies
A common cause of a runny nose and a cough that mimics a viral illness can be allergies triggered by your environment. "Depending on the season, allergic symptoms can last much longer and are often accompanied by itchy, watery eyes," says Dr. Scott. "Tree pollen can often be high in the winter so symptoms of allergies can be at the same time as the 'cold season.'"
Got grass allergies? Here's why—and what you can do about it.
Photo: Dragana Gordic/Shutterstock
You might have bacterial sinusitis
"Sometimes, as the viral illness starts to disappear, new symptoms like pressure in the sinuses, headache, and sometimes fever can occur," explains Dr. Scott. "This happens when the congestion from a cold causes the right environment for bacteria to grow." It most often occurs between 10 to 14 days after the onset of a cold and requires a prescription from a doctor to clear up.
Here are five ways to treat a sinus infection.
Photo: Click and Photo/Shutterstock
You might have asthma or COPD
If you have a cough accompanied by wheezing that does not go away, Dr. Arthur warns that asthma or COPD (chronic obstructive lung disease) might be the cause. Typically asthma shows up earlier in life. COPD may present later in people who smoked at some point. Your doctor may order a lung test for an accurate diagnosis, and treatment can begin with various types of inhalers.
Never ignore these seven signs of lung cancer.
Photo: BENCHAMAT/Shutterstock
You might have pneumonia
If your symptoms are (or turn into) a consistent cough accompanied by brown or green mucus, a fever, and shortness of breath, it could signal an infection like pneumonia, according to Dr. Arthur. "Most people will typically feel bad in general and may complain of their lungs hurting," she says. "This is most likely to affect people with chronic lung disease, like asthma or emphysema, but can also affect perfectly healthy people." If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical help immediately, as this is a serious and potentially life-threatening illness that requires prompt treatment.
Learn how the medical experts in Europe are fighting the war on vaccines.
Photo: LightField Studios/Shutterstock
You might have acid reflux
If you've been experiencing a bad taste in your mouth that's accompanied by a dry cough and hoarseness, you may be battling the digestive disease known as acid reflux. It's quite common, affecting approximately 13 per cent of Canadians weekly, according to the Canadian Society of Intestinal Research. "Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, burping and regurgitation and often worsen after heavy or spicy meals, when you're lying down, or if you take anti-inflammatory pain medication like ibuprofen regularly," says Dr. Arthur. "Treatment with antacid medications can help, but an evaluation by a doctor is necessary if symptoms persist beyond a few weeks."
Avoid these foods if you have acid reflux or digestion issues.
Photo: alice-photo/Shutterstock
You might have something stuck in your body
As strange as it might sound, people do get stuff stuck in their airways—like their nose. This is especially true for small children. This can cause runny nose symptoms that can last for weeks, or until the foreign object is removed. "This is usually accompanied by a foul smell; the only treatment is the removal of the foreign body by a healthcare professional," adds Dr. Scott.
Don't miss these eight things your mucus says about your health.
Photo: Rido/Shutterstock
You might have tuberculosis
This serious bacterial disease triggers persistent, uncontrollable coughing, and you may cough up blood plus have a fever, chills, and night sweats. While TB is much rarer these days thanks to a vaccine, cases still occur. "This infection is very contagious, so if you have a weakened immune system, have been travelling outside of the country or are exposed to anyone with TB you are at increased risk," warns Dr. Arthur. "It is extremely important to be checked right away for this, as it is important not to expose others." She recommends giving your doctor's office a heads up if you have any of these symptoms; plan to wear an appropriate mask when you arrive for your appointment.
These nine diseases are the most deadly in the world.
Photo: Prostock-studio/Shutterstock
You might be immunodeficient
Lingering colds can also be a sign of that your body's defense system—your immunity—is compromised. This means you're less able to fight off infection, explain Dr. Bidaisee. "Dietary insufficiency, inadequate sleep, dehydration, stress, and systemic viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can reduce the body's ability to resolve a cold," he says. "Immunocompromised conditions require supportive treatment such as dietary supplementation, rest, fluids, stress management, and antimicrobial therapy."
Check out the scientific explanation behind 22 quirky body reactions.
Photo: imging/Shutterstock
You might have cancer
Finally, if you have a cough that persists despite your use of over-the-counter or prescription meds—and particularly if you are or were a smoker or have had exposure to asbestos—you may have a symptom of cancer, says Dr. Arthur. "Typically symptoms are present for weeks to months, and there may be no other symptoms although some people may have generalized weakness, decreased appetite, shortness of breath, and weight loss," she says. As a precaution, always make an appointment with your doctor to rule out such a serious diagnosis.
Next, check out these 50 ways to avoid catching a cold this season.
Jenn Sinrich is an experienced digital and social editor in New York City. She's written for several publications including SELF, Women's Health, Fitness, Parents, American Baby, Ladies' Home Journal and more.She covers various topics from health, fitness and food to pregnancy and parenting. In addition to writing, Jenn also volunteers with Ed2010, serving as the deputy director to Ed's Buddy System, a program that pairs recent graduates with young editors to give them a guide to the publishing industry and to navigating New York.When she's not busy writing, editing or reading, she's enjoying and discovering the city she's always dreamed of living in with her loving fiancé, Dan, and two feline friends, Janis and Jimi.


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The Indian Arrows are set to play their ninth I-League game of the ongoing I-League season in just 29 days as they host NEROCA FC on Tuesday at the Tilak Maidan Ground in Vasco, Goa.
Head coach Luis Norton de Matos was perturbed with the games coming thick and fast for his teenaged side. "Recovery is the most important thing for me to prepare for two games (in quick succession)."
"We had games on 22, 26, 29 (December 2017), 2, 5, 8, 12 and now 16 (January 2018). This is violence and a problem for us because we are a small group. The youngest team is playing the most number of games in a short space of time. There are teams more experienced than us who have played three games less," Matos expressed.
With ten points from as many games, the Indian FA's developmental side are seventh on the table. Matos believes that his charges could carry on the good work for the remaining eight games.
"A coach is never satisfied with the points. If you told me earlier that we would have 10 points from 10 games, I think it's very honest with our reality where most players are 16 and 17 years old. Of course, we tried to earn more points. I feel we can get another 12-to-13 points from our remaining games."
"The worst result until now is 2-0 (Gokulam and Minerva). It means that we have played very competitively. When you win 3-0 (Shillong Lajong), other teams have also approached the game against us nervously. The owners, coaches and players are not comfortable to lose to a team so young"
"If you compare other teams, they have more quality and experienced individuals than us. Almost all coaches talk about the foreign players to decide the game. For me, I am a Portuguese coach and so all the Indian players are foreigners for me."
"We still do not have the control of emotions in the game but I'm very happy with their organisation. By now we have shown that we are an organised side," the former SL Benfica 'B' boss reflected on the campaign so far.
The opposition, NEROCA, who are third on the table also found some praise when it came to the topic of Indians scoring. "If all the goals that we have conceded have been scored by Indian players, we would perhaps have 15 or 16 points because all the goals except two are scored by foreigners. The goals by Indians have been scored by NEROCA", he said.
Indian Arrows re-shifted their base to Goa after three home games at the Ambedkar Stadium in New Delhi. "For us, all the games are away. There are no home games. We started in Bambolim and then in Delhi where we couldn't use the goals when you go for training because the pitch was very bad. We have no supporters like the other clubs. So it is difficult for us not to have our home ground whenever we take a corner or a free-kick. I feel at home in Goa for training, not to play," Matos explained the reason for the switch in the first place.
His counterpart, Gift Raikhan, hailed the youngsters and remained wary despite being in the top three in the standings. "We defeated Arrows 2-1 in Imphal but the weather is different in Goa. Indian Arrows is not an easy team. The dynamic young lads have a lot of energy. We respect them," he said on the eve of the game.
"Football is all about action and commitment. My team also wants to be on top. So we will try our best despite the different weather. The commitment is the same from the beginning," added the former Pune FC academy coach.


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Us or them: Who pays for the pandemic?
Graham Matthews
With permission of Alan Moir, moir.com.au
The Australian economy is set for a significant slowdown in response to the emergency actions taken to minimise the spread of COVID-19. The federal Treasury predicts the jobless rate will climb to 10% by the end of the year, and remain high for years to come.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) unemployment figures show the unemployment rate in April rose from 5.2% to 6.2%. At the same time, the participation rate (the proportion of people employed or "actively" looking for work) collapsed from 66% to 63.5%.
In other words, while more than 13.7 million people were either working or looking for work in March, that number fell by around 500,000 to 13.2 million in April. And while official unemployment rose by about 100,000 in April, more than 600,000 fewer people had a job in April than had work in March.
The apparent discrepancy in the figures can be, at least, partly explained by the fact that the federal government has suspended mutual obligations for those receiving the JobSeeker payment until the beginning of June. The ABS only counts people as being unemployed if they are actively looking for work. This means that, while up to 600,000 people may have joined the dole queues in April, official figures will not register that until later in the year.
Stimulus spending for whom?
Reject the Coalition's Accord-style JobMaker
The scale of the collapse in employment only becomes apparent when we consider the fall in hours worked from March to April. Almost 164 million fewer hours were worked in April, compared with March.
The size of the economic slowdown was measured by Greg Jericho in the May 17 Guardian Australia. "In March, 86 hours were worked on average by everyone over 15," he said. "In April this dropped to 78 hours — lower than even during the 1980s and '90s recession, when fewer women worked and a smaller percentage of the population was over the retirement age."
Impact on economy
Retail sales increased by 8.5% in March, according to the ABS, largely the result of supermarket panic buying and food retail rose by 24%. At the same time, spending in cafés and restaurants, and on clothes and shoes, collapsed by more than 22%.
The Housing Industry Association has predicted that new dwelling starts will collapse by 30%, causing 500,000 construction workers to lose their jobs. The expected collapse in immigration, along with a big reduction in overseas student numbers, is being blamed on the coronavirus shutdown.
The pandemic is only deepening a downward trend: engineering and residential construction have been in decline for more than a year.
However, it has not put a dent in Australia's mining exports. Mining was considered an essential service and continued even at the height of the lockdown. Indeed, Australia's iron ore exports have risen. Australian Mining gleefully reported on May 27: "Brazil's worsening COVID-19 crisis and the reduced shipment of iron ore from the South American country have led to a surge in global iron ore prices on the back of resilient demand from China".
"Fortescue [owned by billionaire Andrew 'Twiggy' Forrest] achieved a record iron ore shipment to China during the March quarter, shipping 42.3 million tonnes, a 10 per cent increase on the 38.3 million tonnes shipped in the prior corresponding period", it continued. "BHP also indicated plans to grow its iron ore export capacity in Port Hedland in Western Australia by 14 per cent — from 290 million tonnes per year to potentially 330 million tonnes per year."
Overall, the value of Australian exports of metal ores rose by 32%, or more than $3.5 billion in March alone, according to the ABS.
Not all in it together
Not all Australian businesses are doing it tough.
While some sectors, notably cafés and restaurants, clothing and apparel, have taken a big hit as shown by the large numbers of people losing their jobs, some exports like fossil fuels have increased. The value of coal, coke and briquettes exported from Australia in March increased by $274 million to more than $4.8 billion, according to the ABS. Export volumes of liquefied natural gas are expected to increase significantly — by more than 6 million tonnes over the next year.
The economy also recorded a trade surplus of more than $10 billion in the month of March alone. For the March quarter as a whole, the trade surplus was more than $19 billion, a rise of more than $5 billion from the surplus recorded in the December 2019 quarter.
The continuing strength of fossil fuel and mineral exports will act as a counterweight to the weakness of the consumer market. National accounts figures for the March quarter, to be released by the ABS in early June, may even suggest that the economy grew in the first three months of the year (or, at the very least, that any contraction was very slight).
Any sign of economic resilience will undoubtedly be seized upon by Prime Minister Scott Morrison as an attempt to justify his government's handling of the pandemic, even as hundreds of thousands have lost their jobs.
JobKeeper, JobSeeker and the looming crisis
On March 30, the federal government announced that it would double the rate of the dole or JobSeeker to $1100 a fortnight. It also introduced JobKeeper payments for private firms whose income had been severely affected by the pandemic, paying employers a $1500 a fortnight subsidy for all workers they kept on the books.
At the time, Morrison said that the subsidies would last for only six months, with the JobSeeker rate reverting back to around $40 per day in September.
The JobKeeper subsidy has its limitations: it doesn't apply to temporary workers, government employees, international students or most casual workers. The government revealed on May 23 that more than 3.5 million workers are receiving the subsidy. It also acknowledged that it had overestimated the number likely to take up the JobKeeper subsidy by more than 3 million, meaning its cost had been overestimated by $60 billion.
Rather than extend the timeline for the subsidy, or expand eligibility, to cover more workers, the government has doubled down on its determination to end the subsidy in September. Yet while Morrison may want to withdraw the extra spending then, the looming political crisis may make that difficult.
According to Sydney Morning Herald economics editor Ross Gittens spending is needed to get the economy going. "Obviously, what's needed to reverse the cycle [of declining spending, leading to falling output] is a huge burst of spending". He added: "But there's only one source that spending can come from: the government. The smaller public sector has to rescue the much bigger private sector and get it going again."
Government subsidies, expected to be paid between July and September, could amount to 25% of Australia's GDP, according to Danielle Wood from the Grattan Institute, as quoted by the ABC. "All of that is expected to come out by the end of the year under the current timetable — that would leave a very significant hole in the economy and potentially put us back into negative economic territory," she said.
Wage freeze will make matters worse
The pandemic has significantly destabilised the economy, particularly that part that employs a large share of the workforce, including retail, education, arts and recreation, construction and hospitality. Lower spending, combined with a collapse in immigration and overseas student numbers, equates to fewer jobs and greater unemployment, particularly in these sectors.
Given the decline in the private sector, spending by those employed in the public sector becomes increasingly important.
The public sector employs more than 2 million people, making up 16% of the workforce, according to the Centre for Future Work (CFW). Cutting the wages of public sector workers — including nurses, firefighters, teachers and others — such as the 12-month pay freeze announced by the New South Wales government, will act as a severe dampener on demand.
Any cut to public sector wages is likely to lead to a similar fall in the private sector, the CFW argues. The result could be a deflationary spiral, deepening the impending recession. "Knee-jerk arguments that freezing or reducing labour costs can somehow restore economic confidence and preserve employment (even as entire sections of the economy effectively shut down) are not credible," the CFW said. A serious decline in wages across the board, could lead to a collapse in prices, leading to deflation.
"Deflation causes consumers to further defer purchases (as they await even lower prices in the future); it causes the real burden of debts to explode; and it wreaks havoc with investment expectations and intentions. Deflation is typically associated with depression — and Australia already enters this downturn perilously close to it," CFW said.
Public spending key
The only measure which will prevent the economy falling into deep recession, even serious depression, is high levels of government spending.
Sustained wage subsidies, higher unemployment benefits, public investment in renewable energy, public transport, public housing and other socially beneficial projects are needed now, more than ever. Public sector job cuts and wage freezes will only make matters worse, increasing the scale and length of the downturn.
Increased public spending will raise public debt. However, economic growth will reduce the size of the debt as a proportion of GDP over time. With interest rates at historic lows, now is the time for the government to borrow. Shifting the burden of taxation from wages to profits will also increase the fairness of the system.
The alternative is for Morrison, along with state governments, to withdraw subsidies, cut wages and send the economy into a serious downturn, for which working people will pay the price for years to come.
Thank you Green Left for always supporting the people of Afrin and refugees who are forced to abandon the homes we love.
Rochin Battal Kurdish refugee from Afrin, North-East Syria (Rojava)


Though it's an icon in the town 50 miles west of San Antonio, the Freedom From Religion Foundation — a Wisconsin-based organization dedicated to the separation of church and state — has called for the sign's removal. FFRF co-president Annie Laurie Gaylor wrote to Hondo mayor James Danner in a letter that the city should find a different way to promote safe driving.
It is inappropriate for the City of Hondo to display religious signs that convey government preference for religion over non-religion. The display of the religious message "THIS IS GOD'S COUNTRY" on public property violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which prohibits public grounds from advancing, supporting, or promoting religion. It is also needlessly divisive.
According to the San Antonio Express-News, a formal response from the city is being drafted by its legal counsel — though it's not likely they have any intentions of humoring FFRF's request.
"There's no way in hell we're going to take those signs down," Danner said.
Though it's still unclear whether FFRF will sue Hondo, this isn't the first time the organization has come down on a Texas town. The FFRF successfully forced East Texas town Hawkins to take down its "Jesus Welcomes You to Hawkins" sign and ended a battle over a cross in a public park in Port Neches in a draw.
To read a more in-depth look at the Hondo situation, click here.
Correction: A previous version of this story gave an incorrect description of Hondo's location.


We use Myofascial Release Therapy, a hands-on manual therapy technique, to treat pain resulting from myofascial tissue, which are the tough membranes that connect and wrap around to support muscles.
Myofascial pain can be an especially intense pain due to its origin, also known as "trigger points." Pain in trigger points are usually difficult to localize.
Under light manual pressure, our physical therapists isolate these stiff and tight myofascial areas from those more pliable to release the restricted muscles and joint movement.
Whether your aim is to return to normal activity or to get your desired fitness level, you will benefit from our cutting-edge treatment techniques, technology, and equipment. You'll also work with one of our experienced Detroit Physical Therapist, who will develop an individualized treatment plan that targets your specific requirements and adapts with your condition.


"Downtown Bristol always celebrates the wealth of artistic talent we have in our community – and young artists are no exception," says Sarah Tollie, member of the Arts & Entertainment Committee. "I helped to hang one of the shows last year and was incredibly impressed with the abilities of every student. I look forward to seeing more of that talent in this new year!"
Each school or group that participates has a month-long period to display their students' art in the space. The third gallery of art went up on January 6, showcasing works by students from Anderson Elementary School. Jeff Blackburn's young artists – ranging from kindergarten to 6th grade – have created a diversity of works, including pieces inspired by Gothic stained glass, seasonal-themed scarecrows and snow globes, still lifes, abstract color studies, landscapes, perspective drawings, and works influenced by the art of Eric Carle.
Artwork by the students from Anderson Elementary School will be on display at the Hayes Furniture Building until February 3, 2014.


Facial wrinkles are one of the signs of aging that many people dread the most. Despite all the expensive lotions and serums that promise to boost collagen and prolong skin elasticity, people find that fine lines and wrinkles are simply unavoidable. As an experienced plastic surgeon, Dr. David Passaretti offers plastic surgery and injectable procedures that can revitalize facial skin and eliminate wrinkles long-term.
BOTOX® Cosmetic significantly diminishes, and often completely eliminates, common facial wrinkles, including those around the forehead and eyes. BOTOX® results provide our Fairfield County, CT patients with effects that are comparable to plastic surgery results, but with far fewer risks and side effects, and virtually no recovery time. Patients who are interested in learning more about BOTOX® treatment should contact us at their earliest convenience.
Many patients are drawn to BOTOX® Cosmetic because it isn't associated with the risks and side effects of plastic surgery. However, patients often question just how effective BOTOX® treatment will be. Fortunately, BOTOX® results are extremely effective.
The active ingredient in BOTOX® Cosmetic is a diluted version of the botulinum toxin. This toxin directly targets the nerves and muscles that are responsible for common facial wrinkles. BOTOX® acts as a block to prevent nerve impulses from reaching the facial muscles, so that they do not contract. By preventing the facial muscles from contracting, BOTOX® relaxes the skin around these facial muscles and softens the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
BOTOX® effectively provides patients with smoother facial skin that looks refreshed and more youthful. Aside from greatly reducing the appearance of superficial wrinkles, BOTOX® can also have effects on deep-set lines and creases. Over time, these deeper wrinkles will soften and become far less prominent. When the full effects of BOTOX® treatment have set in, most patients find that they look years younger, yet maintain their natural appearance and full range of facial expressions.
The primary difference between BOTOX® results and that of plastic surgery is that BOTOX® results are temporary, while surgical results are longer lasting. Most patients find that facial wrinkles look softer within just a few days after BOTOX® treatment. While the duration of BOTOX® results varies for each patient, most can expect to enjoy the benefits of BOTOX® treatment for at least three to four months.
To avoid a disruption in BOTOX® results, Dr. Passaretti recommends that patients schedule maintenance treatments every three months. With continual treatments, patients will get the most out of BOTOX® results and will see a vast improvement of fine lines and wrinkles, as well as deep-set creases.
If you want to effectively treat facial wrinkles without undergoing cosmetic surgery, you owe it to yourself to learn more about BOTOX® treatment. Contact us at your earliest convenience to set up a consultation with Dr. David Passaretti and find out if BOTOX® treatment is right for you.


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Home » Compliance » Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements 16 (SSAE 16)
Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements 16 (SSAE 16)
What is SSAE 16?
In January 2010, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Auditing Standards Board issued Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAE) No. 16, Reporting on Controls at a Service Organization, that is substantially similar to the international standard and supersedes Statement on Auditing Standards No. 70, Service Organizations (SAS 70).
SSAE 16 has replaced the famous – SAS70 standard, that was in use by the Service Organizations for Reporting on Controls. The changes made in the new standard will help Service Organizations across the globe, and mainly to US based Organizations, in competing with other Organizations and offer best Services to their customers.
New Standard SSAE 16 has emerged with these goals:
The new standard SSAE 16 to be in sync with other international accounting standards
How audits should be conducted for internal controls at Service Organizations
And, how Service Organizations can use these audit reports for their Customers, for compliance, marketing or other purposes.
There are two types of SSAE 16 Reports:
SSAE 16 Type I Reports
SSAE 16 Type II Reports
SSAE 16 Services
SSAE 16 Readiness Assessments
SSAE 16 Readiness Assessments are conducted to check the level of implementation of the SSAE 16 in an Service Organization. GAP Analysis Study is done during the readiness assessment to find out all gaps in the implementation of the standard SSAE 16. A detailed Gap Analysis report is provided to the organization.
SSAE 16 Type I Attestation
A Type I service auditor's report includes the service auditor's opinion on the fairness of the presentation of the service organization's description of controls that had been placed in operation and the suitability of the design of the controls to achieve the specified control objectives.
Type I Attestation is performed as-on a particular date.
SSAE 16 Type II Attestation
SSAE 16 Type II builds on the Type I report to also include an assessment of the effectiveness of the controls over a period of time, which is recommended to be no less than six months. Such a report can be used to provide evidence of the effectiveness of the system in meeting stated objectives during the specified period.
Type II Attestation is performed for a particular period.
What is the significance of SSAE 16 compliance?
Provide assurance to your clients about the safeguard of their funds and information.
Ensure that client transactions are complete, accurate, and are completed in a timely manner.
It reduces risks by Risk Management by the Service Organization.
It reduces Service Organization's audit and compliance costs. It literally pushes the cost down their supply chain.
Benefits of SSAE 16 Compliance
The SSAE 16 audit report allows the service organization to provide its customers with independent third-party verification about the state of the internal controls governing the integrity, reliability, effectiveness, and security of the processing services provided to user organizations.
The SSAE 16 Attestation Report can be used by user organization's financial statement auditors as a substitute for those parties performing their own first-hand audit procedures.
Undergoing the SSAE 16 Attestation distinguishes the service organization from its competitors.
The SSAE 16 Attestation can provide more benefits in comparison to an internal audit function.
A SSAE 16 audit can improve or sustain business relations between service providers and user organizations. It may be also viable to pass the costs of fees paid for the SSAE 16 Attestation to the user organization.
Upgradation from old standard to new SSAE 16 Standard. Use of SSAE 16 Audit Reports.
More confidence in the Services by the customers.
Allows the service organization to meet contractual obligations.
Provide additional comfort on risk, systems and controls to clients and business partners.
Provide assurance on the Internal Controls and meeting objectives in case of adverse situations.
SSAE 16 – For Whom
A SSAE 16 review is applicable when elements of a company's processes are performed by a service provider and the company:
Needs assurance over the system of internal controls at the provider because the services/transactions affect their financial statements.
Needs assurance that the service provider is fulfilling contractual obligations.
Wants to gain a better understanding of their role in controlling the process.
There are numerous types of services that may be performed by an outsourced service provider:
Custody and Trust
IT Processing
Benefit Management
401k Management
Commodity Trading Support
More on SSAE 16
For more details on SSAE 16 please visit following links:
SSAE 16 and other standards – SAS 70 and ISAE 3402
Differences between SSAE 16 and SAS 70
Similarity between SSAE 16 and SAS 70


Are our students graduating with the knowledge and proficiencies necessary and needed to move on to jobs in the real world? How do we know? How will we know?
What are we doing well in? Why? What are we struggling in? Why? What can we do better? How? These are all questions that assessment can strive to answer!
As a college, we strive to be assessment-driven in our decisions and to incorporate "a culture of assessment." Faculty, staff, and administration are the cogs in the wheel of assessment! If a few people slip, the wheel may still turn. However, as an learning institution we cannot allow the "wheel of assessment" to stop turning!
What can be done, you ask? Use the information available to educate ourselves and make improvements! Click on the links to the left to obtain more information regarding various aspects of assessment.


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Atylostagma glabra är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Schaeffer 1909. Atylostagma glabra ingår i släktet Atylostagma och familjen långhorningar. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Långhorningar
glabra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Эковенция () ― термин, предложенный Эми Липтон и Сью Спаид в 1999 году для обозначения вмешательства экологического искусства в процесс деградации окружающей среды. Движение эковенции в искусстве тесно связано с ленд-артом, земляными работами, энвайронмент-артом и ландшафтной архитектурой, хотя при этом и стоит особняком. Многие эковенцистские произведения являются отражением отличительных черт проектов общественных сооружений, таких как очистные канализации, городские скверы, свалки, шахты и проекты устойчивого строительства.

Термин «эковенция» является сочетанием слов «экология» и «интервенция» (или «вмешательство»). Его смысл заключается в том, чтобы конкретизировать вид искусства, который намекает на вмешательство художников в процесс деградации природных территорий: все они пытаются привлечь общественное внимание к эти проблемам и предложить возможные пути их решения. Необходимость восстановления природы заставляет художников вступить в процесс сотрудничества с ней в социальном плане. Они помогают выработать новую парадигму и предложить то, как искусство может помочь обществу не только в социальном или политическом смысле, но также и в непосредственном участии в судьбе планеты.

Художники сосредоточены на различных аспектах творчества: биологическом, культурном, политическом или историческом.  В движении вовлечены разные профессионалы: архитекторы, ботаники, зоологи, инженеры, экологи. Все они используют новые методы, чтобы преобразовать
и стабилизировать окружающую среду, восстановить природные ресурсы. Работы эковентистов имеют общую цель ― побудить зрителя посетить эти пространства дабы повысить уровень их осведомлённости и, в свою очередь, проложить дорогу новым позитивным изменения.

Среди художников, ассоциированных с движением, называют следующие имена: Джозеф Бойс, Мела Чина, Агнес Денес, Хелен и Ньютон Харрисон, Ocean Earth, Роберт Смитсон, Ален Сонфист и Мирл Ладерман Юклс.

Выставки
В 2002 году в Центре современного искусства Цинциннати в Огайо прошла выставка Ecovention. По материалам выставки центром искусства совместно с Greenmuseum также был издан каталог под тем же названием.

Эковентисты проводили и другие крупные выставки, например «Earth Art» (1969), которая прошла в Корнелльском университете, «Elements of Art: Earth, Air and Fire» (1971) в Бостонском музее изящных искусств, «Earthworks: Land Reclamation as Sculpture»(1979) в Сиэтлском художественном музее и «Fragile Ecologies»(1992) в Королевском художественном музее, организованная куратором Барбарой Матильски. Выставка Ecovention Europe прошла осенью 2017 года в Де Домиен, Ситтард, Нидерланды; её куратором выступила Сью Спаид, которая также представила сочинение, посвящённое дискуссии о том, что из себя представляет экология.

Примечания

Литература

 Ecoventions qua an Arendtian Account of Freedom, Action and Miracles. Sue Spaid.

Ссылки
 Greenmuseum.org
Течения и направления в современном искусстве