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Ranveer Singh's true fan boy spirit reflected on MS Dhoni and Farah Khan's pic
Farah Khan shot an advertisement with cricket legend MS Dhoni and she is a 'fan' now. But, don't forget Ranveer Singh
Written by: India TV Entertainment Desk New Delhi Published on: July 27, 2021 10:37 IST
Image Source : INSTAGRAM/FARAH KHAN/RANVEER SINGH
Filmmaker Farah Khan shot an advertisement with cricket legend MS Dhoni and she is a 'fan' now. Taking to her Instagram, the director dropped a picture of herself with the former Indian cricket captian. The picture has been clicked by celebrity photographer Dabboo Ratnani. Sharing the picture, Farah Khan wrote "Directed MS Dhoni for an ad today. What an amazing guy.. so punctual, so down to earth, took pics with everyone frm clients to spotboys with a smile..im a fan now."
Farah Khan's post received scores of comments from the fans of MS Dhoni. And actor Ranveer Singh is a huge fan of the cricketer. His fan boy spirit made him drop a comment on Farah's photo. "He is the best," the actor wrote along with several heart-eyed emojis.
Ranveer and MS Dhoni were on Sunday spotted playing football at a stadium in Mumbai. Along with Dino Morea and Saif Ali Khan's son Ibrahim Ali Khan, Ranveer and Dhoni were a part of the All Stars Football Club, which holds matches to collect income for charity while promoting the game of football in India. The duo was seen sharing a hug during a friendly football match. Ranveer and the cricketer were playing for the same team while Ibrahim wore a jersey of the opponent team.
The Gully Boy actor was snapped hugging Dhoni after the match.
On the professional front, Ranveer has a busy lineup to look ahead. Recently, on his birthday, the actor treated his fans with an announcement of his new project. The film has a star-studded cast compromising of Alia Bhatt, along with veterans Dharmendra, Jaya Bachchan and Shabana Azmi, besides Ranveer. The film will mark Karan Johar's return to director's chair after five years.
Apart from this, the actor will be seen in movies like '83', 'Sooryavanshi', 'Jayeshbhai Jordaar', 'Cirkus', and the Hindi remake of blockbuster hit 'Anniyan'. Also, he is all set to make his TV debut by hosting Colors' quiz show 'The Big Picture'.
Also Read: Kriti Kharbanda on marriage with Pulkit Samrat: 'I choose to answer this question only to my parents'
Varun Dhawan opens on reuniting with Alia Bhatt: 'I am very busy, I just had a baby'
Tunisha Sharma's mother Vinita Sharma appeals to take suicide case in fast-track court
UK invites India to join AUKUS agreement. Will India join trilateral security pact?


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Decision making, chance taking
Jos Luhukay says his side must take their chances and make the right decisions when the opportunities arise on Saturday.
The Wednesday boss was left to rue missed chances on Saturday as Bolton struck a 93rd minute equaliser, leaving the Owls to reflect on two points dropped at the death.
Moving forward, Luhukay wants to see better decision-making in the final third, which could make all the difference in Saturday's Yorkshire derby.
He said: "In the last two games when we have got into the final 30 metres, we have had seven or eight moments and not made a good decision with the last pass or cross.
"At the end, you can't win games if you don't take your chances. We must do better on Saturday in the final situation to score goals.
"We must have 100% focus and concentrations from the set-ups, from corners and free kicks.
"It is the small details all over the pitch that are important for success."
A vibrant atmosphere awaits at Elland Road, with over 30,000 supporters expected and Luhukay continued:
"I look only to my team. In a derby, you must have the passion and the right mentality to come to a good result.
"Both lots of fans will give 100% support so you must also for them make a very good game to give everything you have.
"We must have strong mentality, fight from the beginning and win the 1-to-1 individual battles.
"It will be a very interesting game with both teams fighting to come to a good result, there will be a fantastic atmosphere.
"We must go to enjoy that but we also know we must produce a very good performance and that is what we will try to do."
Leeds United vs Sheffield Wednesday on 17 Mar 18
Jos Luhukay

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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American, 1907–2002
Six Lines in a T, 1966–79
10 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 6 1/2 in. x 30 1/2 in. (325.1 x 199.4 x 77.5 cm)
Gift of the Ralph E. Ogden Foundation
Art © Estate of George Rickey/ Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY
Photo by Jerry L. Thompson
In Six Lines in a T, among Rickey's first non-objective works, six hand-crafted, reflective, stainless steel blades are attached to a thin horizontal scaffold welded to a slender vertical pole. When at rest, the lines are roughly parallel to the ground, but the slightest breeze sets them in motion, each blade moving in its own predetermined arc, crisscrossing the paths of the others, without ever touching them. While never making a sound, the sculpture makes palpable the movement of the surrounding breeze, like leaves on a tree, its variegated surface changing with the ambient light.
Five Open Squares Gyratory Gyratory, 1981
Two Planes Vertical-Horizontal II, 1970


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Home > Learn/Academics > Programs > Theatre Arts Major
CONCENTRATIONS AVAILABLE
Artistic. Educational. Theatre arts promotes self-expression, discovery, and appreciation. Our theatre arts majors are more than actors in plays — they are members of the company in charge of props, stage concept and design, costume design, sound, direction, and more.
As a theatre arts major at Parkside, you are part of all the meticulous preparation that goes into bringing art to life in attempts to share a story full of emotion, a living breathing representation of cultural conflicts or metaphors for human struggle and passion. The dynamic world of theatre arts is what you make it, and the possibilities are endless.
An award winning program that produces high-quality productions, Theatre Arts at Parkside is a shining gem of the cultural arts in southeastern Wisconsin.
Theatre arts majors at Parkside are immersed in a rich curriculum that studies all the aspects of the theatrical arts including history and criticism, dramatic literature, performance, directing, design, and technical production. You are taught by faculty that share a deep passion in the field and are dedicated to helping students like you experience it all.
Department Site
PRODUCTION GALLERIES
Program Entry Auditions/Portfolio Reviews
You have the option to graduate with a traditional liberal arts theatre degree or a professional training degree (comparable to B.F.A. programs at similar institutions) with a concentration.
Deepen your knowledge and experience by participating in upper-level performance courses, exclusive professional workshops, and exciting theatre productions. Build a strong resume with meaningful credits before graduation to prepare for a successful career in the arts.
Explore the techniques, theories, and artistry of directing for the stage through advanced coursework, collaborative hands-on production opportunities, and individualized student-directed projects.
Engage with cutting-edge technology in state-of-the-art facilities with dedicated mentorship from professional theatre artists who will foster your talent and further your expertise in any or several of these areas:
Hair & Makeup Design
Projection Design
Costume Crafts
Scene Painting
Technical Construction
Develop the necessary skills and techniques to become an accomplished stage manager through in-depth training based on current professional standards, leadership positions in mainstage and studio productions, and arts management education.
Strengthen your status as a triple threat by engaging in acting, applied voice and music analysis, and musical theatre dance training while applying skills in theatre productions. Engage in showcase and master class opportunities. Cultivate a strong and diverse resume before graduation to prepare for a career in musical theatre.
Program Entry Auditions and Portfolio Submission
Auditions or interviews are required for entry into the Theatre Arts major. You can choose to attend in-person, or you may submit your program entry audition/portfolio materials online.
This is more than an occasion to demonstrate your theatrical talent; you'll also make connections with theatre faculty, qualify for talent scholarships, and share details about future goals and expectations.
Learn more Get started Get tips to prepare
Parkside has many great talent and academic scholarship opportunities for theatre arts majors. Your application for admission acts as your initial application for Parkside scholarships and grants. Be sure to indicate your intended major on your application. Once you have been admitted, we may request additional information via email. To be eligible, you must be admitted to the university by February 1.
Here are a few of the scholarships available for new students:
S.T.A.G.E. Club Theatre Arts Talent Scholarships
Julius and Alice Goldstein Scholarship
Donald C. Cress Award
August Wegner III Memorial Music Scholarship
Picken Scholarships
Newly admitted students who will study an arts or humanities major are eligible to compete for special scholarships at Arts and Humanities Scholarship Day.
Learn more: Arts and Humanities Scholarship Day | Parkside Scholarships
Drama Club promotes the importance of theatre arts within our surrounding communities. Learn more about Student Organizations.
We partner successful returning theatre company members with new theatre majors, both traditional freshmen and transfer students, in order to help them have a smooth transition into Parkside, the Theatre Arts Department, and the many academic, artistic, and company expectations of the university and the professional theatre training company.
Professional Theatre Internships
Many of our students intern, apprentice, or are employed in the professional theatre prior to graduation. We have established invaluable professional theatre partnerships with the Milwaukee Repertory Theatre, Milwaukee Chamber Theater, American Players Theatre, the Fireside Theatre, and many other theatres across the nation. Each year professional companies come to Parkside to hold auditions and interviews because of our reputation.
Professional Theatre Exposure
Each semester we take all of our students to see professional theatre productions in Milwaukee or Chicago and integrate those productions into our courses.
Professional Experience While at Parkside
Students at Parkside are given a direct connection to employment at the Fireside Dinner Theatre in Fort Atkinson, WI.
Professional Talent Reviews
Once a year, Parkside theatre students go through a process called talent reviews. Professional actors, directors, designers, stage managers, and casting directors come to Parkside to conduct a mock interview and give feedback to each student.
Awards and Associations
Regents' Award
Parkside's Theatre Arts Department was awarded the University of Wisconsin Board of Regents' "Teaching Excellence Award for Outstanding Academic Program." We are the only fine arts department in the state to ever win this award.
Regional Awards of Merit
In the area of artistic quality, our theatrical productions have received over 100 "Regional Awards of Merit" from the Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival.
We are active members of the United Stated Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT) and the Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival (KCACTF). Additional affiliations include Alliance for Wisconsin Theatre Education (AWTE), Society of American Fight Directors (SAFD), Wisconsin High Education Theatre Council (WHETC), Actors' Equity Association (AEA), Association for Theatre in Higher Education (ATHE) and United Scenic Artists (USA)
Learn more about the awards garnered by our program.
Careers After Parkside
The theatre program at Parkside includes a comprehensive study in all aspects of theater, opportunities for professional concentrations, practical experience professional production, extensive internship opportunities, and a solid background in the liberal arts. Our primary goal is to help you achieve your highest personal potential – academically, artistically, personally, and socially.
A recent graduating class had a 100% placement rate in the entertainment industry within two weeks of graduation! Overall, our average placement rate is an amazing 92% in the industry or grad school. The other 8% of our graduates are well prepared for the work force, with highly-sought 21st century skills, and are employed outside the entertainment field.
Box Office Manager
Costume Shop Supervisor
Costume Shop Technician
Drama Coach
Fight Director
Master Carpenter
Master Electrician
Pyrotechnician
Recording Engineer
Rigger
Scenic Designer
Scenic Painter
Special Effects Designer
Theatre Consultant
Theatre Critic
Theatre Teacher/Educator
View career descriptions, marketable skills, and non-theatre career options.
See what our students have to say.
PROGRAM CONTACT INFO
Rachael Swartz | swartzr@uwp.edu
Misti Bradford, MFA
Associate Professor and Department Chair
Misti is thrilled to be a part of the UW-Parkside Theatre Arts Company as a professional artist/educator. Misti is a member of the United Scenic Artist, Local 829 and has extensive professional design and academic theatre experience, and has recently taught courses in costume design and construction, make up and wig/hair design, theatre crafts and properties, and portfolio and career development. Her professional design credits include, (Regional - Midwest) Childeren's Theatre of Madison, Milwaukee Rep Theatre, First Stage Children's Theatre, Milwaukee Chamber Theatre, Rennaissance Theatre Works, Illinois Shakespeare Festival, American Players Theatre (Cosutme Crafts), (West Coast) -The Pacific Repertory Opera, Utah Festival Opera, Summer Repretory Theatre, (East Coast) Merrimack Theatre Company (Boston). Misti has also been a costume crafts artisan for regional theaters such as American Players Theatre, PCPA Theatrefest, and Summer Rep Theatre (Santa Rosa, CA) She has also received a number of national and regional design awards from the Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival and has also been nominated for the Stella Gray Teaching award twice, here at the University of Wisconsin Parkside.
Read Full Profile
Joshua Christoffersen
Associate Artist
Fabrice Conte-Williamson, MFA, Ph.D.
Fabrice Conte-Williamson is a director, actor, and theatre educator, teaching courses in performance and theatre history, dramatic literature, and criticism. Fabrice received a Master of Performing Arts from the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, as well as an MFA in Directing and an Interdisciplinary Ph.D. from the University of Oklahoma Helmerich School of Drama. His primary research focuses on post-modern French dramatic literature and performance theory, the role of literary myth in dramatic literature, and the development of multilingual and cross-cultural theatre movements.
While teaching at OU, Fabrice served as Chair of the Arts Management and Administration Initiative for the Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival (KCACTF) Region VI. He also served two terms as Oklahoma state chair for KCACTF. Fabrice's favorite directing credits include - "A Year with Frog and Toad, Roberto Zucco, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, and The Laramie Project."
Brian Gill, MFA
Associate Professor of Performance and Head of Acting
Brian J. Gill is a member of the Theatre Arts Faculty serving as an Associate Professor of Performance. A professional stage actor for 30 years, Professor Gill has performed with Next Act Theatre, Milwaukee Chamber Theatre, Milwaukee Shakespeare, Renaissance Theaterworks, First Stage Children's Theatre, goats & monkeys (co-founder and company member) and Milwaukee Repertory Theatre.
Chicago credits: Goodman Theatre, Chicago Shakespeare Theater, Victory Gardens, Shakespeare Project of Chicago, Drury Lane Oakbrook, Remy Bumppo Theatre Company, and Provision Theater.
Regional credits: Southwest Shakespeare Compay (AZ), Theatre at the Center (IN), the Illinois and Texas Shakespeare Festivals, Allenberry Playhouse (PA), and the historic Ford's Theatre in Washington DC.
Internationally, Professor Gill has performed at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and Shakespeare's Globe Theatre where he trained as a member of the first international artistic fellowship. He holds numerous weapon certifications with Dueling Arts International, Stage Combat Deutschland and the Society of American Fight Directors, where he holds the rank of advanced actor-combatant with the Society of American Fight Directors, and is a proud member of Actor's Equity Association. Parkside Theatre directing credits include Book of Days, Hedda Gabler, A Streetcar Named Desire, Don Juan, Midnight and Moll Flanders, Love's Labour's Lost, Romeo and Juliet, and the Thanksgiving Play. Professor Gill has also directed Crimes of the Heart, The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales, A Midsummer Night's Dream, She Kills Monsters, and The Importance of Being Earnest for the College of Lake County.
Jody Sekas, MFA
Associate Professor - Theater Arts
Jody Sekas is the Associate Professor of Scenic/Lighting Design & Technology at UW-Parkside. He came to Parkside from Humboldt State University, CA where he taught courses in scenic design, scene painting, technical production, properties design, theatre history, and CAD and computer rendering. Prior to Humboldt, Sekas was Assistant Professor and Scenic & Lighting Designer for the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and for four seasons was the resident scenic and lighting designer for the Sioux Falls Community Playhouse in South Dakota.
In addition to his resident design and collegial experience, Sekas has worked as a freelance designer and technician for such venues like the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, Milwaukee Chamber Theatre, First Stage Children's Theatre, North Coast Repertory Theatre, Dell'Arte International, Omaha Theatre Company for Young People, Chippewa Valley Theatre Guild, Eau Claire Children's Theatre, Ferndale Repertory Theatre, The Western Stage, Utah Shakespeare Festival, and on several recent independent films.
Sekas received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Technical Theatre from the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and a Master of Fine Arts degree in Scenic Design and Technical Direction from Humboldt State University.
Rachael Swartz, MFA
Rachael is a Milwaukee/Chicago based actor, director, vocal coach and educator. She teaches Musical Theatre, Acting for the Camera, Voice, Movement, and Text Analysis at UW-Parkside and serves on the acclaimed Acting/Musical Theatre Faculty at Interlochen Center for the Arts in Michigan.
Proud union member of both Actors' Equity and Stage Directors and Choreographers Society. Regional performance credits include: The 39 Steps (Annabella/Pamela/Margaret), The Sound of Music (Mother Abbess), and Romeo and Juliet (Nurse). Recent on-camera credits include work with the Travel Channel, ID, Oxygen and TV One.
She previously served as Education Director at Maples Repertory Theatre and The Clinton Area Showboat Theatre, Education Associate at Greenbrier Valley Theatre, and Director of Theatre Arts Camps at The Lost Colony.
She is a member of the Musical Theatre Educators' Alliance, Voice and Speech Trainers Association, and Dueling Arts International. Through the Lessac Training and Research Institute, she has achieved Lessac Practitioner standing and has been accepted to their Certified Trainer program. She has served as a voice, dialect, and text coach for productions in the U.S. and Philippines.
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Q: Drupal: Cannot save any nodes of certain content types, used to work Whenever I save or create a node of a certain user-defined type, I am back in the edit window instead of switching to the first tab labeled view. All my fields (body, title etc. are as they were and no message appears, neither directly on the page nor in the watchdog database log. The validation is working, though, because I see those 'required' messages as soon as I try to save without Title for example.
The strange thing is that when I create a new content type, or use the predefined story and page types, I can edit and create nodes. In the latter case, Drupal answers with an 302 redirect, whereas with the proplematic content types, only a 200 HTTP status is returned.
The issue doesn't seem to be related to either JavaScript (on or off, no difference), Browser (tried Chrome and Firefox) or WYSIWYG (used input formats with and without).
I'm using Drupal 6.22 and the CCK. I have about 7 content types, some of them with fields. I am not using Rules, but a multitude of modules, all of which are up-to-date. I will post a list if this issue can't be solved otherwise.
I have spend the last hours trying to figure this out, both by looking at my installation (settings, database) and by searching Google & Co.
Any ideas?

A: The situation appeared because Drupal translated both the Upload and the Save button to one word, Speichern. The FileField issue tracker contains the corresponding thread: http://drupal.org/node/684426
The ImageField and Locale modules, along with a language such as German or Finnish were partly responsible for the trouble.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Puerto Aventuras is "The Nautical Paradise of the Mayan Riviera": a private, exclusive and secure community. Calm and relaxing; 50 minutes from Cancun; between Tulum and Playa del Carmen. In Puerto Aventuras you will find all kinds of experiences: from beautiful white sand beaches, two large marinas, golf course and tennis courts, water activities, cenotes, restaurants and hotels.


ANN ARBOR--Researchers at the University of Michigan Life Sciences Institute have identified a new type of rapid-response defense mechanism that helps protect cells from environmental stress while giving slower, well-known protection systems time to act.
"It's like a first responder rushing to an alarm while the larger response team mobilizes," said Natsuko Jin, a postdoctoral research fellow in the lab of LSI faculty member Lois Weisman and lead author of a study scheduled to be published June 21 in the Journal of Cell Biology.
Generally, when cells are put under stress, adaptation mechanisms kick in. They trigger transcriptional machinery and, through gene expression, the cell produces new proteins to respond to the stress and keep itself alive.
In yeast, a single-cell organism often used to study fundamental cellular biology, a much faster type of response was also observed--an immediate and short-lived spike in the production of a signaling lipid that is usually seen only in miniscule quantities.
When the scientists short-circuited the yeast's ability to generate this rapid response, the yeast succumbed to an environmental stress at catastrophic rates.
"This is the first time an early protection pathway that works faster than gene expression has been identified," Jin said. "Since many of the key players have been preserved by evolution up into people and other mammals, our investigations suggest this and other types of early protection pathways may exist more broadly, and they may respond to different types of cellular stress."
For this study, the yeast were put into an environment with a high concentration of salt--what scientists call high osmolarity. Within a few minutes, each cell responds by setting off a signaling cascade that activates a key protein kinase--Hog1--which travels from the cell's cytoplasm into the nucleus, where it promotes changes in gene expression. These changes in gene expression take between 30 minutes and an hour to start to have an effect, and up to two hours to be fully activated.
Meanwhile, the researchers also observed a sharp, immediate spike in a signaling lipid known as PI3,5P2, which is produced by an organelle called the vacuole in yeast. The yeast vacuole is similar to the lysosome in complex organisms.
"Within one minute you see a five-fold elevation of this lipid," said Weisman, senior author on the study and professor of cell and developmental biology at the U-M Medical School. "Within five minutes, it's a 20-fold increase. Then, without us doing anything else to the cells, it plateaus and drops off."
When regular yeast were put into this high salt, or hyperosmotic, environment for four hours, most did just fine.
When the researchers used genetic manipulation to knock out the well-known, longer-term response pathway that produces Hog1, 30 percent of the cells died.
"Still, 70 percent did just fine," Weisman said.
But when they removed the cell's ability to produce PI3,5P2, 80 percent died.
"So we know it's doing something protective before the gene expression kicks in," she said. "If they don't have it, most die."
Exactly how PI3,5P2 conveys a benefit to the cell is not yet understood, Jin said. The current study examined the upstream regulators of the signaling lipid, and demonstrated they were distinct both in time and space from the action of the Hog1 pathway.
She also said that while the observation that PI3,5P2 spikes under hyperosmotic conditions dates back to the late 1990s, its role had previously been unclear. Jin's investigation started with the desire to understand what causes the spike and what physiological role it might play.
The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the University of Michigan Protein Folding Diseases Initiative. Yui Jin, an associate professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology and an adjunct research associate professor in Weisman's lab, was also a co-author of the study, "Early protection to stress mediated by CDK-dependent PI3,5P2 signaling from the vacuole/lysosome."


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Memories On Mcfarlane
Take in the views from a terrace and a garden and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access.
Make yourself comfortable in this vacation home, which features a fireplace and a flat-screen TV. A kitchen is outfitted with a full-sized refrigerator/freezer, an oven, and a stovetop. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available to keep you connected. Conveniences include a microwave and an electric kettle.
Oakura Beach - 0.7 km / 0.5 mi
Egmont National Park - 2.9 km / 1.8 mi
Back Beach - 9.4 km / 5.8 mi
Taranaki Base Hospital - 12.6 km / 7.9 mi
Sugar Loaf Marine Reserve - 12.7 km / 7.9 mi
Paritutu Rock - 12.8 km / 8 mi
Yarrow Stadium - 13.7 km / 8.5 mi
Puke Ariki - 14 km / 8.7 mi
Govett-Brewster Art Gallery - 14 km / 8.7 mi
Wind Wand - 14 km / 8.7 mi
TSB Showplace - 14.2 km / 8.8 mi
Centre City Shopping Centre - 14.5 km / 9 mi
Observatory - 14.6 km / 9 mi
Saint Mary's Church - 14.6 km / 9.1 mi
Pukekura Park - 15.2 km / 9.5 mi
The nearest major airport is New Plymouth (NPL) - 25.4 km / 15.8 mi
When you stay at this vacation home in Oakura, you'll be near the beach, within a 5-minute drive of Oakura Beach and Egmont National Park. This 4-star vacation home is 5.8 mi (9.4 km) from Back Beach and 7.9 mi (12.6 km) from Taranaki Base Hospital.
Barbecue grill(s)
64 McFarlane Street, Oakura, 4314, NEW ZEALAND
More about Memories On Mcfarlane
There is no front desk at this property. This property doesn't offer after-hours check-in. Guests arriving late won't be able to check in until the next morning. To make arrangements for check-in please contact the property ahead of time using the information on the booking confirmation.
Early check-in fee: NZD 40.00 (subject to availability)
Late check-out fee: NZD 40.00 (subject to availability)


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Victorian London - Publications - Social Investigation/Journalism - The Seven Curses of London, by James Greenwood, 1869
CHAPTER XI.
Adult Criminals and the New Law for their Better Government.
Recent Legislation. —Statistics. —Lord Kimberley 's "Habitual Criminals" Bill. — The Present System of License-Holders. —Colonel Henderson's Report—Social Enemies of Suspected Men—The Wrong-Headed Policeman and the Mischief he may Cause—Looking Out for a Chance—The Last Resource of Desperate Honesty—A Brotherly Appeal.—"Ginger will Settle Her. "—Ruffians who should be Imprisoned for Life.
Regarding the terms professional thief and habitual criminal as synonymous, now that we come to consider briefly what are at present the means adopted for the reformation of criminals and the suppression and punishment of crime, and what the most recent and plausible suggestions for amendment and improvement, we find the work already done to our hand, and naught remains but to cull from the shoals of evidence pro and con that have been lately set before the public.
The total cost of our prisons and prisoners for the year 1867, was £657,129, distributed as follows: (1) Extra-ordinary charges for new buildings, &c., £177,553 19s. 9d. (2) Ordinary charges £108,218 15s. l1d. (3) Officers' salaries, &c., £213,285 l5s. 5d., and (4) Prisoners' diet, sick allowances, clothing, &c., £158,071 5s. 3d. The average yearly charge per prisoner under each head of costs, was as follows:—(1) Extraordinary charges £9 l7s. 4d. (2) Ordinary annual charges £6 0s. 3d. (making together £15 l7s. 7d.). (3) Officers and attendants £11 17s. ld. (4) Prisoners' diet £6 11s. ld., and clothing £2 4s. 7d. (together £8 15s. 8d.), making a total per prisoner of £36 l0s. 4d., or omitting the extraordinary charge for buildings, &c., £26 13s. The average of £36 l0s. 4d. is higher than the corresponding average for 1865-6 by £2 15s. 8d. The average of £26 l3s. is higher than the corresponding average by 15s. ld. These averages are calculated upon the total amounts under each head of expenditure, and the total daily average number in all the prisons. The average cost per prisoner naturally shows great variation in different prisons. The highest is at Alnwick, viz.: £114 3s. 2d. against £110 1s. 2d. in 1865-6, £108 2s. 5d in 1864-5, and £88 15s. l1d, in 18634, with a daily average of one pflsoner in each year! At Oakham, the average cost for 1866-7 is £80 13s. 3d., with a daily average of 10 prisoners against £93 16s. 2d. in 1865-6, and £87 1s. 9d. in 1864-5, with the daily average of 8 prisoners in each of those years; at Appleby £70 2s. with a daily average of 6 prisoners; at Ilford £51 6s. with a daily average of 20 prisoners. The lowest averages are as follows: At Hull £16 17s., with a daily average of 173 prisoners; at Salford £16 17s. 8d., with a daily average of 568 prisoners; at Liverpool £18 8s. 9d. with a daily average of 952 prisoners; at Devonport £18 12s. 4d., with a daily average of 58 prisoners; at Durham £18 16s. 9d., with a daily average of 433 prisoners; and at Manchester £19 is. 3d., with a daily average of 631 prisoners. The following are the comparative costs per prisoner for the whole of the prisons for each of the last six years:— £24 3s. 4d., £23 7s. 5d., £23 7s. 10d., £24 3s. 3d., £25 17s. l1d., and £26 13s.
The total number of police and constabulary for the same year, is set down at 24,073 as against 23,728 in the year preceding. The total cost for the year is £1,920,505 12s. 2d. as against £1,827,105 16s. 7d. in 1866, an increase of upwards of 5 per cent. following an increase of £78,647 17s. ld., or 4.5 per cent. upon the amount for 1864-5. As compared with the total costs for 1856-7, the first year for which returns were made under the Act; the increase in 1866-7 amounts to £654,926, or upwards of 51 per cent. The increase in the number of the police and constabulary during the same period is 4,886, or upwards of 25 per cent.
The number of persons committed for trial in 1867 was less than the number for any of the four years immediately preceding 1866. The increase in 1867, as compared with 1866, is in the number of males, viz., 328. In the number of females there is a decrease of 206. The following are the numbers committed for trial in each of the last 20 years:—
1848 ... 30,349
As already intimated in these pages, Lord Kimberley is responsible for introducing the broad and important subject of Criminal Law Reform to the legislature for its reconsideration and reformation. In introducing this bill for the suppression of crime, his lordship reminded the peers assembled that in the year 1853, after a very full discussion with respect to transportation it was resolved, partly on account of the evils of the system, and partly on account of the strong remonstrances of our Australian colonists to whom our convicts had been sent, that it should, to a considerable extent cease, and that accordingly an Act was passed imposing for the first time the sentence of penal servitude as a substitute for transportation in the greater number of cases. From that time transportation was limited to Western Australia and the Bermudas. The numbers sent to Western Australia did not average more than 460 per annum. The colonists, however, despite this moderate consignment, felt by no means flattered by the distinction conferred on them, and in consideration of their strong remonstrances, in the course of a few years transportation to Australia entirely ceased.
Penal servitude was the arrangement substituted, and the chief feature of it was the ticket-of-leave. The system promised well, but no sooner was it fairly at work than the public took alarm at the number of convicts scattered over the country holding these tickets, and then another change was resolved on. A commission, presided over by Lord Carnarvon, was appointed to examine the whole question of penal servitude, and the result was a report containing several important recommendations. Foremost of these was that sentences of penal servitude which had been as short as three years, should not, in future, be passed for shorter terms than seven years. Another, almost equally important, was to the effect that convicts sentenced to penal servitude should be subjected in the first place to nine months' separate imprisonment, and then to labour on public works for the remainder of the term for which they were sentenced, but with a power of earning by industry and good conduct an abridgment of this part of punishment. The provision under which police supervision has since been carried out, and the conditions under which licences should be earned by good conduct, were also laid down. As further stated by his lordship, when the Act of 1864 was under consideration, great doubts were expressed whether it was possible to carry out a satisfactory system by which the good conduct of convicts and their industry when employed on public works could be so measured that they should earn an abridgment of their sentences. Experience, however, showed that the system in its working was to a great extent successful, especially when the management of the business in question fell into the hands of Colonel Henderson, who succeeded the late Sir Joshua Jebb. Under Colonel Henderson's supervision it has been found possible to exact from convicts the really hard and patient industry which is necessary before they can obtain a remission of their sentences. The value of the work performed by convicts at the three Convict prisons—Portsmouth, Portland, and Chatham—was during the year 1868, £106,421; while the cost of maintaining those establishments was £110,532, so that the earnings nearly equalled the whole expense to which the country was put; indeed, as regards Chatham, where there are great facilities for remunerative work in making bricks for public works, there was an actual profit. In 1867 the average daily number of convicts at Chatham was 990, and the value of their labour was £40,898 7s., while the cost of their maintenance and supervision was £35,315 18s., there being thus a surplus of £5,582 9s. Under this new and improved system, in which the feature last quoted shows so satisfactorily, crime decreased. In 1865-6 the indictable offences committed numbered 50,549, and in 1866-7 they were 55,538, showing an increase of 4,989, or something under 10 per cent. From 1856 to 1862, the convictions excluding summary ones, the annual average was 13,859, while in 1867 the number was 14,207. His lordship explained that he began with 1856, because in the previous year the Criminal Jurisdiction Act was passed, enabling a considerable number of crimes to be dealt with summarily. Although this shows an apparent increase from 13,859 to 14,207, it must be remembered that in the interval the population increased by nearly two and a-half millions, so that there is a decrease rather than an increase in proportion to the population. Satisfactory, however, as was this result, it appeared to Lord Kimberly that, as we naturally obtain fresh experience from year to year, fresh opportunities of committing crime being discovered and fresh means of meeting these offences, it is necessary from time to time to re-adjust our system, and make it more complete. Another reason for carefully scrutinising, and seeing whether we cannot improve our system, is the complete cessation of transportation; for though during the last few years we have not sent out to our colonies any very large number of convicts, it is obvious that for 500 convicts a year to remain in this country involves a considerable increase of the convict population. The number of males now on licence is 1,566, and of females 441, in 1870 it will probably be 1,705, and about ten years hence it will probably be something under 3,000.
These, however, form but a small portion of the great criminal class. Of this latter the average of 1865-6, 1864-5 and 1863-4, shows the following results: Known thieves and depredators, 22,959, receivers of stolen goods 3,095, prostitutes 27,186, suspected persons 29,468, vagrants and tramps 32,938, making a total of 122,646. In the metropolis alone there were in 1866-7, 14,648 persons living by dishonest means, and 5,628 prostitutes. The number in 1865-6 being 14,491 and 5,554.
The above being in the main Lord Kimberley's grounds of justification for bringing forward his "Habitual Criminals' Bill," let us take its first provision, that applying to convicts, who on the strength of a ticket-of-leave are in the enjoyment of conditional liberty, and inquire what is precisely the system it is intended to supersede, and what are the practical results of the workings of this last mentioned system, viz.: that which on the recommendation of the committee, under the presidency of Lord Carnarvon, became law in 1864. The following memorandum as to the present system of licence holders reporting themselves to the police, under the Penal Servitude Amendment Act, 1864, was issued recently by Colonel Henderson, Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis:— "A male licence holder is required personally to report himself at the principal police-station of the district in which he resides within three days of his liberation. A printed descriptive form of the licence holder is sent from the prison to the police with the address where the man, previous to his liberation, stated he intended to reside. The officer on duty, when the licence holder reports himself, instructs him in what he is required to do, and also delivers to him a printed notice. No further steps are then taken by the police for a month from that date, when, if the licence holder again reports himself, he is considered as complying with the law.
"After inquiry to ascertain if the address given is a correct one, no further supervision is kept over him by the police, and his lodgings are not again visited.
"If a licence holder neglects to report himself as above, or is seen, or suspected of leading an irregular life, then the police make quiet inquiry, and, as is frequently the case, if it is found that he has left the address he was living at, his description is inserted in the Police Gazette, with directions for apprehension.
"The employers are never informed by the police that they are employing a licence holder.
"Licence holders apprehended for offences have complained to the magistrates that the police harass them, but on investigation such statements have always proved to be without foundation.
"No case has ever been known of police levying black mail on licence holders.
"The Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, 39, Charing Cross, with the sanction of the Secretary of State, undertakes the care of licence holders.
"The licence holders who wish to place themselves under the care of this Society are required to report themselves, on liberation, at the King Street Police Station, Westminster, where they are served with a notice.
"A messenger from Millbank Prison accompanies the licence holders to the police-station, and after this form is gone through, all local police supervision ceases until a report is made from the Society to the Commissioner.
"Of 368 male licence holders discharged into the Metropolitan Police district in 1969 [-sic-], 290 placed themselves under the care of the Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, either on discharge or subsequently.
"There have been difficulties in consequence of this divided jurisdiction, but in the event of this bill passing, the supervision of convicts who place themselves in charge of the Prisoners' Aid Society, will be carried on by the police, in conjunction with the officers of the Society, and can be so arranged as to avoid any undue interference with the men; in fact, it is quite as much the interest of the police to endeavour to assist licence holders to get honest work, as to arrest them if they misconduct themselves, and for this purpose it would be quite sufficient if the licence holder were bound by the conditions of his licence to report change of residence and employment, the monthly report being of no particular value, so long as proper supervision is exercised by the police.
"As regards the arrest of licence holders, or of persons who have been twice convicted of felony, it is clear all must depend on the personal knowledge of the police constable of the person and antecedents of the suspected person.
"Under ordinary circumstances, no constable interferes with any licence holder, nor would he arrest any man on suspicion, Without previously reporting the circumstances to the Commissioner, who would order quiet inquiry to be made, and give instructions, if necessary, for the man's arrest.
"Identification would be rendered more easy than at present, by the proposed central registration."
As the law at present stands, then, in the event of a ticket of leave man failing to comply with the police regulations, and on his being conveyed before a magistrate, it is provided that if the magistrate is satisfied that he is not earning an honest living, he may be committed to undergo his original term of imprisonment. Under the restrictions of the proposed new Bill, however, much more stringent arrangements are suggested. The onus of proving his honesty will rest with the man who holds the ticket. "A licence holder may at any time be summoned by a police constable before a magistrate, and called upon to show that he is earning an honest livelihood, the burden of proof resting on him; if he cannot prove his honesty, he may be committed to undergo his original sentence of Penal Servitude."
Now it is evident on the face of it that the above quoted clause of the proposed "Habitual Criminals Bill" is beset by many grave objections. In the first place, to vest such an amount of irresponsible power in the police is a step hardly warranted by one s experience of the intelligence and integrity of the "force," satisfactory on the whole as it may be. There can be no question that as a rule the superintendents and inspectors and sergeants are in every respect equal to the duties imposed on them; only for the unenviable notoriety lately achieved by a functionary still higher in command, commissioners also might have been included in the favourable list.
It is equally true, too, that the great majority of the men of the "force" discharge their duty with efficiency; at the same time it is undeniable that there are exceptions to the good rule. But too frequently do our criminal records remind us that virtue's perfect armour is not invariably represented by the helmet and the coat of blue. Only lately there occurred an alarming instance of this. A gang of plunderers and receivers of stolen goods was apprehended, and presently there appeared on the scene an individual, then an inspector of railway detective police, and formerly holding a responsible position in the Metropolitan force, taking on himself, with a coolness that bespoke his long experience, the office of screening the thief and arranging his escape from the law's righteous grasp. Richards is this fellow's name, and he was evidently well known to a large circle of acquaintance, whose fame is recorded in the records of the Old Bailey. With amazing audacity Mr. Richards addressed himself to the two detective policemen who had the case in hand, and offered them ten pounds each if they would accommodate his clients by committing perjury when the day of trial came. Happily the integrity of the two officers was proof against the tempting bribe, and the unfortunate negotiator found himself even deeper in the mire than those his disinterested good nature would have aided. At the same time one cannot refrain from asking, is this the first time that Mr. Richards has evinced his obliging disposition, and the still more important question, does he stand alone, or are there others of his school? As is the case with all large communities, the police force must include in its number men malicious, prejudiced, wrong-headed and foolish. Probably there are no serious grounds for the alarm that under the convenient cloak the clause in question provides, the policeman, unscrupulous and dishonest, might by levying black mail on the poor wretches so completely in his power, reap a rich and iniquitous harvest, and render nugatory one of the Bill's prime provisions. This is an objection that carries no great weight. No law that could be passed could put the criminal, the burglar, and the housebreaker more at the mercy of the dishonest policeman that he now is. As repeatedly appears in our criminal reports, the sort of odd intimacy that commonly exists between the thief and his natural enemy, the policeman, is very remarkable; the latter is as well acquainted with the haunts of the former as he is with the abodes of his own friends and relatives. Should the enemies meet in the street, the acquaintance is acknowledged by a sort of confident "I-can-have-you-whenever-I-want-you" look on the one part, and a half devil-may-care, half deprecatory glance on the other. When the crisis arrives, and the thief is "wanted," he is hailed as Jack, Tom, or Bill, and the capture is effected in the most comfortable and business-like manner imaginable.
Under such an harmonious condition of affairs, nothing could be easier, were they both agreed, than bribery and corruption of the most villanous sort, and, taking Colonel Henderson's word, "that no case has ever been known of police levying black mail on licence holders," and further, considering the inadequate pay the policeman receives for the amount of intelligent and vigilant service required of him, the country may be congratulated on Possessing, on the whole, such an almost unexceptionally good servant.
It is the wrong-headed policeman, probably, who would work the greatest amount of mischief in this direction. The busy, overzealous man, neither malicious, dishonest, nor vindictive, but simply a little too anxious to win for himself a character for "shrewdness and intelligence." This would probably be the young Policeman, desirous of making up for his lack of experience by a display of extraordinary sagacity. To such a man's home-bred, officially cultivated ideas of right and wrong, it would appear of small use "suspecting" an individual, unless he immediately set about testing him with the utmost severity to know the extent to which the suspicion was justified.
To be sure, an attempt is made in the Bill, as it passed the Lords, to guard against the weaknesses and shortcomings of constables by making it incumbent on them to obtain the written authority of a superior before they arrest and take a man before a magistrate; but really this may mean just nothing at all. It may be assumed that all the evidence a director of police would require before he granted a written authority, would be the declaration of the policeman applying for it that he had fair grounds for making the application. Undoubtedly he would be expected to make out a good case; but that, as an over-zealous and prejudiced man, he would be sure to do. The superintendent, or whoever it was that had power to issue a written warrant for a "suspect's" apprehension, could not, by examination of the prisoner, convince himself of the justice of the act of his subordinate, to do which would be to usurp the magisterial office. And the process would probably be attended with this disadvantage,—that the said written order for arrest would wear an importance that really did not belong to it. If a man were arrested simply on the authority of a common policeman, the chances are that the magistrate would scrutinise the case narrowly, and be guided to a conviction solely by the evidence and his own discretion; but the case would come under the new act before him to a large extent prejudiced. He is instructed that the warrant that legalised the man's apprehension was not issued in vague supposition that it might be justifiable: an official of the law —a man high in authority—has sanctioned the arrest, and here is his written testimony that he considered the step expedient.
Again, let us for a moment contemplate the difficulties that must always attend the proving of his honesty by a man who, according to the high authority of the Lord Chancellor, has "no character to lose." "As to what was said about the injury done to a man's character by supervision, he must observe that a man's character was gone after two convictions. It was idle to say that after two convictions a man had a character."
In the case of a man against whom nothing criminal was ever suspected, it might be easy enough for him to prove his honesty any day, or any hour of the day, he might be called on to do so; but it is altogether different with the individual who dare not even lay claim to a character for honesty, to prove that the suspicions entertained against him are unfounded. It should be borne in mind that the difficulties of the poor wretch's condition almost preclude the possibility of his making a show of earning his bread in a worthy manner. In the majority of cases he will be found to be a man without a trade, or, if he has one, he will probably sink it, and endeavour to keep out of sight of all who knew him and the story of his downfall, by hiding amongst the great multitude who turn their hands to any rough-and-ready labour that will bring them a shilling. There are hundreds and thousands of men in London, and indeed in all great cities, who "pick up" a living somehow—anyhow, and who, though they all the time are honest fellows, would find it difficult to account for, and bring forward evidence to show, how they were engaged last Monday, and again on Wednesday, and what they earned, and whom they earned it of. Such men "job about," very often in localities that, in the case of a man under police supervision, to be seen there would be to rouse suspicions as to his intentions. For instance, many a shilling or six-pence is "picked up" by men who have nothing better to do, by hanging about railway stations and steamboat wharves, and looking out for passengers who have luggage they wish carried. But supposing that a man, a "ticket-of-leave," was to resort to such a means of obtaining a livelihood, and that he was seen "hanging about" such places day after day by a watchful detective who knew who and what he was,—with what amount of credulity would the authorities receive his statement that he was "looking out for a chance to carry somebody's trunk or carpet-bag"! In all probability the naive assertion would provoke a smile on the face of the magistrate who heard the case, and there would be "laughter" in court.
Again, as is well known, hundreds of men seek work at the docks. It might be supposed by their innocent lordships that nothing could be easier than for a man to prove his employment at such gigantic and sternly-regulated establishments as the London or St. Katherine Docks, with their staff of livened officials and responsible gate-keepers. The dock-labourer, on his admittance, is furnished with a ticket, and when he leaves he is searched so as to make sure that he has stolen none of the valuable goods scattered in every direction. But it is a fact that no system can be looser or more shambling or shabbier than that which rules in the drudgery departments of these great emporiums for ship-loading and warehousing. Every morning the dock-gates are besieged by a mob clamorous as that which in the old time swarmed about the door of the casual-wand; and if nags and patches and hunger-pinched visages go for anything, the quality of both mobs is much of a sort. It is only men who can find nothing else to do who apply at the docks for work, for the pay is but threepence an hour, and the labour, hoisting-out and landing goods from the holds of ships, is cruelly hard; and it is not uncommon to employ a man for an hour and a half or two hours, and then discharge him. But it is better than nothing, and it is the "ready penny"—emphatically the penny—that the miserable, shamefaced, twice-convicted man, with some remnant of conscience and good intent remaining in him, would seek as the last resource of desperate honesty, all other sources failing him. But it would be next to impossible for him to prove that he had been working at the docks; no one knows him there. He might be there employed twenty times, and each time in a different gang, and under a different ganger. His workmates for the time are strangers, bearing not names, but numbers. Were it to save his life, he would find it hard to prove that he occasionally found a "job" at the docks, and, despite all his honest exertions, he would be liable to have his ticket revoked, and be sent back to finish to its full length his original sentence.
Again, it might even happen that a suspected man able to prove his honesty would find himself almost in as complete a fix as the one who, through circumstances over which he had no control, was unable to do so. Under the existing system, we have Colonel Henderson's word for it, masters are never informed by the police that they are employing a license-holder; but he would cease to be assured this immense advantage if Lord Kimberley has his way with him. As Earl Shaftesbury pertinently remarks: "A holder of the ticket-of-leave goes before a magistrate; and what happens? He proves that he is earning an honest livelihood, and the magistrate dismisses him. He returns to his work, and his employer dismisses him also. It has occurred before now that men have been dismissed by their employers under somewhat similar circumstances. How can you compensate a man for such a loss as that? You cannot do it; and yet you expose men who may be earning an honest livelihood to the danger of that happening to them if they refuse a demand for hush-money, or in any other way give offence to a dishonest police-constable. I know at the present moment a young man who, though convicted, is now in respectable employment, and in the receipt of good wages. He is living in terror, lest, under the circumstances to which I have referred, he may be brought before a police-magistrate. Depend on it that hundreds of men in that position are now watching the progress of this Bill.
"On the authority of the late Sir Richard Mayne it has been stated that the police have, through the clause that insists on convicts reporting themselves monthly, been enabled to furnish employment to a good many of the ticket-of-leave men; this, however, is very doubtful. That some situations may have been obtained for these men through the exertions of the police and the Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society may be true; but of this I am certain, that whatever returns the police may make of the places they have obtained for released convicts, they have not obtained anything like the number that those men obtained for themselves before the adoption of so stringent a provision."
There is undoubtedly a depth of criminality to which it is possible for a man to descend, putting himself utterly beyond reach of anything but human compassion. His conversion is quite hopeless, and he is no better than a predatory wild-beast, whose ferocity will endure just as long as his brute-strength remains; he would probably bite his best friend at his dying gasp. The sort of ruffian here alluded to will perhaps be better understood by aid of the following illustration, "drawn from life" not many months since. It is a case of a ruffian committed for trial for "garotting" and nearly murdering a gentleman. The delectable epistle was written by garotter "Bill" to his brother; and was intrusted to a prisoner, who had served his time and was about to quit the gaol, for hand-delivery. Either out of fear or forgetfulness, however, the letter was left behind and discovered by the authorities.
"Dundee Prison, July 18th, 1868.—Dean Brother, the only thing I am afraid of is that moll; if you can manage to square her I fear nothing; but if she swears she saw me have him by the throat it will not go well with me, for they are most d—d down on garotting. Then again, if she says she saw him with that amount of money, by —! they might put me in for the robbery too; and there is seven years dead certain. You don't know what a b— like that will say. It can surely to God be squared between so many of you, and only the moll to come against me. If the bloke is in town he could be easily squared, I think; you could get him sweet, put the gloves on him, and things like that, and get him to say he cannot swear to me in court; that would be all that was wanted; or it is very easy giving that moll a dose. Put Ginger up to it; who the h— would take notice of a w— kicking the bucket? I would do it for you. If any of them is squared, tell Ginger to just sign M. H. at the bottom of her letter, so as I may know. I think it would be a good idea for my mother to get the bloke privately, and make an appeal to him; he would have a little feeling for her, I think; if you was getting him into the Garnick the wifey could talk to him so fine. If you only had one of them squared that's all that is wanted; for I am certain there is no more against me than them two. Set your brains to work, and stick at nothing; tell them not to be afraid of perjury in this case; they can't be brought in for it nohow; swear black is white; I must get off if they do the right thing; swear to anything; swear the b— wigs off their heads; there is no danger of being brought in for perjury in this case, not a d—d bit.—Bill." At the head of the letter the following was written across the page: "Poison the moll if she will not do what's right; by C—! I would think d—d little of doing it to save my brother! Ginger will fix her if you tell her to.,' The following was written inside the envelope of the letter: "They must not forget about me having a sore hand; that might help me too, as it would not be very likely I could seize him by the throat and compress the same, as it is stated in my indictment. That will be a good point, I think, he being a stout man. Tell them to be sure and stick to not seeing the bloke, and that I slept in the house that night; not likely that I could hold him with one hand; they can swear that my right hand was very sore, not fit to be used anyhow, as it was, and no mistake."
It came out in the course of the evidence that the meaning of the word "bloke" was "a man whom a woman might pick up in the street;" that "moll" was the name for a woman; and that "Ginger" was a nickname for one of the female witnesses.
To ruffians of this school, if to any, applies Lord Cannarvon 's terrible suggestion of imprisonment for life, without hope, or possibility even, of release.
"It is idle to say that the subject of so many convictions is not absolutely and hopelessly hardened: they belong to a class of persons on whom punishment is only wasted, and the only thing is to shut them up for the rest of their lives, and keep them out of the possibility of doing any harm to society. I believe that such a course is best for them and for society, and that no objection to it can be reasonably urged. The convict-establishments of this country are already paying their way, and the surplus cost is very light; on the other hand, if you look at the cost which a criminal puts the State to in his detection, trial, and other criminal proceedings, it is perfectly clear that the cheapest course for the country would be to shut him up. As far as the man himself is concerned it is also the most humane and the kindest course. He exchanges a most miserable state of life outside the prison-walls, for one of comparative cleanliness and order inside. And if you calculate the time which such a man has spent in prison—broken only by the shorter intervals during which he has been let loose and again recaptured—it will be found that the difference between the period actually spent in prison and a lifelong sentence would really be very slight in amount."
As need not be mentioned, however, habitual criminals of the type above quoted are by far the exception, and not the rule. Experience teaches us that to become a ticket-of-leave man is not invariably to be converted from a human creature to a callous brute,—blind and deaf in vice, and doggedly determined so to continue to the last; give him a fair chance to amend, and in very many cases he will embrace it, thankfully even. The statistics of the Prisoners' Aid Society encourage us to hope better of even the worst of the criminal class. As has already been shown, the convicts themselves recognise and gratefully appreciate the advantages held out to them by the humanitarians whose head-quarters are by Charing Cross. Of 368 male convicts discharged in one year, only 78 neglected to make application for the bounty. It appears from the Society's most recent return that the total number of discharged prisoners assisted by the association since May 1857 was 5,798, but the average number had recently decreased, because fewer prisoners had of late been released on license. The number of those who had applied to the Society during the first six months of last year (1868) was 145, of whom 26 had emigrated; 44 had found good and constant employment in the metropolis; 15 had gone to sea; 25 had been sent to places beyond the Metropolitan Police-district, and placed under the supervision of the local police, and 35 had been classed as unsatisfactory and bad: but these included all those who were known to be in honest employment, but were so classed because they failed to report themselves to the police, as required by the Act.
It remains to be seen whether the Commons will give countenance to the new and severe measures sought by the Lords to be adopted against the convicted man at liberty under ticket-license. One thing is certain, it would be better to do away altogether with tickets-of-leave than use them as stumbling-blocks to a man s reformation. The only object of a ticket-of-leave is to give the holder a chance of returning to honest courses some months earlier than, under the rigid term of his sentence, he would be enabled to. Undoubtedly it is necessary to guard against, as far as Possible, an abuse of the privilege. Full and sufficient opportunity should be allowed a man to follow honest pursuits, if he be so inclined; but it is only fair that the authorities should reserve to themselves the power of holding him in tether, so to say, so as to be able to haul him back to fast anchorage, should his ill-behaviour make such a step desirable; but meanwhile the tether-line should run slack and free—it should by no means be wound about a man's hands so as to impede his honest use of them, or about his neck so as to strangle him. At Wakefield we are informed there is an organisation by which every prisoner on his discharge—whether on a ticket-of-leave or otherwise—could find a home for six or twelve months, till he is able to find employment for himself, or till an employer came to look for him. Eighty per cent of the persons attached to the Wakefield establishment had engaged in, and settled down to, honest employment. Surely such a result should encourage those in authority to found similar institutions in other parts of the country.
To return, however, to the projected Habitual Criminals' Bill. It is not the ticket-of-leave man alone who has reasons for quaking lest it should become law; quaking for fear of injustice, not justice, that is to say. The class its stern provisions chiefly, and, as I venture to opine, cruelly affect are those unfortunates who have suffered two distinct terms of imprisonment. From the date of his second conviction a man is to be subject to police supervision for a term of seven years. They have the advantage over the ticket-of-leave man, that they are not required to report themselves periodically at a police-station; but, like the criminal of deeper dye, any day within their seven years of supervision they are liable to be arrested by the police and taken before a magistrate, to prove that they are not deriving a livelihood from dishonest sources. Should they fail in doing so, they are to be committed to prison for a year. Of the question itself, "What is an habitual criminal?" remarks the Times, commenting on the communication of its correspondent, "we say, take a walk with the police, and they will show you the class in all its varieties as easily as you could be shown the animals in the Zoological Gardens. Here they are,—men about whose character and calling nobody would ever pretend to entertain a doubt. We have been all perplexing ourselves with the possible fate of some contrite convict disposed to become respectable, but thwarted in his efforts by the intervention of the police. Why, among the real genuine representatives of crime—among the people described by our correspondent—there is not a man who dreams, or ever would dream, of any honest calling.... The profession has its grades, like any other; and so here is a company of first-class thieves, and another company representing the opposite end of the scale. At one establishment they are fashionably attired, and not altogether ill-mannered; at another the type is that of Bill Sykes himself, even to his bulldog. But through all these descriptions, whether of house or inmate, host or guest, high or low, thief or receiver, there runs one assumption which we press upon our readers as practically decisive of the question before us. It is this: that about 'the habitual criminality' of the whole class there is not, in the mind of any human creature concerned, the smallest doubt whatever... . The practice of the past generation was simple: some petty offence commonly began, then as now, a criminal career. It was detected and punished, and the criminal was sent back to his place in society. A second, and perhaps a third, act of deeper guilt followed, and the graduate in crime was condemned to transportation beyond seas. As long as this punishment retained any terrors it may have been efficient; but long before it was abandoned it had come to be recognised as an acknowledged benefit rather than a penalty by those who were sentenced to it. The result was the constant secretion of a criminal class on one hand, and the removal on the other to another sphere when they became ripe for the voyage—the removal being viewed as an encouragement to the commission of similar offences. We must make the painful acknowledgment that part of this dismal cycle cannot be materially altered. When a man is convicted of his first criminal act, we cannot know whether it is an isolated deed or whether it is the first-fruit of a lifetime. When he has gone from less to greater, and has proved himself indurated in crime, we are forced to protect society by removing him from it... . Nor does the proposal involve that extensive and minute system of police espionage of which some people have been apprehensive. An honest man can always keep out of such questionable circumstances; and unless he places himself within them, he is as independent of the police as any unconvicted Englishman. When a man has been twice convicted, it is surely no great hardship to deprive him of the privilege of attempting and plotting crime with impunity."


A couple of days working out of town this week. Slipped out for a couple of evening hunts while I was at it.
hillclima, Wildman, Shootm and 15 others like this.
Tahr and Iggy like this.
The top one she had to find and bail after I muffed the shot a bit. She did good.
Huk and Russian 22. like this.
That pooch of yours gets around a bit mate. Nice.
Is that a Common or a Menil? I am picking common but cant see its tail.
@veitnamcam I'm not sure. Here's a pic of it.
Brian will know and will put us right when he comes along.
Last edited by Tahr; 06-12-2017 at 07:57 PM.
Can tell by the black/dark center of tail and the scutes marking the edges of the white rump patch.
This is a Menil....note the tail colour and lack of scutes.
Tahr, Boaraxa and Tommy like this.
@Sarvo I had stopped at a brother-in-law's place in Masterton on the way home and then bumped into a neighbour when I got out of the ute at home so by the time I got to my gate all that was left was the Fallow All of the Red had been given away during the 2.5 hour drive.
@Sako 75 the Fallow was doing it well but the Red was a bush dweller and wasn't in quite as a good a nick. Still ok though. Those Fallow know how to sniff out the decent feed and can hide in a handkerchief of scrub. Its getting dangerously dry over in the Wairarapa where I was (for the cockies and for fires).
That Fallow will be nice on the BBQ over Xmas.
Shootm and madjon_ like this.
Nelson NZDA club meeting this Tuesday DONT MISS IT!!


Last week, Human Rights Watch (HRW) released a new report on the use of and growing opposition against incendiary weapons in Israel, Syria, and Ukraine. The group presented the report at the 2014 meeting of high contracting parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) that convened in Geneva, 10–14 November 2014.
WILPF's disarmament programme Reaching Critical Will (RCW) attended the meeting to report and engage in the discussions on deadly weapons. For more information, see Reaching Critical Will's report of this meeting.
Incendiary weapons are exceptionally horrific weapons that inflict painful burns and require equally painful treatment, leaving survivors with devastating injuries. They are designed to burn people or material, penetrate plate metal, or produce smokescreens or illuminations.
The report presents credible documentation about the use of incendiary weapons in the conflict areas of Ukraine and Syria. HRW has recorded at least 57 attacks during the last two years where the Syrian government used incendiary weapons. In 2013 two incendiary bombs were dropped on a school in Aleppo, Syria, killing at least 37 civilians and wounded 44 others, mostly teenagers.
During field missions to Ukraine this year, HRW also found evidence that incendiary weapons were used in the town Ilovaisk and the village Luhanskoe, both located near Donetsk in the east of Ukraine, where much of the fighting is taking place.
Because of the exceptionally cruel effects, the report also found growing international opposition and condemnations against the use of incendiary weapons. In addition, this may have led some states to stop using such weapons. Israel, which previously used white phosphorous in Gaza in 2009, did not do so during its bombardment of Gaza in 2014.
The CCW aims to limit the use of certain conventional weapons that cause unnecessary suffering and inhumane injuries. Protocol III of the CCW has limited the use of incendiary weapons in particular. Unfortunately not all states are parties to the Protocol. Furthermore Protocol III still has substantial loopholes discussed in the report by the HRW.
The definition of incendiary weapons as a munition "primarily designed" to set fire to objects or to cause burn injuries to persons is one such loophole. White phosphorous is arguably not covered by the Protocol, even though it has the incendiary effects, as this is not its primary designation.
Another loophole permits certain use of ground-launched incendiary weapons.
What can be done to prevent and support victims of Incendiary Weapons?
In its statement to the CCW meeting, HRW encouraged all states to condemn any use of incendiary weapons and to work to close existing loopholes of the treaty. The human rights group called for an effects-based definition of incendiary weapons and urged states to prohibit the use of all such weapons within populated areas.
Article 36, another civil society organisation working to prevent humanitarian harm from weapons, called on states to prohibit the use of all incendiary weapons. WILPF supports this call and urges CCW parties to address this issue immediately.
In the meantime, states and civil society groups must explore what can be done to prevent and support victims of such tragic events. As shown by the HRW report, it is extremely important to stigmatise and build norms that condemn these horrific weapons.
Raise your voice to participate in the debate against weaponisation and militarisation and join us in The Hague in April 2015 for a global Conference in support of Women's Power to Stop War!
To learn more about disarmament issues, have a look at Reaching Critical Will's website.


text:
RECALL: Kraft Singles slices for potential choking hazard
By News Staff
The Kraft Heinz Company is voluntarily recalling some of its Kraft Singles individually wrapped slices due to a choking hazard.
The company says that select codes and manufacturing dates of the slices have the possibility of containing plastic as the thin strip of the individual packing may get stuck to the cheese after removal.
There have been 10 consumer complaints to date about the packaging, including three reports of consumers choking.
Approximately 36,000 cases of the recalled product were shipped by Kraft Heinz to retailers in the U.S., Puerto Rico, and Grand Cayman.
Customer who bought the recalled slices should return them to the store where purchased for an exchange or full refund. Consumers in the U.S. and Puerto Rico can also contact Kraft Heinz Consumer Relations for a full refund, at 1-800-432-3101, Monday through Friday, 9am to 6pm Eastern.
For a complete list of the recalled Kraft Singles, visit the FDA website, here.
© WLNE-TV 2015


Royal Dutch Shell looks set to relocate to Canary Wharf while its current headquarters are redeveloped. The move, which is expected to take place next year, will see the petrol giant take up a ten-year lease at 40 Bank Street.
The redevelopment project of their Waterloo headquarters, which will leave the Shell Tower intact, is part of the radical regeneration planned for the South Bank area. The company has been keen to stress that their South Bank headquarters will still remain their long-term base in London.
Shell focussed their hunt for temporary office space in London on the docklands area but, according to the Times, kept the details under wraps under the codename 'Project Thunderbird'. The aim of this project was to remain in the capital, thus avoiding a disruptive relocation that would force a major change of personnel.


Just a few weeks after opening, the UBC Life Building is already a popular student hangout.
Maybe you've heard of it as the new home of the expanded Wellness Centre, the new fitness centre and studios in the ARC, Go Global, and International Student Advising. Or maybe you've gotten your coffee fix at the new Starbucks inside. Either way, UBC Life's already filled with students looking for places to hang out and hoping to find little-known study (and sleeping) nooks.
The UBC Wellness Centre, which has been a welcoming and friendly place to take care of your wellness at UBC since 2001, is at the heart of UBC Life.
In its new location, the Centre features significantly more space for workshops, activities, and wellness staff. Drop in and talk to knowledgeable people about your health and wellness.
The Wellness Peer educators who staff the Centre are part of the longest-standing peer program on campus. After 20 years, these passionate student volunteers are still a great go-to resource for information and advice about anything health and wellness related.
If you need a good sweat session—or just a simple stretch—head down the bright yellow stairs to the ARC, UBC's new state-of-the-art gym. It's as big as the Birdcoop, doubling the fitness facilities on campus, has tons of new options for your workout, and a membership is good for both facilities.
The ARC has the same commitment to your health and fitness as other UBC Recreation facilities. Have a look at the new space through a quick video tour of the ARC.
If you come from or want to go abroad, the UBC Life Building's got you covered too.
Go Global can help you find great options for learning, studying, or researching outside of Canada. No matter how much (or little) time or money you've got, they probably have a great opportunity for you.
For international students just getting used to life in Canada, International Student Advising can help you navigate some of the challenges that come with it.
Check out the International Student Guide as well. It's an online resource with info and tutorials to help you study, work, and live in Canada as an international student.
Both Go Global and International Student Advising recently moved from UBC's International House, which was officially opened by Eleanor Roosevelt in 1959—a sign of how important international community has always been at UBC.
UBC Life's got lots of options to help you round out your student life. By September 2018, there will be more wellness supports and services available for you in the UBC Life Building.
Stay tuned to find out what (and who) is moving in next to help you have a great experience at UBC.


Attached is the Unnumbered Letter (UL) entitled "Multi-Family Housing Financial Reporting Requirements for Fiscal Year 2017." The Final Rule for the Multi-Family Housing (MFH) Sections 515/514 new financial reporting requirements was published in the Federal Register and became effective November 24, 2017.
The Final Rule updates Rural Development's MFH financial reporting requirements to establish risk thresholds, align requirements with HUD, and reduce program operating costs to Rural Development and its borrowers. As a result of these changes, USDA believes small-portfolio borrowers will realize cost savings in property operating expenses and a consequent reduction in the amount of rent subsidy (Rental Assistance (RA) and HUD Section 8).
According to USDA, the Final Rule changes will not affect FY 2017 reporting requirements, except that the Agency is allowing for the elimination of the Agreed Upon Procedures (AUPs) if requested by the borrower. The reporting change will be OPTIONAL in FY 2018, as proposed budgets have already been submitted, but will be MANDATORY starting in FY 2019 (Oct.1, 2018). USDA-Rural Development will be issuing additional guidance for FY 2018 year-end reporting requirements, which will include revisions to HB-2-3560, Chapter 4.
To read the attached UL clarifying the Multi-Family Housing Financial Reporting Requirements for FY17 online, please click here. Please contact your local Servicing Office or State Office with questions.
Separately, USDA recently published two Administrative Notices to agency staff regarding RD compliance with lead-based paint rule and design/build and construction management proposals for 514/515 housing projects.


Pick up these 22 oz. stadium cups featuring the Cincinnati Gardens, exclusively from Cincy Shirts.
The Cincinnati Gardens opened in 1949 and was the home arena for multiple hockey (including the Mohawks, Wings, Mighty Ducks, and Swords), soccer (the Silverbacks), basketball (Royals, Slammers, and Xavier University) football (Commandos), and roller derby teams, as well as a top venue for wrestling, boxing, monster truck jams, motorcycle racing, and concerts. The Beatles played there in 1964 followed by The Rolling Stones a year later.


text:
Twitter encourages all 5,000 employees to work from home
By IANS On Mar 4, 2020 0
Twitter. (File Photo: IANS)
San Francisco: Twitter has told its 5,000-strong workforce globally to work from home – making it mandatory for employees based in Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea offices – as new coronavirus (COVID-19) spread in new territories.
The micro-blogging platform which has already put restrictions on non-essential travel, said that US offices would still be open for employees who feel the need to come in person.
"We are strongly encouraging all employees globally to work from home if they're able. Our goal is to lower the probability of the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus for us – and the world around us," the company said in an updated statement late Tuesday.
"We are working to make sure internal meetings, all hands, and other important tasks are optimized for remote participation," Twitter added.
Working from home will be mandatory for employees based in Twitter's Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea offices due in part to government restrictions.
"While this is a big change for us, we have already been moving towards a more distributed workforce that's increasingly remote," Twitter said.
Earlier, Twitter said that it would also restrict all nonessential business travel for its employees and partners.
"We have continued to monitor the situation closely and are adjusting our internal policies to respond to this rapidly-evolving situation. On February 29, we informed our people and started notifying partners that we are suspending all non-critical business travel and events," the micro-blogging platform said in a statement.
"Our goal is to reduce the risk that anyone at Twitter might contract or inadvertently spread the virus. It is important that we take these proactive steps to protect ourselves and others and minimize the spread of COVID-19," it added.
coronavirusTwitter
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Gem Lake Nightclub-esque Lower Level.
Lower Level is a hip hangout with a TV viewing area, large corner built-in bench, custom two-level rounded glass and granite bar, billiards area, rock-and-roll themed game room, display wall, high-tech sound system, and ceiling soffits in the shape of guitars. Rounding out the space is an exercise room, sauna, wine cellar, and guest suite..


text: "HTML5" (Chrome) FileSystem polyfill for Universal Windows Platform (UWP / WinRT)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
WBUR News
Zeta Causes 2 Million Power Outages, Speeds Its Way Into Virginia
Bill Chappell
Downed power lines and other damage from Hurricane Zeta are seen in Chalmette, La., on Thursday. Seven hurricanes have hit the Gulf Coast in 2020, bringing extensive destruction to the area. (Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)
Rescue and emergency teams are sorting through the damage wrought by Hurricane Zeta, which made landfall in Louisiana as a very strong Category 2 storm Wednesday afternoon. Zeta brought powerful winds to much of the southeast, where more than 2 million power customers are now without electricity.
The hurricane struck Louisiana's coast with winds of 110 mph, arriving Wednesday afternoon near Cocodrie, in Terrebonne Parish. Its eye then pushed inland over New Orleans and neighboring areas before rushing on to Mississippi and nearby states.
At least six deaths are blamed on the storm, according to The Associated Press. The number includes four people killed by falling trees in Alabama and Georgia, a man who drowned in Mississippi and another man who was electrocuted by live power lines.
In Louisiana, Zeta toppled massive oak trees into houses and downed power lines. It also caused several breaches in the "burrito levee" in Grand Isle, in Jefferson Parish. The parish has canceled school through Friday because of damage from the storm.
"It appears that the most catastrophic damage was in the Grand Isle area," Louisiana Gov. John Bel Edwards said Thursday morning, as crews took advantage of the daylight to assess the worst-hit areas.
Power outages also contributed to at least one car crash, when two vehicles collided at an intersection where the traffic signals were dark in Slidell, La., police said.
Because of the storm's rapid forward motion — it made landfall traveling at 24 mph — its heavy rains did not trigger the type of perilous inland flooding that other recent storms have brought.
"The flood damage that we had really came from surge right along the coast," Edwards said.
Most of the power outages are in Georgia, where 677,842 customers lost electricity, according to the tracking site poweroutage.us. Louisiana, Alabama and North Carolina each saw more than 400,000 accounts go dark, along with more than 200,000 in Mississippi and 150,000 in South Carolina.
The power outages are complicating election plans, bringing hazardous conditions for people waiting in lines to vote early and knocking out power at polling places.
In Georgia, people in 16 counties found their polling sites without power, according to Emil Moffatt of NPR member station WABE in Atlanta. Officials say they're prioritizing turning the lights back on at those sites.
"Elections officials say at least one county in northeast Georgia won't open at all Thursday, leaving just one final day there for early in-person voting," Moffatt says.
Edwards said 1,940 National Guard soldiers and airmen have been activated to help Louisiana's disaster and emergency response. He also said more than 3,000 people are in shelters — most of them were already displaced by earlier storms in what has been a catastrophic hurricane season for the Gulf Coast.
"Urban search-and-rescue operations are underway across the damaged area," Edwards said in a briefing after surveying affected areas Thursday afternoon.
Zeta is now a tropical depression, the National Hurricane Center said early Thursday afternoon. But the storm is still bringing strong wind gusts to North Carolina and Virginia, and some tornadoes could form in those states this afternoon, the center added.
Zeta is still carrying sustained winds of 50 mph as it crosses over southern Virginia, the NHC said. Nearly 24 hours after making landfall on the Gulf Coast, the storm was racing across the southeastern U.S. at 53 mph, the hurricane center said in its 2 p.m. ET update.
"An even faster motion toward the east-northeast is expected tonight and on Friday," the center said.
Copyright NPR 2021.


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NYC Fleet Purchases Average 100 MPG
September 18, 2018 • by GF Staff
Electric vehicles help boost the mpg of the New York City fleet.
Photo courtesy of New York City
New York City's light-duty fleet purchases averaged 100 MPG in fiscal-year 2018, its Department of Citywide Administrative Services (DCAS) announced. This achievement is part of Mayor Bill de Blasio's NYC Clean Fleet Plan and nearly doubles the average fuel economy from vehicles purchased just three years ago.
"NYC Fleet employs sedans, SUVs, small pickups and mini-vans, the same vehicles and makes that most Americans drive daily," said Keith Kerman, DCAS deputy commissioner and NYC chief fleet officer. "We are successfully employing hybrid and electric models, reducing fuel use and maintenance costs, and operating in every type of condition. We are moving forward on fuel economy, not backwards."
In FY-18, the city, through DCAS, has invested $36 million to purchase more than 1,000 alternative-fuel vehicles, including 581 plug-in electric or solar units. This includes 452 electric sedans, 51 mobile solar light towers, and its first two plug-in mini-vans.
DCAS achieved the 100 MPG mark through a combination of electric cars, hybrid SUVs, and small pickups. The vehicles purchased during FY-18 will reduce fossil fuel use by nearly 70% compared to traditional vehicles, according to the DCAS.
Recent clean fleet milestones include purchasing the city's 1,700th electric and plug-in vehicle, beginning the use of renewable diesel, and installing 37 solar charging carports. The city fleet has 18,500 units that use some form of alternative fuel, including biodiesel, renewable diesel, electricity, and natural gas.
The NYC Clean Fleet initiative was announced by Mayor de Blasio in 2015. Under the plan, the city will cut municipal vehicle emissions in half by 2025 and 80% by 2035.
Related: NYC's 2017 Vehicle Purchases Average 83 MPG
Read more about New York City Alternative Fuels Battery-Electric Vehicles Procurement Fuel Efficiency


text:
"Sesame Street" Gives an Unemployment Lesson
"Sesame Street" to lay off 20 percent of staff
By Hasani Gittens and Sajid Farooq	• Published March 11, 2009 • Updated on June 3, 2011 at 4:21 pm
"C" is for Cost Cutting.
Big Bird may need you to tell him how to get to the unemployment line. And the Count's Number of the Day is 20, as in 20 percent of the staff at "Sesame Street" is being laid off.
Sesame Workshop, the nonprofit producer of "Sesame Street" and other kids' programs, is cutting 20 percent of its work force because of the recession.
The company said it's eliminating 67 of 355 staff positions.
The latest business news.
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Best known as the home of such characters as Big Bird and Elmo, Sesame Workshop was founded in 1968 and debuted "Sesame Street" a year later. That series, which remains on the air, grew into a production empire including TV, books and online programing.
Stating that it was "not immune to the unprecedented challenges of today's economic environment," the company announced the need "to operate with fewer resources in order to achieve our strategic priorities."
That's some of the saddest news since Mr. Hooper died.


In 2013, the Plaintiff filed an application for social security and disability benefits due to a disability which allegedly began in 2012. The Plaintiff's daughter acted as an interpreter during the interviews for the disability application and the Plaintiff's daughter reported that the Plaintiff could not do anything more than write her name in English. In her disability application, the Plaintiff claimed she was disabled to due numerous physical conditions, including numbness in the leg, back pain, neck/brain pressure, memory loss, difficulty standing, and obstructive hydrocephalus, among other things. The Plaintiff's initial applications were denied, but the Plaintiff eventually obtained a hearing before the ALJ regarding her disability application. At the hearing, the Plaintiff testified through a Korean court interpreter. A medical expert and vocational expert also testified at the hearing. The Plaintiff testified through the interpreter that she previously worked as a cook's helper, a retail manager (she owned a Korean video rental store), and a home attendant/helper.
During the hearing, the ALJ asked the VE a hypothetical question whether an individual with the Plaintiff's same background, vocational history, and physical limitations could perform Plaintiff's past work. The VE replied that the Plaintiff was capable of performing her past relevant work as a retail manager and as a home attendant as she had previously performed it. The ALJ asked the VE if her testimony was consistent with the The Dictionary of Occupational Titles ("DOT"), and the VE answered in essence that it was consistent with the DOT. Based on the VE's testimony, the ALJ concluded that the Plaintiff could perform the same type of work as she had in the past as a home attendant and as a retail manager. Thus, the ALJ determined that the Plaintiff was not disabled and therefore not entitled to disability benefits.
On appeal, the court found that the ALJ had committed various errors. Specifically, the court found that the ALJ had failed to make a specific finding on Plaintiff's literacy ability and the record lacked evidence from which the court could discern her language ability. The court also found that the ALJ further erred by failing to ask the VE any hypothetical questions that included the Plaintiff's limited English skills. Thus, because the record did not establish the Plaintiff's language abilities, the court found that a conflict existed between the VE's testimony and the DOT. For example, while the VE testified that the Plaintiff could perform the work of a retail manager, the DOT indicated that a "language level 4" would be required for a retail manager position, which requires an ability to read journals, manuals, and newspapers; prepare business letters, expositions and reports; and participate in panel discussions and debates, among other things. The court held that this conflict played a significant role in the case since the Plaintiff's prior work as a retail manager was at a store that rented Korean videos; thus, Plaintiff likely communicated in Korean in this position. However, there was no explanation as to how the Plaintiff could work as a retail store manager given her limited English language skills.
In its opinion, the court specifically held that: "[d]espite the well-documented record of Plaintiff's English literacy limitations, the ALJ failed to determine whether or not Plaintiff was literate in English." The court explained that, as set forth in 20 C.F.R. Section 404.1564(b)(5), "the ability to communicate in English is specifically important because English is the dominant language of this country, and as such, retaining a job may be difficult for someone without English skills regardless of the level of education a person has in another language." The court also noted that the Social Security regulations are designed to take a person's English literacy into account when determining a person's education as a vocational factor.
In holding that the case must be remanded, the court held that Plaintiff's English language abilities had not been fully developed in regards to her ability to perform the same type of work she had in the past. Thus, the court remanded the case for further proceedings as appropriate.
The case is Kim v. Berryhill, Case No. CV 17-3391-KK decided on January 30, 2018 by the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California.
Contact All Language Alliance, Inc. today to reserve an English to Korean court interpreter for deposition or hearing, or a Korean language interpreter for an IME or a medical appointment.
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